So we're going to be looking at this passage in a moment. But before we do that, I saw a video that some of you perhaps have already seen. It was out yesterday. Excuse me, it was on the internet. And I saw it. And I'd like you to see it with me. It's really convicting. And so if I get convicted, I'd like to share. And so why don't we turn the lights off and show this video. Let me finish with this story. We go to China from time to time. And we train leaders. And this time we brought up 22 leaders from the Hunang province. And they rode 13 hours on a train to get to a hotel that they came up two by two in these elevators so as to not draw any attention. And then they got to a hotel room, a little apartment room. It's only about 700 square feet in the little living room. No air conditioning, hardwood floor, 22 sat there. I came in and when you teach in China, you start at 8 in the morning and you don't get done till 5 at night. You teach the whole day. They were sitting there all 22 of them and I looked around. I said, now if we get caught, what will happen to me?  I said, you're kidding. How many of you have been in prison for your faith? Out of 22, 18 raised their hands. I thought, no way. I looked at them and I said, you 22 people, how many people do you oversee? Because they were all of these small group leaders, underground church leaders in the Hunang province. I said, how many of you counted up all the people under your jurisdiction? How many would it be? And they counted them up and they said, a little over 20 million. I said, what? See, we forget there's 1.3 billion people in China. This is crazy. Well, I had 15 Bibles and I passed them out. Obviously, seven didn't get them. And I said, let's turn to 2 Peter chapter one and we're going to read it. And just then one lady handed hers to somebody next to her. And I thought, hmm, interesting. What we turned there anyway. And as we started reading it, I understood why she gave it away. She had memorized the whole thing. She just recited the whole chapter. When it was done, I went over to her at a break and I said, you recited the whole chapter. She says, oh, yes, I've memorized many chapters. I said, where did you memorize any chapters? She said, in prison. She said, you have much time in prison. So I said, but don't they confiscate the Bible? And she said, yes. So people bring in scriptures written on pieces of paper and they bring it in. So I said, but then if they find that piece of paper on you, won't they confiscate that? She said, oh, yes, that's why you memorize it as fast as you can. Because even though they can take the paper away, they can't take what's hidden in your heart. I thought, wow. Well, after three days, you fall in love with these people. And when it was done, I said, how can I pray for you?  How can I pray for you? They said, you know, Wayne, you guys can gather like this whenever you want to in America. We can't. Could you pray that one day we'll be just like you? And I looked at him and I said, I will not do that. Big, incredulous eyes looked at me and they said, why? I said, because you guys rode a train for 13 hours to get here. In my country, if you've got to drive more than an hour, people don't come. You sat on a wooden floor for three days. In my country, if people have to sit more than 40 minutes, they leave. You sat not only here for three days on a hard wooden floor, but you did it without air conditioning. In my country, if it's not padded pews and air conditioning, people don't often come back. In my country, we have an average of two Bibles per family. We don't read any of them.  I will not pray that you become like us, but I will pray that we become just like you. Convicting, huh? If you're not convicted, you're dead. Very convicting to think about that. I've had opportunity to be in China and I met with an underground church leader and they didn't give me his real name. They gave me a code name and I met him in a park in Beijing and sat there with this older man who gave me his testimony, he gave me his story, how that he had been arrested for being a Christian and he left behind his wife and I think it was like six children. And he spent many years in prison for his faith in Jesus Christ and he shared with me the cost that he had paid to preach the gospel and he had finally been released and he said when he got out, one of his children and only one of them was not a follower of Christ and that is the smallest child that he had left behind when he went into prison. We had smuggled Bibles in and I still remember when we arrived and made the exchange.  It was illegal to bring Bibles in but we would rather obey God than man and we took God's word in for these people. Even as you heard, they don't have Bibles but they have our scraps of paper and so we brought them Bibles and so I still remember when the Bibles were brought how that the people who were going to transport them to give them to those who were going to be receiving the gifts of Bibles, how they were looking down at the suitcases and crying and we, like Wayne was just saying, many of us have more than one Bible, they have none and how they were crying because they got the word of God and so for many years now the Holy Spirit has been working in my heart related to that and I'm going to say this before we get into our study. I'm going to say that there are people who don't understand the passion that some of us have for the things of the Lord. This world that we live in negates the passion of a person of Christ. They try to make wrong reason and guys like wrong including myself. They try to make us seem like we're the oddballs and we're out of step and we don't understand but in reality we see much more clearly than they do and we see where this world is going to and this world is going to hell. There was never a time when we would march in parades, when people would march in parades and men dressed as women for homosexual or transgender rights, that did not exist. You know, when you think of the storming of the beaches of Normandy, those were men who knew what right was and they knew what wrong was and we need to come back to those days. We need to, we need to and because we have many right now who aren't aware of what it means to be a man of God. We have been shouted down by strident voices but I really believe it's time for the men once again to take our place in the position that God has given to us to be the examples to our sons and daughters, to be the faithful husbands to our wives, to be that son who honors their dad, who honors their mom, to be men of character and strength and men of faith and we want to see that today and I want to show you that in 1 Samuel chapter 14 and so beginning at verse 1 and reading to verse 15, it happened one day that Jonathan, the son of Saul, said to the young man who bore his armor, come let us go over to the Philistines, garrison that is on the other side but he didn't tell his father and Saul was sitting in the outskirts of Gibe under a pomegranate tree which is in Migrone. The people who were with him were about 600 men, Ahia, the son of Ahitub, Icobod's brother, the son of Phineas, the son of Elie, the Lord's priest in Shala was wearing a Nephot but the people did not know that Jonathan had gone between the passes by which Jonathan sought to go over to the Philistines garrison. There was a sharp rock on one side and a sharp rock on the other side and the name of one was Bozez, the other, and the name of the other, Sene. The front of one faced northward opposite Mikvash and the other southward opposite Gibeah. Then Jonathan said to the young man who bore his armor, come let us go over to the garrison of these uncircumcised, that may be that the Lord will work for us, for nothing restraints the Lord from saving by many or by few. So as armor bearer said to him, do all that's in your heart, go then, here I am with you according to your heart. Then Jonathan said very well, let us cross over to these men and we will show ourselves to them, if they say thus to us, wait until we come to you, then we will stand still in our place and not go up to them, but if they say thus, come up to us, then we will go up, for the Lord has delivered them into our hand and has designed to us. So both of them showed themselves to the garrison the flistings, the flistings said, look, the heavers are coming out of the holes where they've been hiding. Then the men of the garrison called the Jonathan and his armor bearer and said, come up to us and we will show you something. Jonathan said to his armor bearer, come up after me, the Lord has delivered them into the hand of Israel. Jonathan climbed up on his hands and knees with his armor bearer after him and they fell before Jonathan and his armor bearer killed them. That first slaughter which Jonathan and his armor bearer made was about 20 men within about half acre of land that was trembling in the camp in the field and among all the people the garrison, the raiders also trembled the earthquake so that it was so that it was a very great trembling. I was in Germany just last week excuse me, I was there I picked something up and brought it home with me. It's a souvenir. It's a virus. Excuse me. So I'm hoping that I'll be able to share today without being too messed up. Now, let me ask quickly, is the volume okay because it feels like it's low. Is it okay? Is it alright? It's okay, okay. Louder, some deaf man over here. One of the greatest enemies that Israel ever encountered was the Philistines. The Philistines were a seafaring people from the island of Crete they migrated to southern Israel on its coast. By around a thousand BC they had established five major cities Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, Gath and Gaza. Early in their history the Philistines became enemies of the nation of Israel. In Chapter 13 the Philistines had gathered an enormous army to attack the nation. They had 30,000 chariots 6,000 horsemen a huge amount of foot soldiers. Jonathan the son of King Saul had attacked an outpost of Philistine soldiers the Philistines gathered a huge military force to go against Israel. Again they had thousands of chariots, cavalry and foot soldiers. Now Saul the king of Israel had assembled his troops for battle but he could only muster 600. We need to remember that Israel's army was made up of militia. There were farmers. None of them had swords. That prevented them from making swords and spears. Only King Saul and his son Jonathan had swords so the rest only had farming tools. The Philistines were so confident that they simply assembled the troops to attack and they dispatched