In this video, we're going to prove that the classic geometric problem of doubling the cube is impossible. So what does it mean to double the cube? So given the edge of a cube, it is impossible to construct with a straight edge and a compass alone the edge of a cube that is twice the volume of the original cube. So when we think of a cube, we think of the following situation. So we draw our picture of a cube like so. And suppose that this cube has a side length of s and that this is a constructible number. The volume of this cube would then be s cubed. And so if we were to construct a cube whose volume is twice that. So the volume here is going to be twice that. So it's two times s cubed. We then want to draw this larger cube like so. What would be the side lengths of that cube? Okay, well the new cube, the duplicated cube, its volume needs to be two times s cubed. For which then, because volume is just whatever the side length is, we'll call it t for a moment. The volume is likewise t cubed. We can solve for t here very quickly and get we need the cube root of two times s cubed, which simplifies to be cube root of two times s. Now because the field of constructible numbers is itself a field, if we can construct s, we can divide by s. And therefore it requires we construct the cube root of two. So the side length of that cube is going to be the cube root of two here. Now in order to construct the cube root of two, we would need to be a constructible number, right? Now if you take q adjoin the cube root of two, this is a field here. If you look at the degree of the extension over q, this is going to be three because its minimum polynomial is x cubed minus two. But we proved previously that for the field of constructible numbers, if you take a constructible number and adjoin it to q, then the degree of the extension is always a power of two for which three is not a power of two. And that tells you that the cube root of two is not constructible and therefore we cannot double the cube.


Hello everybody! This video is about taking a screenshot of your computer or laptop in Windows or MacOS. A screenshot is a picture of your computer's or laptop's screen taken with standard tools or with a special program. Hello friends! If you need to recover deleted data, view or restore removed browse in history, Hetman software products will help you. Follow the link in the description, download the necessary program for free, install it and analyze the disk. The utility will show you the data you can recover, so you will be able to view it or get it back. In our channel and blog you will find solutions to any problem, from installing an operating system or configuring it to fixing possible bugs and errors or optimizing mobile gadgets. Our specialists will answer any questions you ask in your comments under the videos or articles. Let's start with Microsoft Windows. In Windows operating systems, there are several key combos for screenshots. The Print Screen button. When you press it, the system takes a picture of the entire screen and puts it into the keyboard. To save it, start any graphics editor, for example Paint. Press the key sequence Ctrl-V. It will paste the screenshot in Paint, and the only thing left to do will be to save it with a good name and in a proper format. The Win plus Print screen combo. When you press it, the system takes a picture of the entire screen and saves it automatically into the Pictures folder in your computer. The screenshot will be saved in PNG format. The Alt-Print Screen combo. Pressing this key combination takes a screenshot of the active window, I mean the window of the program you are currently working with, and puts it into the keyboard. Then open Paint, press the Ctrl-V key shortcut and save the picture. By the way, there is a video in our channel describing top 10 hotkeys in Windows and browsers and how you can figure them or change them. I will give all the links in the description. In some Windows laptops, the Print Screen button can also work for other functions, for example as the Insert button. Such laptops usually have an additional functional key – FN. If that is your case, press Print Screen plus FN to take a screenshot and save it to Alt, Print Screen, FN to take a screenshot of the active window. In addition to standard key shortcuts, Windows can also use standard tools or third-party apps to take screenshots. For example, the built-in app Snippin' Tool. To start it, type Snippin' Tool in the search window and click on it. The utility doesn't need any special settings. Click Mode to select the mode for screenshots. Hit 1 by clicking on New. Select an area to take a screenshot, and it will appear in the Programs window. You can edit it with such tools as Pen, Highlighter or Eraser. Then save it by clicking on the Discard Shaped button. Choosing among third-party apps for taking screenshots, I can recommend the one I'm using myself – LightShot. It's free, and you will find a link to the official webpage in the description. To install it, go to the LightShot page and download it. By the way, this app is available for Windows and macOS as well. After installation, its icon will appear in the system tray. It will start together with the operating system, and it will be assigned to the Print Screen button. That is, when you press Print Screen, the Program window will open automatically, so you can select an area on your screen and take a picture. In the top left corner, you will see the resolution of the selected area. In the menu on the right, you will see tools for drawing and editing. You can add text if you want. In the menu below, you can see options to save, copy or print the selected area, or search a similar picture in Google. When you click the Save button, LightShot will suggest you to choose a folder for saving the file in one of the formats PNG, JPG or BMP. Also, LightShot can upload your screenshots to its server, prntscrn.com, which is very useful if you need to send someone a picture. You can send a link, which can be opened in any browser. Just as Windows, macOS operating system also uses hotkeys to take screenshots, but it saves them to the desktop automatically, so you don't have to open a graphics editor to save the picture. The key shortcut – CMD Shift 3. When you press it, the system takes a picture of the entire screen and saves it automatically to the desktop in the PNG format. The key shortcut – CMD Shift 4. Pressing it will open the highlighting tool. You can select the area of the screen you need and take a screenshot of the selected area. The screenshot will be saved to the desktop as well. The key shortcut – CMD Shift 4 – Space. It might have been the most useful one of all. At first, press CMD Shift 4 to activate the highlighting tool. Then position it on the window of the app which you want to take a screenshot of and press the Space button. The window will be highlighted in blue. Now left-click and the system will take a screenshot of the selected window only. All pictures automatically receive names in the following format – screenshot, date, time, PNG. By the way, here is something that may be interesting for you. There is a video in our channel about installing macOS on Oracle VirtualBox in Windows. You will find the link in the description. Talking of third-party apps for taking screenshots in macOS, I can recommend the same LightShot tool you can use with Windows. It's a convenient tool, and it has got a good rating in App Store. That is all for now. I hope this video helps you in taking screenshots in your computers or laptops. Hit the Like button below and subscribe to our channel. Ask questions in your comments. Thank you for watching. Good luck.


