Yeah. Thank you. Thank you for having me. So I wanted to talk to you about language context in the borderlands of the western regions, the Hiyu. What's the background that we're talking about? So from most of you noted anyway, but from the second century on the communities along the trade routes of the ancient Silk Road in the Taran Basin, so to this Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China were kind of proto-urban centers of writing, copying, translating, and transmitting texts. Okay, so we're here in Xinjiang. One interesting kind of native or regional quote found in Fahsian's travel record is so all the kingdoms along, all the kingdoms only had their own peculiar barbarous speech, the kingdoms in the Taran Basin. The monks, however, who had given up worldly life and created their families were all students of Indian books and Indian language, which is interesting. And here you can see a map of all the languages that we have from there. Not everything is Buddhist, but there's a lot of Buddhism going on there. This is from the Turfann Berlin Academy Turfann research group. And you can see we have in total around 25 different languages from five to six different families. Some of the oldest extents, also Chinese manuscripts actually hail, well manuscripts, meaning paper manuscripts hail from the Taran Basin. We have a lot of languages that were not known before, like to carry my kind of specialty, but also Tangut and various other things. So that was a really interesting area. And basically, when all this stuff was discovered a little bit more than 100 years ago, that kind of changed a lot of fields and established a lot of new fields, as you know. And kind of the main centers, as you can see, were down there around Kothan here, around the Turfann area, and here the Turfann area. What's interesting is we basically have a lot of Indo-European languages there. And we also have one Indo-European language from there that was not known before, namely, to Carian. I think you all know the Indo-European languages and this kind of their distribution here. But basically, to Carian, is the easternmost, let's say, in the important historical times around the first millennium. It was the easternmost Indo-European language spoken in Eurasia. Yes, the branches that are of interest for us are in the Tarim Basin are Indic, especially Sanskrit, but also a couple of Middle Indic languages. Then to Carian, from around the 4th century, and then Saka, two Saka languages, so Kutani, Saka, and Tungshuki, is with the bulk like 95, or maybe even 97% coming actually from Kutani's Saka. So an eastern Iranian language. And these were kind of the major players around the Silk Road in the first millennium of our era. And here just to give you an overview of what we're dealing with, most of this stuff is, as you can see, written in an Indian script, a version of the Brahmi script. So this Sanskrit document, most of this stuff is exactly like this, so fragmentary.  So everything is in quite a fragmentary state. And Sanskrit and to Carian, and also Kutani, is that we'll see in a minute, use basically the same script. So I have right now a bigger project where we basically try to do polygraphic analysis, mainly not labula, but mainly to basically figure out kind of a relative chronology of the production of this fragment. Yeah, as I said, 300 languages, Sanskrit, to Carian Saka, written in an Indian script, Brahmi script, and on Chinese paper. But this was Chinese, a local Chinese paper production. We know now, by another big project in Paris, Professor Jean-Pierre Pinot, that did it not buy the paper from Chinese sources, but they acquired the knowledge of producing this paper and produced it locally. Yeah, here, this is Kutani's. And they're all really good. So for our chronology, these pages that I showed you are great, because most of the things that we have are actually much smaller than these ones that I showed you. Here, just a little overview to, oh, yeah, I forgot to delete this, sorry. Doesn't really matter, that's the problem you're trying to construct, we don't have to dwell on that anyway. But basically just that you see how closely related these languages are. So we have to Carian A, so conveniently called to Carian A and B, or so this one is called in local, into Carian A, this is called the language of Archi, that's a Chinese Yenchi. And to Carian B, locally called Cousinia, which means the language of Kutcher. And then we have Kutani's with English, of course, and here kind of the classical, in European languages Sanskrit, Greek and Latin. And let me just pick three items here. Let's do the word 400. To see Kunt, Kant, Sartor, Sartor, Hekaton, Kantor, reconstruction, Kuntom, very nice, very nicely related. Let's take the name word, Nyom, Niem, Nama, name of course, Naman, Onoma, Nomen, Nassman, the reconstruction. And let's take one verb, Pur, Pur, Bar, Bear, English, Sanskrit, Barati, Greek, Fero, Latin, Fero, and be reconstructed. The root is Fero, just to give an impression how related the European languages are. Much easier, for the most part, much easier than in other language families. Why is to Carian important? Because we have these two gentlemen, Lokav Shema, was a very important translator of Buddhist texts. And we kind of still, this also includes Nathan's Han project. We're all kind of trying to figure out what the language was they were translating from, likely Sanskrit, but also Middle Indic. And possibly there's some hints for that they were also translating stuff from to Carian into Chinese. So Lokav Shema is of course very important, but even more important is Kumara Chiba. Because with Kumara Chiba kind of the tradition started, or the tradition stopped of kind of equating Buddhism and Taoism, and Kumara Chiba's translations are still read today. That's what my Chinese Buddhist friends tell me. And I don't think it's true for Lokav Shema's translations. So these guys were very likely to Carians. But we know that they were kind of from this region, whether they really were native to Carians and natively spoke to Carian. We don't quite know, but it's highly likely. So to Carian in general is interesting, because it's kind of a bridge between Indo-European and Chinese. And of course we'll talk about this bridge function today. Here just kind of a thing that we're discussing right now in Indo-European and will be continuing to discuss. So usually if you saw an Indo-European kind of stammer of how the languages are related, you always had a big bang. Basically you had Indo-European and then all languages came out equally out of pro-Indo-European. And that's of course not very likely. We know, I don't know, for the Romance languages and for most of the Semitic languages and for a lot of other languages that this can't be true, because these kind of split-offs are defined by common innovations. And so this is kind of a proposal of how Indo-European diversified. But I would say it's kind of a standard view. What I would kind of object to, and we might be talking about it, is that Carian split-off of second and a true. We noted Anatolian with the flagship language, Heter split-off first, because it's really very different from the others. So Carian, I would argue, is actually quite close to Sanskrit and Greek, to kind of our classical languages in terms of morphology and so on. Okay, why am I showing you this, is because there is the assumption that Carian split-off second and quite early in the third century BC, that third millennium BC, and kind of ventured its way to the Altai mountains and then down to China. And as we will see, there is no strong linguistic evidence for that. This is mainly based on genetics. Why genetics? Because it's assumed that these guys belong to Yamnaya, special mitochondrial DNA and refined part of Yamnaya here and then in some of the mommies in the Taran basin, because as you know, probably the Taran basin is very famous for kind of attestation of mommies over almost three millennia from the late third millennium to almost around common era, basically, because they were only brought into the desert and then remade there because the Taklimakan desert is one of the driest deserts we have. Okay, yeah, so this is then actually from one of these DNA papers, Li et al. analysis of ancient human mitochondrial DNA from the Schiauche cemetery. So the Schiauche cemetery is here. This is our friend the Taran basin. Here we have this Afanasiebo culture where we find traces. This is an vulnerable culture, very likely they might or let's say there might be a relationship to in the Iranian. But anyway, and these are kind of great roots that are marked here. And you find basically Afanasiebo traces in a couple of, so mitochondrial DNA traces in a couple of Schiauche mommies. But generally these mommies are super mixed. So there's DNA from literally all over the place. In these mommies, but one trace is Afanasiebo and then people said, okay, well, if we have these traces, then we can assume these were maybe to Carians because later in the fourth century, our era we find two Carians there. They are Indo-European, so maybe there's a connection. Anyway, we don't know. Or yeah, actually we don't know if they were to Carians or not. As you know, we have a very good terminology for horse and carriage and everything that's connected to it in Indo-European. So basically these are the stylized things that we have in the different languages. I mean Celtic is relevant here. So we have basically the cart, the wheel, the fill, the axle, and the nave attested. And this is basically what this shows. It shows the parts and the words for it that are cognates in the different languages. And as you can see, Anatolian doesn't have that much of this wheel and chariot kind of terminology. And to Carian only has the wheel. And we'll talk about that in the next time. Okay. And here are all these words in the different languages because we are here in Ireland. Let me pick out some of the Irish words. So we have Roth here, the word for wheel. And we have a fan here, the word for wagon and so on. This is just to illustrate these different words in the different languages here. And of course, the English term for wheel is related to the Sanskrit term for wheel, chakra, chakra and wheel that Eric's related. This is actually a nice example for historical linguistics because they don't really at all alike, but they are direct cognates. Okay. So now, basically, this is a bit of my strawman here with which I want to start. So we have in Elena Kuzmino's work, the origin of the