Have you ever pondered this intriguing question? Is Jesus present in the Old Testament? How might the sacred texts, written centuries before his birth, herald the arrival of the most influential figure in human history? Welcome to a riveting exploration of the presence of Jesus in the Old Testament. The Old Testament, a collection of 39 books, is more than a historical account of ancient people. It is a tapestry woven with prophecies and stories that subtly and overtly point to the coming of Jesus Christ. Genesis, the very first book, introduces the concept of a Redeemer. After Adam and Eve's fall, God promises that the offspring of the woman would crush the serpent's head. This prophecy is a veiled reference to Jesus, who would ultimately defeat sin and death. In Exodus, Jesus is foreshadowed in the person of Moses. Just as Moses liberates the Israelites from Egyptian bondage, Jesus liberates humanity from the bondage of sin. The Passover Lamb, whose blood saved the Israelites, prefigures Jesus, the Lamb of God, whose blood saves us all. In Leviticus, we find Jesus in the Day of Atonement. The High Priest, who enters the Holy of Holies once a year to make atonement for the sins of the people, signifies Jesus, our eternal High Priest, who entered the heavenly Holy of Holies once and for all. The Book of Numbers presents Jesus in the bronze serpent that Moses lifted in the wilderness. Those bitten by serpents could look upon it and live, this foreshadows Jesus who said, As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up. In Deuteronomy, Moses predicts a future prophet like him whom the people must listen to. This prophet is none other than Jesus who, like Moses, mediates a covenant between God and his people. In the poetic books, Job longs for a mediator between God and man, a role Jesus fulfills. The Psalms brim with messianic prophecies, and the Song of Songs portrays the love between Christ and his church. The prophets too are rife with references to Jesus. Isaiah refers to him as a suffering servant and a prince of peace. Daniel sees him in a vision as one like a Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven. In the minor prophets, Jesus is the shepherd king of Zechariah, and the messenger of the covenant in Malachi. From Genesis to Malachi, the Old Testament is a grand narrative that anticipates the coming of Jesus, the Messiah. Each book, in its unique way, paints a part of the picture of who Jesus is, and what he would accomplish. In summary, the Old Testament isn't just a precursor to the New Testament, it's an integral part of the overarching biblical narrative that points to Jesus. It sets the stage for his arrival, anticipates his redemptive work, and provides a richer understanding of his person and mission. So, the next time you delve into the Old Testament, look for Jesus. You'll find him on every page, in every story, prophecy and symbol, because the Bible, in its entirety, is his story.


Hi guys, so let's talk about some tips on how to pass the NCLEX. This is probably hands down one of my most frequently asked questions is how can I pass the NCLEX, what are some tips to help me better prepare, how can I pass it the first time, and all that good jazz. So we're going to cover my top three tips for passing the NCLEX. These are things that I did and little backstory I passed the NCLEX my first time within 75 questions and I took it like less than two weeks after I graduated. So it is possible you can do well on it the first time and I'm going to give you my tips. But before we get started I want to let you know that this video is sponsored by PicMonic. PicMonic is an excellent resource for passing the NCLEX and I'm going to show you how you can use PicMonic to help you prepare for the NCLEX. I am so bummed I did not have this when I was preparing for the NCLEX because it literally it it fits everything that I believe in for preparing for the NCLEX and now there's this awesome resource that basically walks you through that. Also I'm going to link PicMonic in the description box below because you can get two weeks free when you use my link. Okay, my number one tip for passing the NCLEX. Hands down is doing a ton, a ton, a ton, a ton, a ton of NCLEX prep questions. Literally think of your goal NCLEX date and you should be doing questions probably three, four, five months in advance. There's really no maximum amount of time that you should be doing questions but really like even if you're graduating in a year start now doing NCLEX prep questions. So many people are like I'll do it when I graduate and whatnot but if you start now then by the time you graduate you will be ready to take the NCLEX, trust me. The reason why PicMonic is such a great NCLEX resource is because they provide all of these NCLEX style questions for you and the awesome thing is you can make up your own question banks. So if you want to do maybe just 10 quick questions you can do that if you want to do a whole like 265 questions to prepare yourself like if you sat down and got the max questions on the NCLEX you can do that as well. Which leads me to my next tip and that is when you're preparing for the NCLEX it is a marathon not a sprint. The people that do well on the NCLEX for the most part are people who start preparing early on and gradually work their way up to doing more and more questions versus people that just cram and do it in a week or two. I have not seen as good of results from that as I have from people who practice for a long period of time. So you can use PicMonic to do this and what I mean is start now go on there do five questions and maybe do that every single day for the next week and then the next week start doing 10 questions the next week start doing 20 questions and what's awesome is these question banks can be either customized to content that you are learning in nursing school or you can make them randomized and they even can pull questions that maybe you've been struggling on and didn't get correct to help you with that repetitive learning you get it wrong you read the rationale and then you come back to it on a later date just as if you're preparing for a marathon you would not prepare for a marathon a week prior to it right you would start by running one to two miles a day work your way up to two to three and three to four and so on and so on so when you're preparing for the NCLEX start small and gradually work your way up to sitting for about three hours and answering questions and then I recommend like the week or two prior to the NCLEX kind of like taper back and don't answer as many questions because you don't want to burn yourself out it's kind of like that recovery time right before a marathon you do not run 26 miles the day before your marathon right you take a little break so one to two weeks prior to the NCLEX take that little break and slowly just answer a couple questions every day to kind of give your muscles in your brain a rest my third tip and my this is my last tip is to make sure you read the rationales of your questions and what you're getting wrong and pic monarch does this for you if you've got a question wrong you can read the rationale and what's nice is that when you get it wrong it pops up with the rationale and you can immediately go reference the pic monarch that it's referring to that way you can have a visual diagram picture of what you actually missed so that way the next time you have that visual memory cue pic monarch creates funny visual stories for you to help remember the stuff you're already learning in nursing school warfarin shown in this pic monarch as a warfare is an oral anti-coagulant that could lead to excessive bleeding if taken in excess thus in the case of an overdose it's important to be familiar with his associated antidotes vitamin k illustrated by the viking k king is an important antidote used as this stimulates the production of coagulation factors to seven nine and ten along with protein cns keep in mind this does not have an immediate onset of action accordingly in the setting of an acute bleed or extreme coagulopathy fresh frozen plasma is another effect of antidote depicted by the frozen plasma tv i think this is so helpful for the ed plex because have you ever found yourself kind of coming back to the same questions over and over like you you know certain things but then you the things that you don't know you keep forgetting and then the question comes up you're like oh yeah i don't remember that still well with pic monarch you can go right away look at the pic monarch get that visual memory cue so that way when you come back to that question you got it okay i know i only said three tips but i want to give like a couple more little general tips for you guys first don't compare your journey to taking the n-clex to anyone else so many people may not pass the first time and that's okay you just have to change your study habits change your study routine so that way you can pass the next time don't get discouraged that if you fail the first time that you're going to keep failing and that you're not meant to be a nurse that's not true at all i've had friends that are now icu nurses pediatric icu nurses who fail that several times before passing it passing the n-clex is literally you're just passing a test it does not define who you are as a nurse it does not mean you're going to be a crappy nurse it's literally just a test and the nursing world you're not designed to think like a test my next little tip is to whatever you're doing to study the n-clex really just be consistent with it don't cram and study for one week and then don't do anything for a couple weeks just consistently study every single day over time and that's going to benefit you if you do all these tips i guarantee that when you graduate you can take your n-clex sooner than most of the rest of your class i took my n-clex i think 10 days after i graduated because i was like i don't need to study anymore i've been studying for months and months and months and months whereas some of my classmates did not study and they wanted to take a month or two to prepare for the n-clex after they graduated which is totally fine but in my opinion i was like i've been studying for a long time i'm just ready to go i want to thank picmonic for sponsoring this video honestly guys if you don't go try picmonic right now you're gonna be disappointed click my link in the description box you get two weeks free and just just trust me guys let me know if you guys have any other n-clex tips in the comments down below make sure you give this video a thumbs up and subscribe to my channel and i'll see you next time bye


This specific training addresses a training gap that we have for our marines and sailors specifically our individuals who are going to be potentially tasked with dealing with venomous snakes and relocating them protecting our marines out in the field. It was fantastic working with Chris who is a local Australian individual who has worked with venomous snakes for what sounds like his entire life and having that expertise that local knowledge is vital to a training like this. We have training back in Garrison as to how to deal with American snakes which are primarily rattlesnakes. Here in Australia we're dealing with some of the most venomous snakes in the world and they behave differently and the approaches that we use both for first aid and for capturing and relocating those snakes are different and more refined in Australia so this allows us to know the correct way to do it and to better protect our people. So the goal of this program is teaching the US Service when they're in country to be able to live with wildlife, to identify the risks, manage the risks and we're absolutely necessary remove snakes and so that they're live captured and relocated so that they don't have that human snake conflict. It's important for everyone in Australia to take a step back and pause and realise that we have a very unique landscape. Many of our animals are endemic, they don't list anywhere else in the world and it only takes a few bad decisions and suddenly we lose species. We get to see animals here that are nowhere else in the world. We need to take time and appreciate even though we have highly venomous snakes they're still beautiful and they even know they're dangerous they still deserve our respect and our care.


