What's up, Zendu Nation? What's up, guys? Dan Whitmer from Zendu Fitness here, and Brandon and I decided to do a little experiment for the month of December. Because of a lot of feedback that we've been getting from you guys, we wanted to try a challenge but in a different kind of format that we think you guys are going to like a lot. So, for the month of December, starting on December 1st, Brandon and I are going to be creating a new workout every single day and then uploading it to YouTube. So your primary objective for the month of December is to just go to YouTube, watch the video, do the workout that day, follow along with us, and then post to the Facebook group saying that you've completed it. That's just going to be one component of the video. The rest of the video is going to be a daily vlog, so for the entire month of December, you're going to see a video every single day, including what Brandon and I eat when we wake up, what things we do to work out, how many miles we walk per day, what music we listen to, what shoes we wear, what fashion we like, what kind of things we're into, what cities we want to visit. What a lot of people don't understand is that Zendu Fitness isn't just us helping you jump rope and work out. Zendu Fitness is a startup company. Brandon and I started this company because we were disgruntled and not satisfied with the way that, with the options out there for getting lean. So that's why we started Zendu Fitness. So aside from just all the workouts and everything like that, we want to show you guys an in-depth look into myself and Brandon's life, so that you can hopefully pick up some of the tips and tricks to not only get lean and fit, but enjoy your life more every single day. Whether we're in Atlanta, Austin, Texas, Medellin, Colombia, Tokyo, Los Angeles, name any other city or country, we want to be giving you guys an in-depth look of how we make this whole Zendu Fitness thing function. Our hope is that because you get to see inside the lives of Brandon and myself, that hopefully we inspire you to live in a way that's filled with passion, happiness, and doing what you want while getting the body that you want. Basically, you guys get to hang out with the Zendudes all day, furry day, every day for free.


Live from Washington, D.C., it's theCUBE, covering AWS Public Sector Summit. Brought to you by Amazon Web Services. Welcome back everyone to theCUBE's live coverage of AWS Public Sector here in our nation's capital, Washington, D.C. I'm your host, Rebecca Knight, hosting alongside of John Furrier, always a pleasure being with you. Awesome, good to see you again. And we are joined by a first-time Cube guest, Brett McMillan, he is the GM Ground Station AWS. Thanks so much for coming on. Throwed to be here, thank you. So why don't you start by telling our viewers a little bit about Ground Station, what it is, what it does? Sure, sure. First of all, really excited to be here at this conference. Yesterday we had our second annual Earth and Science Day. Last year was really successful and we're finding a huge amount of interest around space and space primarily to help save the Earth. And so AWS came out with a solution and we made it generally available last month called Ground Station.  And from that point forward, there was a tremendous number of innovations that came out of that. I don't think any of us back then could have predicted things like Pinterest or Spotify or that Netflix would have gone from shipping you DVDs to be an online streaming company and all those innovations happening. We think that we're at the beginning of that stage of the satellite industry. So what Ground Station is, it's a service that you can use like any other cloud service. Just pay for what you use, on demand, you can scale up, you can scale down. And we think that we're in the early stages of opening up innovations in this industry. And it's satellite specific, so it's a satellite service, so it's a connectivity, how does it work? What's the net impulse of how it works? So what happens is you would have a, you just go into the AWS console and you schedule a contact. And most of these early use cases they are for our low earth orbit satellites or medium earth orbit satellites. And we have deployed these satellite antennas and what's really important about this is we've put them right next to our data centers or our availability zones. So now you're getting the entire power of the cloud. And so what happens is you would schedule a contact and either up link or down link your data during that contact period. And we just charge per minute. So it's like the EC2 was servers and S3 was storage and the use case was it solved the provisioning problem. So you guys are doing it for up link and down link in your satellite usage and data over satellite. Pretty much. Correct, correct. And so, and the other thing that's really nice about it is just like the cloud would enable people to go global in minutes, ground station allows you to go global also. So traditionally what would happen is you would buy a satellite antenna or you'd lease a satellite antenna somewhere in the world and you're only catching so many passes of those satellites. Well, we are deploying these at our data centers throughout the world. And so you're able to, at a very low cost, now catch these passes of these satellites. You know, Brett and I were talking on the intro around the role of technology and how it's causing a lot of change. You mentioned that window of 10 years where before YouTube, after YouTube, all these new services came on. Think about it, those didn't exist around before 2004 timeframe, roughly 2004, 2005, then the mobile revolution hit. The similar wave is coming into government. And seeing it, Amazon Web Services Public Sector Summit is our fourth year. It gets bigger. The inclusion of space is an intel sign of commercialization of some of the tech coming in infiltrating process change within government and use cases. So I would agree with you that's relevant. Yeah, and next level is what? Where's that window? What's going to happen in that 10 year change? It is hard to predict, but we know from our past experience and what we've done in the cloud, we know that when you remove the undifferentiated heavy lifting, like buying servers or doing networks and things like that, it frees people up to do innovations. And when you look at what's happening in the satellite industry, virtually every industry, every person can benefit from a better understanding of this earth and from satellite imagery and satellite sensing. And so if you start moving forward with that and you ask what can happen, we've got governments throughout the world that are very concerned about deforestation. And so for example, today they find out the deforestation after the trees are gone. And what if you could instead, for a very low cost, download pictures of satellite images and get it in more of a real time type basis or get it in that same hour that satellite took the picture. Now what you can do is catch the deforestation when the boulders show up, not after the trees went down. So get in front of it, use the data, it's a data business. Yep. So talk about other use cases because again, early adopters are usually the developers that are hungry for the resource. We saw that with cloud. EC2 and S3 I mentioned now those service, thousands and thousands of new services a year from AWS, Jassy loves to talk about that at re-invent and it's pretty impressive. But the early days it was developers. They were the ones who had the value, they were thirsty for the resource. What are some of the resources, what's the low hanging fruit coming in for ground station that you could share that is a tell sign for where it's going? So we're getting interest, not only for these new developers and these new things, but large established satellite companies are very interested in that because what I was talking about earlier, you can cover areas with our service in ways that were very expensive to do. I can tell you ground station would have been a little hard for us to roll out had we not first done AWS. If you didn't first have things like EC2 and S3 and secure ways of storing your data or our petabytes scale worldwide network. And so when you look at that, you're able to get multiple different organizations doing some really cool things. We're in partnership with Cal Poly and Cal Poly's been in the space industry for a long time. Back in 1999, they were one of the inventors of the original CubeSat. And today what they're doing is they have this SDS, the satellite data solutions service. And it's an initiative that they're doing and they did a hackathon. And when you look at all the areas that could benefit from space and satellite service, all kinds of things pop up.  You don't find out about it too late. So Cal Poly did this hackathon. And what they came up with is it's very inexpensive now to put a IoT device on the cows. And with the ground station, you can now download that information. You can communicate to a satellite. And now we can find out where those cows are and get them if they're in a dangerous situation. I think the IoT impact is going to be huge, Rebecca. Think about what we talk about around IoT. IoT is the edge of the network, but there's no, the network's not flat, it's in space, the earth is round. So it's kind of like a Christopher Columbus moment where if you have the data, all you need is power and connectivity. So battery power is getting stronger every day, long life batteries, but the connectivity with ground station literally makes a new IoT surface area, the earth. Absolutely. I mean, that's pretty groundbreaking. This is a really exciting time to be in the space industry. A couple of things are driving it. One is that the capabilities that we're able to put up in space for the same amount of weight and the same amount of payload is increasing dramatically. The other thing that's happening is that the cost for lift, the cost to put satellites in orbit is dropping dramatically. And so what's happening with those two things is we're able to get a lot more organizations putting satellites up there. And what's turning out is that there's a tremendous number of images and sensing capabilities that's coming down. Actually more than the humans are able to analyze. And that's where the cloud comes in, is that you take and download this information and then you start using things like machine learning and artificial intelligence. And now you can see anomalies and point them out to the humans and say, for example, these bulls just showed up. Maybe we should go take a look at that. You know, imagery has always been a hot satellite thing. You see Google Earth map, 3D mapping is getting better. How is that playing into it? Is that a use case for you guys? I mean, you can talk about the impact because that's something that we ought to relate to. Yeah, and I would submit that we are in the early stages of that. It's amazing what we can do with earth imaging today and everybody on their phones can get Google Maps and all the other things that are out there. But we're in the early stages of what we can do with that. So some areas that we're looking at very closely. So for example, during the California wildfires last year, NASA worked on some things to help out the people on the ground. You know, with ground station, what you'll be able to do is do more downloads and get more information that a more real-time basis. And you'll actually be able to look at this and say the wildfires are happening in these areas and help the citizens with escape routes and help them understand things that were actually hard to determine from the ground. And so we're looking at this for natural disasters as well as just day-to-day solutions. It's such an exciting time and you're pointing at so many different use cases that have a lot of potential to really be game changers. What keeps you up at night about this though? I mean, I think that there, as we know there's a lot of unintended consequences that comes with these new technologies and particularly explosion of these new technologies. What are your worries? What are the future perils