Hi friends and welcome back to my channel and a very special welcome if you're new here. My name is Jen. I'm a certified weight loss and nutrition coach and I'm on WW personal points. Happy Friday. It's Friday. It's the weekend. It is way in day WW workshop topic day. I'll share with you a little bit about my week and I have an announcement. So if you are excited, give this video a big huge thumbs up and of course subscribe and turn your bell on so you never miss a future video. I do upload five days a week and Friday is always way in day. Check out that description box down below for nutrition coaching. I do offer personalized to you macros and calories as well as one-on-one coaching if you would like to chat with me directly. Links, discounts to all of my favorite things and my Facebook group come on over. Join us there. That's how you can keep up with me a little bit more today. Today are all linked down in that description box. So let's jump into the announcement. My way in the WW workshop topic and I'll share with you how my week went. Happy Friday friends. I hope you had a fantastic week. I hope you are as excited as I am about the weekend. Speaking of the weekend, I have a little bit of an announcement for you. I am heading out of town this weekend for an impromptu little getaway. I won't be vlogging it but because I will be gone until kind of late in the day on Sunday, there will not be a meal prep coming this next Monday. I will pick right back up the following Monday. You will not be seeing a meal prep for this coming up Monday because I'm going to be out of town. This is a well needed little getaway for myself, a little vacation so to speak. So unfortunately that means missing a meal prep but all of the rest of my content will remain the same. You're seeing this weigh in on Friday and there will be a video out on Sunday for you. So just a little heads up announcement about meal prep. I will go ahead and link the meal prep that I did this last week just in case you missed it and you want some recipe inspiration to tide you over until next week. I'll make sure it's linked down in the description box. So I mentioned in last week's weigh in that it was my mission this week to get in some intentional exercise. I haven't been a slacker so to speak since we moved to Arizona. We have been so busy just moving and getting settled that going to the gym or exercising or intentional movement just hasn't been high on my list. But I told you that I was setting myself a goal to get in at least three days this week and I am happy to report that I walked four days this week. So I got in about a 30 minute walk four days this week and I have to say it felt really, really, really good. It was nice to get out in the sunshine.  I didn't go to the gym. I just found a few walking paths and loops around the area that I live in and honestly I really enjoyed it. It was nice to just take in all the beautiful Arizona scenery. Be out in the sunshine. I popped in my iPod earbuds and I listened to some YouTube videos. It was really nice and I'm really happy that I went back to it. It made me feel really good. I got in lots of steps on the day that I took a walk and it just helps me get closer and closer to my goal and of course I wanted to re-establish a regular exercise routine. So moving forward, my goal is three to four days per week. I'll try to update you guys in these Friday videos and in fact in my what I eat in a day, maybe I'll take you with me to the gym or on my walk. So stay tuned for lots of intentional activity content because I am back. I am back to moving my body on a regular basis. I also had a really busy week. If you follow me over on Instagram, I'll put it right here for you. If you don't, again, I upload, I post on there every single day, especially in my stories. So it's a great way to keep up with me. I have been deep into real estate school. This last week I spent one day where I was nine hours on Zoom, on my computer in class and then a couple of other days I was on in class for four to five hours. So I'm deep into trying to get my real estate school finished up so that I can get licensed here in Arizona. I have so many new coaching clients, which I love and don't forget I do offer macros, calories and coaching all that's down in the description box for you. But I've taken on a lot of new clients, which has been really good and really rewarding. And my clients are seeing great success with my help, which of course warms my heart and then filming and editing and day to day life. It has been so busy. Taking my walks also was a great stress relief for me and a little bit of me time those four days to just get out and enjoy the scenery, move my body and take a break from school and work. I ate really well this last week. As you saw on Wednesdays, what I eat today, we went out for Chinese food, which was delicious. I ate really well. I stayed on track. I drank my water. This week was great. It was busy, but I didn't let how busy and stressful this week was get to me when it comes to staying on track because I have goals. Girls got goals to get to her goal weight by the end of the year. And before I move into the WW workshop topic, if you didn't see Sunday's video, I uploaded a huge spring and summer. She and try on haul so many cute pieces. I share with you my size, whether or not I should have sized down size up. So I'll leave that video for you to in case you missed it. If you want a little bit of outfit inspiration and you can see how far I've come on my journey when it comes to sizes and clothing. So I'll link that down below for you as well. Before we jump into this week's plan, let's talk about the topic for WW this week. I love this topic. I love, love, love this topic. And that is how to say yes to carbs. Repeat after me. Carbs are not bad. Carbs are not the enemy. Carbs are essential for weight loss. You need carbs to fuel your body. They are an essential macro nutrient or macro. Carbs is what your body leans to first for energy. So throughout the day, as you're moving around, doing your day to day tasks, working, watching your kids, being a dog parent, carbs is what your body is going to lean to first for energy. So they're essential for overall body function. And believe it or not, they're essential to help you lose weight. I want to share with you some great carbohydrate sources for meals and snacks throughout the day. I will go ahead and pop a picture here on the screen for you from the WW workshop topic that goes over some recommendations for breakfast, lunch, and dinner when it comes to healthy carbohydrates. So first, let's take a look at breakfast. Oatmeal, rolled or steel cut oats are an excellent choice. A whole grain English muffin with eggs, avocado or nut butter. This is a go to breakfast for me and nonfat Greek yogurt with blueberries. Greek yogurt is great because it's a source of dairy, protein. And then you pop in some blueberries. You have some fruit, some fiber, and some healthy carbohydrates. Moving on to lunch. A quinoa bowl is an excellent source of carbohydrates. Quinoa is a superfood. It's a very slow digesting carbohydrate. So it takes your body a while to digest it and process it. So it burns more calories doing so. You can have a salad with some roasted chickpeas, which is delicious. You can also have a sandwich on a whole wheat tortilla, which is going to give you a nice balanced, healthy carbohydrate. You know I love snacks. I love a snack. So some great snack options are going to be a banana with peanut butter. This is a great choice because the banana is pretty is strictly a carbohydrate source, but the peanut butter is going to give you healthy fats and protein. So you're basically pairing all three macronutrients together, which is the best way to have a snack or meal. You can also have hummus with vegetables. You can also do hummus with crackers if you prefer that. And whole grain crackers and cheese. This is my favorite snack. I love a good cheese and cracker snack. Is an excellent choice as well. And moving on to dinner. You can pick a whole wheat pasta and pair that with your favorite protein source. They recommend chicken sausage, which is really good paired with pasta. You could do a stir fry and incorporate some brown rice and lots and lots of vegetables and protein and salmon and roasted potatoes or any protein source and roasted potatoes is another one of my go-to meals. I'm also going to pop up one other piece of information from WW that I think is really important to include in today's video. And that is that it is a fact that carbohydrates are an essential part of a healthy pattern of eating. And it's a huge, huge myth that carbs are bad and you shouldn't eat them. We know that carbs get a bad rap, especially from diets like Atkins and keto where they pretty much eliminate or highly restrict carbohydrates. But as we've talked about, carbs are essential and they are definitely, definitely not a forbidden or should be a restricted food. Now there are all different types of carbohydrates out there. Some carbohydrate sources are healthier than others. My recommendation for carbs is to pick a healthy, slow digesting carbohydrate similar to the ones mentioned in today's video. Stay away from a lot of your refined or heavily processed carbohydrates like white, white flour, white bread, crackers, cookies, cakes, those kinds of things are going to spike your blood sugar and be very fast digesting carbohydrates. We're looking for slow digesting because that helps us burn more calories while our body digests them. I love this whole topic about carbohydrates and there is the next three week series about busting diet myths, which speaks right to my heart. If you didn't know, I have a nutrition channel where I do a lot of myth busting when it comes to diet and diet culture. I will make sure my nutrition channel is linked down below for you. If you're on a weight loss journey, if you care about nutrition and eating healthy and living a balanced lifestyle, definitely come over and subscribe. I'd love to have you on the Gem Clayton nutrition channel as well. So I love this topic. I love this myth busting series and I can't wait to see what comes out for the next three weeks. Now let's jump into this week's weigh-in. Like I mentioned, my food on point, my exercise on point. So when I stepped on the scale, I lost 1.4 pounds this week. I have lost well over a pound every week for the last several weeks. No, I know. I know a huge part of this is being on point with my food because we know that all the exercise in the world doesn't matter. You can't, you can't out-exercise a bad diet. It is so important to have your nutrition on point for weight loss. But I also know that by adding in a little bit of intentional exercise, mild intentional exercise, mind you, I didn't go to the gym for hours. I wasn't dripping sweat. I took a walk around my neighborhood. All of that plays a part in weight loss and all of that played a part in me losing 1.4 pounds this week. I will go ahead and put right here on the screen how much I have lost overall and I'm inching closer and closer and closer to my goal weight, which as you know, is my mission by the end of 2022. So I couldn't be happier about how this week went. Busy or not, don't let busyness and stress overwhelm you and prohibit you from being successful in whatever goals you've set for yourself. Learning to navigate stressful situations and busy times and life changes can really be beneficial for overall weight loss success and when you get to maintenance keeping that weight off. So learning how to balance that and navigate that and not using food to cope is going to be extremely helpful in a healthy lifestyle overall. Now I want to hear from you guys. Let me know how your week was. Did you gain? Did you lose? Let me know what you think of this whole myth-busting topic series and about carbohydrates. I want to hear from you guys down in the comment section. And of course, if you enjoyed another Friday weigh-in, give this video a thumbs up. Subscribe if you're not and ring your bell because I do a Friday weigh-in every single week and I upload five days a week. So you never want to miss a single video. Don't forget to check out the description box down below where I'll link the videos I talked about today, all of my favorite healthy things, nutrition coaching and my Facebook group, another community that would love to have you join us. We're 22,000 members strong and growing, so come on over and join us. Happy Friday friends. I'll see you all in tomorrow's grocery haul and then don't forget there will not be a meal prep this next Monday. Happy weekend and I'll see you in the grocery haul. Bye.


