Hello everybody, I am Federico Pintore and I am going to present Calamari and Falafel logarithmic linkable ring signatures from Isogenes and Lattices, which is a joint work with Ward Beulens and Shwichi Katsumata. Ring signatures allow a signer to produce a signature on behalf of a group of users, called ring, and the signature hides the real identity of the signer. They were introduced in 2001 by Rives, Shamir and Tauman, who motivated them as a means to protect whistleblowers. Ring signatures have recently found other practical applications in electronic voting systems and in cryptocurrencies. Recently, cryptocurrencies providing privacy by default have been proposed. Among them, we can mention Dash, Monero and Zcash. Monero uses ring signatures to achieve privacy. Unfortunately, the security of the ring signatures used in Monero relies on the hardness of the discrete logarithm problem, which can be solved in quantum polynomial time. Given the threat represented by the realization of quantum computers, there is the need to identify quantum-resistant replacements. Calamari and Falafel are two new ring signature schemes from post-quantum assumptions. They are instantiations of a new, simple and efficient genetic construction of all proofs for a class of group actions that we called admissible group actions. Admissible group actions are group actions required to satisfy some general properties that capture different cryptographic frameworks. We instantiate the admissible group action both with isogenic assumptions obtaining Calamari and with lattice assumptions obtaining Falafel. The reason for designing a new all proof is that all proofs can be converted into ring signature schemes. In our case, the ring signatures have sites which depends logarithmically on the number of signers N. The factor multiplying log of N is just a constant C, which depends on the security parameter, times the output length of a hash function. Therefore, the dependence on log of N is very mild and our signatures scale better than previous post-quantum ring signatures. Calamari is the instantiation with isogenic assumptions and it is the first isogenic-based privacy-preserving signature scheme. It produces the smallest signatures among post-quantum alternatives. Falafel is the instantiation with lattice assumptions. Signing is much faster than Calamari and from N approximately 1024 the sites of the signatures produced by Falafel are smaller than any other lattice-based ring signature. The all proofs we proposed are actually true. It leads to ring signatures, the other to linkable ring signatures. Since they rely on the same general idea, in the following I'll focus just on the first one. Post-quantum ring signatures having signature sites which scales logarithmically in N have been proposed only from symmetricy primitives and lattice-based assumptions. In terms of signature sites, the state of the art for symmetricy primitives is the scheme by Katz, Kolesnikov and Wang, KKW in the graph. As you can see the signatures produced with Calamari and Falafel have sizes that are smaller than those produced with KKW due to the better multiplicative factor of log of N. The state of the art for lattice assumptions is the ring signature by Esjin, Zao, Steinfeld, Liu and Liu, E, Z, S, L, L in the graph. For a fair comparison, for Falafel we consider the signature sites for a parameter set that achieves NIST security level 2, Falafel 4-2 in the graph. From N approximately 2-10 the sites of the signatures produced with Falafel is smaller than the sites of E, Z, S, L signatures again because the multiplicative factor of log of N is smaller. In terms of efficiency for post-quantum ring signatures the state of the art is the lattice-based scheme Raptor. Falafel has similar performances compared to it but Raptor produces signatures of sites that scales linearly in N and from N equal to 2-5 the signatures of Falafel are shorter. In the following I'll recall what an OR proof is and I'll give the definition of admissible group actions. Then I'm going to present the new OR proof and finally I'll give a few details about Kalamarian Falafel. An OR proof is a special SIGMA protocol. A SIGMA protocol for a polynomially computable binary relation R on the Cartesian product of two fine sets X and W is an interactive protocol between a prover and a verifier composed by four algorithms. P1 and P2 run by the prover and V1 and V2 run by the verifier. The protocol is three-move and the interaction is between a prover and a verifier. The prover holds a secret key W for the verification key X and the verifier holds the verification key X. The goal is making the prover prove to the verifier that they possess a wide secret key for the verification key X without revealing anything more than the fact they know W. The interaction goes as follows. The prover produces a commitment running P1. The verifier runs V1 to produce a challenge CH. The prover runs P2 obtaining a response with some probability. In that case, the response is a special symbol denoting a board. Finally, the verifier runs the algorithm V2 to either accept or reject. There are some standard properties usually required to a SIGMA protocol. Among them, we just mentioned non-abort honest verifier zero knowledge, which is that the response produced by the prover does not give any information about the secret key. An OR proof for the binary relation R is a SIGMA protocol for the extended binary relation ROR. ROR contains pairs where the first component is a list of verification keys X1, XN and the second component is a pair composed by a secret key in index I between 1 and N, such that W is a valid secret key for XI. By applying the Fiat-Chami transform, an OR proof can be turned into a ring signature. In particular, V1 is replaced with a hash function and a ring signature is a tuple composed by the commitment, the challenge and the response. In terms of efficiency, the compactness of the ring signatures produced with a transformed OR proof depends on the response sites of the OR proof. I'll now specify what we call admissible group actions. This concept is rather general and it captures different cryptographic frameworks. An admissible group action is a tuple composed by a group G, two symmetric subsets of G, S1 and S2, i.e. sets that contain the opposite of each of their elements. Then a fine set X, an integer delta between 0 and 1 and a distribution DX over a set of group actions of G on X. We recall that a group action is a map from G times X to X itself and it is such that the zero element fixes the elements of X and the action respects the group operation. The requirements for this tuple are only two. The first one determines the probability of aborting of P2 in the OR proof we are going to detail. It requires that the intersection S3 of the sets S2 plus G for G in S1 has cardinality equal to delta times the cardinality of S2. The second requirement is that the group actions should provide a hard problem. In particular, given G star an element X0 of X where G is sampled uniformly in S1 and star is sampled from DX it should be hard to find G. We also require some natural efficiency properties but they are not reported here. We note that the traditional D.F.Helman on a group H of prime order Q is an