Hi, I'm Jeff Hirstra, and today I'm going to share with you a little bit of our work to build nucleotide resolution maps of transcription factor occupancy across the human genome. You carry out a genome as hierarchically packaged into chromatin, the fundamental unit being the nucleosome, which is 150 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an histone octamer. Long arrays of nucleosomes form chromatin fibers and then higher structures on top of that. Chromatin is punctuated by cis-regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers, and control the expression of their cognate genes. Within cis-regulatory DNA, transcription factors cooperatively bind in the place of the canonical nucleosome. These TS recruit complexes that directly control transcription. Thus, transcription factors form the basic building blocks of regulatory DNA, and I would argue that a full mechanistic understanding of gene regulation requires detailed maps of transcription factor occupancy across the whole genome. So how do we do this? To do this, we employ a strategy called DNA-S1 mapping. Now over 30 years ago, it was discovered that active regulatory DNA is exquisitely sensitive to cleavage and digestion by the non-specific endonuclease DNA-S1. The digestion of chromatin with DNA-S1 generates small DNA fragments that can be purified and N-sequenced using massively parallel sequencing. Mapping these small fragments back to the genome enables the genome-wide detection of active regulatory DNA. Now with sufficient sequencing depth, one can begin to visualize the activity of DNA-S1 at single nucleotide resolution. So if we sequence these C8T cells to 200 million tags, you can see that DNA-S cleavage is not uniform with one of these DHSs, but the signal is attenuated by the binding and occupancy of individual transcription factors. For example, Nrf1 here is I'm showing. Now, DNA-S1 footprinting capitalized on the fact that 50% of the total cleavage is occur within accessible elements representing 1% of the human genome, highlighting the incredible signal-to-noise ratio inherent to DNA-S1 mapping. Now intuitively, DNA-S1 footprinting reflects the outcome of a competition between transcription factors and DNA-S1 for access to DNA. Footprinting works because the affinity of sequence-specific transcription factors that are specific binding sites is much greater than the affinity of DNA-S1 for those particular sites. So highly-occupied sites will result in market protection or a DNA-S1 footprint, while lowly-occupied sites reflect the intrinsic sequence preference of DNA-S1 itself. So in order to truly fulfill the potential of DNA-S1 footprinting as a method for the de novo genome-wide detection of transcription factor occupancy, we want to do this in a manner that doesn't require any prior knowledge of computer binding sites, only examining the cleavage profiles of DNA-S1 themselves. And the trick here is to use an algorithm to identify footprints in the data itself. To do this is very conceptually simple. We're just going to find contiguous regions of the genome with cleavage imbalances. So one way you can intuitively think about this is sort of running a window across the genome consisting of a footprint core in the flanking regions. In any time there's fewer cleavages in the core of the flank, you could call those positive footprints. However, this approach has a number of challenges that make and found footprint detection, namely the variability cleavage rates at adjacent bases, as well as the variation accessibility amongst different DHSs in general. A major contributor to the variation in DNA-S1 cleavage is that DNA nucleases in general have intrinsic sequence specificity. In other words, DNA-S1, for example, doesn't cut uniformly a naked DNA. What we know now is that it senses the minor groove with. In a collaboration with Haran Boussamak and Remo Rose, we show that the cleavage preference can be effectively explained by a six-mer sequence model. Now, we took advantage of this and we developed a computational approach and incorporates both chromatin architecture and the empirical DNA-S1 sequence preference to determine the expected nucleotide cleavage rate across the genome. And then for each dataset, we derived a statistical model for testing whether the observed cleavage rate at individual nucleotides deviated significantly from the expectation. So what you can do here is then you can do that statistical test and choose an appropriate cutoff and call footprints. Now, we performed de novo footprint discovery independently and all of the data sets in this particular study, which is about 243, and we detected on average about 650,000 footprints per dataset. Now, it should be noted that the number of footprints that you can detect is very dependent on sequencing depth. So the deeper you sequence, the more footprints you're going to find. Now, this was great, but we wanted to see if we could do even better. Specifically, we wanted to leverage the fact that there are now just hundreds of regulatory DNA maps encompassing diverse human tissues and cell types. Now, if we use all these cell types compared to footprinting across these, has the potential to really illuminate both the structured function of regulatory DNA. However, here, systematic approach for the joint analysis of the genomic footprinting data really has been lacking. Now, as I mentioned, given the scale and the diversity of these cell types, we really wanted to develop a framework that could integrate hundreds of available, even thousands of available datasets to increase the precision and resolution of footbridge detection. And also we wanted to build a scaffold and build a common reference index of transcription factor occupancy across the genome, essentially to build a composite view of what individual regulatory DNA looks like. So to do this, we implemented an empirical-based framework that estimates the posterior probability that a given nucleotide is footprinted. We did this by incorporating a prior on the presence of a footprint and a likelihood model of cleavage at both occupied and unoccupied sites. Now, this worked amazingly well. As you can see here, if we just plot individual nucleotides across all these data, so the heat map here, I'm showing you the posterior value of that empirical Bayes approach, we plot the individual nucleotides scaled by their foot prevalence across all the samples. Doing so precisely results the core recognition sequences for all these diverse TFs in the bottom. Now, what we wanted to do is we wanted to build this reference set of TF-occupied DNA. So what we did here is we applied the same consensus approach described by Voucher and that he used to build the DHS index. And what we did here is we collated the overlapping footprint regions across individual data sets into a nucleotide resolution consensus footprint map. We applied this approach to all DHSs detected in one or more of the 243 data sets in this study, and this collectively delineated approximately 4.6 million consensus footprints of individual distinct footprints present in the one or more cell types. And these footprints were populated within 1.6 million of the 3.3 million DHS index. So slightly about 50% of the DHS as we discovered footprints in. Footprint occupancy across all data sets showed market enrichment for the recognition sequences of the master regulatory TFs of their corresponding lineages. For example, you see got a one-foot prints in erythroblast cells, HNFL footprints in fetal intestine, and PAC-6 footprints in fetal eye. Now we find an enrichment in a cell type for virtually all major class of DNA mining domain families, suggesting that very few families, or if any at all, are refractory towards DNA's one footprints. For degenerate motifs of the same sequences recognized by many distinct TFs, we observed highly cell-specific occupancy patterns that could be further decomposed into coherent groups that corresponded to cell type and function, as you can see here, with two different e-box families. Now because TF engagement creates alterations in DNA shape and protects underlying phosphate bonds from a nucleus attack, we wondered to what extent fluctuations in the DNA's one cleavage rates reflected the topology of the transcription factor DNA interface and mass. Here we focused on CTCF. CTCF is a well-known poly-zinc finger, as you know, which has two clusters of zinc fingers that bind DNA separated by a hinge, and that hinge region is thought to mediate DNA bending. So what we did is we transposed the overall permiglutide cleavage propensity, or the average cleavage propensity, onto the co-crystal of CTCF with DNA. And what you can see here is that this accurately traced all the features of the protein DNA interaction interface known, including the focal hypersensitivity limited to a couple of nucleotides within the hinge region as thought to mediated bending and likely modifying the minor groove with accentuating DNA's one cleavage. Now furthermore, we can plot the corrected cleavage counts for all CTCF sites genome-wide and t-regulatory cells, and this reveals that these topological features are immediately evident even at the level of individual footprints on the genome, so we're looking at the structure of individual binding sites. We examined this further for a number of TFs and found the average footprint width for diverse TFs tightly track the width of their respective recognition sequences. So take it together, I think that demonstrates that the extent profile of the permutative DNA's cleavage is really reminiscent or reflective of the 3D structure of the regulatory DNA element, or definitely interested in looking at this in the future. Another extremely powerful feature of genomic footprinting is its ability to reveal the logic of individual cis-regulatory elements. For example, in non-nervous cell types, occupancy of the repressive NRSF in the scant-5 promoter silences transcription. However, nervous tissues like bipolar neurons, NRSF is not expressed, not bound, and transcription of scant-5 occurs. To detect differential occupancy in regulation in an unbiased manner, we devise a permutative differential occupancy test similar to those employed for differential gene expression analysis. Here in the scant-5 promoter, our tests identify the precise nucleotides that are differentially occupied in nervous tissues and cell types. This revealed the fundamental logic of the scant-5 promoter. In nervous tissues, two activators, ZFX and TFAP2, replace rest and drive expression, where a strong rest occupancy in non-nervous tissues silences transcription. While the vast majority of disease and trait-associated variation is non-coding, identifying the specific genetic variants that are likely to affect regulatory functions remain a significant challenge. Deep-sequence coverage of individual DHS enables the de novo genotyping of regulatory variation and the simultaneous characterization of their functional effect. We do this by quantifying and comparing the cleavage at each allele at heterozygous sites. Our data collectively encompass 243 individual data sets, and these data sets are derived from 147 individuals. And de novo genotyping across all these individuals revealed four million variants. On these four million, 1.65 were heterozygous and had the power to accurately quantify allele imbalance. Across individuals, we conservatively identified 117,000 variants that altered DNA accessibility on an individual allele. Notably, within DHS is sickle nucleotide polymorphisms that were allele-oakly imbalanced for markedly enriched in the core consensus footprints, highlighting that footprints are pinpointing the functional sites on the genome. Genomic footprinting data provides a unique nucleotide resolution to view an interpretation of the impact of individual DNA variants on chromatin structure. As an example, I'm showing you a variant within a DHS identified within the intron of the gene EGHD1. Here the variant is a C to a G. Allelic resolution of the DNA1 cleavage is in heterozygous individuals reveals that the C allele results in no footprint or the G allele results in a strong footprint. We can