Board Certified in Internal Medicine, a card-carrying PhD-level epidemiologist, one of his many areas of expertise is obesity and weight loss. He teaches an undergraduate class in Humbio titled Obesity in America. He's currently close to completing a community-based NIH R01-level intervention targeting weight loss in more than 200 adults in a local underserved community. You'll hear more from him later today. He's going to help lead the discussion about the North Corps, but for now, he'll present some of his current thoughts on community-based research. Thanks, Randy. Well, thanks very much. I'm going to follow on from what Christopher has been talking about in terms of interventions and talk a little bit about vivamosectivos, which is an obesity reduction program in a low-income Latino neighborhood. I want to start this by just referencing a study that was completed in my early days at Stanford. I came here in 2001. And heart to heart was a follow-on study from some work that Bill Haskell and others had started in SPRC. This study was in four health centers. We randomized more than 400 individuals from county health, these county primary care centers. We followed them for 15 months. And we used a intervention that relied on one-in-one case management by nurses and dietitians. We compared these intervention participants to usual care. And what we wanted to do was aggregate as well as we could all cardiovascular risk factors. And one way of doing this was a Framingham risk score. And what we essentially found in this was that if we looked at this Framingham risk probability, that is the likelihood of having a cardiac event over the next 10 years, again, predicted risk. We saw that for usual care, there was an increase in that risk while the case management group, case management to focus on individual cardiovascular risk factors, we saw a reduction in that probability. But I think we also learned some other things. First of all, that risk factor management was really difficult. Those differences I just showed you are at best modest, even though they are statistically significant. And this is especially true when there are co-morbidities present. In fact, the participants and physicians that we were working with were really satisfied by this type of intervention. However, the nurses and dietitians were really expensive. And if we were thinking about sustainability and cost-effectiveness, we needed to think about different ways that we might make the intervention more efficient. And then finally, and perhaps most importantly, we found that participants were really interested in weight loss. But the case managers couldn't focus on this issue, largely because they were so occupied by risk factor management via medications. And then finally, we heard again and again and observed that participants in heart to heart really needed extra help putting the case manager or their primary care physician advice into action. So it's on the basis of these sort of insights that we designed our follow-on study, which we call vivamos activos. And this is cited at one of the four health centers that we studied initially. We have randomized the population of 207 obese, low-income Latino primary care patients. This is a population with low levels of education, most of which was obtained in Mexico. Each of these individuals has at least one inadequately controlled cardiovascular risk factor. We are in the process of following this population for 24 months using two separate interventions. The first is a case management approach, very similar to heart to heart, where we have both one-on-one meetings with participants to try to facilitate weight loss, as well as group sessions that have an informational component as well as a behavioral change component. The second intervention is essentially adding on to that case management intervention, a community health worker home visit where these various implementation barriers are addressed within the participants' home. We also have a comparison group, and you'll note that there's unequal randomization allocation between these three groups, in part because the most important contrast is between the case management with or without the community health worker, but I'll get into another reason for the unequal allocation. Our primary outcome is change in BMI, but we're also looking at a whole host of secondary outcomes, including individual risk factors, some of the mediators that we think may be involved in facilitating weight loss in these patients, and then also very carefully looking at whether we can detect moderators that might predict who is gonna lose more weight within this type of intervention. We are in the process of continuing the intervention. Our last participant was randomized a year ago, so we're following that last cohort of recruits for the next 12 months. In terms of the objectives we have with this study, a lot of this was really focused on using participatory methods to develop this intervention, specifically tailoring it for not only a Latino community, but for the residents of a particular neighborhood. This is a neighborhood that's in unincorporated San Mateo County, sort of wedged between Atherton and Redwood City. We certainly wanted to conduct a RCT evaluating these two weight loss strategies, but we also wanted to integrate this program into the primary care delivery system at this health center. A very important part of this is to also estimate the cost effectiveness. Again, we've designed this to be more efficient, both through using group sessions and using a health educator rather than a more highly trained dietitian or nurse, and then using a community health worker who's largely been trained simply to provide the sort of advice that will help his fellow neighbors lose weight. On the basis of all the information that we're collecting, our hope is that we're gonna transition this research program into an ongoing county program, essentially using the clinical trial to obtain rigorous information that builds a business case for why the county should take over this program. Here's just a very quick summary of the design. Much of the intervention is front loaded into the first six and 12 months with a maintenance phase for the next 12 months, and you'll see that we have assessments at six, 12, 18, and then a final endpoint at 24 months. Just to show you a little bit about the population that we've recruited, as I said, this is a low education group, much more so for women. 100% of this population was born outside of the United States. Here are some of the baseline values. I don't wanna focus on anything other than the first line, which just suggests that we have a population that averages a BMI of around 35 to 36. In terms of strategies that we've incorporated into this clinical trial, I wanna talk about some specific elements that make this perhaps different from a clinical trial that is cited in a clinical research clinic located at Stanford. So we had to confront what I feel is valid community suspicion about experimentation, particularly the idea that we would have a population that would be randomized to usual care. To overcome this, we did a lot of consultation with community-based organizations as well as our county sponsor who runs the delivery system. We felt it very important to integrate this into the healthcare setting, both to show that this was a feasible strategy as well as to think about sustainability. We have provided incentives to the participants, but really only for the research aspects of this. We haven't incented people for the interventional aspects. We sought to minimize the size of the control group, both because it made sense statistically, but also because we wanted to have most of the individuals receiving the active interventions. And finally, even those who are randomized to usual primary care will be crossed over into intervention once the 24 month period is up. So just to sort of talk a little bit about some of the challenges, a lot of logistical obstacles to success in this type of research. We're working in settings that don't have the infrastructure that we have on campus. Including these community organizations adds extra complexity. The populations and the community-based organizations are skeptical, and we need to convince them about the value of research. And many of these organizations don't necessarily have the same commitment to scientific rigor that we might want them to. And of course, turf wars overfunding and personnel are common in this setting. However, this is offset, I believe, by a large number of charms of working in this sort of setting. We're really intervening in the real world, not the optimized research clinic. In some sense, we're trying to re-envision health from the community's perspective, and not necessarily impose only our viewpoint on what communities need to do. We're working with a population in great need, and working with organizations that at the end of the day are really grateful for the resources and expertise that we've contributed. And finally, we're contributing to reducing health disparities. And I'll just end on the note that I believe that unless we consciously and explicitly take into account health disparities and work to reduce them, we may actually add to them if we use interventions and technologies that work best in middle-class white populations. Thank you. The preceding program is copyrighted by the Board of Trustees of the Leland-Stanford Junior University. Please visit us at med.stanford.edu.


Theater, theater or theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stage craft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience. The specific place of the performance is also named by the word theater as derived from the ancient Greek question mark question mark hat. Theatron, a place for viewing itself from question marky. A. Theatomy, to see, to watch, to observe. Modern western theater comes, in large measure, from the theater of ancient Greece, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into genres, and many of its themes, stock characters, and plot elements. Theater artist Patrice Pavis defines theatricality, theatrical language, stage writing and the specificity of theater as synonymous expressions that differentiate theater from the other performing arts, literature and the arts in general. Modern theater includes performances of plays and musical theater. The art forms of ballet and opera are also theater and use many conventions such as acting, costumes and staging. They were influential to the development of musical theater. See those articles for more information.


It may not seem very hard to install Kubernetes, but for developers, they need more than Kubernetes. Developers need tools that make it easier to build applications in a Kubernetes environment. But Kubernetes APIs were designed to solve infrastructure problems first. So when developers interact with Kubernetes, they have to be familiar with the specifics of Kubernetes operations in order to do their jobs. The latest release of Red Hat OpenShift changes all that, delivering the most powerful developer experience yet. A new streamlined web console provides a developer-centric perspective that aligns closer to how they work and offers an application-centric view of Kubernetes concepts, ensuring developers see the tools and information they care about so they can focus on what really matters when creating their applications. The console allows developers to import their source code from Git, as well as view and manage app configurations and workload details. The application to apology views in the developer console let users zoom in and review an app's structure and component connections. Local development on your laptop is easier too, using Red Hat Code Ready containers, which provides a pre-built local OpenShift development cluster for quick container-based application development and testing, even for your serverless apps. Red Hat OpenShift is increasing developer productivity by making it easier for developers to build and deploy their containerized applications, harnessing the power of Kubernetes without becoming infrastructure experts. To experience these and additional new developer-centric features, download Code Ready containers and try OpenShift today.