instance of admissible group actions. From now on we fix an admissible group action and we use the following notation. With sides of G we refer to the number of bits necessary to represent elements in the group G. With X we denote the number of bits to represent elements in the finite set X. Furthermore with the sides of trans we denote the sides of a transcript i.e. a tuple composed by a commitment, a challenge and a response. Finally, sides of SIGMA denotes the sides of a ring signature. It's now time to describe our new OR proof for admissible group actions. Our starting point is the standard graph isomorphism proof which we modify to obtain an efficient OR proof. V standard proof is for the trivial case n equal to 1. So a SIGMA protocol for a relation R containing pairs composed by only verification key X and a secret key S in S1 such that S star X0 is equal to X. The prover samples a random R in S2 and computes its action on the verification key X. The result R is the commitment. Then the challenge is a random bit. If it is 0 the response is R plus S and the verifier checks that R plus S star X0 is equal to the commitment. If the challenge is 1 the response is R and the verifier checks that R star the verification key is the commitment. This SIGMA protocol is zero knowledge and has special soundness. Now consider the binary relation ROR which as we saw is composed by pairs where the first component is a list of verification keys X1, Xn while the second component is a pair with a secret key S in S1 and an index i between 0 and n. Sorry, between 1 and n. The property of S and i is that S star X0 is equal to X i. Informally the SIGMA protocol should allow a prover to prove to a verifier that they know the secret key of one of the verification keys without revealing anything about the secret key and anything about the corresponding verification key. So let's try to reproduce what we saw for the trivial case of the previous slide. The prover samples an element R in S2 and computes its action on all the verification keys. The commitment is composed by all the obtained elements R1, Rn. Challenges and responses are as before. When the verification algorithm receives R plus S it checks that R plus S star X0 is equal to one of the elements of the commitment. But the obtained element reveals the index of the verification key of the prover. Therefore, the verification reveals i, the index, and the interactive protocol is not zero knowledge. To solve this issue we can shuffle R1 and Rn. In particular we can apply a random permutation pi to the indices of R1, Rn reordering them. Listed in this different order the elements are again part of the commitment. Now when the challenge is zero the prover not only reveals R plus S but also pi of i the new index of the commitment produced from Xi. On the other hand when the challenge is one the permutation is revealed. But also in this case the protocol is not zero knowledge because it leaks information about the index i when two verification keys are equal. Hence shuffling R1, Rn is not enough we need to mask them. Our solution is to cook R1, Rn with a commitment scheme and then shuffling them since the need of shuffling remains. Now the commitment is composed by the shuffled committed values and the responses are as follows. When the challenge is zero three elements are revealed R plus S and pi of i as before and this time also the random bits used to create the commitment for R i. When the challenge is one the prover reveals R all the random bits used to compute the committed values and the permutation pi. In terms of sites when the challenge is zero the size of a valid transcript is equal to two lambda times N which is the size of the commitment plus one which is the challenge plus the size of G which is the size of R plus S plus lambda which is the size of the random bits used for the commitment plus log of N which is the size of pi of i. When the challenge is one the situation is worse since we have two terms linear in N the first one corresponds to the commitment the second one is lambda N which corresponds to all the random bits used to produce the committed values so the whole proof we constructed is zero knowledge and has special sadness but it is inefficient in particular we would like to get rid of these terms linear in N for one of them the solution is easy and I'm referring to lambda N indeed a pseudo-random generator can be used to deterministically produce from a random seed of length lambda the random group element R the bits used to create the committed values and also the permutation pi then in the response for the challenge one it is sufficient to reveal the seed which has sites lambda so we have replaced the last three terms of the sites of trans one with only lambda the problem is that the other two terms linear in N are still there and they are due to the composition of the commitment to squeeze the sites of the commitment we can use an accumulator and in particular a Merkel tree the shuffled committed values are the leaves of a Merkel tree and then the root of the tree is the commitment of the sigma protocol in our construction we use a modification of the standard Merkel tree technique which avoids the need of the index of a leaf to reconstruct the root of the tree from a path starting from the leaf the consequence no indices are involved in the verification and the permutation is no longer needed so we can get rid of it the commitment remains unchanged and when the challenge is zero the response is R plus S the bits used to commit and a path in the Merkel tree to prove membership for the other case the response hasn't changed it is just the seed of the PRG therefore when the challenge is zero the sites of the transcript is two lambda which is the commitment plus one which is the challenge plus the sites of G which is the sites of R plus S plus lambda which corresponds to the bits for the committed value and two lambda times log of N minus one for the Merkel tree path and at this stage we don't have terms linear in N when the challenge is zero the sites of the transcript is two lambda plus one commitment and challenge plus lambda which is the seed so simplifying the first sites we obtain this formula and note that the proof sites has become logarithmic in N so the all proof we have constructed is efficient to enlarge the soundness error and therefore the challenge space lambda parallel executions of the protocol can be executed however since when the challenge is zero the sites of the response is bigger and it is the only case where the prover can abort depending on where R plus S lies we choose two positive integers M and K and we set the challenge space as the set of bit strings of length M with precisely K zeroes so if the cardinality of this set is bigger enough so is bigger than or equal to two to the lambda the soundness error is negligibly small with this modification the abort probability is reduced the sites of the proof is smaller and it is constant indeed all the signatures have the same sites and this is the sites a further optimization can be obtained at the expenses of a slower verification the optimization is obtained using a primitive to generate a number of pseudorandom strings and later disclose an arbitrary subset of M this technique