confirm this in homozygous individuals by looking at individuals that contain either the C or the G, and you can see here that in these particular cell lines in retina and HD29 cells that the C allele also has no footprint while the G allele contains a strong footprint. We can confirm this in homozygous individuals by performing our differential footprint test across the two alleles. This reveals the precise nucleotides that are affected by this variant and shows that the G allele is creating a strong NFI-X binding site. So this means that the derived allele is creating a gain of function binding on the genome. While this might seem surprising, this actually occurs about half of the time. You can find many more examples of this across the genome where variants affecting NFI-X occupancy resulting into the loss of binding or the gain of binding. Here in this plot, I'm showing you the relative DNA swim protection homozygous on the Y axis versus the proportion of cleavages on the reference allele or allele can balance in heterozygous on the X axis. And you can see here there's a strong consistency between the variant and these two different configurations. Consistent with this, we can also look at the variant effect on the recognition sequence or what is the predicted energetic effect on the sequence alone. And what you can see here is that if variants that result in the loss of binding as measured by foot printing, the alternative allele creates a weaker motif than the reference allele. In contrast, if the sites that are resulting in the gain of binding or the variants that result in the gain of binding, the alternative allele creates a stronger motif than the reference allele. So really taken all together here, this shows that genomic foot printing provides an ultra high resolution view of regulatory variation and its impact on transcription factor occupancy. Given that genetic variation affecting chromatin accessibility is enriched within footprints and that trade associated genetic variation localizes within DHSs in general, we wondered whether disease and trade associated genetic variation would preferentially localized to genomic footprints versus non-footprinted regulatory DNA. To do this, we've reformed enrichment of the GWAS catalog SNPs after LD expansion in DHSs but outside footprints and then increasing stringencies of consensus footprints. What we find here is a strong increase in enrichment in the strongest footprints. Well, no enrichment within DHSs outside footprints suggesting that the vast majority of trade associated variation is mediated by variation within footprints. To gain a more accurate view of the enrichment of trade associated variants in footprints, we compared the SNP based trait heritability of individual traits. We did this using summary statistic data from individual GWAS studies from the UK Biobank. We applied partition to LD score regression to compete the relative heritability of these variants within all DHSs versus footprints. What we found here after doing this analysis was striking enrichment of variants that account for trait heritability in footprints versus DHSs and most prominently in footprints for the corresponding cell types. For example, here if you look at red blood cell counts in erythroid footprints, you see an enrichment of approximately 45 fold. So taken together, we conclude that the genetic signals from disease and trade associated variants are emanating primarily from TF footprints within DHSs and that the variants within footprints seem to be the major contributors of trait based heritability and regulatory DNA. To wrap up, digital genomic footprinting is a structural readout of regulatory DNA technology and an incredibly powerful approach to map transcription factor occupancy. We've made some computational advances to integrate hundreds to thousands of different cell types and to build nucleotide resolution consensus maps of transcription factor occupancy within millions of cis regulatory elements. Digital genomic footprinting also enables the unbiased and nobo discovery of regulatory logic and structured individual loci. We can measure the effects using this approach of genetic variation on TF occupancy and nucleotide resolution and using this we're able to show that disease and trait associated variation is specifically and preferentially enriched within footprints versus non-footprinted regulatory DNA. Now there's many more findings in the paper and I hope you guys give it a read and take a look. I would also like to say that the digital genomic footprinting data is now available in the UCSC browser through a track hub so you can go to the UCSC browser, you can load up a public track hub it's called digital genomic footprinting from 243 cell and tissue types and when you load that up you'll get something that looks like this where you can see here there's footprinting data from individual samples so this includes the per nucleotide cleavage counts both the observed and the expected tracks. Footprint calls at different FDR thresholds and individual samples a consensus footprint track and motif matches from the overlapping footprints so give it a look. Finally I'd like to make some acknowledgments the people that supported and helped in this project. First I'd like to acknowledge three talented computational biologists that aided in the data analysis. John Lazar was critical in designing some of the statistical frameworks used for footprint detection. Shane Neff and Eric Haugen helped in data processing. I'd like to also specifically acknowledge the ENCODE data production team and the Institute for generating such fabulous DNS1 data. My two colleagues at the Institute, John Stam and Walter Lulamon, also like to reiterate the data is available at Bolsonota my personal website and their extensive code and documentation at Github. Finally I'd like to acknowledge our funding sources the NHGRI ENCODE project and a charitable donation from GlaxoSmithKline. Thank you.


Hello and welcome to Make Money Territory, in this video we will be talking about the latest update on Avalanche Coin. The Avalanche price has risen by 2% in the past 24 hours with its move to $40 also representing a 42% gain in the last 7 days. This makes AVAX one of the best performing coins over this period with the alt also having risen by 93% in the last 30 days and by 199% in the past year. Much of this rallying has come from AVAX's recovery from overselling with the coins fundamentals remaining as strong as ever given Avalanche's growth as a blockchain network and the coins fortunes could only improve in the coming months especially if 2024 brings a bull market. While the rest of the market experienced a decline, AVAX's price rallied in the last week partly due to the influx of funds into crypto investment funds backed by the altcoin. At these values these indicators showed that daily traders favored accumulation over distribution. Confirming the bullish trend in the AVAX market, its awesome oscillator AO, has only posted green upward facing histogram bars in the past 7 days. This indicator gauges market momentum and identifies potential buy and sell signals. Green upward facing bars in an asset's AO are typically seen after a period of consolidation or a pullback. They indicate that the buyers have taken control of the market and that the price rally will continue. Avalanche's indicators are currently on fire, signaling a strong amount of buying pressure which perhaps won't sustain itself for much longer in the short term. For instance, its relative strength index purple is now closing in on 90, a level which is firmly in overbought territory. Nonetheless, it seems that AVAX could continue rising for a little while yet with its 30 day average yellow now rising more steeply above its 200 day average blue. This is a clear sign of expansionary bullishness, with AVAX's trading volume now rising to $1.6 billion, up from $300 million barely 2 weeks ago. There's no immediate fundamental reason as to why AVAX has rallied so strongly in the past few days, with Avalanche not announcing any major news in recent weeks. That said, it seems that traders and whales are finally remembering that Avalanche is potentially a sleeping giant, with its blockchain network experiencing steady growth over the past year. It remains the fourth biggest blockchain in terms of total value locked in, which in Avalanche's case stands at just over $900 million. Go beyond the narratives and dig into the data. Here's a quick overview of some notable metrics from Avalanche Watch November Edition. It also experienced big growth in NTF sales in November, as well as growth in the usage of Avalanche based yield farming protocols, such as vector finance and beefy finance. Taken together such factors would point to further increases for the Avalanche price in the next few weeks and months, with analysts increasingly expecting a bull market next year. AVAX could be one of the biggest beneficiaries of such a market, with its price potentially reaching $60 within the first few weeks of 2024. AVAX has undeniably seen impressive price gains recently, with triple-digit percentage returns over the last month. However, cryptocurrency analyst Gerhard urges a healthy skepticism of this short-term momentum, given declining fundamentals for the Avalanche blockchain and questions around long-term tokenomics. While AVAX prices are spiking, actual usage and activity metrics for Avalanche paint a grimmer picture. Gerhard points out that the total value locked, TVL, in Avalanche has dropped over 90% from its peak of $14 billion to just around $1 billion now. This divergence between rising prices and falling network utilization has Gerhard concerned about the rally's sustainability. In addition, Avalanche has an inflationary token model that could put negative pressure on AVAX's price over time if new demand doesn't outweigh the increasing token supply. Currently, there are 410 million AVAX tokens in circulation, but that number is expected to rise to 478 million in one year. Without matching adoption growth, inflation could hinder significant gains. Gerhard also questions how much more upside AVAX has relative to dominant cryptocurrency rivals Bitcoin and Ethereum. Despite already vastly outperforming both blue chips, AVAX appears priced for equivalence or superiority going forward, which Gerhard suggests is overly optimistic. Those buying AVAX at current prices are mostly speculating on momentum rather than underlying blockchain fundamentals and utility. Essentially, short-term hype has detached from longer-term reality when it comes to Avalanche. While betting on continued exuberance can pay off, it is an inherently risky venture as sentiment eventually reconnects with factual network development and highlighting falling network usage, unresolved tokenomics issues, lofty relative valuations and significant downside risks. For AVAX bulls, ignoring these warning signs may work for a time, but for prudent investors exercising caution now likely avoids pain later. The expert analysis suggests there are more reasons to doubt than celebrate Avalanche's rally at the moment. SeenScript Avalanche is a Layer 1 blockchain that functions as a platform for decentralized applications and custom blockchain networks. It is one of Ethereum's rivals, aiming to unseat Ethereum as the most popular blockchain for smart contracts. It aims to do so by having a higher transaction output of up to 6,500 transactions per second while not compromising scalability. This is made possible by Avalanche's unique architecture. The Avalanche network consists of three individual blockchains, the X-Chain, C-Chain and P-Chain. Each chain has a distinct purpose which is radically different from the approach Bitcoin and Ethereum use, namely having all nodes validate all transactions. Avalanche blockchains even use different consensus mechanisms based on their use cases. Avalanche supporters expect the integration with InSpec could onboard more NFT traders. At the back of this, some analysts forecast the coin will break above $35 by the end of the year. Thanks for watching, please don't forget to subscribe for more interesting updates.


