impressed about how much we already learned about space, about the universe, and about our place in the universe, our solar system. But the next speakers will explain us how we can use computational methods to simulate the universe and actually grow planets. The speakers will be Anna Penslin. She is PhD student in computational astrophysics in Tübing and Caroline Kimmich. She is physics master student at Heidelberg University. And the talk is entitled Grow Your Own Planet, How Simulations Help Us Understand the Universe. So hi everyone. It's a cool animation, right? And the really cool thing is that there's actually physics going on there, so this object could really be out there in space, but was created on a computer. So this is how a star is forming, how our solar system could have looked like in the beginning. Thank you for being here and that you're interested in how we make such an animation. Anna and I are researchers in astrophysics and we're concentrating on how planets form and evolve. She's doing her PhD in Tübing and doing my master's in Heidelberg. And in this talk we want to show you a little bit of physics and how we can translate that in such a way that a computer can calculate it. So let's ask a question first. What is the universe? Or what's in the universe? The most part of the universe is something we don't understand yet. It's dark matter and dark energy. And we don't know what it is yet. And that's everything we cannot see in this picture here. What we can see are stars and galaxies. And that's what we want to concentrate on in this talk. But if we can see it, why would we want to watch a computer? Well, everything in astronomy takes a long time. So each of these tiny specks you see here are galaxies, just like ours. This is how the Milky Way looks like. And we're living in this tiny spot here. And as you all know, our earth takes one year to orbit around the sun. Now think about how long it takes for the sun to orbit around the center of the galaxy. It's 400 million years. And even the star formation is 10 million years. We cannot wait 10 million years to watch how a star is forming, right? That's why we need computational methods or simulations on a computer to understand these processes. So when we watch to the night sky, what do we see? Of course, we see stars and those beautiful nebulas. They are gas and dust. And all of these images are taken with Hubble Space Telescope. So there's one image that doesn't belong in there. But it looks very similar, right? This gives us the idea that we can describe the gases in the universe as a fluid. It's really complicated to describe the gas in every single particle. So we cannot track every single molecule in the gas that moves around. It's way easier to describe it as a fluid. So remember that for later. We will need that. But first, let's have a look how a star forms. A star forms from a giant cloud of dust and gas. Everything moves in that cloud. So eventually, more dense regions occur and they get even denser. And these clumps can eventually collapse to one star. So this is how a star forms. They collapse due to their own gravity. And in this process, a disk forms. And in this disk, planets can form. So why a disk? As I said, everything moves around in the cloud. So it's likely that the cloud has a little bit of an initial rotation. As it collapses, this rotation gets larger and faster. And now you can think of making a pizza.  That's the same process, actually. In this disk, we have dust and gas. From this dust in the disk, the planet can form.  Well, it somehow has to grow. And grow even further and compact until we have rocks. And even grow further until we reach planets. How does it grow? Well, that dust grows, we know that. At least that's what I observed when I took those images in my flat. Well, so dust can grow and grow even further and compact. But when you take two rocks, we're now at this, in this state, when you take two rocks and throw them together, you do not expect them to stick. You expect them to crash and crack into a thousand pieces. So we're standing on the proof that planets exist. How does this happen? And it's not quite solved yet in research. So this is a process that is really hard to observe, because planets are very, very tiny compared to stars. And even stars are only small dots in the night sky. Also, as I said, planets form in a disk, and it's hard to look inside the disk. So this is why we need computation to understand the process, how planets form and other astronomical processes. So let's have a look at how we simulate it on a computer. Okay. So somehow we have seen nature. It's beautiful. And it's just like a tank of water and a bubbly fluid we already have. So now we have this bubbly fluid in here in the middle demonstrated. But now we have to teach our computer to deal with a bubbly fluid. And that's way too much single molecules to simulate them, as we already said. So there are two ways to discretize it in a way that we just look at smaller pieces. One is the Lagrangian description, just like taking small bubbles or balls of material that have a fixed mass. They have a certain velocity that varies between each particle. And they have, of course, a momentum because they have a velocity and a mass. And we create a number of those particles and then just see how they move around and how they collide with each other. That would be one way. That was described last year in a very good talk. I can highly recommend to hear this talk if you're interested in this method. However, there's a second way to also describe this, not just going with the flow of the particles, but we are a bit lazy. We just box it. So we create a grid. As you see down here, in this grid you have a certain filling level, a bit of a slope. So what's the trend there? And then we just look for each box, what flows in, what flows out through the surfaces of this box. And then we have a volume or a mass filled within this box. And this is how we discretize what is going on in the disk. And actually, since we are usually in the system of a disk, we do not do it in this nice box way like this, but we use boxes like those because they are already almost like a disk. And we just keep exactly the same boxes all the time and then just measure what goes through the surface in these boxes. So this is how these two methods look like if you compute with both of them. So one was done by me. I'm usually using this boxing method and the other was done by my colleague. You see this, like when you look at them at the colors, at the structure, here you have the slope inward. You have the same slope inwards here. You have even this hilly structure here, the same here. But what you notice is you have this enlarged dots that are really, these are really the mass particles we saw before, these bubbles. And here you have this inner cutout. This is because when you create this grid, you have a very region at the inner part of the disk where the boxes become tinier and tinier. And while we can't compute that, so we have to cut out at some point the inner part. So here, when you go to low densities, these bubbles blow up and distribute their mass over a larger area, so it's not very accurate for these areas. And here we have the problem. We can't calculate the inner area. So both methods have their pros and cons and our wallet. But now, for most, we will focus on this one. So we have this nice, actually, stream features. So again, going back to the boxes, we have to measure the flow between the boxes. This flow in physics, we call it flux. And we have a density, row one, a density row two. And the flux is the description of what mass moves through the surface here from one box to the next. So if we write this in math terms, it looks like this. This says the time derivative of the density, meaning the change in the change over time, so how much faster the velocity would be a change in time. And then this weird triangle symbol, it's called nabla, is a positional derivative. So it's like a slope. So how much, how do we change our position, actually? So if we change, look at the density over time, it should correlate to what inflow we have over position. That is what that says. So, and then we have in physics a few principles that we have always to obey because it's just almost common sense. One of them is, well, if we have mass in a box, like this, the mass should not go anywhere unless someone takes it out. So if we have a close box and mass in that box, nothing should disappear magically. We should stay. It should all stay in this box. So even if these particles jump around in our box with a certain velocity, it's the same number of particles in the end. That's, again, the same equation, just told in math. So a second very rudimentary principle is if we have energy in a completely closed box. So, for example, this nice chemicals here, and we have a certain temperature. So in this case, our temperature is low, maybe like outside of around zero degree Celsius, and then we have this nice chemicals down here, and at some point they react very heavily. We suddenly end up with much less chemical energy and a lot more thermal energy. But overall, the complete energy summed up here, like the thermal and the chemical energy, also the energy of the movement and the energy of potential added up to this variable U, that should not change over time if you sum up everything because our energy is conserved within our closed box. And then the third thing is, I think you all know this, if you have like a small mass with a certain velocity, a very high velocity in this case, and it bumps into someone very large, what happens? Well, you get a very small velocity in this large body and the smaller mass stops. And the principle here is that in momentum is conserved, meaning that the velocity times the mass of one object is the same as then later for the other one, but since it's larger, this product has to be the same. That doesn't change. And we have also, like in our simulations, to obey these rules, and we have to code that in so that we have physics in them. So you say, okay, this is really simple, these rules, right? But actually, well, it's not quite as simple. So this is the Navier-Stokes equation. It's a very complicated equation. It's not completely solved. And we have here all that is marked red, other derivatives. Here we have our conservation law that was denies in simple part. But now we have to take other physical things into accounting for pressure, accounting for viscosity, for compression. So squeezing and like how sticky is our