Stories and content in Weird Darkness can be disturbing for some listeners and is intended for mature audiences only. Parental discretion is strongly advised. Welcome Weirdos, I'm Darren Marlar and this is Weird Darkness. Here you'll find stories of the paranormal, supernatural, legends, lore, the strange and bizarre, crime, conspiracy, mysterious, macabre, unsolved and unexplained. Coming up in this episode, we'll look at when the Warminster thing terrorized a small English town on Christmas Day in 1964. Despite being in the middle of the First World War on Christmas Day 1914, British and German soldiers sang carols together, exchanged gifts with the enemy combatants and supposedly even played a soccer game against each other in order to celebrate the holiday. The case was so mysterious it was even featured on TV's Unsolved Mysteries and America's Most Wanted, who committed the Christmas murder of Letretia White and what happened to Lee and Chance Wackerhagen. We're so used to seeing old St. Nick showing up with a big bag of toys for the kitties, but what if he arrived with another bag full of switches for your parents to use the whole year through if you were on his naughty list? We'll look back when Santa wasn't purely jolly and jovial and when he arrived to dole out both presence and punishment. The Los Feliz murder mansion became the site of a horrifying and sad Christmas tragedy for one California family. A haunting holiday mystery took place in England in 1916 when a young bride simply disappeared without a trace. But first up, a man tries to take on supernatural forces and ends up as an undead creature who appears as a terrifying yuletide spirit. We begin with that story. If you're new here, welcome to the show and if you're already a member of this weirdo family, please take a moment and invite someone else to listen. Recommending Weird Darkness to others helps make it possible for me to keep doing the show. And while you're listening, be sure to check out WeirdDarkness.com where you can send in your own personal paranormal stories. Watch horror hosts present old scary movies 24-7, shop for Weird Darkness and Weirdo merchandise. Listen to free audiobooks that I've narrated. Sign up for the newsletter to win free stuff I give away every month and more. And on the social contact page you can find the show on Facebook and Twitter and you can also join the Weird Darkness Weirdos Facebook group.  Do you have the courage to challenge supernatural forces?  One man named Glamour was overconfident. Considering himself invincible and untouchable, he thought that he could do whatever pleased him and get away with it. But that was a mistake. Fate caught up with him and his ending was not a pretty one. The story of Glamour, a Swedish herdsman, is one of the scariest Old Norse Yule hauntings we can come across. People in ancient Scandinavia were superstitious. They feared and respected supernatural powers, even long after converting to Christianity. The peculiarity of Scandinavian and Icelandic ghosts lie in the fact that they are caporial, not wraiths, disembodied spirits, but the incorporated spirits of the dead. They are animated corpses, solid bodies generally mischievous and greatly to be feared. Even Iceland, though a new colony, is ghost-ridden. In stories relating to Scandinavia, the ghosts are generally men and this is probably an original feature. In stories relating to Norway, the ghosts are rarely found far from their burial places. The Haugar barrows containing a stone-built burial chamber roofed with wood and covered with a great mound of earth. In Iceland, however, a ghost knows no territorial rights and limitations and is free to wander where he will, either before or after burial. There is no lack of supernatural elements in Old Norse literature and some stories can be truly horrifying. Supernatural creatures are regarded as dangerous enemies, but some accounts describe people who possess supernatural powers. In Elder Eda, the world doger is restricted to its primary sense of enemy. In prose, the word is applied to supernatural creatures, but only those with which mankind had to contend, such as devils, trolls, dragons, giants, and phantoms. But the rod doger could also be applied to human beings who exhibited supernatural qualities, such as Greta. Draugr was one of the creatures most feared by Vikings and ancient people in Scandinavia. The Draugr was like a caporial ghost in Norse mythology. The creature was a fearsome, ugly, living dead who would rise from the grave and make life miserable for people. There is archaeological evidence that shows Vikings feared the Draugr so much that they took the necessary precautions to prevent the Draugr from returning back to the world of the living. This brings us to the cursed Glamour from Sylvsdarl who figures in Gretis Saga. The man came to a farm in Iceland to work as a hireling. Gretis Saga, circa 1320, relates the adventures of Gretir, an outlaw hero who on his return to Iceland saves the people from the malicious ghost of Glamour the Shepherd who is ravaging the countryside. Glamour, sometimes referred to as Glam, worked for a wealthy farmer named Thorhal who had problems acquiring a shepherd because his farm was haunted. However, this was no obstacle to Glamour who said that he was not afraid of ghosts. On Christmas Eve, Glamour did something that surprised the farmer's wife. The Swedish herdsmen ignored Christmas traditions. As he was preparing to go out shepherding, he asked the farmer's wife if he could get some food, but she told him that this was a day when they usually fast. Now time passed there until when comes the Eve of Yule. Then Glamour stood up and called for his food. The lady of the house answered, it is not proper that Christian men eat meat on this day because tomorrow is the first day of Yule, she says, and thus they shall first fast today. Glamour did not want to listen to this. Glamour declared that he would eat, criticizing the Yule tradition and scoring local superstitions. He answers, you have many restrictions, when I see no good come of it, I do not know that men fare better now than when they did not heed such things. It seems to me that the customs of men were better when they were called heathens, and now I want my meat and no foolishness. Having eaten, Glamour went out and never returned from his work. While everyone was at the church, a severe storm came over, like a bad omen. The next day people searched for Glamour but he was nowhere to be found. After days of searching, when his body was finally discovered he was described as dead and blue as hell and swollen up like an ox. What caused Glamour's death is unknown, but he did not die of natural causes. People made several attempts to move his body to the church to be buried, but he was impossible, and eventually they had to give up and put him to rest at the spot where he had died.  According to the saga, this is when the horror and Yuletide hauntings began. A little time after men were aware that Glamour did not lay quiet, people became so greatly disturbed by this that many fell into hysteria when they saw him and some lost their wits. Even after Yule, men thought they saw him at home on the farm. People became extremely scared, many men then fled. Next, Glamour took the riding horses at night so that he nearly broke them. Gratier famously defeats Glamour, who is frequently associated with the old Norse Icelandic Draugr, but not until the Revenant has cursed Gratier with unceasing fear of the dark as terrible light from Glamour's eyes haunts Gratier until the end of his days and he becomes nictophobic forevermore. As Glamour was dying, he cursed Gratier, predicting that he would grow afraid of the dark. As Gretis Saga says, So the day passed and when it was time for bed, Gratier would not undress and lay down on the platform opposite the farmer's bed closet. He put a fur poncho over himself and he wrapped one edge down under his feet and the other under his head and looked out through the head hole. When the door opened, Gratier saw the villain stretch in its head and it seemed to him enormously big and amazingly large featured. Glamour moved slowly and straightened up when he got inside the door. He towered high up into the roof, turned towards the hall and laid his arms up on the crossbeam and leaned in over the hall. Gratier lay quiet and did not move. Glamour saw that some sort of heap lay on the platform and he made his way in down the hall and took hold of the poncho rather hard. Gretier pushed against the platform support and it did not move. Glamour jerked again, much harder than the poncho held firm. A third time he pulled it with both hands so hard that he pulled Gretier up from the platform. They now ripped the poncho in two between them. Glamour looked at the bit that he was holding onto and wondered greatly who could be pulling so hard against him and at that moment Gretier leapt under his arms and took him around the middle and pressed against his back as hard as he could and intended that Glamour should bend over backwards. But the villain pushed at Gretier's arms so hard that he was forced to give way by the superior strength. Glamour wanted to get outside but Gretier dug in his heels wherever he could and still Glamour managed to drag him out the entrance. And when Gretier sees that he cannot hold back with his feet, he does two things at once. He leaps as hard as he can into the villain's embrace and kicks back with both feet at a stone part buried in the ground that stood on a threshold. The villain was not expecting this. He had been struggling to pull Gretier towards himself and so Glamour toppled over backwards and was flung in reverse out against the doorway so that his shoulders caught the lintel and the roof gave way, both the beams and the frozen fetch. Thus he fell face upwards and backwards outside the building with Gretier on top of him. There was a bright moonlight outside and gaps in the heavy clouds. Sometimes it clouded over and sometimes it cleared away. At the moment Glamour fell, the cloud cleared from the moon and Glamour glared up at it and Gretier himself has said that this was the only sight he ever saw that took him back. Then he felt so weakened by everything, his weariness and seeing Glamour squint at him fiercely that he was unable to draw his cutlass and lay just about between life and death. And such was the greater power of Glamour than in most other revenants that he then spoke as follows. You have displayed great zeal, Gretier, in seeking me out and it will not seem surprising if you don't gain a great deal of good fortune from your encounter with me. But I can tell you this, that you have now acquired half the strength and development that was intended for you if you had not met me. I cannot now deprive you of the strength that you have already acquired, but I can ensure you that you never become any stronger than you are now, and yet even now you are strong enough as many will find out to their cost. You have become renowned up to now for your deeds, but from now on you will become guilty of crimes and deeds of violence and nearly everything you do will lead to your misfortune and failure. You will be made outlaw and be compelled always to live in the open on your own.  