Welcome back to the third day of Congress here at the Hux stage with a very interesting sounding talk. Open Source as a model for global collaboration where Hong Fuk Dong will share successful examples on how open source can be a helpful tool or solution to global problems. And I think with that out of the way I can already give over to our speaker. Thank you Lenny for the introduction. I'm very happy to be here. My first Congress was 31C3. At that time I also gave a talk on stage about local production in fashion in the textile industry. I still remember how I was so impressed with the whole thing overwhelmed with the ambient setting projects and the people at the CCC back then. And of course like many people I came back every year. I still can't believe that this year there is no face to face Congress but I'm still very glad that we have this virtual experience and happy to be part of this. A little bit about myself. I was born and raised in Vietnam. What is my relationship with open source? I am a founder of Force Asia. This is an Asia-based organization that develops open source software and hardware. We promote open source activities and try to grow the communities in the region. Because of my work and engagement in the open source community over like 10 years I got elected to be the Vice President of the Open Source Initiative. This is a U.S. non-profit that safeguards the open source definition and maintains the open source license list. Recently I also joined the open source business alliance as a board member. This is a German non-profit that operates Europe's biggest network of companies developing, building and using open source software. What is different between now and the 31st C3? Not so much. I'm pretty glad to say that I'm still doing the same thing. I forget for open source development activities and build the community. This is what I do. Today I'm going to cover three topics. At first I want to talk a little bit about the lesson learned and example how we build open source projects and community and how open source is a model that can enable global collaboration. And then I want to touch briefly on two trains that bring negative effects to the open source ecosystem that I have seen the past few years.  Lesson learned. It all started back in 2009 when my partner and I founded FOSACHA organization back in Vietnam. At that time we realized the opportunities that open source and open technologies can bring to the people in the developing nation and country. The opportunity to learn, to share and to develop your own solution. We see this opportunity and we want to bring this opportunity to spread the idea to more people, build communities so that people can make their own decision and build their own solution for themselves. FOSACHA basically a network of people who share the same idea, the same belief in sharing and collaboration. Even though our name is FOSACHA, we have members, contributors from outside of Asia as well, from Europe, from Australia, US and many countries around the world. What we are doing, we develop software and hardware projects like many other open source organization out there. We run events to bring people together before it was face to face event now it on the virtual spaces. Another focus of us is on education. So we teach people how to write code, how to contribute to different open source projects. Because we believe that in order to change something, in order to increase the adoption, everything needs to start with education. So it's also our big focus. Since 2009, we managed to to sustain the operation and this is actually not so easy as we started with two people as a grassroots organization. We bootstrap most of our activities ourselves, do not have any backing by cooperation or by government or American life funding organization, something that is to start everything on ourselves. So it's always a big question for us how we can sustain the operation, the question about how to continue to rule and develop further. We constantly think of a model, how open source can generate an income financially that's have to continue to build and work on the projects of our interests and that we are passionate about. So there are different ways for us to sustain. For instance, we offer services around the software that we develop, we sell hardware and we also do consultancy. The scale of the organization, we have about 35,000 subscribers to our mailing list and social media, about 4,000 developers registered on GitHub. Through our training education program, we onboard 2,000 young developers and students every year through coding programs. We organize a lot of face-to-face meetings, like reverse year now we do a lot of virtual events and also hackathons. We maintain technical blocks, basically this is a space for people to share technical knowledge. These are some of the software and hardware projects that we develop in the 4th Asia community. Today I would just emphasize, I want to introduce 2 projects as an example how open source works in a low-spot scale starting from somewhere in Asia. First of all, EventYear. EventYear is a project that started in 2015. This is an open-source event management system. We organize events since 2009 and it's always challenging for us to see what kind of tooling to use for call for papers, what to use for scheduling, for taking things and we always have to use multiple tools in the beginning. In the very beginning, we use Google Form just to collect submission. But we also want to realize that there should be an open-source solution that helps organizers to run events. It's really important to do events just like the Congress where people can get together, can share the idea. That was the original goal to have an open-source event management system. So we started to build this EventYear and now it becomes fully functional. It's called for paper scheduling, ticketing and we also recently integrated video conferencing, the solution entirely open-source. And we also work with other open-source projects. For instance, we integrated GCC, BigBlueButton and of course there are also bridges to other video solutions. This is something that we see as an alternative to proprietary software like Eventbrite. Another project that I forgot to mention, we have about 100 contributors since 2015 contributed to EventYear. They are not only coming from Vietnam into the part where we are in, but we also got developers from Europe and the system being used by organizations in the US as well. And now we can continue to collaborate with more projects to develop further EventYear. PocketSignLab. This is another example. We previously, I think the past few years, we have our assembly at the GCC and we also run WorldShop on the PocketSignLab. This is the open-source hardware device for education that built as a teacher-student project starting from India. But now it has become a consumer product. We distributed in many different continents including Europe, the US and the collaboration here. We came to the GCC some years ago and we got feedback from the community how to change the design, the blueprint of the hardware. And we also collaborate with a European-level project, the Horizon 2020 on PocketSignLab, worked together with Frauhofer Institute here in Germany on the production of the hardware. So I want to talk a little bit about something that we learned over the years of developing projects and also building the community. I often get the question from people, so how the whole thing gets started? How do you get people to contribute? How do you come up with a good project to work with? So back in 2009, Port Asia started out as a conference, an event where people meet and exchange ideas. And when people come together, they start to develop projects, they start to work together. But it's really important in the beginning of building a community, we need to understand the landscape. So people around you, what kind of technology they are familiar with. When you introduce something, you need to be sure that the people in the community are excited about the ideas of the project. And as you see on the picture, the people around us at that time are very young people. They just getting out from university and also did not explore a lot to the whole global open source movement. So we try to promote a contribution apart from coding. So there are a lot of things that people can contribute. For instance, doing design, writing articles, promoting a project or organize events, doing fundraising and many more. And we realized that to promote contribution apart from technical can help to attract new joiners. And one thing is still valid. It's valid until today, which is try to keep the entry barrier low. So if you contribute to various projects as an open source project, you can see in order to set it up on your local server. So somebody before they start to contribute, they need somehow to install it on their local machine. And it's always different experience for different projects. Not something