that you see? So we definitely are working with these agencies of the federal government and commercial things on making sure that you can secure the data. But again, that was one of the benefits of starting with AWS. We started with security being a primary part of what we did. And so when you have ground station, you do a satellite uplink or downlink and then you immediately tell it where in the world you want the data to be stored. So for example, it can download, let's say, in another part of the world and then you can bring it back to the United States and store it in what we call a virtual private cloud. It's a way for our customers to be able to control their environment securely. And so we spend a lot of time explaining to people how they can do that and how they can do it securely. And so it doesn't keep me awake at night, but we spend a tremendous amount of time working with these organizations, making sure that they are using best practices when they're using our solution. Brett, talk about the challenges you mentioned storing the securely role of policy. We are living in a world now where the confluence of policy, science, tech, people are all kind of exploding in innovation, but also challenges. What are some of the things that you guys are doing to raise the bar improving? I mean, obviously there's early days so you're seeing areas to improve. What are some of the areas that you're improving on that are being worked on now and impacted? So you mentioned policy side of it. What I'd like to say is anytime there's a new technology that comes out, we have to do some catching up from the policy, the regulator point of view. Right now, because the satellite industry is moving so fast, there's a scale issue. And so governments throughout the world are looking at the number of satellites that are going up and the number of communications that are happening, and they're working with that scale. And I'm very proud to say that they're reacting. They're reacting fairly quickly. And that's one of the areas that I think we're going to see more on, is as this industry evolves, having things like antennas and satellites certified quickly is one of the things that we need to tackle. I mean, there's some base infrastructure challenges. I mean, consider space kind of infrastructure at this point, plenty of room up there currently, but you can envision a day where there's zillion satellites up there at some point, but that has to get set up first. And you're saying the posture of the government is pro-innovation in this area? Oh yeah, we're seeing a lot of interest in that. When we launched Ground Station, governments both here in this country, as well as throughout the world, were very interested in this, and they see the potential on being able to make the satellite imagery and detection available. And it's not just for those largest organizations like the governments, but it's also when you commercialize this, and we've made it so that small, medium-sized businesses now can get into this business and do innovative things. Question I want to ask you, I know we're tight on time, Rebecca, but I want to get this out. In your opinion, what do you think that the modernization of public policy governments means? Because depending on your definition, what modernization is, this seems to be the focus of this conference here at AWS Public Secretary Summit. This is the conversation we're having in other agencies. They want to modernize. What does that mean to you? It takes on many perspectives. What I find a lot is modernization is helping your workers be more productive. And so we do this with a number of different ways. So when you look at ground station, the real benefit of it isn't can I get the image? Can I get the data? But how can I do something with it? And so when you start applying machine learning, artificial intelligence, now you can point to anomalies that are happening and now you can have the people really focus on the anomalies and not look at a lot of pictures that are exactly the same. So when you look at modernization, I think it's so monotonous with how do we make the workforce that's in place more productive? And find those missing cows. It's actually. Fred McMillan, thank you so much for coming on theCUBE. Thank you, it was a pleasure. We've got a lot of great, we've got many more guests. We've got Teresa Carlson, Jay Carney. Yeah. General Keith Alexander. General Keith Alexander. Talking about how data is being used for the military. We've got ground station connectivity. I really think this is a great opportunity for IoT way to see how it progresses. Yes. Excellent. Thank you. Rebecca Knight for John Furrier. Stay tuned to theCUBE.


Hey guys, Abby here. Just wanted to share with you a few of my favorite things I've made so far this summer. First up is the Grainline Alder Shirt Dress. I chose Vue Bee, which features a gathered skirt. I sewed it up with some Robert Kaufman Chambray, which is a great greenish color chambray. I actually cut this project out last summer, but didn't get a chance to sew it up before summer ended. I'm so glad I pulled it out this summer because I just love how it turned out. I didn't open the instruction packet for this project. I actually used Jen's Sew Along on her website, which has really great pictures for every step to help anybody of any sewing level sew it up. The Delphine Skirt from Tilly and the Buttons Love At First Stitch book. I sewed this one up with a really fun, bright, summery cotton-dobby fabric. I added some lace applique to the front. I actually have a video where I've talked about some tips on how to sew lace applique, which I will link below. I love how this simple A-line skirt allows you to embellish it in many different ways. This is also a really great skirt for beginners. It's only a few pattern pieces and Tilly has really thorough directions in her book. Last up, I have the Marta Blouse by Republic du Chiffon. I sewed this one with some gorgeous eyelet chambray from Style Maker Fabrics. I wasn't sure if the chambray fabric was going to work for this top since it is a heavier fabric, but I really love how it played up the fullness of the top and the fullness of the ruffle skirt. So that's it. I hope you guys have enjoyed watching. I'd love to hear about what you've been sewing up this summer in the comments below. I'll see you guys next time.


So, the last two things which I want to cover in this chapter are two other types of optimization techniques. The first one is how to optimize nested subquery. So, what we saw so far was based on join order optimization and transformation. Now, it turns out nested subqueries cannot be represented directly in relation algebra. So, people have come up with other operators to deal with it and transformations involving those new operators. I am not going to get into that at this point, but I want to point out another technique which is much more widely used, which is the following. I will show it by example. Here is a nested query. Select name from instructor where exists. Select star from teacher where instructor dot id equal to teachers dot id and teachers dot year equal to 2007. What is this query doing? It is finding the names of all instructors who taught a course in 2007. That is what this nested subquery is ensuring. This is a correlated subquery because there is a condition here which uses a relation which is at the outer table instructor. So, this is a correlation variable. Instructor from outside is used inside. So, this is called a correlated subquery. And when you have such an nested subquery, the default evaluation specified by SQL is going to take each instructor here and then evaluate this subquery. Taking the value of the instructor id here would be the, I am looking at one instructor at a time. When I am looking at a particular instructor, instructor dot id is fixed. So, that value is used here and what I have is a copy of this query which is being run with a specific value for instructor dot id. And that query returns all the teacher's tuples which match that id and have year 2007. And then the outer query checks if this result is non-empty and then outputs that instructor. So, this is called correlated evaluation. Now, it turns out that correlated evaluation can be horrendously expensive if, for example, there is no index on teachers dot id. So, each time I evaluate this, I may have to scan through the entire teacher's relation to match, to find which tuples match the current instructor id and year 2007. If I do not have any indices, I will scan teachers repeatedly. It is horribly, horribly inefficient. That is just a semantics. SQL does not say you should actually do it that way. That is a semantics. Now, what can we do to optimize the execution? I can build an index on teachers dot id. So, now, I will do an index lookup and find matching teachers records and check the year. So, that is better, but that is not necessarily the best way of doing this. With an index, I could have a lot of IO. Remember, analysis for using an index in an index nested loops join. Each index lookup could land me in a different record somewhere and I might be doing a lot of random IO, a lot of seeks. One seek per instructor here. If I have a lot of instructors, that could be pretty expensive. It is not as bad as scanning teachers all over again, but still a lot of seeks. Can we do something different? The first thing to note, so this slide just says what is the inefficiency with correlated evaluation? Lots of calls, lot of unnecessary random IO. So, the previous query could be written perhaps as following. Select name from instructor teachers where instructor id equal to teachers id and teachers dot here is 2007. This is not quite right because there could be duplicates. If a particular instructor teaches many courses in 2007, that instructor's name will be output many times. So, this is the first cut. What can we do? Can we add a distinct here? That is also quite close, but not quite right. So, it turns out if you want to preserve the number of distinct things, it is still possible. That is coming up in the next slide. So, in general, it is not possible to directly turn that nested query into a join directly like this, but there is a way around using temporary relations and that is shown here. So, what we are doing is create table T1 as select distinct id from teachers where you are equal to 2007. So, the first step is I am finding all those who have taught a course in 2007, just the id. I am not finding the names at this point and I am doing distinct. So, each id appears only once. The next step is to join instructor with this table T1 where T1 dot id equal to instructor dot id. Now, this join can be done using any join algorithm. It could use merge join. It could do hash join. It could even do index nested loop join if it so wishes, whichever is the cheapest, but the important thing to note here is the number of duplicates is correct. At this point, T1 dot id has no duplicates. So, each instructor tuple will match with at most one T1 tuple. So, the names will appear exactly as many times as there are instructor. If there are two instructors with the same name, the name will appear twice. If I put a select distinct instructor, the name will only appear once which is wrong. So, this is a correct translation of the previous. This was a wrong translation. We started with this nested query and this translation is not right, but this translation is correct. In fact, you could instead of create table, you could use a with clause over here which is probably more efficient. So, that is if you translated from SQL to SQL and this process of taking nested query and replacing it by a query which does not have nesting is called decorrelation. So, what people said is we will take the SQL query and we will rewrite it into this SQL, into a decorrelated SQL query which does not have nesting, nested subquery. Hence, our decorrelation is more difficult if the nested subquery uses aggregation or the result of the nested subquery is used to test for equality or it is not exist or not in and so forth. All these cases are harder. So, the initial work was based on rewriting the SQL query. More recently, the SQL server people said that look, why are we doing rewriting from SQL to SQL? Let us implement decorrelation as part of the optimizer itself and use new operators.  