Indo-Iranians, the quote, in the region steps, metallurgy will transport and horse breeding will go back to the fourth millennium BCE. So far so good. That's very, very likely. And then we have based on fully blamed Northern Chinese populations may have received metal, wheat, barley, wheat, vehicles, the sheep and the wars from the Alphanacea tribes who came from the West. The words for all these were borrowed into Chinese from Indo-European, presumably to Karen. So that's a hypothesis. And so in this little first part, we can test this hypothesis in looking at these different things. Let's look at the metals. So we can basically reconstruct chaos for Proto-Indo-European, that's in IS, for example, in Sanskrit. And as you can see, in old Chinese, Korean, modern Chinese, that's no relation. And I'm using based on the gas reconstruction, which means possible. And this means not so secure. So there's the brackets, right? And copper also in words, the faeus in certain languages, the faeus word also is used for copper. We have a word for copper in Tukarian, but that's of course not related to faeus. And of course, the Chinese one is also not related at all to neither Tuker nor to faeus. We have bronze, probably also faeus. And again, no relation. Then the word for silver, we have into Tukarian, mi cante. This mutan is going back somehow to Ch'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e'e', but also nren, this might work, but this is the best one of all these metals, but also not too strong of a claim here. Then the word for gold, we have in Tukarian, yassovis, but again, doesn't seem likely that this kind of what's borrowed from Tukarian or any other European language. So from the metals, the most likely might be this one, if there was a quarry. But there are not very good arguments for that yet, because the phonology is quite different. Then let's look at wheat and barley. We have a word for wheat in European gand. We actually have that in Tukarian, cante, which means bread, but the Chinese word is quite different. Murug is of course something else. Then barley, Tukarian, yassovis, again, I mean, these are related, but of course these are not related to Tukarian. And then sheep, and we will talk about sheep again today. We have hobi, we have it in Tukarian, and in all Chinese we have yang, or something giving modern Chinese yang, but of course the doesn't seem to be borrowed. So here with grasses and oba, there is no borrowing going on. And then let's look at horse and carriage. So we have the word for chariot. Some languages have at least chariot related things, probably in European hot, but that's not what chariot is in Tukarian. Tukarian we have kookal, and that goes back to the, basically to the chakka type word, kweklo. And old Chinese sukkra, and there's a second one, which looks quite similar. Tukra, of course, cannot go back either to the Tukarian one, nor to the proto-European one. So no no long word relation here. Then chariot here, we actually don't, we're not able to reconstruct the word for chariot here in proto-European. This one is just the derivative of course, as you can see from this one, and the old Chinese, it's very different. There is no point and therefore no long word relation. Then we have the wheel word, and it's funny because kweklo is the basis of kookal, and basically wheel turned as a past kototo into the word for carriage or chariot in that case, which is also not that weird. I think in English you can also say wheels to a car, at least in American English, I think. And then the word for wheel that we have in in Tukarian B and A, yakkonto burkund, does not go back to kweklo, and of course, neither proto-European nor Tukarian is the basis of old Chinese rune, which is funny and it's actually room. But no long word relation here. Then the famous axel word, and this is also of course in our word, in the English word, Germanic word for axel, is not the basis of shen, and neither axel nor shen are the basis for the rook. Then the nape word, we have a nape word in Tukarian, also in the text it actually appears with the chariot word and with a couple of other words for horses and carriages. Both does not go back to nape, that's actually what we also have in nable, and both of them are not the basis of old Chinese kook that we have here. Then konwe, weg, might be in Tukarian, but I think if it is in Tukarian it means something else, but both, so Tukarian is not here, but proto-European form is of course not the basis of old Chinese tsuus, so no long word relation. And then the same is true for drive, we have it, that's Latin algo and so on in Tukarian, but then in Chinese we have again something completely different. Then our horse word is there in Tukarian, yaku yuk, goes back to khepo, and that stands for dachwa, and latin echoes, and then some things that are not around anymore in English, but if you like Lord of the Rings it's in eowin, and the eow is the horse part, and then in all these names that start with eow. Old Chinese famously we have mra, that's one of the horse words, but again khepo is not the basis of mra. There is another horse word in Indo-European that usually gets connected with the Chinese one, that's Marko or something, but it's only in Germanic and Celtic, only, and it's far away from China, and seem to be alone into Germanic and Celtic from a different language, that's what's in English mare and so on, and it seems to be paired actually with the word for breaches, braka, horse, basically horse trousers, about which we also talked today about a different one, and these seem to be basically loanwords into Germanic and Celtic, and seem not to be related to this one, so and here I have to make an advertisement, a horse expression, so very likely the Old Chinese term mna, and maybe even going further back, is very likely possibly from Old Indic Arvand, the phonology is a bit intricate, but not impossible, and Nathan and I and a couple of other critics have a paper on that coming up shortly, so stay tuned, and there is one possible loanword, we already saw it today, and I will also refer you to our forthcoming paper, but this was suggested already by Puni Blenke, I think the first time, but basically that's the reconstruction, so kra, so consonant and then the kra in Chinese that gives ju and true in modern Chinese, basically they look like they're loanword, I mean why would you have two words that look very similar, so seem to be two kind of loanwords, and very likely also from Old Indic, and we can maybe then talk about why by Old Indic, but it makes phonological sense, and then it makes sense on kind of a horse and chariot perspective as well, so this was our horse and chariot excursion, and please read our paper, it will appear this end of this year, okay, so now let's talk about real loans, so we're basically going back from this little strawman I put up, so based on Puni Blenke a lot of people have claimed and still claim that mythology is certain grains, certain animals, and certain metals basically came from European languages to to China, so to Kerrin is not a source, and the pro-European is not a source, a possible source for horse and chariot might be Indic, but now let's focus on to Kerrin again and move basically a little bit closer to the to Kerrin at the station time before we move back and try to talk about more ancient contexts almost in the realm of, or basically in the realm of old Chinese again, but some loanwords we have and they're easy and nice, and they're related to kind of trade, not all of them, but a lot of them, so for example to Kerrin, Shang is from Middle Chinese or seemed to be from Middle Chinese Xing, Tao from Dou, Chuck from Tiek, another Chuck, but a different Chuck from Tiek, Chane from Tian, Kao from Kao, and Bolt of Silk which was basically used as money, Svaliank, Svaliank, Grain Tax from Svaliank, Grain Tax, so these are all nice and can be related to trade activities, and we find them in to Kerrin secular tax to deal with basically trade and kind of caravan passages and stuff like that. Then we have some officials that names for officials that appear in this secular documents like Tian Kun, General from Tian Kun, Easy, Sima, well you all know at least one, Sima, Hushi, An Boi, and these are kind of three nice titles that have been loaned from Middle Chinese. Then there are some where it's not that easy to establish the context, but maybe also trade related could be the word for blue, Zhen from Chen, and then maybe also trade related, the word for sauce, from Tian, so these are quite nice I believe. And then there are some later loans in later secular texts, so Fao, receipt from Chao, copy, Zun, inch, again another measure from Zun, inch, and so on. So these are fairly established, and then to escort or an escort for goods, again kind of the trade relation that we expect, and we have Ya Yu Yan from Ya Yun, so not that bad, but later things. Okay, so these are later things, these are quite nicely established, so it's really hot here, I'm sorry, that's, I'm sorry. But there is a window. Oh really? Yeah. Shouldn't be too loud. I'm almost distracted from my own. Sorry, and now everything's on record. Anyway, so these are quite established ones, but let's move, so we moved forward, but let's now move back again, and say something about Turkian archaeology. So actually there is no Turkian archaeological horizon anywhere between the ancient European homeland in the Pontic and the Tarim Basin that can be connected with the Turkarians with certainty. None of the archaeological sites within modern Xinjiang have any distinctive Turkarian flavor, and the material culture in the Tarim Basin at the beginning of our textual at the station around the fourth century is predominantly Iranian. Very likely because the Kushans took over kind of material culture from neighboring Iranian culture, and for some time were active in the Tarim Basin. But otherwise we have of course classical multicultural display of things that we expect in this Silk Road area. Yeah, different Indo-European potential groups and their migrations are mentioned in this general area. So somewhere between today's Gansu province and the Armudaria region in to the west, and we have this in ancient Greek and Chinese sources, and we'll come back to this later. None of these groups that are mentioned and that could potentially be in European can be safely identified with Turkarians yet, and to just take the excitement away already. So I will also not contribute anything reasonable to this question, but I will hopefully convince