can be tuned to obtain different trade-offs and it allows to reduce the term M minus K times lambda to lambda to conclude let's have a look at the esogenic-based instantiation and the lattice-based instantiation of the genetic construction for the esogenic-based instantiation we exploit the seaside paradigm in particular given a prime P usually chosen smooth for efficiency reasons the ideal class group of the order Z of square root of minus P and transitively on the set of supersingular ellipt curves E over Fp such that the endomorphisms of E defined over Fp form a ring isomorphic to the order this action falls within the admissible group action framework with the hard problem which is the group action inverse problem among the set of seaside parameters the structure of G is known only for seaside 512 and this set gives the most efficient variant of Kalamari in that case lambda is 128 and we set M to 247 and K to 30 when the number of members of the ring N is 8 the size of the signature is approximately log of N plus 3.5 kilobytes while signing takes almost 80 seconds for the lattice based instantiation we exploit the M-LWE based group action the group G is Rq to the L times Rq to the K where Rq is a quotient of the ring of univerite polynomials with integral coefficients it acts on the set Rq to the K and the action is determined by a matrix Rq of dimension K times L also this action falls within the admissible group actions framework with the hard problem which follows from both the MCs and the M-LWE assumptions for the implementation we consider the medium parameter set from the NIST PQC candidate deletion and we set M to 1749 and K to 16 when the number of members of the ring is 8 the size of the signature is approximately 0.5 times log of N plus 29 kilobytes while signing is much faster compared to Calamari since it takes only 90 milliseconds that's all from me, thanks for watching and bye-bye


Needed people are still here. We're not a stereotype. We're doing things to make a difference in this world My buddy's good at war. I have no choice but to fight for my country Could not imagine existence without the buffalo. It's really great to work with oysters. Here you go. Whoa


into the revenue service IRS tax news IRS continues relief to drought stricken farmers and ranchers in 44 states other regions i'll tell you what i need relief for my gout stricken big toe i know phil drought and gout aren't even remotely the same thing but drought sounds like gout and it reminded me of my throbbing big toe okay phil or whatever phil i'm not always just thinking about only myself i i think about other people too i know the drought will negatively impact farmers and that's horrible now i hate to think about what the impact will be on my already skyrocketing grocery bill i mean on everybody's grocery bill especially the grocery bill of like poor starving children the president spending habits are way out of control oh i can't afford that yes somebody needs to tell him to hold his horse i tell you i'm a financial genius i buy an eight dollar lobster fatten it to an 80 dollar lobster and eat the profit why because the horse really needs a hug now you hold your horse feathers little seed hold your horse for crying out loud hey hold your horses i'm sorry is that offensive horses have feelings too not only do they not hold their horse they work the poor horse to death but boston's 300 miles away and ben kicked our horse to death we'll never get there and and then once dead they continue to beat the dead horse like being a dead horse out there by the way the administration is looking to hire a new chief economic spokesman to really drive their distorted message forward with a lot of horsepower a horse on horse of course cool but nobody wants the job no thanks because they know they will end up alone eventually dead with their dead horse corpse continually beaten i'll give you anything if you would only stop hitting me please stop pulling my nose it is not fake i think i am dying please take me to the hospital ir 2022-166 september 28 2022 washington the internal revenue service is reminding farmers and ranchers in applicable regions forced to sell livestock because of drought conditions that they may have more time to replace their livestock and defer tax on any gains from the forced sale today the irs posted notice 2022-43 there's a link to that here listing the applicable regions a county or other jurisdiction designated as eligible for federal assistance on irs.gov this includes 44 states two u.s territories and two independent nations in a compact a free association with the united states the relief generally applies to capital gains realized by eligible farmers and ranchers on sales of livestock held for draft dairy or breeding purposes sales of other livestock such as those raised for slaughter or held for sporting purposes or poultry are not eligible the sale must be solely due to drought causing an area to be designated as eligible for federal assistance livestock generally must be replaced within a four-year period instead of the usual two-year period the irs is authorized to further extents this replacement period if the drought continues the one-year extension announced in the notice gives eligible farmers and ranchers until the end of their first tax year after the first drought free year to replace the sold livestock details including an example of how this provision works can be found in notice 2006-80 through 82 there's a link to that here the irs provides this extension to eligible farmers and ranchers that qualified for the four-year replacement period if the applicable region is listed as suffering exceptional extreme or severe drought conditions during any week between September 1st 2021 and August 31st 2022 this determination is made by the national drought mitigation center there's a link to that here as a result eligible farmers and ranchers whose drought sale replacement period was scheduled to expire on December 31st 2022 and most cases now have until the end of their next tax year to replace the sold livestock because the normal drought settled replacement period is four years this extension impacts drought sales that occurred during 2018 the replacement periods for some drought sales before 2018 are also affected due to previous drought related extensions affecting some of these localities more information on reporting drought sales and other farm related tax issues can be found in publication 225 farmers tax guide available on irs.gov there's a link to that here as well as a link to some of these other items here there'll be a link to this in the description