Is there a link between integrity and warfighting? Sino-Gilday's Charge of Command says that integrity is a foundation of warfighting effectiveness. He talks about trust shared between captain and crew as a necessary component to warfighting effectiveness. In Charles Feltman's Thin Book of Trust, he describes four distinctions of trust, care, sincerity, competence, and reliability. Care and sincerity indicate that the leader is in the fray together with their subordinates and can be relied upon to keep their word. Competence in Feltman's context indicates that an individual either knows how to perform the task at hand or is willing to learn. Reliability means that when someone commits to doing a task, it will get done and is closely tied to integrity. How do you demonstrate integrity, internal and external to your organization? Lead well this week.


reactive evaporation deposition. We already know of the simplest and oldest process and what we have seen further to this that using a filament made of tungsten or tantalum as a heating source as a resistance heater it will be easy to evaporate some low melting point metal or alloy and that is just for metallization purpose. But if we like to have wider use of this evaporation process say for example, we are interested immediately in interest may be directed along this use of this what we call hard metals or hard coating and we know that it is needless to say that this titanium, zirconium, hafnium from group 4B, 5B we have here vanadium, niobium, tantalum and also here we have 6B chromium, molybdenum and tungsten in addition to that we have aluminium, we have silicon for example. So, what will be our goal from the engineering point of view to have one of the compound or what we know as hard coating that if we can produce out of this metal and that is no more this element but these are the carbides, carbides of all those bearing aluminium or we can have nitride, we can have boride or even oxide. So, the question comes here if we are interested in titanium carbide or zirconium carbide or chromium nitride or titanium nitride or tungsten carbide how we can deposit this thing or say for example, aluminium oxide something like that. So, these are the material of immediate interest because they have those required properties means hardness, high temperature hardness, wear resistance, low friction many of those can offer low friction and high wear resistance and most importantly chemical stability, oxidization resistance and so many properties which are definitely attractive from the standpoint of mechanical function of this materials. So, the question here arises whether we can use this evaporation process that means, this vacuum evaporation followed by condensation and deposition whether we can apply directly those processes for this kind of compound which are formed by this group of elements and that is the point to be noted and considered. So, here what we find that reactive evaporation deposition, but first of all let us look into direct evaporation. So, direct evaporation means here that we have to have a heat source heating source and in that case directly this will be evaporated or titanium nitride will be evaporated or aluminium oxide will be evaporated, but here the question is that this material must melt and then starts evaporating that means, it can be straight solid to vapour or solid liquid to vapour this path also it can follow, but the main issue here is the energy density or the power density of the heat source. Now in this case what we find that normal filament simple filament which are very simple in their construction it can be in the form of a boat or a foil or it can be a wire forming a basket within which we can place a crucible, but this will not give the required power density for melting or vaporization of this thing and as a result the process is limited by its power density. Now here comes the electron beam gun. So, this electron beam gun in rip as a replacement of this filament which can be a foil or it can be a wire that electron beam gun that means, it is actually an electron emitter. So, this electron emitter will have emission of electron and which will be finely focused on the surface of the substrate or the surface of the material to be evaporated and in that case we expect a high power density and that can be used for melting and evaporation of the material. So, basically this electron beam gun beam gun it is actually it consists of just cathode and anode these are the essential elements of in the construction of this electron gun. So, we can put it like this say this is one wire in the form of wire and here we have what we call this substrate or the workpiece this is the workpiece and here what we have this is called workpiece accelerated workpiece accelerated gun and between these two we have low tension supply. So, between these two we have L T supply, but between these two we have high tension supply. So, that is the high tension supply. So, this is just for heating this coil or this wire and because of this there will be thermo ionic emission thermo ionic emission and with this emission we can have a finely focused. So, this is just like a focusing coil it can be an electrostatic lens electrostatic lens which will do the necessary focusing and through this we can have this beam which is finely focused and that will be useful for melting or evaporation of this. So, this is actually workpiece accelerated gun that means, the high tension is applied between this cathode. So, this is cathode and this is going to be the anode in this case. You have another option that is called self-accelerated gun self-accelerated gun EB gun. So, in this case we do have this wire which is functioning as the cathode and here of course, we have the lenses focusing lenses electrostatic lens and then we have one aperture and through this again we have this focus beam and that can be incident. So, it is an incidental beam and that is going to fall on this workpiece and here we can have one magnetic lens also that is for deflecting this beam. So, this is magnetic lens and this is just one plate with one hole one slit. So, this is anode and this is one electrostatic lens. So, this is self-accelerated electron gun. So, the advantage of this will be that it can be it is more flexible in determining this deposition rate and the evaporation rate. So, those are better handled by this and also this magnetic lens can be used for deflecting this beam. So, over this entire source we can have uniform melting and evaporation of the material. So, we have this electron beam gun and accelerated beam gun and then what we have what we call bent beam gun. So, bent beam gun means suppose we have one source in the form of a rod this is the material in the form of a rod and here we have this electron beam gun this is the eb gun and here it is just not the focused beam will fall on the surface, but it will be deflection of this electron stream that means, this will be a something like this. So, where it is actually 102 70 degree deflection it is 270 degree deflection that will be done to have proper location and focusing of this point over this surface. So, this is one thing very useful for all this vacuum evaporation process. So, it is called bent beam gun it is also electron beam then we have what we call piercing gun. So, here what we have just we have the cathode in the form of a disc and behind this we have the heater and that is also low tension that is low tension and here we have a shield. So, this is the heater this is the cathode cathode and then what we have here we have shielding and then what we have here this is actually the anode. So, we can show this anode just like this it is also have having an aperture in the central position something like this. So, this is anode. So, what we expect here that this electron beam that will emerge emit it starts emitting from this surface and here we have the focusing coil and this is going to be the piece it may be the source material which is placed and that here it can be pin pointed and that is the source material which needs to be evaporated. So, this is piercing gun which can be used for this evaporation purpose. So, cathode heater and between these two anode and this this heater we can also have this high tension. So, this will be just an emitter of electron and from that this will be finally, it will arrive on this surface and do the necessary melting or evaporation. So, this is about the use of gun the main idea here is to obtain a high power density and that is done by this electron gun. However, though we use this electron gun, but we are not free of one problem and that is the problem of variation of coating thickness. Now, this can be illustrated one can immediately understand. Suppose if we have just one rod it is a cylindrical rod and which is having this orientation it is a vertical orientation and over that this is the distance over which so this is the position and let us assume that this is a 0 degree and if we just try to show that this is just we can have segmentation here. So, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 degree so that is the angle divergent similarly, we can also write we can also show in this direction. So, this is also 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50. Now, what we can show further to this is something interesting in that. So, what we can see here that if we show with this diagram these are just subdivision of this distance this way we can see. So, we have segmentation we have this segmentation. Now, if we consider this as 100 percent here so this is just 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and that is 100 percent. Now, what is the significance of this diagram? Significance of this diagram would be evident if we just superimpose another distribution so it will be something like this. So, this is so what we have shown by this red mark that is very important that means, when it is just above this rod that is the evaporant then just vertically above we have 100 percent coating thickness. Now, when we have divergence of angle by 10 degree it becomes 90 percent when it is 20 degree it becomes this is 80, this is 90, 70 and this is 60 percent. Similarly, when it becomes 50 degree divergent angle then it becomes just 20 percent. So, this way we can see the variation in thickness and this variation of thickness that becomes stiffer when we use an electron beam gun it becomes stiffer. Now, another way it can be also