So, that kind of decorrelation is used in SQL server. Now, other databases also do decorrelation. Oracle does, PostgreSQL does, every database does it. The only question is how complex a query can each of these decorrelate? PostgreSQL is one of the less sophisticated ones. It can decorrelate all simple nested queries, but if you make it more complex, it could give up and do a correlated evaluation. Oracle is better at it, but SQL server is the master at this particular game. They have done some really cool stuff and there are papers which they have written talking about it. So, they do a really nice job of decorrelation. So, that brings us up to another question which I have phrased as a quiz question, but I am just going to answer it. The question is given an option of writing a query using a join versus using a correlated query. What is the right choice? Now, this is a question which some people have been asking during this workshop. The options are it is always better to write it using a sub query? No. So, write it as a sub query depending on your database. It might be clever enough to rewrite it or not. Some optimizers are likely to get a better plan if the query is written using a join than if written using a sub query. This is true. SQL server will probably be cleverer than you in this and it does not matter which way you write it for SQL server, but for PostgreSQL this is probably true. Third option is some optimizers are likely to get a better plan if it is written as a sub query. No. Pretty much no database would get a better plan this way. None of the above is not an option. The last topic which I want to cover is materialized views. Again, many people have been asking questions about materialized views on chat. I already told you what is a materialized view. So, let me repeat it here. It is a view whose contents are computed and stored. So, query like this view like this create view department total salve, department name total salve as select department name some salve from instructor group by department name. If I compute this supposing instructor is a very large relation unrealistic, but let us suppose I have computed this I can get the total salve very quickly. If I need this frequently it is worth computing this and storing it instead of re executing it each time. Now, of course, the problem is that you have to maintain it. The moment an instructor is inserted deleted or salve is updated or the department of an instructor is changed all of these changes require us to update the materialized view. This is called materialized view maintenance. One way is to recompute it on every update that is horribly expensive. Another way is to recompute it periodically which is ok for certain application. When I do not mind seeing yesterday's statistics this might you know update, recomputing it every night may be an option, but if the database is really large even recomputing it could be pretty expensive. The last option which is better in general is to use incremental view maintenance which means we collect the changes which have happened to the database and use it to compute the changes to the view and then update the view. Now, incremental view maintenance may be done immediately SQL server does it this way as soon as the instructor relation this was on instructor as soon as there is any change to the instructor relation SQL server if I made this a materialized view SQL server will immediately update the materialized view. Others do not do it immediately by default if you specify it you can do it that way. Oracle will also allow you to do incremental view maintenance, but once a day let us say you collect all the changes over a day and at night you can compute the changes to the view and apply them instead of recomputing the whole view. How to do this and so on there are lot more details in the book I am going to skip the details of how to do incremental view maintenance. The last part is which materialized view should you create that depends on what queries your system is seeing. There is a closely related queries which indices should be create on the database. The default is primary key foreign key, but depending on the queries which you are seeing it may be really useful to create other indices. And the way to do both of these is based on a work load that is what are the typical queries and updates that you see during a period of time. So, if you have an application which is being used you can collect it you can see what are people running. If it is not currently live you can make estimates of how many times each you know interface will get used and from that you can estimate what the work load is likely to be. So, the typical goal is now to choose indices and materialized views which will minimize the time to execute the work load. At the same time some queries are very important you want very quick response. So, you have constraints on the time taken for certain critical queries and updates and also this constraints on the space available which you can use. So, all of these you know have to be taken into account to make this choice. How do you do that? It is hard to do this manually, but you can do certain things manually. You can look at your query work load, look at the important queries and see the plan and see the time it takes. Supposing you see that the plan does not use indices it is a simple query, but it is not using an index and it is taking a lot of time. Lot might not be that much it might take 2 seconds, but 2 seconds is a lot if you have a thousand people running this query per hour. So, you may do an explain query see the plan and then say maybe I can create an index it might speed it up add the index run explain plan again and see if it actually work if it improve things. That is very painful unfortunately that is only way in PostgreSQL today, but if you use oracle or SQL server or DB2 and others they have what are called tuning assistants of wizards that can help you through this process. They will help you collect the work load and suggest what indices and materializes to create. So, let me wrap up optimization I am way beyond time I am sorry for that. There are a number of other optimization techniques which are in the book including top K queries, multi query optimization, parametric query optimization which are topics close to my heart because my first PhD students thesis was a multi query optimization.  My second PhD student Arvind Hulgheri worked on parametric query optimization this work was also a really nice piece of work. So, there are 2 nice piece of work which came out of IIT Bombay on these 2 topics. I am going to skip that quiz and wrap up today morning session. So, see you at 5.15. Bye.


Coach, I'm working on to the game. Could you tell us why I won't be throwing three shots today? Yeah, just as we got through warm-ups and early on, just wasn't feeling like himself. So he played, but we weren't going to overdo it. Just being cautious, and we're not going to have her like when you have other guys that can go. I mean, we're a team. So what does that just continue to see? We'll monitor it tonight, tomorrow. I'll have a better answer for tomorrow. Yeah, I mean, sometimes I feel like I won't say it, but I certainly like to make it harder on ourselves. But at the end of the day, I found a way to de-lead, come up situational football second time in three weeks, found a way to the last second in coup as he continues to do. He's clutch, but our guys make plays in big moments. We always feel like we got a shot. And no matter what happens, it's a resilient group to de-lead. Oh, look, now there's things that we wanted to do. I mean, you can see it. I mean, we were effective moving the ball. I mean, again, having two fumbles on the one. We got to clean that up. It's going to make it hard for you. But again, we found a way. But that's what coaching is, Mike. You've got to have plans. You've got to have contingency plans. And as the game goes, you've got to adapt. And CP, I thought he ran the ball extremely well today. So did Tyler. And so we didn't feel like we had to push him more than he needed to go. And we found a way to get a win. Yeah, look, after week seven, de-lead will take it. Road win. Division one puts us to an own division. We know we've got work to do, but happy to get a win. Oh, you continue to work it. I mean, the one, I mean, that's where it's like Murphy's Law. You show those situations. And again, we can't, until you run through the goal line, don't let up. So we got to continue to work it, the snap. I mean, like I said, it's stuff we have to clean up. But I will say this about Dez. You know, he started there and delivered some big time throws today, especially when we needed it late and got the ball to Kyle, essentially won the game. But yeah, I mean, the one's on a sack fumble. I mean, he's going to throw it. One's on a snap. One's letting up, running in. So we'll find a way to, I promise you, we'll find a way to fix it. No, I mean, look, we just won the game, 16 to 13. The guy played phenomenal in the pocket, delivered the ball. Last week, he threw a couple picks, fixed those. I understand it's like a game of whack-a-mole. He's letting it start. Just got a good road win against the third-rank defense in the league. So let's give him some credit. Let's give this team some credit for winning. There's always things to figure out. We're not going to run away with some negative narrative. We'll find a way to win. I know this about Desmond Ritter. He's tough. He's a winner. Same thing. Guys, whatever. They got some plays and they got into critical situations. Just like we found a way to make plays at the end. We had to have them. Kept drives going. That's what good teams do. Find ways to win. Goal or get the ball back? Yeah, it was a couple of things, right? We got to hold. A couple of things in that situation. It was third and two. And then they moved it back to third and seven late. So I had to burn the time out. And so just because of the personnel logistics, we got the first down after that. That was a pass to Drake. They were packing the paint. Tried to hit him with the screen.  Obviously, we didn't execute. And then we tried to put one in the back of the end zone. And they got the sack fumble. So yeah, obviously, not what you want there. But look, it's an actual football league. You don't want that to happen. But we're not going to go sit in the tank. You try to fix things and see what's an issue. We felt like we were doing a good job up front. And we felt that the second half, we'd be able to run the ball. And we did. Same thing. Their defense did. I mean, it's either pressure or play coverage and collapse the pocket and make it hard for them to throw from the pocket. And that's what we did. Same thing they tried to do. I mean, tied backed off and showed something different. It's usually when it's either 0 or usually extra coverage. One or the other. Well, a couple of things. You think about it, but if they get a nerf first, may have no time if they go and score the touchdown.   