We begin in the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful, we bear witness that there is none worthy of worship except Allah and that His beloved Nabi and Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is his last and final messenger. In the brief time that we have before Salatul Isha' I just want to take this opportunity to remind myself and everyone else that this day that we have begun as of the time of love that today happens to be an extremely auspicious day and an extremely mubarak day. And today specifically what I would like to cover are certain ahadith and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in regards to this day so that tonight, tomorrow and then of course inshaAllah the mubarak day of Friday become auspicious for us and it becomes the time in which we submit to Allah and remember Allah and seek from Allah Subh'anaHu Wa Ta'ala. I was just commenting a little while ago that there is a very humongous and massive incident as we all know that took place on this day as well. The incident that happened at Karbala it was not a one day incident rather it was an incident that lasted a little over a week and in it the beloved grandson of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and we say beloved because the Prophet ﷺ specifically mentioned that he loved his grandson and in this incident of butchering really there are so many of the Ahlul Bayt people that we give salam on we say wa a'la alihi wa tahbihi wa salim. The Ahlul Bayt people argue and say that why do we hold the Prophet's family in such esteem as the reality that is that on this day there were so many family members and we want to say the family of the Prophet ﷺ were butchers on this day as a result of whatever happened and so inshaAllah I anticipate and hope that it will come in days or weeks before this month and people will do a special on that and I'd like to speak about the son of Muhammad as well. I don't know why but I'm checking here. I don't know why you're not getting it. I'm trying to check because I've tested it. I have it now. Are you seeing anything? I don't know why you're not getting it. The day that I'm involved and I told this companion that the day of Ashurah I tested everything that was working okay. as well. Particularly among the Allah's arms who narrates that even the pohish would fast on this day because it's a big day to come. Particularly among the Allah's arms who narrates that the pohish would fast on this day during the time of Jablida and he narrates that the pohish had committed a great sin and this was their atonement for that sin. The Prophet ﷺ himself used the fast before his Prophet ﷺ. And then there's a really lame story of an incident where when the Prophet ﷺ came to Medina he noticed that the people that they were working fast. And so the Prophet ﷺ commented to the believers and said that if they fast for this reason and their reason was because they were free from their fear the Prophet ﷺ said that we have more right to Musa than you because we are more closer to Moses in practice and so many things are following the message of Allah. So the Prophet ﷺ said that we should fast on this day but there's another story why Imam Al-Qadir and Al-Masjid both narrate that the Prophet ﷺ said or as the Prophet ﷺ mentioned that the Prophet ﷺ would fast on this day and he would come in and the people would fast on this day. But Imam Al-Qadir and when Ramallah became an obligation that this fast was left out. And there's another narration where the Prophet ﷺ said to the Sahaba that if you choose to fast on this day you can fast on this day. And if you choose not to fast on this day you don't have to fast on this day. But the narration mentioned that the Prophet ﷺ continued to fast. Now there's a question that a lot of people ask and say that can you only fast on the time of Allah? The Prophet ﷺ says that distinguish yourselves from the people of the other faith from the Jews. Fast one day before it or fast one day after. And that's essentially the reminder that we have for all of us that we should try. And one of the reasons why we chose to host or have this event on this small talk on this night one day before is that we want for this to serve as a reminder for everyone. Some people already fasted today and then they will fast tomorrow inshallah. Some people will fast tomorrow and Friday inshallah. But the idea is to fast. Now we fast because of our love for Allah ﷺ. We fast because all the prophets of Allah ﷺ that the highest processors and communities before us would fast on this day. So we are in essence following this extremely beautiful tradition of the highest people before, not just that of the living Prophet ﷺ. There's so many things that we do because Allah mentioned this in the Qur'an. There's so many things that we do because the Prophet ﷺ he said that this thing was the Prophet ﷺ to remind us to do these things. We fast on the ashram for that reason and in addition to that reason, one of the reasons we fasted is because so many of the highest processors of all the communities before us fasted on this day. So in essence we're following this extremely beautiful tradition. This happens to be the fast we fast tomorrow. We're able to say that so many of the prophets of Allah ﷺ fasted on this day. We can't even say that about our prayer five times a day. Now this is not to say that prayer is a lower category. Prayer, so-called, is an obligation for the much higher category, but while many of the previous prophets and their communities prayed their method and their style and their time for prayer was far different than that of Allah. Now, interestingly enough, this has been mentioned that people would ask, sometimes people ask this question to say that what is the Jewish people used to pray like during the time of Wulzah? Or what is it that the Christians used to pray like during the time of Wulzah on the Salafi Islam? And interestingly enough, we don't find anything about this in this now very beautiful tradition or in the having of the Prophet on the Salafi Islam. And one of the reasons that I mentioned that it potentially is a result that none of that should have been preserved because as there might have been certain people who would say that in my textual, if I had been worshiped by Allah, I wanted to do something extra and I wanted to do that, and I got that in that version. So as a result of which none of that has been preserved. But coming back to what I was saying, that even Salah, prayer five times a day, is something that the Prophet on the Salafi Islam did, the Prophet on the Salafi Islam was taught, the Prophet on the Salafi Islam was taught, and of course all the believers in the time of the Prophet on the Salafi Islam, that it will remain until the day of their trip, people will continue to pray. But the fast of Ashabah, interestingly enough, happens to be one of those acts of worship in which when you and I fast on this day, when you and I fast tomorrow, insha'Allah, on the 10th of November, we will be able to say that still we get the other prophet of Allah, Salah, so many of the highest people on this generation before us fasted on this day. There are other acts as well. They are very weak in their chain of narration, but they are found in various different books. As a result of that, I do want to share them to share the importance of this day, to share the grandness, really, of this day. Allah the Almighty, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, of these Fiqh and Muq females, may these Fiqh and Muq humans, and all these crave them. In addition, they clash over the last ten times and the three days they should be the regression of the sentence as done in��. The first is to pay the month for the prayers on the tenths of Mu'ua Ram, the Prophet, peace be upon him, wishes to be, a Sahih hadith, where the Prophet, peace be upon him, says that Slyamu Ibn Ash-Shuwa, the