like out of the box that can easily be done by a beginner. So for us to know the question is how to keep the entry barrier very low. How to get people that setting up inside it before they can actually contribute. Another lesson that we learn is to understand of the motivation of developers. So if you want to do to attract like people who write code, which is like the core thing of the project. So you need to do to aware of their motivations. A lot of people from Asia community are motivated by opportunities to get higher in the future opportunity to travel outside of the country, which is very difficult for many citizens in that particular region. And of course they are motivated to work on tooling that they are familiar with. So we understand this, understand the motivation and what we try to offer to our contributors is something that's March and that can satisfy their wish. Since 2012, we try to reach out to more international communities and invite developers, we go from the West to come and connect with our people to share the knowledge. And at the same time we look for opportunities to bring the contributors like overseas where they can get explore to more global environment. Another thing that we learn over the year, there are so many open source projects out there, right? It's not that one day you develop something to put it online and then there will, there will attract like attention from from the community. It's really difficult these days to get to onboard new developers or to get people actually engage and contribute to your projects. And we learn that as a developers, as a, as a, as a coach writer people, people like to improve their skill. So we organize something like coding contest has been going on for the past four years already. So we do this throughout the year, try to do, to, to help people at first to learn how to code and then seeing the, as they get leading and the better they also win the price for contributing to our projects. And it's, we find it's really useful not only to attract new contributors, but at the same time you, you need to widen the pool of contributors. It is the first step to, to guide people to, to, to, to show people how to contribute to not only our project, but also open source in general, develop retention. So this is why I, I just want to emphasize that there are a lot of things that happening in the, in the last 10 years. I'm not be able to, to share every details, but I hope that to, to summarize a few highlights in this presentation. Retention is a big question for many projects, not only ourselves. When you build an open source project, you, like, you need to aware and understand that at one point people will move on.  They find something a little more interesting. It's difficult to keep like people like continue to engage over the years. So therefore it's important to always reach out to more people in the community, try to do, to, to engage and change new commerce. At the same time, you should not like put the knowledge into like one core person is always important to make sure that you have a backup on whatever you are doing. Like introduce, like peer review to ensure that there are more people can review the course and of course minimum to maintainer so that you can, you don't have to rely on one person over the time. Delegate tasks, this is something that we find very useful when people join the project. People like to have more responsibilities. It also motivated them. This is quite interesting fighting. So people not only motivated thing by, by financial benefit or by traveling, but some people do motivated by the responsibilities that they have. So we introduce like mental roles where people can, can have the, the younger developers or newcomer to, to, to get involved. And this is something that can motivate and keep people engaged in the project. Yeah. And we also introduce development practices. This is something that is not new to many like a project out there. The, the question is how can the practices being enforced and implemented in, in your development? This is the question. So a few things that we got out from, from our development practices, which is always much one issue to one pull request. They sound very simple, but a lot of people don't do it. Right. Big issue into multiple small issues. It's also easier for people to review. It doesn't have required so much effort from, from the reviewer test before making a pull request. So, of course, this is a standard way, but a lot of people still to make a PR without testing before that they make a PR with the, make things like more difficult. If you merge and then something goes wrong, you have to, to reverse the change. Only change that you stay on the PR. You set the PR on one thing, but actually there are a lot of different core change into one PR, which is not welcome or encouraged. Have each other review each other pull request. This is like a peer review practice that we always encourage document while coding. So document is, is not a favorite thing to do for developer. But we always encourage our contributors to, to, to document why they are coding. So the next person can understand and follow up with them with the progress, earn right access. So basically after contribute to the project for some time, you'll be able to earn the right access to the repository. And one thing that very important is to avoid private conversation and only collaborate with the community, with the, on the project level chat. So we give the, for our chat and every single project have their own project channel. So instead of two developer talking like on private about how to fix an issue, we encourage people to, to, to, to have their conversation on, on the, on the public channel. Yeah. And, yeah. And how can you make sure that people really follow the practices. So it's about encourage people to remind each other is a practice that the developers continuously helping each other and being a place for being, being appreciate for, for, for follow the practice. So again, so open source is a decentralized software development model that encourage open collaboration has proven how collaboration could work successfully on the global scale. Of course, the project that we developed is on a very small scales compared to Wikipedia or compared to the Linux kernel. As you could imagine, starting from a project somewhere in Asia is now being used by many other country at the same time heavy contributors from everywhere. So if we can achieve a local collaboration with this project, imagine how much impact it could have if open source be done on the national level or on government level. So, yeah, so I just want to give one quick example here. The current Corona virus pandemic, right? So a lot of digital solution have been developed everywhere around the world. This is an example of the digital contact tracing application developed in Southeast Asia. As you can see here, we only have 10 countries in, in, in Asia and in Southeast Asia region. And these six countries, they all like develop their own solution. Yeah, and it's all tackle similar problem. They all see that they all want to have a digital contact tracing app, but different country set is their own application. Even though it could be possible like to share and call a break in some way, but it did not happen. So I don't know how much it costs for this country to develop the solution, but I read somewhere online. The Corona fund app developed in Germany that's cost over 20, 20 million euros. So you imagine if each country spend this much money to develop similar solution why there is no collaboration across nation so that we can save the resources at the same time speed up the whole process. Corona pandemic is only one of the challenges that we are facing needed this day. Climate change, political war, so many issues. Open source collaboration could be a solution to many problems, but we need more examples. We need a successful example to accelerate the whole open model in all industry. Open source should not be only about software. It could be the open model could apply for for hardware for pharmaceutical formula could apply for processes. And it should be open source open center or should be a default for for all different industries and encourage more collaboration across borders. Moving on, I want to talk a little bit on the trends that bring negative effects to open source ecosystem that I have observed in the past year. First of all, I want to talk about digital shaming. So digital shaming is being electronically attacked online. It can literally destroy people's lives financially and emotionally. And sadly, there is an increasing number of open source contributors or anyone could be victims of this digital shaming. Have you ever participated in a digital shaming act? For example, if you unconsciously like a treat or retrace something that you read online. So I don't know if anyone remembers a treat that happened in Python some years ago where some people talked about a private conversation of two male developers in a sexual way. And then these people got fired for for for the act. Yeah, and this is just one of the example. If you see something that's happening online and you see so many people like the treat and you think that you should also support this activity by live or retreat.  