A couple things to say, we have some evaluation form, I want you to give us some feedback on this course, so I'll get it back tomorrow, so yeah, anyway, so I'll distribute it after You're going to have four speakers in this hour, we're just going to describe some of the resources around, available for you to use, so I'm going to talk first, and Dr. Delzana, and Evgeny, and Yu-Yi will show you what's around, okay, and also I'm going to put the run file in a zipped file, the one that I used yesterday in one of the shared folder, I'll tell you later, okay, so first I'd like to show you something that we have at IAEA, we have a lot of stuff at IAEA, we organize meetings, workshops, like this one, and also we host databases and online codes, many things, so this is our home page, you can go to www minus mdiss.aii, yeah, which one should I go, yeah anyway, so this is our main page, and there are a lot of different things, because we do a lot of different things, so our unit was founded in 1976, more than 40 years ago, so main goal of our unit is to provide data, atomic data, molecular data, plasma surface interaction data, any kind of data that is really important for fusion mainly, and also other plasma applications, so we do a lot of meetings as I said, so on the right side there are meeting announcements, so the second one here is the meeting that we are having, nope, it's 2014, so let me show you, this is the one, okay, so this is the meeting page for this particular school, so you go there, there are several things, but also you will find schedules, so I'm going to put the slides and presentations in this web page, and also I'm going to put the abstract here also, it's not there yet, but anyway that's what we're going to do, our web page has a lot of stuff, and we have like databases you can see on top, we have also online computing, the other thing that you might want to consider is actually a lot of activities, if you go to the meeting page, we have meetings every year like eight to nine meetings, and for each meeting, there is a presentation, so let's say if you go to, oops, not this one, let's go to this one, maybe, yeah, then you know there are meeting agenda, and then it also contains the presentation, and we cover a lot of really large areas of fields, so you can find a lot of information there, and the other thing that you may check out is knowledge base, this is wiki style, supposedly it has a lot more information than it does now, but anyway we hope that we can add more stuff, but anyway this was one of the sort of a wiki pages that people who are interested in atomic data, molecular data, plasma surface interface data can come and read stuff, anyway, so let me let me go back to my presentation now, so we have databases, one of the databases numerical database of Aladdin, our unit doesn't collect any data, well we want to collect recommended data, so Aladdin started as a database of recommended data, but unfortunately over the years that sort of idea faded away, so now it's just a collection of data now, but still there are a lot of data were evaluated and recommended, especially the ones from 1980s and so on, so we don't we have some data like 20,000 atomic and molecular data, so this is not a place to get data for your CR modeling, if you want to do collision-radial modeling, you you'd better go to use FAC or RATIP, the codes to generate the data for CR modeling, but this is the data usually people use it for like kinetic codes or radiation hydrodynamic code and they need a few cross sections and that's where they go to find a good data, anyway it has many different data, different types of data, we have heavy particle collisions like charge exchange and so on, and also electron collisions and photon collisions, we also have plasma surface interaction data, reflections, sputtering and penetration and so on, so this is an interface, so Yuri's gonna use this later in this talk, in this hour, so you can see that you know for the heavy particle there are process categories and so on, we have as I said we have plasma surface interaction data, so you see the processes and you find projectile and surface and the chemical compounds of surface, we have bibliographical database which means it's just a literature information, we get spectroscopic data from NIST, NIST also has the bibliographical database for, I mean Yuri's gonna talk about it, but the data we have is the ones only for fusion relevant elements, we used to get traditional data, the bibliographical data from Oak Ridge Lab, but Oak Ridge Lab data center closed about six years ago, so we are sort of trying to get data from this data center and that data center, but after 2010 we are struggling to get bibliographical data, but before 2010 we have pretty much comprehensive bibliographical data sets for spectroscopic and collisional and also plasma surface interaction data, so the way it works is you put the reactant here or there or surface and then you can click you know categories like heavy particle or surface interaction and so on, then it'll come up with the references, references that you have, reference that have the data sets, I'll just show you quickly for example, of course people might think that why don't you go to just Google Scala to find you know like paper that has cross sections, but it doesn't work very well, if you go and say okay I want to get tungsten dielectronic recombination cross section, you go type tungsten dielectronic cross section, you get like millions of millions of data or results, so it's really not good, but if you say you know tungsten here and electron collision and search, then it's going to show you 85 references, if you click on the reactant data it shows the ionization you know in which elements and chart states and so on, so if you're looking for a specific cross section that was published, this database is really really useful. Okay so that was M. Buddha's our bibliographical database, as I said you know the knowledge base was supposed to be the the central place for atomic physicists, plasma physicists, molecule physicists, they can all come to this wiki page and learn from each other, it was supposed to be that way, but well not so yet, but we're working on it, so there we aim to give information about what kind of data is needed for different types of plasma applications, where you can find data, you know data sources, you know online databases, data centers, you know there are many data centers, not many, but there are data centers, national data centers around the world, they maintain their databases and also there are code centers, you know people who make codes and their kind of information was supposed to be in these wiki pages. We have a like database search engine called Gini, so what it does is it goes out to several databases and find information like radiative transition probabilities or electron cross sections, so for example if I want to get transition probabilities of carbon four, we have lengths of one, two, let's make it like 10 to 100, and then if I click this then it's going to go to all this nine, is it nine, yeah nine databases it'll collect all the information from them, it's thinking, it's connecting, it's waiting, okay so now you see that there are results, there's no results from there, okay, okay there is text W3 which is in Russia, they have all these things, all these lines listed and also the one from ChemDB which is in China, they also have some results, so this is one way that you can get data, okay that was Gini and also we maintain online codes and also data that was generated by code, so there are several places like there's electron impact excitation cross sections for any ion and configuration or there is a heavy particle collision code for excitation ionization charge exchange for bare nucleus on hydrogen target and also this is effective ionization recombination rate code generated by Los Alamos code and also we hosted the data that was generated by Los Alamos people using their code on silicon, chlorine and argon and also we have some flight check collision radio code results so you can use flight check online at NIST but if you want to just get chart state distribution or radio loss rate you can just go to this page and also there is electron impact excitation ionization cross section calculated by the atom akm code in Russia, levidive I think and also we have we have generated effect results it's about 30 gigabytes from helium to silicon like silicon atoms, so let's say if you go to the flight check web page at NIST at IAEA you can click on one of these sort of periodic table and then it shows for example if you click on tungsten you get every chart state radio loss rate and also you can get chart state distribution and also ray collisions you can just download it and use it for your work the fact code we generated about it from helium to silicon ions and also we are working on a thing called fly fact project so it uses c-fect data you know that FD made so it's based on SQL format and the Fortran 90 code 95 will calculate the chart state distribution and level population of the c-fect data it's almost there it's been there for a while but and it just I just need to debug it and then put it on the on the web page so it's something to be coming in the future there are other data for example there's a frame counter factors for hydrogen molecules these these numbers are very important for tokamak plasmas and so on so yeah and also we distribute codes so so you can download graph2k from our our web page or from NIST you only need to just click on on the agree I mean people people have a hard time somehow downloading I'll just show you how to do it so you go to graph2k and then you know you go to license agreement you accept then you can download any of those let me just show you what los almos codes data and so this was generated by people in los almos if you go to argon then you can download argon atomic data but if you look at the the configurations these are the configurations that are included in this atomic data so yeah you can use it and for fact data oh yeah for fact actually the source codes are available from github but you can also look at this input guidelines this is what mingu wrote for us so this gives you some tips how to write your input file for fact codes fact data because yeah there are little things that you want to know to make the code work better yeah and then also there are atomic sort of um let me see I can show you some of the input is there any good maybe yeah so this is the um the fact input file in python interface and you can use this also to generate your fact data you know you you set up atoms and then you set up your configuration sets um you have to optimize it structure to get levels level energies and then well there are many other steps yeah this was written by mingu so it's something to check out and you can also get the radiation transition probability and you get um t r is there yeah the the radiation trans um transition radiation okay um let me see I'm trying to find the critical excitation are we still at the transition probability I think we are okay um maybe not okay so here's ci ah yeah yeah yeah yeah right oh yeah r r is the rated recombination oh yeah here it says it's doing ci and r r I guess I missed it somewhere anyway check it out so there are some input file and also there are input file for uta if you want to do the