Welcome to the Davos agenda impact session on accelerating clean energy transitions. My name is David Victor and I have the pleasure of moderating this session. Thank you everyone for your flexibility as the schedule has been adjusted due to other changes in the Davos agenda today. I think everybody knows that we face an enormous set of challenges around transition of the energy system to make it much more sustainable. Those challenges hinge on redirecting investment. This is not cheap. It's going to involve trillions of dollars and a lot of success is going to hinge on the emerging markets and developing countries which are really the focus of our discussion today. Depending on how you measure it, they're going to be central to half or more of the total expected global effort for cleaning and accelerating the energy transition. We have a terrific panel for the first half hour. We're going to have a discussion with our panel and then after that we'll break into another half hour for forum members. We have a terrific panel to begin the discussion today. We have Diego Mesa who is Minister of Mines and Energy from Columbia. We have Abby Simpson who is the EU Commissioner for Energy. We have Fatih Barol who is the Executive Director of the International Energy Agency in Paris. And we have Joe Taylor who is President and CEO of the Ontario Teachers Pension Plan in Canada. And so we're going to begin with a few minutes' response to some initial questions and then widen the discussion out from there. And I want to begin with you, Diego Mesa. Your country has enormously aggressive renewable energy, clean energy goals. You've also been enormously successful in meeting those goals. And I'm curious as to what your experience has been around which policy frameworks really matter the most and how have you been successful in attracting private capital to that mission? Good morning, David. Thank you for the introduction.  And I thank Davos and the World Economic Forum for this invitation. To go right into the question, David, in the case of Colombia, I think when I think about what investors are looking for, first, obviously, we need the natural potential. And Colombia has that. Solar radiation in Colombia is about 60% higher than in the rest of the world. Wind blows in some parts of Colombia twice the speed of the world average. And we also have stable legal systems, stable democracies, stable economy. So a lot of the ingredients were there. When we came into this administration in 2018, what we were lacking was a framework for variable renewables for energy efficiency. And we work exactly on those policies. I think I said this in other forums. But we do believe that we need to have fiscal incentives that are tied to investment. So rather than having, for example, tax holidays, what we did in 2018 was to build a framework that we had, for example, 50% uplift on investment on variable renewable energy efficiency. So if you were to invest $100 on either those technologies, you could deduct from your corporate income tax $150. We've also focused on eliminating red tape, making environmental licensing process much more expedited. And we complemented this with other measures that we were thinking to abstract investment into capital-intensive industries. So for example, we reduced the corporate income tax rate from 33% to 30%. We also made VAT paid on capital goods creditable towards corporate income tax. So it became an advanced payment. So and that was complemented with other two policy bold moves that I think are worth mentioning for a country like Colombia that didn't have a significant portion of its power matrix made up of renewables. The first one, options. So we were very clever in our option design to make sure that we created a platform that was competitive, both for power generation, but also for the buyers of power, the distributed companies. That worked quite well in 2019. I must say after a first fail experiment that shed some light in how the product and the option mechanism had to be built. And the second one that was inevitable and we were criticized internally that turned out to work quite well was the renewable purchase obligation. So we did introduce that and part of the reason for that is Colombia is rich in water and hydra resources. So the main criticism at the time was that with mostly wind and solar, we're going to increase the price of electricity, the price of energy. And exactly opposite happened. And the reason was because we are endowed with both solar and wind power. So I think the combination of three policies having fiscal incentives that are tied to investment, having sophisticated option design that is competitive for the two sides of the market and having their renewable purchase obligation actually paved the way for being successful. And obviously we're thinking about the future. So we'll continue with auctions this year. We have a new option for renewables. We just launched the first auction in Latin America for storage of electricity at large scale using large scale batteries. That's going to be a compliment. We'll close the auction mid-April. But the idea is to continue to have periodic auctions like that. And we also launched an auction to bring energy to off-grade areas in Colombia, so the most remote rural areas. So I think that's how we've seen and how we've been able to attract investment into this sector. Excellent. Well, thank you very much. That's enormously helpful. So I want to go next to Katharine Simpson. Diego Mesa has just outlined all