I really want to clean my bottle but the hole is too small so I can't get in there. So you want something to clean clean in here? All right. Yeah me too. Everybody want to clean my bottle. Let me see. Wow that's that is not that clean. No. Look at this one. All right. I got an idea. I got an idea. Oh god. Wire pile. I know there's oh my gosh. Is that right there? Oh it is it. Yes. Okay. I was looking for a wire that's thick and single strand because most of the wire is you know multi strand but I want to I want to thick strand one because this wire is stiffer than the other one and I have located my fishing line and my hook is totally rusted off. All right. Let's get some of this off. Okay. I'm not entirely sure how to explain this to you guys so I'm just going to do it first. I need to take this and make it pretty much straight like that. Just fold it in half. Pliers. We could actually take the plastic coating off. I think I'll leave it on. Okay. Now we need the fishing line. Let's cut this up. Oh this is what I usually use for my fishing lures. It's just a piece of plastic coating from a wire. It works really well though. All right. Now to take the fishing line. I'm going to wrap it around three fingers I think. Yeah. Three should be good. Okay. Hold this. Make sure it doesn't put your finger through it so it can spool out. Yeah. I'm going to get a lot of this junk. Okay. Take that wire and what you're going to do is you're going to put it over this like that. Got it? Yep. Put it right over the whole thing. Right into the end. All right. That's pretty good. Now we can probably cut this before or after. Let's just cut. I think it won't go. I've never actually done this before. So you should. Yeah. Let's just twist this part tight first. You need another pair of pliers? Okay. All right. I can just go like this. Do you guys figure out what's going on here yet? These scissors are garbage. Come on, scissors. Oh gosh. Man, I need some kind of good industrial scissors. This one's a little better than sticking out. No, I get it. Those things, they scrape off all the dirt. Yeah. But there's another step to this that's very important and to. Okay. Got that jammed into the vise pretty good.  We're making a scrubber. Twist this a little tighter.  Yeah, it looks like you're looking pretty good. Twist it all the way to the end. Try to keep it straight. Doing a great job. Just want to make sure this is twisted as tight as I can get it so our strands don't fall out. Oh yeah. That's some good stuff right there. All right. I think we've got it. Stuck in there pretty good. Yeah. All right. Did you say you don't get how it's going to fit in here? Yeah. Loosen it a bit. We're going to get a bit more length forward to make sure they get into the bottom. Now it's getting the bottom. Boy, I say clean it. This sucker's everything. All right. Where's yours? Come on. Right here. Get all the bottles. This is your open? Well, we can wash them all. Wait, no, this is mine. We'll wash all the bottles. So clean. Is that cleaned up? Pretty good. We could almost use that for steric. Do you want to wash your cup with this anyway? If I could just invent a brush that would keep a five-year-old clean.


The DuPont Company of Wilmington, Delaware, makers of better things for better living through chemistry, presents the Cavalcade of America. Tonight's star, Lon McAllister, in Golden Harvest. Tonight's DuPont Cavalcade, starring Lon McAllister, tells of a young man named Cyrus McCormick. This year, across the great grain lands of America, our farmers reaped their harvest with the aid of the best equipment. And this was so, largely because of that young man, who lived on a farm in Rockbridge County, Virginia in the 1820s, where our story begins. Mrs. McCormick! Mrs. McCormick! Ma'am, could I speak in person, would you? What is it, Joe? Something wrong? Mrs. McCormick, I wouldn't have the master think I did this, but ma'am, he's down in the blacksmith's shop, and he's like his most in white-hot with anger. And you? He's fixing himself a whip. Oh, please come, ma'am. Oh, Joe, I have so much to do here. I can't. But it's your son. Cyrus? Mr. McCormick, he's fixing a whip, Cyrus. Oh, please, come, ma'am. He's so red-hot mad he'll whip him senseless. Pa, Pa, don't. Pa, never do it again. Pa, I promise. I'll work. I promise I'll work, Pa. Robert! Robert, what's wrong? Keep out of this, Polly. Oh, what's he done? Cyrus isn't a child anymore to be whipped. This has been coming to Cyrus for a long time. Last year it was the same. Year before it was the same.   Well, I've been working since four this morning, ma'am. And I was cutting wheat with Joe in the south meadow and... This was a lively clock. The day wasn't even half over. And when Pa came, he found me flat on my back, taking a nap. Yes, it seems that Joe was part of this. He agreed to keep on cutting while Cyrus took the nap. Well, Joe was supposed to keep an eye out for Pa, but, well, he got tired, too. So he sat with his feet in the brook. And then Pa came over the hill and saw us. There you're happy. Polly, what's your judgment? I'm afraid Cyrus should be punished. Of course he should. But not with a whip, Robert. With what then? Well, there's other ways to teach the boy a lesson. Cruelty isn't one of them. Well, then, maybe work is. Cyrus, I'm going back to the fields now. Shop on your side and come out. I expect you in ten minutes. Yes, Pa. You're going to cut until sundown. Yes, Pa. Ma, you know, I feel like I could die. We all do at harvest time. Why won't Pa hire more hands? It came. Everybody's harvesting at the same time, and everybody's trying to hire extra hands at the same time.  No, you're smelling.  I do, too. But grain has to be cut, and it has to be cut when it's ripe. We can't control that. We all have to bend our backs a stall. That's harvest, and it's the same the world over. Cyrus, you better go out in the fields now. Yes, Ma. Now, I hope you remember this. Yes, Ma. I'll remember it all my life. Nowadays, most of us know harvest time only when we see the pumpkins, the corn, and oak leaves in gaily decorated store windows. But the truth is that for most of man's history, harvest time has been a heavy time. It was when Ruth gleaned in the fields of Boaz. It was when Cyrus McCormick cut and gleaned in his father's fields year after year, and then one day. Come on, Joe. Give it a push. All right. I'll push it, and you hop on. Now hop on yourself. We'll both coast down the hill together. Here we go. Look at us. Come on. Cyrus. Cyrus, Joe, get off that thing. What's wrong, Pa?  Well, Pa, harvest is over. We were only... I have more respect for my property. But we aren't...  We found this whole thing behind the barn. I don't care where you found it. Take it back, Joe. I won't have it broken. Yes, sir, Mr. McCormick. We didn't think you'd tax no kind of value to this year's contraption. I certainly do. It must be 15 years it's been laying around. 16. Next time, I'll have a little more respect for things I make. Mighty sorry, Pa.  I put the hope of my life on that thing you call a contraption. What was it supposed to be? Worked for years on that net field. What was your figuring to make, Mr. McCormick? Make a reaper. A reaper? I was trying to make a contraption that a horse could pull and it would cut grain. Imagine that. My, my. Wouldn't that be the bomb of Gilead? But I failed. As long as man has lived, he's never found any way to build a reaper to lighten the load at harvest. Makes my back feel better just thinking about it. You know, it's an odd thing a man is. Here he can invent steamboats and steam engines and spinning mills. But nobody's ever in the world invented a reaper. Problem's too complex. Just look at that thing I turned out.  And it was just a lazy dream of mine. Put it behind the barn. Well, I got that card in me. Good for you. As soon as you finish this, we can rig the reel. Sara? Yes, ma'am? Sara, how many times do I have to send word? It's time to stop for dinner. Come on in, ma'am. Merci, Your Highness. Oh, Sara, you've got it all together. Almost. We will have by tomorrow, Mr. McCormick. Come here, ma'am. I want to show you how it'll work. Oh, it's no use, Sara. I'll never understand it. Oh, come on now. Here, here, sit down on this cake. There. Look, it's all lopsided. How can the horse pull it away to one side of it? Well, it has to, ma'am. Well, sure. If the horse walked in front, well, he'd trample the grain before it was cut. I see. So he pulls one main wheel behind him. And then out to the side of that is a little light wheel that holds the frame and the cutting knife. You see, ma'am? Now, this is the knife. It slides back and forth. Now, the point is, when the knife hits the grain, you have to have something to keep it all from matting. And how do you do that? Well, we call this the fingers. Yeah, yeah, just like a comb.  Well, I thought that was the divider. Oh, no, man. No, that flat thing on edge, way over there. That's the divider. At the end of the knife? Yeah, that's it. It sticks out ahead of the knife, too. Like the prowl of a ship cutting through walls. It's the same idea. This goes through the grain, dividing the grain to be cut from the grain to be left standing until the next time around the field. I must say, Saris, it's a strange-looking animal. That's the reel you're looking at now. Well, honey, I... Oh, no, wait, Ma, don't go.  Yeah, yeah, but gentle. Easy like. Because if it was rough... If it was rough, it would knock the ripe heads right off. But this way, the way Mr. Saris has it, it just takes that grain and lays it back on the platform like a soft baby sleeping. Well, I declare. Well, come on now, Saris, dinner. Oh, Ma, you don't appreciate the reaper. Of course I do, Saris. It all sounds perfect. When will I see it work? In two weeks. John Ruff has asked me over to his farm. Yeah, we're going over to show off. Demonstrate. Oh. He's inviting all the farmers from all around.  It'll be a heavenly blessing. Certainly will, ma'am. Then after the demonstrate, Saris and me is going to drive all over this country with the reaper like an angel's chariot, lifting the load from all our backs. Just look at Saris standing by his reaper. Aren't you proud of your son? I certainly am. Now, declare must be 75 people turned out to see him. So handsome, so confident. Well, I hope it's justified. What do you mean, dear? Probably when no one in the history of man has succeeded. Well, that don't mean now Saris came. I know it. Welcome, everybody. I invited young McCormick here. Show you all how this reap of his counts least to work. Go ahead, Saris. You've got the most beautiful field that grained before you in old Virginia. Cut it. You ready, Joe? Ready, sir.  Jokes to get people out for. Every two minutes, it breaks. Yeah, look at that green. Beautiful green, all matted down. Man Ruff's looking mighty mad. Hey, Robert. Yes, Polly? Don't you think you should tell Saris to stop cutting? I should think he'd have sense enough to see his failure. Sirs, McCain, come over here. Ain't you got eye in your head to see what you're doing to my field? Well, there are a lot of rocks in that field, Mr. Ruff. Well, a lot of fine wheat you're making into one fun big mess for me. Well, excuse me, Mr. Ruff, it's mighty hilly here. And, of course, there are some things that need adjusting. Saris, it's your head that needs adjusting. Don't know why I ever believed you. Oh, sir, I couldn't trust my brain down. Knocking off the heads. That machine cuts like a wild man. Well, if you'd let me try again after dinner. Try again? But the whole field is ruined?   