configuration average model um using fact there is a python input file also for z-band split levels for those who are working on tokamaks they want to look at the z-band splitting so you can use this um input file or some some people want to do polarization spectroscopy and here's an input file for polarization and one can actually do the cr model calculations using fact code also so you can use those and um as I said we we um generate all the data already for you so you can just download it and use it for yours okay so we do that um let me see I think that's it oh that was my last slide okay so um again you know IAE has a lot of interesting activities going on and so we had a similar workshop two years ago so this is our school but like two years ago in 2015 we also had a school and workshop and then we had a we have the presentation and lecture notes from that time so you can check it out there also like professor kun that was there also last time yeah so we're gonna have similar lecture notes um presentation available through this web page so check it out okay now we're gonna move on to uh dr delvena and Yuri is going to introduce okay yeah okay so thank you very much for to the organizers so giving you this opportunity I mean whenever there is a workshop in Italy I try to I try to chip in because I'm Italian of course I love to come back to Italy and I've lived for 20 years in England I'm missing good coffee and and good food that I'm sure you have enjoyed during these days so yes this is me in case you've been wondering you know who was this strange person you know going around without without the thing um I thought you might be interested some of you especially in doing some astrophysical work in some resources that some of you might find useful that's my email address this presentation I'll send by email to the organizers so they can be put together with the other ones so you don't have to take notes I have different hearts but the main heart that I have today is about Chianti database which was mainly developed to um to study spectra we started by a group of people about 20 years ago to we were interested in studying solar spectra in this from the extreme ultra valid you see an example here or in the x-rays where plasma are optically thin you have an image of the solar corona which is very typical on the left but optically thin collisionally ionized plasmas are also you know very common in all nebulae supernova remnants intra cluster inter cluster of galaxies and so these plasmas are very very easy to study so as I said this is a group of people that developed the Chianti database I'm one of the members that's the main web address Chianti database maybe if I have a minute I will show you later we provide atomic data but also programs in terms of atomic data they're actually included what we put in we try to find the best atomic data for ions but our atomic data are also included in many other databases the main one that I'm sure the Yuri will talk about later is VAMDC this is a this is a network of about 30 databases worldwide that we put together with some European funding so that's in terms of atomic and molecular databases I think VAMDC is the most comprehensive set of the most comprehensive resource that you can you can think of we do assess the data we publish a referee paper about it and we have details about what we what we think are the best why we think that the various atomic data are the best so the nice thing about astrophysical plasmas that you can forget about all those complications that the previous speakers told talk to you about about radiative transfer of that and opticality in plasma extremely easy the intensity is proportional to the population of the upper level all you need is the traditional probabilities the a values and what we do is in terms of level populations we solve the level populations within an ion taking into account all the population in the populating processes and then separately we we we take into account the charge state distribution at the moment what we do is something very simple we calculated in anization equilibrium using low densities values these are the source of data that we have we have various files or in ASCII one is the energies we have observed and theoretical energies for the ions we have the radiative data and also we have maximum average the ion electron collision strengths and we have the same from protons we also have all the rates to calculate the charge state distribution so we have direct electron impact ionization the electron recombination radiative recombination we have the cross sections and the rates and we provide the programs of people can actually use these rates and and and do and whatever they want to do we improve the NIST wavelengths I mean we start normally from NIST but in some for some of the important ions we actually try to improve the NIST wavelengths and we change the format so we actually publish now the in the latest release which was published recently one year ago we actually published the actual rates as published not some feats as we were used to do before we also have a possibility to include photo excitation in the level population and also non-maxed ion electron distributions but as I said the main limitation is the the fact that we we assume that the plasma is anization equilibrium at the moment so most people what they do they use these programs that we wrote in in IDL for example this is one case you define you take you take an ion in this case oxygen oxygen 5 for plus you define a density range a specific temperature electron temperatures for which you want to calculate the emissivities you calculate the emissivities of all the spectral lines within the ion and then you can take the ratio them and from the simple ratio within lines of the same ion you see that some of these transitions depend from the density in a different way from these ratios then you you can measure directly the electron density in the same thing you can do it with temperature and the other thing which Chianti has been very very popular with a lot of people is that we also provide a simple way to calculate a spectrum in any wavelengths including the continuum and I also developed some python user interfaces which are basically the same kind of thing it will be soon very soon available we have a google group so if you're interested you can sign up to this google group this is the similar in the sense that you can see the emissivity of the spectral lines on again from oxygen 5 as a function of density and or as a function of temperature now very quickly I'm going to put another hat because I'm also a member of a team of atomic physicists they are here is called the APAP UK network and we've been providing basic rates and cross sections for the fusion community through for example ADAS some of you have probably heard about the ADAS atomic database and and also we provide this data to to the Chianti atomic database and for most actually databases around the world the recent in the last few years we worked on all these sequences and my main contribution has been to calculate cross sections for electronic citation so these very difficult coronal iron ions in a sequence of of papers and I'll just show you an example of what it means basically you did these are very large scales including principal quantum numbers up to four and five and they were necessary because I was particularly interested in the soft x-rays this is a this is a spectrum in the soft x-rays and in green you see the atomic data that we had in Chianti before until a few years ago 2012 and we were actually missing most of these lines because these are transitions formed by iron ions from the principal quantum number and equals to four with the new distorted wave data that we work out we calculated it flexible atomic code but even we replaced them with our math is scattering data then we have a much better and complete set of atomic data about this and this large-scale calculation also improved a lot measurements of densities for example this is a plot of the densities obtained from ratios of different lines in the stream of travel at from solemn some solar spectra in version 7 we measure the density of about 10 to the 10 to the 9 or something like that but just changing the atomic data and this was actually a surprise we didn't expect this we actually find using the same observations if I'm much lower densities bringing into agreement basically the observations this is just just an example so that's it a few if you if I have another couple of minutes yes yeah I can show you quickly this is just the web page of our Chianti database and you can find the data the programs you can find the the references and and the details the papers but for me this is what I developed you have you have also of course the user guides for me a very useful thing is to have the direct access to the data files so I'm going to be biased I'm going to choose an ion that I've been working on iron 10 for example iron 9 plus so you see if you you have the links to the actual files these ascii files that I told you about so you can actually directly get the energies and the relative data everything you want and you also had the references to the actual papers and some comments about what is in the database so you have the first file is the energy the second one is the radiative data we have the electron collisional data and the proton collisional data we also have tables of line emissivities and things like that this is the VAMDC portal but I think that Yuri will probably mention it so this is a this is a portal where you can access atomic and molecular data from 30 databases around the world some of the links some of the searches don't work properly but most of them should work this is the the web page of this UK app of network where we've been calculating things corner balance was here during earlier on during the week so he probably taught to you about about these sort of calculations that we've been running with these are matric codes in terms of electron ions scattering if you go there are various links to where you can find the data you can find the codes and for example in terms of atomic data these are matric codes are all in these directories organized by organized by us electronic sequences and finally this is the open edas which I mentioned where also these the data that we calculate they go to and the open edas is quite nice because he has all sorts of all sorts of atomic data you can see all these classes of of data where you can find relative data rates for excitation you also have effective effective rates calculated for unitization and and recombination taking into account density effects all sorts of things so this is another useful resource thank you any quick questions good but anyway as I said I'll I'll send the PDF file so you can all the links to these resources okay so we'll continue from the point left at my lecture I want to show you in a few more details the interface for plasma interactive okay so that's the well you don't see it but it will be published or you can find it easily in the google just write the plasma formulary interactive and you'll find that link Afon's okay okay here you have in the home page of this utility there is a user guide you can download which means just you take get a zip file you unpack and then run index or whatever html it's a javascript utility there is a