What is up everybody? Jason here for JaspysCaseRace.com. We are doing an R&B for Flawless Picker Team Number 3 guys, one boxer. Features six teams guys, the Magic, the Thunder, the Mavericks, Rockets, Lakers and Pistons. You get a piece of these teams via the Serial Number guys. Now of course everything should be numbered and if it is and the team hits then we go by the Serial Number guys so you get a random number from zero through nine. We go by the first number on the left side. Of course any and all redemptions if there is which usually Flawster isn't but if there is goes to spot zero. Anything non-number will be randomized to the group. And of course if you bought a full spot guys you'll have a chance to win a free spot so only full spots bought. So this dice roll here will be for the full spot randomizer then we'll paste in the winner and we'll randomize the names and of course the numbers zero through nine. So let's roll. We got ourselves a five and a one six. Here we go. One, two, three, four, five and six. And Jeremy, boom, after six times congratulations man you won a full free spot. Put a little plus sign there for you. Now of course six times now in the names. One, two, three, four, five, six. Six times six. John at the top down to Jeremy. And of course six times here is zero. One, two, three, four, five, seven, nine. One, two, three, four, five, six. Six times six. One down to seven. Alright so John with one. Nick with four. Jeremy with nine. Oliver with five. John with zero. Any and all redemptions if there is any. Jeremy with three. Michael with two. John with six. John with eight. And then Jeremy with seven. So I just alphabetized it there for you guys. And yeah guys coming up next is flawless numero tres. Thank you guys.


What's good Josh boros back again with another video, so we're gonna check out top 10 Jim Ross greatest one-liners by none other than wrestling flashback man Appreciate all love and support now. I'm filming this on Tuesday morning So for those who are wondering what happened For the Monday night raw live stream reaction. I wasn't able to film it. I was taking care of some Personal stuff. So that's why I didn't I had to set up But I had to take it down because I wasn't going to be able to record at that time But I should be able to do the live streaming reactions for AEW this Wednesday and Definitely this Friday on Smackdown I did watch a few other stuff that happened on Ross So for the most part I'm kind of caught up So sorry about that y'all if you don't see it live usually it means something happened I wasn't able to either get home in time or I had to take care of some personal stuff So sorry about that, but best believe there will be some more live stream reactions Let on this week. Well, we got to check this out man. It's Jim Ross, bro Jim Ross is one of the greatest commentary Commentators of all time. So I'm looking forward to checking out this video appreciate all love and support man Let's do this Sorry as the voice of resting the legendary Jim Ross has had countless iconic calls down the years You're probably replaying them in your head right now Just goosebump inducing just goosebump inducing moment What did we just see? And that's no surprise given our good old JR provided the lyrics to some of the sports greatest moments And throughout his illustrious career, he's had his fair share of go-to lines and catchphrases Most of which fans still remember and recite to this day So for this video we're counting down the top ten Jim Ross at one line first to some honorable mentions JR's unique vocabulary gave us some classic one liners For example, a wrestler jogging or getting away at a pace that was anything faster than walking Usually resulted in JR saying that they were Oh When a match would get truly physical he would describe it as bowling shoe ugly And when things got hardcore he would scream And describe a superstar as being broken in half But sometimes the action would be a bit too much for him to take which led to him shouting enough is enough Somebody stop the damn yes even tried to get over some unexpected catchphrases such as I Nevertheless his passion always shined through and made him a joy to listen to now on to the main list number 10 Jezebel Jezebel then you knew she was in trouble That or she was a conniving heel that constantly did things Jim didn't like or agree with But once they eventually got their consequence JR would feel vindicated With Stephanie McMahon and Tory being on the receiving end of this insult Number nine tougher than a $2 steak One of JR's most self-explanatory descriptions would be when a wrestler was said to be tougher than a $2 steak That's an image Plus the line itself has that signature JR charm While also making for a funny t-shirt What is there though is that the fact that $2 steaks or better yet even $1 steaks actually exists? Government mule Being whipped like a government Someone was getting their ass kicked I Usually the restaurant question would be taking a one-sided beating This is without question one of Jim's most used the most quotable lines However, the backstory of the phrase is actually quite interested as slaves who were freed would be promised 40 acres of land and a mule Although the quality of the land would typically be quite poor and the slaves would take out their frustration on the mule That the government had also provided them JR was such a good announcer that you could make a relatively simple line means so much And this would be the case anytime you said don't do it This resonated with the viewers since we as fans would usually be thinking the same The rest is however pretty much never took Jim's advice You go through with the spot, but that's what made the line more impactful as it could lead to a greater punchline And that's one of the things that makes JR such a good commentator Because even his setup lines were so effective Business is about to pick up If JR's playing back so many memories man, then you knew that big things were about to go down This line alone would be enough for fans to get hyped about what was to come It became so iconic that it could easily add to a match or enhance the segment This is one of the reasons Jim Ross is thought of so highly as his commentary helped memorable moments become unforgettable Hi, so binocca Yeah, so binocca man business had eventually picked up. It usually meant we had a so binocca on our hands A so binocca proved to be the perfect description for a big match that was to come over a great match that had just taken place I Whenever JR said the phrase God almighty, you just witnessed something epic Jim didn't just take the Lord's name in vain, but in true JR fashion. He added a little Southern sizzle with his signature, Oklahoma Stone cold. Yes, one of JR's all-time favorite superstars Yeah, stone cold and due to his popularity during the attitude era JR wouldn't hold back no matter if he was introducing the man If you just want to match Santino Morella even remarked that JR's reaction to stone cold was as if he was having an orgasm I'll let you be the judge of that Oh my god, son of a bitch. Yes.  It looked Definitely alien and foreign so I'm leaving all this in for you guys man.  Unlike God Almighty JR would use this phrase more frequently That's anyone doing a Jim Ross impression will be sure to utter a bad guard or two It's also plastered all over some of WWE's most iconic moments It's also plastered all over some of WWE's most iconic moments Right there that was like This is so good Liners will go down in his back and the moments where you provided his most iconic commentary Well, oh man, and that brings us to the end of this video as always if you enjoyed the video Yeah, I gotta I gotta give this video a like yeah, I'll go subscribe to a restaurant flashback if you haven't already been subscribed to easily Just yeah, I don't even know what to say man. This is just this is just one of those moments where it's like Jim Ross is the voice of wrestling and he's provided us so many memorable moments in the sense of the commentary to these moments You know, it's not the same if Jim Ross is not going crazy on commentary doesn't hit the same So I want y'all to comment down below. Let me know what's your favorite Jim Ross commentary moment Let me know down below man, but I appreciate all love and support Road to a honey cake. Appreciate talking to you. See you next one


I welcome everyone to the fourth meeting in 2019 of the Committee on Scottish Government's Handling of Harassment Complaints. I remind everyone to turn off any electronic devices that might interfere with proceedings and remove to agenda item 1. That is a decision on taking item in private. Members, if they agree to take item 2, that is considering letters from the First Minister and the Permanent Secretary in private. As we know, both letters have already been circulated and published online, and I would, as another meeting, intend to move back into public session to announce any decisions taken during the discussion that we have. Are we willing to move into private session for that item? That is agreed by the Committee, and we will therefore move into private session.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discussed the following question that says proof that the sum of the exterior angles of a quadrilateral is 360 degrees. Before moving on to the solution, let's recall that the sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360 degrees. This is the key idea for this question. Let's move on to the solution. Consider this quadrilateral ABCD where we have marked the interior angles of the quadrilateral as angle 2, 4, 5, 7 and the exterior angles 1, 3, 6, 8. Here, the interior and the exterior angles form a supplementary pair. Therefore, we get angle 1 plus angle 2 is equal to 180 degrees. We mark this as 1, then angle 3 plus angle 4 equal to 180 degrees. Let's mark it as 2, then angle 5 plus angle 6 as 180 degrees. Mark it 3, then we have angle 7 plus angle 8 equal to 180 degrees. Let's mark it equation 4. Now, since the sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360 degrees, therefore we have angle 2 plus angle 4 plus angle 5 plus angle 7 equal to 360 degrees. Let's mark it equation 5.  This can also be written as angle 1 plus angle 3 plus angle 6 plus angle 8 plus angle 2 plus angle 4 plus angle 5 plus angle 7 equal to 720 degrees. Now, using equation 5, we get angle 1 plus angle 3 plus angle 6 plus angle 8 plus 360 degrees is equal to 720 degrees. Since in equation 5, we have angle 2 plus angle 4 plus angle 5 plus angle 7 equal to 360 degrees. This gives us angle 1 plus angle 3 plus angle 6 plus angle 8 equal to 720 degrees minus 360 degrees which is equal to 360 degrees. Now, from this figure, as you can see that the exterior angles are angle 1, angle 3, angle 6 and angle 8. So, from this equation, we conclude that sum of the exterior angles of a quadrilateral is 360 degrees. Hence, proved. This completes the session. Hope you have understood the solution for this question.