expressed if we have a point source and with that point source if we have a substrate here which is the receptor surface then we can also have this variation in coating thickness which can be also expressed by one relation and say this is the variation and this is actually the distance which is given by h. So, that is the distance h and here the thickness is thickness is t. So, thickness is t 0. So, and say at a distance x from this point at a distance x this thickness this is actually t. So, another relation we can also write that is also given by 1 plus x by h square to the power 3 by 2 and from this also we get another relationship that means, this value of t that will be less as the value of x is increasing. So, this is actually a basic problem with this source, but to improve this situation little bit what can be done we can have some gas scattering by introducing argon gas and thereby it will be no more a line of sight and at the same time we can have some kind of mechanical movement. It can be a reciprocatory, it can be a rotary, it can be a sun planetary movement, it can be 3 stage or 4 stage rotation that means, sun, planet and satellite movement. So, within the system it is a mechanical device mechanism which can be incorporated to improve this so called stiff variation in the coating thickness and that can be properly handled. So, this is one dimension of the problem. However, what we find limitation of direct evaporation what we mean by this that means, if we are interested say for example, aluminium oxide coating direct evaporation that means, this material will be melted evaporated and then that will again be deposited it will arrive on the surface of the substrate there it get condensed and finally, it is available obtained in the form of a film. So, solid to solid so it is a solid in the bulk form and now it is the solid in the film form in the coating form. So, this only this formation changes, but it remains solid. Now, there are some of the material so what is the requirement? Requirement is very clear on one side we have evaporation and on the other side we may have unfortunately dissociation. Now, the temperature in question where this evaporation takes place it depends upon also the vapour pressure and the material basic material property. So, once we know this thing at any cost this evaporation point that should not be above this dissociation point that means, evaporation temperature should be always below this dissociation temperature. Otherwise, what is going to happen this aluminium that will split this aluminium and oxygen that will that is called fragmentation and then they will arrive here as aluminium and oxygen and they can combine and during this combination that is the point where we may face problem. We have seen there are certain materials say calcium fluoride SiO then magnesium fluoride B 2 O 3 boron oxide these are some of the materials mean there can be many more, but this is just by way of illustration what we can what we like to say here that for this material we can handle this evaporation very easily and this dissociation will not occur and it will not create any problem. So, evaporation can be done very easily much before the dissociation takes place, but for other material this is not that easy and in that case what we can what we end up with say for example, aluminium oxide when it is a solid it undergoes evaporation and finally, it comes like a condensate on the substrate and there we have it is no more aluminium oxide, but it is aluminium Al 2 O 3 minus x. So, this is actually the final outcome if we go for this direct evaporation and that is becomes the basic problem and root of the problem is obvious that means, the sticking coefficient of oxygen evaporation rate of oxygen and then the ability to combine with the surface. So, these are the basic things which are actually responsible for this substoichiometric result on this aluminium oxide. So, this is actually a major issue now to get rid of this what is normally done normally what is done we have to have one chamber that is the evaporation chamber and within this evaporation chamber what is done we have to inject O 2 while this aluminium oxide is being evaporated. So, this deficiency of oxygen during this condensation of this aluminium oxide what we see from that. So, this is the substrate. So, this oxygen will arrive here and that will actually make up this deficiency of 3 minus x. So, we need to have supply of O 2 with a with a controlled partial pressure. So, that ultimately when it is a direct evaporation though with it is a direct evaporation finally, we end up with just not with this one, but AL 2 O 3 this is one way we can handle this problem another one is what we call. So, it is supply of O 2 in a controlled manner that means, with a controlled partial pressure. So, here P O 2 has to be properly determined and that should be admitted to have to make up this deficiency. Here we call post annealing so, post evaporation annealing. So, this is also not uncommon and sometimes it is done also. So, AL 2 O 3 minus x so, that will go so that means, this is a coating which is having this is the substrate and this is a coating with AL 2 O 3 minus x and here on this we have this is done after this deposition. Here also we can have supply of O 2 so, that this x value will fall and it will come to 0 and finally, we get AL 2 O 3. So, this substoichiometric formation of the coating that is one of the major problem another one also we cannot just ignore this that means, melting of this compound which is ceramic already known for its high melting point and other characteristics. So, for melting and evaporation what we need we need high power density. So, for those we need high power density and sometimes it may not be that convenient to handle this thing. So, for that what we need we need another process what we called reactive evaporation. So, this reactive evaporation what can be done in this case we can have a material in this form say this is the vacuum chamber and here what we have this is the feeder rod that means, the metal which is need to be evaporated and that is fed in this way and here this is actually a separator. So, this separator is useful in that so, here what we have we have one electron gun and with this electron gun we can deflect this beam and it will be allowed to pass through the slit and this is a separator and this separator is used and here what we have in addition to this is actually the substrate. Say this is the metal rod metal rod to be evaporated and that is the deflected electron beam. Now, here we can maintain two pressure because this is the electron gun and where we need a pressure of better than 10 to the power minus 3, but here to have now to have this evaporation it is just not evaporation it is actually reactive evaporation. So, what we need here this deposition of the material and this is just the coating and this coating may be this is the metal and from this side we have one reactive gas reactive gas. Say we can say we can have here for example, titanium, chromium or say zirconium or even aluminium say for example, and on this side we can have a reactive gas it can be N 2, it can be CO 2 or it can be C 2 H 2. So, with this we can have a reaction the vapor is actually arriving here and this gas which will be admitted that will also arrive here and as a result we expect a reaction to occur on the surface and definitely with that we can have a reaction product that means, it is a reactive layer of this compound and which need not to be directly evaporated. Obviously, what we have to have control of this partial pressure so, naturally this one it has to it must have this is the vacuum system. So, this is actually the evaporation chamber. So, what is to be maintained here all these gases which are admitted for that we need MFC that means, the mass flow controller which will allow the calculated quantity of material into this chamber and at the same time the pressure is maintained and the downstream side by proper throttling of the valve on the downstream side followed which just following which what we have all the entire vacuum system. So, here actually we have a pool of material in fact, since it is the electron so, what we have in case in this case we have a thin plasma sheath. So, on this top of that on this top of that we have a thin plasma sheath just in this top of the molten pool so, it is actually pool formation. So, here we have a thin plasma sheath. So, this way we can also have reactive evaporation. So, this will solve our problem and we can get very easily the coating of choice and which can be mostly comes from those compounds of the hard metals. However, the problem this reactive sputtering whatever we have just now discussed this is also not free of problem free of problem means say we are interested in deposition of TIC by reactive evaporation. So, obviously, most reasonably we like to have this titanium vapor plus say supply of acetylene and that can give us to TIC with liberation of hydrogen. Experience shows, but this way we can also have say T i plus N 2 we can have 2 T i N similarly, A L plus 3 O 2 to A L we can also have A L to O 3 what is very important here delta G of all these reactions this delta G this value. So, whether this value is highly negative or not so, highly negative that will give a clear message clear information with what is it is actually the ease or difficulty of the reaction we have to carry forward the reaction in this direction. So, whether it is the ease of the reaction or the difficulty of the reaction. So, here this delta G value we have to determine for each reaction considering this free energy change from this side to that. So, which one is stable so, these issues must be taken into consideration. Now, when that is decided we can see that whether it is easy to have this reaction or it is just really difficult to have such kind of reaction or formation of the coating. Experience say that from this all investigation that this getting T i C with a low deposition rate low deposition rate low deposition rate say for example, 1 to 5 angstrom per second this is a low deposition rate and that is possible just by this T i C 2 H 2 to C i and this is T i C plus H 2 that is possible in the range of 300 to 500 degree centigrade and with T i C that means, this value is 1. So, here C by T i that is equal to 1. So, that is in of our immediate interest that catering to N N ratio whether that is 1 or less than 1, but