fluid and also gravity. So we have a lot of additional factors, additional physics. We also have to get in somehow. And all of these also depend somehow on the change of position or the change of time. And these derivatives aren't really nice for our computers because they, well, they don't understand this triangle. So we need to find a way to write an algorithm so that it can somehow relate with these math formula in a way that the computer likes. And one of the way to do this is, well, the simplest solution actually is just we say, okay, we have now this nasty derivatives and we want to get rid of them. So if we look just at one box now and we say that in this box, the new value for the density in this box would be the previous density plus the flux in and out times the time step over which we measured this flux. Right? So and we have to somehow get to this flux and we just say, okay, this flux now is, if we start here, the slope of this curve, the trend, so to say, where this curve is going right now. So it would look like this. So in our next time step, we would have a density down here. And, well, then we do this again. We again look at this point. Where's the trend going? Where's the line going? And then we end up here. Same here. So again, we just try to find this flux. And this is the trend at this position in time. So this goes up here. And then if we are here now, look at this point, it should go up here. So this is what our next trend would be. And we do this over all the times. And this is how our simulation then would calculate the density for one box over the different time steps. So that kind of works. So the blue curve is the analytical one. The red curve, well, it's kind of simulates it works. But can we do better? It's not perfect yet, right? So what we can do is we refine this a bit, taking a few more steps, making it a bit more computationally heavy, but trying to get a better resolution. So first we start with the same thing as before. We go to this point, find the trend in this point, that point like the line would go in this direction from this point.  And now we look at this half a step to this point now and again the same saying, okay, where's the trend going now? And then we take where this point would go and add it to this trend. So that would be that the average of this trend, of this exact point and this trend, this dark orange curve. And then we go back to the beginning with this trend now and say this is a better trend than the one we had before. We now use that and go again and search the point for a half a time step. And then again, we do the same thing. Now we again try to find actually the trend and average it with the arrow before. So it's not exactly the trend, it's a bit below the trend because we averaged it with the arrow before. And now we take this averaging trend from the beginning to the top like this. Okay, this is already quite good, but we can still do a little bit better if we average it with our ending point. So we go here, look where is the trend going? That would go quite up like this. And we average this and this together and then we end up with a line like this. This is so much better than what we had before. It's a bit more complicated to be fair, but actually it's almost on the line. So this is what we wanted. So if you compare both of them, we have here our analytical curve. So over time in one box, this is how the density should increase. And now with both of the numerical method, the difference looks like this. So if we have smaller and smaller time steps, even the Euler gets closer and closer to the curve. But actually the Runge-Kutta, this four-step process works much better and much faster. However, it's a bit more computationally difficult. When we simulate objects in astronomy, we always want to compare them to objects that are really out there. So this is a giant telescope consisting of a lot of small telescopes, but they can be connected and used as a giant telescope. And it takes photos of dust in the sky. And this is used to take images of discs around stars. And these discs look like this. So these images were taken last year and they are really cool. Before we had those images, we only had images with less resolution. So they were just blurred blobs. And we could say, yeah, that might be a disc, but now we really see the discs. And we see rings here, thin rings. And we see thicker rings over here. And even some spirally structures here. And also some features that are not really radially symmetric, like this arc here. And it's not completely solved how these structures formed. And to find that out, a colleague of mine took this little object with the asymmetry here. And so this is the imagery just saw. And this is his simulation. So this is how disc looked like in the beginning, probably. And he put in three planets and let the simulation run. And so what we see here is that the star is cut out. As Anna said, we have to, so the grid cells in the inner part are very, very small and it would take a lot of time to compute them all. So that's why we're leaving out that spot in the middle. And what we see here is three planets interacting with the material in the disc. And we can see that these planets can make this thing here appear so that in the end we have something looking very similar to what we want to have or what we really observe. So we can say three planets could explain how these structures formed in this disc. It's a little bit elliptical, you see that. That's because it's tilted from our side of line. It would be round if we watched that it face on, but it's a little bit tilted. That's why it looks elliptical. So we already saw we can put planets in the gas and then we create structures. One very exciting thing that we found in the last year or two years ago, it started, but then we found more, is this system, PDS 70, in this system for the very first time we found a planet that was still embedded with completely within the disc, so the gas and dust. Usually because the gas and dust is the main thing that creates a signal, some radiation because of feet. We only observe that and then we can't observe the planet embedded, but in this case the planet was large enough and in the right position that we actually were able to observe some signature of accretion on this planet that was brighter than the rest of the disc. Then later, just this year, just a few months ago, we actually found out, well, this is not the only object here. This is a very clearly a planet, but actually like this spot here is also something. So we can see it in different grains, like every picture here is a different set of grains observed and we can see this in four different, five different kinds of observations. So there is a planet here and then there's also something we don't know what it is yet, but it's point-like and actually creates a feature that we reproduce in different kinds of observational bands or different kinds of signals here. This is very interesting. For the first time we actually see a planet forming right now within the disc. So a colleague of mine also is very interested in this system and started to simulate how do two planets in the disc change the dynamics of a disc. So here we have, of course, this disc is again tilted because it's not phase-on. It's like 45 degrees tilted, like not like this, but like this. And so he had it phase-on. This is what his simulation looks like. So there are two planets that these blobs here again as in the simulation. Here we have a close-up. You can actually see this little boxes are actually our simulation boxes in which we have our densities. And then he just looked at how the planets would change the structure in the gas and also how the gas would interact with the planets shifting them around. And it's interesting. So the planets tend to clear out an area, open a gap within the disc, block a lot of gas around here so you have a brighter ring here again and then clearing out more and more. And at some point in the simulation he saw they get a bit jumpy. So it's very nice. You also see that the planets induce in the whole disc some kind of features like spiral features. And so a single planet will change the symmetry and the appearance of a whole disc. So the reason why the planet is staying at this point is that because we're rotating with the planet. So it's actually going around the disc but the camera is rotating with the planet. So it's staying at the fixed place we put it in. Exactly. But there's more because as I already said in the Navier-Stokes equation we have a lot of different kinds of physics that we all have to include in our simulations. One of the things of course is we maybe don't have just a star in a disc. We have planets in there and maybe two stars in there and all of these larger bodies have also an interaction between each other. So if we have a star every planet will have an interaction with a star of course but then also the planets between each other they have also an interaction right. So in the end you have to take into account all of these these interactions and then also we have accretion just looking like this. So accretion means that the gas is bound by some object. It can be the disc, the planet or the star that takes up the mass, the dust or the gas and and bounds it to this object and then it's lost to the disc or the other structures because it's completely bound to that. So the principle of this would be a simulation I did last year and published we have here a binary star. So these two dots are stars. I kind of kept them in the same spot but every picture will be one orbit of this binary but since we have interactions you actually see them rotating because of the interactions which is other and then also we have here a planet and here a planet and the interesting thing was that these two planets interact in such a way that they end up on exactly the same orbit. So one starts further out the orange one and then very fast they go in and they end up on exactly the same orbit if it now would play nicely. So another thing is with the accretion here we actually see clouds from above dropping down onto the new forming star here. So all of this what you see here would be gas hydrogen and it's a very early phase so that this is not completely flat it has a lot of material and then you actually have this info from above towards the star and then the star keeps the mass and we have to take this also into account in our simulations. Another thing we have to take into account up till now we just cared about masses and densities but of course