So you're weighing all that. We talked about it. We did. You're playing the presenters. There's always a risk. And you're just looking how the series is going when you want to call them. And played out, and obviously to our advantage. But yeah, you always consider it. But it's just a three-point game. That's thank you. You ready? You ready? No. Give me a second. All right, we're good. Yeah, at the end of the day, I just got to do a better job of taking care of the ball. The one right there on the goal line just didn't get it. Obviously, you're antsy to get in. You're about eight inches away. At the end of the day, you just got to come up with it. Then the one later on, right there in the end zone, I was going to RPO. So I was going to pass it. Back when we're seven, eight years old playing football, you learn that when you're running to the left, put the ball in your left hand. When you're running the right, put it in the right. So I was running out to my left. I thought I was going to throw it. I pulled it down, ran it, kept it in my right hand, and obviously didn't protect the ball. Yeah, the snap right down there in the red zone. Yeah, like I said, things get antsy down there. I got quick. Just got to be better. Yeah, which one was the first one? Sorry. Yeah, I can't. Yeah, got hit. Just throwing the ball. Yeah, at the end of the day, there's no magical potion to fix fumbles. It's just strapping up and knowing that you've got to protect the football. At the end of the day, that's what this game is about, is protecting the football. The ball is the key, the ball is the issue. And so whether it's good or bad, whether the defense is getting turnovers or offense is turning the ball or whatever it is, the ball is the issue. And at the end of the day, from me and everyone else, but obviously me today, I had to do just a better job of that. Yeah, it was a great team win. Offense, defense, special teams were never out of it, never out of the fight, and come back to win. Always stay calm, cool, collective, no matter what happened. We was able to go out there and get a win on the road. Yeah, I mean, that was that. We ran the same play just the other way around. The first time, came incomplete. Literally ran the same exact play and then was able to complete it. It's a play we've rubbed multiple times. It's a play that we're comfortable with. And it's something that, obviously, we needed a huge situation, and that's what it was. Yeah, it's huge. But obviously, we shouldn't even have to get to that point. You go down the fumble, and I think you go up maybe eight or 10 or whatever it was, and then you get the touchdown. I mean, you're talking more than what you think you are or what you should be. And for us, obviously, we made it a lot harder on ourselves than we needed it to be. But it's huge, obviously, to see that, obviously, through all that, we can still come out on top, still play as a team, no one point fingers, no one do anything, blame anyone, and just go out and get a win. Thank y'all.


Good afternoon, and welcome back to another episode of likeable science here on ThinkTech Hawaii. I'm your host, Ethan Allen. With me today in the ThinkTech Studio is Ray Tsuchama, if I got that right. That's correct. Ethan, I'm glad to be here talking on science, technology, innovation with you because those are very vital topics for the state of Hawaii and our society. Exactly. But they're not only vital, they're likeable too. They should be fun. They should be celebrated. They should be enjoyed by everyone, right? I mean, people should enjoy doing science. People shouldn't be scared of it, right? Well, I think you're correct that there's a disconnect between people who are top scientists as if they're not real ordinary people. And another disconnect that these people can't be from the state of Hawaii. They can't be from Kalihipalama or they can't be from Nanakulia Wainan. And so I think that's a greater service that you're doing is to make science fun and accessible to everybody that it does play a major role in our lives but they're done by, achieved by ordinary people. Yeah. I mean, it's increasing day by day. There's more and more things where we are being asked to make evidence-based decisions on the course of our country, the course of our state, the course of our individual lives. And without some background in science, how do you make those decisions? It's truly frightening how I think the state of sort of science literacy in this country actually and in the state. Yeah. Well, you're correct that these waves of focusing on science technology in our history, the last one was the great Sputnik Scare by Russia in the late 50s. And that sparked a race to get into putting an astronaut around the earth and then later on, the great goal by President Kennedy to send a manned spacecraft and land on the moon, which is unbelievable, stating that in 1960, 61, and it was achieved in 1969, barely eight years afterwards. So if you do have an objective based on science and engineering, you could achieve that. Right. Indeed. I mean, if you look at the Human Genome Project, that basically, that was achieved basically on time and on schedule, they really did it. They did it when they said they would do it and found surprising things from it in terms of the human genome has many fewer genes than we thought. As yet, the follow-up from that is unclear. People are really only now starting to mine that information in a really serious way and beginning to make use of it. But yeah, and there's no reason.  Well, I think you have a very good point and people see also the commercial applications or products that they can use in their lives and lots of innovations and products came out of the research at NASA, for example. The advances in computing could not have happened without the great coding that people did back then. There was a movie on some programmers, African American female programmers who contributed to this project. I always think of a product that people use every day in the kitchen and it was based on some scientific experiments in the material science department, MIT in the 20s. It was very simple, at what level or how thin can they make a metal? That was the objective of the research and we use aluminum foil every day. These things that start out as abstract phenomena end up being common in place. You do see, and that's actually a nice example, the thinness of substance that gets into an area that you want to talk about a little bit. I know nanoscale science and how properties of substances change at the nanoscale. That's one of the hallmarks of it is when you get something small enough, it pays rather differently than it does at import properties. But trying to convey that to the man on the street is sometimes a challenging thing. I think you're correct. In science, the questions are what is the universe? What is atom? These are questions that people spend lifetimes and even more trying to focus on. Engineering, on the other hand, is how to solve problems, provide a solution to retaining water by a dam, for example, in civil engineering. They have big issues right now in California because of the rain. But going back to your question, last week a major figure passed away at MIT, Professor Emerita Mildred Dresselhaus. And she focused on carbon, which is everywhere on the planet. Even in pencils, for example. And diamonds are made of carbon. And she looked at how small carbon could be and how to deliver things like, or make it into tubes, or buccalines, fullerines, or properties of carbon. And they could be delivery agents for medicine, for example, within a human being, body. So Jay and I were just talking on a recent show about graphing, the single sheet of atoms in graphite. And that's now apparently being a very hot topic for being able to put pores of just controlled sizes into graphing sheets. And again, one of our big defense companies has actually apparently perfected this, or at least gotten some version of it that will allow you to convert freshwater saltwater at about 1% of the current pressure needed for reverse osmosis, because they use those ultra-thin membranes now. A membrane of graphing basically with special pores in it. That's fantastic. And I think you're also shutting light on one of the issues in our society is to sustain the budget for scientific research, because you don't know where it's going to go. You really don't. And unless you allow young people, young scientists and researchers to go into other fields, or their own projects, they may come up with things that we had no idea would exist in our, that could really make our lives better. But it's so much, and you see this in really top-notch scientists, that they're playful people. They're thoroughly immersed in enjoying what they're doing every day. They don't regard it as some sort of rote work. It's a job I've got to go to. And yet so much of basic science is routinely taught as this sort of rote work. Memorize this list of terms. Learn this vocabulary list. And it shouldn't be that way. It should be all about playing. There's so much, there's so much stuff out there. I mean, again, going back to the nanoscale of science, when you look at a puddle in a parking lot, you see that sheen on it, right? That's essentially because of the very, a very thin layer of oil or gasoline on the water, right? And it's actually forming two layers that are close enough together that light is interfering with itself, basically, top versus bottom layer of that slick. And it's close enough that it causes interference. It's all, science is all around. It's every day and there's no reason in order to be scared of it. There's lots of questions. I think you're also touching upon how we get more young people into science and the value of K to 12. Within that span, if they haven't... I'll tell you a story. I was with... I worked for MIT for about six years and I was with the chairperson of MIT, Paul Gray in Japan. And we met the chairperson of Toyota. His name is Dr. Toyoda actually. And we were having lunch and all of a sudden Dr. Toyoda turns to Dr. Gray and says, Dr. Gray, how do you teach creativity? Very interesting question out of the blue, which every country is dealing with today. Not only Japan, but the U.S., Brazil, or the U.K., or Germany, or Russia. And Paul Gray thought about it and then he responded, well, if a child doesn't have that, when he or she enters MIT, we can't teach it. Right, it's too late. It's too late. It's like trying to learn a second language. So K to 12, the curiosity about science and to really look for answers in the world has to be inculcated, really embedded within that being a young person and to learn, of course, more about physics or math or whatever at the university, but that when they get out of high school, they have to have that spark. You're correct. Exactly. They should love learning and see themselves as a learner, as somebody who can learn, who does learn all the time, who wants to learn. I mean, if a school has failed to do that, if a school has basically failed to, your K-12 system has failed to produce what it needs to produce. They can produce people who know a lot of content, but if they don't enjoy learning and asking the questions, you know. Well, it's basically an inquiry. You're absolutely right. And when you talk about the largest societal issues, I go back to Hawaii. And we were talking before the show. In 1983, I returned from working at Digital Equipment Corporation, a major mini-computer company of that era.  He'll say, what's that? So it'll happen. But when I returned from DEC, I joined Castlin Cook, a big five land development company back in the early 80s. And what we were trying to do at that point was to promote a high-tech park.  