Welcome to ITW Extra powered by JSA. I'm Barb Mitchell coming to you today live from the floor of ITW at National Harbor and joining me is Peter van Burgel CEO of the Amstradam Excuse me internet exchange welcome. Thank you. Thank you great to be here. Yeah, so great to have you and I mean We're only on day one and you've already You know we're off to a fast start I think you had some news hit today a new press release came out about a new Internet exchange in Bangkok. Correct. Yeah, yeah We have a couple of things coming about the Bangkok one we introduced today together with our partners HDC and IGS And it's exciting because it's the first exchange where we can work nationally and internationally in in Thailand Next to that indeed we announced the Manila a while ago and we're working hard also with our partner Main one and and a new exchange in Lagos in Nigeria. So yeah all exciting news and getting off to a busy start Yeah, and I mean I think maybe if we could step back from that This is all amazing news and amazing growth for for your organization Talk about the some of the trends that are driving this expansion and the need for this for you Yeah, so there's two pieces to it one is that we are asked to come and help So that's part of the trend of course and we were happy to oblige But it's also an element of Trying to build out the internet so in our mission statement We want to try and help build a better society through better internet and it may be a Big goal to achieve, but we believe with better internet. We can actually help local communities thrive So an element of it is just faster more of it But also an element is really in education and and really sharing of information Information, etc. So You know, that's the trend we're seeing is that in Europe and and and the US a lot of the internet Of course is done it works, but in more emerging markets There's still a lot of work to be done to expand and that's why we go into these countries and hopefully help build out the internet Yeah, help the entire economies of those. Yeah, exactly Countries and and so, you know, we we had an interesting conversation before we were on air And I'd love to share this with our viewers. Just your thoughts on responsible Data-sharing between the US and Europe beyond you wouldn't mind. Yeah, so The US and Europe European Union are again negotiating or trying to negotiate a deal where they can agree on how to treat privacy and and personally, I'm not too Positive about the outcome of that because they've tried two times and I don't know Hopefully it's gonna work out But I think there's big differences in how Europe and the US look at privacy So our view is more on let's try and figure out how you can responsibly Share data and this is for example in the healthcare sector or in others where you want to you have to share Information you have to share data But you want to make sure that that's done in a way that if you're the owner of the data The other party is not taking advantage of that or your data is not being stolen or misused So we are developing a technology and services that can really help do that So that the owner knows your data is safe But the person that wants to use or the organization that wants to use the data also can have access to the data still and then of course Yeah, add value to that So that's where we are going with it and we believe we can therefore also protect privacy Even though it's different views of how to deal with privacy across the world Yeah, I mean it's such an important thing to consider and important for you to to take that stance given Given the the reach that you have into into many markets So is there anything else, you know as you think about the rest of this week and meetings and Conversations you're going to be having anything in particular that you're most looking forward to for ITW Not one specific thing I think again the two elements of of our mission trying to build better internet in terms of really you know look around all of This is about giving us better faster more internet So that's one part and many of our meetings are about those but it's also an element of really trying to add that value So we truly believe as AM6 we are slightly different than many others So we also spent a lot of time Talking to governments or regulators or partners to really Define what that is better internet because there's also a risk of What's in the industry called the splinter net? So there's more and more countries, but also sometimes organizations that try and sort of Carve out parts of the internet and we believe that's not the right way to go So we're also having a lot of discussions about how can we protect sort of the core values open neutral and Allow you know people like you and me to have free access to whatever type of information So both of those are our important parts of our of our interviews and we're passionate about both of them Amazing. So thank you so much for for joining us here. I know it's as I said It's been a great start to the show already for you and lots of great conversations to come Absolutely for you and your and your clients and friends and partners in the industry So for anyone who may be looking to connect with you during the week or or after when folks are home How can they do that? Yeah, so people being here, of course can come to our stand. We're just at the exhibition floor With some of the team They can go online and look at our internet on our website, of course on the internet I'm six dot net or of course through a regular channels like LinkedIn and so If they use AM6 in the search, they'll find us. I'm sure Alright, thank you so much. Oh, thank you for having me. Yeah, and good luck to you and the rest of the M16 for the rest of the week And thank you viewers for tuning in to JSA TV coming to today live from the floor of ITW at National Harbor Stay tuned as we bring you more interviews throughout the rest of the day and week


Hello everyone, I am Dr. Archana, I am the Associate Consultant, Infectious Disease Specialist at Manipal Hospital, Oral Airport Road, Bangalore. Basically, the treatment of tuberculosis in a child is similar to an adult. The dosage of drugs which are used in tuberculosis varies based on the weight of the child. A child who is diagnosed with tuberculosis is managed with multiple anti-tubercular drugs for varied duration depending on the type of tuberculosis. For example, if it is a pulmonary tuberculosis, the duration can go up to 6 months and if it is a TB meningitis, the duration can go up to 12 months. And also, the duration of treatment and the number of drugs which are used for the anti-tubercular therapy depends on whether it is a newly diagnosed tuberculosis patient or if it is a already diagnosed tuberculosis patient who has come back for re-treatment.


This study uses magnetoencephaly, MEG, to profile regional neurophysiological dynamics across the human brain and maps them to a comprehensive atlas of cortical microarchitecture, revealing spatial variation in neurophysiological dynamics that is co-localized with multiple microarchitectural features. This article was authored by Goliath Shofi, Ben Defulcher, Bradley Wojtek and others.


A trip to the state tournament online in Duluth as Esco took on Pequot Lakes in the section 7-2-a final. Patriots fighting their way as Jordan Shomer gets inside for two. Eskimos with the response. Camdenberger dribbles to the basket for the lay-in. He had 20 points. Pequot trying to answer. Shomer again with the pull-up. He had 16 points tonight. But it was Esco's night. Peyton Weifle knocks it down from three. They win the state tournament. They win this one 58-45.