reference paper with a link and well license in the group of the clients so let's do some interesting more or less realistic calculations let's take 10 to the 14 I am going to to to enter plasma conditions say for tokamak diverter okay I don't know for easy okay so it will be deeterium same temperature same density radiator again talking about deeterium I don't put here a percentage of the radiator because all plasma is homogeneous in this case uh okay and say uh some high uh bilmer line okay and let's put also typical five tesla magnetic field let's see what can we get with very fast calculations or estimates so the most important at least for me as a line shape guy is anything that goes into the energy uh you can get transition energy and natural line widths which is very small of course for hydrogen or deeterium fine structure estimate by the way you have here a kind of documentation which loads Wikipedia directly for time being I will uh and select this option because I don't want it to interfere with this short stock well Doppler and let's switch to centimeters minus one you can use also atomic units and different energies which is not so convenient for for for line broadening but for other stuff in the energy folder it is okay so okay so Doppler estimate of the Zeeman splitting stark and you can get separately contributions if you are ever interested due to the electrons due to ions and uh radiators in which in our case radiators are neutral so there is no uh contribution of course uh you can compare different things if you are if you want to for example let's compare uh Doppler I don't add to favorites uh Zeeman and total stark now you can go to compare and see these uh entities that you selected in a table and you can also sort according to the value and see that the most important for that line for that conditions would be stark which is uh two times larger than Zeeman but they're comparable and also comparable to the Doppler and next thing you likely to to explore is to to see how these values would change if you vary one of the parameters that's very density and I'm going to change it two times in each direction and you see them so as density goes up the of course the Zeeman and the Doppler uh effects remain the same but stark goes up another uh we we we were talking about uh continuum lowering so another entity of interest is minimal energy distance with the distance to the next neighboring level well we can also add it and go back here and you see it's of course orders of magnitude larger which means this line that we were selected a Balmer 8 to 2 will be very far from the continuum lowering but let's see which line we actually can see for this condition the last one let's try to increase it maybe 11 and see okay it's still far from the continuum lowering 12 13 still okay so probably 15 will be the last one yes okay so already for density of 1.5 10 to the 14 particles per cubic centimeter the uh stark broadening will become comparable to the distance to the next level which means that's the last uh line you will see okay and you're welcome to explore all other options here all other entities there is a lot of them uh there are dimensionless like coupling parameters beta for again that's for Takamak people also from atomic uh uh date from atomic physics stuff like oscillator strengths you can get that value for the for the select transition I forgot to mention everything is calculated assuming hydrogenic approximation which you you you must check one uh possibility to check by the way is to go to uh again to the energy and see the fine structure if fine structure is much smaller than the stark broadening that you know you are in the safe region when you can safely use this utility if fine structure becomes larger is larger than the stark then do not use it okay well uh a lot of entities like the in lens it's the by lens and gyro radios again you can add this for comparisons go back here to compare and now you see these entities of the dimension of lens and you can switch back to energy you see them back and uh the cleanse and here also you can plot as a function of density but you can also see how it behaves if you vary magnetic field okay let's uh you can say that about uh two tesla there would be some interest in effect when the by and the by lens and gyro radios becomes comparable well etc you are welcome to explore this utility quite a few resources on the web related to um to atomic physics and and plasma spectroscopy certainly within the next 10 to 15 minutes I will not be able to cover all them at all so um let me let me let me start with simple statement that you already heard a few times if you want to build a collision related model normally it requires a lot of atomic data now you cannot find all the data that is required for a good model in atomic databases uh they're simply it's it's really let's say of course if you if you have kianti kianti is already collision related model with the data with the the same as well as for flagship but if you want to build something uh of of yours almost impossible you have to run cause yourself however what you can find online is the uh data to compare results of some of your calculations again so let's start with the simple thing for instance we want to uh calculate ionization cross section from uh single nice neon and for this I'll be using the uh los alamos interface that you saw we were running for atomic structure okay so I'm going to the same page okay now not one atomic structure can be calculated here but also excitation ionization so here we proceed with cross section calculation um okay so let's speak ionization let's speak configuration mode which means we're not talking about fun structure levels but just about configuration to make everything simple okay now we have to choose the ion and let's take neon one plus single ionized and we go to configuration selection by default the interface offers us two configurations which obviously are the ground configuration for both ions of course neutral neon is 2p6 so single analysis 2p5 double analysis 2p4 and this is exactly what we need in principle it's possible to add more configurations here but let's just restrict ourselves to what we have here all right next step uh the program has calculated the structure parameters and the calculated ionization energy for this configuration to a square 2p5 is approximately 42 electron volts well the good point here is to compare it with the recommended data and if we go to the NIST database a unexpected database with access to ionization energies you'll find that the actually measured value is approximately 41 eb so the difference only one out of 42 which is certainly good and therefore let's continue with calculation now on the next page you can choose different methods and different parameters for your actual calculation so let's say we will have energy units for cross section calculation and threshold units which is reasonably good will put maximum number of 20 energy points to calculate cross section let's say that's probably now there are three methods here to choose from one is the distorted wave method which should work pretty well for for ions then there are two somewhat simplified methods scale hydrogenic and binary encounter method by the way on the entry page there are manuals on all components of the of the of this package so you can read them and check what each of these mean but basically let's pick all three of these and run the code okay so it's running and here's the result scaled hydrogenic binary encounter and distorted wave ionization now okay we have three methods three cross sections how we're doing now to answer this question we can use one of the collision databases that are available and probably this is the best because it's the most comprehensive this is the database developed at the national institute for fusion sciences in in uh japan the address is db sheen or dbs h i n o dot nibs dot ac dot jp it's also not one database but several databases including for instance all parts from the ia alady and differential cross sections from our molecules ion abundance tables for different types of calculation but at this point let's just try to find where ionization cross sections are so we enter the database and it offers us quite a number of actual numerical databases certainly we picking up the ionization and here we we will be looking for a singly ionized neon so the element will be neon initial ionization state will be one let's just go ahead with with this choice and we're looking for cross sections okay here what it finds 13 records for single ionization one electron comes two electrons go out two records for double ionizations one electron comes three electrons go out so of course we pick single ionization because this is what we calculated these two options give uh bibliographic information but we actually want numerical data so we select this option ask to display and this is the result of what it found in in in the database all these papers we want graphical display to look at at the data now the automatic modes for to scale x and y axis may not be very convenient a priority so let's pick linear for y logarithmic for x and let's see what we got here okay it's a little bit small but nonetheless you can see that there's a lot of data now the legend here has letters e or t at the end and of course it means experiment of theory so and of course you can see that there are uncertainties given here for experimental data these green open circles this is some theory going up but let's say that we accept that at the peak of cross section which is approximately at 200 electron volts the cross section here is slightly over 3 10 to the minus 17 here's the scale okay how are we doing for our las almas calculation uh the scaled hydrogenic ionization has peak at 1.9 electron volts and you remember actually we have it at 200 oh excuse me this is x value let's let's quickly recalculate so we will we will ask for the output in electron volts yeah that that would be too little so it would be about 80 100 okay now the the units are correct so energy in the peak is reached at approximately 93 electron volts actual peak experimental is at 200 so it's way off the value the actual value of cross section 5.6 10 to the minus 17 slightly above them 3.2 or whatever it might be so not not too good now binary encounter reaches the peak value of 8.2 10 to the minus 17 which is way above the measured value at slightly higher energy which is 110 ev approximately but the distorted wave ionization results reaches the peak at 170 200 between 170 200 ev with a value of slightly below 4 10 to the minus 17 and remember this was the simplest calculation we just took two configurations in random so it seems that the distorted wave ionization result is probably the best now let's find out what we have at IEA and for this we go to the IEA MDs data Aladdin database which can be reached again through all this stuff that he showed you we are talking about electron collisions we're talking about ionization we're picking up reactant one which is neon we start with neon plus one and then we try to find all available data for this science so there are four sets of data let's speak second and third we go to numerical data here's the tables of data and here the plots okay now one set of results goes practically to where we to what we calculated was Los Alamos here the other one goes