If you do not know the person and do not have the understanding the whole situation, do not be part of digital shaming. One thing I think that is important to understand is the self-serving bias. Self-serving bias is an action done only for one's own benefits, sometimes at the expense of the orders. It happens every day in our life. For example, a few days ago, I forgot to call a doctor to change my doctor appointment. And then when I was asked by my partner if I've done this because I don't want myself to look bad. I just say that I called the doctor office but nobody answered the call. So we tend to be always biased on our side, on our self, right? So whatever information that you see, people claim online, you need to see that people often talk on their own perspective. And of course, I can be a very fair person, but I will always try to protect myself. And a lot of activities like this happen on the Internet. And I see many older generations of contributors are leaving the community because of this digital shaming. Because something that they might have spoken in the public and then being criticized so much by the public and then forced them to leave the community. And this really creates an unhealthy environment for people who contribute and involve in open-source community. And there's also something that we should be aware of. There are a lot of people out there who use vulnerable acts for public interest because they think that if you stress yourself as a victim, you could get the attention and the support from the public. It's also good to build up your profile and interest. So this is so unreasonable but it's still a practice that happens online on the Internet. So it's important for us to be aware and do not be part of this whole thing. If we do not support a digital initiative, if you do not know the people who involve or do not have a clear understanding of the real story. Another thing that I also want to highlight here, diversity and inclusion. I'm really glad that there are so many initiatives and so many efforts in our society to push diversity and inclusion these days. By definition, diversity refers to the traits and the characteristics that make people unique while inclusion refers to the behaviors and social norms that ensure people feel welcome. And as you can see, there are so many corporations, big companies now embrace diversity and inclusion by saying that they want to get more women into leadership positions. They want to develop a more inclusive recruitment process where discrimination in recruitment could be limited and there's also many more. So you can see there's more agency now being formed to advise on diversity and inclusion. There's more jobs created for people who research and who want to develop further in that field. So I'm also very happy because myself as a minority, I have a diverse spectrum. I'm a woman at the same time coming from Asia. So this whole bee is like for many years during my career life. I also experience discrimination and this is a really great thing for people like myself and also a great thing towards a more equal society. However, there are some side effects that I want to emphasize here on this. There's different initiatives that we should support, but there are also something that create more confusion for people, especially people coming from non-English native speakers. Have you ever experienced that you come to a meeting room with your colleagues or people you work with and you're afraid of bringing up, afraid of saying something because you're not sure, afraid of addressing a person, because you're not sure what kind of pronoun you should use to address that person. And there's a lot of rules about the way how you speak in public. Yeah, of course. If the advantage is for being a non-native speaker, I can always say that I'm not aware of all the implications in the languages, but it's really difficult for white people who consider as a native speaker. So they now started to be worried about what is the right thing if they're allowed to say or not. Will there be an offense somebody in public? And I heard it's a lot in the communities these days. So I just want us to see that diversity and inclusion is a good thing. We definitely need to support it, but we also need to be aware that white people, white men, is also part of the community, part of the diversity and inclusion group. It should be about everyone. So we should not exclude or make people feel uncomfortable about coming up with new initiative that only applicable for people in particular countries. And again, I'm worried about the whole diversity and inclusion. The side effect is our freedom of speech being limited because of too many rules of life these days. And do people really can freely give their feedback? Riticism actually is not always bad. So it helps people to improve and become better. I want to give another example that has happened to me recently. I was at an open source event where there was a group of people talking, presenting about policy on a European level. So this is a group that advised the commission on policy and they're using a closed source software like Microsoft PowerPoint to present. And there was a message in the community saying that, okay, so if we advise the commission on using open source, we shouldn't use open source ourselves. And this person gave the comment being attached so much on the chat saying that, okay, so this is an act of excluding the people. So even though he just likes to say the truth that if you work on open source, don't assume you use open source yourself. And he's being called out by many people saying that this is a bad act because you should not really decide people, should allow people to participate. So for me, I do not think it's a big thing, but I see that people have different opinions and that person did not want to come back anymore just by saying a fact. And then he's stating the fact, being really decide as not support inclusion practice in the community. So this is something that we should all be aware and we should all be aware and think about, support the right initiative and be more open, like put yourself into other people's shoes, right? Not everyone have the same understanding and when people say the fact, it doesn't mean that they try to redesign the other person. Call to action. Each and every one of us can offer support with, we are capable of, there's so many things that we can do to become a good citizen. First of all, use open source software. As I mentioned that example earlier, so my grandmother, my mother, they have never support open source before, I could understand it's difficult to get these people, but if you are working as an organization that advise government on open source level, please use open source. If you got funding from the government to develop open source project, use open source products yourself, there's so many alternatives. So instead of Zoom, you treat the big blue button, instead of Event Pride, you even get instead of Google Cloud, you next cloud, there's so many options out there that you can use. Just by using open source software, you have put support on the ecosystem. Contribute to open source projects, there's so many ways. So if writing code contribute to documentation, globalization including localization, so translate project into different languages, organize virtual events, and try to bring people together, there's also a lot of design works and also make donation to open source project. Talk about different open source projects, there's something that anyone can do. If you are a developer, release your work open source, and assemble earlier about the tracing app, so imagine how much money we could save just by sharing developer play together. If you have one problem, so why do we develop 20 different solutions to tackle one problem, so we can also work together. Advocate for open source model in your organization. So open source is not only about software, it's about open collaboration, it's about sharing the knowledge, bring the knowledge to more people. Advocate for this model inside your organization, in company and in your government. There's so much that you can do here if you live in Europe. So in Asia it's so difficult. We never have the opportunity to talk directly with our politicians, but you have the chance here. So do that and make sure that there's a support for open source development. I know that there is a new open source strategy that being introduced by the commission for 2020 and 2023, so you can check out that as well. Support open source small and medium enterprise. So if you could give a contract or could hire someone to work, so why not work with small and medium companies? So we don't want open source it's a battlefield for cooperation, multinational companies anymore. We want more companies to come and also be in part of the ecosystem. And finally, bring open source in education. So there's several ways that you can do that you can make education possible. For instance, I teach my mom how to use Ubuntu or labor office. So education could suck in your home and then it could be like in school or in your teacher university do education coding program like what we do at the First Asia.  