Good morning to everyone joining from the Netherlands. And good afternoon or evening to everybody else. I'm overwhelmed to see how many of you have joined the seminar today already, and I think we're expecting some more people. I hope that you will find the story I'm about to tell you interesting, intriguing, and perhaps even inspiring. This is the story of Chennai's coastal wetlands and the amazing women that sustain these through everyday care. Honoring the feminist values that have guided this research, I would like to begin with introducing myself and my position. My name is Kottetalayan Kontrakto. I'm an architect from the city of Mumbai and have been engaged with grassroots community organizations in India over the last five years, working on programs ranging from microfinance, women's social enterprise development, non-suicide sanitation, water conservation and agriculture, and the right to water movement. I have a lot of respect for India's rich tradition of people's lives, social and environment justice movements that have historically played inspiring roles in demanding accountability, shaping legal reform, and public discourse. The idea of this research came from an unusual letter. I came across this invitation drafted by women from Fisher communities addressed to the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu State in South India, inviting him to a feast. Apart from the familiarity with which they addressed and ease with which these women wrote to their Chief Minister, displaying trust, what struck me was the way that they highlighted their own roles in running the fishing economy. We don't just cook fish, they said. We are the backbone of the economy. They also showed off their knowledge of Bethlehem ecology along with their cultural roots in it. And finally, they chose to speak with the Chief Minister, not with anger, but with a firm faith in his ability to see the correctness of his promise to defend them. This letter was part of a campaign called the Stop Adani Save Polikat Campaign. But what is that? In 2018, the Adani Port and Special Economic Zone Limited proposed the expansion of the Kartapalli Port to the north of Chennai to increase its cargo handling capacity by 13 times, making it the largest port in the country. This campaign met with severe opposition from fishers who fear flooding, displacement, loss of livelihood, but also from environment activists who are worried about the fragile coastal habitat of Chennai and the protected Polikat Lake Sanctuary. To understand this campaign, it's worthwhile to review the history of Chennai's coastal development in relation to expanding ports. So those of you who are unfamiliar with India, this is Chennai, located on the northern border almost of Tamil Nadu state. It is the capital of Tamil Nadu and is known as the Detroit of India. And Chennai is home to three major ports, including the first port ever built by the British in India. In orange, we can see the expansion of port-related industries in Chennai around the ports, all encroaching on the wetland area and causing erosion and coastal erosion and accretion issues. But seeing these encroachments documented through maps did not prepare me for actually visiting the place. On my arrival in Chennai, I attended a toxic tour of not Chennai. And then environmental negligence was plain to see. Disposal of untreated sewage into the river, heavy infrastructure, degraded river banks, ash ponds, and still persisting through this were small scale artisanal fishers who was comically juxtaposed against this heavy machinery. These fishers have a long history of resisting development pressures by using counter mapping strategies to document customary uses and traditional rights of the wetland. In fact, this work, what they are doing of documenting these customary uses, this is supposed to be done by the state of Tamil Nadu as per the coastal zone regulations. But the state fails to do this, showing a clear preference for industry over indigenous fishers. And the question is, why does it fail to do it? To understand that, we must be able to see the historical context of deep rooted social, political, and economic disparities that continue to affect governance mechanisms. Women fishers, on the other hand, point out the lack of recognition given to their crucial contributions to the fishing economy, both by the state, as well as their own communities, where patriarchal structures remain quite strong. And valuing these everyday caring practices could serve to power knowledge claims made by the counter maps produced by the communities. With this proposition, I asked the question, how do women of indigenous wetland communities from Enno Polikat show wetland care through fishing related practices and participating in wetland protection campaigns? And then came the question, what does it mean to care? This actually is a very ripe debate. And the concept of care has received critique that the word is too ambiguous to define. But through my research, I found this particular description of care by a scholar called Joan Tronpo to best fit my observation of everyday practices in Polikat. Viewing care as a species activity, Tronpo suggests that care includes everything done to maintain, continue, and repair the world into women in a complex, life-sustaining way. And because my research was inspired by collective action in wetland governance, I thought that perhaps the lens of care could also show more about how collectives are formed, how they collaborate with each other over shared concerns, and overlaps in their visions of a protected wetland. So here, you can see my initial conceptualization of my framework, where I was trying to see how different actors, including the campaign organizers and the women fishers, how their lenses of care overlap to create what they understand collectively as a protected wetland.  This is the office of the Vetevec Collective, the Coastal Resource Center and the Chennai Climate Action Group. These are citizen groups that are at the forefront of climate action in Chennai. They work with youth in the city and with each other, of course, they have a very vibrant office, and they supported me a lot to do this research. This is my first ethnographic study. And these are some images of my journey there, the people who helped me set up shop, this is my room where I stayed for two months on being on field. This is the view from my window. And after being in the Netherlands to study water management governance for a few months, when I went back home, I was rediscovering rural Indian realities and the kind of disparities that are seen in everyday life there. Some images of tribal families. And of course, the beautiful Pulikkar fish market, almost entirely run by the women of the communities. And just a short walk in the market can show you all this diversity in not just fish varieties and prawn varieties, but also diversity in women who run the market. They dry fish, they clean fish. This is the historical Pulikkar town, which initially hosted actually a Dutch port. This was my translator and some of the images we captured while traveling through the fishing villages around Pulikkar. So because I was investigating the concept of care, I initially identified two activities that in my view, initially, represented care. And these two activities were the seafood festival that I already introduced, but also wetland restoration programs that I discovered while being there that women from Fisher communities were participating in. And I saw these two activities as potential acts of care. And I wanted to document perspectives of women who were participating in these programs. And so I chose these nine different villages and I took care to make sure that I would choose villages of different caste identities to see the differences in the way they see the wetland. So the villages which are marked in blue or which are shown in blue are of scheduled caste and scheduled tribe villages. Three methods of data collection were used. Instructed interviews, participant observations, and because now I'm also making a film about this project along with a Chennai-based filmmaker, Bhargav. Photos and videos became also a strong method of data collection, either some images of us collecting information. And this brings me to my first point of discussion. The first point of discussion is to see women's everyday tasks as practices of care. As I mentioned, initially I went into this research to document wetland care practices. But being there and talking to these women, I quickly understood that women's everyday tasks were guided by care for their families, for their communities, and not necessarily for protecting the wetlands, so to say. But because their lives are so deeply intertwined with wetland ecology and the health is so dependent on it, all family and community care can actually be seen as wetland care and also conversely, all wetland care could be seen as family care or community care. And I wanted to show a few of the images of how this their daily life looks. Although most of the women that I spoke to reported an improvement in water access, this is the state of their water access continues to be like this. So every day they collect water for their families so that their children can bathe and be clean. They do all these different activities to supplement the family income. They cook, they clean fish, they salt fish, they take care of other animals on the wetland as well. They make salt, they pick crabs, they pick prawns with their bare hands without using any tools. And valuing this work that women are doing as the backbone of the fishing economy, valuing this work actually aids the valuing of the wetland because of these tasks that they're doing, they are adding value to the wetland ecology. My second point of discussion is to care as groups. As women who are facing, who have a shared reality of facing these patriarchal structures, they had begun already for the last 20 years to form collectives with each other and to make several groups. And these groups actually now form the basis of the resistance movement that exists in Pulikath today through the seafood festivals. And they also as groups participate in rehabilitation and protection of manual ecosystems. And both of these activities can only be done as collectives. So I argue that the formation of the collective itself is an act of care. And this act of care increases the agency of women to participate in wetland governance. And then further, these groups that have been formed by women are able to create alliances with other solidarity organizations in Chennai. And these alliances go beyond social identities. They cut across social identities. And then there's interaction across social identities, socioeconomic identities. There is a discovery of diversity which develops creative wetland protection strategies. For example, the idea of the food festival itself came by the meeting of these women with solidarity organizations. And so these unlikely alliances are creating in Chennai, an expanding network of carers who are collaborating with each other to bring out what is the value of the wetland. And these activities, they blur the lines between what is solidarity, what is care. They blur the line between the care for environment and caring for each other and environmental and social justice. While I was working with these groups, there was so much of interaction across cast lines that it was impossible to be able to see wetland protection as separate from social justice issues. And so finally, as I populated my initial conceptual framework to create this graphic, which was also made collectively during the time of the field work, what I noticed was that what I initially thought that the lengths of the campaign organizers who are from the city, from urban Chennai, their ideas would be overlapping with those of the women. But in fact, the work of these organizations is to shift their perspective from that of South Chennai to the other side of the wetland. And so the presence of the solidarity organizations is strong yet hidden because they are behind the camera. So the pictures that I've used to populate this graphic was taken by young photographers from North Chennai who did a six month workshop to document all these different activities that are taking place on the wetland. And their job actually was to bring forward the perspective of the communities. So as we improve our evaluation of these wetlands by seeing the perspectives of Fisher communities, we will be able to make more nuanced decisions about the development of wetlands, the future development of wetlands. And I also wanted to share with you guys if I have some time, Abhishek, do I still have some time? Yes, absolutely, please. I wanted to share a video which is like a preview of the film that we are making. Hopefully it will be released in the next two months. But I wanted everybody to be able to see the experience of these women and what we saw while we were there. I hope that the sound works. We now invite Mr. Karan Adani, Chief Executive Officer of Adani Ports Limited to address the gathering. Even while the NO terminal was being constructed, we quickly realized that Tamil Nadu was growing so rapidly that we would need a larger, we would need a greater port capacity in place. Therefore, we acquired Katupalli Port and today we are proud to state that since the acquisition of the port three years ago, it has seen an increase in cargo volume of over 200%. We expect to be able to make this port one of the largest in the country with a capacity to handle over 300 million metric tons of cargo and make this a key enabler to support the growth ambition of Tamil Nadu. We are not able to do anything and we are not able to do anything right. We are afraid. Our children are afraid and they are doing this as if they are a beggar. Why did you do this? I bought the land from Adani. We should not be in the land where we bought the land. We should be able to do it later. We are not able to live and raise our children. We are always in the main toilet. We are always in the toilet, where we can catch fish. We are always in the main toilet. Whenever we come here, we think that we have to stay here only. Today at 8 in the morning, we have to clean the fish at 9.30 in the morning. We have to cook it for 1.30 in the morning. We have to cook it for 100 people. In the morning, I have to go to the hotel. I have to wash my hands. I have to go to work. I have to go to work. I have to go to school at 8.30 in the morning. We have to wash our hands and eat. We go to the hotel. After that, we take care of ourselves. We take care of ourselves. We take care of ourselves. We are going to sell the fish. We sell the fish. We sell the tomato, bottle gourd and tamarind. We pay the price. We start farming. We go to Tarlavel market. We go to Minjur market. The biggest threats are the government and the government's vision for development. The government's vision for development is to see open space, open earth, open land as worthless, to see economies, cultures that are dependent and arise from open land as also worthless, and that in order for open land to become worthy, it would have to be injected with private capital in the form of large industries, and other people who are working with the land would need to be working for the private industry. This is the vision of development that kind of infects not just Tamil Nadu but the world over. That is the end of the presentation, and I leave you with this question, and I'm open to answering more questions. Fantastic. Thanks a lot, Ayn. Thanks for the presentation and this very thought-provoking question. I suppose in due course we will get a sense of what you think about this, what your implied response to this would be. In the meantime, we have some questions that have already come in. I see some people are typing furiously. So let me share my screen so we can go to the questions that have come in. We have a couple of questions regarding gender roles. Shukru asks, do you think women are exclusively burdened with the responsibility of care that their care of ecosystems or wetlands is forced upon them to a certain degree? And Molin asks, how many in the area support