The story ends with Gretier cutting off Glamour's head, assuring the Draguer can never terrorize people again. Up next on Weird Darkness, despite being in the middle of the First World War, on Christmas Day 1914, British and German soldiers sang carols together, exchanged gifts with enemy combatants, and supposedly even played a soccer game against each other in order to celebrate the holiday. Also, we are so used to seeing Saint Nick showing up with a big bag of toys for the kitties, but what if he arrived with another bag, full of switches for your parents to use the whole year through if you were on his naughty list? We'll look back at when Santa was not purely jolly and jovial when he arrived to dole out both presence and punishment. Plus, a haunting holiday mystery took place in England in 1916 when a young bride simply disappeared without a trace. These stories and more when Weird Darkness returns. Are you more than just a listener of Weird Darkness? Are you a fan? Are you a loyal or even a vowed member of the Weirdo family? Then you can join us in the Darkness Syndicate. As a member of the Darkness Syndicate, you can receive exclusive Weird Darkness merchandise, get daily episodes of the podcast commercial free. Listen to chapters of audiobooks that I narrate even before the publishers or authors hear them and get news about the Weird Darkness podcast before anyone else. Join the Weird Darkness Syndicate at WeirdDarkness.com slash syndicate. That's WeirdDarkness.com slash syndicate. In the midst of the unrelenting violence of World War I, a ceasefire suddenly swept across areas of the Western Front in 1914. Massive amounts of life had already been extinguished, but there was one circumstance that halted the brutality and bloodshed, the famous World War I Christmas truce of 1914. It was the first Christmas of the war. It was a day for peace, if only fleeting. On the night before Christmas, Captain Arthur O'Sullivan of the British Army's Royal Irish Rifles was stationed in Rue de Bois, France. He heard a German accent float from across the barracks. It said, do not shoot after 12 o'clock and we will not do so either.  One Irish rifleman ventured out of his trench to test the invitation. After arriving back safely with a German cigar as a gift, others made their way out onto the still battlefield. No man's land, filled with soldiers meeting each other halfway. And so began the unofficial Christmas truce of 1914. By December 1914, trench warfare was in full swing and already there were some 405,000 casualties. Earlier that month, Pope Benedict XV suggested a temporary hiatus for the holiday, but the warring countries refused to create an official ceasefire, so the soldiers took it upon themselves to lay down their arms. The Christmas truce also provided the armies with time to collect their deceased soldiers from the fields and bury them. This gesture meant a lot in terms of respect for the dead for both sides. And so, along their front lines in France and Belgium on Christmas Eve, soldiers heard carols in the distance. German troops sang their version of Silent Night Holy Night, and the Allied troops chimed in, singing in alternating languages. Cautiously, more soldiers began to join in on the celebrations. Germans held up lanterns and called to the British, assuring them in broken English that they would not shoot. Instead, they wished them a merry Christmas. Men from both sides intermingled, shook hands and shared cigarettes and food. Some, despite a great debate of the event, even say that a soccer game broke out. Historian Alan Wakefield said, if it happened and there are very few collaborative accounts, there is second and third-hand accounts of somebody hearing of a game going on somewhere. However, if you are keeping score, those who heard about it happening said the game ended three to two for the Germans. Many generals and senior officers were not on board with this overall show of goodwill. In some areas, peace lasted until the first few days of 1915, without many shots fired. The military made it clear this was not acceptable wartime behavior. Another holiday truce of this kind was never recorded. Fighting did still occur on Christmas in some areas. Corporal Clifford Lane of H Company Hartfordshire Regiment explains that upon seeing some Germans emerge from the trenches with lanterns, he was ordered to open fire. The Germans did not reply to our fire, he says, and carried on with their celebrations. They ignored us and were having a fine time indeed, and we continued in our wet trenches trying to make the most of it. He later regretted not engaging in the truce with the Germans, saying it would have been a good experience. But back in 1914, things magically aligned to allow for some holiday spirit. The soldiers involved in the Great War were either green newcomers or weathered veterans. They had expected the fighting to be short and done by Christmas. The war wasn't too dirty, the propaganda machine hadn't churned up the seething hatred against sides. The truce is attributed to the last of the romanticized gentlemanly soldiers of the era. These men confronted their enemies face to face. Military strategies may have certainly changed, but it is comforting to know that on one frosty Christmas morning, adversaries laid down their arms, that they extended hands in a gesture of peace. However temporary it might have been. Let's face it, if most of us were eight years old, we'd likely be on Santa's naughty list this year for Christmas. You know, that list of bad boys and girls who really aren't entitled to presents and toys? The separation of good children from bad children is a tradition as old as Christmas itself.  A rather extreme warning for children in European countries that they needed to behave. But as Saint Nicholas and his hideous companion began to fade in importance, the awful realization must have come to parents that they would no longer have someone to frighten their unruly children into obedience at Christmas time. The solution? Hand out switches to the wine oxmen and other holiday gift-bringers. This way, they could also hand out punishments as well as gifts, and he did, or at least threatened to do so by brandishing a bundle of wooden rods and waving an admonishing finger. Sometimes it was said he simply tossed the really bad children into his bag and carried them off just like Krampus. Where did he take them? No one knew, so you'd better behave. The dual nature of the gift-bringer, both loving and judgmental, gave him godlike qualities, and children were often shown down on their knees in front of them, hands clasped together, and hoping to avoid a sort of juvenile judgment day. All of that in hope of presents? Apparently not. Bad kids were beaten, whipped, and even kidnapped if they misbehaved. The earliest representation of St. Nicholas in America was made in 1810 when a woodcut appeared showing the saint with a wooden rod clasped in one hand. To the right of him is a pleasing little girl holding a present, next to her is a crying boy who had apparently gotten a beating for being bad. Merry Christmas! In an 1821 book called The Children's Friend, Old Santy Claus is shown for the first time for American readers. After describing the gifts he left for good girls and boys, the book ends with a drawing of two stockings, doubtlessly hung up with care, one of which contains a bundle of switches, with directions for the child's parents to use them often in the coming year. Then a remarkable thing happened in 1822, when the switches disappeared from Santa's bag altogether.  No judgment, no punishment, and rewards to all. Never mind how the children behaved all year long. From that point on, Santa in America was portrayed as a benevolent deity of Christmas, without a switch in sight. But there was that pesky list. According to tradition, Santa kept a list of children's names, or rather two lists, one for good children and one for bad. Instead of beating on the kids who misbehaved, though, they were threatened with another fate, no presence. Not only would they receive no gifts, they would discover a lump of coal in their stocking instead. The tradition of coal in the stocking began in the middle 19th century. It is said that when a child was good, he would find a small toy or cookies and candy in his stocking. If he was bad, it would be a lump of coal. It was a pervasive belief in those days that if you were poor, it was because you or your ancestors did bad things.  