a garrison 50 soldiers to the pass of Mekhmas and they waited. Now it says in verse 1 it happened one day that Jonathan the son of Saul said to the young man who bore his armor come let us go over to the Philistines garrison that is on the other side. He didn't tell his father so within two or three days Jonathan then made a decision to see what the enemy was up to and he crossed the pass that separated his position from the Philistines there in southern Israel. But he didn't tell his father according to verse 1. Now he didn't inform his father and he obviously would have said you can't do that. So he chose to enter into this operation accompanied only by an armor bearer and the armor bearer was a trusted assistant one who carried the commander's weapons. When you read about the armor bearer let me show you just a moment about armor bearers. When you read about the armor bearers and you'll see them often because all warriors of distinction had what were called personal armor bearers that were talking about them these were men that were well trained these were men that were fierce fighters these were men that were trusted that were trusted they would carry the large shield they would carry the weapons of war that would free up the commander to do what he needed to do he was courageous, he was fierce he had a great character well trained and he was someone who was loyal into the depth this is somebody who had your back you wanted near you this is somebody that if an enemy were to come against you this armor bearer would lay his life down in an instant without even thinking to protect you. There aren't very many armor bearers today there aren't very many men who would qualify as an armor bearer because there's not very many men who are courageous and loyal and fierce and willing to fight when necessary we have sysified the church and we fail to realize that there are times that you have to prepare for war there are times when you have to plant your feet on the ground and say this is as far as I'm going to go and I'm not going any further I'm going to stand here the line is drawn in the sand and I'm going to stand up for Jesus Christ and what is right no matter what you say and God is calling us men today to draw that line in the sand and to say no, we will go no further we're going to stand true to Jesus Christ we're going to hold fast and that's what the armor bearer would do that's what the armor bearer was he was a warrior, he was fierce, he was courageous he was a good man and he was somebody who would take care of that one who was over him the one who was in charge of him and so we see that armor bear and as this is taking place according to verse 2 Saul was sitting in the outskirts of Gibea under a pump granite tree which is in Megron so just a few miles north of Jerusalem Megron was there and Megron is a common word for a cliff and so the area was mountainous, that's what it's pointing out and Saul's troops had dwindled to like said a moment ago around 600 men and that's where they were now according to verse 3 Ahia the son of Ahitub Iqamad's brother, the son of Eli well what you see here is you see Ahia, he's the great grandson of the former high priest Eli so this is what the group of people that are gathering right now and so verses 4 and 5 speak about the passes by which Jonathan sought to go over to the Philistines that's just a geographic marker Jonathan says and this is what I wanted to pick up on and share with you though in verse 6 Jonathan says said to the young man who bore his armor, hey come let us go over to the garrison of these uncircumcised it may be that the Lord will work for us for nothing restrains the Lord from saving by many or by few I want to look at that with you for just a moment that's really the heart of what I want to share with you today that gives us insight into the faith and courage of this one named Jonathan now had you read up to this portion of scripture in 1 Samuel you would see that Jonathan has already shown great courage because he had already attacked their garrison but that wasn't enough for him he wanted to deal them an even harsher defeat so notice how first Jonathan says let us go over to the garrison of these uncircumcised notice that now when he speaks of him that way he's calling them pagans but it actually goes deeper than that he's saying they have no help coming from God because they don't know God so when he says let's go against these uncircumcised you have to take into consideration that circumcision in the nation of Israel is the emblem of Israel's relationship with God so as a believer in God in proper relationship with God Jonathan could expect the help of God and he could say let's go against these uncircumcised let us go against these pagans let us go against these who have no relationship with God God is on our side is the point he's making and God would never be on their side now there are guys who say they lost their faith in God because God didn't help them well sometimes they're complaining about not being helped by God well sometimes they're simply reaping what they've sown they've poured into their family a bunch of negativity as long as they've had a family they haven't been faithful to the wife they've been drinking doing their drugs and not raising their kids properly don't go to church they don't do any of that and the wife finally says I've had it with you I don't want to go with you anymore I don't want to be with you anymore God's abandoned me you haven't been walking with the Lord you're reaping what you're sowing and instead of getting upset at God you ought to get on your knees and repent because it's what you're doing you know we blame God for what we do now Jonathan was able to say God is on our side because Jonathan was walking right with God and that's why he would speak of him as an uncircumcised individual the Bible says in Psalm 66 verse 18 if I regard iniquity in my heart the Lord will not hear so when we put something between the Lord he's going to deal with that thing which has been put between us and him before he answers anything we have to say so in Jonathan's case Jonathan had hope in the God who was there for him Psalm 146 verses 5 and 6 reads happy is he who has the God of Jacob for his help whose hope is in the Lord his God who made heaven and earth the sea and all that is in them who keeps truth forever so Jonathan was saying that he had a relationship with God and that God would be with him these Philistines didn't know God and therefore would not be protected by him notice again in verse 6 he says it may be that the Lord will work for us he trusted God he didn't presume on him and when you move out in faith you don't put God to a test it's an attitude of let's see what God wants to do through us God is able to do abundantly above all we could ask or think and when you read your Bible you see that God does amazing things and you see amazing men of God you see God doing tremendous things through people you see God moving you see a man by the name of Abraham being able to have a child and yet at the age of 99 you see him stepping out in faith and having relations with his wife Sarah who's 90 years old and they end up with a child you see that he had faith and he was moved by it you see Moses standing there at the red sea and the red sea parts before him why because his God was going before him you see Daniel and Daniel's in a lion's den and you see Daniel there before this lion the lion's mouths are shut and Daniel was walking right with God you see David you see King David who sees a Philistine giant 9 foot 9 probably weighed about 700 pounds and he just looks at him and he says God is going to give this man into my hands why because this is an uncircumcised man and God is on my side listen it doesn't matter how large your enemy is you have a bigger God and you need to remember that if God is on my side who can be against me if I'm following the Lord properly I'm listening to his voice who can be against me and God has a way of doing those things that we don't even understand you see he says nothing restrains the Lord from saving by many or by few so Jonathan knew that the God that he worshipped is the God of the possible again God has a way of moving we have an awesome God who does whatever he desires Job 42 verse 2 says I know that you can do everything and that no purpose of yours can be withheld from you Jeremiah 32 27 behold I am the Lord the God of all flesh is there anything too hard from me Luke 1.37 with God nothing will be impossible Luke 18.27 Jesus said the things which are possible with men are possible with God and so he says let's see what God wants to do let's see what God wants to do you guys ever think that way you guys ever wake up that way do you think only pastors and missionaries and full-time workers think that way no you need to think that way too you need to wake up in the morning and say what does God want to do today what does God want to do today in my life what adventure does he have for me today you wake up that way Lord here I am I want to do what you want me to do I drive a truck doesn't matter that's still my ministry and where I go I have opportunity to shine for you now we're going to start it doesn't matter because what I'm doing is servicing to you it provides a paycheck for my family but it's my ministry for you so Lord what would you have me to do whatever it is whatever it is you need to realize that your life is a duty to God and it doesn't matter if you drive a truck or work in a store or business it doesn't matter what it is is your ministry and what is it that the Lord wants to do today what do you want to do and I want to be there at the place where you can use me to speak for you or to do something on your behalf and so he's saying let's see what God wants to do let's see if the Lord will work for us nothing restrains the Lord from saving by many or few so verse 7 the armor bearer said to him do all that's in your heart go then here I am with you according to your heart if you turn around and move he's saying I will be right behind you you lead I will follow I will share in your dangers it's a way of saying I'm with you I'll tell you something when you have people in your life when you have people in your life who have your back who say you know what I'm with you let's see what God wants to do you'll be surprised at the amazing things God will do with you you'll be surprised at the amount of work that can be accomplished when you have somebody who says you know I've seen God working you and I know God does and I want to be part of the blessings whatever they may