the caring of the wetlands if they do? Yeah. Well, Shukru, that's an interesting question. I wouldn't say that women are exclusively burdened with the responsibility of care. In some of the other way, everybody does care, everybody has care practices. And this also depends on how do you understand what care means. So there are many ways to do this. I will try to share with you how my journey of understanding care, which is still ongoing, but some of the examples that initially influenced how I understand this concept. So care is a concept that is being adopted from the field of health. So health care. And in health, you have care practices or like traditionally there used to be a division between care practices and curing practices. So curing practices. For example, if you go for surgery, cure practice is what the surgeon does. They will work on you for an hour or so. They do something very technical. They cut you. They do something that nobody that requires a very specific skill, right? And then that's it. That's the intervention. But for you to survive the surgery, there are a myriad other things that need to be done. Like cleaning, cooking, whatever, like feeding you, taking care of you, giving you medicine, all these other paraphernalia activities, all these are called care practices. And they are, these are activities that are not valued as highly as the cure practice is valued. So it means that the person who gives care is often paid lesser, has a lower social status as well. So now, depending on the context that you're studying, this could be not only women. For example, in my case, there's also a lot of cast angles that affect who is offering care or whose work is called care and whose work is called cure. Who is called the Fisher and who is not really given an identity card saying that they are a Fisher. So that brings me to Moline's question. The, the schedule tribe communities, the earlar communities that are living in the political region, who are hand pickers. These are not only women. Also the men do this because access to technology access to tools is a question of economic status but also social status. And so even men are hand pickers. Even men work on the fields. But the, I chose to say women because they would be like the women from the schedule tribe communities would be at an even lower social status, let's say, or treated as such. And so that would really bring out the nuance but I would not say that it's only women who offer care. But the burden of care, yes, tends to fall on those who are more socially vulnerable in a context. Thanks. The next question is from see mom, who says, did you have the opportunity or did you make important to discuss with bureaucrats and administrators the concept of care, and how to incorporate it in day to day administration or spatial planning. Simom in this for this research, I was not interviewing anybody who was a bureaucrat or administrator. The purpose of my study I knew already from the onset was to document the perspective of the community. However, I think your question is a very interesting one and could be a next step to see how are they understanding the concept of care and they probably do as well. And I'm sure there are studies like that, but I was not really concentrating on this aspect in my study. The next question is from long who asks, were these rural areas or, or like peri urban areas and do you know or reckon whether the concept and practice of care is valued higher than a gradient situations or a gradient economies. This is so the end of political wetlands stretch all the way from North Chennai to the border of Tamil Nadu. And I would say that the southern part of an or political wetlands are much closer to the city and I almost like they're the margin of the city, and then political is a bit more remote, but takes about three hours on public transport to get there. And the market is definitely connected. So fish from political is being sold in Chennai. These kinds of connections exist. Is the practice of care valued higher in a gradient economies. Cannot conclusively say this. I don't know. If you look at the case if you just look at this case, the work that is done by the women of the community is most of it is unpaid. Even though this is a rural, we could say rural context or at least petty urban context. So in what way also do we value it is another question is economic is payment in terms of money the only way to value it is another question. So I don't know, but it's a it's a provoking question. In your interaction with people some of these women did you get a sense of. So yeah, this is just my question. Did you get a sense of dissatisfaction or an aspiration to be paid for some of these things. Some of the services being provided. So a lot of the women who work on the market who are cleaners fish cleaners or our second degree sellers. These are women who are often single women or the only earning members in the family either their husbands have passed away or have abandoned them, or they don't have any sons in the family. So these women they and most of the times are involved with this kind of work like cleaning fish for example as a customer you go to buy fish and then there's somebody else who cleans it and you pay them a bit. But this work is not regularized and so the prices are not fixed. And so a lot of these women complain that they were not being fairly compensated. Or that they were not paid the wages that they wanted, but the customers would just bargain with them because of this hierarchy and social status they didn't really have the power to argue with them. So in that sense, yes. But I think the overall aspiration was so much more about realizing their own potential to be to have a voice in this community to protect the Bethlehem. You know, so they see, like especially the women whose husbands are fishers are from traditional fishing communities. They really saw that sounds as family units or as village. Yeah, I hope that answers the question. Thanks. Thanks for that. Sat Rupa asks, what has been your perception of the awareness among the people of mainstream urban Chennai of the existence of these communities, their activities of Bethlehem's care and the implications not just for themselves but for the city as a whole. And how to grow such awareness so they have more solidarity for groups from groups beyond their own communities. Right, big question. Yeah, Sat Rupa, I think you might be from Chennai. So while I was doing this fieldwork, one of the activities that I participated in, along with the Solidarity Organizations, namely the Chennai Climate Action Group and the Vettavec Collective. They were organizing already this photography workshop for six months with young photographers of North Chennai who had been documenting life in North Chennai. And while I was there, we held a photo exhibition in a very elite cafe in South Chennai. And I was quite amazed to see, I'm not from Chennai, I'm from Bombay, but I was really amazed to see the number of people and the diversity of people that came for this event. It was a three-day event displaying these photographs of the kind of different local economies in North Chennai, the women's fissures, the handpickers, children, they also, because the photographers were residents of North Chennai, they had also been able to document the floods of the city. And so this became really a platform for different groups to interact with each other, build ties, and also understand what is the role of this wetland for the city as a whole, particularly for flood mitigation. Because this is a shared interest, but wetlands offer many other services as well, if you would like to call them services, it's a loaded term. But apart from flood mitigation, also very importantly food security. So this became really a platform to discuss what is a bigger value for us? What do we need as a city? What is our collective aspiration? And I think these kind of activities are really powerful to build that conversation and public discourse. And it is ongoing in Chennai, as it's good to see. Thank you. The next question is from Gopakumar, who asks, who says conflict among the different stakeholders is an issue faced in the conversation about any wetland. Solution with a balance on the needs of different interest groups, fishermen, farmers, industries and environmentalists needs to evolve in the form of wetland policy of the government. It's not exactly a question, but I would say, yeah, but this is something that we need to look a little bit, and there has to be a bit more nuance to it to say that this is a conflict among different stakeholders. Almost it raises the power differences between these different stakeholders. You see, it's not just a conflict between different stakeholders. It's the question of whose interests, of course, there are different stakeholders, but some of the interests, the interests of certain stakeholders are given more priority than interests of other stakeholders. And this is something that we need to look at. So how does like, when it is the state, which is not able to or is unwilling to follow its own laws, which require it to protect indigenous Fisher communities. It's a bit paradoxical to expect that the policy of the government will then regulate itself. I mean, I'm not sure what is the answer to this, but that conflict will always remain because the power equations are never going to become equal. So then how does one engage in this governance? This is the question of creative wetland governance. The next question is from Romir, who finds it really interesting that forming collectives can be an act of care and at the same time an act of protest. How was this made apparent in your case study? Yeah, so I said this and in some part of my presentation that I saw the act of connectivization as an act of care itself. I say that because a collectivization is not achieved in a day, not a solidarity, but collectivization for these women required at least two decades of work where they require to have daily engagement with each other with NGOs. And so I see this as a practice of care because care also requires regularity. Time is a big factor in developing a care practice. So that act of care now enables an act of protest because as a collective, they're able to have a louder voice. So this is how I connected it. The next question is from Poulos, who asks what were some of the difficulties you faced in your field work? Well, the biggest challenge for me was language because I'm not a Tamil speaker. So but I had a really amazing translator who was almost like my mouthpiece. She was translating everything I was saying, even when it was not required to be translated. But this was my biggest challenge. However, I have lived in Tamil Nadu for four years before. So I could understand a bit at least. But language was definitely probably the biggest challenge. But as such, I had a really amazing time, but the cut is a beautiful place. So I felt quite privileged to be there for two months. Thank you. Sunny asks, who's from Philippines that India is considered to be extremely highly baseline water stress to be under extremely highly baseline, extremely high baseline water stress. What is the current situation of the regulating and supporting services, that is climate and water regulation, waste treatment, natural hazards, soil formation, nutrient cycling in the wetlands of India? So all of that, you have 30 seconds. I wouldn't be able to answer this question to be honest. What is the current situation of the regulating supporting services of veterans? I think the coast of India, the coastal development of India is heavily affected by increasing coastal infrastructure. And there is quite an ongoing battle between industrial development along the coast, facilitated by ports and indigenous coastal communities, not just in Chennai, but in all big coastal port cities and increasing ports. But this kind of study is not what I was doing. So I wouldn't be able to say, but yeah, that's my comment. Yes, Sinter. Just Sinter, sorry if I'm not pronouncing your name properly. Do the women have organizations such as water resource users associations that can help them in conversation and probably help with storage facilities for fish preservation? Also, do they sell fish abroad or outside their villages? So yeah, while I was there, I did not discover any water resource user associations. There were groups of women who were involved in packaging fish as groups and going to sell them together. That is some level of organization, but it is not at a state level. That's their own organizations. There are also efforts to build labor unions for particularly for women fishers in Tamil Nadu. And this is something that you could read about. So yes, building storage facilities. At the moment, what I saw in Polikat, there was no cold storage. There's only thermocol boxes with ice and fishes packed in this. And on a daily basis, like every night, fishes sent to different markets in Chennai. Yes, fish is also exported. But that is done by a bigger company. So the women that I was working with, these are women who will take fish like in baskets to interior villages around Polikat. And so that also goes to show how much the food security of this entire region is dependent on these fishing villages of Polikat. A question from Anhar is, do you think that the concept of care matches more rather than community based management to understand the relation between? Yes. Yes. I do think so. Okay. Just kind of an example of Chennai women's contributions. Yes, I do think that the concept of care is more useful to understand these relations between so called beneficiaries and so called services, because this framework of ecosystem services valuation, which categorizes users as beneficiaries. And ecosystems as offering services really comes from an idea that humans are separate from nature. That society is separate from nature. And then this also kind of creates this idea that we can outsource care work by paying for it through ecosystem service compensation or payment for ecosystem services.  It's not, that is not strong enough motivation. So I completely agree with you that the concept of care helps you to understand that much more than this framework of ecosystem service valuation. A question from Ahmed Mushtaq is he asked, he's asking about one thing that you missed the most from your stay when you were over there. You mean apart from the fresh fish and the fresh pasta. I really miss being around and speaking with with the people over there. They, especially the women, they were always so funny, always in such a good mood, always so forgiving of not me not being able to speak their language but always welcoming. And this I really miss a lot that feeling of being taken in. Thank you for sharing that. A question from Romer again is, can you say that forming collectives or joining the movement could probably be driven more by a collective sense of place, rather than it being an act of care. It can be but I don't see why those are contradictory to each other. Because to develop a sense of place requires also to engage with space physically emotionally over a period of time. And that would require you to have practices that I would then call carry practices, because without that, how would you have a collective sense of place to begin. So I don't see them as very different unless there's a very specific definition of collective sense of place for me that I'm not aware of. Fantastic thanks a lot, I think those are the questions we have at the moment perhaps some people are still typing but they're not in yet. So maybe this is a good time to wrap up. Thanks a lot for your presentation and for very patiently answering all the questions. Yeah, thanks to the audience for turning up and for your questions and comments and a recording of the session will be available soon on the water channel website. So that's the water channel dot TV slash webinars, the it website and the it YouTube page very shortly you will receive notification when that's done by email. I think, and you can also follow us on various social media things the it and the water channel Twitter Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram and all that.