what we actually see is that stars are kind of warm hopefully otherwise temperatures here would also not be nice and different chemicals have different condensation points and this is also true in a system so we start with the star temperature at the surface of the star we have a temperature around 4000 Kelvin and then we go a bit into the disk and there's a point where we for the first time reach a point where we have any material at all because it starts to condensate and we actually have something solid like iron for example at 1500 Kelvin and then if we go further in we reach a point where we have a solid water and this is at 200 Kelvin this is what we then would need actually to have a planet that also has water on it because if we don't get the water in the solid state it will not fall onto a terrestrial planet and be bound there right so this is important for our earth actually and then if we go even further out we have also other gases condensating to solids like CO2 or methane or things like that and since we only get water on a planet when we have a temperature that is low enough so that the water actually forms a solid and it's important for us to think about where that is in our forming disk where do we start to have a planet like earth that could have some water right but it's not just the simple picture where we have all these nice ring structures where we have a clear line actually it gets more complicated because we have pressure and shocks and thermodynamics is a lot like pogo dancing right you crash into each other and it's all about collisions so the gas temperature is determined by the speed of your gas molecules like here bouncing and crashing into each other exchanging momentum so there's two ways to heat up such dance first thing is you get a large amount of velocity from the outside like a huge kick a shock into your system and second way would be if we have a higher pressure like more molecules then also you of course have more collisions and then a higher temperature so if you change because you have a planet now in the system the pressure at some point you actually get a higher temperature so that is and not then we lose this nice line because suddenly we have different different pressures at different locations and the colleague of mine also simulated this so it starts also 9th so this is the initial condition we just assumed okay if we have no disturbance whatsoever we have our nice planet here at 1 au so same distance as earth to the sun and here too but here we assume that la less and less heat gets transferred from the surface of the disc and here we have a planet far out like Jupiter or something and now we actually let this planet change the structure of the disc and what happens is we found these spirals and within this virus we change pressure and with this actually if you see this orange everywhere where it's orange it's hotter than the ice line so we don't have water where it's orange and where it's blue we can have water and interesting thing is even if we put a planet out here like Jupiter we still form these regions in the inner system where we have less water and one problem in astrophysical simulations is that we don't always know how to how to shape our boxes or how to or how how small these boxes have to be so we use a trick to reshape the boxes as we need them it's called adaptive mesh and this is a simulation of the red flowing fluid flowing in this direction and the blue fluid in the other one so at the boundary it shape they the two fluids here and they mix up somehow and we don't know how in advance so we start a simulation and as the simulation starts we reshape those boxes here so in the middle we don't need much we reshape because it's not that complicated here it's just a flow but at the boundary we see those mixing up of the two fluids and so we reshape the cells as we need them this is done in some in in a program in an astrophysical program called a repo we will later show you some more programs to to use for simulations but another simulation I want to show you first is also done with a repo and it's a simulation of the universe so from here to here it's very big it's a 30 million light years so each of these dots you see here is the size of a galaxy or even more and here you can actually see that at some regions it's very empty so we're rotating around this universe this simulated universe here and these regions here are empty and we don't need a lot of boxes there the big boxes are enough here but in this dense regions where we have a lot of material we need smaller boxes and this is this method I showed you where we reshape the boxes as we need them is used for this simulation so actually you see it's all the beginning of the universe there basically the initial mass collapsing to the first galaxies and first supernovae starting very beautiful simulation so there are different programs as I already mentioned in astrophysics three of them those three are all open source so you can download them and use them on your own machine if you like and but there are more a lot more some of them open source some of them are not it's sometimes it's hard to to get them we will in the following we will present the two Fargo 3d and Pluto in a detailed version or more detailed version than a repo because yeah we usually yeah we usually use those two for our simulations what I want to show you with this slide is that it depending on what you want to simulate you need to choose a different program and one thing is that in astrophysics we sometimes call the whole program code so if I use the word code sorry about that it's I mean the whole program so let's have a look at Fargo 3d it's a hydrodynamics code and what you see here is an input parameter file there you define how the disk looks like what how much mass does it have how big is it and what planet so here a Jupiter do you see that a Jupiter is put in and we also define how our how big our boxes are this program is written in C which is quite nice because a lot of astrophysical programs are still written in Fortran so this is good for me because I don't know any Fortran we can run this and what's typical for Fargo so that's a compilation actually on my computer so I don't need a fancy computer I just did it on my small laptop and now we run it and now typical for Fargo as you will see are a lot of dots so here it will print out a lot of dots and it will create at certain times some outputs and these outputs are huge files containing numbers so if you look at them they are not really interesting they just are numbers in something like a text file so a big part of astrophysics is also to visualize the data not only to create it but also to make images so that we can make movies out of them for that I prefer to use Python but there are a lot of tools and Python matplotlib but there are a lot of different tools to to visualize the data so this is actually that output the first one we just saw and Jupiter planet in the disk that I defined in this parameter file and it's already started to do some spirals and if I would have let it let it run further than the spirals were more prominent and yeah now we have a planet here on our computer so we also have Pluto Pluto somehow is a bit has a bit more setup files so what I need is three files here looks a bit complicated to break it down this file defines my grid and initial values some and the simulation time here we input actually what physics do we want to need what is our cannot coordinate system so do we want to have a disk or just like spherical boxes or like squared boxes and how is the time defined and here we then actually write a bit of code to say okay now how do I want a gravitational potential so what's the source of gravity or what will happen at the inner region where we have this dark spot we have somehow to define what happens if gas reaches this boundary is it just falling in is this bouncing back or something or is it looping through the one end to the next and this is also something we then just have to code in and if we then make it and let it run it looks like this so again our nice the thing we hopefully put in or wanted to put in the time steps what our boundaries were parameters of physics hopefully the right ones and then nicely we start with our time steps and then we see this it's hooray it worked actually because it's actually not quite simple usually to set up a running program a running problem because you have to really think about what should be the physics what's the scale of your problem what's the time scale of your problem and and specify this in a good way but in principle this is how it works there are few test problems if you actually want to play around with this to make it easy for the beginning and this is how we do simulations so as already said we can just start them on our laptop so here this is my laptop I just type dot slash Fargo 3d and it should run right and then I just wait for ten years to finish the simulations of 500 time steps or something like 500 all outputs well that's not the best idea so we need more power and both of us for example are using and cluster for a button back and and that takes down our computation time by a lot usually like a factor of maybe 20 which is a lot so I would need on my computer maybe a year and then I just need maybe five hours a few days or a week on this cluster which is usually the simulation time about a week for me and so you see here is that we use GPUs yes but we do not or mostly not use them for gaming we use them for actually it's actual science yeah would be nice to play on that right but yeah that just just said so back to our earth actually so can we now we wanted to grow our own planet we can do that yes of course can we grow earth well earth is a very special planet we have a very nice temperature here right and we have not a crushing atmosphere like Jupiter like a huge planet that we could not live under we have a magnetic field that shields us from the radiation from space and we have water but just enough water so that we still have land on this planet where we can live on so even if we fine tune our simulations the probability that we actually hit earth and have all the parameters right it's actually tiny it's not that easy to simulate an earth so and there are a lot of open questions too how did we actually manage to get just this sip of water on our surface how did we manage to collide enough mass or aggregate enough mass to form the terrestrial planet without Jupiter sweeping at all the mass in our system how could we be stable in