now if we like to push this deposition rate. So, here it is 1 to 1.5 suppose we like to push it in the order of say 100 angstrom per second for example, or it can be say even 500 then that is the beginning of the problem and there we to push this thing we have to also increase the rate of evaporation of titanium here and also the flow rate of C 2 H 2 that is also that has to be also done, but in this case our experience is that with that we never get a C by T i equal to 1, but this hardly we can achieve, but in most of the cases that is going to be less than 1. That means, in this case the free energy of formation or the activation energy that is not favouring the formation of this particular titanium carbide and for that we have to find out another path or another route to solve this problem and that is known as activated reactive evaporation. That means, in simple language what we have to do here that to activate those thing that means, ionization of this metal and gas in this case what we see it is just in the atomic state this reaction is going to take place. So, this is thermally activated now what is done in this case we can also mention that if we like to have this is in this maybe with such a high rate compared to this is a very low rate and this is reasonably high. So, in that case if we like to have this kind of thing we must increase the temperature, but then the basic purpose of this PVD say evaporation that is actually lost because here the whole idea is not to raise the temperature of the substrate which are temperature sensitive and in that case the we cannot handle this substrate and the substrate will be damaged thermally. So, that is just not possible. So, we have to we ought to activate the whole process and that is known as activated reactive evaporation and with this activated reactive evaporation we have to have certain modification in the evaporation chamber. So, this is the evaporation this is the vacuum chamber or say this is the deposition chamber. So, here we have a separator. So, here we have the rod that means, the feeding rod which is supplying the stream of metal and then we must have this separator here we have this slit. And then what we have here we have this electron beam gun e b and with this e b we can focus this stream and this is actually a bent beam gun. So, it is focused here and the location of the substrate, substrate must be also located here that is the location of the substrate. So, this is the location of the substrate.  So, the gas can be admitted from this side and here we have a burner like thing. So, it is something like a burner from each side we have this burner. So, this is actually radially arranged. So, gas is supplied radially. So, this is actually the front view. So, this is actually the supply gas that means, this is reactive gas. So, this reactive gas is supplied radially from each direction. So, this is the supply of the gas, but what is important here that here we must have one electrode and this is this looks like a ring. It looks like a ring that means, this is almost like a ring this is one electrode which is actually positively biased. So, gas supply this is actually the substrate. So, only the thing what has been changed here modified that this is the actually the source material. So, that is the source material. So, this way what we can see here that this electrode which is positively biased that means, what we have here we have a plasma sheath just here we have a plasma sheath thin plasma sheath and there we have this secondary electrons which will be drawn in this reaction zone. So, this is actually the reaction zone. So, what we also want to like to have that means, in this zone in this zone that is actually the reaction zone. So, here what we like to have this stream of metal vapour and the stream of this reactive gas those will have some kind of collisional ionization that means, this electrons secondary electrons that will be drawn in this reaction zone by this positively biased probe and that is one electrode. So, this is the electrode. So, which is going to have which is going to attract this secondary secondary electrons low energy electrons here and this electrons while in being attracted they will have collision with the stream of metal vapour and this gas thereby it can be ionized. So, both this reactive gas it can be it can be acetylene it can be nitrogen it can be hydrogen sulfide it can be even carbon dioxide whatever may be the ultimate compound we are interested in that gas will be also ionized and in this ionized form their ability to react that will be easy and then it simply facilitates this reaction to occur at a much lower temperature which otherwise could not have been possible had it been only thermally activated. So, by this what we are doing just by bringing a probe 5 minutes by just bringing this probe what we are going to do here just getting this secondary electrons which ionizes this reactive gas and this stream of metal vapour. So, in that ionized state these two reactive spaces has a better chance to react and with the formation of stoichiometric titanium carbide even with a high rate. So, that is the advantage of activated reactive evaporation. Now, what we have also biased evaporation in this biased evaporation what we have we can also have little modification of this chamber. So, you have to have the vacuum system here also we have the separation this is the partition we do have here this feeder rod that means, the filler material which can be evaporated by this electron beam and this is the electron beam which will be deflected through 270 degrees. So, this is E b that is the source material. So, it is separating two chamber and here at the top what we have that is the substrate placed and here we can have either reactive gas or it can be just gas also another gas for this plasma. So, this is reactive gas and also we have admittance of argon which has to be used for initiation of this plasma. Now, what is the specialty of this process here of course, the substrate has to be negatively biased substrate. So, this is the substrate. So, we have this vapour flux which can go on this side, but however what we can do just by negative polarization we can also have this argon ion which will be splitted by this secondary electron if this is the shell this chamber well if this acts like anode then this secondary electron that will be attracted and in the process this argon neutral which is present here that will be splitted and this argon will be splitted as so into electron and argon ion. Now, this argon ion will be attracted over this surface and if it will do the necessary impingement. So, it is going to strike this surface. Now, what are those advantages? The advantages are many fold number one it is very similar to what we call ion etching, ion etching what we use in sputtering, but this is not a sputtering. So, material stream that is generated by this vapour flux by this electron beam. However, the substrate can be cleaned before evaporation. So, in situ we can have a high quality surface and it is almost a virgin surface free of all sort of contaminant and also oxide layer and after that so here reasonably we must have one shutter between this two. So, this is going to be a shutter blocking this flow of flux. So, this is actually one shutter. So, what can be done? So, at the very beginning this argon ion that will cause sputtering of the top surface of the substrate thereby that surface will be cleaned and that material may be deposited on the shutter. So, once that etching period is over we can remove this one and then this vapour flux that will be falling on this surface and this becomes a receptor surface, but during this period also we can keep the substrate biasing, but during ion etching the bias voltage will be more. However, during the deposition process bias should be kept at a low rate so that the sputtering this deposited material which is evaporated and condensed that should not be totally re-sputtered and the material should not be totally eroded. So, during the evaporation process we can also have we can also have some kind of substrate biasing and here we can have this argon ion impingement. Here the whole idea is to have densification of the coating this is number 1. If there are some loose particle that can be also pulled out that can be removed from there and then also we can neutralize some of the stress for some reason if there be any tensile stress and also if it is necessary some residual compressive stress of course, in a very very controlled manner that can be also induced on this surface. So, the whole idea here is that modification of the surface it is the same material which can be deposited without biasing and now with biasing we can have the basic morphology of the substrate whether it is a columnar grain whether it is a open column or porous column or it is a dense column we can also try to transformed into equiaxed structure and energy available will be useful, but this can be also extended for reactive sputtering. So, reactive sputtering that will be also reactive evaporation that means that is going to be biased reactive evaporation. So, the material which will be deposited this flux of metal and then we have the reactive gases and then we have this ion energy of this argon which is impinging on this surface and that will facilitate the formation of this reaction product in the form of a film on this surface with good and adequate property requirement. So, in summary what we can summarize immediately that reactive sputtering is essential when the direct sputtering is difficult because of the lack of stoichiometry it is because of the simple reason that the metal and non-metal part they cannot combine in the stoichiometric form and as a result there is a substoichiometric formation in the product of this evaporation and this can be handled by reactive evaporation, but in some reactive evaporation what we have seen that because of this limitation of this reaction and the free energy restriction the activation energy restriction the reaction cannot be conducted with the result of stoichiometric formulation in that case by activating the materials in the ionic state this reaction can be conducted and this activation facilitated this reaction to occur. We have also seen that this biased reactive evaporation or biased evaporation that helps by just ion impingement on the coated surface the film property and the morphology can be improved remarkably.