I know how you're feeling, son. All the months of work. And all the people laughing at me. Yeah, and calling out names to us. You think we'd done something wrong.  I'm going way off and live alone.  Mother's weekend. Well, I'll be in as soon as Joe and I get our sides sharpened. Maybe I should have warned you against being here. It was bound to happen. Well, don't linger now. I'll see you in the house. What are you thinking? Oh, nothing much. I'm just all sorrow. What did you do with the reaper? Stuck it out behind the barn with your paws? Yeah. I reckon that's the place for it, all right? Yeah, I reckon it is. Mm-hmm, mm-hmm. The DuPont Cavalcade of America, starring Lon McAllister and featuring Ed Begley, sponsored by the DuPont Company, makers of better things for better living through chemistry. The DuPont Cavalcade continues, starring Lon McAllister as Cyrus McCormick and featuring Ed Begley as his father. Humiliated, bitter after the failure of his reaper, Cyrus settled on a farm in the back country.  Pa, I got an idea. Cyrus, I do hope you've come home to stay. What's on your mind, son? What have you been brewing all by yourself out there in the backwood? Is it the reaper again, Cyrus? What? Another reaper? I thought you promised not to talk about that. Oh, the people are talking about it. About what?  He's right, Polly. They are still laughing. Just the same. Lots of folks keep asking me, isn't Cyrus ever going to finish his reaper? I wouldn't work on that reaper if it was the last thing between me and starvation. Cyrus, you mustn't be bitter. I'm not bitter, Ma. I'm practical because I got a better idea, Pa. What's that, son? Well, I've been thinking about a lot of things this year. I've been away alone. I'm 27 now, and it's time I do something with my life. What have you in mind? Well, you've saved some money, haven't you, Pa? Go ahead. Exactly what have you in mind? Iron. Iron? We can be iron masters. Oh, Cyrus, now you've been dreaming. Well, look what family's amount to anything around here. The Weavers, the Mayberries, the Jordans, the Brains, and they're all iron masters. They're wealthy and respected. And I'll tell you, nobody laughs at them, do they? How'd you figure we might say about it, Cyrus? Well, if we can find an ore bank with wood and water power close at hand, then about $6,000 to $8,000 would build us a furnace and secure the mine and the timber. What would you operate on? Well, another $6,000 would operate it. Well, that's risking a lot of money. Risking more than we have. It's no risk? Ore is selling for $50 a ton at Richmond. That means we could easily clear $4,000 a year. I've gone over this with a first-rate iron worker, and I know, Pa. Cyrus, this isn't something to be decided in a day, but we'll think about it. We'll think. I know you will, Pa. And I know you're going with me. We could make a fortune. Oh, Cyrus, couldn't you be happy here with the little blacksmith shop trying another reaper? I told you to forget that, Ma. Now, don't get cross. Pa tried it for years and failed. I tried it, and I failed. I'm not a fool, Ma. I know what's right for me. I'm going to be an iron master. And Pa is too, aren't we, Pa? Who can tell the future? But maybe we will, son. Maybe we will. Dear Ma, I haven't written you since Pa and I left, because I didn't want to say what I had to say. Things are bad, Ma. We've been struggling and sweating and slipping. We've got creditors and sheriffs crawling all over us. You can figure to see us back home soon. We lost the ore bank, and we lost the furnace and found it. Pa wants you to tell Mr. McChesney we're coming to see him. Looks like the only thing is to mortgage the farm we tried to leave. Mr. McChesney, my son and I have come to you with a proposition. Doesn't seem to be a happy one. Well, it isn't for us. We're out of the iron business for good, with nothing but bad memories and debts for the rest of our lives. Some of the debts won't wait five minutes. We need $2,000. What's your offer? In exchange for that, Cyrus and I will deed over to you our 500 acre homestead of walnut grove. Hmm. Sounds agreeable.  If you fail? And if we fail, you can sell our homestead for your own reimbursement after giving 30 days notice. Mr. McCormick, I'll go with this, my lawyer, and have him draw up papers to this effect. Agreeable? It is. Thank you. Cyrus, agreeable? It's acceptable, Mr. McChesney. I'd hardly call it agreeable. No, of course not. I can understand. But, Cyrus, if you don't mind a little advice, say, $2,000 worth? Go right ahead. When you go back to the farm now with your father, settle down, buckle down, and really work the farm. That's what we intend to do. I hate to see a serious young fellow jump all around from one thing to another, plunge here, plunge there, always looking for greener clover. You are certainly right there, Mr. McChesney. Believe me, Cyrus, the clover right on your farm is as green as you will ever find.  Joe, will you stop sharpening that scythe? What's wrong with that, Cyrus? It annoys me. But, Mr. Cyrus, the harvest is coming round. Well, that annoys me, too. Then, son, I think it's about time you get over that annoyance. Go ahead, Joe, sharpen the scythe. Yes, sir, Mr. McCormick. I don't think you have any call to be bitter because we're back on our farm. Our farm? You mean McChesney's farm? I still don't consider your attitude befitting. Should I remind you that the iron business was your scheme, Cyrus? I know it's my fault, but I can't stand being back here and trapped again. It's our own doing, son. It's ours to face. Everything I've ever tried has failed, Pa. Now all that I face is to swing away my life with a scythe in one hand and a pack of debts on my back. That's right. It'll take us the rest of our lives to pay off. Uh, excuse me, Mr. Cyrus. Remember that reaper you tried to build a wild back? Now, Joe, let's not start that again. Cyrus is going to have to help on the farm before we lose everything. Well, I only thought maybe it was a way to make some money. It's a way to tinker away months and months and get nowhere. Is that right, Cyrus? I'm afraid that's right, Joe. Well, you had our fling and our failure. Now the only thing left is to, well, to spit on our hands and sweat off the mortgage. Well, son, I'm going out to the field. What's on your mind, Joe? Oh, nothing, sir. There must be something. Well, while you've been away, folks kept talking about that reaper. Sure they kept talking. And I kept thinking, but what good does that do? You know the only thing wrong with that reaper? No. What? It didn't work. Well, that's all, that's all. Now, I don't call that much wrong. But don't you think if you figured harder, you could make a better one? Yeah, I've kind of always thought if I'd only made the fingers out of iron instead of wood. Well, sure. Maybe after sundown, when we can't wick in the fields. Well, we could work here in the blacksmith's shop. Cyrus, I'm wickin' for you. Of course, the evenings won't give us the time we need. But still, who can tell if we kept trying, maybe after a while we might get one that would run? Cyrus! I'm coming, father. Both those fingers this way on the front. Yes, Mrs. Cyrus. Now, the troll yesterday when we went out in the wet was the angle. I figure if we change the cut in the angle. About like this? Yeah, that's it. Now, with a heavier main wheel, we can stand it. Because we've gained enough strength to take care of that extra drag. And let's put another reel on there. The blades should be wider, too. Be gentler on the right grain. Cyrus, look here. Huh? Oh, ma, what do y'all smiles about? Just look at these letters and I'll have a paper with news.  He says he's seen you out cut and slick and easy as a razor. You hear that, Joe? Yes, sir, I did. He says he asked if you aimed to make an extra few to sell. He says you says no, not till you got it exactly 100% right. Now, I just want to say I got 500 acres of wheat every year. So as soon as you're ready to sell. He's got a wonderful letter, and here are two more.  What's in the newspaper? An invitation. Invitation? The Richmond Gazette invites you to demonstrate your reaper next month at the county fair. Everybody be there, the governor, the baby. Hear that, Mrs. Cyrus? This will be the end of your sorrow. This will bring you fortune. But what if it busts? What if it works out the way it did last time and everybody starts laughing? Can't work that way, Mr. Cyrus, not with all these changes.  Your father thinks it's ready. He doesn't? Well, do you want to know the truth? I think it's ready, too. All right, Joe, you ready? All right, Mr. Cyrus. The horse is here, and everything's set. My dear friends from Virginia, as the orator of the day, I take pleasure in calling your attention to that young man over there by that horse, where the strange device hitched up behind that horse, Cyrus McCormick, to demonstrate it. I wish you'd let us start, Joe, instead of talking so much.  You got your wrench, Joe? You have to work fast. Now, when I fire this revolver three times, the cutting will commence and will so continue until the field is completely clear or the machine breaks down. Are you ready, Cyrus McCormick? Ready, sir. It was a fine demonstration, son. Congratulations. Thank you, father. Joe, you did well. Thanks, Mr. McCormick. Cyrus, my boy, I'm a humble man before you. Let me shake your hand. Well, thank you, Senator. Friends, friends, friends, quiet, please. The victory has been complete. The field has fallen before the reaper. We stand here, heads bowed. Tears in our eyes before this miracle. Reverend Green, will you lead us in prayer? Almighty God, from age and to age, thou hast continually revealed man. There's a creature at once limited and unlimited. Sadly limited, we fear, at many moments. Gloriously unlimited at this great moment when, through the agency of this young invader, Cyrus McCormick, the future promise is such abundance that already in our mind's eye we can see men by the millions. Our tillers of the soil, for the first time in all history, begin to straighten their backs and walk upright thanks to this reaper. Accept our thanks, O Lord, for this bounty revealed. Grant us wisdom in its use. Amen. Amen. Amen. Holly, wipe your tears. Let's be going. Joe, fetch the reaper. Yes, sir. Cyrus, I never thought any machine could cut that way. It was close. It was smooth. The grain lay lightly back the way I had always hoped to make mine do. Well, you were really doing it today, Father, because I never would have built this machine if it hadn't been for yours first. Better be starting along, son. Got some harvest and to do at home. Cavalcade players for tonight's story, Golden Harvest. Lon McAllister will return in a moment. Lon McAllister. Thank you. It was a wonderful experience appearing with the Cavalcade players. Ed Begley, my father, Irene Hubbard, my mother, Maurice Ellis, who was Joe, and all the rest of the Cavalcade cast. Now, as for next week's show, the star will be one of Hollywood's loveliest, Joan Caulfield. The story, a romantic adventure, Yankee Doodle Debbie. Don't miss it. Good night, now, and thanks. Night's original DuPont drama, Golden Harvest, was written by Halston Wells. Music for the DuPont Cavalcade is composed by Arden Cornwell and conducted by Donald Boris. The program is directed by John Zoller. Don't forget, next week, Joan Caulfield on the DuPont Cavalcade of America, which comes to you from the Velasco Theater in New York and is sponsored by the DuPont Company of Wilmington, Delaware, makers of better things for better living through chemistry.