be I want to follow you I want to have a venture of faith I want to step out and I want to be part of what God does and God will bring men into your life that will be like that when you're doing something for Jesus when you're out there wanting to be a blessing on his behalf there will be people out there who will be your bearer do all that's in your heart go then here I am with you you lead I will follow according to Psalm 46 verse 7 the Lord of Hosts is with us the God of Jacob is our refuge so Jonathan's a man willing to take a venture of faith and his armor bearer supported this he didn't say anything to undermine the heart was in sync with Jonathan's he trusted in the same God you know I don't mind people when they share with me their reservations if I say you know I think the Lord would have us do this I don't mind people will say well have you thought I think that we need to have people we're accountable to but what I don't like to have around me is is those aeors I don't even know if you know what an aeor is when my kids were small there was a poo and there was that donkey named Eor and he was always always like that man I can't stand that I don't mind if somebody has reservations that's alright that means you're thinking and you're considering that's not a bad thing but if you're always saying that can't be done oh that can't be done I don't want a person like that around me because I know what can't be done but with God all things can be done I don't want a person like that around me who says let's do what God wants to do let's do what God wants to do and so this is one who didn't undermine what God might have wanted to do and so in verses 8 through 10 Jonathan said very well let us cross over to these men and we will show ourselves to them if they say thus to us wait until we come to you then we'll stand still in our place and not go up to them but if they say thus come up to us then we'll stand into our hand and this will be a sign to us now Jonathan wasn't tempting God he was trusting God he's trusting that God would reveal as he was leading him and he had a plan he says if the Philistines say we'll come to you well they're showing courage but if they say come to us well that revealed that they were afraid to leave their positions to fight so verse 11 look the Hebrews are coming out of the holes where they have hidden the men of the garrison called to Jonathan in his armor bearer and said come up to us we'll show you something Jonathan said to his armor bearer come up after me the Lord has delivered them into the hand of Israel so the men of the garrison called to Jonathan and immediately noticed Jonathan sees that that God is in this and he tells his armor bear let's go with Jonathan leading the way and they began to slaughter their enemies in a small area of land a great victory is about to be won they killed 20 enemy soldiers they may have thought that there were more than just two attacking them and there was trembling according to verse 15 there was trembling in the camp the field among all the people the result was great fear a terror that weakened even the special ops troops on top of this was an earthquake that they understood us from God now ventures of faith ventures of faith continue to this day it requires trust in God it requires direction from God it requires confirmation from God it requires faith and courage on the part of the person who's stepping out for God ministry itself is a great adventure of faith it's simply trusting that God will go before you and we've seen God do that here and those of you who are pastors you can say the same thing for what you've seen in your own ministry we started in a home in May of 1981 we had Wednesday night Bible studies we moved to Ontario we occupied a church on Vine streets then central school, then Ontario Christian elementary school we purchased property on Maple Street we rented Ontario high school we bought this property we tore down structures we built bookstores, we built classrooms we built the sanctuary in every step of the way we've said perhaps God will work for us maybe God wants to do something bigger than we can imagine why would we limit him if we didn't think like Jonathan I'd still be teaching a Bible study in a home in Pomona but you have to believe that God wants to do something greater you have to have a vision an eye to see there's a need out there somebody has to minister to them why not you why can't you do that why can't you reach somebody why can't you speak faith into their heart why can't you present the gospel of Jesus Christ why do we have to rely on other people God is relying if you will on us just to be obedient because he gave us what we need he gave us the word of God he gave us the power of the Holy Spirit and he gave us commission go out and speak watch what God will do when you obey that's a venture of faith at stepping out in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ God wants to do something you see there's Jonathan Jonathan says let's see what God wants to do today what an attitude what an attitude let's see what God wants to do perhaps God will work for us so there's a Jonathan but there's also an armor bearer there's somebody who says do all that's in your heart here I am with you none of what we have in ministry would have happened if God didn't bring to us armor bearers children's ministries armor bearers greeters armor bearers armor bearers parking lot attendants and worship teams armor bearers we're able to have men's conferences we're able to have outreaches we're able to have retreats we're able to have breakfast we're able to have small groups we're able to have hospital visitations we're able to go on missions we are able to have follow up ministries we're able to have Easter choirs because people see the big picture and there's so much that can be done when you have somebody like that next to you are you an armor bearer are you somebody who says what is in your heart and you know that it's right before God what is it in your heart my heart is with your heart let's go and see what God wants to do today what an adventure that is when you have a heart like that there's so much that can be accomplished when you have armor bearers Jonathan could have stood there alone even questioning himself but for his friend you can have all the faith in the world but so many times God will bring others alongside sometimes you have a task that's just for you like when David stood before that giant Goliath nine foot nine as mentioned a moment ago six to seven hundred pounds of warrior but David wasn't afraid of him not because David was a great warrior but because he had a great God you come to me you said with your with your javelin and all but I come to you in the name of the Lord and I'm going to cut your head off today now that's a man that's a dangerous man to have as a friend but is a good man to have in a pinch David and so we know there are times when God will say no you're going to do a work I'm going to show you how great I am on your behalf but there are other times where God says it's always going to take a team really in normal ministry it takes a team it takes a number of people it's not just one person sometimes it is most of the time it's many and I have to have we need to have people who are alongside of us who lift our hands up they're doing the work that I can't do I can have all the faith in the world but God needs to bring others alongside there are times that God calls you to serve alongside of others in the task he has before you and that requires an armor bearer in Philippians 2 19 through 22 Paul said it like this he said I trust in the Lord Jesus to send Timothy to you shortly that I also may be encouraged when I know your state for I have no one like-minded who will sincerely care for your state for I'll seek their own not the things which are of Christ Jesus but you know his proven character that as a son with his father he served with me in the gospel I can tell you as a pastor of a few years experience now that I like Raul was sharing a little earlier I know the joy of having loyal men beside me I know that joy men who are like Jonathan who say what's in your heart I'll go along with it let's find out what God wants to do I've had plenty of men like that and then I've had men like Judas I think of how that Judas heard every message that Jesus ever gave he saw the works that Jesus performed and he still betrayed him and there are plenty of people who've heard plenty of messages and have seen God do plenty of things who still in the end don't have a a faith in their heart to trust that God could do something on their behalf I believe that God wants to make us into in these last days he wants to awaken us to the fact that that we're warriors that you're a warrior you need to know that you need to know that you're a warrior you were not born again to sit on the sidelines watching the women leave the church you were not born again to let your wife run the home you were not born again to let other people train your children in the ways of God you were born again to be the captain of your home to be the warrior in your house that's what you are and you need to understand that you need to understand that I thank God for my godly wife she's more than I deserve and there's no doubt about that but my wife isn't the boss of the home Jesus Christ is and I am under him and she is under me and that's how it works in the house and my children, even as their adults still know who is the boss of the home it isn't mama it's daddy under the guidance and power of the Holy Spirit I take these things seriously why? because that's how God established it and why is our society so poor today in terms of what it should be it's because the men have vacated their position of leadership so I'm calling us this men today to take that mantle back God has called you to be a leader ask God how can I best serve this family how can I best serve my wife how can I best serve my fellowship how can I become the man you want me to be because lord there's just not enough time when I look and I see what's going on in our society today cities that are filled with filth and syringes on the ground and feces on the sidewalk and I see what's going on with people saying hey you know what let's take care of the eagles but you can kill babies there's something wrong with this society and it's time for men to stand up and say no we're going to stand up for Jesus Christ and we're going to say the things that are true be a man be a man that's what God created you to be be a man and may God help us to learn how to be velvet and steel velvet in our tenderness towards others steel in our character and strength God help us to be that to be the men that God would have us to be because if there's anything this society needs today it's an awakening in the men to be the men that God created us to be no doubt there's no doubt