Most of England and Europe was powered by coal and home furnaces were coal-burning. Coal would often be taken, placed in a pan, and then put under the bed at night to stay warm. If you were a poor child, you were lucky to get coal that you could use to keep yourself warm during cold winter nights. The rich had nice warm houses and lots of goodies in their stockings, but the poor who were being punished by God for being bad were lucky to get coal. There are so many versions of the story, but most date back to St. Nicholas and the story that he left gold for the dowries of three young women whose father could not afford them. He tossed gold into the window of the family's home and landed in stockings hung by the fire to dry. The stocking tradition came from this story, that if you are a good, deserving child, St. Nicholas will put good things in your stocking.  So what about you? Will you find a lump of coal in your stocking this year? Or maybe a wooden switch might be more to your taste? No one is judging here, so either way, happy holidays! One of history's innumerable, small, quickly forgotten yet oddly haunting mysteries took place over England's Christmas holidays of 1916. On December 25, at Southwick Cathedral, a carman from Bermondsey, George Stephan Carter married his sweetheart, 22-year-old Alice Elizabeth. Her maiden name was never mentioned at any of the newspaper accounts. After the wedding, the newlyweds went to her mother's home, where they celebrated with what was described as a honeymoon party. They spent their wedding night there. The following evening, the couple prepared to leave for George's home. Right before they were to depart, Alice left the room, saying she was going to put on her hat and coat, a task that her husband naturally assumed would only take her a couple of minutes. She seemed as calm and happy as she would expect any bride to be.  She was without her hat and coat, so her mother assumed she merely went to exchange a few more goodbyes with their departing guests. That was the last George ever saw of his new wife. She never returned. In fact, as far as anyone could tell, she simply vanished. Her husband, family, and friends searched the area with increasing panic but could find no trace of where she had gone. Finally, they went to the police but could give the authorities no clue about what had happened. They all insisted that when last seen, Alice was sober, cheerful, and looking forward to her married life. She had not quarreled with George or anyone else so far as her loved ones knew. Alice's whereabouts remained a complete mystery until January 26th, when her body was fished from the Thames. It was presumed that she had drowned, but I found no mention of an autopsy. The only possible clue in the mystery of Alice Elizabeth Carter's death came in a letter received by the Southwark police station on January 11th, from somebody claiming to be a corporal in the Royal Canadian Regiment. It read, Sir, regarding the missing woman, Mrs. George Stephen Carter, late of Noah's Ark Alley and married at Southwark Cathedral on December 25th, 1916. I was on leave from France for Christmas and was in the named woman's company before and after her marriage. Knowing Bermond's well, I spent a good part of my time around there. What has happened to Mrs. Carter since, I will not say in the letter. It is enough when I say, I know all. The note gave a return address, but letters posted to that direction received no reply. Neither George nor Alice's mother recognized the handwriting or the address given. They never had reason to thank Alice knew anyone watching the writer's description. The jury and Alice's inquest did the only thing possible in such murky circumstances and returned an open verdict. Sadly, the puzzle of Alice's death is faded to remain open. Was this letter as George Carter believed a hoax? If it was genuine, what did this man, who apparently was never traced, know about his wife's end? Did Alice torn between two men commit suicide? Or did she secretly go to meet this man and he murdered her? I have no idea about George Stephen Carter's subsequent history, but I'm guessing that for the rest of his life, Christmas was his least favorite holiday. When Weird Darkness returns, the Los Feliz murder mansion became the site of a horrifying and sad Christmas tragedy for one California family. That story is up next. If you or someone you know struggles with depression or dark thoughts, I'd like to recommend the Hope in the Darkness page at WeirdDarkness.com. There, I've gathered resources to help fight depression with the Seven Cups app, connecting you with people who have also struggled with depression and are there to lift you up, even professional listeners there to listen at all hours of the day. If you're having dark thoughts of harming yourself or worse, there's the suicide prevention lifeline that you can either call or chat online with anytime 24-7. The folks at ifred.org are doing what they can with research and education on depression to give us the tools we need to fight against it in the days ahead. These resources are absolutely free and there when you need them on the Hope in the Darkness page at WeirdDarkness.com. Los Angeles has no shortage of infamous locations that house gruesome or inexplicable pasts. Certain places, such as the Hotel Cecil or Chateau Marmont, are notorious for their repeated scandals, but the murder house left abandoned for decades in the neighborhood of Los Feliz stands out as a particularly chilling location. A house fit for a movie star nestled in the hills of Griffith Park at 2475 Glendauer Place, the property's potential was cut short one December night in 1959 when Dr. Harold Perlson brutally murdered his wife and attempted to kill his children before ultimately taking his own life, joining the repugnant ranks of people who murdered their own families. Since that fateful night, even with new owners, the mansion has stood empty and the family's belongings have remained untouched. The mansion became a disturbing time capsule of the Los Feliz murder suicide, a seemingly unmotivated crime in a quiet residential neighborhood. For decades, ghost hunters and curious neighbors have hunted for explanations and glimpses into the house's bizarre history. Beneath the layers of dust and rumors, there are a few disturbing facts about Los Feliz's own murder mansion. At 4.30 am on December 6, 1959, 50-year-old Dr. Harold Perlson stood over his wife Lillian's sleeping body and in one swift move slammed a ball-peen hammer into her head. Her blood pooled quickly and she eventually drowned in it, with asphyxiation being listed as her official cause of death. Covered in Lillian's blood, Dr. Perlson carried on into his 18-year-old daughter Judy's room and proceeded to strike her as well. In the dark, however, it was only a glancing blow and she awoke screaming. Her cries for help woke her two younger siblings, as well as most of the neighborhood.   Judy somehow slipped away from him and ran to get her mother. At this point she was joined by her younger siblings who had awakened to Judy's screams. Finding the bloodbath in the next room, Judy bolted from the house and started frantically banging on neighbors' doors for help. The screaming pleas of Judy woke her younger siblings, a 11-year-old Debbie and 13-year-old Joel. When they got up to investigate what was happening, they found their father covered in blood still holding the murder weapon. This is a nightmare, he told them, go back to sleep. By this point, after smearing blood across the windows of neighbors while screaming for help, Judy had returned with their neighbor, Marshall Ross, who had called the police. Other neighbors reported being frozen with fear and that the whole front door of the Los Feliz mansion was a mass of blood. Covered in the blood of his wife and daughter, Dr. Perlson strode away from his children and toward the bathroom. According to the coroner's report, neighbor Marshall Ross entered and confronted him and the doctor told him to go home and not to bother him. Though some reports mentioned that he swallowed a cup of acid, the police report records it as follows. Smearing blood everywhere, Perlson proceeded to rip open two capsules of nembutol, a drug popular with suicides and euthanasia, it was Judy Garland's drug of choice, and downed them, followed by over 30 pills believed to be a form of Kodi. Perlson then walked back to his wife's bedroom and laid down next to her.   