Hello everyone. Thank you so much for being here. This is my first time being called to the chief's office, so I felt like I might have been in trouble, but I'm delighted to be here. And I'll say this, thank you so much for taking the time today. We are excited today to announce a comprehensive strategy to fight auto theft across the city of Denver and what we think will put us on path to be one of the most aggressive enforcement cities to make sure we can reduce auto theft across the city in a comprehensive way. I want to talk a little about the variables that led to us getting to this place and the strategy we are going to use to get out of this place. And the evidence we have that shows that these strategies will work. We know this was a function of a number of overlapping variables over the last several years that led to dramatic increases in auto theft. One was it became much easier to steal a whole brand of vehicles, particularly new vehicles that came out with defects that made it much easier for thieves to get in and to steal them and abscond with them. Second was obviously we saw a great increase in crimes citywide of which auto theft was often the leading indicator, but sometimes the least urgent when we had increase in violent crimes. And so this was able to expand significantly. And the third was it happened in conjunction with a dramatic drop in our patrol capacity. As people may know from about 2020 to 2021, we lost about 13% of our patrol capacity, which is the equivalent of losing almost an entire patrol district in our of a police district. And so that lays out we think what the path is to how to solve the problem we're facing. So I want to talk you through the overview of the five key steps of this coordinated plan we're announcing today. I'll give it over to the chief and his team to talk in greater detail. The first is you may remember when I was campaigning for mayor, we publicly pushed for the idea that we needed to have a dedicated unit in the Denver Police Department focused on auto theft. Chief Thomas took it upon himself to get that started and launched successfully. We have now the Denver auto theft team that was launched as a pilot last year. It has been very successful. We're excited to commit to now making that pilot effort permanent so that the auto theft team will be a permanent function of the police department going forward. The second one is we have also demonstrated the powerful success of the use of license plate readers. These are cameras that allow you to read the license plate of a vehicle when it is leaving a location. Once we have a car that's been reported as stolen, we know what that license plate is. We can then scan across those cameras for identifying those license plates. Under the chief's leadership we deployed that strategy as you know at the Denver airport. Over the last six months we put license plate readers at Den airport. Over the last six months we have dropped the auto theft rate at DIA by 90 percent. 90 percent decrease in auto theft at Den using these license plate readers. That is why our plan now is to expand that capacity across the city. We will take the city from two license plate readers currently in operation around the city county of Denver to 111. We will put 111 license plate readers across the city at more than 70 intersections which means if you steal a car anywhere in the city we will have a chance to track you as soon as you have left that location. Know the direction in which you fled and be able to help inform police pursuit of those individuals at that time. The third is as was mentioned and our team can go in greater depth on this. There are certain vehicles and brands that are very very susceptible to theft and make up the great majority of thefts happening in the city right now. Many of those right now are KIAs and Hyundai's and those are because they have a function where you can break in. I'm not releasing any news to help thieves. This is all over YouTube at this moment. You can pop the cap off of the start button. You can use an iPhone charger or anything else to connect that electric circuit and start a vehicle with no key fob or anything else. So that is why we're working with KIA and Hyundai to host events this spring where we will invite all Denver residents who have these vehicles to bring them in for us to do a software update that will protect these vehicles from further theft. That's a huge change for folks that are at great risk with those vehicles right now. We are also in the interim chief has led the capacity that if you currently have one of those vehicles and are worried about this you can get a manual protection like a club or others from one of our local police districts to help keep you safe in the meantime. Number four is we are also expanding a program that the chief helped start called Denver Track which is a program by which you can register your vehicle with the city so we can immediately locate if it has been stolen. Some of us not naming any names might happen to have some experience with this situation but I will tell you what happened when I got my car stolen is I had not done this. We had not registered this with the Denver Track program so what I have to do that on a Sunday afternoon is try and call your manufacturer try and call the original place where you bought the vehicle try to get a hold of someone who will transfer you and it took hours before we can get that accomplished. If you pre-register your vehicle through the Denver Track program with the DPD the minute your car is stolen our police department and our auto theft team is pre-authorized to call the manufacturer on your behalf on a dedicated police line where they can immediately activate the tracking for that car and find it and so this is a critically important need we want everyone in the city who has a car made after 2014 you should do this because it is the best way to make sure if your car is stolen we get it recovered. Second thing is if you're also someone like me who may happen to own a vehicle that is made before 2014 and does not have GPS tracking we are also partnering with you to put in place a tile system that you can use that you can store in your vehicle that we can track you can also register that with us so in the event that your car gets stolen we can also immediately activate the capacity to help you search for that vehicle quick recovery is the most important part of the strategy here. Finally I'll give it over to the chief the fifth part of the strategy is as I mentioned a huge part of the difficulty here was lost patrol capacity. When we reduce our police force across the city many things happen one of them is our inability to respond quickly to auto theft. This is why we are so focused this year on restoring our police force to full authorized capacity that's why the chief and I are working together to fill three cadet classes this year that would put 167 cadets and then officers back on the street that would bring us back to greater patrol capacity than we had even in 2018 which would mean we have the people on the streets of the capacity to respond. So we think together these five steps focus on keeping now a permanent Denver auto theft team the focus on expanding 111 license plate readers across the city to help deter and chase vehicles that have been stolen the ability to work with people that have high-risk vehicles that being stolen to upgrade those with software improvements to make them more protected. The ability to expand our Denver track program so you have your car registered with us at the minute it's stolen we can start chasing it and the ability to restore our patrol to full force we think helps put us on a path to make dramatic impact on this problem. So thank you all so much for being here I'll turn it over to the chief and then we're both happy to take questions after the chief's done. So thank you so you know as the mayor stated we're building on our successes and lessons learned from our auto theft prevention and enforcement efforts we saw again a 20 percent increase in 2023 and the decrease that we saw at DIA as well which I think was also not just the license plate readers but I think the fantastic work of the metro auto theft team as well as the Denver auto theft team. Also using available tools and resources you know we saw the you know nearly 2,200 auto theft suspects arrested also 2,800 people signed their vehicle up for a Denver track and none of those people have had their car stolen so far so you know thankfully because they're registered we would be able to recover that car quickly if it's stolen but we're hopeful that the fact that we actually give everybody that registers a sticker to place in a very conspicuous location on their vehicle is actually a deterrent to it being stolen. So again you know as the mayor stated our DAT team is moving from pilot to permanent and so based upon the successes that you can see here 200 auto theft arrests made specifically by this team that's about 20 percent of all the auto theft arrests made by the city an additional 45 arrests for other felony crimes and then 30 illegal guns recovered by this team as well which supports our theory that a lot of these cars that are stolen are actually stolen and then used in some other type of violent crime. The team is made up of five highly specialized investigators as well as two uniform patrol officers and then supervised by a sergeant. So you know I think one of the primary things that we're all here to talk about in today's conversation is we are preparing to install a network of license plate reader cameras throughout the city as was mentioned we're going to have 111 cameras installed throughout the city it'll cover all six of our police districts. 