Well, hello, everyone. It is so good to be here. Thank you, Markus and Tavett, for joining me on stage today. Today, as you know, and as you probably heard, we're talking about what is in the water in the Baltic region. But before we dive into our theories about what is the secret sauce to the many great successes we've seen, I thought why don't we start with sort of your more personal stories? Maybe Tavett, how did you start your journey? What was the beginning of it? What was the insight? And maybe give us a bit more background on how your path evolved. Thank you, and great to be on stage again with you and Markus. So, I was really lucky to be part of the team that built Skype. So, I met Niklas Javan, who started working with Skype. I was the first employee. So, little did I know, back then when I was 21 years old in an ex-Soviet Republic of Estonia, what's possible. Cutting this part out, moving on after Skype, now you get this itch of, kind of like, it's very hard to go and apply for a job in a bank or a job in a telco once you've been through that journey. So, the question really was, kind of like, can I do it myself? And I realized, you know, we shrunk the world with Skype, letting people communicate, somehow moving money still wasn't simple. So, it was really a question of, there's a huge problem that I think we can fix. Can we do it? Yeah, and I'm guessing that sort of having been inside a company like Skype also, kind of informed you and trained you and you'd seen someone else start a company and doing it and then kind of being inspired. So, maybe role models and the forces of inspiration have been important. I think, absolutely. In, I had a pretty good idea what's about to happen and I think that prepared me pretty well for what came later. Yeah. And Markus, tell us about your starty. How did you get started? First, optimistically and then brutally. So, I'd say that starting as a company is a 19-year-old. I was first very optimistic that how hard can this be and the whole technology world is growing so quickly and there's a lot of space for everyone. And then three years in, Uber suddenly raised more money than any internet company in history and it became extremely brutal competition for every customer out there and now it's been going on like that for the last seven years. So, that's been our journey. But to get more specific, I'd say that there's obviously pros and cons to starting very early. So, I've never worked in any other company than Bolt. So, I started straight out of high school, which means that on one hand I'm probably making some of the mistakes other companies have done, but in other ways I think I'm also not stuck in the paradigms of how a company should be built and I can figure everything out from first principles and design their company in a way that I think makes the most sense. Yeah, would you say also that coming straight out of school and being 19 years old, kind of you have a certain naivety to it? Do you think that has helped you? Absolutely. And it's actually one of the core values we have at Bolt as well that we should always be thinking from first principles, not try to reason by analogy and looking at what others have done but really think through what can actually be done in this sector. Whether it's designing the organization or how we should be building the product and so on. And that's actually been of tremendous value to us. I think if we were just replicating what everybody else would be doing in the industry, we would have never made it because everybody else had 10 times more money than us. So, we had to be very creative. Can I pick up on the naivety? I think that's such an important ingredient. You need to be, not foolish, but you need to be a fool to get started because if you knew how hard it's going to be, you would never do it. I think nobody would ever start. So, I think you need a very big dose of naivety and foolishness to get started. Like, if you would probably look at history and there's been very few examples of people who've done it who've been in the same industry. Marcus knew nothing about what he built. I knew nothing about FinTech. So, I think you need to have that naivety. This is such an important ingredient to getting started. I actually agree. I have a background at Spotify and at the time none of us came from the music industry and I think that was one of the things that actually made it work and we had a saying internally that was let's hire based on drive rather than resume because as you were saying, if you hire people that have an idea of how it's done before, then you're not going to think about it in new ways. So, I think that's a good key point to take away. All right, so then I'd love to hear your thoughts on why do you think there's been so many big and successful companies coming out of a relatively small country like Estonia. Is there something in the water? Is it something in the culture? Or is it being a small neighbor to a very big country that needed you to be more resilient or have more integrity? What are some of the things you think have shaped the ecosystem today? I think the startup world goes in a way in kind of circles of connections and people and ecosystem and ecosystems get a tremendous acceleration after the first success stories. So, when we were building Skype, I remember hiring people was really hard, you know, you hire a very young smart engineer, you steal them away from a bank and that engineer goes home and tells their parents, I went to work for a startup. It's like, oh. What is that? What is a startup?  So, and once Skype was sold for the first time, so Skype was sold in 2005 to eBay for a few billion, which was unheard of at the time. After that, the tables turned. It kind of became obvious that this startup sink, whatever it is, people still didn't understand it, but whatever it is, it is actually legit. And I think there was a huge acceleration effect coming from that. And, you know, we can trace back the next couple, couple great Estonian success stories, say all link back to Skype. There must have been such a great alumni network of people that had been part of that journey and gotten that vibe and inspiration. Absolutely. We had a 20-year Skype anniversary party a couple of months ago. Yeah, it's awesome photos on Instagram. It was great to see. It was amazing to see the people. Everyone looked a little bit older, but better. But also, if we look at the number of companies that have come out of this universe, it's humongous. Yeah, oh, it's super impressive. Marcus, what are your thoughts on it? I'd expand on the idea a bit in the sense that for this ecosystem to actually take hold, the people who actually built the companies also need to stay there so they can build up the next generation. And I think if you sort of contrast, for example Estonia versus Ukraine or Russia, then they've also been like tremendously successful entrepreneurs and companies that have sort of been started by the people there, but they all moved away. But I think Estonia has been pretty lucky that a lot of the people who are actually building up these companies actually stay there and they sort of help the next generation of companies also grow up. So I think that's something that's been sort of a big advantage for Estonia compared to most other countries in the region. So these successful companies actually breed new ones. And as mentioned, Skype was obviously the first one, the major one that kicked it all off. But then after that, there was Wwise and Pipe Drive and then Bolt and now there's the next generation of companies. And what we observe is that actually talent is increasingly moving back. So when we look at a lot of the talent that was moving out of Estonia into US or UK over the last 20 years, we see a lot of those people are now coming back to build companies and help the next generation. So I think that's been like a really great trend to see. But obviously what we didn't even touch on is what are the prerequisites for Skype to even happen in the first place, which is that you of course need people with good technical education. You need sort of a stable place where people actually want to live and actually build this company. And of course, if the government is pretty digital and has low bureaucracy, then that's a positive factor as well. But obviously, those are all the foundational components. Many countries have those components. You need this bit of sort of magic or this sort of one miracle to happen which was Skype that kicked off the whole revolution after that. And one thing to add, I think, is also attitude towards risk. So I think where we compare Estonia and the Baltics to maybe the old Europe, I think there's a difference in attitude to risk. And I think that's something which I can see changing over the years in kind of old Europe. But I think Estonia and any country going through transformation, I think, was much more tolerant of failure. And people, in a sense, were more hungry. They were hungry for success as they were willing to take these leaps of face and try to build something. I think that's something about countries which are going through a transformation otherwise as well where this is easier to happen. And again, people didn't have much to lose. So if you look at the 90s, the average GDP in Estonia was less than $3,000. So obviously, relative to the rest of Europe, Estonia was extremely poor. So people just really wanted to work themselves really up to sort of get to a higher level of income and it made a lot of sense. Yeah. So true. And maybe talk a bit about sort of starting out in Estonia, but having the ambition to build a global company kind of reaching world domination. How do you plan for that? Let you start. I think the key here is figuring out what are the pluses and minuses of Estonia. I think the overarching thing here is that Estonia is tiny, 1.3 million people. It's not a market on a map. So you just need to be really, really smart about what's good about Estonia, lots of technical talent, great place to live, lots of nature around. And what's bad about it? People don't know how to do sales. There are no customers. So it's really a question of configuring your business in a way that allows for this. So I think a very kind of common way of doing it is that you have a lot more kind of sales and marketing functions outside of the country, closer to customers. So stuff like this which you need to think about, you know, Markus can maybe share about the way Bolt was thinking of it. Yeah, I think there's two more themes here. One is obviously about talent, which is that there's pretty much no big companies in Estonia or at least was 10 years ago when we were getting started in the world of tech or actually in any other sector. And today Bolt is literally the biggest company in the whole country. So we can't really go out and hire more experienced talent from any other company because they just don't exist in the country. So that sort of gives you two options. Like either you can go and try to recruit people from other countries and move them to Estonia, which is something we've been actually pretty successfully able to do. We have 76 nations of different people now living in Estonia that we brought over. But obviously there's a limit to how much you can do that.  