the things that are going on in Colombia to accelerate the clean energy transition. The European Union has been in the lead reliably on this. You're now in the lead with the European Green Deal. And so I'm just curious from your experience, which regulatory and policy frameworks do you see as now most important for really driving the clean energy transition? Thank you, David. Good afternoon from Brussels. Well, indeed, we do understand that the scale of the change needed to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 is massive. And even in short term, in the next decade, to achieve the reduction of greenhouse gases at least by 55% needs a lot from our side. And we do believe that there are three necessary things. At first, political willingness, ambition that we do have. We have also political support by our voters. Then we need technological solutions and we are investing heavily into research and innovation. And of course, we need additional financing. And in this regard, we do know also that it means massively improving our energy efficiency and it means phasing out coal and other fossil fuels. And last year, even because of the COVID crisis, we didn't change our priorities and despite the challenges, it is a matter of fact that we quickly realized that COVID is presenting us with the once in a lifetime challenge. And we put the clean transition at the heart of our lands for recovery. Last July, European leaders agreed on an unprecedented financial package. So we will have our long-term budget, but on top of that, there is a recovery program, 750 billion euros. And we have agreed that each national recovery plan has to include at least 37% of our expenditure dedicated to climate-related expenditure. At the same time, this is not enough. Public financing is not enough. We have to convince also our banks and the insurers and pension funds and investment funds that they need to invest to. And that's why we decided that we will make it easier for them to do sustainable investments and the European Union taxonomy creates the world's first ever classification system for environmentally sustainable economic activities. And this will give a re-boost to sustainable investments and it will actually provide a basis for your green parts and eco-eco labels. And of course, we need also regulatory framework that supports our climate ambition. And this year, this June, the commission will adopt a comprehensive feature that includes emissions trading and effort sharing and energy taxation and also the carbon border mechanism so that we can convince our trading partners to follow our lead. And in my area of responsibility, we will revise the renewable energy and energy efficiency directives, including their targets so that all our member states will invest into efficiency. Chiefest energy is the one that we don't use and into renewables. We do expect that after 10 years, after one decade, the share of the renewables in our energy mix must be at least 40%. So these are the steps that we are taking and then of course, we will not make a change only alone. So the role of the energy dialogues and international cooperation is extremely important for us. Thank you. Terrific, thank you very much for that. So I want to go next to Fatih Barol. Fatih, we've just heard about a lot of things going on in Colombia, in the EU. You sit at the International Energy Agency, you have a view of what's happening globally. I'm just curious from your vantage point, what do you see in the emerging and developing economies as the biggest opportunities and the biggest risks? David, we had a small technical issue with Fatih's line, so he's reconnecting and he can move on and come back to him. Well, let's go next to Joe Taylor. So Joe Taylor, your organization moves capital around and deploys capital. And you've just heard about massive policy changes that are underway and you're a massive policy changes that have been underway in Colombia, enormously successful. And so I'm curious, you're a pension fund based in Canada, but you deploy capital globally and what kinds of financial solutions do you see as most important for improving cross-border capital flows in the direction of the energy transition? Well, good morning, David. And good afternoon and evening to other people joining this panel. Maybe I should just introduce who we are. We basically look after about 330,000 teachers and educators in the province of Ontario. We have assets of around 200 billion Canadian, about 160 billion US. So we're a largest institution. We're certainly not the largest, but we're very active globally, as you said, David. And we do invest in Europe. We do invest in Colombia and other sort of some of the features that you've heard. So I guess if I take a slant of, as is in the sort of doing section of trying to influence change in and around clean energy and climate improvement, we sort of look at it through two lenses, I think it's probably easiest to say. So the first one is, we have a large portfolio as it is and therefore as active investors and owners, we do push every company to transition in the longer term to clean energy. And why is this important? Because actually through that engagement, rather than divestment, I think we can particularly push these companies to do a better job and actually provide some additional help and services in and around the world where they may not be immediately available. You know, I think one of the challenging questions we face is particularly around fossil fuel companies. You