Finally, take an active role. Anyone can make a difference. You can do it. Yeah, I would like to take the chance to invite you as well to our summit in March between 30 to 21st of March 2021 to connect and collaborate with open source community in Asia. This is going to be a virtual event as well. Below is my email. I'm happy to stay in touch and if you have any questions about our projects or about this presentation, please feel free to contact me. Thank you. All right. So I have four questions as of current standing and I think I'm just going to go with the first one. Do you know of solutions to avoid information hierarchies, in essence single people knowing crucial information? So I don't know a solution like to avoid hierarchy, but I could say that the open source development model so when the source calls and the process openly available to everyone, so this is a way to avoid information in terms of hierarchy. So if you do open source, like in the open way, so you documented your work, how the infrastructure develops so everything is openly documented so everyone can have the access. So it's the same with many open source projects out there. If you look up on GitHub, there's no secret on our repository, right? The way we develop and how the infrastructure set up what is the blueprint where everything is publicly available to everyone. So I would say that the open source model is a way to limit hierarchy to information. Okay. Thank you. We have a question about inclusion. How is there an easy way to break the language barrier in an international community? Many people want to contribute, but not everyone does speak English well enough to discuss technical or other issues deeply. Yes. So the language barrier has been a topic like for so, so many years. So what do you think that what could be a suitable solution for this? So there's like translation application out there, but of course this is the barrier that is always there, the language barrier, right? However, on the good side, more and more people getting like being trained on English. So you can see this there even like in developing countries like Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, more and more people started to learn and speak English very good and fluently. So it's about like we need time for people to get into to learn the language and at the same time to contribute. It's not an easy solution to break the language barrier. There's always like some project they do, they translate to make sure that they translate the contributor like the contributor guidelines. So to show people how to contribute in different languages, but at the same time, you know, it's not a ultimate solution because in order to write a code, there's a lot of the same tech, you know, and of course at written English people need to understand and also have a certain level. But the good thing is that people getting better and better. So there's so many ways that people can have to learn the language. So I think that in the next few years, hopefully there won't be a language barrier anymore as everyone could be able to speak in writing English. And do you have plans on expanding outside of Asia or with for Asia, maybe to Africa or other continents? Yes, so for for Asia, right? As I mentioned, we base out Asia, but the projects that we do, it actually not only focus on Asia. So we have a partner here in Europe. So we work together with the European Union. We work together with the Sproul Hopper Institute. We are part of the OpenNext program. So there is already existing collaboration. So we not focus only on the Asian market because open source is a gross border. So anyone can do, anyone can contribute. Africa is also a very good question here. So we connect with like Africa for us. It's again, so it's not on any there's no nothing Congress that I could share at the moment, but there's also initiative and user group that active in Africa and we also like connect with them at Congress. I don't know if anyone from Africa is here at the Congress, but at the Open Source Initiative at South Asia Summit, we do have people coming and exchange and connect with us. Okay, very cool. The last question for today would be how much of post-Asia interest or activities promote contributing to existing popular post-software projects? Could you repeat that question places quite long? How much of post-Asia's interest is into promoting contribution to existing Open Source free software projects? Yes, so actually we promote not only our object, but we actually do promote a lot of open source project. As I mentioned we use from the start. So the entire pandemic we try to use open source solution as much as possible. We set up our own next cloud instance in the project. We use liberal offers for several years. We use scheme in-scales. So we promote also in our training like at university and at school that we work with. We offer training on open source solutions to people. So not only we do not only promote our own post-Asia project, but we actively promote all the projects. And I believe that there's also some projects that I know in the community getting a contributor from the post-Asia community. So which is something that we are very class in order to survive in order to roll the ecosystem. It's not only about your organization. It's about the collaboration. You need to work with other organization and you need to foster collaboration in order to roll and foster the entire network. So we are very open to work with other project as well. As I said we integrated GC already and also big group burden. So there are many more examples. Okay. I think that really nicely concludes this great talk. You left your details in the slides. So if anyone still has questions as she said, write her an email. And I think from our side this talk is finished. And if you have anything more to say so and apart from that we're done. Yeah. So I just want to say thank you very much again for having me. Thank you Lenny and Marcus for setting up the whole thing. I really appreciate it. Ciao!


You have to be the same. You have to be the same to exist in a society. You have to be from the same school to evaluate, for example. So, in Japan, they are very creative. Is that true? Okay. Yeah, that's right. We have a chance to change, to be in judgment. Yeah, and how can we change it? You know, right. It's easier to compare, to be in judgment. That's right. So, maybe we can use improvisation. Yes. So, let me talk to you guys. I'm sorry that when I was a little kid, up to high school, I stayed for four years in Oregon. And everybody was going like, ah, it sounds great. You look great. And I was so weird. I was so strange when I was living in Japan. Really? Well, I started working for IBM. Working with the proper training to be known a little bit. And then, as a presentation teacher. And then, I got an opportunity to work for a university. It was popular. So, I was invited to be a faculty developer. Eight to ten universities. So, I was traveling. It was like 60 years ago. Like, I am going to change the education system. Once I joined Applied Improvedation Network in Tronheim, 2007. I started saying that I started, like, you know, being really active and I talked to people and I learned from everyone. And now, I am one of the change and I am going to be a principal for high school. Teachers using all their improvisation. So, our principals are yes and making mistakes. Teachers cannot make mistakes. I was, I was. Yes. Change the world. I study and make my master in management. And I decide at this moment to apply improvisation and to be my set. It was 70 years ago. And I think it was totally different. Because everything was possible. Because we decided. Because I have decided to be different. To be me. To be myself. And a few years after, I became a professional speaker in sales, in negotiation, in management. So, I was speaking about that expert subject. And I have remembered, oh, I remember where I came from. So, I decided to create a talk to help the women to be leader and to apply improvisation and to be assertive. And it was a really, really big turn for me.  And so, for the same reason, because the sexism and harassment, I didn't take my dream when I was very young. And so, 20 years, more than 20 years after, I decided to do it. And my first song is about women. And freedom of women. So, the difference is here. So, the difference is the beauty. So, our message, our key message is be different.