So now eventually we get to the orbit stabilizer syndrome. There's a lot to write and number one I want to say sometimes I've written a few things and number two it is not the easiest thing in the world to understand. And the proofs really, you really need to concentrate. So I want to keep it together. First of all I just want to talk to you about a new definition of something called an index. An index of the stabilizer, remember that's a subgroup of G. So the index of a stabilizer in G we write it as G and then the colon G dot A. And that just means the number of left cosets I can form. Remember this is a subgroup of G. So if this is G I can form these cosets. And the number of these inclusive of this is the index of the stabilizer in G. And remember if I have a set A and I have the orbit. Here's the orbit of A and in this orbit of A there's going to be a number of elements. And I can also just express the number of elements that are in the orbit. So then we just write it with this absolute value sign, the number of elements in an orbit. So I have the number of cosets of G formed by this stabilizer of G. And I have the number of elements inside of the orbit of A. And what the orbit stabilizer theorem is saying is that these number of cosets equals the number of elements in the orbit of A. So the index of the stabilizer with respect to A and G then is equal to the number of elements in the orbit of A. So carefully remember there's all elements in the same coset. So now I have various elements in this coset of mine. What we are trying to say of this is true. So if the number here, so just to make it easy to understand, so I've got 1, 2, 3, 4 here. And I've got 1, 2, 3, 4 here. So this 4 is supposed to equal 4 here. That means everyone in here has to go to the same element. No matter which element I take here they must go to the same one. And if I take an arbitrary element in one of the other cosets it will have to go to one of the other ones. So they all going to map to the same element. So all elements in the same coset acting on A, element of A results in the same element in this orbit. So they've all got to act on A and give us the same element in the orbit of A. That's the only way that the number of cosets here is going to equal the number of elements in the orbit of A. And we've got to prove this. So first of all let's see that all of these in the same coset is going to map to the very same element in the orbit. So I've got this, taking this G bar and I'm suggesting that it's an element of this stabilizer of A. The stabilizer of the group with respect to this element A and A. So I can form this left coset. So I'm going to take an element G and G, compose it with a binary operation G bar. And I'm running through all the G bars in that. So it's just an arbitrary one but that is my left coset. Now if I look at this, remember this is a subgroup of that. So the identity element will be in there and the identity element composed with is just going to give me... One of these is going to be the identity element composed with G, G composed with the identity element is just going to be G. So G is going to be in this, G is going to be in this. So it's going to act on A and that just gives me A because that's how we defined this. Now let's take an arbitrary other element in there and let's not just do this one. So G O, G bar, that's an arbitrary element inside of this coset and I'm going to act on A. By the first property of group actions, this will be G dot, G dot A, G bar. But remember this thing is part of the stabilizer. This is part of the stabilizer. So this is just A. So this is G dot A, exactly the same one. It's exactly the same one. So no matter which one I take here, it is going to map to this V same element in the orbit of A. So we've got that. Now I just need to show that if I take an arbitrary element, I'm going to call it G star and it's in a different coset. And I'm going to have to prove that it will then not go to the same as one out in there. So let's assume to the contrary that it does map to the exact same thing. So I'm going to say this G which is in here acting on A is going to be exactly the same as G star acting on A. So I'm saying that both of them acting on A will give me the same exact element. So that's to the contrary and let's see if we can run into a contradiction. So what I've done for you here is left compose with the inverse of G both sides. So acting on this element, acting on the same element. By the first property of group actions, I can rewrite it like this. It's the binary operation between those two, the binary operation between those two. G inverse composed of G, that gives me the identity element. So I have that A equals this G inverse. You have to look at this on a big screen to see I don't have a big enough board. So that equals this G inverse composed of G star dot A. But hang on a minute. That is just the definition of the stabilizer. Because if I have an element acting on A and it gives me A back, that means it must be an element of the stabilizer. That's how we define the stabilizer. So that means it must equal this being this arbitrary element in the stabilizer. So we have G inverse composed of G and let us go to equal that. It is in this element of the stabilizer. And if I left compose with G on both sides, what do we have left? What do we have left here? That's this identity element. So I have, I should say G star there, G inverse, G star, G inverse or G star. So I have the fact that G star equals GOG. That means it must be an element of this. So if I take another one out there to the contrary suggesting that they go to the same, it actually means no, it never came from that one. It actually was just one of those. So my assumption to the contrary that if they are different, they match to the same shows, no, no, no. If that one is different, it is going to go to a different one. And that was just arbitrary. So if all of these, which I've shown on this side, they're going to map to the exact same one. All of these, they're going to go there. And all of these means they're going to go there. And I have my orbit stabilizer theorem. Difficult to get, you probably have to read your textbook very well. Listen to your lecture, watch these videos again. But in the end, if you watch it long enough, you'll see that makes absolute sense. And that's a very deep thing that we've got here. That the number of cosets formed by the stabilizer is just going to give me the number of elements, the index of that. So the number of cosets that gives me the number of elements in the orbit of this A element of A. All mapping to the same, all mapping to the same, all mapping to the same. So the number there has got to equal the number there. Orbit stabilizer theorem.


Alright, so the question is whether the atomists reply, you know, of space is a good answer to parminides. They say, what exists between objects of space and it's an immaterial receptacle for matter. How is this even coherent? I mean, let's just look at a couple issues of this, right? So if I had a jar here with some water and, you know, I understand how that jar is a receptacle for water, right? They're both material. I understand how material objects can be receptacle for matter. How does what is immaterial hold matter? Right? I mean, it's a mainstay of contemporary physics that what is immaterial does not affect what's not material. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. What is immaterial does not affect what is material, right? It's not as if the number two makes pairs of things, right? There's one, the number one exists. That doesn't mean the one, one is holding this one bench in place, right? In fact, you know, real common charges, if you can't account for it in a material universe or how it either is material or affects matter, it doesn't exist.  So to say that there's an immaterial receptacle for matter, you're going to have a whole new set of causal laws to account for how what is immaterial affects what is material. Let's even place, you know, put a pin in that problem. I saw that you have the problem of whether this is even coherent, whether this can fit into our causal laws. Here's the second problem. You say it's an immaterial receptacle for matter. Well, telling me what it does not, does not tell me what it is. You tell me it's not material, but you haven't said what it is. Is it a form? Well, again, forms don't affect matter, so it's not going to be form. Is it magic?  Is it what? What is this immaterial thing that's holding it in place? So that's not going to work either, right? Try and give me an account of what it is. They're already trying to give it an account of what exists by appealing to atoms. Well, they can't say that space is composed of atoms because, well, space is what holds atoms. So it's just a whole mystery. It looks like they're just kind of putting together some words and hoping it works, right? So permittances are sitting back here saying you haven't told me what it is, right? You've said that you've answered the problem of nothing, right, that the concept of nothing is incoherent by saying you're right, permittities. The concept of nothing is incoherent, but there's something there. What is it? It's something. I don't know what it is, but it's not material. I know that. Now, at best, this is incoherent. I'm sorry. At worst, this is incoherent. At best, you haven't even told us anything. You're just, there's an answer. So that's not going to work. Now before we're too hard on these two, and before we're too hard on the surface of the democratic, you remember from our discussion deal of permittities, you know, our account of space doesn't work too much better, right? We at once call it a void, and contemporary physics calls it the void between objects, so there's the void between the earth and the moon, right? And even between the individual particles of atoms, well, that's space, right? It's not like there's more atoms in between them. We at once call it a void, but at the same time, we say that space bends in a gravitational field. Now, it's impossible for nothing to bend, right? We can't bend nothing. So our account of space doesn't do too much better than the surface of the democratic is. Let's not be too hard on them, but at the end of the day, no, this answer does not succeed.