know, we see that as a transition in terms of being able to have adequate fuel available to the present to where we want to go in the future for some of these cleaner energy sustainable fuel sources. And I think we are committed to being engaged, but what does that mean? Let me give you a first example. So, you know, we made a commitment recently to having a zero carbon footprint across all of our activities by 2050. So what does that involve? Well, you know, we actually got to talk to every company we invest in and say, how are you measuring your carbon footprint and what are you actually doing in terms of concrete steps to actually improving what you do to put you in a better position? So a good example of this would be, you know, we're investors in five airports around Europe. You know, we work very hard with those airports to actually move them very much towards a carbon neutral footprint, moving to carbon zero. Obviously, there's been a bit of hiatus in their activities through the COVID-19 pandemic, which has seen a big change in traffic going through them. The other challenge we have is, you know, we don't often invest on our own. So what we need to do is also persuade other investors to come to a like-minded position to ourselves. And where that gets interesting actually is, you know, some of the investors we work with have a much more short-term view of what they're trying to achieve and probably are less thoughtful or less sort of able to sort of influence those businesses to make a transition. I guess the other thing I would say is, you know, we're a very long-term investor, I would say by most standards, you know, we often hold assets for 10 to 20 years. And one of the issues we face there is actually, in most of the areas we'll talk about today, there's a very strong government regulatory angle that we have to understand. And that makes it really important for us to be able to have a dialogue with governments and regulatory bodies to really understand what are their needs and what are companies that we're investing in provide as innovative solutions. And we're very lucky actually because of our scale, we can actually engage with governments to try and have that interactive dialogue. And we can also build platform companies which are really quite material to be able to do something similar. So again, I think examples always help. If I gave you one, we do have a energy platform that develops wind and solar electricity generation. It's called Cubico. It's active in Columbia, but it's also active in many parts of Latin America and Europe. It's got about 80 assets broadly in different stage development worldwide. And to me, that's a great example of a company that's really engaged in trying to talk to governments, understand what the needs are and actually adapt what they provide to provide solutions. So an illustration recently is they were working with the Ministry of Energy in Vietnam to sort of try and understand what situations that country needs to meet its growing electricity demands. So for us, we work very hard with our companies. We work with the co-investors that work with those companies and then we work with governments to actually try and provide innovative solutions to help them with developing their needs to cleaner energy. Well, thank you very much for that. I want to bring in Fatih Barol now. Fatih, you're at the International Energy Agency with a view of the whole planet, not yet other planets, but I'm curious in the focus of today's session, which is really about the emerging and developing economies and the clean energy transition there, what do you see as the biggest opportunities and the biggest risks as these different economies grapple with the enormous investment implications of the clean energy transition? Thank you very much and greetings to all the colleagues from the International Energy Agency. David, if I may, I want to start with a bold, maybe a bit provoking statement. If our aim is to reach net zero emissions, if our aims to address the climate change globally, which I believe is our aim, there is no way. Without hugely accelerating the clean energy investment in emerging countries, we can reach this goal. No way whatsoever. Numbers are there. Whatever we do in Europe is very important. We heard from Madam Commissioner, excellent steps. Japan or soon, the United States and elsewhere, very simple, very simple. Numbers speak for themselves. We speak with numbers. Today, more than two-thirds of the emissions, global emissions, come from the emerging countries. Moreover, more important, in the next 30 years, almost all the growth in global emissions come from these countries, okay? And we all know, many scientists here, they know much better than me, one ton of emissions coming from Jakarta or from California or from Paris or from Delhi, it has the same effect on everybody. Emissions don't have a passport. So if we want to be successful altogether, if we want to be successful in California, if we want to avoid the impact of climate change in California, it is extremely important what happens in Delhi, whatever is in Jakarta, which decisions are being made. Very simple. And not only future emissions, but in many countries, especially Asian emerging countries, there is already emissions locked in an energy infrastructure which is run by coal and other fossil fuels, which are very young in nature, still the investments not paid back. So therefore, I would very much like to all of us to understand that it is important to move in United