way below now the difference is that this ionization is of the 2p electron but this red one actually is from the 2p electron and I didn't point it out but that explains the difference in cross-section now why we agree so well with this black curve well that cross-section was also calculated with Los Alamos code which is which means that Los Alamos code works generally pretty well now let me then say just a few words about kind of data that we have at NIST in addition to the atomic spectro database there is a big program on production of physical reference data and you can find not only atomic spectroscopy data but molecular spectroscopy physical constant the periodic table here is practically the same as this one that please don't forget to pick it up except that online we already have new names for the four elements here from 113 to 118 now for atomic spectroscopy data in addition to atomic specter database we also have few others but I would like to emphasize as strongly as possible the importance of bibliographic databases the data that come to the atomic specter database first are evaluated by scientists and unfortunately we don't have as many people working on this as we would like therefore although data can be produced calculated it takes long on time actually to reach atomic specter database and this is what Julia was talking about today they take data from NIST but this data may be really old simply because we don't have enough resources to update it however the data that propagates to the bibliographical database so better say bibliographic references to the data is updated almost daily so for instance if we go to the atomic energy levels and spectra bibliographic databases and we display the search form as you see it was last updated two days ago so we actually have semi-automatic system that downloads papers analyzes and then scientists spent not not too much time basically confirming what this automatic system found and what what it has so if we are talking about for instance something like singly ionized neon you see it finds 231 references and some of them are from 2015-14 and this is kind of data that hopefully does reach atomic specter database but not immediately and finally Julia also mentioned that you mentioned the virtual atomic and molecular data center this is kind of organization that now it's a consortium that tries to develop methods to retrieve data simultaneously from various databases quite powerful and a lot will be developed in the future okay let me stop at this point and we will continue we'll start at 225 at the at the computer room


Out of all teams, Orlando Brown Jr. He had to go to the Bengals. Team keeping clean. His freelance in the building. What's going on? Orlando Brown Jr. former chief. But before that, he was a former Baltimore Raven. He is signing what's said to be a four-year deal with the Cincinnati Bengals for $64 million and changed. And that comes with a $31 million signing bonus. So if we just break down the $64 million for four years, that's $16 million per year. Nice chunk of change for Orlando Brown Jr. who has been trying to get something worked out for the longest. He tried to get something worked out for a couple of years with the chiefs. It didn't work with the Baltimore Ravens when he was there. Everybody knew that he wasn't going to get paid for them because they had already paid Ronnie Stanley. So they weren't going to pay Ronnie Stanley as a left tackle and Orlando Brown Jr. who said he was a left tackle as well, they weren't going to be paying two left tackles. And a lot of us figured that they weren't even going to pay him as a right tackle either. But I'm happy for Orlando Brown Jr. man. He waited this thing out. He was patient with it. He tried to get it done previously, but it just didn't work out. But now he gets his bread and he goes to a really good team too with the Cincinnati Bengals. The Cincinnati Bengals a couple of years ago, they knew their offensive line was really bad. It was all kinds of bad. But they still made it to the Super Bowl. So what do they do the following year? They up the offensive line. It didn't work out all the way, but it got a little better. But it still has some, excuse me, some rough patches here and there, but it didn't quite work out the way that they had hoped. So now they're like, you know what? We're going to try again. And we're going to try again with somebody who we are very familiar with. Like the Bengals are extremely familiar with Orlando Brown Jr. Like, think about this. He got drafted to the Ravens in what? 2018? He got drafted to the Ravens. So the Bengals got to go against him twice a year. Twice a year for a while. And then the Ravens, like again, just to recap the story, Ronnie Stanley, he got hurt. And when Ronnie Stanley would get hurt, Orlando Brown Jr. They would move him over the left tackle. And he did pretty good there. But again, we knew that he wasn't going to get paid from the Ravens. And they ended up trading him to the Chiefs. I'm like, man, you really made a strong team strong. But anyway, they traded him to the Chiefs. And now, so they go from playing Orlando Brown Jr. twice a year to playing Orlando Brown Jr. Like twice a year again, because you know these Bengals, they end up seeing the Chiefs every year twice a year because they played them in the regular season. Then they turn around and end up playing them in the playoffs like every year now. So they got to see a lot of Orlando Brown Jr. So you get to see his highs, you get to see his lows, you get to see everything in between. So they are extremely familiar with this guy. So now they turn around and they sign them. So they definitely got to get a scouting report multiple times. They got plenty of scouting reports on them. But this is a good sign for them. And this is a good move for him as well. Joe Burrow, he, they got some wonderful weapons over there in Cincinnati. So with Orlando Brown Jr. as a left tackle. And they said this is for him to play left tackle, not right tackle, but as a left tackle, as offensive lineman really, if your quarterback is going to be getting the ball out of his hands quick, like he got a lot of options to get the ball out of his hand quick. So there's going to be times when Orlando Brown Jr. he won't have to hold up so long and whatnot. But this should be, it should be a pretty good fit for him. So I'm pretty sure it's going to work out. And with Orlando Brown Jr. like, this was one of the last big things in my opinion that he had to accomplish. He got drafted. He got drafted a little later because he's probably a higher pick, maybe a first, second round pick, but he had a bad combine. So that dropped him. So Ravens took advantage of that. They drafted him and it ended up going good. But then again, they weren't going to pay him. So he went to the Chiefs and they tried to work it out. They had been negotiating for years, but they just couldn't get it done. So now he's a Super Bowl champion. He's a Super Bowl champion. And that's like, that's something that not a lot of people can say. But anyway, he's a Super Bowl champion, but he couldn't quite get his brand. He played on the franchise tag for Kansas City. Couldn't get his brand from there. Then last week, the report came out that, oh, the Chiefs are gonna let Orlando Brown Jr. test free agency. Well, they let him test it and now he's with the bingo. So now he gets his big payday. So he's just been accomplishing everything over these past couple of years. His career has just been moving. It's been elevating, it's been taking off. So I'm happy for Orlando Brown Jr. So now he's going to some good teams in the AFC. Like back when the Ravens were a lot better back then when he was on there. And then he went to the Chiefs and they obviously are great. And he was on there. And even before he was on there, they were great too. But then he went, he's going to the Bengals. And the Bengals have been great for these past couple of years. So, hey man, shout out to Orlando Brown Jr. because he's just going from winning to winning and now his bank account is making him win even more.


Wrote this quick rap tonight. So who's gonna try to record it. I don't know if I'm up for it, but That's not what I mean better believe only promoted for keeping the peace not come people progressing every hard bars when I'm At that. All right Anyway, let me know what you think. Oh Yeah, the beats by you know the beats in the description lyrics in description. I got up at the board I got upload this. I don't know what I'm gonna do. I don't think about it anymore, but uh, alright, I'll stop Thanks guys. Love you everybody do what you want. Please don't let anybody tell you different. That's so cliche and cheesy. Bye


We take a step back and remind ourselves what we've done for the rigid rotor so far. We started out by saying our rotating rigid object has no potential energy. We'd only expect its potential energy to change as it rotates. That was enough plus use of spherical polar coordinates to derive some wave functions for the rigid rotor and the energy levels for the rigid rotor. We can use those energy levels to obtain a partition function. And then the next step, which we haven't done yet, is to use that partition function to calculate various thermodynamic properties. We can calculate the energy, the pressure, the entropy, anything for which we have a thermodynamic connection formula. We can calculate thermodynamic properties from the partition function. So we do in fact know what that partition function is for the rigid rotor, at least under classical conditions. It takes this simple form. When the temperature is large compared to the rotational temperature of the diatomic molecule, it takes this form for heteronuclear diatomics. Or remember, if we want to allow homonuclear diatomics, we need that symmetry factor in the expression as well. So that's our task right now is to use that partition function and some thermodynamic connection formulas to calculate properties. And we could do that with our small q partition function. That would tell us the thermodynamic properties for a single molecule of a gas. As usual, when we talk about gases, we're more interested in a collection of many molecules. We're talking about n molecules of a gas that are all indistinguishable from one another. Then the partition function for those n identical and indistinguishable molecules would be little q to the n divided by n factorial since they're indistinguishable. And we can, so I've got 1 over n factorial t over theta raised to the nth power. And I can either include the symmetry factor or not. If the symmetry factor, I won't include the symmetry factor. It won't end up changing our result. But if the symmetry factor is included, it would show up in here as 1 over sigma to the n as well. So what do we do with that? If we want to know a property like the internal energy, then we need to remember what the thermodynamic connection formula is that connects the partition function to the energy. And that connection formula tells us just take d log q dt multiplied by k d squared. That'll give us the internal energy. So I want to know what is the temperature derivative d dt of log q. So log q is a product of multiple terms raised to some power. So log of this partition function, log of 1 over n factorial is minus log of n factorial. Log of t to the n is n log t. Log of 1 over theta to the n is minus