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Marchelian demand function. What is the Marchelian demand function? It means the consumer demand was studied then that particular behavior that was explained by Dr. John Marshall that was described in 1884 that was called particularly the Marchelian demand function. So the Marchelian demand function is basically a mathematical relationship that relates the price of the good demanded to its price and at the same time we can say that it shows the quantities demanded of the good at various times and at various places and at various price of the same commodity but holding the income and the price of the other goods constant. As we know that the change in the price it will change the purchasing power of the consumer. So when the purchasing power of the consumer it will become in the way that if the price has increased it means decline in the purchasing power. If price of the commodity has decreased it means the total purchasing power of the consumer has increased. Or if I want to say in this way it will be that when the price of a thing is decreasing then the income of the consumer increases but the lower the price of the product the more the unit was buying if the price of a thing is 10 rupees and it had allocated budget it had kept that I have bought 6 units then it took 60 rupees but as soon as the price of the commodity is 8 rupees instead of 10 rupees and it buys only 6 units then now it is possible for the consumer that it will buy the same unit but in 48 rupees. This means that now the consumer has left 12 rupees out of the last 6 rupees. This is now an incremental addition to the purchasing power. Similarly when the change in price increases then its opportunity cost of purchase reduces because of its purchasing power keeping the nominal income constant. In this concept when we say the marshalian demand so we do not compensate for the change in purchasing power. Means if its purchasing power of the consumer decreases then it is not given extra amount to compensate for it. And if its purchasing power increases means the real income does not take it back. So marshalian demand function may nominal income it remains constant. So this marshalian demand function is also called uncompensated demand function. And marshalian demand function which provides solution through the indirect utility function. Now if we look at the indirect utility function it tells that in the marshalian demand curve consumer attains the utility not through the utilization of a commodity rather he attains the utility through the consumption or the expenditure on the commodity. Means the consumption of the consumer is spent on its amount and gets a kind of utility. Means because that expenditure or expenditure which the consumer is doing to attain its demand is not possible for us to exceed its income under the law of budget. So it means we can assess the demand behavior not only from the side of the commodity quantity rather we can measure or we can assess also through the change in the expenditure utilize to attain that quantity. So it is possible to solve the necessary conditions of a utility maximization. So when we are dealing with the utility maximization we already know that the consumer is always in a better way utilizing not only one good rather he prefers to utilize a complete bundle. So in this case now the optimal level that the consumer is having that is amount of various combination of the x commodity that is 1, 2 and up to n mean it is the multi good case and when it is expressed in the form of mathematical notation we can have that now the consumer is having the demand function that depends upon the price of x and price of 2, 3, 4, 5 and the income of the consumer. Now if we will see the demand function for the commodity 2 it will again will be similar and like this we can have any sort of the demand function for any commodity depending upon the prices of all the commodities and the income of the consumer. But now we see for the simplicity if we take only two commodities we can say now that these are the different forms of the demand functions and now these demand they depend upon the values of all the prices and now we can predict that how much of this x commodity it can a consumer can attain with the change in his expenditure with the change in the price. So when we have to calculate this we can see that number one there will be this demand function and this demand curve is expressed holding the prices of this price and income constant and even the preferences or all the other taste constant so we will put a bar up to this and when we include this only the change of one price to this it means that is the partial equilibrium analysis keeping all other things constant. So either we are dealing with the two good case either we are dealing with the multi good case whatever but at that particular time of the analysis we will deal with only one change of that commodity keeping all other factors constant that's why this Marshallian demand function is also called partial equilibrium analysis and the partial equilibrium analysis approach and sometime it is also called walrus analysis or the walrus approach similar to walrus when we are dealing with the general equilibrium model.


Welcome to the 25th session of the second module in the course signals and systems and here we carry our journey further to see can inverse for the Fourier transform. Let us see where we are just to get our bearings right. What we have seen is that if I try to calculate this integral minus infinity to plus infinity h omega e raised to power j omega t d omega multiplied by a constant kappa 0 essentially taking vector intuition that you multiply components by unit vectors along those components and integrate over all the components. This can be rewritten as summation minus to plus infinity kappa 0 and we have another integral inside and just reviewing this because this is a little involved there is no harm in repeating this a little bit and right here it is a recap you need to do a recap and then we rearrange this we said you could keep h t 1 outside and then take the omega integral inside and kappa 0 being a constant we could keep that outside and then look at the integral e raised to power j omega t minus t 1 d omega and this is then integrated with respect to t 1 and we were trying to evaluate this integral and let us look at it once again this was essentially kappa 0 minus to plus infinity e raised to power g j omega t minus t 1 d omega and this could be written again as twice kappa 0 times t 1 you know we said you must take this as a limit so we said we could think of this as kappa 0 limit and this time let me try and improve my notation. So, I will say limit as omega 1 tends to infinity I will improve my notation minus omega 1 to plus omega 1 because you know after all these are values of angular frequencies so although I had written t 1 earlier it is better I use a more suggestive value here and essentially this was related to a sin x by x kind of pattern in fact we know what that sin x by x form is. So, the sin x by x form was as follows you see the kappa 0 remained where it was then you had sin omega 1 into t minus t 1 divided by t minus t 1 can keep omega 1 here and here as well so now we had an x 0 that look like this. So, this is x 0 what you have here as the argument is x 0 so this is of the form to kappa 0 omega 1 omega 1 is a constant as you know sin x 0 by x 0 we can sketch this that is not difficult to do that would have an appearance like this from what we derived in the previous session the only change is the height would now be to kappa 0 omega 1 instead of 1 and you know x 0 here x 0 is omega 1 into t minus t 1 so it is a question of matching and now you see the point is when omega 1 tends to infinity here what is happening really we essentially have oscillations and these oscillations are dying down smaller and smaller look at them. So, essentially we are looking at omega 1 tending to infinity so you can see that this quantity goes to 0 so it is interesting what we find is that you know as long as you have taken a large enough value of these limits of the integral you seem to be going towards 0 it is also function of t minus t 1 you know that is another interesting thing here so what exactly is happening here so