The night of the crime, police found on the doctor's bedside table Dante's Divine Comedy, open to Canto I. Quote, Midway upon the journey of our life, I found myself within a forest dark, for the straightforward pathway had been lost." At the time of the murder suicide, investigators weren't quite sure what the motives were behind Dr. Perlson's crime, but leaned towards blaming financial problems. An injection specialist, the doctor had invented a new technology involving improved syringes and proceeding to sink a large chunk of his savings and years of his life into developing the product. However, a partner with whom he had made a verbal agreement swindled him out of the rights to his own invention. A bitter legal battle ensued, and Perlson only ended up with a little over $20,000 in settlement money. This, coupled with a car accident involving Judy and the younger kids, sank the doctor further and further into financial duress. In a letter written to her aunt prior to the murder, Judy wrote, My parents, so to speak, are in a bind financially. My family are on the merry-go-round again. Same problems, same worries, only tenfold. On top of all of this, the doctor suffered what had been explained as coronaries to friends and neighbors, but in the fallout of the investigation were exposed as multiple suicide attempts. It became clear the doctor had been growing increasingly disturbed, and his wife had wanted him committed to a psychiatric facility. One of the more puzzling questions regarding the location of the Los Feliz murder suicide has to do with what's been sitting inside of it for over 50 years. Neighbors and curious visitors have long reported and documented through photographs a Christmas tree along with neatly wrapped presents in one of the rooms of the mansion. Given that the crime took place in December, this shouldn't raise any concern, aside from the general creepiness of the house's preserved state post-murder. However, there are claims to support that the perilsons were Jewish and most likely would not have had a Christmas tree. Additionally, there are life magazines dating later than the murder date and cans of SpaghettiOs which were invented after 1959, visible through the windows as well. For a house that, after the murders, was used as just storage, these all strike one more as artifacts of daily life rather than items to stow away. This gave life to a rumor that a second, unknown family rented and lived in the house for a year after the deaths, unbeknownst to the gruesome recount of what took place. According to this rumor, the squatters conveniently found out on the anniversary of the crime and fled the house leaving all of their belongings including their Christmas decorations behind. However, there is no solid evidence behind this urban myth and the tree and the presents remain a murder mansion mystery. In 1960, less than a year after the ghastly incident, a Lincoln Heights couple named Emily and Julian Enriquez purchased the house in a probate auction. A Spanish revival-style mansion, 2475 Glendauer Place boasted a hilltop view and three stories that rounded out to over 5,000 square feet. Despite these selling points, the new owners never moved in and supposedly only used the house as storage. This was supported by reports from their neighbors confirming that they saw them coming and going with boxes but never staying overnight. Emily Enriquez passed away in 1994 and her son Rudy Enriquez inherited the house. Like his parents, Rudy claimed to have only used the house as storage. In 2009, he told the LA Times, I don't know that I want to live there or even stay there. It appears he did neither, and when he passed away in 2015, the house once again entered the market, nearly untouched since the haunting night more than 50 years earlier. Though the foul nature of the murder suicide itself would be enough to carry the tale through history, what has distinguished this crime from other bizarre cases is the fact that the house remained nearly untouched for more than 50 years after the Grizzly Act. Following the night of the murder, the perilsons' belongings sat, gathering dust, and slowly deteriorating in the decades to follow despite the house having been sold. Regardless of whether the Enriquez family actually stored any of their things in a house or not, it is clear by the glimpses snuck through the windows they did nothing to move or alter the belongings of the original ill-fated inhabitants. Ultimately, this neglect achieved the perfect haunted house effect, not unlike its nearby Hollywood movie sets, only this was the real thing. Nobody is sure why the new owners would leave such a dark history to settle and stagnate like they did, but it is definitely one of the factors that makes the Los Feliz murder mansion especially eerie in the long list of LA murder cases. Like any bona fide haunted house, the Los Feliz murder mansion drew its fair share of curious visitors who wanted to sneak a glimpse through the windows of the well-preserved creepiness. Though the house was owned by the Enriquez family, it was the surrounding neighbors that put the most effort into keeping an eye on the house and maintaining basic upkeep here and there. They discouraged trespassers, but at one point things were a bit out of control, with everyone from sex workers to transients to curious teenagers spotted going in and out of the yard. Among these, claims of chills and overall menacing feelings would start to filter out. These amateur ghost hunters reported orbs seen inside the house, and people claim that they've heard a woman's voice yelling no, as well as reports of ghostly faces looking down from the mansion's windows. At one point, a trespasser was even bit by a Black Widow spider while attempting to break into the house. Due to the frozen-in-time nature of the crime scene, it's easy to forget that the three remaining members of the Perlson family actually survived, and were somewhere out in the world. Following the murder, it's rumored that the children were taken into custody by an aunt, but after that it seems as though Judy, Joel, and Debbie all but disappeared into thin air. The reporters and crime enthusiasts that attempted to find and interview them, they were met with mostly false leads and dead ends. Understandably, it seems that the children were trying to distance themselves from the heinous crime as much as possible. Neighbors from Glendauer Place commented that Judy was a pretty popular high school senior prior to the event, but all of that was ended with her mother's life and her own near fatal blow.  When Rudy Enriquez passed away in 2015, the Los Feliz murder house once again found itself in a probate auction, initially listed at $2.75 million. Nestled in the hills of Los Feliz, close to the Greek theater, the sprawling mansion was built in 1925, described in its original ad as beautiful and delightful, the three-story home boasts a basement replete with maids quarters, four master bedrooms, and a glassed-in conservatory. Oh, and one mustn't forget the 20-by-36-foot ballroom that graces the third floor. Needless to say, the house is grandiose by any standard, no matter what decade you're judging it by. The listing commented that the house was simply waiting for that special person looking for a wonderful opportunity to remodel or develop. However, no mention was made of the haunt-worthy incidents, nor the fact that the house had stood empty and decaying with abandoned belongings for over five decades. Despite a setup akin to your run-of-the-mill horror movie introduction, a couple bought the murder mansion for $2.29 million in July of 2016. The real estate agent tasked with selling the notoriously creepy property noted that there were many people interested in seeing the house, but that with all of the activity, all of the people coming to see it, only one couple came to court. The couple is reportedly not deterred by the house's hellish past or the rumors of haunting. They intend to fix it up and live in it, but the first time since 1959, the murder mansion might finally be lived in again. This is Hollywood, after all, and the herald perils and murders make for a perfect horror movie. The plot writes itself, and it's an easy play for producers and screenwriters. After all, what's more frightening than a familicide and write in LA's own backyard? This isn't the first time that Hollywood has borrowed from reality. Amityville horror, the conjuring and the hotel season of American Horror Story were all inspired by quote-unquote true events and real locations. And if anything, the true story aspect of these cases are what make those movies even scarier. Up next on Weird Darkness, we'll look at when the Warminster Thing terrorized a small English town on Christmas Day 1964. But first, the case was so mysterious it was even featured on TV's Unsolved Mysteries in America's Most Wanted. Who committed the Christmas murder of Letrecia White? And what happened to Lee and Chance Wackerhagen? That story is up next. You'll be captivated by an original Timothy Wayne Williams painting, beautiful and captivating. But within each painting hides a monster. Bigfoot is hiding somewhere in each painting. Search for Bigfoot and invite others to do so as well with the new Find Bigfoot calendar available now at WeirdDarkness.com slash Bigfoot. That's WeirdDarkness.com slash Bigfoot. The tragedy occurred over Christmas in Texas. Chance Wackerhagen, nine years old at the time, lived in Kingsville, Texas with his mother, Gaye Williams. Chance's father, Lee, dubbed Wackerhagen, separated from Chance's mother and residing in Lockhart, Texas with Letrecia White, a local nurse and a recently divorced mother of two. Over the Christmas period of that year, Chance would stay with Letrecia and his father, Dub, leaving his mother on 17 December 1993 and later called his mother on December 25th, asking to extend his stay with his father. This phone call would be the last time Gaye spoke to Chance. Chance and Lee were last seen on the 26th of December 1993. Letrecia was found shot six times to the head on the 27th of December. On December 27th, Letrecia was dead in her home and Lee, dubbed Wackerhagen, vanished, seemingly into thin air along with his son Chance. Chance Wackerhagen was nine at the time of his vanishing and it seems that we're heading towards yet another Christmas without knowing the truth. On the Christmas Day phone call, Chance, according to his mother Gaye, was extremely excited about the Christmas presents he had received which included an old West style duster coat and GI Joe toys. Spirits were high in the family and there was no suggestion of any issues on that morning. I told him to call me later so we could set up a time when he could come home but I never heard from him again, Chance's mother Gaye said. Letrecia was found by her father Jack. There were six shots to her head with a .22 caliber gun. There were no signs of any struggle and nothing was stolen, thus ruling out any attempted burglaries. Arrest warrants were