n log theta. So I need the temperature derivative of everything here in brackets. There are not many temperatures here. Only the log t involves the temperature. All the other terms don't involve t. Theta rotational is called a temperature, but that's just a constant. That's a number that describes an individual molecule. So the derivative of that constant is 0. The derivative of n with respect to t is 0. The derivative of everything but this log t is 0. So this derivative is, I've got a kt squared out front. And then the temperature derivative of log t is 1 over t. And I've got an n multiplying that term that I need to include as well. So this 1 over t cancels one of these factors in the t squared. And I've left with, let me put the n out front, n times k times t. So it turns out the internal energy for my box containing n, identical and indistinguishable diatomic molecules. This energy is n kt. The, if I want an intensive energy, divide by the number of molecules. And I get kt, or if I prefer, rt since k and r are the same quantity. Let me point out that the energy that we're talking about, this is the rotational energy of the molecules, because we're talking about the rotational partition function. What I mean by the rotational energy will be more clear in just a second. So our answer is that this energy per mole is kt or rt. We've already seen, let's say, we already know something about monatomic ideal gas molecules from when we studied the 3D particle in a box. We got a similar but not identical answer before. For monatomic ideal gases that we described with the 3D particle in a box, we found that the internal energy was 3 halves rt. Now we found rt. The reason for the difference between these two and the reason I'm saying monatomic ideal gases for what we described with the particle in a box, let me draw a small cartoon here of some gas molecules in a box. If I have monatomic gases like argon or neon or helium that just bounce around in this box, the only type of energy they have is kinetic energy. The only type of kinetic energy they have is this translational energy as their center of mass moves around the box, as the atom itself moves around the box. On the other hand, if I have a diatomic molecule like N2 or O2 HCl, those molecules can also translate and bounce around the box, but they can also rotate. So the energy that these molecules have is one portion that's translational energy that comes from the particle in a box, and another portion that's rotational. And that's the part we've just figured out the answer to. So the rotational energy in particular, the energy that we get by describing the molecule as stationary but spinning, is rt. So a diatomic molecule has an internal energy not of 3 halves rt, but of this 3 halves rt from bouncing around in the box, translational energy, and an extra factor of rt from its rotational energy, so a total energy of 5 halves rt. So now, finally, these expressions are beginning to agree with what you may have learned in a previous chemistry course, like general chemistry. The energy of a monatomic ideal gas is 3 halves rt, diatomic ideal gas is 5 halves rt. If we also calculate the heat capacities, constant volume heat capacity, remember, is du dt. Just take the temperature derivative of these expressions and the temperature goes away. We've already known that the heat capacity of a monatomic ideal gas with the 3D particle in a box tells us that's 3 halves rt. Now we find that for a diatomic ideal gas, it's 5 halves rt, 3 halves of which comes from the translational energy, particle in a box energy, one factor of r of which comes from the rotational contribution to the energy. We also know about a monatomic ideal gas that pressure times volume equals rt. So the energy and the heat capacity both changed when we started including rotational motion. So let's see what happens to the pressure of an ideal gas when we include this rotational motion. And to do that, we need to know, we need to back up to this portion, this step, and begin with another thermodynamic connection formula. This was the thermodynamic connection formula for the energy. The thermodynamic connection formula that lets us calculate the pressure is similar. Not kt squared, it's kt. Not d dt, but d dv, the volume derivative of log q. So I need to take the volume derivative of the same log q, the same quantity in brackets that we have discussed before. So that's minus log n factorial, maybe a log of a 1 over sigma to the n, which I'm not including, a plus n log t minus n log theta. Theta, OK. So I need to take the volume derivative of this quantity in parentheses. And that's even easier than the last derivative. There's no volumes that appear in here anywhere. The number of molecules in the gas doesn't depend on the volume. The rotational constant of the gas doesn't depend on the volume. None of these quantities depend on what the volume is. So the volume derivative of this quantity is 0. So the pressure of a diatomic gas is 0. Does that make sense? It does if you remember that this is the rotational contribution to the pressure. This is the extra contribution to the pressure that comes from the fact that this molecule is rotating. The pressure, the force per unit area we feel on the wall when the gas collides with the wall, that all comes from the translational energy. The fact that it's rotating as it collides with that wall doesn't affect the pressure. It may. Here's a diatomic molecule about to collide with the wall. If it happens to be spinning in this direction, it might have a little bit extra kick as it hits the wall. But equally often, it's spinning the other way, and its kick is a little bit reduced as it hits the wall. So on average, the contribution to the pressure from the rotational motion of the molecule is 0 as the thermodynamic connection formula has told us. So for a diatomic molecule, it's also true that PV equals nRT, pressure times molar volume is equal to RT for a diatomic gas, which has this rotational contribution as well. So the rotational contribution has changed the energy and the heat capacity. It has not changed the ideal gas law, the ideal gas equation of state. So this tells us about the rotational contributions to the energy, heat capacity, and pressure. We haven't yet talked about the vibrational contribution. So in addition to rotating, this molecule, a diatomic molecule, also has a vibrational degree of freedom. The bond length can change. We've ignored that bond length when we talked about a rigid rotor. But the next step will be to continue this analysis and do some more quantum mechanics, feeding eventually into thermodynamic properties and see what affect the vibrational properties of the molecule has. So that's coming up next.


Beginning in the early 1760s, groups like the Sons of Liberty conspired together to produce an organized and formalized resistance movement, challenging British rule in the colonies. Many of them in their ilk with vested interests in property claims and stability joined the Continental Congress and a temporary coalition with common rebellious and leveling people across the colonies. This first Patriot coalition helped win the war, but the second, far more aristocratical, conservative, centralizing, power-friendly coalition was already busy about its work. Welcome to Liberty Chronicles, a project of libertarianism.org. I'm Anthony Cumegna. Through the late 1770s and 1780s, the old class of colonial political elites and a small set of voters replaced their colonial charters with state constitutions. These were liberal little governments indeed, at least for the anti-slavery ones, mainly in New England, but make no mistake about it. Common people everywhere still had virtually the same rulers, but those rulers were now totally unshackled from abroad. It's a lot like if you're living with your landlord and he's also the mayor. All that remained was conquering the domestic spirit of revolution, so unfortunate during the late disturbance. Old world notions of deference, gentility, and natural aristocracy took on a new significance. Once there was a new ruling elite, they didn't die out after the revolution. They were still important, after all, if you expected to rule over a good portion of several million people. Battles for this kinds of hegemony and culture and politics in the 1780s and 90s resulted really in the great myth that something changed with Jefferson's Revolution of 1800. In fact, political elites just accommodated themselves to the idea of democracy, just as the populace had accommodated itself to a new set of old rulers and rules. The old divisions didn't disappear, but for many people they were less important than the more immediately identifiable fruits of independence. But independence for whom and toward what end? The Hartford Whits were a set of intellectuals in Litterati based out of Connecticut, and they were busy spearheading the development of what they considered a respectable American culture. The Whits thought that Europe was not to be derided, that we should respect our European heritage, even copy it. Improve on it as much as we can. They've been criticized by historians, just like they were by contemporaries then, for being derivative, unoriginal, contemptuous of common people and the wave of democracy surrounding the United States. They were on the losing side of history, we might say. Yet we libertarians may find their critique of democracy strangely familiar. We have much the same kinds of chidings and deridings for the great mob. In the Anarchiad, the Hartford Whits present their newspaper audience with a fictional set of ancient texts, disguised as American antiquities. The texts describe titanic battles between the forces of the practically satanic old Anarch and Hesper, daughter of the evening and nymph of the West. Anarch's attempts at global chaos are situated squarely within the American political and physical geography of the 1780s, and the supposedly ancient texts are really very thinly veiled commentaries on the stupidity of common people and the need for a powerful central state. Anarchiad, a New England poem by David Humphries, Joel Barlow, John Trumbull, and Lemuel Hopkins, 1786-1787. In visions fare the scenes of fate unroll, and Massachusetts opens on my soul. Their chaos, Anarch old, asserts his sway, and mobs in myriads blacken all the way. See day's stern port, behold the martial frame of Shays and Shaddock's mob-compelling name. See the bold Hampshireites on Springfield poor, the fierce Tontonians crowd the alewife shore, or concord fields the bands of discord spread, and war stir trembles at their thundering tread. See from proud Egremont the woodchuck train, sweep their dark files and shade with rags the plain. Low the court falls, the affrighted judges run. Clerks, lawyers, sheriffs, every mother's son, the stocks, the gallows, lose the expected prize. See the jails open and the thieves arise, thy constitution chaos is restored. Law sinks before thy uncreating word. Thy hand unbars the unfathomed gulf of fate, and deep in darkness welms the newborn state. Fearful for the future, worrisome for the economy, the wits were concerned especially with places like Rhode Island, seemingly rogue states, unbeholding to any superior power who would print money at will and ruin their sister economies in neighboring states so that they could more easily pay off their own debts. The Anarchiad dwells