And if you could look at the Hawaii high-tech journal magazine cover, and it started out as a series of magazines that promoted scientific research at UH and there was the Hawaii Biotechnology Group that's starting out. Intellect, a company that made software and hardware for air defense systems was in town in Honolulu. There was a sensor lab by Jim Holm Kennedy at UH. And there were all kinds of other things happening all over Hawaii in 1983. And the objective was to really promote Hawaii as a site and venue for high-tech companies to come and establish more R&D facilities or for entrepreneurs really to take off and establish more startups. And so that is giving you a bit of history that was part of a movement back in the early 80s to really get going as a society and to make science and technology a base to diversify the economy. But that is not new though even in the 80s. Going back to the 1960s, Governor John A. Burns in the mid-60s said we must have a Hawaii economy based on research. And that's from a time when we learned about high-tech other than it was a big five agricultural dominant economy. But of course the agriculture industry brought in actually some very interesting technological advances for harvesting and processing foods, automation of various sorts that were quite cutting edge at the time and of course even going back further as you gave me that wonderful article on Prince Kuhio and how he basically sort of a great MBA program, right? That's right. We think that we're doing the state of the art today and looking at the 21st century for Hawaii to be the mid-Pacific center for exports have a sustainable agricultural base then we have great education that have young people going out to the world and really learning more things. But back in the 19th century King Kalakaua was really creating a cadre of young Hawaiians to go out and learn and bring back to Hawaii. I mean, it's arguable that we ought to be doing the same kind of thing again, right? We ought to be really both promoting our own resources internally but very much developing the capacity and the capabilities of our young people to go and become citizens of the world but bring their learning back to Hawaii, share Hawaii's learning out with the rest of the world. I mean, we should be much more thoroughly integrated into the world economy than we are. It's very strange to me to realize when I got our deal we import something like 85% of the food we eat and then we export something like 85% of the stuff we grow. I mean, if you look at that and you say, well, who's making the money here? It's people who are transporting the goods. It doesn't seem like the way to run the state's economy. Go ahead. You referred to sort of this golden era in the mid-80s when everyone wanted to promote Hawaii as a technology. Why did that sort of not take root? I mean, Hawaii is not thought of as a high-tech mecca these days as it were, right? Well, I think it has to have many groups and far more...go ahead. I was just going to...before we do that I'm going to hold that we need to take a break and we'll follow that question up when we come back. I'm your host, Ethan Allen. Ray Tuchiana is here with me today and we're discussing a state of science in Hawaii. We'll be right back. Hello, and Aloha. My name is Raya Salter and I'm the host of Power of Hawaii, where Hawaii comes together to figure out how we're going to work towards a clean and renewable energy future. We have exciting conversations with all kinds of stakeholders, to come together to talk about renewable energy. Be they engineers, advocates, lawyers, utility executives, musicians or artists to see how we can come together to make a renewable future. Tuesdays at 1 p.m. Aloha. My name is Richard Emory, host of Condo Insider. More than a third of Hawaii's population live in some form of association. And our show is all about educating board members and owners about the responsibilities and obligations and providing solutions for a great association. You can watch me live on Thursdays, 3 p.m. to 4 p.m. Each week. Aloha.  I'm your host, Ethan Allen, with me today in the Think Tech Studio. This is Ray Tuchiana and we're talking about the state of science in Hawaii. Took one more break about why this sort of golden age of tech promotion, tech development in the early to mid-80s didn't really stick with us. Why it didn't flourish. Why Hawaii has not developed into a real Silicon Valley as it were. And you were just starting to go into that one. It's not a huge, huge brilliant answer. And because you can ask the same question in Arkansas, Montana, Idaho or Wyoming. And sometimes we think of Hawaii being so unique and so much, you know, full of talented people that we could do anything. But remember that the rest of the many other places in the world that are trying also. But going back to your question, I think there was, in order to have that diversification really flourish with startups that become larger, create more jobs, and then they become there's more startups from there and so forth. And there has to be an ecosystem, first of all. It doesn't exist by itself, first of all. So there has to be a program where there's research or patents or ideas coming from UH. That's our premier Carnegie One research university here in the state. And there's a connection to the business sector. That there are people who want to take those ideas to make products and license them and then employ people to further develop these products and so forth. In order to do that, you must have capital. You must have venture capital to really pay these people to pay for trips to Japan or China for marketing purposes and so forth. And also, in order to do that very well, you have to have a leadership team in Silicon Valley or Seattle or LA or New York. It's very easy to go down the street and get a CEO, COO, CTO, CFO, CIO and so forth to bring up their very experience. I was part of a startup in Seattle that went from zero to 100 million in about six years. But that team was very good. A noble kind of team with very good engineering development and a great product. So you have all those ingredients work and then you're gone. Now, having said that, nine out of ten startups fail in Silicon Valley. So you have to have numbers, a lot of numbers. And so there's that I think connection. I'll give you an example that people know real, the Gatorade. And it's a sports trip, right? And it's been around for decades. And you think, why is it named Gatorade? It's Gators. Alligators. Florida. Research. They made it, they licensed it. That's why it's called Gatorade. University of Florida. So there's a connection there and so there was something invented that became a product and now it's going gangbusters and even if you get ten cents it adds up to real money in a few years. So that's again products but you have to have I think a culture of entrepreneurship. And when I was at MIT everybody wanted to become an entrepreneur. And the 45% of this to do was engineering. And in fact, they have studies where there were more MIT graduates doing startups in Silicon Valley than Stanford. And it's because of numbers. In that engineering it's probably 15%. MIT it's 45%. So you have more numbers of people growing out there. And they all have a vision of becoming entrepreneurs and really adding value to society by making new things and creating jobs. One of my former colleagues from University of Washington went off and did a post-doc at MIT and got into one of their business accelerator programs and now has gone off and formed his own company Optitech and is doing refraction of people's eyes in third world countries and much more cheaply and more effectively than everyone. And again, that's taking an idea to the product and adding to society in a third world country. And you're correct about another thing about accelerators, incubators and so forth. That's again part of that. And that's the innovation center that started in the mid-90s. And so, but the other thing about MIT that I want to point out is that there's leadership at the top that looks at all the work that people are doing in engineering, science and business and so forth and seeing how they can be put together in a new center, a multidisciplinary. And I think that's something that is very unique. Like the Media Lab for example was they were doing things about wearable computing or glasses 15 years ago. And they have centers on the laboratory for electronics. They have centers for real estate. They have all kinds of multidisciplinary centers. So it's looking at the future and having leadership that at a major university says, oh, I would like to put together software engineering and robotics for the Japanese and put together a translation, you know, kiosk at airports that would help people translate, for example. So for example, here now at UH the new National Science Foundation EPSCORE program, Ikiwai, Knowledge of Water. They are bringing geophysicists together with computer modelers basically and a whole array of people building new kinds of sensors that are trying to sort of model, map and determine boundaries and volumes of the aquifers here in Hawaii flow rates of the water through it and really come to understand the water in Hawaii which is clearly of considerable interest and value to us but that model, once they develop it, could then be applied to other islands too. So the smaller islands out in the Pacific would find that extremely useful too. So there's a large global market for something that was developed for Hawaii and that's exactly right. So because we are Ireland, we don't think about that. But if we can sell something like I worked for a startup that had research based on communications for handicapped people and that became software of mobile phones to make predictive texting so that it would be used by people you don't have a keyboard, right? And they're restricted in terms of access to a full keyboard on a mobile phone. And the other thing that happened I think in the 80s that kind of did Hawaii and that went into the 90s in some ways was the role of Japanese investment that came in the 80s and that kind of defocused people on that. It was a huge tsunami of investment and money and funding and it was not it was a display so defocus people not to look at making companies in Hawaii and going out. I see. So then how do you think we can reverse this? How can we sort of reinvigorate this?  The magazine Hawaii High Tech Journal is kind of a historical landmark bringing back all the things that in those magazines are obsolescent by research. But some of the interviews by University President Albert Savone he really is about today. Same things innovation and venture capital and many, many things. I still think the number one priority for the state is public education K-12. That is where I think so much is needed to really promote science as you say, languages to give children a I'm not saying to teach coding. I think it's a mistake to say teach coding because in 20 years robots will be doing coding or we'll be doing something else. How to think how to dream I think those are two critical areas and how to think quantitatively based on data empirically based on data how to communicate with other people outside of your culture language again another skill set there. And of course how to dream big that you can come out of Kalihipalama, Waena, Kahuku or Lihui or Hilo and really make a product or make an impact on global kind of scale. And so dreaming for children is I think we suppress that. That is true. The school system does not encourage it. So we have to when children dream we need to immediately arm them or give them ways to make that a reality in the future. Help them learn to think about their own thinking reflect on their learning. I figured this problem out by doing this that's a good strategy. I stumbled over this problem to get them to think back about how they've been thinking so they can learn to think better basically. At the same time discover their own capacities for learning. So I still believe that society can diversify its economy. I am a very optimistic person. But still we have to go back and really put this in the face of every resident of every voter here in Hawaii bring that back always every day. That's what's going to make that change. We're not going to see that change in 5 years or 10 years. It may take a much longer time. But I think the and also I think we have to look at Hawaii as a place that as you mentioned before that we can export ideas and our culture in many ways that I think I did well in Asia Pacific dealing with people and interacting with people because I grew up in Kali Palama I respected people and tried to learn more about other people and because who knows where they're from but I wanted to get to know about them, respect them and communicate with them in their own way and make the dialogue successful. I did negotiations in China, India, Africa, Russia you name it, I was out there but it harks back to Kali Palama and so we shouldn't denigrate or make cultures that we have locally second or third class. You've wrapped things up very neatly. You've called out exactly what needs to happen. It's this great idea of respect building our own resources doing sort of asset based thinking realizing all the good things we have and really building from them. Thank you for your conversation here. I've enjoyed it. I feel like I've learned a lot. I'm sure our viewers have learned a bunch too. I wish we had more time. Perhaps I can get you back here sometime. We can talk a little further.  We're trying to make science.