issued for Lee, Dubb, Wackerhagen and the police were soon scouring the area with Dubb named as the most obvious suspect. The police had maintained that this was a crime of passion throughout the entire investigation. Dubb was said to have had a violent temper and was often arguing with Letrecia, many of these arguments were allegedly about their son, Chance. It was only a few days before Christmas that an argument got so heated that Lee began packing his bags and threatening to leave. However, only a few days after this bust up they were seen by witnesses at a restaurant in good spirits and having a good time with no suggestion of any acrimony between the families. Dubb's friends came forward to tell the police that Dubb, Lee was a jealous man, violent towards rejection and possessive over Letrecia. Despite the questionable flaws of his character, Dubb was not known to the police and did not have a criminal record. Three days after Letrecia's body was discovered by her father Jack, the police found a pickup truck belonging to Dubb. The truck was left abandoned in a field about 50 kilometers from the murder site. It seemed at first glance that they were closer to their man and closer to Dubb. The items found inside the truck included Dubb's wallet along with a pile of unopened Christmas presents in the back of the car. Blood was smeared all over the presents, that blood was assumed to have belonged to Letrecia and yet when it came back from the lab, the blood did not match Letrecia. This now led to speculation that Dubb and Chance were victims themselves and that their bodies had been disposed of. The case blew wide open. A hunting rifle was also found in the truck recently used, but did not match the type of weapon used to kill Letrecia. Now debate rages about whether or not Dubb abducted Chance and went on the run or whether they were both victims themselves to whoever murdered Letrecia in cold blood. Chance's maternal grandmother would later claim to receive an anonymous phone call from a young boy who screamed, help me, down the phone. The call was cut off, but Chance's grandmother believes it might have been her grandson Chance. There is a strong possibility, though, that the phone call was a hoax and without verification, there isn't much veracity into either. In 2016, the police changed their initial stance that Dubb was the killer and now indicate that both Lee and Chance were victims of foul play at the hands of Letrecia's killer. Investigators found nothing in the home appeared to be missing and believed that this murder was most likely a crime of passion committed by someone closely associated with one or more of the victims according to the release. At 1.25 a.m. on Christmas Day 1964, resident Mildred Head awoke with a start. Her ceiling, she later told local journalist Arthur Shuttlewood, had come alive with stringed sounds lashing at the roof. It sounded like twigs brushing against the tiles and got louder and louder until it reverberated like giant hailstones. Head got out of bed to look out the window but found nothing there. She did, however, hear another noise, a humming sound that grew louder before fading to a faint whisper. It was just the start of what would become a decades-long mystery and string of UFO sightings known around the world as the Warminster thing. A few hours later, the soldiers at the nearby Nook Camp Army Base were awoken by what sounded like a huge chimney stack from the main block, ripped from the rooftop then scattered across the whole camp. At 6.30 a.m. Roger Rump and his wife were stirred by a similar noise. They described it as sounding like the 5,000 tiles on our roof being ripped off and then put back on again with an enormous clatter. At around the same time, Marjorie By was walking to church when she was thrown to the ground by the force of savage sound waves. In total, more than 30 individuals reported hearing mysterious noises that Christmas morning and there was more to come. Strange things continued to happen in Warminster, a town just over 15 miles from Stonehenge in the New Year. In February 1965, an entire flock of pigeons suddenly died. The following month, three families heard loud noises coming from above their houses, their roofs and windows shaking with the force. In June, the Warminster residents began to see unidentified objects flying through the sky. Descriptions of the UFOs vary from person to person, with one describing what they saw as cigar-shaped and covered with winking bright lights and another like twin red-hot pokers hanging downwards, one on top of the other with a black space in between. Genusual events began to receive national attention and people flocked to Warminster hoping to get a glimpse of the thing. Over the August bank holiday of 1965, an estimated 8,000 people descended on the small town. The following month, when resident Gordon Faulkner claimed to have captured a photo of the UFO, the Daily Mirror published the picture, garnering even more publicity for Warminster. By that time, the news had made its way stateside, with newspapers as far as California reporting on the eerie events in the sleepy market town. Sightings and unexplained noises continued intermittently over the coming years, ranging from a ball of crimson light in the sky to a terrible droning sound that made the witnesses' floor and bed shake. Interest in the mysterious phenomenon remained strong. In 1966, the BBC filmed Pie in the Sky, a documentary about the events. Shuttlewood penned several books on the subject, while a local UFO enthusiast named Ken Rogers began publishing the Warminster UFO newsletter. But by the early 1970s, sightings of the Warminster thing began to decline, and with them, the number of curious visitors that had once swarmed the town. Even Shuttlewood, who had become a figurehead of the phenomenon, had retired from sky-watching due to ill health. With few sightings, no new books, and no one to guide would be UFO spotters, interest in the Warminster thing soon disappeared. Today, the town is still regarded by some as the UFO capital of the UK, with reported UFO sightings as recent as 2017. Though more than 50 years have passed since these strange events began, there is still no theory to explain the origin of the Warminster thing. Thanks for listening! If you like the show, please share it with someone you know who loves the paranormal or strange stories, true crime, monsters or unsolved mysteries like you do. You can email me anytime with your questions or comments at Darren at WeirdDarkness.com. Darren is D-A-R-R-E-N. And you can find the show on Facebook and Twitter, including the show's Weirdo's Facebook group on the Contact social page at WeirdDarkness.com. Also on the website, you can find free audiobooks that I've narrated. Watch old horror movies with horror hosts at all times of the day for free. Sign up for the newsletter to win free prizes. Grab your Weird Darkness and Weirdo merchandise. Plus, if you have a true paranormal or creepy tale to tell, you can click on Tell Your Story. All stories in Weird Darkness are purported to be true unless stated otherwise, and you can find source links or links to the authors in the show notes. A Living Dead Yule Haunting was written by Ellen Lloyd for ancient pages. The Great Wars Christmas Truce was by Aaron Kelly for all that's interesting. Santa's Naughty List was written by Troy Taylor. Christmas at the Los Feliz murder mansion was by Colleen Conroy for Rankers' unspeakable times. An unsolved Christmas murder mystery is from Mystery Confidential. Have yourself a flying saucer Christmas is by Beth Coleman for Mental Floss. And The Vanishing Christmas Bride was from Strange Company. Again, you can find links to all of these stories in the show notes. Weird Darkness is a production and trademark of Marlar House Productions. Copyright, Weird Darkness. And now that we're coming out of the dark, I'll leave you with a little light. Matthew 25, Verse 40. The King will reply, Truly I tell you, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me. And a final thought. Christmas is a necessity. There has to be at least one day of the year to remind us that we are here for something besides ourselves. Eric Severide. I'm Darren Marlar. Thanks for joining me in the Weird Darkness. Hey, Weirdos. Well, the holidays are upon us. And one of the traditions here at Weird Darkness is Christmas specials. Just like watching Charlie Brown, Rudolph, Frosty, Ebenezer Scrooge, George Bailey, and Kevin McAllister every year, we have our holiday specials too. First off, spooky Santa returns with holiday chillers for kids every day from December 14th through Christmas Eve. My partnership with author Sylvia Schultz also returns with the 12 Nightmares of Christmas, posting December 13th through Christmas Eve. Holiday horrors also returns with more terrifying stories that take place around the holidays, and those episodes will post every day beginning December 10th and going through Christmas Eve. On Saturday December 10th, we'll also have a brand new Christmas special from our Micro Terror's Scary Stories for Kids series too. On Christmas Day, it's my narration of the entire novel A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. Plus, I'll be posting regular episodes of Weird Darkness the whole month long as well, so if you like a little horror in your holidays, some perturbation in your plum pudding. If you like fright in your festivities, terror in your tree, nervousness in your noel, and cruel in your yule, then be sure to come back every day for more episodes. And be sure to tell your friends and family as well, so they can get creeped out at Christmas too. Happy holidays and Merry Christmas from Weird Darkness. Strange and Macabre. If you want to listen to the podcast, you can find it at WeirdDarkness.com.