Prophet of the day of Ash-Shuwa, we go to the senate that we have, the senate that we have been by, we will forgive, and our sins will be forgiven in this one direction, the year before and the year after. Slyamu Ibn Ash-Shuwa says that for those who fast on the day of Ash-Shuwa, you're one year sin previous, prior to this day will be forgiven. And this is where we want to kind of bring this all of this together, that if you were to fast on Ash-Shuwa, then one year of sins have been forgiven, that it's as if we remain in Haithada, the forest of Haithada. And so that's sort of the wisdom behind it, that some of the Unabhaq are explained when they explain the Haitha to the Prophet, Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. So something to keep in mind, right, that it's as if, if you fast tomorrow, it's as if you fast the entire year. Now specifically in regards to fasting, I'll just cover this really quickly, we are specifically reminded to fast for two days, and we should have thanked the fast for a few days. So some of what we've realized is that if we were to only fast on this day as well, it would suffice, it would not be preferred, it would not be something that, you know, will be propagated or taught, but if someone just ended up fasting this one day, for whatever reason, if they would fast before or after it, that would be okay as well. Now I am not encouraging for people to just fast on one day, and what we have to understand is what people do not miss, what we do not take it out of context. The ideal situation would be for us to fast for two days, 9, 10, 11, but if for some reason someone would not be able to fast for two days, if they fasted one day, we should have a law, because I think specifically we mentioned fasting the 10th of Muharram, and if someone fasted on the 10th of Muharram, it should have a law, it would have that reward, and once the 10th of Muharram is reminded, a little bit of that mind I'll show you a little later, that tomorrow happens to be the 10th of Muharram, and inshallah, when we fast tomorrow, our reward will be missed, but we'll also kind of do it that way. Yesterday evening I asked someone and said, are you going to fast? And this person very genuinely responded and said that fasting is a very, very difficult part. It's a very genuine response. It's a very God-conscious, it's not practicing the reward. It happens to be something that happens to be difficult for this person. This person said, you know what, I barely get through the fast of the month of Ramallah. If I miss a fast or two as a result of my condition, I try to make it up through the shorter days of the year to perfectly find permissible. This person said they weren't going to be able to fast. That is actual time. We also have to keep in mind that this is not an obligatory fast. In other words, if you happen to live so small tomorrow, and you know, they're having lunch or they're drinking water, and you are fasting, this should not be a reason for anyone to think that they are better than that. This should not be a reason for anyone to think that just because I fast and you have fast, I am better than you are. Or you're not a good Muslim. You're not a perfect Muslim because you're not fasting. So do keep that in mind. There are many people that may not be able to fast as a result of their illness, and there are many people who may not be fast enough. As a result of making no progress. Just fasting is difficult for them. And as a result of that, they miss the food. They can not take it through the day without so food. And as a result of that, they do that fast. We should just, for those of us that are fasting, to be gratitude for those of us that are not fasting, should also be gratitude that this should not be for our class system, for someone to be able to find that they're better than others. Now there's been a few moments that we have, and we do need to. We have for those of us that are following online, we are in the specific time zone in the United States of America. It is not as one people can't hear. And we have Salat al-Kisha in about 10 minutes. Or you want to wrap up in about five minutes, insha'Allah. And I just want to share one hadith of the Prophet ﷺ. And this is one that is generally also shared. The Prophet ﷺ says It's a very famous hadith. The Prophet ﷺ says whoever expands their expenditure, their expenses on their family, on the day of Ashurah, on the time of Muharram, right? The Prophet ﷺ says, will expand on that individual, will inflate, increase the sustenance of that individual for the rest of the year. There are many people who say that this hadith is extremely very extremely weak, extremely weak. And yes, we agree with that. Though this hadith has been narrated by five different individuals. Jabr radiya allahu anhu narrates this. Abu Hurairah radiya allahu anhu narrates this. It has been narrated by Abu Sa'id al-Qudri, Abdullah Ibn Masrood, Abdullah Ibn Umar radiya allahu anhu ajma'i. Very prominent companions of the Prophet ﷺ, it's been quoted that they have narrated this hadith from the Prophet ﷺ. So, insha'Allah, this is something that we find in our tradition. Some people would like to not do it at all. We don't want to do it. We'll never do it. But we find that this is something that is in the tradition to the Prophet ﷺ. We also find that our highest predecessors and the generations before us have not only mentioned this hadith in regard to this day but have also taken this upon themselves to do something. I was going through a thread earlier today and someone asked a very genuine question and said that, what does this hadith really mean? And gave Sa'id a few examples. And all of those examples were valid. Really, you could go shopping tomorrow. And when I say shopping, I'm not talking about going to the mall specifically. We could go grocery shopping tomorrow with the intention that it is the day of Ashram. You could do your safe way around or Costco around tomorrow. If there's something that you can mean to purchase for someone in your family and you're going to order it online, let tomorrow be the day. Now, this doesn't mean that you should be out of groceries and waiting until the tenth of Muharram to do your grocery shopping. That's not the way it is. Really, just think about it. What is it that you can do in order to expand for your family? It could be simple things, simple things. In many countries around the world, this is a day in which people will cook good food, extra food, will share it with their neighbors or their friends. This also happens to be a day historically where people would go out and buy their food supplies, whatever other supplies they need to for their families and those around them and do it with the intention and Allah SWT would bless us with the reward and Allah SWT would do it with that intention. Then inshaAllah Allah SWT would expand on us in late, grant us more sustenance and risk throughout the course of the year inshaAllah. So this is just essentially a reminder. Do a little extra. In fact, if anything, there are so many of us when we're fasting or working, we're kind of busy and so on and so forth as a result of which you may want to eat out. If you're eating out tomorrow, it's simple.   