this orbit when there are seven other planets swirling around and interacting with us all of this is open in our field of research actually and not completely understood this is the reason why we still need to do astrophysics and even in all our simulations there is no planet B and the earth is quite unique and perfect for human life so please take care of the earth and take care of yourself and of all the others people on the Congress and thank you for listening and thank you to everyone who helped us make this possible and to the people who actually coded our programs with which we simulate thank you thank you for the beautiful talk and for the message at the end the the paper is open for discussion so if you guys have any questions please come to the microphones I'm asking my signal angel no questions right now but microphone to please yes thank you very much very beautiful talk I can agree I have two questions the first is you showed you are using Navier stokes equation but you have on the one hand you have the dust disc and on the other hand you have solid planets in it and so are you using the same description for both was it the hybrid it very much depends like this is one of the things I showed you that for Pluto we write this C file that specifies some things and about every physicist has somewhat his or her own version of things and so some usually the planets if they are large they will be put in as a gravity source and possibly one that can accrete and pebbles are usually then put in in a different way however also pebbles are at the moment a bit complicated there are special groups specializing in understanding pebbles because and as we said in the beginning and when they collide usually they should be destroyed if you hit two rocks very hard together they are two rocks together they don't stick if you hit them hard together there's platter around and we don't add up with explain pebbles are a small rocks are like big sandstones or something like that yeah so bigger bigger rocks but not very big yet so yes so it depends on which code you use yes very short maybe one do you also need to include relativistic effects or is that completely out it's a good question and mostly if you have a solar type system you're in a range where it this is not necessary for example with the binaries if they get very close together then at the inner part of this that is something we could consider and actually I know for Pluto it has modules to include relativistic physics to yes thank you okay we have quite some questions so keep them short number one please thank you yeah thank you very much for your interesting talk I think you had it on your very first slide that about 70% of the universe consists of dark matter and energy is that somehow considered in your simulations or handle this well in the simulations we make we're doing planets and discs around stars it's not considered there in this simulation we showed you about the universe at the beginning the bluish things where all dark matter so that was included in there okay thank you okay microphone three oh hi thanks sorry I think you talked about three different programs I think Pluto Fargo 3d and a third one I was running say you're a complete beginner which program would you suggest is like you more use like if you want to learn more which one is user-friendly you're good I would suggest Fargo first it's kind of user-friendly has somewhat good support and they are always also always very thankful for actual comments and additions if people actually are engaged in trying to improve on that because we are physicists we're not perfect programmers and we're all also happy to learn more so yeah Fargo I would I would suggest it has some easy ways of testing some systems and getting something done and it also has a very good documentation and also an yeah a manual how to make the first steps on the internet so you can look that up awesome thank you let's get one question from outside from my signal angel thank you for your talk and there's one question from ISC how do you know your model is good and when you can only observe snapshots oh that's a good question we all we have to as we said we're in theoretical astrophysics so there are theoretical models and these models cannot include everything so every single process it's not possible because then we would calculate for years and yeah to to know if a model is good you have to usually you have a hypothesis or an observation that you somehow want to understand with most of the necessary physics at the stage to reproduce this image so also from the observation we have to take into account what our parameters kind of should be how dense this end of the simulation should be and things like this so by comparing to observations that's the best measure we can get if we kind of agree of course if we do something completely wrong then it will just blow up or we will get a horribly high density so this is how we know it's physics will just go crazy we do too too large mistakes otherwise we would try to compare to observations that it actually is sensible what we did yeah that's one of the most complicated tasks to include just enough physics that the system is represented in in a good enough way but not yeah so but not too much that our simulation would blow up in time number two please I've got a question about the adapted grids how does the computer decide how to adapt the grid because the data where the high density comes after making the grid this is actually quite an interesting and also not quite easy to answer the question let me try to give a breakdown nutshell answer here the thing is you measure and evaluate the velocities or in the flux you also evaluate the velocity and if the velocity goes high you know there's a lot happening so we need a smaller grid than there so we try to create more grid cells where we have a higher velocity in a nutshell this is of course in an algorithm a bit harder to to actually achieve but this is the idea we measure the velocities at each point and then if we measure a high velocity we change to a smaller grid so you can predict where the mass will go and where the densities are getting high exactly step by step so to say thanks we stay with microphone to okay I've got a bit of a classical question so I guess a lot relies on your initial conditions and I have two questions related to that so first I guess they are inspired by observations what are the uncertainties that you have and be them what is the impact if you change your initial conditions like the density in the disk yeah I'm I right now my main research is actually figuring out a sensible initial conditions or parameters for a disk if you just let it have an initial set of conditions and a sensible set of parameters and let it run very long you expect a system hopefully to converge to the state that it should be in but your parameters are of course very important and here we go back to what we can actually understand from observations and what we need for example is the density for example and that is something we try to estimate from the light we see in these discs that you saw in this nice grid with all these discs we estimate okay what's the average light there what should then be the average densities of dust and gas in comparable discs okay thanks okay one more at number two yes thank you for the talk when you increase the detail on the grid and you learn model and you have to when you want to compute the the gravitational force in one cell you have to sum the all the masses from all the other cells so the complexity of the calculus grows quite right tically at the square of the how do you solve that or just put more CPUs well that would be one way to do that but you there are ways to simplify if you have a lot of particles in one direction and they are far away from the object you're looking at and so yeah so if you have several balls here in one ball here then you can include all these balls or you can you can think of them as one ball so it depends on you look at so how you define how many particles you can take together is when you look at the angle of this of the yeah the big or the many particles will have from seen from the object you're looking at and you can define a critical angle and it if it's if an object gets smaller than this or if a lot of objects get smaller than this angle you can just say okay that's one object so that's a way to simplify this method and there are some yeah I think that's the main idea okay we have another one do you have a strategy to check if the simulation will give a valuable solution or does it happen a lot that you wait one week for the calculation and find out okay it's total crash that trash or it crashed in the time so that also depends on the program you're using so in Fargo it gives these outputs after a certain amount of calculation steps and you can already look at those outputs before the simulation is finished so that would be a way to to control if it's really working yeah but I think it's the same for Pluto so you you get every you set there's a difference between time steps and actually output steps so and you would define your output steps not as the whole simulation but you can look at each output step as soon as it's produced so I usually get like 500 outputs but I already can look at the first and second after maybe half an hour or something like that yeah but it also happens that you start a simulation and wait and wait and wait and then see you put something wrong in there and well then you have to do it again so this happens as well thanks okay one final question yeah okay is there a program in which you can calculate it backwards so that you don't have the starting conditions but the the ending conditions and you can calculate how it had started and not for hydrodynamics if you go to anybody there is a way to go backwards in time but for hydrodynamics the thing is that you have turbulent almost like chaotic conditions so you you cannot really turn them back in time with anybody kind of because actually it's kind of well it's not analytically solved but it's much closer than like turbulence is dreams spirals and all the things you you saw in the simulations okay I guess that brings us to the end of the talk and of the session thank you for the discussion and of course thank you guys for the presentation