So we've rather most of the time took the bet on that. That we know that you can't find experienced people, but what you can do is find people who are really talented, really hardworking, and then it's actually just amazing to see how quickly they can learn. So in a couple of years they can actually get to a level that oftentimes even out competes what others in the sector have done who have had a lot more experience. But then the benefit is that if you give people this opportunity to grow and they actually go for this massive transformation personally, then they're obviously very loyal to the company because the company has given them this opportunity. So they actually stay for much longer. So what we observe generally is that the people we've given these chances to, that they're actually, the retention of them is just so much longer than anybody else who would hire in other parts of the world. Oh, that's such a good and interesting point. And my next question was, what do you believe have made your company so successful? And I think we all agree on that talent is one key component. But love to hear your thoughts. What have been some of the key components in your success stories for wise plural and bold? I think besides the talent part, what really made wise work was focus on customers. So we started by solving a customer problem which was our own, but then continuing to be really close to the customers, figuring out the pillars of speed, price, and continuing to drive these down, having dedicated teams to work on all of the customer facing issues. So I think overall just being very customer driven and then expansion in a pretty fearless way. I think these are the two things which may transfer wise or wise the company is today. Completely agree. And you? Yeah, I actually agree. I think what I observe is that for many Estonian companies we're extremely pragmatic and that seems to be the just local Estonian culture. So I think we're generally very good at optimizing things that are directly measurable. So for us obviously we focus on how do we get the prices to be as low as possible? How do we get the pickup times to be as fast as possible and so on? And we're very good at optimizing those things that the very sort of clear customer value propositions. And I observe most Estonian companies are generally not great at branding and marketing. So sort of all of this like soft stuff around it of how do we make the brand seem really attractive? That's I think a skill most Estonians don't have and this marketing skills we need to build up. But we're generally very good at optimizing the clear pragmatic analytical things. That's sort of a pattern I see actually very often across Eastern Europe. Cool, thanks. And for the founders in the audience, I'm sure they love to hear about your journeys. What have been some of the highs and some of the lows? Because it is a bit of a roller coaster to build your company. It's not always like this. It is a bit more of a bumpy ride. Maybe you want to share some of the highs and lows. I think the key to understand as a founder is that the highs and lows are following each other so quickly that you don't really have a moment to really start understanding this. One moment you walk on stage and you fall down. The next moment you just need to get up and continue. And then it may take you years until you start really realizing what happened. So I think the thing to keep in mind is the focus on stuff happens really quickly. And you just need to keep on getting up whatever happens and keep on going. And you have to keep on believing in the mission yourself and having the team around that believes in it and supports you. And vice versa. You absolutely agree. As an entrepreneur you need to be extremely resilient because the journey doesn't happen overnight. We've now been building both for 10 years. Still almost every day there's some new chaos or some new crisis that emerges and then we need to deal with it. So that's just the constant part of the entrepreneurial journey. And I think there's two good short illustrative stories I have of that. One is that I started this company assuming that I'm going to be focusing on building the greatest product. And I'm going to polish and obsess over the details of how the app is going to look and maybe the algorithms in the back end and so on. And then what I realized over the last 10 years is that actually most of my time that I'm quite worried about is like how do we actually get drivers and restaurants on board and actually get the supply side to be as great as possible because that's what really customers care about. So ultimately the app is just an interface to the service. So you can have the most beautiful app in the world but if you don't have drivers there who are going to be picking you up at the right time then all the rest doesn't matter. And we still live in an age where it's you still need to just go out to the physical world and build these relations with drivers and the fleets and the restaurants in order to get them on board. And I mean a couple of years ago I mean I was going to Serbia myself you know one-on-one to sell some of these taxi companies to get on the platform and you know you realize one that actually they don't care about the software functionality at all. So you know there was this taxi company owner that effectively was just a mafia guy who you know I walk into the office he has a pistol on the table and you know I'm trying to sell him of what are the benefits of our software. You know you can tell the guy doesn't care about that at all. So you know building a technology company oftentimes turns out to be very different than what you what you expected. And sort of second I think similar illustrative stories us actually launching here in Finland which is that we've launched here five times. Yeah tell me about that it's. So it was also very bizarre I mean the first four times we failed largely because of regulation. So it wasn't anything to do with the product. The product is pretty much the same as it was back then when we tried to launch many years ago. The problem was that the regulation back then was so strict that there was very few drivers in the market. So actually we tried to launch four times and we failed because there wasn't enough drivers. So actually instead of us building software instead of us even doing sales to companies what we had to do was focus a lot on public policy to convince the local politicians that actually this law should be revised because it's actually not serving the customers in a great way.  I was expecting kind of a building software but that's absolutely not the case oftentimes you know you got to adapt to the situation. And I think that's so true for many startups. I mean there's probably a bunch of pure I don't know B2B SaaS companies where you can do things purely on software but many other companies now given the tech is taking over everything they interact with so many other things. If I go back to why is and you know we want to make payments cheaper and faster that means changing regulation that means working with banks working with central banks changing laws which why is a stand in a number of countries. So it's so much more than thinking about what is the interface of the product look like and kind of thinking about the UX and UI which many people associate to what is a product. So really how to go I think through the full stack and that's what makes the company successful in many cases. Super cool so you mentioned resilience and I was wondering how have you kind of developed your leadership styles or yourself as leaders while building companies that are growing incredibly fast because I can imagine it's hard to grow a company fast unless you also grow as a leader. I can start I mean overall I think one needs to always try to keep up with the pace of the company or exceed it and that's obviously very hard to do if the company balloons from 10 people to 100 people to now we have about 4,000 people in the company in the span of 10 years it is obviously very hard to keep up but I mean there's no other alternative I mean you have to do it otherwise the company is going to fail but actually one of the sort of even side lessons I've learned from this is that I think growth hides a lot of problems. So if the company is doing really well and the numbers keep on growing up every month then people are actually willing to tolerate a lot of other things that are broken in the company. So for example if I think five years ago we pretty much had like no structure in the company in a formally speaking way in terms of like we didn't have any training programs for people we didn't really have like whatever career paths mapped out we didn't have a lot of process and we gave a lot of freedom to managers and individuals to do whatever they pretty much wanted within a general framework but just that business numbers were you know growing so quickly we were growing 400% a year the people didn't care they were like okay everything is you know so great in terms of growth my compensation is gonna go up you know new career opportunities will pop up and so on so didn't care but then obviously if your growth gets to a more stable place like 20 or 30 percent a year then all that benefit goes away and you actually need to be very thoughtful about how do you keep people engaged how do you train people you know how do you plan their development up front and that's been a very big shift and I think it's something that hits many founders as a big surprise that you know they don't realize the shift that everything is fine and then one year actually all a lot of other people are unhappy and they don't understand that it was only fine because the company was just growing like a rocket ship before I think it's a question of who can you learn from so thinking back building transfer Y starting in 2011 there was not many people to learn from there was a limited number of successful tech companies in Europe there were no investors in Europe who built companies to learn from so I was always thinking about how can I get people to invest invest in transfer wise who have built companies who are the people ahead of me who have scar tissue whom I can talk to and speak to to learn from so I think that's kind of one big thing to the question to think about that who can you learn from where do you find them and who have you learned from who have been your mentor 10 years ago we had to go and raise money from the US because that's where we found investors who built companies you know today we're in a different position and we have these people in Europe as well and now they fly in here and now they come to slush exactly excellent so on the theme of the ecosystem what are some of the important pieces of the infrastructure for founders when building companies and what do you think have inspired so many more to keep on building and maybe also compared to when you started out because I'm guessing it was probably a bit premature not so much infrastructure in place and maybe now there is because there's more angels and meetups and stuff what are some of the components that you think is important I'd start off with investors because ultimately that's for most entrepreneurs the most important element and if I contrast to where Eastern Europe or even most of Europe was 10 years ago it was obviously a very different scene funding was many times less available than what it is now and that has its pros and cons I mean on one hand one could argue that that's a good thing because you have constraints and it forces you to be more efficient more frugal in how you develop your company on the other hand if you have a business where you have winner take all dynamics and then