What's going on everyone Sam here with late in sports guards ribbon one box a 21-22 tops chrome UEFA champions league soccer hobby for Alistair G. It's good luck here Alistair. See what we got see if you can get you another orange messiato That was for Alistair pretty sure that's chasing glory of Anthony Ilonga man United Yes, there he is. Yes. It was Policic there's Jack relish for Man City I gotta I got we got you hooked. That's how it works, man Anthony for IX on the refractor not numbers Have you gotten that in yet? I'm assuming you have right Alistair that is Harry McGuire for Man United number not numbered on the Teal Lava Yeah See was wow There's Daniel Maldini on the speckle not numbered you great in that Got it perfect. Yeah, you're gonna end up grading that Alistair what you're playing with it. It's a huge guard doosan block of itch for Huventus not numbered on the refractor I mean that's like I carried it in a secret look secret location till I get it graded Good move. We've got John Oblak That is numbered 17 out of 99 on the green green wave should really be in no rush with that card. Yeah That's not going down Situation yep, there's Liam Delop on the night vision to 225 That's got to be a suit if you get that great I have to imagine that's gonna be a pop under a pop five to I Can't imagine there's more than five of those in in circulation right now Martin Satriano for Milano night vision at 225 Yeah Honestly There's Karim Atty-Yemi Salzburg Especially when Argentina wins the World Cup and master tires, did you imagine that a car is gonna be insane Bright airy and beat for buying me another thing in the way man. Oh, yeah Absolutely not One Katerado who vent is refractor that's Marcus Rashford man united on the speckle refractor of Renan Lodi for Madrid at letico de Madrid We've got auto of Joe Alphelix nice for at letico de Madrid Heck yeah, man. Not numbered sweet auto there.  That's awesome, dude Vinnie jr. Real Madrid you show it off to her. Oh She's from Liverpool. That's cool. Oh nice So one day I'll have to get a little Liverpool auto absolutely and Pedri for Barcelona future stars That'll do it for your break there Alice there. Thanks as always man for the sport. We'll get them right out to you, buddy


Someone get me at that all right team look at me everybody stand right here. I need I need this RR man I need this RR. Can we can we all agree to win this game? Did you not just like your group? One's like here Yeah One's already playing classic One's on site I got the site player. He ought to be both people both people One's on site I think I'm gonna flash this out. He's holding me feasting.  I think the chamber. I think the chamber keep it away. He keep it away I'm just gonna flash honestly. I have 5 HP. I just want to be me. I'm just setting up setting You might push you might push you she might push you


Well, in addition to the dramatic moments of the takeover of the embassy in November 1979, the failed rescue mission of April 1980, the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war of September 1980, the election of Ronald Reagan on November 4th, 1980, which was immediately revealed to the captives, to the hostages, and then, of course, the liberation in January 1981. Another striking feature of the diary is how it records the audacity and the resistance that Mr. Odi and his American colleagues displayed. And you can find elements of this on almost every page. In a thematic level, the document is heavy with their uncompromising refusal to recognize the validity of their captivity, their repeated demands that they be released or that their immunity be respected, their occasional rebellion against something that their captors were doing. Every once in a while, a captor would make blindfold one of them and make them go outside or would insist on blindfolding them while they were walking to the shower facilities, and they would refuse.  So small inconsequential acts of resistance, perhaps, but one can sense that they were no doubt important to the captives to be able to make a stand and to insist that their integrity and that their rights be maintained. The hostage takers had the goal of trying to embarrass the United States on the world stage, and most historians agree that they did achieve that objective. The Jimmy Carter administration had the responsibility of dealing with the hostage crisis. President Carter initially decided that he would use peaceful means to try to liberate the hostages. Again, probably calculating that they wouldn't be there very long. A few days, a few weeks at most, after a few weeks passed, maybe a month, certainly they have to let them go by then. No one in the Carter administration anticipated it would last that long. And when President Carter initially decided he would use peaceful means, he rather stubbornly insisted that he would continue to use peaceful means. About five months after the crisis began, he decided to shift gears and go to military means. But then we had the failed rescue mission of April 1980 that was deeply embarrassing to the U.S. government and that led to a feeling worldwide that, boy, the United States maybe is just an empty shell of what it used to be if it can't even carry out a small-scale rescue operation against a third-world country without ending in disaster and profound embarrassment. And then President Carter went back to the diplomatic mode, trying to work every angle he could to spring the release to the hostages as quickly as possible. He probably calculated that if he could get the hostages released unharmed that there would be massive celebrations at home and ticker tape parades and that somehow that ticker tape would fill the ballot boxes in the presidential election of 1980, meaning that he would coast to an easy re-election against his Republican competitor Ronald Reagan. What happened and said is that the captors held on to the hostages until after the election. Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter. There were lots of reasons why the voters preferred Ronald Reagan over Jimmy Carter in the presidential election in 1980. The economy, Carter's sense of leadership, other issues certainly are worth mentioning, if the Iran hostage crisis is very near the top of the list, perhaps one of the most significant factors determining the outcome of that election. So the captors were very successful at reaching their goal and embarrassing the U.S. government. In fact, they probably directly caused the downfall of the Carter administration after a single term in office. At home, the hostage crisis for odd political reasons emerged as a celebrity event. That was in part because President Carter encouraged Americans to think about it every day. He encouraged Americans to light candles, to hang yellow ribbons, to pray for the hostages, to take acts of sacrifice on behalf of the hostages and so forth. That's Carter did that because he was trying to build a certain political context so that when the hostages came home, before the election, as he hoped, he would coast to reelection because of the euphoria that would follow. Ironically, that backfired on him. Because of the attention being invested in the hostage crisis, it became a subject of angst and frustration and embarrassment for many people. And that probably came back to haunt him in the election of 1980. When I teach the hostage crisis to modern-day students, most of whom are too young to remember or certainly were not born at the time, I have first to spend time emphasizing to them what a big event this was for the people who lived through it. Because when they look at the facts, they don't understand why it emerged as such an amazing drama at the time that it unfolded. I mean, after all, it was only 52 American officials taken hostage. They were maltreated, of course, but none of them died. Eventually they came home. That doesn't really compare to something like the Vietnam War or the Korean War or World War II. So their first question is, what's the big deal? Why are we even talking about this? We've had other episodes of hostage taking in Lebanon and other countries around the world and we don't give them that kind of attention. So it takes some background work in explaining the political context of the late 1970s, early 1980s, and the long legacy of the U.S.-Iranian relationship, and the connection between the hostage crisis and the presidential election of 1980, which put Ronald Reagan in charge of the country. And only then do they begin to understand why it was such an important event and why it seemed to those who experienced it in real time to have been at such an important event.