especially on the issue of paper money, so important during these raucous times. The readers of newspapers through the several states in which the two first numbers of American antiquities have been published will doubtless remember that the subject of paper money was more than once mentioned. That subject forms so beautiful an episode in the Anarchiad that it would be unpardonable not to make extracts from it. All the episodes ought to have some reference to the promotion of the principal action, as the underplots in a regular drama should conspire to the development of the main plot. Such is the superlative advantages of this very poetical digression. For it will scarcely be denied in any part of the United States that paper money in an unfunded and depreciating condition is happily calculated to introduce the long expected scenes of misrule, dishonesty, and perdition. On this point, the citizens of the Union must be considered as competent judges because they are inhabitants of the only country under heaven where paper of that predicament is by compulsory laws made of equal value with golden silver. It is to be remarked that the following speech is addressed by the old Anarch to a council of war consisting of his com peers, his general officers, and counselors of state. Hale, favorite state whose nursing fathers prove their fairest claim to my paternal love, called from the deck with popular votes elate. The mighty Jack Tar guides the helm of state, nursed on the waves in blustering tempests bred, his heart of marble and his brain of lead. My foes subdued while navery winds the day. He rules the Senate with inglorious sway, proud for one year my orders to perform, sails in the whirlwind and enjoys the storm. For our final portion from the Anarchiad, old Anarch himself rises to address his forces, the great amassed powers of mobocracy, ready to flood the new country, drive out Federalists like the Hartford Whits, and claim what they thought always was theirs by right of power and conquest. Hale, realm of rogues renowned for fraud and guile, all hail ye naveries of young little isle. There prowls the rascal, clothed with legal power, to snare the orphan and the poor devour. The crafty nave his creditor besets, and advertising paper pays his debts, bankrupts their creditors with rage pursue. No stop, no mercy from the deader crew. Armed with new tests, the licensed villain bold, presents his bills and robs them of their gold. Their ears, though rogues and counterfeiters lose, no legal robber fears the gallows' noose. Look through the state, the unhellowed ground appears, a pen of dragons and a cave for bears, a nest of vipers mixed with adders' fowl, the screeching nightbird and the greater owl, now unrighteous, a deluge wide, pours round the land an overwhelming tide, and dark injustice, wrapped in paper sheets, rolls a dread torrent through the wasted streets, while net of law the unwary fry draw in, to damning deeds and scarce they know they sin. New paper struck, new tenders made, insult mankind and help the thriving trade. Each weekly print new lists of cheats' proclaims, proud to enroll their navies in their names, the wiser race, the snares of law to shun, like lot from Sodom, from Rhode Island run, bow low ye heavens, and all ye lands draw near. The voice prophetic of great Anarch here, from eastern climes by light and order driven, to me by fate this western world was given, my standard reared, the realm imperial rules, the last asylum for my knaves and fools. Here shall my best and brightest empire rise, wild riot reign and discord greet the skies. Awake my chosen sons in folly brave, stab independence, dance or freedoms grave, sing choral songs while conquering mobs advance, and blot the debts to Holland, Spain and France, till ruin come with fire and sword and blood, and men shall ask where your republic stood. Thrice happy race, how blessed our discord's heirs, blessed while they know what anarchy is theirs, blessed while they feel to them alone tis given, to know no sovereign, neither law nor heaven, from all mankind by traits peculiar known, by frauds and lies distinguished for my known, wonder of worlds, like whom to mortalize, none heir have risen and none heir shall rise, lo the poor Britain who corrupted sold, sees God in courts or hears him chink in gold, the proud empire oft has taught to stray, far as the western world in gates of day, though plagued with debts with rage of conquest cursed. In rags and tender acts he puts no trust, but in the public wheel his own forgets, finds heaven for him who pays the nation's debts. A heaven like London his fond fancy makes, of nectared porter and ambrosial stakes, not so Columbia shall thy sons be known, to prize the public wheel above their own. In faith and justice least as last in birth, their race shall grow a byword through the earth, long skilled to act the hypocritic part, grace on the brow and navery at the heart, perform their frauds with sanctimonious air, despise good works and balance sins by prayer, forswear the public debt, the public cause, cheat heaven with forms and earth with tender laws, and leave the empire at its latest groan, to work salvation out by faith alone, behold the reign of anarchy begun, and half the business of confusion done, from hell's dark caverns discord sounds alarms, blows her loud trump and calls my shays to arms, or half the land the desperate riot runs, and maddening mobs assume their rusty guns. From council's feeble boulder faction grows, the daring corsers and the savage foes, or western wilds, the tawny bands allied, insult the states of weakness and of pride. Once friendly realms unpaid each generous loan, wait to divide and share them for their own, now sinks the public mind, a death-like sleep, or all the torpid limbs begins to creep. By dull degrees decays the vital heat, the blood forgets to flow, the pulse to beat, the powers of life in mimic death withdrawn, closed the fixed eyes with one expiring yawn, exposed in state to wait the funeral hour, lie the pale relics of departed power, while conscience harrowing up their souls with dread, their ghosts of empire stalks without a head. Yet the 1780s was no time of democracy at all, and the Federalists won their battle for supremacy in the emerging central order. They got to build the new state, they got to staff its offices, set much of its policy for the first decade of its existence. They established a national bank, they put in tariffs and excises, they made war against the Indians on the frontier and expanded the country, they built the new court system, they incorporated new states, but really in the 1790s, foreign policy ruled all. America was built on trade after all, and trade could either be a weapon, wielded for idealistic purposes, or it could be a quick route to power, prestige and national prosperity. The French Revolution shocked everyone in 1789 and deeply divided the American population with their own new constitution. The revolution exacerbated all other tensions existing in the domestic sphere. It was a threat of global revolution and instability for some, and for others it was a harbinger that the old regime would always be trying to return. The French were now identified with the universal egalitarian rights of man. The British were identified with the corrupt and calcified aristocracy of the old world. There was a new sort of class theory developing here. It wasn't based on religious principles or possession of wealth or your existence as a master or a slave. This new Jeffersonian version of class theory lumped all exploiters of government power and privilege into the group mushroom aristocrats who surreptitiously and secretly sponged the life force out of other living things, adding it to their own. And then there were all the honest working people, Republicans, yeomans, plebeians. The Jeffersonians called the Hamiltonians monarchists, centralizers, enslavers of the common people. Hamiltonians responded and slandered them as Jacobins, anarchists, Shea's revels in statesman's clothing. Jefferson became the standard bearer for all anti-federalists in the style, Republicans. Washington and Hamilton certainly led the Federalists, but the mantle passed to Vice President John Adams by 1796. Adams narrowly won the election with 71 electoral votes to Jefferson's 68, and it's the only time we've had a President and Vice President from different parties. Here was a developing partisanship forced into the highest levels of government. Federalists took advantage of a third term of British foreign policy and antagonized their political opponents at the same time. In 1798, Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, including the Naturalization Act, which raised the period of naturalization from five to 14 years. The two Alien Acts empowered the President to deport dangerous non-citizens and resident aliens from hostile nations. The Sedition Act criminalized criticism of certain government officials. A significant number of Republicans were recent immigrants. They were subject to deportation. People like Albert Gallatin, a Swiss citizen and key Jeffersonian were also subject to deportation. The Sedition Act criminalized criticism of the President and the Congress, but not the Vice President, Thomas Jefferson. The Republicans smelled the same old Federal rat as before, but the old rules of the 1780s, state sovereignty seemed long gone to many. The anti-Federalist task then was to recover state sovereignty from the Federalist Leviathan and channel popular energy for reform into a political victory. The first part of this program were the so-called Principles of 98 enshrined in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves. Jefferson wrote the Kentucky Resolutions and Madison wrote for Virginia. They argued that the 9th and 10th amendments explicitly reserved to the states the right to interpret the Constitution and remedy all breaches of the compact. It was one of the so-called reserved rights. The states could therefore declare that any acts that violated the Constitution in their view were null and void within those states. And any actions of Congress considered null and void would not be enforced within that state. State legislatures therefore would interpose themselves between over-reaching Federal government and the rights of the average citizen. Then the second part of the program the so-called Revolution of 1800. But whose revolution was this really? Certainly it was not a revolution for the slaves nor women who didn't vote nor Native Americans steadily being pushed further west nor was it much of a revolution in the lives of children that constantly derided perpetual minority that most people are probably scoffing about right now. Nor was it even a revolution for the majority of white males most of whom still either could not or did not vote. The popular vote in 1800 did not exceed 70,000 in a country of 5.3 million.  Reformists minded and very far from the Hartford Whits to be sure but the Jeffersonians were still fundamentally the agents of a different sort of American elite. While these white male mechanics and yeoman farmers made for a far more democratic ruling elite than the great colonial landholders and office workers, they remained relatively content with driving slaves dominating women and children and using the power of government to support their own interests local and relatively liberal as they may have been.