you of some connections, some early connections for Turkarians in China. Okay, let's start with sheep here because I want to show you some interesting loanwords that must have appeared in a very old period of contact between basically old Chinese and probably Turkarian speakers. So sheep were domesticated about 8,000 BC in the Near East, and woolly sheep occurred around 4,000 BCE, and the oldest wool that is extant and that we have is from Egypt and dates to the 4th millennium BCE. So this is another biologist, but who's interested? This is kind of the development of sheep, and this is kind of how this happened geographically, and then from their sheep spread to everywhere basically. Okay, what's interesting is that we have a lot of wool actually from the Tarim Basin, because as I said before, Taklamakan, one of the dryest deserts, there is a lot of actual real nice cloth preserved, and then there is a lot of wool. So this is a wool blanket, and this was wrapped around one of these mummies that we have, and it's from the from the Xiaofeng cemetery that we already mentioned today, and it's from from kind of middle, second millennium BC. This is also very nice, this is also a wrap of a mummy, and that's from the Jabrikul cemetery, also a second millennium BCE, and this is an infant mummy wearing a blue and red felt head, but it's shrouded in a wool cloth with kind of this bi-colored cord here, and famously we have this very first oldest hand ever from the Tarim Basin, so this is the oldest trousers, and we kind of know our trousers were developed for horse riding for obvious reasons that I don't have to go into in detail, and it's from Yangkrai graveyard, and it's from around 1000 BC, so end of second beginning of first millennium. Okay, so let's look at sheep and wool in in Indo-Pian again, so we have sovi and chevi, so basically they belong to the same paradigm, nominative and accusative are built on the Oostem, and the rest is built on the Eastem, and both is attested, so we have boys in Greek and boys in Latin, and they go back to the Oostem, and we have Ao, actually meaning you, into Carim B, and that goes back to the E-grade, so that's perfectly nice, and there's more a petite bitai, but we don't have to go into that. Then we have a fairly nicely established word for wool, and that's in in Hithalt's Hulana, in Sanskrit Urna, in Griglenos, Latin Lana, and so on, and also our word for wool goes also back to this, but so far there's no cognate for this word in into Carim. There is yok in both languages, but that seems to be, but basically there's no etymological connection, it seems to be not in European, so maybe this is, there were probably languages that we don't have recorded there in the Carim Basin, and this might be a word for wool that goes back to one of the languages that one of the mummies or several of the mummies spoke before the two parents came in, but there was already wool around, very likely, okay. So let's just look at some at the stations here, so this is from a secular text, and it basically says, so the Buddhist cloth made of white silk, maybe for caution, with a fringe of wool, one, so basically it's kind of a list of saying, okay, this isn't this garment, this isn't this cloth, and here we have the yok word, basically I just want to show you the at the station, and here from the Pratimoksha Sutra, so a non-secular text, a commentary on basically the Naisargika, so and these are transgressions punished with the confiscation of goods, basically, and if a monk gives to an unrelated nun some wool to work, this wool must be abandoned by him, and the nun probably can keep it, but they should not, I mean, you know, these Buddhist troops, they're kind of weird, and you don't always get what's going on, but basically we have this yok, Yakka is kind of the collective of yok here in these instances, this is just to show you where this stuff appears, and here's a magical text really appears, so if one has to decide to be long-lived, one has to weave browses out of like wool, for what reason ever, well, but maybe the same reason why you have to wear pants when you ride yours, anyway, here's another secular text that also brings the sheep in, but I want to get to something else, a name that's another word for wool, and it's kind of interesting, and it appears in a very famous story where, so basically it's a Buddhist story about the painter and the mechanic, and it appears in the Pune of Antajataka, and they kind of have a fight, and kind of everybody tries to show their skill, and of course there's a Buddhist reasoning at the very end, but then there's this story about a mechanical girl, basically a robot that the mechanic produced to fool the painter, and the painter is actually fooled, and then when he realizes that he is fooled, he paints a painting where he is shown being hanged, and then the mechanic comes in and looks at the painting and says, oh my god, he hanged himself because he played this practical joke on him, but the practical joke was this mechanical girl that the mechanic did, and let me just quote it here, so when the painter then full of love reached for the hand of the artificial girl, this one immediately broke the thunder, and the rags, that's robes and pins fell apart, and there was no longer a girl, or what awesome power of ignorance, when a human being is so intensely, so intensely falls in love with mere rags, just like of the ones composed of rags, rags, pins and robes, my imagination was this, just so of the ones composed of bones, flesh, and sinews, is the self-imagination of the beings, as my love was towards rags, just so it is to the living body in turn, so there's already the kind of the Buddhist moral here, like the painter fell in love with rags, we kind of fall in love, or are infatuated by our own kind of material being, but what we want to get at here is rags, and I hope you will get the pun in a minute. Okay, now we have another text, and it's from Tokerin B, that's again kind of a rule-based theme, so that's a commentary on the Sangha-Bavish, Sangha-Bhashi-Shah, and these are scenes punished with temporary excommunication out of the Sangha of the Buddhist community, and here is the Sanskrit version, and we turn to the commentary of the Sanskrit passage in Tokerin in a second, so intentional omission of semen, though it is a different matter if it is during sleep, is offense punishable by expulsion of the Sangha, that's the Sanskrit line, and then here we have the Tokerin B part, which basically is a commentary on this passage, if there are feelings of lust in the mind of the monk and his penis stands high, he touches it with the rag and he enjoys it, and his sperm comes out, then he commits the Sangha-Bhashi-Shah offense, if his sperm does not come out as often as he touches it with the rag, so often he commits a grave offense that has to be confessed to the whole community, and we have a Kled-Shetha, a Kled-Shetha, and again usually this is translated as a rag, and again, please don't take offense, but kind of a ranker-chief, in this case, and what is Kretzwe Kratzu? It goes back to Tokerin Kretzwe, and there are two possible scenarios to explain that word from Indo-European, so either we have a root noun, so this is basically just nouns in European that only have roots, no suffix attached, and it goes back to Kretzwe Kratzu, and then it will be related to German Kratzu and Kretzwe, and it will basically be kind of a scratchy cloth, something with which you can scratch for each, and then to get it to Kretzwe, it could just be an analogy, so basically to Saiwe, where we have the perfect Latin cognate, which means itching actually, and then analogically we would get Kretzwe, because you reinterpret the weh as kind of a suffix of coarseness or itchiness, but it will basically be similar like this analogy that you have in heights to depth and lengths, so basically just with other words that have the same ending, and you put it on there because they kind of belong to the same semantic category. Another possibility to do this from Indo-European would be to assume kind of a complicated derivational thing, you have an S-term and to this S-term you make a U-adjective, and to the U-adjective you make a U-abstract, and then again make an adjective possible, but then it could be related to Florian-European Kretz to spin, and then we could relate it to Kretzwe Kratzu, which means switched. So yeah, you all know what switched this, right? It s kind of a thing to basically spin wool on. Yeah, whatever we prefer, we now want to turn to Chinese again. What s interesting is modern Chinese tea, sorry, wrong ton, one cloth, a fishnet, a rag, goes back to Middle Chinese kiek, and that goes back in the back to cigar reconstruction to Kratzu. So it s kind of cool, and in the area, which is Warring States Period Dictionary, we have the gloss, it s a textile made, of course, it s quite nice, but we can do one better. In the Shouwen-Tzu, we have, which is a hung Period Dictionary, we have the following commentary on this character, namely wool cloth from Western Forums. Well, it actually says Beberian, of course, which, yeah, but that s of course very, very nice philological evidence to back this up. So basically, our preliminary conclusion is that Kretzwe Kratzu, based on kind of philological evidence, must be coarse wool cloth of some sort, and likely goes back to Kretz, and I would stick to my scratch etymology with the root noun, and pro-Tukarian Kretz was borrowed into old Chinese, and that means before the kind of virtual invented date of 2021 BCE, but around, so basically in, let s say, second half of the first millennium BCE. And that would fit nicely with other words that have been borrowed. So we have meat, of course, which is the word for honey, meat, and I would stick to this against my colleague and friend, Guillaume Schach, and another colleague and friend, Michel Beaud, and Kristi Meyer, I get very nicely against what Guillaume said, and I would stick to this etymology that it is actually borrowed from Tukarian, and it also makes sense archeologically, because similar to, let s say, horse and chariot that we were talking about before, honey kind of appears magically in the archipelago, it appears overhead more or less in the archeological record, like chariots and horse in the shank period. So quite sudden, which suggests that it was brought by by contact. And the time would fit basically what we believe about the Tukarian thing spoken in the second half of the first millennium BCE. Another Tukarian loanword is a plant called