if you look at the integral here the integral is troublesome troublesome because the integrand has a magnitude of 1 so you know you have a magnitude 1 integrand being integrated potentially over all the real axis so actually the integral is divergent that is the problem it is not really a convergent integral so where is this going as a function of t minus t 1 then think of it like that it is a function of t minus t 1 and the integral is on omega now let us look at the integral as we evaluated so let us look at this so here as omega 1 tends to infinity this height also diverges where is this null that is also important the null occurs at omega 1 into t minus t 1 is equal to pi that means t minus t 1 is equal to pi by omega 1 as you increase omega 1 what is happening to the sin x by x function for a given t minus t 1 let us look at this expression so here x 0 is always fixed but then what is happening to the area under the main loop that is something that we should reason this is diverging this is not a function in the true sense that in the regular sense the sin x by x function when omega 1 sends to infinity that is the height in the middle is going to infinity so it is not a function real there what is it then so it is suggesting to us movement towards something that we had encountered in the first module namely the impulse essentially this is going to a situation where it captures non-zero area in 0 widths that is the central idea so you see the interesting thing here is that even as the height goes to infinity the width starts reducing towards 0 and finally an asymptotic situation is reached where essentially a certain amount of area is encapsulated all around 0 so if you think of this as a function of t minus t 1 see now we have to change our focus we have to think of this as a function of t minus t 1 not x 0 anymore so let us look at it as a function of t minus t 1 we now think of this as a function of t minus t 1 not x 0 anymore and of course everything is just proportional after all x 0 is essentially omega 1 into t minus t 1 so it is just a scaling so you know on t minus t 1 scale or on the t minus t 1 axis of course this point continues to be 0 but now the null comes at the point a pi by omega 1 on both sides so minus pi by omega 1 on this side and of course these the spacing between the nulls is also the same spacing also pi by omega 1 and the height here is of course 2 kappa 0 times omega 1 so now let us visualize that you could start thinking of this part essentially this part approximate this by a triangle approximate asymptotically by a triangle now if you are asymptotically approximate by a triangle you can find the area of that triangle and you can do the same thing for the other side lobes these side lobes here so you know this side lobe and then this side lobe and then this side lobe and similarly all these side lobes here all these are smaller triangles here and essentially what we have is that the height multiplied by the width which is approximately 2 kappa 0 omega 1 multiplied by 2 pi divided by omega 1 starts approaching a constant for the main lobe that is interesting that is the important part here so the main lobe starts having constant area and that is also true of those smaller lobes on the side so you can visualize a situation where as you go towards infinity you then have a constant area no matter how large you make omega 1 and all this area now gets concentrated around 0 what is this it is an impulse at 0 in fact now you have to worry about what that area is that is why you have the flexibility of a choice of kappa 0 the choice of kappa 0 can be such that that area can be made unity in fact it turns out that if we choose kappa 0 equal to 1 by 2 pi we get this becoming a unit impulse delta t minus t 1 and then we have a very beautiful situation we have integral minus to plus infinity h t 1 times this integral inside no kappa 0 into minus to plus infinity e raise the power j omega t minus t 1 d omega all this business and then d t 1 this whole thing has been replaced by delta t minus t 1 with a choice of kappa 0 equal to 1 by 2 pi and therefore you would get minus to plus infinity h t 1 into delta t minus t 1 d t 1 which is simply h of t so there we are what we have done here is to give a brief explanation of how this orthogonality has worked when you have gone from a finite period to the infinite omega axis you know you need it to worry about what happens when these sinusoids last forever they still remain orthogonal so the orthogonality is in the sense here of an impulse you know it is a more generalized concept of orthogonality the dot product here that you see or that integral which you encounter as a part of the orthogonality issue you know it is not very clear here exactly how this orthogonality has come but it has come as a consequence of the reconstruction formula we will see more about it later but right now in the reconstruction formula you required movement towards an impulse and that is what has happened here if you take a rotating complex exponential all over the time axis well this is a slightly difficult part of the Fourier transform I have explained certain things informally we will see more in the coming sessions thank you


Proudly, we hail! New York City, where the American stage begins. Here is another program with a cast of outstanding players. Public service time has been made available by this station for your Army and your Air Force to bring you this story. As proudly we hail the United States Army. Our story is entitled, The Tornado. It is the story of M-A-R-S, military affiliate radio system, and the dedicated men who proudly serve. Our first act curtain will rise in just a moment. But first, young man, if you're interested in continuing your education, here's important news for you. The senior service of our armed forces, your United States Army, urgently needs qualified technicians to operate and maintain the many kinds of equipment that science has brought into being. And right now, men are being trained in wonderful fields like radio, radar, meteorology, mechanics, photography, and others. And this training is given by the finest technical training schools in the world. Yes, here's an excellent opportunity for you young men with intelligence and ambition. Your opportunity to start a career for yourself, not only for now, but for when you get back into civilian life. For full details, visit your nearest recruiting office today. And now your Army and your Air Force present the proudly we hail production, The Tornado. Tuesday, June 9th, 1953. Another day. Not in humid, but just another day. 5 p.m., time to go home like any other day. A long evening of relaxation to look forward to. Tomorrow will be cooler. For Sergeant Joe Murdock, stationed at the Boston Army Base, it is the end of his duty hours. Time to jump into his car and drive to town for the evening. Out of long habit, he tunes into his favorite radio station to keep him company as he rides leisurely along the highway. And the United States Weather Bureau forecast, clearing a day with little change in temperature. Maria struck Worcester and Central Massachusetts, moving with mad fury and devastation. Trees have gone sailing... Sergeant Joe Murdock was equal to the emergency. As a qualified ham radio operator, he knew he would be needed. He quickly turned his car around and headed for the radio shack, back at his base. How bad is it, Steve? It's murder, Joe. It's a steam-rolling twister that's getting worse all the time. It's gonna be rough. Swamped. Only 10 minutes since the tornado began, we're getting messages from all over from relatives of people. Wait a minute. Joe! Joe, your family lives in Worcester, doesn't it? A wife and three kids. Let's see if I can get a message through. Well, if I can help in any way, Joe... Thanks, Steve. We're on the emergency frequency. Right, just switched. Here goes. Wish me luck, Steve. Number 14091710 from ALUSA, Mrs. Joseph Murdock, 57B. As a licensed MARS operator, Sergeant Joe Murdock tried to make contact with his wife in this stricken area of Worcester. Do you need help? I can come. MARS stands for Military Affiliate Radio System, an organization of and for United States amateur radio operators interested in military radio communications. Activated in November 1948 to provide a complete