Digital asset news, they get top stories in cryptocurrency and digital assets and a big amount of bite-sized pieces. Let me tell you what's going on in the crypto market in 30 seconds or less. First up, one inch, the decentralized exchange is moving away from Ethereum and onto the Binance Smart Chain. And the reason is because of the extremely high Ethereum fees. What does this mean for Ethereum and Ethereum 2.0 moving forward? We'll talk about that in today's video. On top of that, we've got two extremely large banks moving into the cryptocurrency and digital asset market by allowing for selling, trading and storing of crypto. One is in Germany and one is in Switzerland. What does this mean for the entire market at large? Well, to find out, watch today's full version of the video which I will link in the description below.


This segment is on body-worn videos. I am technically the moderator, although I think we're hoping to have it much more collaborative up here and be able to answer some of your questions. I'm Alex Bustamane. I'm the Inspector General for the Los Angeles Police Department. I want to take a moment to introduce, have my colleagues here introduce themselves. I think the format that we're looking at is they're going to go both give presentations of some of their studies and the findings, and then we're going to end up talking about the findings themselves and work our way through some of at least the things that we find more interesting with this from an academic sense and also from a practical sense. So we have, I think, both those vantage points on this panel. So if I could ask my colleagues to introduce themselves. Sure. So I'm Maria Panamarenko. I'm a fellow at the Policing Project at NYU Law and also an adjunct at the law school. I'm Jennifer Fratello. I'm the Policy Director for the Office of the Independent Monitor in Denver. Should we get started? Sure. Hi everyone. So I'm going to start us off, and as I think we've actually talked a little bit earlier, there's a lot of questions about implementing body-worn camera programs. One big question is what the policies around body-worn cameras should look like, and in particular, what role the public should actually play in deciding what policies should be. So what I want to talk about a bit today is a project that we did in Camden, New Jersey to try to involve the public in formulating the department's body-worn camera policy. So I'll start by just saying a word about the Policing Project and the theory behind our work, and then describe briefly what we did in Camden, and just share a few preliminary thoughts about what we've learned. So the Policing Project is working to bring very basic and in many ways familiar principles of democratic government to policing. What do we mean by that? So we believe that before police act in ways that have an effect on the public, whether it's use force or engage in surveillance, conduct searches or seizures, or in this case, adopt body-worn camera policies, that the public should know what those policies are, that the policies should be written down, and importantly, that the public should have some opportunity to weigh in on those policies before they go into effect. Now, if I was talking about anything other than policing, this would be hardly novel and certainly not at all controversial. It's just how we do things in government. So whether it's your local school board that's deciding whether to adopt a new textbook program, or whether it's the FDA deciding on a new food safety standard, executive agencies write rules and they involve the public in formulating them. But we don't do that in policing for largely historical reasons that I won't get into. But when it comes to policing, we have policies, but rarely are they public and even less often are they formulated with any degree of input from the public. Now, in this recent report, the Task Force on 21st Century Policing suggested that departments carry out precisely the sort of policy engagement that on everything from use of force to police training to bias-free policing, that police departments develop policies and they involve community members in doing so. So we think this is great, but there are some challenges in figuring out how to actually go about it. So I'll just kind of mention a few and then I'll go back to some based on what we actually learned. So first, policing policies are complicated. So there are lengthy policies, they involve a lot of both practical and legal considerations and in order to get meaningful input from the public, departments are going to need to find some sort of way to explain to the public the trade-offs involved. When it comes to policing, the communities that are most affected by policing are not always the communities that either have opportunities to participate in government or are empowered to do so, but for policing in particular, it's essential to find ways to actually get those communities involved. And lastly, doing the sort of engagement is very resource-intensive and so we need to find ways that departments as large as the NYPD or as small as a suburban or even rural agency are able to do it. So what we've been doing is the policing project is working in partnership with law enforcement agencies and communities in different departments across the country to actually develop models or a playbook of sorts for how to do the sort of engagement and to do it on a regular basis, which brings me to our work in Camden. So the police chief in Camden, Chief Scott Thompson, attended a conference at NYU a few months back and he heard about our ideas and thought that this was something that he wanted to try. And so he invited the policing project to help get community input around the department's body-worn camera policy. And in designing the feedback process, what we tried to do is basically model our process off of notice and comment rulemaking, which is how most executive agencies get feedback, but to try to tweak it in ways to get the more kind of broad-based engagement that you want to see. So what did we do? So first, as with traditional notice and comment rulemaking, we worked with the department to post the policy online and we created a portal that basically enabled organizations or individuals to submit written comments. And here we have a comment from the ACLU that they submitted fairly detailed comments in response to the department policy. At the same time, recognizing that most people are not going to want to read a 15-page department policy or necessarily know what to say in response to it, we also created a public survey, which basically asked very specific questions about certain key aspects of body-worn camera policies. So this includes questions about when cameras come on and off, whether officers need to notify people that cameras are recording, and in particular what the policies should be about public access, whether complainants get access and when the public actually gets to see the footage. And in designing the process, we also, as you can see up there, provided for additional comments, and we actually got about a third of respondents who explained their answers or provided additional feedback, which was hugely helpful. We also held two public meetings, and the idea there was to give people an opportunity to ask questions, to share their feedback directly. This was our second of the two forums, our much better attended one. And then finally, we talked to officers who are both stakeholders in this process and who have incredibly valuable feedback about how a policy actually works in the field. So we held a couple focus groups with officers who had been using the policies during a pilot phase and asked them how things had been working out. So once we went through this process, we then prepared a fairly detailed report for the chief, basically summarizing all of the feedback that we received along all of the different policy areas. The chief has looked at the feedback, he's considered it and has indicated to us that he's actually gonna change his policy in some pretty meaningful ways. And now we are in the process of basically preparing a report on behalf of the department explaining what changes the department made in response to comments and in which comments it decided to proceed otherwise and to explain why. And I just wanna emphasize that this last part, which often is the part that doesn't happen, is actually the most important. And in administrative law, it's thought to be crucial to notice and comment rulemaking. It's how we know that an agency actually considered the feedback that it got and it forces agencies to give some sort of principled, rational explanation for why they decided to go a different way. So just, you know, people have asked what kind of feedback we got. We got basically several main categories of input. So people generally favored recording all police encounters or a larger sheriff police encounters, though people were not uniformly in favor of kind of always on policies, which tended to be the feedback we got from civil liberties groups. People also wanted to know generally when cameras were recording. People thought that the subject of the video should get access and people definitely were wondering whether there would be any provision for eventual release of footage, at least for incidents of public concern. So what did we learn from this process? So we learned a few things. So first, the sort of engagement is incredibly complicated and very time consuming. So it's hard to get people to engage. It's hard to get people out there. We went out of our way to reach out directly to community groups. We contacted about a hundred community leaders and groups in the Camden area to get people to participate. And that actually, our second forum was reasonably well attended. We had about 60 people, which for a community the size of Camden is pretty impressive. At the same time, despite the fact that it's a lengthy process, it can be hugely, hugely valuable. So everyone is talking these days about the need for greater engagement. The great thing about engagement around policy is it actually gives people something to talk about. So instead of showing up at a police community meeting and airing generalized grievances, people have something concrete to discuss and they can feel like they're working towards something constructive. And people actually really like to be asked. So at the forum, second forum in particular, we got some very pointed feedback to the department, but the one thing that was kind of uniformly held was that people were glad that the department was doing this, that it was taking public input into account and that it was really taking seriously the views of its community. And finally, people had really great ideas. So I don't wanna speak for the chief, but I actually think the policy is changing in a few not dramatic, but substantial ways that will actually make it a better policy and one that the public will be quite a bit happier with. And the final point I just wanna make, which I started with is that the sort of engagement can be very resource intensive. So one thing that I was hoping to ask my co-panelists is whether oversight agencies like Inspector General's offices, like civilian group view boards could actually help facilitate the sort of process because they often tend to be a little bit better staffed to do the sort of work than maybe the departments themselves. That's it.