States, of course in Europe, in Japan and elsewhere, but in the absence of hugely accelerating the clean energy transitions. And therefore investments, clean investments in those countries, we have no chance whatsoever to reach any of the targets, global targets, we are all talking about on a daily basis. This is number one. Number two, investments. We are seeing, we heard from Minister Mesa, the Columbia example, one of the Brad Sposter. In India, we have solar, very good. In Brazil, we have wind, very good. But when you look at the clean energy investments in emerging countries, we need to multiply it almost by a factor of three. And when I look at the numbers, I don't see currently a big increase or big jump in the appetite of the investors who talk about the ESG and so on to invest in those countries. This is the second point. Third point, when we look at globally, capital is available. There is no lack of capital. And therefore, how and there are huge opportunities and the clean energy, not only power generation only, but in the clean energy area in emerging countries opportunities and maybe some of them look at opportunities for investments, but they are not going there. So therefore, David, what we thought, and for me it is the all nerve center of the climate debate today if I have to summarize and make it sharper. So what we have thought, how can we deblock the flow of clean investments in the emerging world? For power sector, but also for industry sector, for transportation sector and others for the new investments, first of all, and also what do we do with the existing junk, but fossil fuel driven investment, iron steel, cement, aluminum, power plants. The 10 gigaton of emissions come from the power plants in Asia today, one third alone. So what we have decided together with our colleagues from the World Economic Forum, Roberto is here, Roberto Boca is here at the World Bank. We are for the annual meeting of World Economic Forum in the end of May. We are coming with a report with concrete policy recommendations. How we can deblock this for a flowing investments in emerging countries. We have three areas that we are going to focus. First, those countries, domestic frameworks, how they should revise, change and how they can gain investor confidence and how that they are not going to do it only to save the planet, but for their own economic interests of today and economic interests of tomorrow. This is the one. Second, here, international cooperation, the role of international community. Whether or not we need new financial mechanisms, including the donors around the world, we need to create new international mechanisms in order to facilitate or accelerate the flow of clean energy investments in the emerging countries. And third, we are going to discuss and make some concrete policy recommendations to investors around the world, including institutional investors. Many of them are very loud. In the tweets, statements, press releases, what role for them in order to accelerate the clean energy investment in those countries? We are fortunate that I see at least two of our, we are working with, of course, many bright brains around the world. I see Ken Rogoff here, who is going to be part of our advisory board as well as Hume's chairman, David Victor. And we are not only going to make these recommendations, but we are, each year, we are going to monitor, track the developments of the clean energy investors who says what, vis-a-vis what they are doing and announce the tracking efforts around the world. So I would like to thank, once again, the World Economic Forum, as well as our colleagues from the World Bank, joining us, putting the force together, to address this in my view, the burning issue of the entire global climate debate. Thank you. Thank you very much for that, Fatih, and very much look forward to this report. I want to ask, I know we're going to lose you in a moment, Fatih, and before we lose Diego Mesa, because of all the changes in the schedule, I want to put the question to you. Fatih's laid out a vision for global investment. We have to think about this as a global problem, massive capital needs, massive potential. Joe's talked about where the capital is. Katharine Simpsons talked about this enormous European framework. And yet we have to think about this as a global problem. And so I'm curious from your perspective, what do you need to see from the international institutions with regard to trade and investment policies and so on? Because there's also going to be a lot of tensions here. We're in a new world politically. I was in the U.S. removing support, maybe coming back. Katharine Simpsons talked about border measures as they're going to be very, very controversial with many countries. And so are you worried about whether the international institutions are fit for purpose here? I do think, David, that we need to see a change that we're seeing. I mean, a plot, for example, the recent focus that the IMF has been putting on climate issues and building a greener economy, if you wish. And I think COVID-19 has helped accelerate this. Obviously the International Energy Agency has been leading the pack and has been being able to join forces with the World Bank and the IMF in different reports. But I think that's critical. And the reason is, for example, taking the example of Colombia. Colombia is a country that only produces about 0.4% total global emissions. So we're not a big contributor. However, we're one of the countries that is most affected by climate