Devilsdang, so as a foetida. This itself is a borrowing into Tukarian from in the Iranians, and it is a space that basically comes from Iranian areas, so basically from Afghanistan, Pakistan, and then spread, but this was borrowed into this Chinese or Chinese monster word, but everything works out basically, so all the phonologies is basically correct and gives perfect sense if it s also Tukarian loanword. And there s another one, sorry, and now we look at the other direction. This has been claimed for a long time, but I think it s basically right, so old Chinese luv, the word for rice was borrowed into, or rice paddy was borrowed into into proto-Tukarian, and then this is another one that I discovered. So we have this reconstruction consonant manns in in Bexar and Sagar system for one, so myriad 10,000, and this must be the origin of proto-Tukarian tamana, and then the tamana and eight mann myriad 10,000. It cannot be from proto-Turkic tumen, because then you would expect pelletalization in Tukarian, and very likely proto-Turkic tumen also goes back to tamana. This connection was not believed because we were all not sure about the consonant here, but I think now we can be, it must be a team because of this Tukarian evidence. And maybe another one, not so clear, better we should actually reconstruct the consonant here, so the kind of other Chinese system of old Chinese reconstruction does not reconstruct the consonant, and this would fit with what we have in Tukarian here, so the last month of the year. So that's quite nice, I think. And then here's one where we should investigate more, because the direction is not quite clear. So we saw some old Chinese into Tukarian, some Tukarian into old Chinese, and here I have to say I'm not quite sure, because there are two types of goose, and one basically migrated from, or basically came from east to west, and there's another one who came with cultural transmission from west to east, so I don't know what to do. But we have basically came to goose into Tukarian, going back to something beyond, and we have gone in old Chinese, so something is going on. But right now I'm not certain in which direction this relation went. Okay, so we're nearing the end, so some conclusions. So the oldest linguistic context between speakers of old Chinese and Tukarian must have appeared before the beginning of the Middle Chinese period, roughly around the unification of China. Presumably in an area where agriculture of Chinese-speaking population and pastoralism of Tukarian-speaking population kind of converged, and pastoralism in the broadest sense, if you can call it pastoralism then that's what I mean. So basically rice and honey is kind of the two things here to have in mind. Also this must have been in an area of China where rice growing was possible, maybe Ganzu, before rice cultivation came to Xinjiang, and rice cultivation came to Xinjiang around 2000 years ago. This must have been reported, and Ganzu might be a likely candidate, and that would fit with some kind of historical sources that we have in Chinese, namely the population that was later identified with Tukarians the Yutru or Routru was kicked out by the Xiongnu, drove over the Taring basin into historical Tukaristan, which is bacterial, and one part gave rise to the Kushan empire and another part of this population moved back to the Taring basin. With this story, this kind of conjecture, this might be our pro-Tukarians. Yeah, and these contacts, so the ones between all Chinese and pro-Tukarian amount basically to the first evidence of Tukarians close to or in ancient China, everything else, so I would not basically expect too much on this genetic evidence because we know the genes and languages are super separate, and every linguistic or cultural argument solely based on genetics is just speculation at best. There can be a lot of other ugly things as well. Yeah, like in later times these contexts happened by the way of exchange of trade on the Silk Road, before the Silk Road, and I would call this the Wu Road. The other thing that's kind of linguistically important is that Lomert is able to inform the reconstruction of Chinese, so not expecting another hundred or we, because I have to mention Bill Bexter here, even though we have not worked on this for a long time for different reasons, but we will resume this work. I'm not expecting another hundred Lomerts or so in old Chinese or we don't expect it, but there might be a couple of more, but the thing is that Lomerts can inform the reconstruction of both languages, the phonological reconstruction, and in the case of Karatso, I think it makes all these brackets unnecessary, and in the case of MAHNs, we now know that this continent must have been a team. And with this in, as my postdoc never stops to remind me, non-ideometric to Karin B, I say, yes, Pausko Krittanen, yes, so thank you for your attention. Is it a tonal language? To Karin? No. But old Chinese was also not tonal, so very good. Yeah, but can I ask when did Chinese language develop the tone, but because in Korea?  Really not unless. Ah, okay. Another archaeological one or cultural one, they have the mummy thing in that area as well? In, so Xinjiang actually has more mummies than Egypt. Okay. That's not a well-known fact, but that's the truth. So let's believe this forthcoming paper about the etymology of Aurovans, which means that the horse and the chariot come from the Proto-Indo-Aryans, yeah? Yep. So, but then you said that honey entered the archaeological record also in the Shang? No, no, I'm sorry, I was just saying that it like the horse and chariot, it kind of appears suddenly. So honey is later then? It's later. Okay. So the internal Chinese evidence for honey, I think the first text is from the fourth century BC. Okay, great. Okay, so that's easy. Then about goose, I mean, this is, or maybe this way to ask you, what's the standard Indo-Europeanists say about, you know, Hansa, Gans, kind of English goose, yeah? Because I think they probably don't say it's a variant from Chinese. No, exactly, but so what sticks out if you compare all the goose words is to Carian with O-grade. Oh, I see. Okay, so everyone has A-grade. Everyone has A-grade, but the thing is so the goose word in Germanic, Baltic and Slavic, there it's reconstructed, I mean, maybe there even shows really, but I mean Baltic and Slavic are close related, then you have Germanic, but all of these go back to an R, basically, but this R in Baltic, Slavic and Germanic could go back to O. Oh, yes, you can't tell in Baltic, Slavic and Germanic. It could be A or O, but like in, I mean, you can't tell in Sanskrit either, but... No, exactly. But somewhere you can tell it's an A-grade in German. So we don't know much about roots that have in here and R, but how they basically upload it. So I can see a world where you have O, R or O upload, or this kind of thing. Oh, okay, yeah, fine, yeah. And then that's fine. So I think, but if I linguistically, we cannot do much except stating the facts, is the goose question has to be decided by archaeologists and biologists. It's like you just pursue that a little bit more. We don't like roots with vowel R, right? Well, the Leiden people don't like roots. Yeah, okay, that's fine. You're perfect. Okay. I mean, like Astu in Greek, bastu, so post in Tukarian, bastu in Sanskrit past seven years. Oh, yeah, okay. But that's just one word. But put that point to a lone origin. Could that be taken as evidence of a lone origin? I mean, it wouldn't work for Chinese because that... No, exactly. So as I said, for the goose word, I think we just needed a little bit more evidence, what kind of goose travels in which direction. Yeah, okay. Although it could be on a Marui. Yeah, that's actually true. Okay, yeah, that's actually something I should have, I should say more prominent. Yeah, that's absolutely true. Yes, yeah. I increasingly think back to the explanation for dog. Oh, really? It's just dogs go, grrr. Yeah, right.  Yeah, you're right. Yeah, okay. So my last question about rice, so rice, I don't know, if a student just came up to me and said, tell me about rice. I would say it was domesticated in southern China and that Chinese really like millet for a long time. So what... So can you just tell me a story about the kind of the archaeology and the historical linguistics for rice? I mean, I'm not a rice expert, but we know that rice came to Xinjiang as said before 2000 years ago and before that, we already had it in Guangzhou. And of course, it spread from the south and never, I mean, up to this day, never quite reached the real north, but it did, but it's not that popular. Yeah, exactly. But I mean, if we have it in Guangzhou in the first millennium, which we do, then it's perfectly fine. Yeah, basically, it's not necessary that it's like a major staple of the northern diet, it's just necessary that it's available on the market, exactly in Xinjiang. I mean, the question is how it then came to Xinjiang, for example, and it won't be nice, but of course, I mean, that's pure speculation, but it would be nice to say, well, we wanted to carry this when they entered the tarium basin, drop rice with them in the OECs. Oh, it's from China? Yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah. But that's complete speculation, but one could make up the story and see whether it holds true.


Today, we're doing the M4 qualification portion of the Iron Squad competition. So the M4 qualification today is consistent of a regular shot standing, then you're going to do, since it's 20 prone, but you shot one standing, you're going to do 19 in the prone. You're going to do 10 kneeling and 10 standing, and you can use the support wall as needed as well. Personally, I'm confident in my abilities with shooting. I've always shot pretty well. I've never shot really below a 32, so, you know, with this wind and competition might change, but I'm going to do my best and see what happens. I definitely do it for my family and my grandfather's at home.  I was like, do it for him, do it for myself, and see if I can get out of it. The importance of the Army and the First Armored Division hosting a competition like the Iron Squad competition is because it brings out, it brings out the best of every soldier. What we hope these soldiers get out of the Iron Squad competition is that they learn about themselves and their capabilities. If a soldier feels like they've met their limits physically or mentally, take a tactical pause, evaluate the situation, gather yourself, and continue moving forward towards the objective.