Hi everyone, Sean with jaspyscasebreaks.com here doing 2019-2020 Panini Chronicles NBA Fat Pack Random Team number 407 Where at the end we're gonna give away seven spots in the half case Hoops premium team random Which includes the Pelicans Grizzlies heat and wizards all up for grabs out of 17 teams. So 30 spots super high risk super high reward first do a random team break of the one fat pack at the end of the Random I at the end of the break will randomize all 30 customers names top seven names when a spot in the $140 premium 10 box team random. So here is our pack We're gonna go here first List of customers Jason Griffin down to last spot mojo mark Haraki and our teams This is for the fat pack itself Atlanta Hawks down to the Washington Wizards dice roll one of the three four times fourth and final time Brian down to Mark and four times on the teams fourth and final time from the Hawks down to the Nuggets No trade window on the filler itself But let's go through it Lakers chances at LeBron for Jason Griffin, Luca Sean Maddock in the Dallas Mavericks Nick's RJ Barrett Walter Pelicans Ryan case and chances at Zion there Grizzlies Carlos chances for Jop Okay, cool. So there is our list Let's print and rip this pack and then give away those spots There will be a new dice roll at the for the randomizer for the spots at the end Nice John Morant right on top That's going to the Grizzlies in Carlos. You can see the case behind there. That's the hoops case Here is our finalists So John Moran, like I said going to the Grizzlies Carlos Kobe white for the bowls Steve Birch Zion Williamson score, which I think these are the This is the insert that's exclusive to these fat Yeah Exclusive score insert you can only get these out of the fat packs not hobby not anything else blasters. So that's nice For the pelicans, that's going to Ryan case There you go a couple of nice good names there Now let's actually give away the spots So here is our original list again from Jason down to mark dice roll and like we said It's a six and a five eleven times Top seven names at the end get spots So five and a six eleven times 11th and final time Congratulations Steve Birch Mike Tower Gary Tashima Brian Lee Alex Flutey Jason Griffin and Joseph Petrelli You seven have spots in the upcoming hoops team randomizer For these 17 teams that'll come up right now to everybody else in the break Thank you guys very much for helping close it out tonight. That was 2019 2020 puny Chronicles NBA fact pack random team number 407 11 times on the dice 11 times on the randomizer. Thank you guys. I'm Sean Jaspies case breaks calm. We'll see you next time


All right, good evening everybody. It is six o'clock and I will call the 26th regular Common Council meeting to order. Will the clerk state the quote of the evening? Thank you, Mr. Mayor. Often when you think you're at the end of something, you're at the beginning of something else. Thank you. Will the clerk call the roll? Alderperson Ackley. Alderperson Decker. Alderperson Felde. Alderperson Feliki Paneski. Alderperson Heidemann. Alderperson Mitchell. Alderperson Pirella. Alderperson Ramey. Excuse. Thank you. Alderperson Rust. Alderperson Peterson. Present. All right. There are nine present. Thanks if folks could stand for the Pledge of Allegiance. I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Is there a motion to approve the minutes? Thank you, Mayor. I move to approve the minutes from the 25th regular Council meeting held on April 3rd, 2024. Moved and seconded. All those in favor of approving the minutes, state aye. Aye. Objections. Minutes are approved. Next, resignation. City Attorney. First we have a resignation by Barbara Alvarez from the Mead Library Board, effective April 17, 2024, and one from James Owen from the Redevelopment Authority, effective immediately. Thank you. Alder Decker. I move to accept and file. Moved and seconded. All those in favor, state aye. Aye. Objection. Those are accepted and filed. City Clerk, anyone for public forum this evening? No in this evening. All right. Thank you. We'll jump into Mayor's announcements. Well, good evening everybody. So obviously we have some folks in attendance tonight just want to recognize if you all could just wave your hand the Mayor's Youth Council members. So wave your hand everybody. Come on, let the council members know. Dave, you're not in the Youth Council. So the Mayor's Youth Council has been led by my intern Jake. So they've been learning kind of the interropes of local government. They did a tour the other day with the Coast Guard. So yeah, so they're here tonight just to watch a council meeting and see how the sausage gets made here. So a few announcements this evening. Folks saw online and in our publications, we'll be hosting the Marina Master Plan Open House session on April 30th from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. This will be an open house style so folks can kind of walk through, share their ideas and visions to help enhance our marina. So that will be at the library on April 30th from 6 p.m. and 8 p.m. Also next week, the Mayor's International Committee is hosting a free movie night to highlight our Subame and Japanese sister city partnership. So this free movie night will be at the library as well on April 24th beginning at 5.30 p.m. And there will be snacks and light refreshments there as well. The city of Sheboygan will be having its Arbor Day event on April 22nd with the Department of Public Works as well as the Forestry Team. This will be held at the JC's Quarry Park starting at 4.30 p.m. Really excited to host another Arbor Day event and celebrate our milestone achievement of being one of the first and long lasting Tree City USA designations as well. So those are my announcements tonight. Obviously this is our last council meeting for this session. So I just want to say as a team we've made a lot of progress in adjusting the needs of our city this past council session. We've kept our city moving forward and I've been blessed to work along each and every one of you. So first and foremost I want to thank you for supporting the 450 staff members in the city of Sheboygan that provide city services to our great community every single day. Supporting staff is essential in keeping our community a well-oiled machine. This session with the increase in shared revenue that we've gotten from our state partners, we've invested in public safety, adding additional firefighters and sworn police officers and these key investments will help keep our city safe. We've been also taking the steps to grow and expand our tax base and as a council you've also shown leadership in supporting the development and growth in our city and it's vitally important that we all know that as a city we need to move forward otherwise we'll fall behind. We also understand the need that our city is facing a housing crisis in a massive housing shortage. With the support from the council we are on the path to add more housing throughout the city of Sheboygan. We need to continue on the path that is an all the above approach to addressing our housing shortage to benefit all of our residents and neighborhoods. I'm proud to work alongside of a council that also believes in investing in our infrastructure and prioritizing a detailed plan to continue to fix and maintain our roads and obviously we have a great we've made some progress but we got a long way to go. So these are just a few highlights that we've accomplished in Sheboygan is a great city because of all of your dedication that you put in day in and day out to keep Sheboygan moving forward. So thank you with that we also have some folks that will be departing us from this council. So first I would like to bring up Amanda Salzar who got a head start and so come come on down no it's okay recognizing her contribution to the city of Sheboygan representing the citizens of the third district of Sheboygan from April 2021 to March of 2024. So I want to thank Amanda Salzar for her service on both the public works committee as well as the licensing hearings public safety committee as well in her role as council vice president. So thank you Amanda congratulations. Would you like to say any words? You can bring the camera down for me though. I just I wanted to say that the quote of the day was quite fitting I was like trying to figure out what I was gonna say because Ryan said I have a few minutes so the quote of the day is quite fitting for me right now. Now that my term has ended here as council I still look forward to sort of cheering on Sheboygan and the new council coming in and looking forward to what my next journey is. So I appreciate all of the council members that I got to work with it was wonderful I appreciate the time, the laughs, the late nights, the great debates it was it was a lot I learned a lot from all of you and I look forward to seeing what you all do in the future. Oh and a big shout out to the staff of course they're actually the big superheroes here they answer all of our questions from all the constituents and do all the hard work I know I've emailed probably each and every single one of you for many questions and so I thank the staff with big round of applause to them so thank you. Thank you Amanda. Alright next we're gonna recognize Betty Ackley come on down Betty so recognizing her contribution to the city Sheboygan representing the citizens of the fourth district of Sheboygan from April 2019 to April 2024 so Betty has been almost on all of committees I think to share around so her and I served on the council and it's been a pleasure to work alongside Betty so Betty congratulations. I just wanted to say what an honor and a privilege it has been to serve as a district for all the person since 2019 I appreciate all of you staff I really really appreciate all the things that you have done so I look forward to seeing all the great things that the new council will be doing next year so thank you. And of course we have Roberta Flicky Panesky in recognizing her contributions to the city Sheboygan representing the citizens of the second district of Sheboygan from July 2020 to April of 2024 and Roberta served as council vice president as well as the vice chair of the finance and personnel committee as well as several other committees as well so Roberta congratulations. Thank you. Would you like to say some words? I love it. And I did write out my words. First I'd like to thank my constituents in district two I have helped several of you navigate the city regarding permits potholes parks and picnics I have spoken with many more of you