Nine rules to make an upsell that converts. Hey, do you know what an upsell is? Have you made one? If you don't know what one is, you definitely gotta watch this video. At the end of the video, you're gonna know how to make high converting upsells, and we're starting right now. Hey, I'm JR Fisher, and welcome to my channel. I've been selling online since 2009, and I've sold millions of dollars worth of products, both physical and digital. Matter of fact, my branded products are on thousands of websites, including Walmart. Now, if you haven't already done so, make sure you subscribe. Click that button below there, that subscribe button right now, and don't forget the bell, the little bell next to it, that's your notification bell. You've gotta turn on all notifications. That way, I can let you know every single time I have a new video. Now, let's talk about these upsell things. Have you done one? Do you know what one is? Put your comments below. I wanna hear your comments and see what you've worked on prior to this video. Also, I wanna give you a little gift. Yes, a gift for you is an e-commerce course worth $97, but I'm gonna give it to you absolutely free. The link is in the description below, and you can grab it at the end of this video. How would you like to increase your sales automatically? Upselling is an awesome way to do that. Now, in 2012, Amazon came up with an upsell policy, and that policy said, let's show them other products that are related to the product they just bought. That increased Amazon sales 29%, just by adding that to the bottom of the product that we're buying. Now, we always hear the term upselling and cross-selling, and they're kinda used interchangeably, but they're really not the same thing. Upselling is different from cross-selling. Upselling is actually offering your buyer a more expensive item. Cross-selling is offering your customer another item that is related to that particular product, and it could be higher or lower priced, but it's just a related item. So technically, you could be offering them the same item, but maybe just more of it. We sell cases of meat, so if somebody's buying a case of meat, we may say you could buy five cases and get this particular discount. Or for $20 more, you can upgrade to this package. Those are all examples of actually upselling a customer, not cross-selling them. So in this case here, you may wanna sell them a little bit more coffee. You may give your customers the option to buy twice as much of the same gross coffee for just a couple dollars more. So cross-selling is really persuading them to buy an item that complements the item they just bought. In the case where somebody bought coffee, you may offer them a coffee pot, or coffee filters, or coffee mugs. All of those things are actually cross-sells to the original item that they bought. Okay, so let's get into the nine ways that we can do this. First off, we wanna make sure that we don't do things to irritate the customer. So number one is be tactful, be nice, be kind. Don't be pushy when you're selling your upsell.  So let's limit your upsells to two, maybe three at the most upsells in the entire process. Now number two is don't scare them away with a big price jump, but what do I mean by that? If somebody just bought a $29 product and the next product that you try to upsell them is $2,900, that's way more than what an upsell should be. Generally when we're selling a product for let's say $29, we may go to 99 or 159, but we're certainly not gonna go into the thousands for a product that's less than 100 bucks. Number three is upsell into a subscription. This is better known as continuity. This is a great way to do something. A lot of times somebody will buy a product from us, let's say they buy my book or something along those lines, that's a lower price item, it's like $5, $6, then what we do is we offer them continuity on a product that's similar to that. So if they bought my book that is how to find profitable products to sell online, we will go to a page that's continuity on how to set up a Shopify store. And that's like $27 a month. But the cool thing about that, that's reoccurring so we can constantly make that money every single month and maybe make hundreds of dollars on that particular customer. It benefits them, it benefits us, and we have that constant revenue. Okay, here's a good example right here. This is organic meal replacement meal, it's called. They offer a discounted subscription rate to entice the customer to go with a reoccurring order. Subscription boxes are becoming a major player in the world of e-commerce because they offer convenience in never having to remember to buy shampoo or toothpaste or any of those things. Yeah, I'm in on that. The next thing is make it easy. And what I mean by that is they shouldn't have to enter in all their information all over again to buy your upsell. Now we use a product called Cartra.  I highly recommend it. And I'm gonna put a link in the description where you can actually try out Cartra and get it for $1.  But I think you're gonna like it. We use Cartra for all of our sales pages at this point. Number five is offer a bundle. Now what is a bundle? A bundle is where they pay a little bit more money but they get a whole lot more of that same product. Now what you wanna do on that particular page, let's say they're buying our cases of meat which are $159 and it offers them five cases with free shipping or some sort of discount. We wanna offer a suggestion. We may say you'll need to stock up so you have this on hand. We may say this is great for gift giving, something along those lines so it gives them a reason to actually bundle and buy more of that particular product. Number six is incentivize the sale. And here's what I mean by that. We wanna offer them something a little extra where when they buy more of our product they get something special. So in the case of let's say our canned meats, maybe in addition to getting free shipping on five cases, we may say we're also gonna give you this bonus report worth $29 or we're gonna give you access to this particular course. So that way if they spend more money they even see more value than just spending money and getting a little bit of a discount. And those bonus things, especially if it's a downloadable or a course or something along those lines have no base cost to them because you've already prepared it, you already have it done. So giving it to them adds value to them but it doesn't cost you more in profit. Number seven, offer recommendations. And what do I mean by that? Well, on that particular upsell page we may have testimonials of people who actually recommend that product. We have videos of people who are talking about our products or talking about our services. And when they see that on the page it makes them more apt to actually buy your upsell. Number eight is leverage reciprocity. So what is reciprocity?  So maybe on that first order you could give them something a little extra so that when they get to the upsell they look at that and go, well, this company's already given me this free report and this free course. So yeah, I'll go ahead and take their upsell. So having that in their back of their mind that they owe you a little something works great when you're offering your upsell. Number nine is upsell, your most popular, your best product, not the old ones that you're trying to get rid of. That's craziness.  If you have products that aren't selling then upsell is not the place for that product. The place for that product is to sell that product at a highly discounted price to get rid of it and don't keep selling it. Make sure that all of your upsells are your highly prized products that everybody wants. All right, so now you know the difference in an upsell and a cross sell and you know how to improve those upsells.  Now, have you tried to do an upsell? Have you worked on this before? Do you have questions about upsells? Please put your comments below. I answer all the comments. And don't forget if you haven't done so, make sure you subscribe. You don't wanna miss a single video. So what you also wanna do is the bell, the bell right next to the subscribe button. YouTube won't tell you that I do a video unless you turn on all notifications. That's super, super important. Don't forget to like this video also or dislike it. Either way, give me your reaction and let me know what you want. And also don't forget, grab that e-commerce course I told you about. It's a $97 course, but you can get it absolutely free. All you gotta do is click in the description. There's no webinars to attend. There's no credit cards to put in. You just click and gain access. I wanna see you get that. That's my experiment in giving away this course. So let's make it work. I really appreciate you watching this video and I'll see you in the next one. Hey, thanks for watching my video. Don't forget to subscribe to my channel and click that little bell right there so you can be notified every time I do a new video. Also, click on one of those videos there. Keep watching on my channel.


My name is Jo and I've been working on the game for seven years now. So I just present two of the features that I've been working on this year. And so it's also thanks to these people because since September I've been hired by CNRS to actually so it's to promote a health gimmick walk. So the features I've been working on. So it's a smart prohibition based on one of gimmick algorithms. So everybody knows gimmick yet. So it's like it's a plug-in which unites. It's sorted by itself also and it's also plug-in and game and critter. And I think the big one of the problem in my problem is basically a bunch of filters. And it's made by CNRS which is the National Center of Science Research in France. So the University of Sikon and the University of Unicorn which is the University of Korn also get the same group. And originally I was still working as a volunteer for the data association. And also a mammoth project which also helped for these features. With Ion here, with the director of the mammoth. And the share of the input when it was wrong and when it was not usable. Which often happens when you're developing your ideas great and when it's not usable. So basically it's also first feature which is now in give to 10-10. So it's already exist and usable in stable radius. Which is sort of filled by Lime Art and Teclar which is often called smart prohibition. Even though it's not actually smart. It's not actually recognizing anything. It's not imaginary. So basically the problem to solve this is you want to colorize drawings. So it's really a feature for painters, not for photographers. So we have this and so there are two problems. So we have the bucket field too. Maybe everybody can think of this one. When you draw the bucket field tool there are two main problems. One is that if you have holes in your drawings. Because it doesn't recognize that I wanted to make a circle here. And so basically the total mix outside. And the second issue is that like you have this... I mean here you can see it's over your kind of white pixels. So like the bucket field tool adds right up to our algorithm. Which one is just filled by selection. If you have a selection you can fill the bucket field. I call it selection value. And fill similar tools which is what people are using. So this is basically when you take somewhere and it feels like the neighborhood itself is from the start point. If it's considered that the next door is close enough. So here like so how do you say it's close enough? Because you have a strict rule.  