Ang karunungan ay kapangyarihan. Let's put that power to the test today here on K-Check. Hello everyone, I am Drugs Giang with another season of teaching and learning here on K-Check. Patuloy pa rin ang paghanap natin ng mga gustong sanayin at palawakin ang brain power nila through competition. Alamin natin kung kaya nila ang brain workout na inihanda natin for them this season. Samahan nyo kami until the final week of competition which will reveal our newest K-Check champion. Ang apat natin daily winners ang dadaan sa ating karunungan check sa araw na ito. This week's high-scorer coming in with 210 points, Paolo is a 23-year-old chemistry student from UP Dileman. In his spare time, he loves to play board games and listening to K-pop groups like Stray Kids and Mamamoo. Yubel, with a score of 135 points, is a BS business administration student of UP Dileman. She spends her free time playing sports, watching theater productions and reading books. She enjoys traveling both local and abroad. Bringing in 105 points is Jazz, a third-year civil engineering student at TUP Manila. Beyond the world of blueprints and structures, he finds joy in writing poetry, in indulging in romcoms and sitcoms, a harmonious blend of engineering possession and creative expression defines his journey. And rounding us out with a score of 130 points is Yeshwa, a BS statistic student at UP Dileman. Her love of sleep serves to power her love of physical activities and sports. Her top artist and Spotify for 2023 is Keshi. These four will be competing under the watchful eyes of today's K-Check panel of experts. Firstly, we have Professor Niel Santillian, former chairperson of the UP Dileman Department of History. Next, we have Professor Glesy Atienza of the College of Arts and Letters from UP Dileman. And finally, Professor Ben Valiejo of the UP Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology. At ngayon, contestants, narito na ang first round, which is also your first opportunity to earn points. Buzz in but wait till you're acknowledged before you answer para di sayang ang effort. Each correct answer is worth 10 points. Let's begin. Let's begin. Question number one. In astronomy, what is the Latin name of the constellation The Archer, which is also the zodiac sign after Scorpio? Paulo. Sagittarius. Sagittarius or Sagittarius is correct. K-Check. Question number two. In what European city can you find the Norwegian parliament and foreign affairs ministry of Norway building? Yobel. Norway. Norway is Malik. Paulo. Oslo. Oslo is correct. K-Check. Question number three. Which English language song by the Korean boy band BTS reached number one in Billboard's global 200 chart in 2021? Paulo. Butter. Butter is correct. K-Check. Question number four. What unit of length is about 39.37 inches? The correct answer is meter. Question number five. What is the common name of frozen carbon dioxide, which is used for temporary refrigeration? Paulo. Dry ice. Dry ice is correct. K-Check. Question number six. What country's currency is officially called the renminbi? The correct answer is China. Question number seven. Which mythological hero is famous for his strength and was the subject of a 1997 Disney animated movie? Paulo. Hercules. Let me proceed. Animated movie that featured the song Go the Distance. The correct answer is Hercules. K-Check. Question number eight. What river in Africa is the longest in the world? Paulo. Nile River. Nile River is correct. K-Check. Question number nine. In what Southeast Asian country can you find the Angkor Wat Temple complex? Paulo. Cambodia. Cambodia is correct. K-Check. Question number ten. In mental math, what number is twice the product of five and twenty? Ubell. 200. 200 is correct. K-Check. Question number eleven. In December 2023, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck Surigao del Sur causing massive damage to several towns. On what island can you find Surigao del Sur? Paulo. Surigao. Surigao is malet. Mindanao. Mindanao is correct. K-Check. Last question for this round. Number twelve. Which singer is the mother of KC Conception? Jazz. Sharon Conetta. Sharon Conetta is correct. K-Check. And that ends round number one. Let's have a quick recap of their scores. We have Paulo with 70 points. Ubell with 20 points. Jazz with 10 points. And Yeshua kaya panghumabol sa mga susunod nating rounds. We're midway in the competition at susunod na ang round two sa pagbabalik ng K-Check. Welcome back to K-Check. Points lika pumuna tayo. Paulo is leading with 70 points. Followed by Ubell with 20 points. Jazz with 10 points. And Yeshua kaya panghumabol sa mga next rounds. And now, it's time for round two. So concentrate, strategize, and go for those points. As always, correct answers earn you 20 points each. But incorrect answers cost you 10 points each. Let's begin. Question number one. Nirvana is believed to be attainable only with the elimination of all greed, hatred, and ignorance within a person. In which religion is the goal to become enlightened and reach Nirvana? Paulo. Buddhism. Buddhism is correct. K-Check. Question number two. Which Serbian American inventor developed the alternating current power system? Paulo. Nikola Tesla. Let me complete the question. And was granted more than 100 U.S. patents. The correct answer is Nikola Tesla. K-Check. Question number three. Saigon is the former name of Ho Chi Minh City which is located in Wat Asian country. Ubell. Vietnam. Vietnam is correct. K-Check. Question number four. What is the name of the accumulated waste of seabirds or bats that is used as as fertilizer? The correct answer is Guano. Question number five. Who led China and was the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1949 to 1976? The correct answer is Mao Zedong. Question number six. What team won the 2021 NBA championship? Yeshua. Lakers. Lakers is Male. Let me proceed with the question. What team won the 2021 NBA championship behind the great performance of Yanis Antento Kumpo? Ubell. Spurs. Spurs is Male. The correct answer is Milwaukee or Bucks. Question number seven in Norse mythology. He is a cunning trickster. Paulo. Loki. Let me proceed with the question.  Who is this god of discord and mischief? The correct answer is Loki. K-Check. Question number eight. What quiz show did Alex Trebek host from 1984? Paulo. Jopperdy. Let me proceed with the question. 1984 until he passed away in 2020. Jopperdy or Jeopardy is correct. K-Check. Question number nine. What range in South America is the longest chain of mountains in the world and includes many of the highest peaks in the western and southern hemispheres? The correct answer is Andes. Question number 10 in Music. What do you call a sign that indicates the name and pitch of the notes on the staff to which it is prefixed like treble or bass? Clef is correct. K-Check. Question number 11. As of December 2023, the richest person in the world is the South African CEO of electric car company Tesla worth an estimated $245 billion US dollars. Who is he? Jeswa. Elon Musk. Elon Musk is correct. K-Check. Last question for this round. Number 12. From the Greek words for loving and mankind. What do you call a person who gives money or gives to charities? Donor. Donor is Malik. Anyone can steal. Philanthropist. Philanthropist is correct. K-Check. And that ends round two. Let's do a points recap. Paolo is leading with 140 points. Followed by Yubel with 70 points. Jazz and Jeswa have 10 points each. Our ultimate pagalingan round is up next. Here on K-Check. Welcome back everyone. Likap mo na tayo ng points. Paolo is leading with 140 points. Yubel has 70 points. Sa mantala si Jazz and si Jeswa naman ay may 10 points each. At kaya'n kaya'n ang ba humabol sa susunod na round dahil 360 points ang buong total ng lahat ng mga questions natin. The race to finish on top continues with our ultimate pagalingan round. Remember sa ating panel of experts man gagaling ang mga katanungan. The end of this round will reveal our daily winner. Here, correct answers are worth 30 points each at may 15-point deduction for wrong answers. Good luck and let's begin. Question number one will come from Prof. Neal. Agusapan natin ang Philippine political geography. What city serves as the regional center of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao? A. Kotabato. B. Coronadal. C. Holo. D. Marawi. I. Takurong. Ubel. Malay. Bagamat ang lumsood na ito ay nasa Mindanao. Ang lingua Frankarito ay Tagalog. Ang tamang sagot ay letter A, Kotabato. Thank you. Prof, let's see go ahead. Usapa ang kuentuhan. Lola Basang was popular as the children's favorite storyteller. Sino si Lola Basang sa totooong buhay? Severino Reyes. Ubel. A. Severino Reyes. Hawi Severino. C. Severino Montano. D. Severino Magdamag. And E. Severino Torres. The correct answer is A. Severino Reyes. K. Chek. Prof Ben, next question please. Okay, this time on Invertebrate Zoology. The shedding of the shells of arthropods is scientifically called what? A. Molting. B. Metamorphosis. C. Ecdesis. D. Instar Replacement. And E. Calcification. Ubel. A. Molting. Malena. Dread. Holo. B. Metamorphosis. And also not correct. Yeshua. E. Calcification. Wrong, also. D. Instar Replacement. Also wrong, mali. Wala pang pinalad sa round na ito. Okay, the correct answer is C. Ecdesis. This is actually caused by hormonal changes in your insects and crabs and other arthropods that lead to the shedding of the shells. Autoskeleta. Wala pinalad sa inya. Okay, next, Prof Neal. Okay, next question is bola or para sa Asian history. Ano ang lahing namuno sa huling dynastia sa China? A. Han. B. Koryano. C. Manchu. D. Mongol. E. Chino. Ang revolusyon ni Sunyat Sen ang nagpabagsap sa huling dynastia ng China na pinamunuhan ng lahing ito. Ang tamang sagot ay Letter C. Manchu. Prof Blessing. Okay, popular culture ng radio drama sa Pilipinas. Letter A. Gulong ng palad. Letter B. Gulong ng jeep. Letter C. Gulong ni Goryo. Letter D. Gulong-gulong. And E. Gulong ng ikon. Yes, sir. Letter A. Gulong ng palad. The correct answer is Gulong ng palad. Letter A. 1942 ito isinagawa. K-check. Thank you. Prof Ben, go ahead. This time, we're going to deal with how hot and cold things are, okay? At what temperature are Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are equal? A. Zero. B. 32. C. Negative 40. D. 112. And E. 100. B. 32. Malen. Not correct. Yes, sir. C. Negative 40. That's correct, okay? The scales are equal at negative 40. K-check. Thank you. Prof Neil, back to you. Southeast Asian history. Which of the following is a key feature of the neolithic period in Southeast Asia? A. Ascendancy of patriarchal orientation. B. Building of tato ships and rajonics. C. Domestication of chickens and pigs. D. Emergence of farming communities focus on corn production. E. None of the above. Jazz. D. Emergence of farming communities focus on corn production. Malen. Paolo. E. None of the above. Malen. Bukod sa tamang sagot sa tanong na ito, ang paglitaw na agricultura ay isa pang katangiyan ng panahong niliti ko sa TSA. Ang tamang sagot ay letter C, domestication of chickens and pigs. Thank you.  Usapang music. Sino ang nag-compose ng sikat na kondiman na bitwing marikit na saan ka irog at mutia ng pasik? Letter A, Nikanor Abelardo. Letter B, Nikanor Reyes. Letter C, Nikanort Yongson. Letter D, Nikanor Sepulveda. And letter E, Nikanor Perlas. Paolo. A, Nikanor Abelardo. Ang tamang sagot ay A, Nikanor Abelardo. K-check.  What radioactive element did madam Marie Curie discover? A, sodium. B, radon. C, radium. Paolo. C, radium. D, uranium. And E, plutonium. The correct answer is radium. K-check. Now we're off to our last set of questions for this round. Prof. Neil, go ahead. Philippine political history. Ano ang tawag sa institusyon nagbumagawa ng batas ng panahon ng Dictadurang Marcos? A, batas ang pabansa. B, Congress of the Philippines. C, Parliament. D, Philippine Assembly. E, Philippine Commission. Matapos pinasara ni Pangulong Marcos ang Lys Latura ng 1972. Binalik niya ito ng 1978 at tumagal ito ng 1986. Ang tamang sagot ay letter A, batas ang pabansa. Thank you. Prof. Glassy, go ahead. Sige, usapang pagkain. Sino ang nag-invento ng Palayok Oven at Banana Ketchup? Letter E, Maria Alonso. Letter B, Maria Dizon. Letters C, Maria Oroza. Letter D, Maria Capra. Letter E, Maria Erbosa. Paolo, C, Maria Oroza. Ang tamang sagot ay letter C, Maria Oroza. K-check. After our last question, of Ben, go ahead. We probably experienced this at least once in our life, no? What is sphinopalatin ganglion neuralgia the scientific term for? A, back pain. B, headache. C, brain freeze. D, tooth ache. And E, migraine. Yes, sir. C, brain freeze. That is correct. Sphinopalatin ganglion neuralgia is about brain freeze. The nerves are near the palate. And so, eating ice cream sends the pain to the brain. Okay, so K-check. Thank you so much. And that's it for K-check Ultimate Pagalingan. Congratulation to Paolo, our K-check weekly winner with 200 points. Congratulations. Congratulations. Okay, so we'll see Paolo again in the semifinals when he competes with our other weekly winners. Of course, thank you to Youbel, to Jaz and to Jesua for joining us and to our panel of experts, Professor Neil, Professor Glesy and Professor Ben. Once again, I am Jos Guiang. Join us again on Monday for another K-check.