Today we're going to talk a little bit about the evolution of the Vong from all wood stem to a hybrid wood stem to a full titanium take apartable stem with interchangeable sleeves. These are some of the initial ideas is to put these liners in. You can see the liner on the tip end was about 10 millimeters long and on the mouth present it's a little bit longer none of these ever went into production but they're just kind of cool looking. We sent them out to our internal beta test group got a lot of feedback from that beta test group regarding the durability you know the liners themselves either pulling out or like you see on these other ones where the wood itself is cracking. The beta testers were like you know we'd really like to have a full titanium liner. If we're going to do a full titanium liner well we need to have the sleeve able to have a little bit of clearance between that titanium liner and the wood to allow for a little bit of expansion and contraction. Well then how are we going to keep it from spinning? Well maybe we don't need to keep it from spinning maybe we kind of need if it would actually spin so you could adjust your airport. This version of the Vong has been available for a little bit less than a year. We were working on the the lined ones the summer of 2020. I think it was the summer of 2020 and that feedback pushed us in a different direction so we kind of shelf the project until the beginning of 2021 where we finished up with the design of this Vong. Then we had some real difficulty within the beginning getting it to rotate just right because the wood expands it contracts can be real pain sometimes it was too tight sometimes it was too loose believe it or not one of the things that we did to accommodate that is we actually put a little o-ring right inside between the liner the crown and the sleeve and that gave it a little bit of cushion so that it would spin but not spin freely and stay where you put it. It was a really important thing to get it to stay where you put it. Oh wouldn't we have an all titanium Vong right? So we machined up this part other than a couple different grooves on the side is exactly the same shape and size as the wood sleeve on this Vong. Dimensionally identical we pressed a few of these together the same way that we put the wood Vongs together and you know here's one example this is the non-take-apartable all titanium Vong we only made a few dozen they were really difficult to assemble we're struggling to get a good quality product and it just didn't seem like what we wanted to bring the market so those largely got shelved and Jason and I went back to the drawing board okay Jason I think our customers would really like take-apartable Vong don't you think? And he's like yeah and so would I. The first ones we made like this we actually had two o-rings on there to really isolate the rotating sleeve from the crowns because we didn't want that metal on metal feeling because it's just don't want to be grindier gritty or anything like that but then now we found if we could get the o-ring geometry which is now inside this sleeve just right to mate with the o-rings that we're now putting on the tip and the mouthpiece crown that the final assembly goes together much easier and there's a real nice feel to it this Vong versus this Vong the difference is not just the fact that the machining is a little bit changed on the side the crown the liner and the other crown are pressed together in an arbor press with tight clearances between the mating parts and it's generally not take-apartable this one here has been engineered specifically for disassembly by the placement of o-rings on the crowns and the machining of grooves inside of the sleeves so that the crowns can snap right on the sleeves so they hold themselves together through one another and the liner just kind of lives in between we've really taken a bit more of the more difficult path of iterating designing redesigning changing and sometimes starting all over again even though it may not seem like it the new Vong is quite a shift and a pretty significant change from what the Vong was when we released it just under a year ago on the surface it looks similar but inside there's quite a difference there will be aftermarket sleeves coming as a fun example here's one that was done by one of our crew members here is really specialized in getting these Vongs put together thank you Alex the colors we're gonna offer the choice right now was almost infinite we wanted to have a device that was easy to take apart we wanted the sleeve to be able to spin really nicely not too loose not too tight stays where you put it and easily interchangeable sleeves so you can have sleeves made from a wide range of different materials different looks different feels different appearances different textures whatever it might be and ideally even a geometry that's somewhat easy for people in the makerspace to replicate


Everybody forced here up in a box of 2021 leaf metal draft baseball hobby for Jesse s. Thanks, Jesse. Good luck Everyone down talking Mac Jones. They can try to get some someone to sell on their Mac Jones cards. Basically.  Yeah, I did I saw I watched the video back again So sick that Mike just bought his little standard Mike first up Orlando Martinez the Angels prospect there number in seven of 25 State pride on a hairy Ford Nice hit there non numbered on the hairy Ford Brian Acuna blue hair color match Seven of 35 17 18 Dude, I pulled a dust and made orange wave out of 2020 cops from yesterday the hair color match God and Ian Lewis Ian Lewis Jr None numbered on that one on that national pride auto Ryan Q sick auto none numbered and Metal draft future stars auto blaze Jordan wave parallel nice blaze That'll do it Jesse Appreciate it. We will get those cards right out to you


Hi. So please introduce yourself. Hi, my name is Dr. James Allen. I work with EMD Electronics, developing liquid crystal and polymerized liquid crystal based materials. So where do we see you right here? So what we're looking at here is a full color waveguide using a polarisation volume holographic technology. So what it utilizes is it's a layer of glass and on top of that we have a photosensitive alignment layer and then on top of that we put a layer of liquid crystal which is then polymerized to give a solid film and that can be used to create diffraction gratings or diffraction lenses. So yeah, what we're offering really is the materials to enable this technology. Waveguides? Yeah, to enable waveguide technology, to enable ultra thin lenses for AR and VR. We're not making the waveguides ourselves, we're making the materials and we're making them available to companies to develop and improve their their existing portfolio. So waveguides are very intricate. There's some very small details in waveguides? Yeah, exactly, yeah. So this uses gratings with very very narrow pitch. Yeah, so one of the advantages of this technology compared to say other grating technology like surface relief gratings, SRG, is this is a solution processable. So the intricate details come out of the photo alignment process. Is it possible to avoid the kind of like reflections that go in different directions? So it's definitely things that people are working on, like we're not trying to produce a waveguide. This is a very simple waveguide design and it's got a relatively limited field of view as a result of that. And yeah, and you see some of these rainbow reflections. It's something that people in the industry are actively working on to to improve upon. And yeah, as I said, these materials enable lots of different waveguides. With the same material we're told that fields of view in excess of 50 degrees is probably possible and then we're working to still improve these materials to give even larger fields of view. Nice. And what do we have here? So this demonstrator uses the same technology, also a polarisation volume hologram. This is also referred to as a pentraton and berry grating. So what we see here is you'll see two images and neither of those are actually the true size of the image below. If we slide in one of these, slide this in, this is moving just polarisers. So circular polarisers, left and right-handed polarisers. And what that does is it selects for a magnified and a demagnified image. So if I slide out one polarisers and slide in the other one, you'll see this image is now small and then we move back and then the image is enlarged. So it's actually the same grating. It's the same grating doesn't move, that's in the middle. And this is about an ultra-thin layer. It's less than, well, it's approximately one micrometre thick in that order of magnitude. And it allows you to create lenses that are ultra-thin and lightweight. Nice. How does it come with these that, let's say, a company like Leica has and making lenses for cameras? It's just a much smaller version of that? Well, so obviously those are very precision, very engineered lenses. So this can be varied and is very customizable. So for example, the focal length is varied by changing the grating pitch. And we've been working hard on reducing the chromaticity of the lenses. So there's all the same consideration with these kind of lenses as you have with traditional lenses. But yeah, the advantage really is that they allow for ultra-thin, ultra-light weight. Some people have used these types of lenses, not specifically to create electro-actuated lenses. So you can use these, a series of these and then you can use switchable wave plates in order to achieve different focal lengths. When I look at the market of AR, VR, what's happening, are you the leader in supplying all these devices? Well, we're one of the leaders in material supply. So EMD, electronics, we have been for a long time a leading provider of liquid crystal materials to the display industry. We're also now doing OLED materials to enhance that portfolio. And then these technologies actually derive from our portfolio of materials we call reactive mesogens. And so these reactive mesogen technologies have been used for a long time in the display industry as corrective films. So anti-reflection films in OLED, viewing angle corrective films in LCD. So yeah, so we're a leading provider of materials and allow a lot of companies to realize their designs. And the mesogen has nothing to do with hating women. Hating women. No, not misogyny. No, mesogen. So mesogen refers to the rigid part within a liquid crystal which dictates its alignment director. So yeah, that's mesogen, not misogyny. Nothing to do with that. Cool. But it's so awesome. It's fascinating to get a peek into the world of materials that you talk about. Yeah, exactly. Because it must be a very exciting field. Yeah, exactly. Well, a lot of stands around here, you know, everything. I think we have a sign somewhere up that says displays start with us. And I think that's very true that, you know, one of the underpinning technologies to all displays is the chemistry and the materials that make these technologies come alive. And these have to come from somewhere. And yeah, it's one of our primary focuses is allowing technology companies to realize their ambitions. It's fascinating. I'm just a YouTuber, right? So I don't really understand. It's fascinating to understand. To learn about the, you have some kind of really nice mixture of materials, you put some electricity and boom, it looks awesome. You can create a wide variety of effects. Yeah. So that's pretty awesome. Okay. But thanks a lot. No problem at all.  And all these new TVs can come with HDMI 2.1.  With the HDMI licensing administrator, which are organizing all the display makers, the cable manufacturers, and making sure that they are compatible with each other. There's a stable performance, there's no interference. And there's a smooth 8K future with 48 gigabit per second support. And there's the whole infrastructure for certifying, for testing, for making sure there's no interference with the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and stuff that people have. So thanks a lot for watching. Check out my HDMI playlist in hdmi.charbacks.com.


There are a lot of societal issues out there and as business owners we want to respond. I'm Bebo Galandro, I'm an author and I'm a Purpose Advisor to Businesses and today we're going to talk about job purposing. Job purposing is any time that you use work as a platform for making a contribution to others or to a societal cause. One way to think about job purposing is that it's showing up to work with that part of you that wants to make a difference, that wants to matter, that wants to contribute, who I call your inner giver. There are many proven benefits to job purposing. Researchers have literally divided workers into two groups. One group, the business was job purposing, the other group was not. The group that was job purposing produced 24% more and the quality was higher or just as high. But also we're more satisfied, we're more likely to sell more product, we're less likely to lose our employees so retention is higher and you're also helping your employees be healthier and happier generally. The fundamental reason we're not job purposing all the time is because we're not bringing our inner giver into our business. Ask yourself two questions. Whatever I was doing recently, is there a way to do that so that I'm job purposing? The second question is, whomever I was interacting with recently, how are they doing? Is there something I might be able to do for them beyond what I'm already doing? By asking these two questions, you will bring to life your inner giver and the inner giver will help you see these possibilities for job purposing. So the bottom line is, if your business does not improve the world, for the sake of your business and your own success, it's time to improve your business.