I'll go upstairs and I'll look up at yousche Are you ready? Yeah. I'll go upstairs. Hello. Sir. I've這 . And what we're going to do, especially in the government, is this is a medically-active program for writing a class. It's a play. We have action, and we have dialogue. It's also a writing class, because the dialogue is all about the local creative process. And after we finish working for 45 minutes, we're going to set the timer, and we're going to work for 45 minutes. And then after we finish doing that, we're going to invite you to ask me questions about your work and your creative process. Your work. Your work. And those of you who are out in the influence who are in the school, now you have a government, that's a student, because of that concession. So they're watching you. You had like a week where they won't watch you. And now they're watching you again. So those of you working out there, Jared is going to tell us how to tweet at us. You know, creative work is kind of like your work, and so the action has to be done. Watch me work at SLP, if you have a question about your work and your creative process, and so we're going to work for 45 minutes. I'm going to let you take a quick break, but I might use my time in the future. And all of you who are in that pencil, you're going to hear it again. Quill. Everybody clap. Okay, let's start working. Writing a movie. You know what I'm not. Your creative process. Wow, people love the product. Go ahead. Some fabulous shows. Are they waiting? Yeah, no, we have some. Great. I'm not even in the space. Take this. Right. And so now I'm having to go here. The challenge is that I can't have the blackouts, which typically isn't the problem, but it's sort of like I don't know where I want the story to start. Because they're all... Is this your breakfast or something? No. That's a pleasure. This is such a pleasure. I have felt because I have missed them, because they're not going to have a great city. Or... Yeah, it's kind of... Yeah, because writing a screenplay, writing a play at the same time, you're not going to be in the right place. I used to use pages for plays, and now we're going to be on this little graph, but I'm a professor of cinema. So, I'm not a playwright and a professor of film, but it's the structure of all the stories. I usually can't write. That's a guy I want to talk about. This is mine. I was looking at a scene of crime. It is a crime. Somebody's arm wrestling in the corner of the room. Yeah, and the structure. And the... The structure of the page. The structure of the screenwriting. The screenwriting part. Like, I just want to get a man to tell his story. Right. And I can't because there are certain things... There should be part in screenwriting. Yeah, and I can't... The outline of his hand. It's in good name. I can just tell the story. Right. Because I have to hit this beat, and I have to hit that beat. Right. So, you're going to get this right screenplay, and you figure the unparalleled thing to get right. So, you feel like the structure of the outline, the outline of the house with the screenplay model, which is what I'm going to be talking about, is the beginning of the later 12th century. You have to hit certain signs. The screenplay model. The screenplay model. So. I mean, this is the form that's required for you to get in the process. So, okay. So, we can pretend, you want to play that game, right? Right. Because you're an artist. So, we're going to play a game of making. And the game of making looks like this. The structure, you're going to be asked to write the answers. Right? That structure, that outline structure, is going to help you tell a good story. That's the game of making. So instead of going, It's not working. It's actually going to help you. She's going to act as it is. You're going to really participate in every school, right? And you're just giving a whole part of your life to listen to your best and honest arguments. So, you know what?  She'll realize what she says.  She has to go where you wanted to go. You're in a car and taking my car. Okay. We've all been here, but we question on that program. You'll check out more on that, Because oftentimes, And really, if you have 500 children trying, give it a full try and in those words, I bet something else is going to be here, it's going to be here. But as long as you're totally okay, do not give yourself a chance. In three, a lot of history will happen to you. I know, I've written a lot of students. Yeah, go! But patient! We can have bodies. It's a structure. We can might have a problem, but it actually allows us to find a way to acquire real pain in life. Of course, around two years. How many pages do you have to write? Okay, I'll leave it for a minute.  This is an experiment. Try it and see how it works. Let's go with the build. You know, to the play, not to you, the writer. It might make you feel sad a little bit.  And see how it works out. See how it works out. See how it works out. And to play this project in a really, really smart way. Okay, that's just a great thing about writing. If you try it, you may have to be stuck in one place. But sometimes it's difficult. Finish it, because people are going to be stuck there forever. But if you never, you're not going to be on the agent. They do everything they can. And they can know you've got it. To do something. You know what they do. They're two different characters in play. They go in and out of the way. You can go in and out of the way. You can go in and out of the way. You can do that. You have to try it, because I, I, I just, you can do your rotten hands and effort for right now. See how it works. You just sit in my place. This thing here is very terrible. It's weird though, it's like I'm out of it, it's like it's all the time. I said I was trying not to, but you have to do it. It's like two hours. It's just a way to start something again. It doesn't have to be good. It doesn't even have to be kind of super good. It can be, it can go on. You know, push it up again. You can miss, you can not carry every part of it. It's okay. It's just right. Push, ready? And two hours to the end. Move. And put it away for a week. And take a look at it. You know? It's actually a hard thing to do. Because I think it's probably where you are. And I'm talking to a lot of physical discomfort. And just right, I know that when you're writing it, you're like, I'm clear to you for some reason. You know what I mean? You're not alone. You know what I mean? The other day I was like, there's something that comes like to walk around. I walk around my apartment a lot. It's not really, it's not really just a, okay, I was just going, I was just going to start a small town like this around my apartment. Then I sat down right over there. And I walked over to the stairs. I walked right into the light. And now it was fine. Two hours was fine. And I was really worried about it. Which means it's okay. You can also write in bullet points. You can write in dialogue. You can write the outline. Just have it, just have it, just have it, just have it, just have it, just have it. And just do that. And walk around the back of your mind. You're not going to attach your eye to it. Just stand in the middle. You know what I mean? Just try to look at it. Try it out. You're going to use the sword points to look into the last few pages. You've got all these moves in your feet. It's like a walking. It's like a tight insert. You have your hand. Have you ever seen it? And you're going to put your hand in it. You're going to be typing this and that. So look at your trust and feel like, okay, they know what you're talking about. So you don't give up your crown of intelligence over them. You just recognize they also have some crowns. You know what I'm saying? So listen to what they say. A conversation with them. If you really want to start a conversation with them, in which, you know, you try to struggle with them, I don't think it's too much struggle with my hands. I was a little bit of struggle. I didn't feel too much. But alright. And that is the case. Can you type? No. You know? It might be a scene or something else. Okay? Often times they are. Often times they're too much. But I don't know. I don't know. Maybe you have these fingers playing as they're in the show for many reasons. Okay? Seven years of housework. Interesting. But there's people out there playing these tunes.