Ahead of the arrival of the next shipment of nearly four million doses of COVID-19 vaccines set by early August, a virologist Professor O'ULE Tomori has advised the federal government to continue the sensitisation to promote the importance of the vaccine and erase conspiracy theories. Destiny MoMA has more. Nigeria has so far given the first dose to only around two million of its 200 million people. Fewer than 700,000 have received a second dose. The government told states in April to stop giving first doses once half of the supply was used to ensure there would be enough for second doses. Nigeria now expects the second shipment of 3.92 million doses of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine by the end of July or August. Experts have commanded this development. I think it makes more sense. The reason is that originally they wanted to give all the formula into everything, to augment it, because they were sure that the vaccine would come on time, so that, you know, it was a choice of saying, she will vaccinate only two million, or she will vaccinate four million in the first dose, and another vaccine will come during that period. So we cannot have more people expecting it. But then when the Indian problem came, and they had to provide the vaccine, you know, they had to shift from using AstraZeneca to Johnson and some Nigerians say they eagerly await their second doses. However, they hope they will not be denied and could the same be said for others? If I'm seeing the vaccine, they beg me to come and take it for free. The government, I would. With some conspiracy theories that have cursed unnecessary fear, will the government do more to sensitize the citizens on the safety of the vaccine? In April, the federal government told states to stop giving fast doses once half of the supply was used to ensure there would be enough for second doses. But the director of the National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Faisal Shuaib, said that restriction was no longer necessary. Destiny Momo for Plus TV Africa.


Hello! Welcome back on my YouTube channel. In this video I'm going to demonstrate how to interpolate groundwater quality data from boreholes. We're going to use a data set from the Orange Synco River Basin GIS server, which is a geo-node spatial data infrastructure. And we're going to look at three different interpolation methods. First, the decent polygon method. Second, inverse distance wading. And third, creaking. We'll first search for the stump-read data set. When we search the catalog for stump-read, we'll end up with this result. And we're going to use here the borehole database in this stump-read-trout-boundary aquifer yield and water quality. If you click on the title, you can read the metadata. Then we can see that it has a lot of boreholes. And we can also see the metadata here. If we click on the attributes, we can see which water quality parameters are in this data set. And we see it has a nitrate in milligrams per liter. In QGIS, we can easily connect to a geo-node spatial data infrastructure. We go to the Data Source Manager. We choose geo-node and we create a new connection. Give it a name. Here I use Oracicon, the name of the system. And that paste the URL of the geo-node. And when I click Test Connection, it will say that the connection is successful. Then I can go back and click Connect to see all the layers in the spatial data infrastructure. So I'm going to filter on the search term stump-read that we used before to find that layer. And I'm interested in the WFS web service because that will give us the vector layer. So I'm going to use this Stas Boreholes WFS layer. But when I click Add, it will be added to our map canvas. So it's good to check if the points are in the correct location. So I'm adding the OpenStreetMap XYZ layer from the browser panel. And there I can see that this makes sense. So let's export all these features to a geo-package. So we have it in a local file. And I call this Stump-readData. So that's the name of our geo-package. And I change the layer name here to Boreholes. And I can change here the projection to the one of this area that we're going to use. And this is UTM Zone 34 South. So let's search for that. Select the coordinate reference system and click OK. In this interface you can also select specific fields to export. But here we export all. Click OK. And the data will be downloaded into our geo-package. Let's remove the online layer. If you hover your mouse over the layers you can find where it's located. And the projection. Let's also save our project to the geo-package. Choose here the geo-package and I give the project a name. Let's call it Stump-read. And also the projection of our project needs to be changed. Before we can interpolate the data we need to look at the attribute table to see if there are no data values. Let's move to the field with Nitrate. And there we see that no data is indicated with minus 9999.99. So we are going to only look at positive values, larger or equal to 0. So I make this selection. You see that the yellow dots are the selected boreholes. We are going to export the selected features to a new layer in our geo-package. This way we also keep a copy with all the boreholes so we can repeat this exercise for other quality parameters. You could select here the specific fields that you want to use in this layer. But here I'm selecting all the fields but then only for the selected boreholes. Click OK. And now we have our Nitrate borehole layer. I hide the other one. And now this will be the basis of the interpolation. Let's start with the Tizen interpolation. Go to the raster menu and choose analysis grid nearest neighbor. Therefore no data use minus 9999. Otherwise it will use 0 but 0 can also be values of Nitrate. Expand the advanced parameter section and choose there the Nitrate field to interpolate to use as a z-value. In the initial command line parameters you can specify the extent and pixel size of the result. This is covered in another video. Output data type we keep at float32 because that fits our continuous values. Choose as an output file name Nitrate Tizen. Note that we cannot add it directly to our Jill package. This is the result. Let's change the styling. Use single-bamp pseudo-color because it's a continuous raster. And choose a ramp that makes sense. Because the values are quite extreme we can use mean standard deviation or cumulative count. And I change it to red so the more red the more Nitrate. Let's repeat this for the inverse distance weighing interpolation. In the raster menu under analysis you can find their grid inverse distance to a power. There you can choose the Nitrate point layer. We can keep the default settings which uses an exponential function for the weights. Change the node data there to minus 9999. And we use the z field Nitrate. So this is one way that you can do the interpolation, very similar to Tizen. But if you want to have control in an easy way on the output pixel size and extent I can recommend to use the same tool from the processing toolbox which I will demonstrate here. I go to IDW interpolation from the processing toolbox and the dialogue is slightly different. I choose the Nitrate layer. I choose the Nitrate attribute to interpolate. I click the plus sign to add it to the interpolation points. I keep the distance coefficient also an exponential. For the extent I choose the extent of our Nitrate Borel data set. And I can choose here pixel size and I will use here a pixels of 5 kilometers. It's quite a large area and to make it fast in this demonstration I use 5 kilometer pixels. And then I save the result. Go ahead and I create IDW and then I run it and I can copy the styles from the Tizen to IDW in order to better compare them. There you see the difference. The third interpolation method that I'm going to demonstrate is creaking. For that purpose we need to install the smart map plugin. The smart map plugin has some dependencies so it's very important to go to the home page. Many of these plugins have a home page with installation instructions. And here you see the instructions for installing smart map and it gives you the dependencies. So you can either follow the instructions here to add the dependencies or use another video on my YouTube channel to use the OSGO for W installer to add missing packages. After successful installation you will find this icon here in the toolbar. When you click it you get into the smart map dialog. There indicate the data set that you want to use our nitrate data set and choose the nitrate field. Click import and it will show a preview of the data. Keep the defaults here and go to the grid tab. There we can indicate the pixel size of the output roster. So I'm using here again five kilometers to make it the same as our IDW interpolation result. And here in the graph you see all our points and in the color scale it indicates its values. And then I go to the interpolation tab and when I click calculate it constructs the semi vario ground and the color scale indicates how many points are taken into account at the lag distance. So I'm going to change here some of the parameters. The maximum distance I put it to 50 kilometers and I use a lag of five kilometers. You have to play with these values to get good results. And you can change the model that you want to fit and keep an eye on the r square and r messy values. And here I use a spherical model and it indicates basically that the spatial auto correlation in the data set is around 10 kilometers and beyond that there's no spatial correlation. So I'm going to use these settings to interpolate the borehole data set for nitrate. So I click interpolate and then it gives a preview of the result with the picture and it also loads the layer into the map canvas. You can close the dialogue and move the layer to the top. And in order to compare it with the other layers I'm going to copy the style. So now I can compare and you see the result is a bit different and it's up to you as an expert to decide what is the best result and that depends on the point density which interpolation technique is most appropriate and other assumptions of your data. I'm going to plot the point data on top of it with nitrate using graduated colors and I'm going to use the same ramp which is red, yellow, green. I click classify. The boundaries of the classes are different than the rosters but it gives us a bit of an impression where the high and low nitrate values are in our original borehole data set so you can use that to interpret the interpolation results. Let's invert the ramps because then high nitrate will be red which is more intuitive and then I can compare again the layers and the points. So here we have assumed that all the boreholes are from the same aquifer but in fact it's an aquifer system and the attribute table indicates the aquifers. So I'm duplicating the layer and I'm going to rename this one to aquifers and I'm going to style them with a categorized renderer so we can see from to which aquifer