your US counterparts are able to raise many times more money than you are able to raise then obviously you're going to be in trouble so it's been great to see the development of the European ecosystem over the last 10 years I think now we're getting to a state where the differences are still there but they're significantly less than what they used to be and that I think still remains a problem in many parts of Europe I mean I'll continue on capital for a moment like very much believes at the availability of capital and availability of capital who can really help you so I think for early stage companies it makes a ton of sense to say investors have previous experience of working or building startups I agree and that's something which up to this day actually doesn't really exist in Europe so when building Transnourse I went on an annual pilgrimage to Sandhill Road to raise money from Zari luckily that's something that I've learned and I've realized that for the next part of my journey I'm building a venture firm in Europe called Plural where everybody has built companies that is investing so you have a strong operator DNA in Plural and know what it is about and I think that's the best thing for the most ambitious entrepreneurs in Europe yeah coming from an operational background myself now being an investor I tend to agree I think you connect with founders in a different way when you know what it is to be in their shoes but maybe to think more about kind of also what worked in Estonia I think you know we were pretty lucky to have forward-looking digitally savvy government so I mean even up to this day there is a regular meeting between the startup community and prime minister to think about like what can we change so I think yeah like while generally I believe that government should get out of the way there is always a number of key things I need to change yeah like the citizenship and like but that's maybe we can talk about that even separately but like there's always something about immigration like a lot of things that the government can change that are easy that are make going to make the environment a lot better for the startup and gross companies and again I wouldn't want to like overemphasize it because ultimately like a company needs to be successful agnostic of what the government does but it's obviously very helpful if the government is getting roadblocks out of the way yeah and I have one of the best illustrative stories of this from the last three years when for example in many countries in Europe you have this notarization so like every time you basically do any type of share sales like people actually physically need to go to a notary's office at sign papers and you know for like especially US investors they're just like what the hell is this I mean we're for sure not gonna come over to deal with all this paperwork and so on so what was the case in Estonia was that this was always notarized because nobody had just thought that it shouldn't be because there was very few secondary transactions happening so we eventually got to a state where we had so many of these transactions going on we just went to the government and were like hey like we don't think this makes sense this is actually limiting sort of economic growth in the country and we were able to change the law in six months so the government was like hey actually for secondary sales we should actually have an exclusion so people don't need to do this paperwork they don't need to go to notary like you can just do that as in many other countries you can just sign the papers yourself and be done with it and I don't think there's many other countries in the world where you can do a change like that in just six months not in six months that's very impressive what a startupy government you have great to hear I actually during dinner last night met a really talented and well-sought after journalist and he told me that the Estonian government had been like calling him and inviting him to come to Estonia to write about the tech startups I thought that was also an interesting sign of kind of their proactivity I think we've taught Estonians a thing or two about marketing sorry say that again we have taught Estonians a thing or two about marketing instead of including the government cool so if you're looking back what are some of the advice that you would give yourself that could be helpful for the founders in the audience to think about when starting a company many lessons but I would say that the most important thing is to ultimately do whatever you think is needed to make the company grow and is completely fine to ignore the sort of common practices that you think others are doing so one of the good and illustrations of that this is our fundraising so when we were starting the company the metrics we had were actually doing really well we probably were in among the best startups in Europe and we met all the VCs traditional ones in the Nordics and in London and so on and not a single one of them invested I had more than a hundred meetings what was the feedback you got was it like oh we already had Uber or so the feedback generally was actually I mean you seem like a great guy the team seems really strong but this is not the sector for us like we think this sector is done so come back to us with your next company I was like okay that's really helpful feedback to get and I mean one could have just given up and that that moment and be like yeah we can't raise money from VCs but I mean I was like no I'm really bullish that this company is going to work so I was like where are we going to raise money so we actually tried to raise money from people who were willing to invest so I mean I went and they raised 200,000 euros from the local railway developer in Estonia who had done zero tech investments before you know I raised like a few hundred thousand euros from like local telecom who had like also done no tech investments before because I mean that was the only way to raise the funding that was needed to grow the company and what I realized is that most founders are somehow stuck in a paradigm that you know there's a standard way how you should build the company and this is how you are supposed to do it but actually there's no I mean if you need to raise the money you do whatever it takes to to get there raise the money and save the company yeah very good point David I think it's simple you know have a 10x better product idea for a big market then surround yourself with people who have scar tissue and get started I think a lot of people fail in the get started point so they're like hey I have this idea like you just need to get going you have to hand in the resignation letter to your previous employer and after that you know you're often it's either going to work or not but it's going to make you even the experience will make you so much better next time yeah to not overthink and just get into the doings of the things don't don't overanalyze how it can fail no you know if you have a 10x better idea for a big market yeah there's a lot of ways it can succeed yeah we had a saying at Spotify that Martin one of the co-founders coined and he always said the sum of the value of the company equals the size of the problem we're solving so if you have a big problem in front of you and you have a good solution then you're going to build a company that has some massive value I agree but I think what's actually very hard to do up front is to assess how big the problem is so I think when we started we had one estimate of how big this market could be I think all of our hopes have been outgrown by 10x in terms of the the numbers of how much actually we think we can actually still grow just in the core right-hailing product that we've been building for 10 years so I do agree with the sentiment but I think these markets can oftentimes turn out to be much larger than anyone expected and that was probably one of the reasons why most of the investors weren't also willing to back us 10 years ago because they were like okay it's this strange taxi company software thing in Estonia how big that can that market be well turns out I mean the right-hailing market just in Eastern Europe can be multiple billion dollars and nobody knew that 10 years ago so I think that again like investors in some cases just need to be more ambitious more optimistic about these markets as well yeah and a bit more open minded and also like tunnel vision yeah good I see we have 40 more seconds before we need to round off do you want to send off with any advice to the audience otherwise I would love to say thank you to all of you who's been here listening and thank you for joining me on stage and sharing some of your valuable advice thank you very much cool and we look forward to see many more success stories from the Baltic region and Estonia especially I think we will you know today Estonia has the biggest number of unicorns per capita and I feel very good about this is about to continue like looking at the pipeline of companies coming you know there's gonna be we'll stay as a record holder for a long time we need to share deal flow you and I off stage super inspiring yeah cool thank you guys so much thank you


Hey dad, hi dad. This is your son airman darty. Hey, oh, hi Happy Father's Day dad happy Father's Day dad. Just wanted to say happy Father's Day happy Father's Day dad All right. Happy Father's Day Bob. I'm gonna stop by and say happy Father's Day with my father happy Father's Day Happy Father's Day Papa. I love you. I miss you so much. I I Want to say happy Father's Day to all the Navy fathers out there both that are in service and that have family in the service I want to give a special shout out to my own father Paul McGinnis. Happy Father's Day. Sorry. I couldn't be there to be there with you Happy Father's Day my wonderful husband Damian. Thank you for everything to do Holding down the fort at home. Happy Father's Day to all the bosses out there taking care of their kids and home life at home I'm wishing my father Joe Earl Glenn singer. Happy Father's Day Happy Father's Day.  I Really miss you and I hope you have a really great day back at home. Dad. I'm not home, but I miss you I love you very much To your food Love you miss you wish I was home All right, take care. Love you. Bye. I Love to miss all you guys Wish I could be home with y'all, but I gotta do what I gotta do. Love y'all. I Can't wait to see you soon Alejandro my name is me. I love you. I love you miss you


One of my favorite examples for technology being used to get technology out of the way is the anti-lock brake system in your car. Your car, for all cars, has an anti-lock brake system. So when you slam on the brakes, you are not mechanically connected to the actual brake pads in your car. You are talking to a robot. You don't realize it, but the brake pedal is now an interface. It is a request that's being sent to a robot saying, here's how fast I would like to stop. And then the robot essentially thinks to itself, hmm, that's interesting. I got you. Let me see what I can do with that request. But then it takes that under advisement, but pumps the brake in a way that's actually meant to do two things. Stop about as fast as you want to stop, subject to the additional constraint of not going into a skid. That is a beautiful example because all of that happens without you having to think about the complexity of it. I only notice it when the benefit it gives me is gone, but otherwise I'm unaware of it. That's how technology should be.