change. We're exposed to a linear phenomenon. So we do see that obviously we have a responsibility to act and that's why we're doing it. But this has to be a collective effort at a global level. And if we don't have all the financial, international institutions and political international institutions driving this force, that would be impossible to achieve as one planet, as one world. So I do think that we need to continue to strengthen the efforts that we've seen from the IEA, from the World Bank, from the European Union, because this has to be at the forefront of the global agenda, not only from a climate change point of view, but also from an economic point of view. Thank you very much for that. So I just have a couple of minutes left. I want to put the same question to you, Kudri Simpson. Big visions in Europe. They hinge on international institutions. The US is back. I'm not quite sure what to believe of what the US is saying. So what do you need to see from international institutions and are you confident they're going to be able to deliver? Well, we see that multilateralism gives us a stage where we can find like-minded governments. And as you know, well, we presented our green deal before the COVID crisis, before the recession. And despite the fact that it happened already a year and two months ago, we presented it as our close strategy because well, changing our energy mix also brings waste opportunities for our businesses, but also our neighborhood, our trading partners. And by doing so, we will hit several goals. So we are doing something good for our environment and for our globe, but we are also helping our businesses and renewable energy transition also creates more jobs than the traditional sector. So I do hope that leading by example helps also other governments to make their mind and to commit to climate neutrality like several governments have done already. Excellent. Well, thank you very much for that. So we've had, we're just approaching the end of the open session. We've had a scribe drawing a picture of everything we've said. So I'm very interested to see what we're going to learn from the scribe as to all the different topics that we engage with. We put that up on the screen. I think it's up on the screen right now. And I guess I just want to emphasize as we close the crucial importance of the policy and regulatory frameworks and institutional arrangements needed to unlock what are vast quantities of capital out there, but capital that's trying to figure out what really to believe and where to deploy around the clean energy transition.


Hey y'all, what's up? My name is Sonali and today I'm going to start filming my week of calorie counting. So I'll be honest, I started doing this, I think three or four days ago, I think today is my fourth day of doing this, but I didn't think to film it until like yesterday night. I'm going to start filming what I eat and my progress throughout this week. So I am starting on a Sunday, so that means I'll end next Sunday. And the app that I'm using is my fitness pal. I don't have the premium membership or subscription or whatever. I'm just using like the basics and it's been getting me by. I don't see anything wrong with it. I also am not working out every single day and I might throw in like one or two home workouts that maybe burn me some extra calories so that I can eat a little more. I might actually do that today because I want something kind of big for dinner. But I also am trying to combine intermittent fasting with this calorie counting thing. It's currently 10.30 a.m. I got up around 8.30 a.m. and I'm starting to get really, really hungry. I've just been trying to keep myself busy. That is actually my first tip for this calorie counting. I've only been doing it for three days, like I said, but I find that if I keep myself busy, I don't want to eat or I don't even like think about like snacking or anything like that. I don't really feel as hungry if I'm actually like putting my mind to work. So we're going to start this video off by doing my weigh-in and I'm kind of nervous about this. I know weight is just a number but I just feel like weird sharing it. I don't know. I don't know. But here we go, I guess. Don't mind my balance. It's kind of like messed up. I don't know what happened but it still works. And I'll actually link it down below for you guys. I got on Amazon a while ago and it hooks up to your phone through Bluetooth so you can keep track of your weight through their app. All right, here we go. All right, y'all. So moment of truth. I weighed in at 163.2 pounds. For those of you who are curious, I did weigh in at like 164 when I was starting to calorie count. I think it was like 164.5. And when I made my profile through the app, it asked me how many pounds I wanted to lose per week. And the maximum only goes to two, I'm pretty sure. So I did that. So it's not going to be a super fast process. I hope it will be. But we'll see. For those of you who have been keeping up with my orange theory fitness journey, you would know that I made like a really vulnerable video this summer just talking about how I felt really my last year of college and just how I felt with my body at the time. And I think during that time, I weighed in at my heaviest around 175. And that was this past summer. So I am really, really proud of my progress, but it sucks being in this quarantine because obviously orange theory is closed. So it's been hard to keep up that motivation with working out. And I definitely have not been