radio network throughout the continental United States. It is made available to military commanders of the armed forces in any local disaster or national emergency. It is also available to the Red Cross or other agencies charged with emergency responsibilities in any area. Any luck, Joe? Not yet. Well, don't you worry. Nora will track them down if anybody can. She's got her brother making phone calls all over the place. Try to locate the people mentioned in the incoming messages. ALJOT. There she is now. Well, it's just too early to tell anything. Nora will be in there pitching for sure. Well, I'm not the only fishing to see. Lots of other people to think of beside myself. Priority 0917209. In the next five hours, Sergeant Joe Murdock and Corporal Steve Hamilton remain glued to their radios in the MARS station, bringing word from families in the tornado area to relatives all over the United States and inquiring about their welfare. The tornado relentlessly takes its toll of life and property, showing no distinction. The MARS operator serve unceasingly, trying to break through the turmoil and lend their assistance wherever possible. That gal in Seattle was plenty worried about her brother, Joe. Just a minute, Steve. Ram and Lonnie Stover. That casualty list is growing by the minute. What about that parking lot? Fifty cars clobbered right down to the ground. Numbers from A to J. I knew this was coming. Power lines are down in most of the Worcester area. They'll be depending on us more and more. Okay, Steve, I'll take it. Bill March is handling the traffic up in Portland. All yours, Joe. I'll get hold of civil defense. The number 77092332Z from ALUSA. Tornado area needs help of Red Cross and Civil Defense as soon as possible. Lines here in bad shape. Will you try relay stations to send messages? By landline and radio, the MARS station was able to communicate with Civil Defense and Red Cross units to lend aid in the nightmare at Worcester. Communications were efficient and rapid, organized to follow existing channels of command prescribed for the Army and the Air Force. Is that your family, Joe? Not yet. I'm still hoping. Well, it'll take a while before things get squared away.  You've been sitting at your radio for more than 10 hours now. I'll stick around a little longer, Steve. All right. But I'm going to hit the sack. Luke and Harry will be here in a few minutes or leave. Come on, Joe. Come on. You'll feel better. Look, I'm groggy. I feel fresh as a daisy. Joe, I know you're plenty worried, so am I, but believe me, a little sleep will fix you up. You'll feel better. Would you be able to sleep, Steve? Yeah. Okay. I guess I'll see what you mean.  I'll do all right. Roger. See you later. For the next seven hours, Sergeant Joe Murdock kept relaying messages from people all over the nation to the hams on the air in Worcester. Most of the operators were forced off the air because of power failure. Now, another urgent message came through, Joe, to rely fully on his skill and experience as a ham operator. Roger, life at stake. A2JJY. This is ALUSA. Wilco, out. Still going strong, huh, Joe? Yeah, you're just in time. Why, what's up? A 10-year-old kid with infantile paralysis in bad shape. They need an oxygen tent and a hurry. I'll send out an urgent call to all stations. You get the airport to have a plane stand by on the double. Roger. And number 117, priority. 0100-852 from ALUSA need oxygen tent for Stricken Boy in Worcester Tornado Area. Contact this station at once. I say again, need oxygen tent for Stricken Boy in Worcester Tornado Area. Contact this station at once. Over. Good to do, Steve. They're okay. They're standing by with the plane. Zero, ready with oxygen tent. Awaits plane. Over. Keep your fingers crossed, Joe. The plane will get there with the oxygen tent, all right. But will the kid be able to hold out? He'd lose any time with everybody pulling in the same direction. What about your wife, Joe, and the kids? Anything? Nora keeps buzzing me every once in a while. Nothing yet. Isn't that the payoff? Helping out everybody but yourself. Well, that's a consolation. A guy who'd let his personal feelings get in the way of doing a job wouldn't be worth much. Well, you're doing all right. Listen, more casualties. No news is good news, Joe. Huh? What did you say? Ah, Joe, come on. Take a break. You've been glued to that seat for nearly 24 hours. Man of life, you've had it. You worry too much, Steve. I hope that kid comes out all right. That oxygen tension just about be getting there. You know, Nora says he pitched on a little league baseball team. Had quite a fastball. All right, all right. Don't snow me. All I'm asking is a favor. Take a couple of hours. I'll sleep if you don't want to. It was a favor to me, Joe.  I'll stay. The messages continued to pour in of every variety and description. To remove an old lady in a wheelchair by helicopter to another town. To contact the mother of a 14-year-old boy who had gone on a trip for the day. A soldier in Germany waited anxiously to hear news of his family. More than 100 messages, some official, some semi-official, some personal, were sent and received. The messages were summoned to hospitals. Off-duty police and firemen were called in. For the MARS operators, there was no letter. Routine 0101344Z from ALUSA. I'm still waiting, honey. We'll be there as soon as I can catch a plane. Lots of love. Don't worry. Sign Bob over. How do you like that one? Something hot? Yeah, real hot. Guy in Milwaukee wants to know if his girl still loves him. And does she? I don't know if she's in love with a garage, but she still loves him. Now, there's a girl who's dependable. Guy's probably told her he'd go through fire and water for her, but never figured a tornado would be thrown in for good measure. I'm glad the auto romance is still alive. Hey, that is the first time you've cracked a smile since you got here. Well, I laughed once in a while, never heard anybody. But it was me. I'd probably be ready for the booby hatch by this time. 01013. Still looking, I guess. I've been waiting for that whole message. I hope the wife and kids got out of the apartment. Any reason why they shouldn't? Well, the apartment's on the third floor. The last reports say the building disintegrated. They'll be okay. I wish I had some definite word. I'm sure they made it. Look, I got 50 messages where the buildings collapsed and the people just walked away without a scratch. 07. I'll take it. Joe, have a smoke. Thanks, Steve. You are listening to the proudly-we-hailed production, The Tornado. We'll return in just a moment for the second act. Tired of the same old office routine? Okay, gals. Now you can get away from it all. Join the Women's Army Corps. You can travel all over the world. Meet new friends. See new places. That's right. In the Women's Army Corps, you can escape the hum-drum routine of your present life. Visit exciting places in this country. Travel in Europe. Cross the Blue Pacific. Cruise through the Caribbean. Make new friends among young men and women all over the world. And you'll have plenty of leisure to enjoy those travels, too. You get a 30-day paid vacation each year, plus many weekend passes. Why don't you join the WAC? Yes, visit your local United States Army recruiting station and talk it over with the friendly recruiting sergeant. Believe me, you'll enjoy life more in the Women's Army Corps. You are listening to Proudly-We-Hail. And now we present the second act of the tornado. When an emergency arises, all the military affiliate radio system operators are equal to the task of handling the flow of traffic smoothly and swiftly. They are able to do so because MARS is well-organized into networks according to the requirements of appropriate military commanders. Long before a disaster is set in, radio networks are established to provide scheduled drills and to allow the handling of live radio traffic. Correct radio operators procedure becomes second nature with practice. It all adds up to learning the language of communications so that it is readily understandable to all the operators on the MARS network. Through the merciless hours in the tornado-ripped town, Sergeant Joe Murdock never left his radio position in the gigantic effort to help frantic people searching out their loved ones. The police of the messages coming in from every corner of the globe never slacken. If Mr. and Mrs. John H. Harding of 425 Glendale Avenue Sergeant, they told me if I came here, you might be able to help me. My mother, I tried to locate her. Something might have happened. I don't know. I'll take it easy, Corporal. I'll do what I can for you. Sit down and relax. Thanks. What's the story? My mother, she lives in Rutland. It was hit bad. I tried to get her by phone. Mrs. Jonathan Ferris, she's in pretty good health except she had headaches every once in a while and I thought... Address? 