each borehole belongs. I use the aquifer attribute but here we don't need a color ramp but random colors and there each color represents to which aquifer the point belongs and this can also be used in the further interpretation of the result. The last thing that you can do is to create contour lines to visualize the gradients in nitrate here in the groundwater. So I'm creating a duplicate layer here because I'm going to use the contour renderer for the raster and I'm demonstrating this for the IDW result. I rename it to nitrate IDW contours make sure it's switched on and the active layer in the layer styling panel and I choose their contours and by default it uses contour interval of 100 but here we have smaller differences so I change it to 10 and here we see the result and you can also indicate an index contour interval so I could set it to 100 so the normal contour lines make them a bit gray and the index contours is then black I can still play a bit with the values so it seems to be too big but with 50 I see some index contours. Another thing that you can play with is the input downscaling which controls the generalization of the lines it makes it smoother and this gives a much nicer result but if we want to add labels we need to really calculate the contour lines so I'm going to do that here choose the original nitrate layer which is of course the same as the duplicate as the input layer choose the interval of 10 meters which is the same for the other visualization I choose z as an attribute name so that will be the attribute in the attribute table with the elevation values of the contours and I save it to a geopackage note that I cannot add this layer to an existing geopackage so I'm creating a new one here and this is then the result which is very comparable to our rendered result but now it has an attribute table and I can style it and add labels as if it's a normal vector layer so I'm going to make the line gray I used the same gray as we used in the previous rendered contours if you want to use different styling for the index contours have a look at my previous video on my youtube channel that gives a bit more details on the contours I choose the z value for the labels and I remove the rendered contours change the placement settings to curved and on the line to make it more readable I also use a text buffer which I make a bit more subtle and in this way you have your contour lines and we can create them also for the other interpolation results and compare them I hope this video was useful please subscribe to my youtube channel to receive updates and see you next time


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspys case breaks calm coming at you with 2021 tops diamond icons baseball pick your team member 30 number 30 Second box of that fresh case that we just opened and look at this All the spots were picked up straight up. No fillers. No number blocks. Thank you everyone did the old-fashioned way PJ that last spot mojo meds So thanks to thanks to him and everybody for making this happen now with only three boxes left boxes two three and four We're gonna select a die We'll select that one right there. We'll go one two three four five six six one two three four Five six box number four Well, last one mojo not a sham Brandon We clearly say that seventy percent of the time last spot mojo hits a hundred percent of the time We don't say a hundred percent of time it hits hundred percent of time I also think those numbers go down if you join like a number of block break or something like that Do we need to drop it down to 60 percent again? Maybe We got he's got 500 home runs five out of 10 miguel cabrera What a career he's had first ballot hall of famer Probably get 3 000 hits. Maybe Maybe this and that's gonna be hard this season, but definitely next season Uh, that's michael with the tigers Oh redemption Whoa, I can't stop pulling ken griffey juniors Single-player autograph dual relic ken griffey junior mariners edition that goes to greg and seattle 10 out of 25 ronald akunya junior get well soon Ronald Howard with the braves And we've got mike schmitt seven out of 10 schmitty For the fillies howard with the fighting fills robin yon one of one robin yon two color jersey and autograph That is sharp. That's gonna go to martin and milwaki Martin out of fives and under get the train whistle All aboard the big hit express He's got a great autograph. He always likes his autograph a lot On oh, there's a book right here, too Andy pettit yankees 24 out of 25 red ink auto for pj and the bronx bombers Raphael Devers seven out of 25 silver ink autograph That's for howard and the red socks. There you go, howard We've got a louise garcia three out of five red ink autograph pj with the gnats And the world famous train whistle All aboard All right one more in than the book. What do we got here one out of four cut autograph Tony gwin. That's awesome. That's for martin and the padres Wow, I don't know what this card is about but Talking about some of his achievements right here and he signed it. That's really cool Martin see any go Padres All aboard the big hit express All right, then the book. What do we got here diamond icons baseball dual player dual relic book card Same team different teams one happy person One sad person or just one really happy person It's one really happy person. It's each row yankees edition on the left side It's five out of ten and hidaki matsui on the right side pj with the yankees There you go, pidge And there you go, everybody I'm joe for jaspie's case breaks.com. That was 2021 tops diamond icons baseball. That's really cool. Pick your team number 30 I'll see you next time for the next box. Bye. Bye. Oh break credit. Sorry I'm so excited about that. Tony gwin. I knew I was forgetting something. Let's flip back here So the yankees hit Padres hit Great cut auto nationals hit Red Sox hit And there was the uh devours and then the andy pettit. We already checked that the one-of-one yow was awesome martin Then we got mike schmitt akunya jr The ken griffey jr redemption And the miggy All right, let's grab everyone here new list new dice. Let's clear out the blank spots here All right, and the top two We'll get $50 of break credit each after Hard 10 five and five 10 times one two three nine And 10th and final time after 10 Daniel and steve no hits for you, but $50 of break credit going your way Thanks for getting in on the action again. I'm joe for jaspy's case breaks.com I'll see you next time for the next time in icons box. Bye. Bye


In this demonstration, you're going to see me use Windows Admin Center to deploy a on-prem instance of Azure Kubernetes services. This Windows Admin Center gateway has already been configured and connected to an Azure subscription, and the extension for Azure Kubernetes service has been installed on this Windows Admin Center gateway computer. Okay, so we start connected to the server that's going to host our AKS instance. We scroll down and we select Azure Kubernetes service. We scroll down again and we click Setup. So it gives us our prerequisites. It gives us information about our network. Now, I've already got a DHCP server installed and configured here. So it asks for the password for the local cluster. It checks the configuration of the cluster and it says, okay, I need to make four changes to get this to work. I click Apply, it goes out and makes those changes using the credentials I've just put in. The next thing that happens is that we need to enable cred SSP. And once we've done that, we can then go through and configure how networking is going to work. So we specify which network adapter is going to be used, which folder is going to store our VM images. And here we're saying that we're going to use the DHCP server that's here for IP address allocation. And when we do that, all we need to do is set up our load balancer settings. So I specify an IP address range that's within that DHCP scope. Once I've done all of that, I need to register the AKS cluster with my Azure subscription. So I'm logged in with an account that's got the appropriate permissions. I create a new resource group to host the registration information. I specify the region at the moment. South East Asia is one of the few regions that'll actually support this. I click next, it then gives me an overview of the changes it's going to make and my Azure registration. I click apply, it goes up to Azure and it begins that configuration. So it creates a necessary resource group. It performs the registration and goes and puts all of the necessary artifacts in place that allow this particular on-prem server to run AKS. Once that's done, we need to come back and create the cluster. Now in this case, it took me 13 minutes but I've had this take 45 minutes. So you've got to keep that window open in Windows admin center until this process is complete. So walk away, get a cup of coffee, whatever. So setups complete, I click finish. It then reload and it says, okay, you've got AKS running. So once we've got AKS running, what we're going to do is we're going to add a cluster. So I click add cluster and we're going to create a Kubernetes cluster. So again, it'll give me my system requirements. I click on basics. Now I can choose to connect it towards your ARC if I want. I then need to go and specify my subscription information, create a new resource group to allow all of those registration artifacts to be placed in my Azure subscription. And again, I'm dropping it in Southeast Asia because that's one of the regions that supports this. Then I configure my cluster details. So I'll put in a password for the local admin account. I give the cluster a name. I call it ThyWorkloadCluster. It validates that that name doesn't exist in my subscription. I look at my primary pool node and it specifies the properties of the load balancer it's going to use. Then I create a node pool. So the first node pool I'm going to create here is called Linux pool one. I specify a size for the pool and then I specify the number of nodes. In this case, I'm just creating one node because this is a demonstration cluster. I'm going to add a second node pool. This is going to be a windows pool for windows containers. So again, I specify the node size. I specify the node count here. I'm going to add one node. On the authentication page, I'm just saying don't worry about authentication. This is a test deployment. So I disable active directory authentication. It reviews my network configuration and then I click create. It goes and starts creating the cluster. I come back 15 minutes later and the cluster is created. So I click finish. It then performs an inventory and it'll show me on this page, my currently active clusters. And you can see I've got two, MyWorkloadCluster and ThyWorkloadCluster. We can see that they're both in a healthy state and I can select one of them and I can download the cluster kube config if I want. So in that demonstration, you saw me use windows admin center to deploy a on-prem instance of Azure Kubernetes services.