Summer is here and the 12 mini deal just got even hotter. The iPhone 12 mini is now one penny with a two-year contract. Visit an Appalachian Wireless Retail location or go to AppalachianWireless.com to view this amazing deal. We are you. We are Appalachian Wireless. A singing benefit will take place this month to help out one local family. Monday we spoke with the Lord's House, Youth Pastor Michelle Fields about how you can get involved. So here at the Lord's House we will be hosting a benefit singing for Emily Diamond and she is a 27-year-old resident of Fields and her and Erin have two kids already and she's pregnant with her third and Emily has really received some very devastating medical news and she really needs the Lord to touch her and give her a miracle in this situation. So we're doing a benefit singing to help the family financially and anybody who's local who would like to come and be with us for that singing you're more than welcome to do that. We encourage you to be here early and sign up so that you will be called to sing in order as you signed up. In addition to the singing benefit, the church will be selling food and baked goods with help from the community. So anybody that can do any kind of baked items to bring to sale that would be greatly appreciated. All the proceeds from all these things that's going on will be going to Emily for her medical expenses and anything that she's got that occurs because everything's just so expensive and we just want to bless that family financially and show them that we love them and we appreciate them. The benefit will take place at the Lord's House Church Saturday, August 28th at noon. If you would like to donate, you can send your donations to 343 Smith Fork Road, Phillips, Kentucky, 41553. For Mountain Top News, I'm Joel Chorjol.


So starting off, this is no longer a single presentation. We'll be two people who are presenting here. Myself Rohan Rati. I am Rohan Rati from India. And I'm Hans Gaudi. I did Google Summer of Code this last year. And I'm from Vermont, United States. Yeah, so both of us are former GSOC students. I worked on normal editing tools. And he added custom profiles in the Bevel modifier. So that's pretty cool.  All right, weighted normal modifier. Nice. Which of you know that they are actually a set of normal editing tools currently in master? If you don't know, they are actually a set of cool tools, like normal rotation and all that. I'll be going through all of that and presenting it to you right now if you like me. So starting off, a little about me, I have taken part in Google Summer of Code for the past two years. 2017 and 2018, in 2017, I worked on normal editing tools, as I've said before. In 2018, I made some improvements in the Bevel modifier and tool as well. Currently, I'm a software engineer working at Uber, which has actually limited quite a bit of, it has constrained me to contributing to Blender. So starting off, I added normal editing supported Blender. The main thing being the weighted normal modifier, which I feel is very extensively used. Some other things are normal rotation, point normal to target, set from faces, merge and average normals, and normal interface tools. I'll be going through it and demonstrating them one by one. Cool. The first thing being the weighted normal modifier. If you'd like, I can show you a demonstration right now. Just a moment, a cue. So you have, I add a Bevel modifier. I add a weighted normal modifier on top of it. Enable auto smooth. This is not working. Yeah, so I'll just first. It should work without it, actually. So I actually added my stuff in Blender 2.79, changing it to as we progress to Blender 2.80. Some of the functionality has changed. There are some issues. So I'll just go through the weighted normal modifier right now. It's a modifier that weights the normal based on three things. Face area being the meaning that more face area gets more weight, the normal gets more weight, and it's aligned to the face. Corner angle means that the corner angle gets more weight for the normals, and there's a mix of face area and corner angle as well. Other than this, these are from Blender 2.79. You can actually see that there is a weight specified over here. Weight is 50 right now. So weight specifies how much weight a given normal gets. 50 meaning that the normal is getting an equal weight. Like, there's no additional bias to the weight of the normals. If you set it to 100, then the normal with more face area will get more weight. Normal with less face area will get less weight. And if you decrease it from 50 to 1, it'll be sort of an inverse function, meaning that less area faces will get more weight for the normals. So that's how this is working. Other than that, there is a threshold function as well. Threshold meaning that, say you have a face with five area, you have a face with eight area, do we want the both of them to have the same weight? So this threshold function works that way, and it's a pretty niche functionality, and it can actually improve the normal functionality even better. Other than that, there are supports for vertex ropes, which is, I think, pretty cool. Moving on, I think, have any of you ever used Yavne, yet another vertex normal editor? No, not really, all right. So other than this, I have actually incorporated the functionality provided by Yavne into normal editing as well. So you have an additional functionality. You see set face strength or get face strength in the UI when you look at that. What this does is you can set a strength through your polygon, the faces that you have, meaning that what this means is, you have weak, medium, and strong face strength. Each successive face strength, what it does it, it actually, it superimposes the weights that are given. So if you have two adjacent faces, one has a large face area, another has a small face area. If you set the small face area, one to say a higher value, say strong versus medium, it'll completely overwrite the area of the other face which has a lower value. So that's how it's working. Other than that, the weighted normal modifier, by the way, you can ping me and ask me any questions when you have regarding all of this later on. There are normal editing tools. I hope this will work fine. If not, I'll just close this right now. Yeah. So you have used rotation before, right? So this is exactly the same rotation functionality. You just have them in normals. Let's say the normal size this much, set auto smooth on. So this works exactly the same way as your normal, your basic rotation works. You can have snapping anything that you have in rotation. You have every single functionality in normal rotation as well. So this is pretty cool. And I'll be going on some additional functionality on this later on. Right, so this stuff, this is how it works. Other than that, there is an average normal functionality which is pretty similar to the weighted normal modifier but as a tool. So you have the bevel modifier and the bevel tool. This is sort of a similar contrast to that. And it's, you know, it gives more power to the user the way I think about it. The other thing is point normal to target. This is probably the most powerful tool that I've created in my Google Summer of Code program. Sadly, with the UI changes and the clicking changes and all that, some of the functionality is not really working that well but I'll still brief you through like all of the functionality that there is. So you have this cube. Yes, I press option L. All right, so, and I, you know, this is just pointing towards the mouse right now. Wherever I take it, it's just pointing towards the mouse and all that. If you see the option menu above it, there is a lot more functionality to it. A lot of, you know, stuff with the left mouse button, right mouse button and all that, with upgrading to 2.80 because my work I did was in an experimental branch in 2.79. Some of the functionality is not working really well. So, all right, other in point normal target, there are a lot of other function as well. You can actually invert the normals. They're pointing to a target. You can invert the normals. You can align the normals with a, to say a sun, that's an infinite distance away. So all these normals are parallel. The values are getting averaged and that average is, you know, pointing to the direction that you're pointing to. You can actually change the, what do you say? The x, y, z, the location where the normals are targeting as well. So this is all there. There's another function called sphere eyes. You can set the strength. It's actually sort of slowly converges to the value that you're targeting. Cool. There's smoothen as well. Smoothen, if you don't want completely soft normals or completely hard normals, you can sort of smoothen normals a little bit and add some factor and some strength, the phase strength values that I talked about earlier, weak, medium, strong, you can use them as well. And you can sort of get a moderate, normal, smoothing like thing. Now, this is pretty cool. You saw some functions in normal rotation and you saw some functions in more normal to target. You can act, what you can actually do is you can edit a single normal through what I'm displaying right now. So I'll add this cube again. Go to edit mode, auto smooth, all right. Say I just want to edit this one loop normal that's in the Z axis. I'll activate the multiple selection modes, vertex and phase. Select this vertex, select this phase, sorry. And it's just editing that one single normal. So this is some cool functionality. You can actually have this with point normal to target as well. All of the functionality that's in that. So it'll just point to that one location. So this is pretty cool. Other than that, I wrote a set of normal interface tools that are actually also like, there are two things that got affected from the transition from 2.79 to 2.78. Point normal to target lost a lot of its, what do you say, power. And there are a few changes as well. You can do copy paste and blend at 2.8 but add and multiply are not really supported right now. So case in point being, say I have this cube, right? I really like the way this normal, one normal is looking. I'll copy it. Yeah, so I'll copy it. I want this to have the same value as well. I'll paste it over here. It has the same, I mean, it's moving around. Now I really want this one to have the same value as well. So you do option N, option N, paste, and see all of them have the same values. And there are a lot of cases how this works and there's a lot more to it than what I'm displaying right now. But this is essentially the crux of it. Right, moving on. Here are a