472 Clarence Avenue, Rutland. Steve. Huh? See if you can contact the Corporal's mother in Rutland. Sure, Joe. Hi, Corporal. Is it all right if I wait here? I'm kind of anxious. Well, it shouldn't take too long. Here's the dope, Steve. All right. A1 ABC from ALUSA. You got an answer to your message? I can't tell, Corporal. Maybe 5 minutes, maybe 24 hours. Sergeant's been waiting here from his family for the last 27 hours. Gee, that's rough. Yeah, you're not kidding. He hasn't left his radio in all that time. How does he do it? I don't know. You tell me. I can't figure it. What am I kicking about? If I know my mother, she'll take care of herself. She's a pretty cool customer when there's trouble. Never loses her head. It shouldn't be too long now. They've got the thing pretty well-liked. I hope so. This may be it now. This is ALUSA. Roger out. Your mother's okay, Corporal. You mean she's really all right? That was a message. She's fine. Oh, thanks. That's wonderful. Go on back to your barracks and wait there. She'll probably phone you within the hour. There's an emergency telephone lineup. I don't know how I can thank you. You too, Sergeant. That's all part of the job. Glad to do it. I hope you trace your family. He was really in a sweat, wasn't he? Ah, poor guy. Anything hot? Usual. They got that oxygen tank over there in time. The kid pulled through. Oh, great. That's great news. Nora sent the message. She took a personal interest in the kid. She'd seen him play ball. She said he has the makings of a big league at that kid. Oh, kidding. It's funny. Imagine, Joe, if he ever gets to play in the big leagues, we can say we were responsible in a way. It's a nice feeling. Carl Dana. Lawrence Harley. Over. Casually list is thinned down to a whisper. And they got every man, woman, and child pitching in to help out. Yeah. Makes you kind of think the human race is okay. Number<PHONE_NUMBER>C I'll take it. It's normal. From ALJOT, Mrs. Joseph Murdock and children all okay. Spent night in Armory. Children slept right through it all. Then love. I say again, Mrs. Joseph Murdock and children all okay. Spent night in Armory. Steve, did you hear that? Did you? Yeah. Yeah, Joe. I'm as happy about it as you are. They're okay. It's a miracle, Steve. That's all I can think of. It's a miracle. Nice going, Joe. You know what I'm going to do on my next lead?  Anywhere, just so we're all together. All together where I can reach out and touch them anytime I want. Won't that be something? Go to Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, drive right through the desert.  Go ahead, Joe. Sound off. It'll do you good. You know, Steve, it's an awful feeling to be sitting here hour after hour. Your family's in trouble. There's nothing you can do about it. What do you mean, nothing? If you put your neck in a noose, the more you struggle, the tighter it becomes. I just stopped struggling. Joe, I still don't see how you did it. I would have cracked up long ago. I don't see how I did it either.  Your sack is waiting. What kind of double talk are you giving me? Explain. Your radio savvy? Your radio. 30 straight hours of full working day in any man's league. So scrammy-full. I'm sticking it out. This man is mad, stock-braving mad. From A-1-E-G. I'll take it. Message for all stations. What time is it? Uh, 0-400. Four in the morning. Oh, Corporal, what are you doing here? Did you get hold of your mother? Yeah, she's fine. I'm going to see her tomorrow. But I didn't come here to talk about my mother. I'd like to ask a question, Sergeant. At four in the morning? Well, I was on guard duty. Just been relieved. Well, fire away, Corporal. Well, watching you fellas sweating it out here, helping people out like you have been and enjoying what you've been doing, I got the idea maybe I could become a member of MARS. Looks interesting. I can't think of a good reason why not. Can anybody join? Anybody in the armed forces or in the reserve who has an amateur radio operators license? How do you get one? Are they issued by the Federal Communications Commission? I used to fool with this set a little, but he's a civilian. Can he join MARS too? Well, sure, if he's over 16 and has an amateur radio operators license and a radio station that's going concern. Oh, I know he operates a station all the time. But I never asked him if he's got a license. Well, that's not all. He's got to agree to operate according to the rules laid down by MARS, and he can't goof off. He's got to meet scheduled drills, and if he doesn't, he can lose his membership.  That'll be fun. It is fun. It's work, too. And something else you can't even describe.  What you follow as a compass today is enough for me. I'm going to put in for radio school first thing in the morning. Good luck, Corporal. Thanks, Sergeant. Thanks a million. How you doing, Steve? Slow business. They're already starting to rebuild the town. Fast work. They got a job cut out for themselves. Did I detect an MARS recruit in the Corporal? He's a goner. Can't wait to get started. From A.L. J.O.T. Got it, Joe. Roger. A.L. J.O.T. I have a message for all stations. I have a message for all stations. For 36 consecutive hours, Sergeant Joe Murdock stated as radio sending and receiving more than 300 messages, as the mayor of Worcester, so ably, expressed it. In my lifetime, I've seen many disasters and hideous things, but I've never seen an emergency better managed than here in Worcester. There has been a minimum of panic, the utmost of efficiency and speed in an orderly way. And much of the efficiency and speed in handling the large volume of radio traffic was due to the high degree of cooperation and maximum effort of the radio operators in the MARS network. In the very near future, the Department of Defense plans expansion of MARS to make it a more flexible radio communication service for use in local and national emergencies. MARS gives information and technical advice in the fields of radio and electronics. It plans to organize and operate emergency communications activities in connection with the civil defense programs. And finally, MARS will provide training facilities and inducements for individuals interested in radio communications and other electronic fields to ally themselves with the military affiliate radio system program. You know, in the last year and a half that I've been announcing radio and TV shows for the Army Recruiting Service, I've had an awful lot of guys come up to me after a broadcast and say something like, huh, what a deal you've got for yourself in the Army. How did you ever swing a job like that? Well, I can only tell them that in civilian life I was a radio and TV announcer, and when I enlisted in the Army, they put me to work immediately in the same kind of work, which sort of helps me to put over the point that when you volunteer for service in the United States Army today, you can be sure that your best talents and natural skills will be considered in giving you an assignment to your liking. Yes, today's modern Army fits the right man to the right job. Now, more than ever before, men with above-average ability are finding better jobs, more important assignments in the United States Army. So, man, if you've been wondering what the Army has to offer you, you, the trained technician or specialist, take a tip from me and visit your nearest U.S. Army Recruiting Station and get all the facts. Believe me, you'll be glad you did. This has been another program on proudly we hail, described in cooperation with this station. Proudly we hail is produced by the Recruiting Publicity Center for the United States Army and United States Air Force Recruiting Service. This is Mark Hamilton speaking, inviting you to tune in this same station next week for another interesting story on proudly we hail.