Now, if you live here in London, you might feel reasonably safe from volcanoes. In fact, the closest ones are in Italy and in Iceland. There's an ancient volcano 80 miles away in Cambridgeshire, but it's considered extinct, so don't bother trying to toast any marshmallows. But live volcanoes can be devastating, so scientists are doing everything they can to understand them better. I'm going to find out more down on the Expression Floor. If you know me, you will know that I have an above average interest in a fire, so I was really drawn to this stand first, all about volcanoes. And I'm here with Michal Camino-Harry from the University of Oxford, who can explain a little bit more about this disco floor that we've got. It's not a disco floor, is it? It's not. So this is an Imagenarium. Of course it is. So it shows you're cross-section to the crust beneath a volcano in the Eastern Caribbean. The island is St. Vincent. Beneath the surface we have different magma reservoirs. So we can imagine we have a deeper reservoir in purple. So the purple bit right here is the magma that's very deep. Now we have a mid-crustle reservoir in red, and then a shallower reservoir in orange. And then you have some epic activity, which is the flashing light. And this creates, for these fractures, create earthquakes and connect these different reservoirs of magma. And then as they connect, you can see that they call us. So now you have purple joining the red. And then the red makes us way to the surface as you have more connections beneath... I think an eruption's coming, isn't it? It is. And then with more earthquakes, eventually you have an eruption. That's the sound you're hearing. So it's kind of like a schematic of how we will have unrest going into eruption. That is brilliant. And is this a simulation of an eruption that's happened, you said? So in 2020, last year, friends in Vincent erupted. It started with three months of dorm forming activity and then transition to explosions afterwards. We can also look at this in terms of bird's eye view, area of the island. So we're looking down. This is the island of Saint Vincent, as you imagine. And can I stand on this? You can. It's so inviting. So if I stand here... Yes. I understand that you are going to do things to this and I have to stand where it's safe, right? Exactly. So you can imagine this is the island and you have to decide as a resident where's the best place to build your life. Of course. You're making it into a game, but it is quite serious stuff. Yes. This is a serious science. It's happening about volcanoes. Lives are at risk. Decisions need to be made. Yes. And so using this information but doing it in this way lets people understand it. Yes, exactly. Absolutely. So you have this island and you decided to set yourself up here? I'm going to be here for now. I might move closer. Where the volcano, where the eruption happens? So then this is where the volcano is. Okay. Right. Then you have some earthquakes related to the volcano and then you have some gases. So far you're in a good spot. Because yellow is gas. Yes, this is gas. And the flashing is like the earthquakes that are happening around. I don't know if I'm going to be safe. Let's see. Now you have some pyroclastic flows going that way and then you have some ash clogged windows. Pyroclastic flows being like lava flowing over the... Like gas. Oh gosh. That moves at a very high speed and it kills things instantly. Yeah, which is serious stuff, yeah. So far you've chosen. I've chosen, yeah. But things will always happen this way but so far. And then as activity progresses we see more activity happening this way. Oh, what does yellow mean? So yellow means we might have some lahars coming this way. So when you watch benchmarks with ash. So I should probably evacuate, right? Yeah. I'm going to go over here. So of course that's where scientists become important because they were warned you before. Absolutely. Because you can't necessarily cross over that because it might be a danger zone. Yeah. So this is how the game becomes interactive. And this is how you can get an idea of what are the people living on volcanic islands. Gosh, thank you so much. And yes, this is a game.  And I suppose it puts it into perspective the important work the scientists are doing. And then people like Macal that are making it really understandable for the next generation. But it's still a lot of fun to play. But back to you, Roma. Nice work, Fran. Now to tell us more, I'm thrilled to be joined by Richie Robertson, a volcanologist from the University of the West Indies. Welcome to Summer Science Live, Richie. It's great to have you here. Thank you. I'm glad to be here. Could you tell us a little bit about how you got interested in volcanoes and what led you to the career that you've been following? It's actually a long story, but I'll make it short. I'm from the island of St. Vincent in Grenadines. I'm from the island of St. Vincent. And in 1979, the volcano exploded. It had an eruption. At the time, I was in secondary school. I was in sixth form. And the eruption was so impactful. We woke up early in the morning. The volcano was erupting. And I just happened to be the person that went to my father towards the volcano to evacuate my grandmother. So the impact of the eruption, this spectacular niche of it. And then finally, the fact that when the scientists came in to monitor the volcano to tell us what was happening, I realized that all of the scientists were coming from outside of the island. And there wasn't any Vincentian. She knew about the volcano. And I took it upon myself crazily that I would become that person. And that is where I am now. That's amazing. How long have you been doing this as your career now? Well, I've been doing it since 1987, I guess, officially. So, you know, it's so long I could stop counting the years. But interestingly, one of the things that have happened is that the volcano had an eruption in 2020-2021. And I was able to come full circle and be the person involved in providing that scientific guidance to the government and people in St. Vincent. So do you think is that your favorite volcano or is your least favorite volcano, I guess, in a way? I guess, in terms of how it looks, I think it's really a majestic mountain in terms of systems. I guess it's my favorite, it's one of the favorite ones, but there are a couple of 19 volcanoes that we monitor in the region. So, you know, lots of volcanoes in Dominica, in a couple of the islands are just as interesting. Yeah. And what makes a volcanic system interesting to you? Well, I guess it's a combination of things. I'm particularly interested in trying to ensure that people can live safely in volcanoes. So, I think if a volcanic system is one which has vulnerable people close by, I'm particularly interested in trying to understand it better so that we could provide the guidance needed to get people out of the way in Keynes of Ham. I think for a lot of us when we think of volcanoes exploding is what we've seen in Hollywood films, but could you tell us a little bit more about what the explosions or the eruptions actually look like? Well, the volcanoes in regions like in the Caribbean, which are subduction-vulned volcanoes, are ones that tend to explode. So, when the magma, this molten rock comes to the surface, it breaks up into pieces and it has these big explosions that then send a lot of fine-grained material and coarser grain material up into the air.  But there are volcanoes like in Hawaii, like in Iceland, where you have some things there. The magma is not as explosive and it comes out as this sort of really red, flowing mass of rock that people can then sit down in the chairs and look at it safely. The ones that are dangerous are the explosive ones. Yeah, I mean, I always think of, there's a certain amount of beauty to the magmas in there. How close have you been to magma and what has that experience been like for you? Perhaps in hindsight, in my early part of my career, I've been too close. But yeah, I've been in the days of the months, once you're at your option, we were quite close because there's a certain amount of uncertainty and ignorance in terms of what we were doing and we were trying to collect data. Depending on the kind of magma that is coming out, if it's more basalt, it tends to be more runny and it's probably safer to get close to it. But it's still quite hot, so you really should not get within a few feet of it because even as you get close, you could feel that. You can kind of feel this heat coming off. If it's one of the volcanoes, like in our part of the region, subduction zone volcanoes, which are explosive, you should stay several miles away from it because those could produce things that can cause you great harm quite quickly. I was really interested in what you said about scientists coming in from the outside. Can you tell us a little bit about the knowledge that the local people would hold about a volcano that external scientists might not? Well, especially indigenous people, if you bear in mind that they've been the longest-lived people in a particular region, they would have a lot of knowledge of past eruptions. What we know from volcanoes is that the way in which they erupt in the past, often they erupt in a similar way in the future. So if you discount that knowledge, you discount a lot of the experiential knowledge that you could have that could inform us. So yes, the people who live on volcanic islands have a lot of experience dealing with volcanic eruptions, both in terms of how you can respond sensibly, as well as the math things that can happen. So one of the things that we try to do is try to get into that knowledge, try to learn as much as possible, not only from the rocks itself, which is important, but also from the people who live on the islands. Yes, I mean, it is really important, I think, to listen to the local people. Do you have any examples of when things have gone wrong when that hasn't been done? Yes, I do, and to do that, I'll have to go back to my favourite volcano, as I mentioned before, which is Lassoufri volcano in St. Vincent. In 1902, it had an explosive eruption. And one of the things from looking at the past history, is that there were some fisherwomen, some women who got fish from one side of the island, went up the volcano, came down to another village, and they saw the fish there. And what happened is that early on in the eruption, there was an indication that the volcano was about to erupt, and they noticed these changes. And when they went to the village that they were selling in, they tried to alert the people, the people in Georgetown. They even went to the police station and told them, and in fact, one of them was almost arrested because they told them they were being nuisances. So they went back. And only the people in that village only realised what was happening when someone who was a plantation owner went up and saw it. But by then it was too late because the eruption had started and people actually ended up dying. And that's one of the reasons why in our exhibition, in our exhibit, we're focusing on what we say learning from the past. There's a section about curating crises, about past crises, and we're exhibiting some of what we have learned from these past crises. Because for us, geology, the past is a key to the future, not only in the rocks, but in terms of the history from people. And we're trying to learn from these hidden voices, these fish and women that you would never see in the records, trying to learn from what their experience was to tell us what could happen in the future.  That's what I'm going to take away from this. Yes, listen to everyone, especially women. Especially women. Thank you so much, Richie. It's been really great to chat to you.