keeping up with it. So that is why I want to do this calorie counting thing is because I just have been eating so bad. And I just need to actually be a little bit more structured. It's been really interesting seeing so far what I normally eat and how many calories it actually is. Those are my first couple of thoughts on this whole calorie counting thing. And I guess I'll update you guys during my next or my first meal of the day. It is 1151. I made it. I'm so happy. And I decided that I want oatmeal today because my soy milk is about to go bad. First of all, and second of all, I have fresh raspberries that I also need to use. And yeah, so we're going to make some oatmeal. I've been loving these old fashioned oats. I feel like they're just chewier because they're the whole oat and I really like like tree foods. I don't know if that's weird. So we're doing half a cup of oats. This is the soy milk I'm using. It's the very vanilla one, which is probably more calories, but it tastes so good and you don't have to add any extra sugar. So we're going to do a half a cup of this too. I just heated up my oatmeal in the microwave and now I'm going to add half a cup of raspberries. Another tip I have for y'all is to eat with a smaller spoon just so you can savor every single bite. It's 119 and I'm still feeling a little bit hungry. So I think I'm going to finish off this coffee that I had from yesterday and I don't even know how much this would be, but I'm just going to guesstimate and like tell my app that it's like a small Starbucks coffee I think. For dinner I had a burrito with no rice in it and a street taco. This took up a lot of calories but it was so worth it. Good morning y'all. It is Monday April 20th and it is almost 11.30. This morning I actually downloaded the app Zero and it has a timer for intermittent fasting. So this is really going to help me because at first I thought I could only eat at 12 but since I stopped eating at 7.30 yesterday my I think it's like an 18 hour or is it 16 hour? 16 hour fast is complete at 11.30 today. So now I can eat a little earlier which is exciting. I'm craving oatmeal. I don't know why but luckily I am because that is like a low calorie breakfast. So I'm just going to make it exactly like I made it yesterday. For lunch I just ended up having salmon sashimi with ponzu sauce. It is 5.50 and I'm ready to eat dinner. I'm going to be baking some fish that we got at H Mart yesterday. That is actually where we got the sashimi I ate before this for like a little afternoon snack. The way that my dad used to cook it is like a lemon kind of fish so basically I don't have capers but there was lemon, onions, capers, cilantro. That's pretty much it. It's super simple and I think you just bake it in the oven at 450 which I need to preheat the oven. I don't think it takes that long. He gave me the directions. I need to look it up. I think it's like 10 minutes. Oh and also you put like salt and pepper and just like you know things to taste. Also pro tip it is actually free to get it cut in a specific way so we asked for a butterfly cut and so I just threw in some onions, lemon, all that stuff and it's gonna be so good. I'm gonna say it's 270 calories. I'm also gonna add some green beans. I'm gonna do like a garlic maybe Parmesan. I don't know I just said it was 100 calories. We'll see. I want to make a drink right now. I personally don't even like the taste of alcohol so I'm not gonna be having like any alcohol cravings but I am a big sugary drink girl. Like my favorite thing is like a good sprite that just makes your taste buds all fizzily but unfortunately I can't have that right now because that's just drinking your calories but recently I've been starting to really like kombucha and Lacroix. I like the lemon flavor of Lacroix and then the kombucha is the watermelon one I talked about in another vlog and my taste buds had definitely warmed up to it. It actually tastes good now. I just got these glasses so I'm really obsessed with making cocktails and just cute ones and like making little garnishes. I just figured out how to dehydrate fruit. This is actually a blood orange and I found it at Hmart. They're like not easy to find. They're just cute to put in a cocktail so I'm gonna flop this one in there. Oh my god so cute. Also I'll link these glasses down below. They're known as like the blogger wine glasses. I swear they make any drink look super trendy so I'm gonna pour this four ounces. That's actually kind of a lot. I'm kind of surprised that it's not that many calories because the flavor is really good and I would think there would be like more sugars in there and stuff but I'm not complaining. And then I'm just gonna add a lemon Lacroix zero calories. I also got these glass straws and they look so cute and there's my little locale cocktail. Oh my god. Actually so good. Okay this is literally going to be my treat every night. I calculated four ounces of this is 75 calories so this whole mocktail with 75 calories and for a girl who likes to drink their calories like this is so good. I'm cooking the green beans and I have to add a spoon of garlic. This just makes the green beans so yummy. The fish came out of the oven and it looks so beautiful that I'm literally having a full on photo shoot with my dang dinner. The sun was a bit harsh so I decided to diffuse the lighting with this white sheet so I literally just threw it over the window super easy and now let's get back to shooting my food. I got the shot now it is time to eat. I'm only gonna eat half