So I'm graduating uni soon, which means I really need to start looking for a full-time job. I was honestly pretty stressed about the whole process, but let me tell you, I did not need to be. Guys, if you're a Curtin student coming up to graduation and you're not taking full advantage of graduate resources at uni, what are you doing? When I tell you, using these services literally made me so much calmer and more confident when applying for jobs, I'm not kidding. I need to share some of these tricks with you guys because I didn't even know half of them existed and I'm kicking myself for not trying them sooner. So your absolute best friend when coming up to graduation is going to be uni hub. Basically anything you could ever need and more is on this platform. In their resource library, you can find in-depth career guides for every major. So for me, I can go on their marketing guide and see job titles and descriptions for the types of roles I'll be applying for. Also full guides on how to build your resume, which provide context on what exactly employers in your field are looking for in potential candidates. Possibly my favorite thing that I discovered was that you can book 15 to 45 minute sessions with qualified careers counselors, where they give you amazing advice and feedback on your resume, application processes and so much more. I literally went into this session with an application for a social media marketing role at Mecca and asked them how to apply and what to include on my resume. Like this is such a hack and so helpful if you're like me and feeling overwhelmed with applying for jobs. You can even do full mock interviews if you want to gain confidence in interviewing. The best part is that these services are completely free and available to students a full year after they have graduated as well.  So if you're starting to think about applying for jobs after graduating from Curtin, please try this stuff out. I promise you won't regret it.


I'm embarrassed to say that I haven't been here before at the UN University, so great pleasure to to be here and also to share the platform with Rodin Wilkinson, who by the way is my supervisor of my PhD, which I was able to do while I was an ambassador of South Africa in Geneva. So it does speak a bit to the how busy we were in the round in Geneva. So I'm now, I did work for just over 10 years in Geneva, working for South Africa and negotiating the World Trade Organization and I'm now back home and teaching at the University of Cape Town. So I thought what I'd do is really reflect a bit on my experience in the WTO and reflect also on the reasons for the collapse of the WTO negotiations, the Doha negotiations and the crisis that seems to be the theme of this this conference, the crisis of multilateralism as we understand it today and where should we be going in the future. So a few words about my my own experience and as South Africa as we came in into the the new world after the release of Nelson Mandela and the new democracy. We were very committed to building multilateralism and it speaks a bit to our own idealism and our commitment that we against the advice of many of our fellow developing countries, we worked hard to launch the WTO Doha round of negotiations and I must say at that time we we understood some of the concerns of many of those who were skeptical about the round, but we we were convinced that through a process of negotiations we could address some of the imbalances and asymmetries that existed in the multilateral trading system and so South Africa played an important role in launching the round and indeed in ensuring that the mandate of the Doha round spoke of the need to address these imbalances and so at the very heart of the Doha round is paragraph 2 which speaks of the need to address the needs and interests of developing countries and then in every paragraph of the Doha round mandate the need for this round the Doha round to incorporate the development or special and differential treatment provisions where we're included Now very soon after the round had had had been initiated True trends began to emerge in my view. The one spoke To the inability of the the major developed countries the European Union in the first instance and then the United States to actually Fulfill those promises that were made in the Doha mandate within months the EU was You know seemed unable to commit to reducing substantially subsidies in agriculture and to support the The this commitment in a methodology for negotiations in agriculture The United States to had a number of other concerns in a number of other areas And by the time we got to the first ministerial meeting in Cancun The whole ministerial meeting collapsed Because of this inability of the developed countries to commit to making substantial reductions in agricultural subsidies specific concerns of countries like the cotton for spoke to the The the injustice the inequity in the trading system where you know for cotton producers in Africa where The livelihoods were undermined by US subsidies Also the LDCs raised issues about duty fee code of free and the United States was unable to address this So that was one trend that emerged and it was to continue Not just Cancun, but to the next ministerial meeting Hong Kong and then of course the collapse of the whole dough around in July 2008 That was one trend the other trend. I thought Was very interesting for me personally as I saw myself as a young activist at the time The emergence of an Powerful alliance of developing countries in Cancun as them around collapsed Out of that came the birth of perhaps the most powerful developing country alliance The world has ever seen the creation of the G20 group of developing countries in agriculture led by Brazil and of course India and China played a key role in that South Africa was in immediately Argentina and a number of others including some of the bigger countries in Africa Nigeria Egypt Argentina and Uruguay So the the most significant countries in the world in the developing world in one alliance This was a unique phenomena we saw that Building of alliances and this process continued from Cancun Throughout the next conference by the time we got to Hong Kong, you know, we had a we had an alliance of about a hundred and ten countries adding included the least developed countries very organized Worked together to negotiate and fight for duty free code if you market access G33 countries in developing countries concerned about food security led by India in Indonesia These countries, you know, we're active in the process African countries were united as ever So this was a Amazing phenomenon what was also interesting for me as a trade negotiator And I was deeply involved in the trade negotiations not only on agriculture also on industrial products There we formed an alliance called the Nama 11 countries who were interested in ensuring that there was some policy space for developing countries as they were Industrializing South Africa was the coordinator of that group and throughout this process What we had was a real engagement. So these were alliances not Just built to oppose there were not NGOs fighting on the streets to protest they were to organize and mobilize People both inside and outside the room as we did because many of the NGOs supported the concerns and demands say of the cotton for for example and others But we were engaged in the details of the negotiations and we did negotiate constructively and we did strike deals and compromises with the United States with the European Union on very complex issues on agricultural subsidies on, you know co-tas on safeguards all of these things Where the US needed more flexibility where they united where the the European Union needed some assistance and support for its farmers these compromises were made and given to them in exchange for some flexibility also for Developing countries and so by 2008 there was a whole big package the ref 3 and ref 4 so-called texts of negotiations which Included a number of compromises, but it also contained in my view a number of significant advances that the developing countries made So for the first time S&D was not just a You know a special differential treatment wasn't just a rhetorical statement That was like a promise It had some teeth because we negotiated it we negotiated it in each of the provisions of the new agreements of the Doha round We we made advances even on duty free code of free although the United States didn't get agreed to a hundred percent But we got 97 percent for for for LDCs a Number of small and vulnerable economies they were recognized as a group their particular flexibilities We included in a number of these provisions But by 2008 the United States couldn't move on a number of issues the ministerial meeting collapsed and It's now I think a historical fact Although some people may have different views But the round is now dead the door around for all intents and purposes The first round ever in the history of the GAT there were eight rounds before since 1947 many had Traveils and challenges they took longer than they were intended from the beginning, but they succeeded at the end This time it failed and I think some of the reasons my colleague has mentioned and one of those reasons Of course, I think is the rise of developing countries They were not there in the Uruguay round in such a significant way. They didn't play such an important role and if they're the in each in each round since 1947 it was really the EU and the US that closed the deals and This time round the EU and the US they had to negotiate with the major developing countries and Of course the demands of a number of smaller countries to close the deal and they couldn't do that So I think that was one of the reasons for as as my colleague has mentioned correctly But what did they say? So the United States at that time the USTR as the round collapsed was led by Susan Schwab She wrote an article so her whole reasoning is is written in foreign affairs an article in foreign affairs in which You know, she stated very clearly what the reasons were for the US Deciding to conclude the round or to to collapse around as she she in her view It was it had collapsed and she