One of the problems which is why there's a white tissue on the side. But here it says it's not closing off. So in the end it makes some kind of ugly stuff. Like when you... People are to decolorize with old style method. That's what I almost do.  By one or two pixels it depends on your stroke. And then you can fill this selection. So we kind of improve this by a script which does zero step but still longer. So like this is the algorithm. What was the result from the same example? First of all when there was a hole it didn't leak out. And there's no white tissue. It just overflowed a little under the dark line pixels. So that's the algorithm. It's a very simple algorithm which is very nice. That's also why it's quite fast. So basically... When... I have a microphone here so... So what it does is we detect what is a line art. It's just coarse.  Basically if it's black we say it's line art. And we don't use the eraser tool. And then after this we detect endpoints by the corrector of... So the curve basically of local curvature of each point. So basically when it's very high curvature like here until... So like say art that's probably an endpoint. And then it just tries to make lines between endpoints solids. That's like an internal representation which is never seen by people. That's basically how it transforms the image. So you see it as you can see it's nothing like clever. You don't recognize a dog or tree or whatever and just try to fill endpoints. And to name them which actually is enough to because you can recognize basic... It just works after when we do this. It looks like friendly. In the end I will make it more real. So we have improved a bit. I mean not me alone with people from GEMIC. The algorithm. Because there were some issues with the original paper. Like when you have very fat lines and people do not because they say... There was no big collage here. It was too big but then we used local... Local curvature. So to say like here it's actually not... It's big curvature. Small one. But locally it's actually big. So we see what kind of it is. So that's an improvement of the algorithm even compared to the research paper. And so like you can see like an example. Smallest problem here. Here it's fully raised up a few. So come on. It should be really easy. But here we don't have anything. You can see here it's like white stuff. And here it just feels nicely. So in GEMIC we had... So how are you going to make a new tool? Because I thought we have... I mean new tools are good. But when we can it's better to not add so many new tools. After we get lost. And so I decided to add a new option in the budget field tool. So there is a field selection. The original field by a similar color. And we have a field by another detection. So it's not... Depending on the image say it's not like instant. Compared to the other algorithm. So we do some computation in the background. Basically all the low light intermediate stuff here. This is actually done to be done as fast as possible. As soon as possible. And also I improved the bits and corrections in the budget field tool. I allowed this to click and hold. Because as you saw it's a problem of all the segmentation here. So if we had to click on this corner. What's the area which has been created internally. By the algorithm to be solved. So I just click and then when... And I will make a demo now. Sorry I know the one with RAW usually. Well it's hard to draw. Okay I feel this is like... Because of the... It's okay I don't like this issue. Because of the double screen. It's completely true. I will... Watch this. So let's say... We'll give some forms. That's our cat. Yeah. Come judge me. It's hard because it's different in my time. Okay let's try. I should have made it as another layer. So let's see. Okay. So here. Same. Okay here. Oh well. So it's not correct. I guess I don't know which part. Or I will just cheat. Ah sorry. So let's... Except from this one. Okay. I want to get... Another color for the eyes. I'm not sure. But of course. Actually I don't really know. So... But that's the idea. And... So... So that's the idea. Behind this algorithm. It works again. And it's actually fast. Yeah. It's a digital painting tool. Okay so it's... I mean...  You won't do too much. Anything interesting. But who knows maybe. So some people always have ideas to use some tool. Which I don't make for this. And... Right. My art is basically a dark pixel. I mean... It's a... Dark pixel together.  It would not work. Currently. It would be easy to... Maybe... No motion to say. I want my lines to be white. Or whatever. With a threshold. But right now it's just simple. Okay. It could be optimized. But that's... Well it's just a bit more... Full HD stuff. Yeah. By 2000... 2984. This image. But when... Sometimes I am working with very new images. And... A lot more... Drawing in here. It can be a bit slow. So... Here... Most of all time because I was on the same layer. But that's... That's why I actually... Usually you... When you paint, you colorize. You paint in one layer. You make a layer below it. And then I can say here. I have my new houses. Okay. You can tell here what's the source layer. Which is... So it's a layer above. And then you colorize. From the layer below. Then it doesn't have to re-compute all the time. So which... Means you compute only once. Internal representation. Which... Makes it seem faster. So even when you have very big images. And if it takes a few seconds. To compute internal representation. Because a few seconds can be huge. When you know you want to work fast. So... So yeah. To maybe optimize my life. At some point. Color border like... I am saying what that's... Like to color the border a bit here. You know. So that's the kind of stuff when you're a developer. You say oh yeah it works. And my circle is complete. But then I am saying. Yeah but it's okay. So that's kind of stuff. I have original... I have some... Like fizzle edge. But it's still not like the same as... Actually when...  After the colorization. She will remove the lights. Actually. And just sometimes you do this kind of stuff. I don't know. I don't have an example of this. So you need to have nice lights. For this space. With the kind of texture she wants. Last kind of stuff. Which this tool doesn't do. And... All of a second chance to manage you. That's like a real example from one of Ion's drawing. And why does he do this? It's because... She often use... We don't really see it here well. Because it's fine. It's kind of blurry. I don't know. But she... The brush she uses is like kind of very... Like... Fizzle edge. It's not like the wrong brush. And stuff. So the average is too many endpoints. Basically everywhere. So it tries to blend. And then you have almost... So here you really... If you want to fill it, you fill it like this. It's... So it depends. Like sometimes on some drawing. It can still be not perfect. Well, actually you can also just fill it here with a maximum length. You can put it to zero. And if you have no holes, you can use this like this. And then it's in effect. You still have like the overflow flow under the line art. But you don't have a gap detection. Which is a small part. And then you don't have the overall segmentation issues. So actually you can still use it like this. Even if you have like... Like complicated brushes. Okay, so it's actually a simple algorithm. It's not like normal networks or suffixes. But it works well. And I think that's... And it's quite fast to smart organization algorithm. I think it's very nice. So, yeah. That's useful for this first feature. Which is in-game now. So you can try it. So, second one I've been working on. Actually I started even before. But I cannot stop to make smart colorization. And that's actually how CNRS decided like that I could be able to do it well for them. Because it will help. Every people wants to make plugins and other kind of extensions. So what I call extensions is basically any data which can go in-game. So like plugins, create and receive. So like scenes. We have people like right now when you want to make a new scene. Proposem or icons for game or stuff like that. They just go on Twitter and they say, oh look at my cool icon set. And I'm like, oh we can do this. So you have to find it on some website and you have to put it to unzip it in some folder and everything. So you can share brushes or whatever dynamic phone is whatever. And so the idea is that so yeah. So that's a sad state right now. We have like a lot of data system in here. So plugins, brushes, whatever. But it's very hard to share that. We used to have a registry where registry.gim.org. But it's dead now. So the website is down for like it's been down for a few years. And anyway, even when it was not down it was like again and feel which is why if you put it down. Fill with pound and everything and no train of security check or whatever. So yeah. So basically now it's searching plugins plugins and everything and installing it is annoying and you can have permission issue. I mean you unzip it. Two minutes. Okay. So I will go fast. So basically the idea is to make them all that. We use we want to be able to it's like fast. We want to be able to search your plugins always queue us and not only create any extension.  So basically someone could say oh that's not working for plugins for games this fashion, this fashion. So basically it's just metadata all this. So they just we will ask people to add the metadata and they can publish on the new registry. We will have to see this with this because we have to make a website and everything. And then you should be able to get an application because updates for your extension because that's all the one problem. People install stuff and maybe actually the developer of the plugin still continue to update it but you still have like 5 years old and you have no idea because you have no ratio right now. I won't touch that. One of the main challenge for this project is will be code review. I think that will involve community and everything because especially for plugins if we want to allow people to upload the plugin well it means also and instead of using the plugin also it can be used for malicious code or maybe some other ways people can install and that's probably actually the main challenge which is not really a code challenge for me but probably for we will have to make this web website so hopefully yeah like for instance some test and you can have the brushes oh yeah I have my beautiful brushes which are like flower which I have an extension and then you won't be able to such extensions but yeah nothing. So yeah beautiful I did it myself yesterday I don't know and yeah that's basically it I don't have the time