of this and save the rest for Ryan. I tried to fight it but I'm really in the mood for something sweet and I have some extra calories so I'm gonna eat this yasso bar. I'm pretty sure it's only a hundred calories the last time I checked. This is a flavor cookie dough and probably one of my favorite flavors. For breakfast I had the same oatmeal as always and then for lunch I decided to snack on this tuna sashimi which was actually lowering calories than the salmon from yesterday. For dinner we are making steak and then I'm also gonna be air frying some Brussels sprouts. All right they cooked for 12 minutes and they are done. Oh just got fogged up but I think I'm gonna add some balsamic glaze on top. This is the glaze I'm using. It has 35 calories and a tablespoon so I'm just gonna go ahead and eyeball it. Good morning. I have a pimple patch on this morning so just don't mind that but I have big news. I'm eating chick-fil-a for breakfast. I started my fast pretty early last night so I'm ending it pretty early this morning. Still 16 hour fast. I think I'm gonna eat 11 it's currently 1030 so I'm gonna wait 30 more minutes but I just got chicken minis and hash browns. I put it in my fitness pal and it said I think it was like around 500 and something calories. Obviously it's not the best but usually I get like a lemonade so I didn't get the lemonade and I tried to like save my calories where I could and obviously I didn't have to get the hash browns but the hash browns are so good. So I'm gonna eat that for breakfast this morning and then hopefully throughout the day I can just find some really low-cal snacks. I think I'm gonna go ahead and eat a lean cuisine for dinner tonight but we'll see. I'll keep you all updated. Just clocked out of work and I'm gonna go outside on my porch and do an outdoor workout. I have a couple of equipment things like resistant bands and then also I got new weights so I'm excited to try those out. I definitely want to try to burn at least 200 calories so let's do it. Three minutes later and I burned 300 calories. I decided to just keep going because I was already getting really sweaty and might as well just burn extra calories especially because I have that Chick-fil-A this morning. So I'm gonna help in the shower and then decide what I'm gonna eat for dinner. So this is what I'm having for dinner. It's actually 430 calories but I have some extra calories because I worked out so I am gonna treat myself. I guess this is like kind of my low-key cheat day because I have Chick-fil-A too. Morning y'all. I did my makeup and not my hair just yet so I'm gonna be looking like bozo for now but don't mind me. I have actually some exciting news. Like I said I did start this calorie counting journey a little before I started vlogging it but I saw my progress photo from last Thursday in my app and the weight I was and I was exactly two pounds heavier last week so I literally lost exactly what the app told me I would lose because like I said that was the max that they would let me like choose so I'm super hyped that it's working. I obviously wish that I could lose a little bit more in a week but I know I'm trying to do it like the healthy way and make it more of like a lifestyle hopefully. So that is really exciting and today is Thursday. It is the last day I work out of the week because I am part-time only so I get Fridays off so I'm gonna drink some coffee today and I looked up the calories for an espresso pod it said like two calories or almost none so I guess I'm just not gonna count it.  I love these I'll actually link all of this down below I got everything on Amazon. What am I doing? I need a lot of creamer. We have two choices for creamer today and this is the oat milk creamer from Natural Bliss it's in the flavor vanilla. This is 25 calories per tablespoon and then we have the caramel macchiato creamer from Starbucks and this is 40 calories per tablespoon so I think I'm gonna try to do this one. I asked Ryan how he liked it and he said he liked it but he doesn't think I would like it because I need like a lot of sugar for me to actually like the coffee. If you know me you know that my coffee is basically a lot of creamer and a little bit of coffee so I don't I don't know if this is gonna suffice but we'll see. Ten. Alright let's see. Ten would be 250 calories. Alright I can work with this I feel like it tastes a bit watery but it will do. The coffee definitely made me full but it is 12 30 I just clocked out at work for my lunch break and I think I'm gonna make scrambled eggs and like have a whole avocado which I didn't realize how many calories is in a freaking avocado it's not okay because I always thought these were so healthy but I guess it's just like healthy fats but I'm just gonna go ahead and eat it and eat it with my lime and chili flakes. It takes the clock so we're cooking steak and spinach. I'm gonna make my little mocktail with my passion fruit and my lemon and the kroy. I showed it to you guys the other day so probably just like speed through this. Happy Friday y'all it is 12 16 p.m and I have not really been hungry this whole morning if you guys didn't know I do work a part-time job and it's remote so I don't work on Fridays that's my day off so I've been pretty busy I've literally just been doing random errands like I had so many like little things to pick up curbside from random places like I got some prints done from home no office max and then I went to Home Depot to get light bulbs and I ordered this all online it was all curbside