few examples on what you can do with normal editing and all that. Yeah, so that's my talk. Thank you. So let's find my talk here. Yeah, cool. All right, there we go. All right, so just to start off, I'm curious how many of you in the room have used Bevel in Blender? That's almost 100%. That's awesome, okay. So you all know then probably that it's a really powerful tool and it can be used in a lot of different situations. But one thing that has been requested for a long time with Bevel is custom profiles. And the developer that usually works on Bevel, Howard Tricky, is a lot to do. He's working on Boolean right now. So he put this as a Google Summer Code Project and I took it up this last summer. So here's a couple of examples of the sort of things you can do. So being in Amsterdam, there's a lot of these sort of eaves. So I was looking around last night and I made this as an example. So as users of Bevel, you probably know that this is sort of the extent of the options for profile you have at the moment. You can either make it curve out or curve in. And wow, that's really good for some situations. The sort of most common one is just profile equals 0.5, which makes it circular. So it'd be great if you could choose any sort of curve and use that as your profile. So that's what my goal was for the summer. And here's a quick example of that. So here I have two edges selected and I'm beveling them with weights. And then I activate custom profile down at the bottom. And I've got to increase the segments because that uses a lot of segments. So then here's some presets that are included. So that's all just one modifier on a very simple cube object. And then you see here, go in and you can change it and applies that to everything. So some edges are flat and some edges are curved. Here's another preset for steps, which creates a dynamic number of steps that I'm lowering the number of segments and creating the preset again. And there are fewer steps. So that's something people have asked for before. So I just decided to implement steps too as one of the presets. Hopefully that's useful to some people. One problem, so you can see here that, oh no, okay, whatever. So that's a continual line of beveled profiles. So there's about a few segments that are beveled and they continue in a straight line. One problem I ran in during the project was that you can end up in a situation where the bevel profile isn't actually symmetrical. So this one is sharp on one side and then really rounded on the other and they can just switch orientations. So with just the default implementation of bevel, there's no priority for which side of the profile goes on which side of the edge. So we ended up with situations like this where the profile switched directions and you're left with terrible geometry. So that's something I had to deal with in the project, just these things that come up. And hopefully a plan for all of them at the beginning, but not always. Here, some unexpected functionality is that you normally expect bevel to just be taking away area from so it's sort of like rounding an edge or something, but something I discovered is that, wait, this, okay. So here's that same profile in the last slide and if we just bring the control points down and turn on clipping, turn off clipping, sorry, we can sort of use more area than you'd normally use in the bevel. So you see how it goes below what you'd normally expect to use in the bevel and then we can bring it down even further, bring a point up out of the normal bevel area and all of a sudden bevel isn't subtracting geometry, it's adding geometry, which is the same code, but it's just a different profile. That's some really unexpected thing that came up. So hopefully this is useful, this sort of expands what bevel can do. See, all of a sudden you can use bevel in situations we hadn't even thought of before. I am excited to see that used. So this brings us to a tricky situation. Okay, so you see these situations on the left and you've got, so these are unsymmetrical profiles coming in at a three-way intersection. So I spent a lot of time thinking about this and so did other people on the forums, which were very useful by the way, the Bunder community is awesome at providing feedback to Google Summer of Code students and developers. That's one of the best things about the project. So we got a couple ideas about what to do and the sort of default method was that big picture there in the middle, which I don't know, it looks sort of insane but the profile is sort of insane too. What would you expect to happen when you bring these crazy shapes in at an arbitrary intersection? So you could have 20 of these profiles coming in at an intersection. Is there some proper solution about what to do? I'm not sure. So after going through all of this thought and talking with people, the forums about it, I decided to do a method that was sort of like this but also one suggestion I got was to add a cut-off method like this. So basically it avoids the whole problem by just chopping off the profile at the corner. So here's an example of the sort of weird geometry it creates. So this is no custom profile, it's just symmetrical and we can see that that sort of triangular shape in the middle is called a vertex mesh. So, and here's with a crazy custom profile which might be useful in Rewald, it might not. So there's sort of the smoothing going on and what you're seeing at the left is the orientation switching because it's sort of arbitrary which side of the profile gets placed on which side of the edge. So earlier on it was just switching sides. Yeah, when I move it around, you can see at the left all of a sudden it swaps. So there's no right solution, so it just is rather arbitrary. So this avoids that problem. The ideal solution would be to use booleans. So bringing those profile edges and seeing how they intersect each other and hopefully when the new boolean arrives we'll be able to do some of that in Bevel. But the big idea is that I started out basically less than a year ago being interested in bunder development and here you can see my first post on the forums. I'm responding to my compiling confusion. You see I'm responding to my own post few times trying to figure it out. So that took a while but the process of Google Summer of Code brought me from there to giving a big patch to arguably too big. There's sort of 5,000 lines which is terrible to review for Campbell and Howard but that's where we are. But yeah, that whole process allowed me to actually become a contributor to Blender and I hope to continue that in the future. I can give a small demonstration if we have time and it looks like we do. So here on the desktop I believe is Hans Blender. So it's not in master yet. It's supposed to be in 282 if everything goes well. So that's why we downloaded a separate build from the build bot which you can all do actually. This is free to experiment with online. Just from the same download page but you go to the experimental versions. So let's add a bevel modifier. Let's increase the interface resolution. That better. You can see it now. Okay, so we've also reworked the interface for bevel so you notice that actually it has the same interface as the bevel tool now which hopefully will be more useful. Let's get rid of that. And so we activate custom profile down here and then we can draw the custom profile and you notice it's not doing anything quite yet because it's sampling the custom profile with one vertex. So we're gonna go and increase the number of segments up here and then we've got this. All right, so and I don't know if you can see it but there's a lot of little black dots here. So that's to show where the sampled segments go. So if I decrease the number of segments you can see there are fewer and we also see fewer black dots here. They're really small. We should probably increase the size but and then we can see you can make some edges sharp. Yeah, yeah, grid fill is crazy. So the method to avoid that is just chop it off. Yeah, yeah. So like I was saying, hopefully in the future we'll continue that to use Boolean and just so that'd be like what real world Bevel does is you're actually going across the surface with some tool like a jointer for woodwork and then you end up with a corner that's just the continuation of the profiles. So that's the big idea and I can't wait to see artists get their hands on this and make things like buildings and cabinetry. It's gonna be really cool. That's the awesome thing about working for Blender is that so many people use it. Anyway, that's all we have. So if you all have questions, be happy to take them. Yeah, so yeah, I think I know where you're headed because there's, yeah, I'm gonna repeat the question. So the question was there's, we currently have ways to limit what Bevel does. We have only Bevel certain vertex groups and only Bevel from edge weight. I can show you both of those things here. Let's select the top loop here and add Bevel weight. So this is Bevel edge weight and then we can go in and add Bevel modifier and change the limit to use weight. Then it only does the top. But what if we want to do the bottom too? That's terrible. All right, so all of a sudden we're, it's sort of like we've lost some of the functionality we need, especially if we're using vertex groups. So Bevel weights are one way to get around that, but it's not a great solution. So we really do need edge groups in Blender and that's something that I think would be pretty doable. So I don't know, maybe we can work at that at some point. Yeah, yeah. So the question was, what about a mirror checkbox for the custom profile? And I've had that question online a lot on the forums. Maybe you were the one who asked it, probably not. But yeah, so if we could mirror around this line here, then we could just use the same code that already exists, hopefully, and just sort of bring that intersection into the middle of the vertex mesh. That's something I hope to do. Yeah. It's just annoying because you check hard and normal. Yeah. It's like, okay, so now either does it to itself? So like once you check the hard and normal, or it's just by default, it could be on. We didn't have the one with the default design there, yes. The suggestion was we should have Bevel automatically check the autosmooth box or just have that on by default. I know everyone does, and then we forget to do it. Yeah. Yeah, so we see this here at the bottom. Enable autosmooth. Be nice to avoid that. I agree. An okay button right here that does that. That's a great idea. Yeah. Right now, okay, we're gonna open the door. We had one more question. Thought I saw a hand. All right.