said the main reason was the rise of developing countries She said the world had changed since the year 2001 when the round was launched She said that countries like China India Brazil and others had now become Not just emerging countries, but they had emerged. They become significant players. They needed to take more responsibility But there were other players You know as we got there was interestingly, you know about US there are few issues in this Congress and I've been watching it over the last You know Decade and a half or so there are few issues on which there has been bipartisan support On trade, you know the one issue on which there is bipartisan support between the Republicans and the Democrats Is that the round is dead and they both colluded with each other So Susan Schwab passed the baton to Ron Kirk seamlessly, you know between 2008 and 2009 and Ron Kirk simply took over Continued the same rhetoric and the business community, you know worked together with both of them Susan and and then with Ron Kirk And interestingly when you dissect, you know, what actually was going on in the business community They actually was there was a fracturing between those businesses who were the winners of the new globalization and those Businesses in the United States that couldn't move So protectionism was on the rise as still is in the United States and in Europe and in agriculture and in manufacturing The those business interests dying their heels. They refused to move. They didn't make concessions and They were one of the reasons for the collapse of the round But the other part of the business community the businesses that were flourishing in the new global globalization Phase of globalization these businesses form themselves into a number of coalitions one of which is led by the the CSI the coalition of services industries and they argued that The door around is obsolete. They said because the globalization has taken a new form and It has deepened and this form is called Global value chains and they said based on this new reality the old ways of doing business The old issues that were relevant at the time of Doha are now obsolete Agriculture is not important trade a tariffs are no more important. It's it's all about Value chains and trade facilitation and this is what We should concentrate on now Of course global value chains the old concept But it was now brought in into the trade narrative argued by the United States as being a new basis for us to analyze the global economy and therefore the need to revise the whole mandate of the door around and The United States then also said That the way the way in which the whole door around was constructed needs to be revised and It called us a new pathway. He said we need new pathways to do business this whole issue of Negotiating things as a round with all issues together, you know in one basket doesn't work anymore There are too many people in the room We need to isolate the issues Prioritize them and we need to work with those who are willing to work and Negotiate and those who are you know not willing and we're not ready. They should wait and This was What they started they started a something called plurilateral's so they isolated the issue that was important to the United States services And they created a services plurilateral and they said well, this is the new way of doing business Right So what we saw in the in this in the in the new way of doing business we began to think about this and When you look at this what rodent taught me at When I was doing a PhD That actually You know a very interesting book that throws some light on this behavior of the United States written by Mark Mazzua called governing the world and what he says is that actually what this behavior of the United States is not strange at all it's actually Exactly what the US has been doing since 1947 and he says that the US has a very interesting way of combining Universalism and exceptionalism Writing the rules in a way that mostly served its core interests and Generally exempting itself from those rules that its legislators disliked So at the very beginning, you know remember when the GATT was created it was actually the Havana Charter That was negotiated and agreed and the United States threw it out in 1950 because it didn't like it and Throughout the GATT every round They were initiated by the United States and when the United States didn't agree The issue was not included So 1956 my own country South Africa wanted to discuss will the US didn't agree so the South Africa pulled out but this was the way in which the US behaved and in in the GATT throughout and So the behavior of the United States today the move to mega regionals You know moving taking its energy out of the United States. So the ambassador of the United States in in Geneva Is now also responsible for the TTIP negotiations So he spends clearly spends more time on the TTIP than in the door around of negotiations So the energy of the US is taken out of the multilateral into bilateral Negotiations This is not this is not new. This is a trend which you know, they have they have you know used previously and It seems to me that the other concern with Global value chains is that it takes us back to the Washington consensus the idea that in order to develop The argument is that you need to go along with value chains. You need to participate. You need to join these value chains because Free a trade Deregulation of the border removing barriers of the border is better for you and is good for development And it seems that this idea is you know was critiqued a long ago by a Fellow called Carl Poliani when he said that self-regulating markets, you know, they they don't exist in reality only in theory They have to be you know markets are embedded in the social so you have to look at the development issues and you have to look at the environmental issues and You can't divorce the WTO around from the SDGs and it is for this reason that in a book that I wrote some years ago Called reforming the WTO. I argue that the WTO has to have norms it has to have values and principles and this has to be the underlying logic of the rest of the Negotiations in the WTO and that and those norms must start from the need to put development in the center of the WTO negotiations. So what of the future? It seems to me that Until we are able to look at the WTO as part of the Multilateral system as a whole and I was very pleased today to listen to the minister of the ex-minister of Finland speak about stability and Peace because it would seem to me that without Situating the WTO in a broader global context of peace and security and the need for solidarity and This is what this is what is Going to be the main loss for developing countries the smallest ones from Africa From the loss of from the collapse of the Doha round What they had in the Doha round was solidarity We all supported the cause of the poorest countries and we leverage the their participation To get to make gains so the cotton for to put their issues the duty free coat of free issue many other issues We leverage that to you know As part of the bargain the grand bargain in the WTO Now the round has collapsed and they out and they marginalized and it would seem to me that to to ensure stability and peace and to ensure Development we need to bring back For all the reasons we started and we created the double the United Nations. We need to go back to the basic Notion and the basic principles of multilateralism and it would seem to me that this is the only way Out of the the current impasse in the WTO. Thank you


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to a new Zor education. I would like to talk about something I would say interesting and creative in trigonometry which is related to trigonometric series. Now, series as we know is basically a sum of certain members. Now, trigonometric series is obviously is when these members represent certain trigonometric function of some arguments. So, just as an example again, this would be an example of trigonometric series. Well, what's interesting about these is that there is actually an interesting practical usage of these things. You see, sine and cosine functions, they represent oscillations. So, whenever certain oscillations are added together, for instance, you have some source of radio frequencies and another source of radio frequencies, they are actually somehow combined. Now, let's just forget about all these practical issues and let's concentrate on mathematics. What I would like to present today is one particular problem related to trigonometric series. And what's interesting about this problem is, it's on the border between trigonometry and algebra and geometry, if you wish. And it's using this connection between trigonometric functions and complex numbers. So, let me just present to the problem and you'll judge yourself whether I'm right, actually, to be quite excited about what kind of a problem this actually is. OK, so here is the problem.  