about agenda items and development projects it has been my pleasure serving you for the past three and a half years I wish you well in the coming months. Second to the staff and particularly the department heads you have been a joy to work with when I've called you've answered when I've stopped by to clarify issues you've explained I will tout your professionalism and your dedication to anyone in the city you are among the finest and we are lucky to have you keep it up. And finally to my council colleagues if you ever wonder if you make a difference you do I place a note on each of your desks please read it as you move forward as a council body I am reminded of how Arthur Ash the great tennis player got to be a great tennis player he said start where you are use what you have and do what you can. I have learned that the art of governance is compromise and incremental change I ask that you be true to yourself be compassionate to your colleagues and continue to move this city forward know that when you work together and make decisions together you are the governing body of Sheboygan and I can't leave you without mentioning these last two challenges which should come as no surprise to you. One the city needs a full-time communications person so get one and two if you have a rule you shouldn't suspend it every other meeting. I thank you thank you everyone all right next we'll jump into our hearings hearing number 16 23 24 to give persons an opportunity to be heard related to a proposal of the general development plan submitted by Van Horn properties of Sheboygan LLC to construct a new Van Horn key facility at parcel number 5 9 2 8 1 2 1 5 8 2 7 and 5 9 2 8 1 2 1 5 8 3 3 with a planned unit development zone anyone wishing to be heard on this item anyone wishing to be heard last call anyone wishing to be heard seeing none older Decker is there motion to close the hearing yes I moved to close the hearing second all those in favor state aye aye any objection okay the hearing is closed next items 9 through 16 on the consent agenda older Decker thank you mayor I move to receive and file all RO's receive all RC's and adopt all resolutions and ordinances moved in second at any discussion on any of the items in the consent agenda all right seeing no cues this will be roll call vote all right those items are approved item 73 17 through 22 will be referred to their respective committees for the new council item number 23 resolution number 2 1 1 23 24 by elder persons Mitchell and Raimi proving the general development plan submitted by Van Horn properties of Sheboygan LLC to construct a new Van Horn key facility on parcel number 5 9 2 8 1 2 1 5 8 2 7 in 5 9 2 8 1 2 1 5 8 3 3 with the planned unit development zone well they're Mitchell thank you mayor I move to adapt the resolution moved in seconded any discussion on this item seeing none this will be a roll call vote nice all right those items are approved next items 24 through 28 will be referred to the new council next item 29 RC number 2 7 3 23 24 by the finance and personnel committee to whom was referred director for a resolution number 203 23 24 by elder persons Mitchell and Flukie Panosky over sending the 12 month tax increment district number 1 e affordable housing extension Alder Mitchell I can marry moved to receive the RC and adopt the resolution moved and seconded any discussion on this item seeing no cues this will be a roll call vote nice that's approved next item 30 RC number 2 7 4 23 24 by finance and personnel committee to whom was referred director for a resolution number 204 23 24 by all the persons Mitchell and Flukie Panosky terminating the city of Sheboygan tax incremental district 1 e in authorizing the finance director to distribute excess increment to overlaying tax districts is there a motion Alder Mitchell moved to receive the RC and adopt the resolution moved in seconded any discussion on this item all right seeing none this will be a roll call vote that's approved next item 31 RC number 2 7 7 23 24 by the Public Works Committee to whom was referred director for a resolution number 202 23 24 by elder persons Decker and Rust authorizing the appropriate city officials to enter into a state municipal financing agreement with the state of Wisconsin Wisconsin Department of Transportation for payment we're surfacing project on Washington Avenue and South Business Drive older Decker thank you where I moved to receive the RC and adopt the resolution didn't seconded any discussion on this project I'd uh excuse me Alder prela yes I was just curious about how this works as I don't recall similar situation so the state came to us and say we want to pave these roads which I'm happy about of course is that the way it works here in her so we were not we we don't proactively go to them they came to us and how do they determine that because that stretch of that stretch of state truck is out that stretch of Washington is also state trunk Highway 28 so they have some jurisdiction over it and they chose that through their planning process that that's a role that needs to be updated so they came to us in I think January February but if we didn't have the percentage that we are required to contribute to it like in these cases 25 percent then what do we do then I'm I'm guessing nothing would happen in the state would choose not to repair that road so do you have the construction costs at this point is 100% paid by the state there is a 25% though they're right I read I read there is a 25% contribution from us for the design cost okay thank you all right any other discussions on this item all right seeing no more cues this will be a real call vote nice that's approved item 32 RC number 278 23 24 by the Public Works Committee to whom was referred resolution number 130 23 24 by the city clerk submitting a communication from the Sheboygan event company asking for the waving of park and equipment rental fees for the coho derby holder Decker thank you mayor I moved to receive the RC file the documents and instruct staff to split the park and equipment rental fees for the event moved and seconded any discussion on this item Alder fliki Paneski thank you when you say split does that mean 50 50 75 25 33 66 what does split me public works to your Decker it's 50 50 it's half where we're basically everything about 50% discount on the on the fees for this particular one reason being this is a new entity that's going into their they asked for full the full waiver we felt that that was maybe going a little too far so we after some discussion we went with a half and half thank you any more discussion any more discussion on this item all right seeing none this will be a roll call vote nice all right that's approved RC number 276 23 24 by the Public Works Committee to whom was to act referral number 205 23 24 by elder persons Decker and Rust authorizing the appropriate city officials to enter into a contract with BMD concrete innovations and construct construction of the new 20 24 sidewalk program holder Decker thank you mayor I moved to receive the RC and adapt the resolution moved and seconded any discussion on this item Alder prela yes I was wondering if this is about 157 thousand dollars that we are appropriating and the sidewalk program has already a meager 200,000 appropriated to it are we going to add the work that is has been money wise allocated to this program or not Kevin jump so realizing that was a 200,000 dollar budget expenditure we had to estimate how much concrete work we could get done and so that's where the bid comes in at what about 158,000 dollars we can spend additional funds to a certain point we would need council approval to go beyond I believe it's 15% over the contract so we could spend additional funds well I would like to see as I said at least the use of again the meager amount that we already are located to the sidewalk program I would like to see that even less spend on that so that is my my view on it and also I would like to if I can follow up briefly just have an idea by looking at the quote that we received from the company I'm not able to understand how much we are going to so for example how many feet of sidewalks we are going to I understand that some sidewalk may be new some others may be just fixed but I would like to have an idea on practical terms and I don't I don't understand that through the document provided so we estimated 15,000 square feet of concrete sidewalk removal and replacement and then the bids came in at what is that about eight and a half dollars a square foot yeah so and that we don't know what those prices are going to come in at so we we take our best guess on what that quantity should be and I can actually on this specific question I can if you don't mind reach out to you separately because square feet doesn't doesn't do the trick with me I would like to know how many linear feet we are going to walk right so how many feet more of sidewalks we are going to have do you think that it would be possible for you to provide that information if you give me a second I'll figure it out real quick that is three thousand square feet or three thousand linear feet of sidewalk and these are all news new sidewalks most all of it is replacement sidewalks fixing damaged tree heath sidewalks cracked finally briefly the in the program the sidewalks that come with fixing roads we we are doing we have many works on in progress on that and we'll have some more soon those sidewalks that come with fixing the roads are not included in this program correct they are not correct they are they're separate very good thank you so much any other discussion on this item alright see no more cues this will be a roll call about nice all right that item is approved items 34 through 51 will be referred to the new council all our Decker we've exhausted the agenda for this session what is your motion I move to adjourn Senate I moved in seconded all those in favor state I right we're adjourned at 626


in some of these other skills that people on a spectrum have, I can tell you these factories need them. Yeah. We have factories where people don't know how to fix things. There's two parts of engineering. There's the visual part that cannot do the math.  And then there's the degree of mathematician. You take a college education, degree of mathematician, out on a job, and just put him to supervise concrete work. I have seen some of the worst concrete work you could ever see. I can imagine. Young kid out of college getting ripped off by contractors. Been there, seen that. You see, this is where you really need the different kinds of mind.