Hey, Bolo buddies. Thanks for watching. Okay, I have a Poshmark Bolo video for you guys. There are 23 Poshmark Bolo items that I sold on Poshmark. I purchased items at garage sales, thrift stores, estate sales, and I resell them. That's what I do. And we are gonna get started and I'm gonna show you what I sold on Poshmark. There are no clothing items. I am only gonna show you my hard goods. Let's go. All right. The first item I sold is, okay, so these came from a garage sale and they just had a bunch of like random items like this and I bundled them all together and I asked them for a price and they're just like little toys and They sold for $30. They're cheap little toys. I mean, they're probably like from the dollar store or something I have no idea. I They're very very cheap but they'd be great for like giveaways like at a school or like at a like a festival an event of sorts, you know, just something to give as little prizes or I don't know.  I'm just gonna lock them up and I'm gonna throw them on Poshmark and they sold for $30 and The buyer paid shipping party favors. That's the word. I'm looking for The next item I sold now. I said no clothes, but the reason I'm showing you this is it's a bundle and You can see here. I got these vintage drawer pulls these came from a garage sale and I got these free and They bundled them with these two shirts. So that's another thing that is great about Poshmark So this person paid one shipping price for all three items because they were in a bundle and as long as it's five Pounds or less. I don't have to upgrade my label. So they paid the shipping So I got $60 for these three items Poshmark took 12 and my earnings were 48. So This was a garage sale shirt this sweater and I believe this Nautica shirt was also So I probably have less than $5 and everything The next item I sold is this Melissa and Doug wooden jigsaw puzzle. These items are super easy to find at Garage sales. This one was actually still sealed so I Don't like selling these type of things on eBay or McCurry because they're kind of heavy but they're a great Poshmark item because it ships for one price and I was thinking maybe somebody would bundle it But they actually just bought it outright for seven dollars and they paid the shipping So did I make a lot of money? No, this is a major bread and butter item But you can get these so cheap at garage sales sometimes even the thrift stores Okay, the next item I sold is this Winnie the Pooh and Piglet ornament. I Sell ornaments all year round. So I just keep them listed this one I want to say this came from a garage sale. I can't remember I think I sat on this one for a little bit. The box is damaged, but I did end up selling it for $20 and the buyer paid shipping The next item it came from a garage sale if I remember correctly This was a dollar and it sold for $28. It's a vintage Victorian Ballerina's figurine and it is made in Japan and I love selling anything made in Japan and I have a whole video on Items to be on the lookout for that are made in Japan. So definitely go check out that video So this is a little vintage 1998 Hallmark keepsake Christmas ornament. It sold for $15. I got this in a mystery box for probably like 50 cents The next item I sold is this vintage signed Tako a Tako a TACO. So like taco Tako a Anyway, it's a brooch. It's looks like a wreath and I believe this came out of my I bought it on eBay to sell on eBay bulk buy And again, I talked about this in another video This is a great tool to get for measuring jewelry to show size in your photos And I believe I have a link down in the description. I bought mine on eBay. Sorry. I have a hair All right, this came from a garage sale I picked up like five or six of these at a garage sale and I think I ended up having like a dollar or a dollar fifty in each one this did take a little while to sell but it's lip-sense and I'm not sure if you're allowed to sell this on eBay. I know some of the direct sales. You're not But I don't know if it's like eBay that has a problem with it Or if it's the company if you like sell for the company. I'm not really clear on all of that So I just put this on Poshmark, I don't believe I put it on eBay if I remember correctly and it sold for $20 in the buyer page shipping The next item I sold is this cardboard advertising coaster ring sizer. So this is just a Zanesville is in Ohio. It's not far from me and I Picked these up at a garage sale and I just thought these were cute interesting Because you basically put your finger in the hole and it tells you what size ring you wear I just thought it was kind of cool and I'm like, you know what? I'm gonna list those separately I had three of them and they have all sold so The next item I sold is this vintage Alice in Wonderland book came from a garage sale I paid a dollar for it and it sold for $13 and the buyer paid shipping The next item I sold is this lot of 10 small pendants I purchased a lot of jewelry on eBay and These items were a part of it and I put these in a small lot and I sold these for $21 and the buyer paid shipping The next item I sold is this Shopkins snow mobile doll mini figure toy lot. So I Love picking stuff up like this at garage sales and thrift stores And I bundle them up and I make little bundles of toys and people buy them And I sold this for $22 and the buyer paid shipping. I think Poshmark and Mercari are both great for Selling toys and if you guys haven't tried Mercari, definitely go check out my what sold Mercari videos because it's a great platform And I use list perfectly to cross post my items. I typically start my items on eBay and then I will cross part Gosh, I can't talk. I'm sorry cross post to Poshmark or yeah Poshmark and Mercari From eBay and if you guys are interested in trying list perfectly You can get 30% off your first month with Bolo buddies all one word and that's a referral code that'll get you 30% off your first month of list perfectly And I said this in my other video I Have a Facebook group and if you guys have questions, you're more than welcome to reach out to me there There's a link down in the description. I've been using it for over a year. I love it I'm happy to answer any questions you may have I'm not an expert. I don't use the catalog They did just make the catalog There's no additional fees if you go over the limit of catalog items now It's now unlimited. So that is a great fantastic new perk of list perfectly. So Paul patrol Robo dog.  It's Robo dog. I'm gonna list this separately and I sold it for 12 dollars.  Let me show you look. He's not very big Right there what three inches you put it in the bathtub and you like Squeeze it and it puts water in its mouth and you squirt it and it sold for 12 dollars I think that was in a mystery box or it was like a garage sale toy lock that I bought The next item I sold is this vintage Christmas paper honeycomb decorations So if you're not familiar with the word honeycomb, it's when the item opens and it has this shape That is called honeycomb. So use that descriptive word in your title. Here's the snowman And these came from a garage sale and I sold these for 15 dollars The next item I sold was this vintage rainbow suspenders and this 1988 Walt Disney calendar So the rainbow suspenders came from the I got it free garage sale and I can't remember where the calendar came from so The person did message me and she was buying these items for her sister for Christmas And I guess her sister had both of these items as a kid So it was kind of like going down memory lane for her. So it was really really cool I'm not sure if the items arrived by Christmas because it was when we were having all the shipping delays But either way they sold for 35 dollars posh took seven and my profit was 28 dollars And again, the suspenders were free and I'm guessing I had less than a dollar in the calendar The next item I sold is this shimmer and shine genie talking magic flying carpet dolls and the dolls do come off and again Garage sales thrift stores look for these items sold these for 20 dollars in the buyer page shipping And this is a dr. Seuss Grinch jumbo foam adhesive shapes And I know I got this at a garage sale It was like a bulk bundle buy So I probably had less than a dollar in it and I sold it for 15 dollars in the buyer page shipping The next item I sold is this 1997 kinner Dale Earnhardt car and it's new in the package I think they gave me like four for feedback. So I don't know what they were unhappy about But um, I sold this for 14 dollars and I picked it up at a garage sale The next item came out of a mystery box It's a vintage hallmark 1981 ice fairy ornament And I sold this for 25 dollars in the buyer page shipping and they left me really really nice feedback And they were really happy with how I boxed the item which is kind of funny because um, I've been getting all of these like, um What do you call them like the tins Um in these mystery boxes. So I'm like, you know what I'm going to use those around Christmas time And put stuff in them and use them as my box and people really liked that. So it was free boxes basically The next item I sold is this cake topper. It's from the disney movie inside out So it's like a cake topper slash toy figure and it's jangles the clown This sold for 12 dollars. This is like this big you guys 12 dollars. So definitely look these toys up All right, I sold these three lego bionicles. I bought a huge lot of lego bionicles Most of them were already assembled. I still have a probably a 35 gallon tote full of Ones that are not completely assembled and I'm like someday I'll get to that So basically what I did is I have listed the ones that I was able to figure out And the rest are going to sit in a tote for now Um, I sold these three for 90 dollars poshmark took 18. So my earnings on this was 72 dollars I sold this vintage purple hand blown art glass grapes And I always pick up fruit if it's glass if it's stone People use it as decor like in their kitchen And I want to say this was a dollar at a garage sale and I sold this for 25 dollars And the next item is this blaze in the monster machines die cast truck Get these on poshmark. Get these on ebay. Get these on They do sell the monster trucks And they will sell if you list them separately a lot of people choose to bundle them, which is fine But um, they will sell individually. So I love selling toys Um, if you guys watch my channel, that's something where I'm really trying to expand my knowledge And google image. Um, I think it's google lens is fantastic for identifying toys. So definitely definitely use that and Don't pass the toys by guys. I'm telling you there is money to be made and again You know, you just have to find what you like. Um, I also like made in japan items I like new old stock items What else do I like to list christmas items? So, um, I don't know halloween items So holiday items. I guess I like easter. Yeah, all that stuff So be sure to go check out some of my bolo category videos. Check out some of my featured seller videos I'm starting to do those again. And as always, thanks for watching and I'll see you at the next video