93 of those cameras are actually going to be purchased through general fund and we'll be adding that to 18 that were previously acquired by a councilman cashman and councilman Sawyer. These license plate readers will be helpful in helping us locate vehicles that have been reported stolen as well as vehicles that have been reported as being involved in a violent crime such as a homicide as well as as well as hit and runs. So certainly we want to have some policy safeguards so as you can see the system will not collect personal identifiable information the camera is vectored right at the back of your car so all it's going to capture is that license plate. The data is only going to be stored for 30 days unless it is identified as evidence in a crime and it will be tagged in that particular footage or image will be retained for beyond that period of time but if it's not tagged it will be it will not be retained beyond 30 days. It will not be used for traffic enforcement or justifications for searching vehicles all alerts will be verified with dispatch so if an officer gets an alert on a specific license plate they're going to check that information across reference that information with a dispatcher before making any enforcement action. All searches of the database will be tracked and then we'll be performing random audits or searches. I think it's also important to acknowledge that the footage is going to be owned by the Denver Police Department seeing kind of Denver not going to be sold or shared by the vendor. It's also not connected to registration data or any third-party database such as Carfax or the DMV. And then you know in the vein of transparency we are going to be setting up a transparency portal where you can see information I think is going to be important to folks. This is going to be located in the same place where all of our other transparency data is located on our DPD website. You'll be able to see exactly where all of our cameras are located. You'll be able to see all of the all of the license plates that were tracked and those that were identified as being wanted. Also our our policy will be available for review here. This is just an image of Castle Rock's policy that they have uploaded. Castle Rock by the way has deployed license plate reader cameras and saw a 40 reduction in their auto theft since the deployment of their cameras. So before we get to question I just want to say that you know we're certainly encouraged by the decreases that we've seen so far and encouraged by the promise of this new and enhanced strategy and we're certainly thankful to the mayor for prioritizing this issue which is certainly a concern for the entire community. So questions? Yes? So when this was like these first cameras were put out a couple years ago there were some stories about people getting paid for things like traffic violations. There were also concerns about like ice accessing some of these cameras and I know you said it's only going to be used for this stuff but like what would you have to say to the public like worry about surveillance or like how can we also be assured that you know three years from now DPD won't decide to start using these cameras for something else? Certainly fair question. So I think the cameras that that you're talking about I think one of them is at Six in Federal and those cameras were actually installed for different purposes and so the tolerances for lack of a term that were that were set on that were for various you know traffic violations and things like that and so the the tolerances on these cameras are not going to be set for that it's only going to be set for auto theft and violent crimes and hit and runs it's going to stay that way our policy is going to ensure that it stays that way we're going to have insurance measures in place to make sure that no one is searching the database and using it for any other any other justification and and and by by city policy mandate we're not going to be sharing any information with ICE we do and I think you know as the mayor alluded to so obviously any vehicle that was manufactured after 2014 probably has some sort of manufactured tracking device but those that were that were built before that date I think those tiles are very effective and so we certainly encourage people that have vehicles that were made before 2014 to get one of those devices place it in a in a inconspicuous location within your car and then give us that permission to track that vehicle it's certainly very helpful yes sir do you have to establish probable cause obtain a warrant or what's the process look like for you guys actually accessing that data using it in a case so the the the fact that that the license plate is associated with an auto theft so you know someone reports their car they say this is my this is my license plate or witness to a homicide or a non-fatal shooting says this is the vehicle this is the license plate of the vehicle I mean that that is reasonable position probable cause right there and obviously you know when that plate is is um alerted to an officer they're going to contact the dispatcher to verify what they're in fact seeing so yes sir well expensive technology certainly so I guess that is a concern we're not going to be shy about where these these are located I know that the contract includes some some maintenance and so I think that other people's experience are that they aren't easily you know damaged yes yes yes I mean we certainly don't want to have any disparate impact on any particular community certainly these were the locations were identified through an overlay of violent crime auto theft as well as it runs so that's how we identified the locations that they were best deployed at and yeah we want people to know that they exist we want people to know that if you steal a car you're going to be quickly tracked and identified and captured and I think we want the public to have assurance that that if your vehicle is stolen that we have that opportunity to recover quickly yes I mean they have to be you know kind of in a location where they can you know see down towards that where that license plate is is visible and so you know I think any you know traffic poles and in other utility poles and things like that are optimal locations yes Jason we have you know we've done quite a bit of research and so there are other cities that have used this and again you know even locally loan tree has used it very effectively almost immediate success I think seen at DIA so that I think is provable concept for why this is an effective strategy yes ma'am so a few months ago is when they were implemented at DIA so obviously they had a pretty significant issue there were a number of crews that were targeting DIA and I think the installation of the cameras and then the focus of both our local team and the metro wide team was effective in in addressing that issue we are currently in the procurement stage so I expect that we will get through that fairly quickly and then installation is about four to eight weeks so I think in the very near future we will have these installed yes ma'am well as I said there they are deployed across all six police districts and so certainly there are locations you know maybe in central Denver or along east Colfax maybe parts of west Denver where there's been a higher concentration of both stolen cars and violent crime and so again that those were the metrics that we used to identify where the best locations would be yes and you say central Denver meaning like downtown Denver correct yes yes ma'am is it possible to get a list of where these are going up and then another question like when I think about tiles or increased like car tracking things like that that also like raises alarm bells for me for like potential victims of domestic abuse so like is there concern about how increased car tracking could lead to more abuse that maybe isn't getting reported or things like that yeah no I appreciate that question so two things one yes we will be publishing the locations of these and those are those can be available to you and yes I do understand the concern about the ability to track your own car certainly when someone calls to report their car stolen and even calls to report that they are able to track that they are I think externally advised by the dispatcher not to follow their car and not to track that car I do know that there is thought of legislation I think you know banning that practice for someone to to track the the location of their car I think that we've seen recently a pretty tragic incident where someone who tracked their own car and then was involved in a gun battle with the individual that stole their car and that person lost their life yes sir yeah so I preach that that question so a couple of things you know I think that that one other thing it wasn't mentioned were some legislative concerns as it related to auto theft that I think led to an increase in auto theft I think some of those things have been corrected through the legislature and so and I also understand that you know in you know very close relationship with with the abeth mccann she understands as well the urgency in addressing this issue and holding folks accountable and so I think that she would stand here today and say that she is aggressively prosecuting folks as deal cars yes ma'am I would say both I would say that it certainly has a deterrent effect and I think the other thing is it it makes it much easier for us to locate that car get it back to the owner very quickly and I think that the the average impact to a victim of having their car stolen is about $10,000 per victim an annual cost for investigating auto theft is nearly $600,000 and so I think that if we can reduce the the numbers of cars that are stolen and height you know increase the the recovery rate of those vehicles I think that we will have a significant cost impact mayor does this uh does your personal experience make this a higher priority it does not make it a higher priority it just makes me more informed as to how the process works and how it should work and I think this is why we wanted to focus both on prevention and on recovery and so what you'll see here are a series of strategies around prevention if we can help folks that have cars that are at risk update their vehicles to be less prone to theft that helps prevent we can have you sign up for the denver track program and have that sticker on your windows so every potential auto thief knows when they come up to your car that your car is already tracked and that's a bad idea and if we can be aggressive about everyone in the city knowing there will be the capacity for us to identify auto thieves in every neighborhood of the city when the team first came to me and said we think the system really works we could roll it out step by step our response was to say now let's flood the whole city with these license plate readers because we want to make sure every neighborhood is secure we want to make sure no neighborhood is exposed and we want to make sure that there's not one sneaky route to get out of Denver that every thief knows they can use that being detected we want to make sure we can find them wherever they go and so our goal is this should be a clear message that if you steal a car in this city you will be caught and you will be prosecuted and that means you ought to decide either not do it or to do it someplace else because we think there's way too many people being put at risk and to just name what the chief said for families that have one car and are trying to get to and from work and they're trying to be able to pay the rent not being able to get into your car not be able to get to and from work that can have a massive impact on families economic well-being and we want to make sure that they are protected as I do and everything they can to serve and support the city so we think this puts us on track be one of the most aggressive cities in the country on fighting this effort and we think through the strategies this team have proven can work we can rule out a system city-wide that will be equitable will be fair and will be aggressive and making sure that no one has an easy task to try to steal a car in Denver so thank you all so much in spanish a lot of theft here in Denver Te roba de tu coche. También hay cosas que puedes poner en tu coche como trackers que podemos usar si alguien te roba tu coche, podemos darle y recobrirlo. Y también si tienes un vehículo más, más nueve, después de 2014, puedes registrarlo con nosotros. Y si te roban, podemos encontrarlo también. Entonces, esos cosas van a ayudar aquí en Denver a hacerlo en ciudad que es mucho más seguro que antes. Por eso, todo de esos dólares todavía están pagado por la budget que tenemos aquí en Denver con el departamento de policía. Gracias a todos. Thank you all so much for being here.