That if you order food out tomorrow, do it with it for a fall or even for lunch for those that may be having lunch, whatever it is. Do it with the intention that you're doing it for your family. You're spending extra money on your family to make them happy, to bring a smile to their face, to make it easy for the individuals at home who are cooking and do it with that intention that I am expanding my risk on going out of my way to spend on my family and Allah SWT would grant us even more on this blessed day. May Allah SWT bless us and reward us inshaAllah and we hope and pray that this day happens to be one of blessings for us. This is a day in which Musa A.S. turned to Allah and this is the day he granted them freedom from error. And so we also want to take a moment to remind us ourselves individually. There's a lot going on in the world today. So many people have so many different opinions as to what's going on, different parts of the world, medically, politically, whatever it may be. But let tomorrow, let tonight and tomorrow be a day in which we reflect on our own selves. Reflect on our own selves and take a moment and say, what have I done in the last year? What am I doing with my life? How can I make it better? If we are reminded of a shortcoming of ours, let tomorrow be the day in which we raise our hands to Allah and make a sincere khilba to Allah SWT. If we're going through a difficulty, let tomorrow be the day in which we raise our hands to Allah and say, Ya Allah, just as you granted freedom to your beloved Prophet Musa A.S. on this day, I fasted with the intention, with the desire, with the du'a that he would free me of my difficulty and of my worry on this day as well. So let tomorrow be a day of ibadah, let tomorrow be a day of worship, let tomorrow be a day of repentance, let tomorrow be a day of generosity, let tomorrow be a day of happiness, and we pray to Allah SWT for ease and blessings for all of us, In closing, I just want to take a moment to apologize. We are, for those of you that are a part of this message, let us just know that we have been going through construction for some time now, and as a result of which we have a new sound system, we have a new setup, and today happens to be the absolute first day that we are using our new sound system, but actually the second day we're using the sound system, but the first time that we are actually using the sound system along with the whole online broadcasting. And we've definitely reminded that we've actually experienced some quality issues, so for those of you that were not able to catch on or miss some portions in between, we sincerely apologize, and with your du'a and your assistance, inshallah, when we are able to return back into this beloved house of worship, Allah SWT, we are hoping and praying that everyone's experience physically, spiritually, emotionally is a better one and a stronger one than we've ever had before. May Allah bless and reward all of us, and may Allah SWT work out and grant us blessings, inshallah. Yes, I'm receiving text messages that the quality was really bad, so once again I do want to apologize. Peace be upon you all.


Alright, get ready for a spine-chilling journey of murder and deceit. In this first part of our three-part series, we dive into the mysterious cases of ten actresses who met untimely and unfortunate ends. From shocking murders to unsolved mysteries, we'll uncover the truth behind these chilling stories. It's time to venture into the world where fame meets foul play. Nicole Dufresne was a talented American playwright and actress whose life was tragically cut short. On January 27, 2005, a devastating incident occurred on the sidewalks of Manhattan's Lower East Side. Nicole, along with her fiance and two other friends, were accosted and mugged by a group of seven teenagers in the early hours of the morning. The group of seven had already mugged a man for his leather jacket and menaced a girl at a subway station that same night. And when they came across Dufresne and her group, they demanded money, snatching her purse and assaulting another member of her group. They turned and ran, but the group of seven gave chase. As the group kept running, Dufresne stopped and confronted the attackers. What are you going to do?  Is that what you want? She demanded. As she shouted those words, she walked up to Rudy Fleming, who seemed to be in charge of the gang and looked him in the eye. Fleming reacted by pushing Dufresne in the chest with his left hand. Dufresne stumbled backward, then bounced back and shouted her question again. What are you going to do? Shoot us? Fleming pushed Dufresne a second time, and when she came at him again, he lifted his right arm and fired one bullet. The bullet struck Dufresne in the chest and exited through her back. Out of the seven individuals involved, three of them were convicted of murder and sent to prison. The remaining four, on the other hand, seem to have caught a lucky break and are facing much more lenient consequences. Daniela Perez started her career in acting at a young age, showcasing her natural talent and passion for the craft. She quickly gained recognition for her performances, captivating audiences with her looks, charisma, and dedication. She would go on to become a beloved actress who captured the hearts of many through her role in the Brazilian soap opera, De Corpo e Alma. She had a promising career ahead of her, filled with endless possibilities. However, tragically, her life was cut short. It's a tragic and shocking incident that took the life of Daniela Perez, a promising young actress. At just 22 years old, she was brutally murdered by her co-star Guilherme de Padua and his then-wife Paula Nogueira-Thomas. The motive behind this heinous crime stemmed from Padua's envy and frustration over not receiving the screen time he believed he deserved. Additionally, his wife's jealousy towards Perez and the love scenes they shared in the soap opera played a role in their sinister plan. On that fateful night of December 28, 1992, Perez was ambushed by the duo and met with a gruesome fate, suffering from 18 stab wounds that pierced through her neck, lungs, and heart. Padua and Thomas were convicted of only second-degree manslaughter and were released after serving six of their 19-year sentence. All right, let's talk about Susan Cabot. She was an American actress who made her mark in the entertainment industry during the 1950s and 1960s. Born on July 9, 1927, in Boston, Massachusetts, Susan had a unique and captivating presence on screen. Susan appeared in numerous films throughout her career, showcasing her talent and versatility as an actress. Some of her notable works include The Wasp Woman, 1959, Sorority Girl, 1957, and War of the Satellites, 1958. She had a knack for portraying complex characters with depth and emotion. She was also involved in a highly publicized scandal involving an affair with King Hussein of Jordan. This added to her intriguing persona and kept the tabloids buzzing.  