Marxist philosophy, Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory, or works written by Marxists. Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism, which drew out of various sources, and the official philosophy in the Soviet Union, which enforced a rigid reading of Marx called dialectical materialism, in particular during the 1930s. Marxist philosophy is not a strictly defined subfield of philosophy, because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as varied as aesthetics, ethics, ontology, epistemology, theoretical psychology and philosophy of science, as well as its obvious influence on political philosophy and the philosophy of history. The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought. Marxist theorist Louis Alpeser, for example, defined philosophy as class-struggled in theory thus radically separating himself from those who claimed philosophers could adopt hey-gods by view as a purely neutral judge.


It's LinkedIn Learning author Monica Wahee with today's data science makeover. Watch while Monica Wahee demonstrates making box plots in R. Hi everyone. So today let's talk box plots. What do you need to make a box plot? A continuous variable. And look at what I have here. A continuous variable. Staff beds. So what kind of experimental units can have staffed beds? You got it. Hospitals. Massachusetts hospitals to be exact. That's the data we are using today, which I copied from the American hospital directory as you can see here. So we're going to use the staffed beds variable from this hospital data for the state of Massachusetts. Oh, excuse me, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to demonstrate our box plot. So here's what I did. I made an Excel spreadsheet with two tabs. We are on the first one, which is called MA-Hosp for obvious reasons. You will see I just copied out two columns, hospital name, which I called hosp name, and staffed beds. Also, you'll see that I removed all the zero bed records. Those places really do have staff beds, but there was just a reporting error. That's not very scientific, I know. But this is just a demonstration. Oh, and also if you do this at home, make sure you designate this column as numeric with no decimal places. You'll see in my live stream recording where I fight with the data types, the life of a data scientist. Box plots can only be made with numeric data types. Oh, and I made you another data set too that I want to use in my demonstration. I wanted to demonstrate doing one population level box plot. That's what I'll use this MA-Hosp data for. And I wanted to demonstrate making a comparison with box plots. So that's where this next tab called city compare comes in. Let me click on it and show you the data. See what I did? I kept the hosp name and the staff beds field, but I added this hosp city field. But I didn't put all the Massachusetts hospitals in there, just the ones from Boston. And as you can see, one's from the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in Minnesota. I'm from there, so I know the hospital's there. I didn't want to work with unfamiliar data for this demonstration, you see. But also, you'll see I combined Minneapolis and St. Paul together in order to get one level of hosp city. So our box plot will have two boxes, one for Boston and one for the Twin Cities. So to create the data sets on GitHub, which are in CSV format, I did file safe as and saved each of these tabs as a separate CSV. Let's go to R and read them in. Jump up, and here we land in the Windows R GUI environment. And what do we have here? Of course, we are importing the CSV called MA hosp. I've already pointed this R session to the directory where I put all these files for this demonstration. So it knows where to get the CSV. You just click on the console and go to file, change directory and select the directory. Let's highlight and read in this data set and then take a look at it. I use control R. Okay, that looks familiar. Let's go to our code and look at the column names. We'll run this call names command. See that in the console, we literally have two variables, hosp name and staff beds. So I'm going to show you how easy it is to make a box plot with a variable using base R. See this code, it just says box plot, then the argument is the variable staff beds in the data frame MA hosp. I tend to refer to variables this way in R by the variable names, but you can refer to them by the column number. Anyway, let's highlight and run this and see what base R gives us for a plain unadorned box plot. Here we are. Let's notice some features of this box plot. See these whiskers? They appear. And also the box is in a vertical orientation. I'm not sure how it figures out which are outliers. See those circles at the top? I would have to look at the documentation. There are no titles or access labels, but the box plot itself is gray, which is kind of nice. Okay, enough admiring this box plot. Let's go back to our code. Now base R has a lot of commands you can use to change this box plot and make it clearer and more attractive. I'm just giving a few examples here. Notice how this code is modified from the last code. We just add a comma after the variable name, and then we add all these arguments separated by commas, which I actually put on different lines. Here I set the color to gold. I add x and y labels, and I do this notch equals true thing. Let me run it and show you what it does. See that? With a pleasing color of yellow. And the notch equals true gave the box kind of a waistline. So you can go on to deck out a base R box plot. But a lot of people are R snobs, so they don't like base R. They want everyone to use the ggplot2 graphing package. And I guess I'm one of these snobs, but only when the plot leaves the house and goes out mixing in the public. Plots that are not on public display can be in base R. Base R is good for running a quick and dirty plot while you're in the middle of an analysis, just so you can quick see the distribution of a variable. But if you're going to publish something, you should really spend your energy on making a gorgeous box plot in ggplot2, which is what I will demonstrate now. So we start here with the library command to call up the ggplot2 package, but then you'll see on the lines below that's kind of work to get a plain vanilla box plot out of ggplot2. See how we start with this top line, declare the data frame, declare the AES, which I believe stands for aesthetic. And that's where we put the X. So we tell R in the first line exactly what variable we want to graph. But look what happens when I run just this code before the plus. Oh, and I have to run the library too. Let's run this and see what happens. See this empty graph? This used to totally confuse me about ggplot2. The trick with ggplot2 is that it won't put your variable on the graph unless you tell it a shape, which is what we are going to do in the next line after the plus. See here, that's the trick with ggplot2. We are declaring the shape geome underscore boxplot. Okay, now let's run both these lines of code and actually look at our plain, ordinary, unaccessarized ggplot2 box plot. Ick, yuck. I'm sorry, but I just think this is so ugly. First, I do not like the orientation. I want it to be up and down, because that's how we do it in healthcare. So no one can do it any other way. Just kidding. But that's still the way I'm used to it. And I really hate this gray background. And what happened to the whiskers? Base R gives you default whiskers. So as you can see, if you just want a quick box plot, base R is probably your game, not ggplot2. Let's go back to our code. But actually, it totally doesn't matter that that's ugly, because ggplot2 is literally meant for beautifying plots. You will see the beautification I added here. First, I colored the box plot pink, and then I added access labels. And I used cord flip to flip the coordinates so that it is up and down and not sideways. But you will see the x and y label still refer to the horizontal orientation. Oh, well, you can't win them all. Oh, and on the last line, I call up theme underscore classic. That's how you know you have a true ggplot2 snob. They call a theme on the last line.  Okay, let's run this code and take a look. Now that's what I call a box plot, but still no whiskers, sorry. So here's your bonus. What's always hard for me is adding the grouping variable, like for example, what if you wanted to compare staff beds in hospitals in two cities, like for example, Boston and the Twin Cities metropolitan area. Well, I'm so glad you asked. I got your data demonstration right here. So as you can see, we have a read.csv code to read in our data set and look at it. I'll just quickly run this. Okay, no surprises here. You already saw the status. Okay, so here's our base our box plot code. The main changes you will see from the previous code is that now instead of graphing just a variable, staff beds is graphing an equation. It says staff beds and then a tilde and then hosp city. That tells base R to group the boxes by hosp city. And then under the color option, I had to add another color because it has to have the same number of colors as levels in your grouping variable. I just went with pink and gold again. I thought they looked pretty enough together. Okay, let's run this code now. Okay, looks good. No surprises here either. We still have our whiskers. Now let's see what ggplot2 has to offer us. Now here we have our ggplot2 code. And the first thing we should notice is that the aes argument on the first line now has a y in it. Before we only declared x, so we just got one box. Now by declaring the y as hosp city, we tell ggplot2 what our grouping variable is. And then on the next line in the geome underscore box plot command is where we tell R that we want pink and gold for the boxes. I just modified the decked out code because, well, you know, I want it to be pretty. So let's highlight and run the ggplot2 version of a box plot. Gorgeous. Lovely. I mean, isn't it lovely? Really a nice pair of hospital box plots. Thank you for watching this data science makeover with LinkedIn learning author Monica Wahee. Remember to check out Monica's data science courses on LinkedIn learning. Click on the link in the description. Thank you for watching this video. If you thought it was a good use of your time, then please hit the like button. Also, I invite you to look around my channel. And if you like what you see, subscribe. And don't forget to slow down and smell the flowers along the way during your data science journey. Have a nice day.