going to do something a little special. I actually went to the store and bought a bunch of meat today, there was a meat sale going on at the local grocery store.  This is going to be for my son's church trip. They're going to North Carolina next week and I'm going to make up a bunch of pulled pork for them and I'm going to do a video on this one where I'm actually going to do one of the pork butts, the normal barbecue way and one of them I'm going to do a sous vide barbecue. So that's going to be a future video and this here, I bought a full pack of brisket from GFS. I had a friend of mine ask me to make him a pastrami and I'm going to do that. So I bet this is going to be another video where I'm going to show you how I trim this up, get it in the brine for a week and then make some sous vide pastrami, sous vide cue pastrami.  So I'll do a couple of those and show you how I do that. I'll be right back. I'm going to start doing the steaks first. I bought some good rib eyes today and I bought some good New York strips but I'm going to take these rib eyes that I bought and we're going to go ahead and package them out about three in a package. I'm going to two separate packages and what I'm going to do is I'm going to take some of my steak rub that I normally do and it'll be down in the description of the recipe which is normally kosher salt, coarse ground black pepper, garlic powder and some espresso coffee, fine ground. I'm going to go ahead and just put that on the steaks, both sides. I'm going to go ahead and rub it on there so it kind of gets in there. Just going to push it into this meat a little bit. I'm not going to put a whole ton in there. I'm just going to go ahead and do the rest of them while I have it open. We're only going to put three in each package though but I'm going to go ahead and just go ahead and rub these up. Just put enough in there to kind of coat the outer surface and what we're going to do is going to put these in the vacuum bag and we're just going to throw them in the freezer just like that. And what that's going to allow us to do is when we're ready to cook, all we have to do is grab the pack out of the freezer, throw it right in the sous vide. We make sure that we give them enough time in the sous vide to account for that. But I'm going to go ahead and take these and we're going to go ahead and throw them in the vacuum sealer bag. I've already got some pre-made here so it's pretty easy to make these from your vacuum bag. You don't need to use vacuum bags, you can use Ziploc bags, but I'm going to go ahead and throw these right in. Like I said, I'm going to do three in a pack just so that we can make two meals out of these. There's only four of us and my wife won't need a whole one, neither of my daughter. So I'm going to go ahead and throw these in and vacuum seal it up and I'll be right back. One thing I want to show you guys, I know a lot of people are familiar with these food saver and other brand of vacuum sealer machines, but one of the things people don't do a lot of times is actually clean this seal bar and the top and the bottom after each use, wipe it down and this little juice retainer pack here needs to get cleaned out. After every use, you need to clean that out. You need to wipe these seal bars down and just clean it up, preferably use a little bit of bleach or something on there, some fantastic, something's going to kill the germs as well, but that will actually make your vacuum sealer machine last a whole lot longer and work a lot better. So I just recommend you guys do that, make sure you go ahead and clean it after every use, wipe it down, especially where the seal bar is because that's the first thing that goes on a lot of these. All right guys, I'm going to go ahead and seal up these stakes. These are those rib eyes I just put in there. Let's go ahead and make sure you have it so that the bag is going into that drain, a little drain there. Close it up, make sure you get it locked in pretty tight and that there's no folds in the bag. I'm going to go ahead and use the moist function. My vacuum sealer has a moist option where it will actually seal a little bit harder because it'll know there's some moisture that's going to come up in between the two, in between the vacuum bag here. So I'm going to go ahead and hit the moist button and then just go ahead and let it dry. I'm just going to seal it for the first time and I always double seal on everything. I've had some issues before, once or twice, where the seal can lose cooking at a hotter temperature or whatever. So there's no reason to risk it. It takes two seconds, usually just pop the lid open so that seal mark can cool off and then just hit it again with the seal. What that does, it just reassures that you got that seal in there pretty tight. All right guys, I'm going to go ahead and package up some of the other stakes and I'll be back. Hey guys, I'm back. Now I'm going to do the New York Strips and I'm going to put all four of these in one bag because they're going to be for one meal, probably going to have it where I have my son and his girlfriend come over that night. So planning ahead is really a good idea when you're doing SUNY, especially when you're cooking for longer periods of time, just so you know. I mean I always plan meals ahead of time, at least a couple of days ahead of time. But I got these New York Strips out and I'm going to go ahead and wash it up real quick.  I've got a good, nice, even coat on everything. I'm going to go ahead and throw these in a bag and vacuum seal them up just like I did the last time. Hey guys, I'm back. And now what I'm going to do, I actually washed the pan, washed my hands, got new gloves on and I've got these pork tenderloins out of their package and ready to get all seasoned up and thrown in the bag. So there was two in each pack so I got four tenderloins. I'm going to put two in a pack when I vacuum seal them. And I'm going to use the Running Wild Peach Rub. I love the peach rub. It's good on chickens, good on pork, it's good on ribs, good on brisket. It's good on a lot of different meats but I really like it on pork and chicken a lot more than brisket. But it's good to mix with other rubs as well. Sometimes I'll mix the pork candy and the peach together. But I'm just going to put the peach rub on these and we're going to, on both of them, and we're going to vacuum seal them up and then we're going to go ahead and put them in the freezer. So just like with the steaks, you don't need a whole ton of the rub. You're just putting enough to give it a coating because you are going to want to put some more seasoning on it after it comes out of the sous vide bath. But this is going to let us, like I said, be able to just take these right out of the freezer and throw the whole vacuum sealer bag right into the sous vide. Okay guys, I've got the chicken thighs now and washed the pan off really good. I've got my chicken thighs, changed my gloves out, and on this one I'm actually going to use a different kind of rub. I'm going to put these all in one bag because usually when I make chicken thighs I have people over and they get eaten and if I don't have anybody over, we still will eat most of them and we'll have the next, the rest of the next day we'll make chicken salad out of them. So what I'm going to do, I'm going to use actually the run and wild smoky paprika rub on these. I used this last time on them and actually they came out really good. My rub that I usually make for chicken has a lot of paprika in it anyway but I found this, this actually has got a little smoky taste to it. So it's like smoked paprika. So I like using this. Remember, look down in the description below for the run and wild code fire and water.  There's a link, a link there for the run and wild website and they've been gracious enough to send me some of these rubs and I've used them for a long time and actually like them. So I'm going to go ahead and put some of this run and wild smoky paprika on the chicken and then we're just going to package it up and throw them in the freezer and then we're ready to cook them. We're just going to go ahead and toss them in the bath. So all right, let me finish doing this guys.  Okay guys, that's it. Now I got my pack of four New York strips, got two packs of rib eyes, three each.  Now I got my two packs of pork tenderloins. So that's it. That's a good for you know six meals right there. Maybe a couple more because we usually eat these chicken thighs for a couple days but it's pretty easy. Like I said, I do it this way. You don't have to. This is I just prefer it this way because it's a lot easier when I'm coming home from work and I gotta throw something in the sous vide or grab it in the morning before I run out to throw it in. I don't have to worry about thawing it out for you know a day or so or a couple days before I throw it in. So that's just how I do it. Hope this helped. Make sure you subscribe. Make sure you like the video. Share it with your friends. Join us on Facebook. We have a Facebook group at a Facebook page and thanks again and we'll see you the next one.