On December 10, 1986, a tragic incident unfolded in the Encino neighborhood of Los Angeles, Cabot's son, Timothy Scott Roman, who was only 22 years old at the time, was involved in a horrifying turn of events. He was charged with second-degree murder for bludgeoning his mother to death with a weightlifting bar. At trial, Roman testified that he had awakened his mother, who then attacked him with a barbell bar and a scalpel. Roman seized the bar from her and beat her repeatedly on the head. He then hid the bar and scalpel and told police that a man in a ninja mask had killed his mother. Roman's defense attorneys claimed their client's aggressiveness was due to the drugs he took to counteract his pituitary gland problems. At the close of the trial, prosecutors were forced to change the charge to involuntary manslaughter as no evidence had been presented at trial to support premeditation, which was required for a murder conviction. After just a brief 10-minute deliberation, Superior Court Judge Darlene Schemp made her decision and convicted Roman of involuntary manslaughter. This verdict came after Roman had already spent two years behind bars, awaiting his trial. As part of his sentencing on November 28, 1989, Judge Schemp ordered Roman to seek psychiatric counseling. However, there was a silver lining for him. He was given credit for the time he had already served in jail. With this credit and the completion of his probation period, Roman walked out of the courtroom as a free man. Yes, you heard that right. He walked out of court as a free man. It's an interesting case that highlights the power and responsibility, or lack thereof, that judges hold in our legal system. Gemma McCluskey had a promising career in the entertainment industry before her tragic and untimely death. She was a British actress known for her role as Carrie Skinner in the popular soap opera EastEnders. In addition to her work on EastEnders, Gemma also appeared in other television shows and films, further solidifying her presence in the entertainment industry. She had dreams of continuing to grow as an actress and had a promising career ahead of her. Sadly, Gemma's career was cut short at the hands of her own brother in 2012. In a tragic incident that shook East London in March 2012, Gemma McCluskey, a promising actress, went missing from her home. The community was left devastated when her body was later discovered in a local canal. The investigation revealed a heartbreaking truth. Gemma and her brother Tony had been involved in a heated argument that escalated tragically. The justice system took its course and in January 2013, Tony McCluskey was found guilty of his sister's murder. He received a sentence of 20 years to life. Let's talk about the amazing career of Nita Blanca, a Filipino actress who made a significant impact in the entertainment industry. With over 50 years in showbiz, Blanca starred in more than 163 movies and 14 television shows. Her talent and dedication to her craft earned her recognition as one of the 15 best actresses of all time by Yes Magazine. But sadly, her life would end tragically. On November 7, 2001, a tragic incident shook the community when Blanca was found brutally murdered in her car at the Atlanta Center in Green Hill San Juan Metro Manila. The details of the crime were chilling. She had been beaten and stabbed a horrifying 13 times. As the investigation unfolded, the prime suspect emerged. Blanca's own husband Rod Strunk. Prosecutors alleged that he had hired a hitman to carry out this heinous act, because Blanca had recently disinherited him from her will. The motive behind such a gruesome crime seemed to be rooted in financial gain. As investigators discovered that Blanca was worth an estimated 50 million. But if Blanca died before she was able to terminate her marriage, under the law, Strunk being the legal spouse would be entitled to a portion of his estranged wife's inheritance, even though Blanca's will stated that everything would go to her daughter. With things heating up in the Philippines, he fled to the United States to avoid prosecution. He now found himself entangled in a legal battle between the Philippine government and the United States. However, things didn't go as planned for the Philippine government. Their extradition request was denied by the U.S. court, leading to Strunk's immediate release from jail. It seemed like a stroke of luck for him, but unfortunately it was short-lived. The Philippine government wasn't ready to give up just yet. They filed a second extradition case against Strunk in an attempt to bring him back and face justice. But before any further legal proceedings could take place, Strunk chose to end his own life on July 11, 2007, by jumping from a second floor balcony of the Tracy Inn in Tracy, California. Barry Berenson was an American actress, model, and photographer. Born on April 14, 1948 in New York City, she had a successful career in the entertainment industry before her life was tragically cut short. Berenson began her modeling career in the 1960s and quickly gained recognition for her beauty and unique style. She appeared on the covers of numerous fashion magazines and worked with renowned photographers such as Richard Avedon and Irving Penn. In addition to modeling, Berenson also pursued acting. She made her film debut in the 1970 movie Cat People and went on to appear in several other films throughout the 1970s and 1980s. However, Barry Berenson is perhaps best known for her work as a photographer. She had a keen eye for capturing candid moments and natural beauty. Her photographs were featured in various publications, including Vogue Magazine. But Barry's life took an unexpected turn on September 11, 2001. She was aboard American Airlines Flight 11 when it was hijacked by those terrorist cowards and flown into the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. This devastating event claimed the lives of many innocent people, including Barry. She was the widow of actor Anthony Perkins. Anthony Perkins was an American actor, director, and singer. He is most notable for the role of Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcock's Suspense Thriller Psycho. Barbara Colby was an American actress who was just a step away from stardom. She is best known for her work in television and film during the 1960s and 1970s. Born on July 2nd in 1939 in New York City, Colby began her acting career in the theater before transitioning to television and film. She made appearances on popular TV shows of the time, including The FBI, Ironside, and Medical Center. In addition to her television roles, she also appeared in films such as The Odd Couple, 1968, and Clutie, 1971. Sadly, Barbara Colby's promising career was cut short when she became the victim of a senseless act of violence. On the fateful day of July 24th, 1975, tragedy struck actors Barbara Colby and James Kiernan as they were leaving an acting class in Palms, Los Angeles, California. As they made their way to their car in a parking area, they were suddenly shot. While Colby sadly lost her life instantly, Kiernan managed to provide vital information to the police before succumbing to his injuries. According to Kiernan's account, he did not recognize the two individuals who carried out the shooting. What makes this incident even more shocking is that it occurred without any warning or provocation. It was a common practice for Colby and her classmates to gather in the parking lot after their acting class and engage in conversation. Apparently they were approached by two men in a light-colored van and were