I'm gonna create a new script here Save this as file.python Let's get our shebang line started usr bin environment Python create a class here class can be a I'm gonna call mine base Obviously, you can name yours whatever you'd like Define a constructor passing the self keyword that we always need when we're creating a new function inside of a class And we can test if this is the current script We are running if name is equal to a main so we don't have any import or like include problems And then we can set up roots which is going to be an instance of our base class I know let's get to programming or at least getting back inside of our constructor for a class What we're gonna do is a create a new array or at least a new list. I'm gonna call mine self dot list Nick and that can be with the values of this is a And then list right here at the end So now what we can do is print out the list self dot list And we can concatenate on some new line characters after we converted the string into I'm sorry converted the list into a string So if we run this we get this is a list now Let's take a look at the function. We're gonna be looking at today What we're gonna be taking a look at is is the count function So if we ran self dot list and we use our dot selector to get a function that is inside of that class or the objects That object structure what we can be looking at is the count function You would pass in the argument that you're looking for or at least a value that you're looking for So we could pass in is no return the number or the count of how many times that it's found inside the list So if we run this we get one because we see is in there once if we just pass an I We're gonna get zero because we don't see any I as a single element or a single value inside the list If we do is and we added another one inside the list though If we did is we would get to because obviously now we've found two of them So let's try and recreate this all on our own Let's define a new function. I'm gonna call mine count. We're gonna have to pass in the self variable Obviously, we're gonna need the array to be working with and the value that we're looking for So now we're gonna set up a counter variable and this is going to be the integer that we're gonna be returning whether or not we Or at least how many times that we find the value that we're looking for So we're gonna start it off at zero because we haven't found anything yet And then we're gonna begin to loop through everything inside the array So for item in array and then for each time we can test if the item is equal to the value Or what it is that we're looking for now if it is we can just go ahead and Increase counter counter plus equals one because we found it and then when we're done looping we can just go ahead and return Counter what are how many things that we found? So if we go back into our constructor and we try this out We can print out self dot count. We can pass in self dot list and we can look for is We're gonna get one from the first function and then one from our function as well Because they're practically doing the same thing if we change these to look for I once again We're gonna be returned with zero if we if we look for is Once more except we add another is into our list It'll find it twice because it's obviously found this value twice inside of the list so the function here is pretty simple all this is a simple loop and Just testing if we find things then returning the integer that we've been using to keep track. So there you go This one is very simple. I hope you guys enjoyed this video Enjoy this tutorial you were able to understand or at least take another look at the count function You may not have known it existed, but hey now you do and knowing is half the battle All right anyway guys, I'll see you again in the next video. Bye


For more videos on people's struggles, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. Hello and welcome to Around the World in 8 Minutes, a show by People's Dispatch. In this show, we bring you stories of mass mobilization and resistance, as people's movements across the world rise against authoritarianism, exploitation and oppression. In today's show, we look at the confrontation in Chile between the people and a repressive government, mass protests in Honduras against the regime, and the struggle of the workers of the University of Johannesburg in South Africa for their rights. We begin with the situation in Chile, where a national strike has been called today, against the government of Sebastian Pinera and the emergency it is declared in key regions. Organizations across the country are also protesting the militarization of cities and the violence unleashed on those who are protesting Pinera's neoliberal reforms. There are reports that many organizations have called for his resignation. Sebastian Pinera imposed a state of emergency on Friday night after over a week of massive protests by students against a hike in transport fairs, especially in the fairs to Santiago Metro. The students protested by jumping turnstiles and refusing to pay for the tickets. The fair hikes had made Santiago's transport system among the most expensive in the world. The police attacked the students mercilessly and following the circulation of a video showing the repression of the protesters, thousands of people across the country joined the movement on Friday. Angry protesters set fire to several metro stations, the headquarters of the national energy company, buses and a branch of the Banco Chile. In response, the national police arrested at least 300 people and 150 suffered severe injuries. At least three people have died in the protests. It was increasingly clear that a protest had escalated and had become as much about the anti-people policies of the government of Pinera. In response, the president declared a state of emergency in the province of Santiago. The state of emergency which was imposed for 15 days prohibits people from holding public demonstrations, meetings, mobilizations and allows the military to fulfill the functions of the police. On Saturday morning, Santiago woke up to heavy military presence across the city. Large sections of the downtown were closed and all the services in the metro system were suspended. However, despite the heavy militarization in state of emergency, thousands took to the streets again. This is the first time soldiers have been deployed on the streets of Santiago since the end of the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet in 1990. On Sunday, the state of emergency was also declared in the regions of Coquimbo, Valparaiso, Oigins and Biobio. In addition, a curfew from 7 p.m. to 6 a.m. was also announced in the metropolitan region of Santiago and the communes of Puente Alta and San Bernardo. While the fair hikes have served as a catalyst for the recent wave of protests, they've also awakened the long-standing discontent in Chile. The country, which in the 70s and 80s served as a laboratory of neoliberalism in the region, is one of the most unequal countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Under Sebastian Pinera, neoliberal measures have been intensified with the repeal of workers' rights, anti-union measures, privatization of public education, and advancement of extractive industries. The social movements of Alba express their support in solidarity to the people of Chile in their fight against neoliberalism and denounce the state's repression of social protests. We denounce the authoritarianism of Pinera's government and a demand and end to the state of emergency. No more repression and arbitrary detention. We embrace and join in solidarity from all over our Americas in support of the general strike this Monday, said Alba in its official statement. We now move on to Honduras, where social movements and the people are continuing the resistance to the regime in the aftermath of the conviction of the president's brother. On October 18, Tony Hernandez, the younger brother of the president, Juan Orlando Hernandez, was declared guilty of trafficking 200,000 kilograms of cocaine and heavy weapons into the US. Hernandez will be sentenced on January 17, 2020, and faces a mandatory 30-year prison sentence and could even face a maximum life sentence of life imprisonment. The verdict is led to massive protests against the endemic corruption and criminality of the government of president Juan Orlando Hernandez, also known as JOH. JOH is implicated in the case as a co-author. On October 18, following the announcement of the verdict, spontaneous protests broke out across the cities and towns of Honduras with one demand, where are JOH narco-dictator, which means get out JOH you narco-dictator. The people of Honduras have been in a state of permanent rebellion since JOH was re-elected in November 2017 in an election marked by blatant fraud. Since then, the Honduran people have been on the streets against JOH and its policies of extractivism, dispossession of people and communities, repression, violence, corruption and criminality. Since the revelation that JOH himself was implicated in Tony's case as co-conspirator for the protests have gained greater strength. On Saturday, October 19, the former president and leader of the Liberty and Re-Foundation Party, Manuel Zelaya, the former opposition presidential candidate Salvador Nasralla and the president of the Liberal Party, Luis Zelaya, announced the creation of a new political alliance for the final offensive against JOH. This front is called the Coalition of Unity of the Opposition out-dictator. The opposition alliance has joined the Honduran social movements and organizations in calling for massive protests to bring a definitive end to the JOH regime. On Friday, in the Honduran capital, Tegucigalpa, central roads and highways were blocked and barricades with burning tires were re-elected. We now move on to the final story, which is a strike by hundreds of workers of the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. These workers, including security personnel and sanitation staff, have been on strike for 18 days over the university administration's refusal to accept their demands for equal pay for equal work. The workers are represented by the National Union of Metal Workers of South Africa, NUMSA. On October 18, NUMSA submitted a memorandum, Dr. Nolita Vakuza, senior executive director at the office of the vice chancellor. The memorandum called out the administration's practice of forcing employees to work extra hours for no additional pay and its refusal to pay the security staff for the work they do on Saturdays. In 2016, under the pressure from the free fees must fall movement, the university was forced to insource the workers. However, this was a trick, since those who were insourced in 2016 continue to earn less than permanent employees. These insourced workers are earning a monthly basic salary of 5000 grand, which is nearly $333, while permanent workers earn a basic of 12,200 grand, which is $820. The difference of nearly 7,200 grand persists despite the fact that both sections do exactly the same kind of work. The insourced workers also do not receive the same benefits.  Meanwhile, permanent staff get 100% contribution from the university. NUMSA has pointed out that the difference in pay and benefits is both a violation of the principle of equal pay for equal work and also of the constitutional court order on labour brokers, which NUMSA won in 2018. As per this judgment, any worker employed through a labour broker for an annual pay of 205,000 grand or less is eligible to acquire the status of a permanent employee after 3 months of work. The university is citing weak finances as a reason for not paying the workers, but NUMSA has noted that it does seem to have the money to spend on private companies which are bringing workers from outside to replace those on strike. NUMSA will continue its strike action in picketing at the university premises till October 25th, which is the deadline it has given to the university administration to respond to its demands. That's all we have for this episode of Around the World in 8 Minutes. To know more about these stories, visit our website peoplesdispatch.org and follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Thanks for watching.