So I have n members from no delta to n minus 1 delta, added to original angle phi. Now, absolutely similar can be a cosine. So it's two problems, but actually it's one problem. I'll combine them together. Now, there are different ways to solve this problem, how to find this particular sum, let's call it, as sine or as cosine. I will offer the way, the methodology, which I consider very interesting, very creative. And somewhat, well, I'm not afraid of this word beautiful in this particular case. That's one of the things in mathematics which definitely can be beautiful, but to reach them, you have to really accumulate certain amount of knowledge to be able to use it. So how can I solve this particular problem? How can I express this sum in a more concise way? Here is the way which I suggest. And again, this is not the only way, obviously there are others, but this I particularly like. Let's just recall that any complex number, let's say we have this complex number, it can be expressed geometrically as a point with coordinates x and y. Now, you remember that this distance from the origin is called the modules. Now, let's consider only complex numbers on the unit circle. So those complex numbers with modules equal to 1. Now, modules is obviously x squared plus y squared in this case. So x squared plus y squared equals to 1. That's the numbers which we are considering. Now, every point on the unit circle can be represented by its angle phi with an x-axis. And at the same time, there is a definition that the abscissa and originate of this angle phi are abscissa is cosine phi and originate is sine of phi. That's by definition of cosine and sine. So if this is an angle phi, this point belongs to a unit circle, then this particular piece is equal to cosine of this angle and this particular piece is equal to sine. Which means that x is equal to cosine and y is equal to sine. So I can always put this. So any complex number with a modulus 1, which y is basically on the unit circle around the origin, can be expressed in this way, where phi is an angle, which ranges to this point, makes with the positive direction of the x-axis. Alright, so I just reminded you this. I obviously talked about this in the corresponding lecture. Okay, that's one thing. Now, another thing is, let's say that I have two different complex numbers. This is one and this is another. Both of them are on the unit circle. Both of them have modulus 1. Now, obviously their product also has modulus 1, because the modulus of the product of complex numbers is the product of modulus. So it's 1. Now, where exactly this particular product be on this unit circle? So if this is angle phi 1, this is angle, let's say phi 2, where exactly is the product of these two numbers be? Well, let's just multiply them, right? I'm basically repeating something which I have already presented to you in the corresponding lecture about the connection between complex numbers and trigonometry. But anyway, let's just derive this again. I mean, I don't mind to derive it. So multiply these two things. So what will be the real part? This will be cosine by cosine and also sine by sine, because I square would be equal to minus 1. So the real part of the product would be cosine phi 1 times cosine phi 2 minus sine phi 1 sine phi 2. What will be the complex, the imaginary part, coefficient with imaginary parts? I times sine phi 1, but cosine phi 2, right? Sine phi 1 cosine phi 2 plus sine phi 2 cosine phi 1. Now, we immediately recognize that this is a formula for cosine of a sum of two angles and this is the formula for a sine of sum of two angles. So basically what you can say is z1 times z2 is equal to cosine of their sum plus i sum, sine of their sum. So that's all as a kind of introduction to the methodology which I would like to present you. Now, this is all basically the old knowledge which we all know about. Whenever you are multiplying two complex numbers with the modulus one, their product would be also the complex number of modulus one and the angle would be equal to the sum of angles. In some way, by the way, it resembles logarithms, if you remember. Logarithms of the product is equal to sum of logarithms. Here is actually the same thing. Angle of the product is equal to sum of angles. In some way, it's similar, if you wish. All right, so knowing this, I would like to use this particular feature for the following purpose. Let's use one complex number, b cosine phi plus i sine phi. This is one complex number which I am talking about. Another complex number, v, is cosine of delta plus i sine of delta. Two complex numbers. Now, using these two complex numbers, what will be u times v? Well, if I multiply one complex number with an angle phi by another with an angle delta, I will have a complex number with angle equal to sum of these angles. What if I will multiply again by v? This by v. Again, my angles will be added together. Obviously, if I put the third power of three, it will be three. And if I will have power of n minus one, I will have cosine phi plus n minus one delta plus i sine phi plus n minus one delta. Looks familiar, right? The real part of these numbers is equal to my sum of cosines. And the imaginary part equals to the sum of sines. So, let's just sum them up together. So, sum u and all these guys. So, what I will have. Cosine, cosine of phi plus delta, phi plus 2 delta, et cetera, phi plus n minus one delta. So, this would be s cosine plus i sine s sine. That's what I will have on the right side. What will I have on the left side?  Well, obviously, it's geometric progression. And we know how to sum geometric progression, right? Well, for those who don't remember the formula, and that actually includes myself, let's write it. So, if you have s equals to u plus uv plus uv square plus, et cetera, plus uv to the power of n minus one, it's capital N. Then I multiply this sum by v.  Uv times v would be uv square. And the last one would be, whenever I multiply this by v, I will have uv to the power of n. Now, if I will subtract them, these numbers will all be reduced because I'm subtracting. The only thing which will be remaining is this and this, from which I can derive that s is equal to uv to the power of n minus one divided by, if I subtract this, it would be ds times minus s, it's v minus one s, right? So, I divide it by v minus one. So, this is my formula. And that would be on the left. I don't need this anymore. All I need is this formula where u is a cosine phi plus i sine and v is cosine delta, right? So, my result would be cosine phi plus i sine phi. This is u, cosine phi delta, sorry, delta. That's v plus i sine delta to the power of n minus one divided by cosine delta plus i sine delta minus one. That's how we use this formula. And this is, as I was just saying, it's s cosine plus i s sine. So, almost done except, I mean I can probably multiply something without any problems except I have to raise to the power of n, right? But that's exactly the same as we did before because what is this? Well, we are multiplying one complex number with an angle delta by itself and times, right? So, whenever we multiply it once, if I do cosine delta plus i sine delta, if I will multiply it by itself once, what will I have? Well, whenever I multiply two different complex numbers, which both have modules one and angles such and such, angles are added together, right? So, cosine two delta plus i sine two delta. Now, if I will multiply it again by the same number, I will have three, right? I will multiply this by another cosine plus i sine. It would be three. So, if I multiply it n times, obviously I will have, that's what cosine delta plus i sine delta to the power of n is. So, that's how I can put it here and my formula would be n delta n delta. Is that the end of it? Well, not quite because I have derived a complex number and this is the representation. If I will be able to represent this, which is a complex number in the form, like a plus bi, this, then I can say that a is s cosine and b is s sine, right? Now, this is a problem, but it's a technical problem. There is nothing creative about this. All I have to do is really do the multiplication and division and I know how to do multiplication and division in complex numbers. Just as an example, I mean, if you really want to know what, for instance, you have to do if you have to multiply this by this. Well, you all know that the real part would be a c and bi times di would be b di square, which is minus bd. So, that would be the new real part and imaginary coefficient would be bc plus ad. So, that's how you multiply and you get separately real part and the imaginary part. Now, we want to divide something. Well, that's easy too. If you want to divide a plus bi divided by c plus di, all you have to do is multiply by, how is it called? Conjugate or something like this, c plus id, oh, I'm sorry, it's minus. What will be in the denominator c square plus d square, right? i times i, it's i square, which is minus one and minus. So, it will be c square plus d square, that's the real part. Imaginary part will be cd and minus cd, it will be zero, right? So, here I will have a square plus c square. Now, on the top, I will have the real multiplication, which is ac plus bd, right? bd i square and minus right. That's the real part and imaginary part will be bc minus ad, something like this. Now, but this is real, so I can actually divide it separately. So, it's ac plus bd divided by a square plus c square. So, that's my real part, which is this and imaginary part will be this, which is this. Because now, if I have two complex numbers, both are represented in a normalized form, the real part is equal to real and the complex is equal to this. So, I would like to finish here, I don't want to really do all this transformation, multiplication, division, etc., on the board. But what I have done, I put in the notes for this lecture on unizor.com, which is on the right from the video, all these calculations. So, if anybody is really interested and I do suggest you to go through these calculations, no matter how tedious they are. I mean, they are kind of tedious because the formulas will be big, etc., and not very exciting. But I think it's a good practice to go through these calculations and derive the formula in its final form. So, that's one way of doing this thing. I might actually suggest some other ways in some other examples of doing exactly the same thing, but without using the complex numbers and the geometric sequence, etc. I think I wanted to start with this because that's what really opens up completely the whole mathematics as a field where everything is somehow interrelated. Here we have trigonometry and complex numbers and algebra of geometric series combined together, which is a rare occasion, and that's why I think it's very important to understand. The more you know, the more you see connections between different things, and that's not only the math, it's just in the world as well. You know this and you know that, and it's not really separate facts. Somehow everything is related in this world. That's philosophy. So anyway, I think it was an interesting lecture. Again, I do suggest you to go through calculations yourself and derive from this the final formula. And again, if you would like to go with my calculations on the website, on the user.com, and everything is in the notes for this lecture. Thanks very much. I hope it was interesting and good luck.