Okay, let's start from the right side. My question is submitted to Ayal and maybe Jussi, because you always mentioned the negative impact of low precipitation on fruit. In fact, many researchers have mentioned, even with the increase of precipitation, the time of precipitation is more important than the precipitation itself. This is with regard of fruit production, as the flowering time is critical when it's associated with the precipitation. I don't see any of you mention these important factors. This is, in my opinion, more important than the precipitation itself. I don't know why you neglected it. Thank you. Thank you very much for your presentation. You all presented that there is a negative impact of climate change on agriculture and food production. So there are also, in many places, there are positive impact. When there is a negative impact in agriculture and food production, the role of market will increase. The local production system, production from the agriculture system will be replaced by the distribution through market. In this situation, I think we seek different alternative livelihood options, alternative food security options. Maybe that attracts market system, maybe market-based production system. In Nepal, we are particularly focusing on green economy, like climate-sensitive production system, maybe forest-based production system. I think we should change the ongoing agriculture system. I am particularly focusing on market-based production system and market-based economic development, market-based employment generation, climate-sensitive employment generation that can replace the existing production system by the distribution of food through the market. So what may be the mechanism or can we find any kind of such type of alternative activity or alternative livelihood options that can be applied in this situation. Thank you. Let's take one more question then we can go for the second round. A gentleman in the back. Okay, my questions are rather technical questions to Jose and Imet. I saw that both of you used some kind of two-stage estimation. First, if I understand correctly, Jose, you first estimate the climate from the Pacific surface, then use these results in another estimation. So in that case, do you use a panel or a panel GMM method? Because if you are not using GMM, then your results will be inconsistent and biased, etc. And same thing for Imet, are you making these regressions about efficiency? Do you use efficiency effects models? I mean, do you estimate the technical efficiency and then use these results as a dependent variable in a second stage, or are you making a one-time GM maximum likelihood estimation? Because if you are doing two-stage estimations, then your dependent variables or independent variables will be stochastic and your results will be biased and inconsistent, etc. So thank you. Okay, we'll start. Yeah, let's start. So regarding the first question about the timing of precipitation, you're definitely right, the timing of precipitation is important. In the case of Israel, it seems to not be so much important because in general, precipitation is very concentrated in certain months and at least the predictions that I've seen did not predict any change in that pattern. So in that sense, if such effect exists, it's probably of a secondary importance for the case of Israel, but it's certainly an important matter to be taken care of in other situations. Now, just perhaps a general response to the question about the market-based system. Again, perhaps my example is not good enough because Israel is maybe a good example to model climate change effects on agriculture but not a good example of developing country agriculture because in Israel, we already have all the mechanisms because we are facing shortage of precipitation for many, many years. Now it's becoming worse, but we learn to adapt to this situation. We already have a developed market system. We already have a developed irrigation system. We now use desalinated water for agriculture. So we do not see that any change in regime or anything like that is right now going to make any effect.  Yeah, there are positive impacts, but somehow they could be, you know, maybe focused in one regime or another, one area or another. But the overall impact, I think most studies show that the overall impact of climate change is going to be negative. Okay, so regarding the first question about the frequency, I also agree, the problem that we had some data availability problems, we had a trade-off because we have monthly data for all the municipalities and if we go to daily data, we will lose most of the observations. But we are doing this because in fact it's much more important, even if it's highly correlated, but it's much more important to work on with daily data to see what are the drought spells and these kind of things. I think it's very important even if we are working on it now. But anyway, we will lose a lot of observations because we don't have such a grid in daily data. Now regarding the market base, in Brazil we have some place that will win with climate change, like they may gain in productivity, but the net result, it's a loss. The net result regarding all the country, but in the south of Brazil we have some room for adaptation, we have fertile soils, the temperature is not so hot, but also there is a kind of displacement of the agriculture in Brazil to the south. But anyway, what the government is doing, it's a quite developed market strategy we have, for example, insurance, but what the government is doing really is to invest, there is much room also for adaptation in Brazil. We don't have, contrary to Israel, we don't have any 90%, 10% of irrigation and we have a large irrigable area, so we can really invest. The government's strategy is really to invest in adaptation, strategies to agriculture. And the last question regarding the more technical one. Yes, in fact, this is a GMEM estimation. So there is no problems, like I didn't enter really in the technical details, but in the paper it's much more detailed, but it's GMEM, so in order to account for the estimated values of the first stage. In fact, there is one question which is from Hassan, a technical question about this bias that can be a result from the fact that we proceeded to this stage to make the regression. As you say, we tried different kinds of regression and we followed the approach of green. That means we estimate simultaneously the efficiency and the equation of efficiency. That is no problem in the first step. But when it comes to this long-run and short-run impact, we use a different approach. That means we estimated our efficiency and after that we regressed it. Now we can agree on the fact that there may be some problem of bias which we can discuss about that, but still it should be verified. I am not really sure that there is any kind of bias due to the fact that we use two stages rather than one stage to estimate the impact of different variables on efficiency. But the most important, by the way, we use a different kind of variable. We use it, for example, in addition to openness and in addition to investment, we use institutions. We use it, for example, financial development. All of them are not really significant. So we kept only the variables that are significant in our relationship. Is that to give you an idea that we checked every result and we did all the tests related to this regression? There is no problem about that. We have ten minutes. This means we can get three more questions, please. Gentlemen in the back. Thank you for your presentation. Regarding the second presentation about the map which has been... It's not working? I don't know. It's only for the camera. Oh, sorry. It's okay. Regarding the second presentation for the map which has been done for Israel, you manage there the carp or the species for agriculture. It's okay. Regarding the map which has been drawn for Israel, how can you distribute what is the software first that you use? GIS or what sort of software? Because I would like to have some elaboration for how can we manage consumptions of water. You said that there is desalination for water to supply for irrigation, right? So that means that in future no suffering from shortage of water or this map could be changed according to this managing sort of that issues. This is number one. Regarding the type of... Because I'm talking about landscape architecture-wise, a roof garden could be added value to the production or do you think it is neglecting for the amount of production? Value. Volume, I mean by a roof garden like that. This is added value for the product or not? Thank you. Okay. More questions? Is this your last chance? Let's first... You have a question? It's something that connects to the three presentations which is the substitution effect. So for example in Brazil you report a significant drop in the crops like corn and others. But if you really follow the logical prices, does it really matter if the production falls so badly so you can substitute crops in a condition of remarkets for example or you can import. So, you know, it's just more like a conception. Okay, last question from the back again. We have one lady. Alright, my question is for Ahmed. You mentioned that farmers in the Sahel lack motivation to adopt these new technologies in farming. But my question is is it that they lack the motivation or they have no incentive? Or is the problem that they don't have access or they cannot afford these new technologies? And don't you think you've had a factor that in your modelling wouldn't your results have been a little bit different? Yeah, I will start with the first question. Yes, you are absolutely right. There is some adaptations and as mentioned it's just a production function approach. So how, on any new impacts, a certain crop and in fact farmers may just change what they are doing and this happens. But the problem here it was really like a government request to analyze this, but especially because there have been so many like waves of leonins and people don't change as much. We didn't investigate it. But anyway, there is a kind of inertia. Of course, we would expect that people adopt, but in fact they don't adapt for some reasons, like maybe credit constraints, I don't know, education, institutional characteristics and this is worth investigating. But this was really just an impact study on crops and to see what would be short-term impacts and to see because of this empirical evidence that even after those such severe leonins during the eighties and nineties, people didn't change the way they plant. But this would be another investigation that's very, very important and to see what are the bottlenecks that don't make people change. But we are not considering this in this paper. Okay, thank you. Now about the question if farmers in the Sahel lack incentive motivation or this problem of access. According to our assumption, there is two ways indeed to, let's say, encourage farmers to use this new technology in order to improve productivity. The first one is to control uncertainty, which is here represented by this probability that for example the damage caused by the drought will be too high or the realization that means that the drought will happen. This is one thing. The other thing is the fact that is the cost of that technology. So for sure they have the motivation but it's a rational behavior. That means if they think that the risk is too high, that means the risk or the damage that can be caused by that risk is too high because they depend on production, for sure there is no other option for them to invest in this new technology in order to smooth the production or the productivity. But now it comes to the second problem, do they have access? That means do they have resources, for example, to buy this new technology? I doubt. I think this is the main issue, maybe. And when we see this interaction between this variable, give an idea about the fact when we have more access to international market, better macroeconomic context can help really to better access to this new technology. And we see that it helps really to adapt or to implement that kind of technology. So for sure the problem is that there is a high uncertainty, so we need to control further density through how we can control that this is another issue. And the other thing is that the cost may be too high and there is another option or another way really to address the problem is to make access to this new technology less expensive for these poor farmers. Okay, let me relate first to the question about the substitution. And of course, when there is any change in agriculture, there is always a substitution of one crop for another and this is an important fact. Now in my model, this is taken into account explicitly because we keep the total farmland cultivated fixed and we allow farmers to change crops. But even if on the macro level, you don't see any effect and there is substitution, there is a costly, substitution is costly. I mean farmers have to change their crop mix that not all farmers are willing to do that and some of them have to get out of cultivation altogether and some other farmers will come in. So there is a cost to the economy and you want to know what direction it goes, you want to know what the inward rate, the substitution is going to happen, if it's too fast it's going to be more costly. So that's an important issue and it should be taken into account, I agree for that. Now about the question in the back, I'm not sure I fully understand the question about the map but I have an answer, so tell me later if it's not the answer to the question that you asked. But the map, I showed two maps, I showed map of precipitation and I showed map of localities and there's a lot of overlap because originally localities were established, agricultural localities were established where water was available. Now since then we have water systems that go throughout the country from the north to the south, everybody pays the same price so they do have enough water and of course it is by quotas and the price is going up when there's shortage so farmers do react but it's not that there is some competition between the different localities of the different on the water system. This is regulated on a country-wide level. Okay, I think we have to close up our session. I just want to quickly summarize what has happened in the last 45 minutes. We had three case studies from Israel, from Brazil and from Africa. I think there were interesting presentations which have used different methods, different methodologies and there has been also raised very interesting questions about taking into account the climatic variables not just the average but by season. This is a very important point I think we have to take this into account but one of the responses was there is a need for that but we have to also think about the lidata limitations we are having because of the current that is shortage in the climate change on the search and also the question related to market was also very interesting. I think the Israeli case was that yes, Israel, it doesn't take this question is irrelevant for Israel because Israel already has, as mentioned, highly developed irrigation system, market system which we developing countries are already adopting but the question is very relevant to other developing countries and this should be taken into account in the research and also the question related to the use of methodology, technical efficiency, biasness in the first step, second step analysis was also asking the right question and I met, answered by saying that analysis were done in one stage analysis using the Green's method and this I can also say that the same methodology can be used using the Batti's curly method 1995 including the time taking into account the time it's just two different authors provide two different codes one is in LIMDEP and one can be integrated to other software. Let me just finish this session by saying thank you for all of you coming and tolerating our presentations asking interesting questions and I know that some of you are leaving this session with confusion but I believe our presenters will be available after the session to answer or to raise other questions and answers. Thank you so much thank you so much for presenting.