each shot once. Police said there was no attempt to rob the pair and concluded it was a random drive-by shooting or a targeted hit. The killers were never identified and the case remains an open-cold case. Pisa Palika was a renowned Cambodian ballet dancer and actress who made significant contributions to the entertainment industry during the 1980s and 1990s. She gained fame for her appearances in hundreds of films and thousands of karaoke videos, becoming a superstar in Cambodia's cultural scene. Unfortunately, Palika's promising career was cut short prematurely. The shooting incident that took place on the 6th of July 1999 at O'Russie Market in Phnom Penh, Cambodia resulted in the tragic death of Palika. This incident gained significant attention and became one of the most high-profile killings in Cambodia's history. Despite its notoriety, no suspects have ever been identified or arrested in connection with the crime. Palika was shot by an unidentified male assailant while she was shopping at the market. Tragically, her seven-year-old niece was also wounded during the shooting. The severity of Palika's injuries left her in critical condition, fighting for her life. She ultimately succumbed to her injuries seven days later. Her funeral attracted over 10,000 mourners, one of the largest attended ceremonies in Cambodian history. Rhea Mitchell was an American film actress and screenwriter. She left a lasting impact on the silent era of cinema. In her early career, she fearlessly took on challenging stunts and motion pictures, earning her the nickname The Little Stunt Girl. With over 100 films to her name, Mitchell's talent and dedication were undeniable. Her journey began when she signed with the New York Motion Picture Corporation, making her debut in the captivating film The Colonel's Ward. From there, Mitchell continued to captivate audiences with her performances and willingness to push boundaries. In a shocking turn of events, Mitchell, who was also the manager of a large apartment house in Los Angeles, met a tragic end at the hands of a disgruntled house boy named Sonny Hartford Jr. The details are chilling. She was strangled to death with the cord of her own blue silk dressing gown within the very building she managed. Justice was served when Hartford was arrested and later pleaded guilty to second degree murder. In March 1958, he received a life sentence in prison for his heinous crime. Denise Morel, a talented actress, was born in Montreal, Canada on 3rd December 1926. She grew up in a working-class family with seven children, where she developed her passion for acting. Her first television appearance was in 1955 on the popular series Both Toms, Mauvais Toms. Over the course of her impressive 30-year career, Morel took on many memorable roles. However, one of her most famous characters was Dame Plume from the beloved show La Rue Boudang. Unfortunately, despite her success and contributions to the entertainment industry, Morel's life would come to an abrupt end. On the evening of July 17, 1984, a tragic incident occurred in Montreal. Morel had planned to visit a ground floor apartment on Sanguinet Street that she was considering renting. The landlord had informed her that she could enter the apartment at any time as it was not locked. However, after visiting the apartment, Morel never showed up for a play in which she was scheduled to perform that evening. Concerned about her whereabouts, the police were alerted and began searching for her. Tragically, her lifeless body was discovered in the apartment the following day. She had been brutally beaten and strangled. What made this case even more perplexing is that there seemed to be no apparent motive for her murder. The investigation into Morel's death would remain unsolved for an astonishing 23 years. The case of the unsolved crime took a significant turn on August 8, 2007, when investigators from the major crimes division of the Montreal police made a breakthrough. They arrested Gitane Bissonnette, a 49-year-old individual who had been identified through a DNA sample he had provided for a security job. His DNA matched that of the crime scene. On November 30, 2007, Bissonnette faced justice and was sentenced to life in prison with no chance of parole for 20 years. The use of DNA evidence played a crucial role in identifying and apprehending the perpetrator, highlighting its significance in modern criminal investigations.


Hey guys, it's Kim for psych2go and today I'll be talking to you about what your sleep positions may reveal about your personality Everyone sleeps in a different way, but did you ever really look deeper into it and realize it may somehow be linked to your personality? Keep watching to find out more about what your sleep positions say about you The fetal position This position is the most common and most preferred way to sleep with 41% of people choosing to sleep this way Though this this position means you may have a tough exterior, but in fact are very shy and sensitive on the inside Overthinking and worrying are two common traits that fetal position sleepers possess the log This is the second most popular position among sleepers These people are mainly very social and easygoing people who prefer to hang around in a list crowd Log sleepers are very trusting which can also come off as being a bit gullible the yearner People who choose to sleep this way are inviting and open but also suspicious and cynical They aren't the best at making decisions and take their time, but are also stubborn once they do make up their mind the soldier These people are strong silent who don't like a lot of drama. They're also serious and Structured and have high expectations for themselves and others Also, these are the people who tend to snore The free-faller the free-faller is open and playful, but can also come off brash They seem free spirited, but secretly are anxious and enjoy being in control and are sensitive to criticism from others The starfish this is the least popular of all the sleep positions Starfish sleepers are loyal and keep friendships as top priorities in their lives They're good listeners and they go out of their way to help others Thanks so much for watching guys. Make sure to like this video Comment and subscribe and also don't forget to check out my channel The link will be in the description and on the screen. See you guys next time. Bye


You having trouble? Yeah, a little bit on this one. Oh, you jumped to this one already? So walk me through this first so we can make sure we're on. Did you do two points A and B? Show me them. And? You connected them? Two points A and B. Good. But for this one, they want you to actually, you're ahead. You're saying it's an acute angle, but what is your angle? Where is it? What letters make your angle? Did you draw an arc? So what would your angle be called?  I wouldn't say little boy. I would say Luke. So what would we call this angle? What would its name be? How did we name, when we named the point, what's this point called? Point B. Good. What's this point called? Point D. So when I look at this angle that you've given me an arc for, what would we call it? What are its letters? A, C, and D. Excellent. Can you write that down? You don't have to erase. That's fine. You can put it underneath.