Are you ready? Yes, I'm ready. Simon Hormann? My name's Simon Hormann. I work for myself in Tokyo. And I'm going to be talking about a little bit of work I've been doing with a customer on this guy, which is an embedded board. It's not actually a mobile device, but all of the little IP blocks on this device will eventually go into a mobile phone of some sort. So the company that I'm working with is called Rineses. They're one of the largest microprocessor manufacturers in Japan. The target of this work is this little guy I've got down here, the macro board. The predecessor is the APV, AP4 EB. The macro board will be available for purchase next month or the month after that. The AP4 is never going to see the light of day. I'm in possession of one of the few that exist. The default boot loader on these devices is Uboot. And we'd like not to use Uboot anymore for various reasons. We'd like to boot directly into Linux or to use Linux as the boot loader. So why is it that we don't want to use Uboot? There are a few reasons. One of which is it's essentially re-implementing a bunch of stuff that's in Linux anyway. So that seems unnecessary. There are some advantages to Uboot. For instance, it's smaller, but these days with the amount of flash we have available to us, that's not important at all. It's a different tree and it's not maintained perhaps as particularly well, at least in the opinions of myself and my fellow developers. And just fundamentally, we like to give people different options. So the role of the group that I'm involved in, firstly, we prove hardware. Andrew Trigel's quite well known for saying untested code is broken code. Well, it turns out that untested hardware is broken hardware as well. So one of my jobs in this project, which I'm talking about today, is I'm essentially the first person who's actually got Linux to boot off, or not Linux at such, but anything at all to boot off the MMC block and not so much the SD block. If someone doesn't prove that that works, it's quite likely it doesn't work. And we found some problems on the way which I'll talk about. We wanna provide options for our customers. Fundamentally, our customers wanna take hardware and software and sell it. It turns out they're not particularly proficient at developing either hardware or software. So we like to help them as much as we can. And one of the nice things about Renes is it's a very large organization. There's lots of red tape. It's hard to get anything done. I'm currently reverse engineering their own hardware. But the group I work in, we have upstream first policy. So any code that I produce, as long as it doesn't contain secrets, we can just upstream it. And anything, I'm not exposed to any secrets. So anything that I can write, I can upstream. So that's kind of nice. So this presentation is fundamentally about booting. So let's take a look at what booting often looks like. You have a little bit of code that's loaded off Nor Flash, which is typically burnt. You can't modify this. Then this loads some code off Nan Flash, which you can update if you have a JTAG available. And then you're off to the racer. So you usually have a ROM and then a bootloader and then a kernel image. This is pretty standard. This board does that kind of thing by default. So the first goal I have is to boot the image, the Z image, to boot Linux straight from the Nan Flash. And this goal has been successful. It will be in the next release kernel. So this is essentially the boot flow. It becomes slightly shorter, although that wasn't really the aim of the project. We go straight from the mask ROM to a Z image. So I'll go into a little bit more detail about how this works. I'm assuming most of you aren't intimately familiar with bootloaders. I certainly wasn't when I started this project. So Z image looks a little bit like this. It has a loader right at the top and then it has a compressed kernel image. And it's pretty straightforward. So the process of Z booting from Nan, what does it look like? Essentially, we have on the RAM, we have the image. It's been burnt there somehow. And then the mask ROM actually knows how to copy the image over into Nan Flash and to move the execution state over to here. That's pretty simple. Once we get to here, the kernel hits the loader code. It uncompresses itself. It relocates itself. No problem. So we've basically just eliminated Uboot. It's not very complicated. The code, the patch to change this was, there's some assembly root code to set up some registers so you have some memory. Then you basically set up the A tag so when the kernel gets a bit further in the boot it knows what type of board it's running on and you're off to the races. It's maybe 100 lines, probably less. So that was pretty straightforward. That works, that's nice. So we can now boot this guy without using Uboot. But, oh, sorry, I skipped it. So this is the next slide where the kernel is now uncompressed and it's jumped. So what's called two? Booting off Nan is nice, but you need specialized equipment to be able to write to the Nan Flash. I actually didn't have the equipment so I would modify the code and then go down to the lab which is like several suburbs away and then they would burn it to flash and it worked so I only did that once. But it's not very practical because most people don't have this equipment available to them. So it would be much more convenient if you could just get an MMC card which is, it looks like this, it looks a lot like an SD card. It's strongly related to SD cards. It would be useful if you could just burn an image to this guy, which is trivial, my laptop has a hardware that's capable of doing it. You can buy a USB to MMC converter for a handful of dollars. Finding MMC cards is a bit more tricky but we have, I mean, I got this from Amazon, I had to wait for a week for it to arrive but it maybe costs $10, I don't know, something like this. It's more accessible. So we'd like to be able to boot directly from that. So the boot process is going to look a bit like this. We start off with the mass Chrome again. The mass Chrome's kind of clever. It has various functions and using some of the dip switches on this board, I can switch it so instead of jumping to NAND, it tries to load a bit of code off the MMC card and boot that. This loading that the mass Chrome does is limited in some ways. It can only load a limited amount of data.  So this is, so we've added an extra stage basically. So the first stage is fairly straightforward. We have the entire, this is our MMC card, the little thing I held up just before. We have the loader and the compressed image sitting there in the Z image. There's actually a header that goes on top of that. It's not very exciting.  And then it just copies it over here to the SD RAM and importantly it sets execution over here. So now we're in the loader code. So the mass Chrome is essentially not modifiable. I know the people who wrote it but it's burnt onto the CPU. Even they can't modify it now. But this guy is just some C code that I wrote on my PC and copied onto an MMC card. So that's cool, I have control over this. And inside here I have code to load all of this guy somewhere else into memory, like so. So there's a little bit of overhead because actually I've copied the entire loader again even though I'm actually part way through executing it but that's okay, it's just a few extra blocks. So then we jump to it again. We're actually part way through the loader at this point. So there's this magical thing where we have two copies of the same code in memory and we just jump to the next instruction in a completely different part of SD RAM but that's fine, that's okay, we can do that. And then after that the loader does its normal thing of uncompressing the kernel and then jumping to it. Okay, so that's pretty straightforward. I mentioned at the beginning of the talk that untested hardware is broken hardware. I actually had to get the guys in the lab to do a hardware hack on the board and they wouldn't disclose to me exactly what that was but essentially this feature did not work. And so this is a problem because we wanna ship this and yes, it works for me, it works on this one, this one's been hacked. I was, unfortunately the USB cable that I borrowed just now is the wrong size but maybe if you're interested, or maybe I can just hold it up, it should boot. So I have to turn it on and then I have to hit the reset switch which activates the hardware hack and if I'm lucky it will work. Yes, it's working, so I can see some LEDs which give me some status here. You may be able to see that the display came on, probably not because it's black. You have to trust me, you can come down and see it a bit later. Anyway, the first time I saw that was a very exciting moment for me because it meant essentially my project was successful. So there we are, we can do that, we can boot. Of course you don't know if it's really booting off that, you have to trust me but I can assure you it is. So that's nice. Now it turns out that this board actually has two related IP blocks. This is the MMCIF hardware block which is capable of reading MMC cards. It's produced by Renesis. There's another hardware block over on this side which takes both SD and MMC cards. They look quite similar, they're not similar but they look similar, physically they're similar.   You probably have to order one. SD cards on the other hand, you probably have some in your house anyway and if you don't, you're probably the local convenience store sells them and they're very easy to obtain. So it'd be nice to be able to boot off that. This turns out to be a slightly more challenging project. And I won't describe the boot process because it's basically the same except different jumper settings but unfortunately it's not working yet because so we have SD and MMC but we also have E variants where E means embedded so E SD and E MMC and the manual that I have specifies that this guy needs E MMC but as you have just witnessed that's actually not true. So that's fortunate because you can't buy an E MMC card because inherently E means embedded which means sort of soldered on and I'm not very good at soldering and I imagine you have to buy these things in fairly large quantities. Okay, so back to why SDHI isn't working yet. Essentially the specification that I have says E SD, not SD and the guys in the lab told me that in fact that is true this time. Last time they said the EMC was false. They're very nice at pointing things out. So we're having to borrow one from someone in some other part of Japan and hopefully we'll be there when I get back next week. But now we're in the awkward situation so this is all been very nice. From a software point of view I've been fairly successful. I mean, it boots, that's good. But from approving the hardware point of view this has been not particularly successful because we're in a situation where we know that this one doesn't work without a hardware hack so that's bad and we're now in this situation where we strongly suspect that this guy requires a specialized card that essentially you can't buy. So we may, or not me personally, but the people who sell this may well be in the situation of having to ship special cards with it which will probably be in the form of a PCB that pokes out with something sold on to the end of it. I've seen such things in the lab. So that is the end of what I wanted to talk about today and thank you for your time and if you have any questions, feel free or I'll be around all week. Just come up and ask me. Right, so the question is whether or not other vendors perhaps Google might pick this up. So the bit of code that has to go in, it's actually board specific so you'll need one of these bits of code for every single device. But that's not so bad. That code has to exist somewhere because the code, if the device boots. Yeah, so certainly from the Rinesse side, the SH mobile platform, this is what we'd like to do going forward and it's been done in such a way that people could basically copy our template and do add the same 50 lines of code, slightly different 50 lines of code for every board and I think that would be quite nice. So there are some people who are fundamentally opposed to the idea of using Linux as a boot loader. If you wanna do the single stage boot, which is what I just demonstrated where you go straight into Linux, that's okay but it's not really upgradable. It's okay for developers. So you might wanna do a chained boot and in that case Linux is a bit slower because it's bigger. Okay, so I guess if you wanted to use a generic kernel, then you probably would be in the two stage boot process where you'd use Linux as the boot loader and then you'd skip on. So for our passing command line parameters, you can, I mean they're compiled into the kernel. It's a config option but fundamentally on ARM at the moment there's a problem. You can't make an ARM distro kernel because it's impossible to make an ARM kernel that will boot on more than, certainly more than a handful of very related boards but essentially every board needs its own kernel compiled. This is one of the things that Linaro guys are working on. So once that has gone in and you can now make a distro ARM kernel, I would expect that those kind of questions will be addressed. Yes. So this guy is just a development board. People like me use it to develop code. So what Rinesa stars is they make hardware IP. So the different chips on this essentially, well not even the chips, just the IP. And the idea is that they eventually go into embedded devices, a lot of mobile phones, a lot of vending machines. So Japan's known to have a lot of vending machines and almost all of them have predecessors of the hardware that's on this board. It's, I mean, this is basically a hobbyist device as it stands, but the technology moves on and it finds its way. I mean it's a bit small, bit big to go in my pocket and actually one of the boards we have in the office is sort of this big, so I mean it doesn't fit in my pocket. But it's just development work. Any more? Ah, yes. Yeah, like about, nope, here. Right, so the question is do I have to do any MMU tricks or any tricks at all to achieve this? And the answer is it's way too early. There's no tricks at all. There's nothing too trick. This is only like sort of a couple of hundred instructions away from ground zero. Jump's work, yes. That was a question we were wondering during the development process, but which is why it was a particularly happy moment when it worked. Another interesting thing is essentially we don't really have interrupts. So typically your SD driver code is interrupt based. You send a request and then that interrupt comes back, we can't do that. That's okay, but except I don't really, the thing that makes this guy's okay, I have specs. This guy sort of, I got home and I was on the email. I was like, oh, so can you send me the documents through? And they're like, no chance. So basically this is, I have actually read, well reverse engineers perhaps too strong a term, but the way I got this loaded, the way I got this portion working over here as much as it does work at the moment is by examining the Linux driver, which of course uses interrupts. So it does things slightly different, but that's okay. I got it working. But this is really, really early on. There's nothing, there's no, this is why I use the LEDs for debugging. I can't print stuff to the console even. So life's simple, but it also life's difficult. Yes. Okay, so perhaps I should have spoken about the header which I didn't even draw on this diagram. It's a couple of hundred bytes which describes basically where this is, where it's gonna go. And we just write that raw to a location of the MMC which is determined in the manual. In this case it's at offset of one block, which is 512 bytes. Yes, we just, I used DD. The EESD stuff on that side is more interesting because one of the features of EESD is it has a boot petition. Not in the sense of petitions that we configure using FDisk, like actually in hardware. And it will go in there. And that's why I can't use a normal SD card because I don't have it. But yes, did that answer your question? There's a special header and we dump it to the device. That's right. The cards are reusable, but yes, yes. No, you can't have two images. I mean, you could, there is space for two cards, I guess. So maybe that might work, but. Okay, thank you very much for your time. And yes, sorry, one last question. Right, so the question is, couldn't we just, well, are there plans to use standard SD cards? I will certainly be encouraging that line of thought. Like I said, part of the job is to prove stuff. And even if it's not software, it's like to point out things that are obviously inconvenient. So what we want, or what the people who pay me to be interested in this one is for people to be able to buy this and to be able to do some kind of development on it. And using a JTAG is overhead. So this card thing is kind of worthwhile, but if it has to be an SD card, then it's, you've got to buy special equipment anyway. So the answer is, yes, I think that's a very good idea and I will try and promote it internally. Thank you very much.


The color tunability of an organic light emitting diode, OLED, depends on the thickness of the thallocyanine, H2PC, layer. Thinner layers result in cooler colors while thicker layers produce warmer colors. Additionally, the H2PC layer acts as a barrier to prevent electron transfer to the ALK3 layer, resulting in white color emission with temperature tunability. This article was authored by Tejunan, Bum Ho Choi, J-Wing Yu, and others.