pickup but that means you have to like wait a long time in your car for them to like get it all ready and stuff for you um so it kind of took like a while and I also went to summer moon and got Ryan and I some coffee but I like surprisingly I don't feel tired just yet and I'm really shocked because I stayed up till 2 a.m writing out like random scripts for youtube videos it was just all coming to my mind at 2 a.m and I just like couldn't stop so I'm really surprised I'm not um tired yet but I'm gonna save that coffee for later um because it is really sugary and I know it's gonna hit hard on my calories for the day if I do drink it but honestly I've been dehydrated the whole morning because literally every single time I walk out the door I have my hydroflask on me but for some reason this morning I forgot it and so I was very dehydrated so I'm not even like hungry because I've been keeping myself busy and I'm just like meeting water so oh you got Chipotle huh Ryan just got home babe I kind of eaten that all right so I'm gonna actually eat this one this is the healthy choice cafe steamer chicken margarito with balsamic I feel like the tomatoes are just calling my name even though they aren't fresh right now we have like no fresh fruit and that's all I freaking want right now this meal is 270 calories it's 122 and I'm going to have half of this um winter moon from summer moon I looked it up it says a 12 ounce is like 270 calories and I think this might be like a 20 ounce so I just estimated and said it was 270 so happy saturday y'all just one more day of this I'm gonna eat this for lunch it is currently 1242 I really haven't been super hungry this morning but this is 260 calories it is 3 p.m and Ryan just bought a bike so we're gonna go on a bike ride somewhere downtown we're just gonna like drive somewhere and then start biking oh I need to bring my apple watch so I can tell how many calories I burn so I can possibly eat some more no I'm not gonna do it because I really want to like hit my goal tomorrow so we'll see yes this is the second night I'm eating this burrito it is just that good it is sunday april 26th and I wanted to end this video with just my overall thoughts on calorie counting and what I actually ended up weighing in at so let's do that first this morning I weighed in at 161.8 and I started this whole calorie counting journey weighing in at 164 so I lost 2.2 pounds this week and the app told me that I would lose two pounds so I wish it was a little bit more I did gain a little bit of weight last night I'm kind of sad because I did exercise but I think it was just that burrito I'm just like obsessed with those dang burritos like y'all saw I literally ate it three times this week I just hope that this video kind of shows you that you can still eat the things that you like but you're just going to have to think more consciously about it for example I usually get a burrito and a little street taco and you saw that I did that I think it was the first time I ordered it but the next two times I didn't get the taco because I was like you know what the burrito fills me up it's fine like I can just eat this and that really took off so many calories from that one meal I've also come to realize that I intake my calories a lot through drinking just sugary drinks like I'm obsessed with Sprite I love a good like fizzy soda or anything like that and I wasn't able to drink Sprite this week also I'm just starting off drinking coffee so it's not like I can really have it black just yet because that is like discussing to me so I always need like so much creamer and creamer is so many calories like I realize this week and I feel like those calories definitely need to be allocated differently and just like filling me up with nutritious food obviously that's easier said than done because that takes a lot more effort but hopefully I can direct myself in that way you guys probably saw that I ate a lot of frozen meals I just thought this would be the easiest way to actually accurately count my calories I feel like it's definitely harder to estimate how many calories you're eating when you're making your own food even though it is more nutritious so I'm gonna start doing that a little bit more but for the sake of this video I did want to be more accurate so when I did cook my own food or I didn't know how many calories were in a specific food I would just always put more calories than I thought it would be just so I could have a little wiggle room I definitely didn't want to underestimate anything that I ate because then this process just would not be as helpful and accurate I'm really really glad I did this because it was so interesting to see how many calories are actually in a serving size that I would usually eat compared to the serving size that I was actually like accurately counting it was it was quite a shock I definitely realized that my portions need to be cut down a lot I think it's definitely harder for me because I am living with a boy a very tall boy that needs a lot of food I feel like whenever I make dinner and serve him I always serve myself the same portion and I know that we're not the same people he's literally six foot and I'm like five three so just like I just can't eat as much as him unfortunately I definitely want to keep continuing with calorie counting maybe not as strict but definitely looking at the calories and possibly inputting it into the my fitness pal app I do have a kitchen aid mixer on the way I'm so excited I finally bought one and that means sweet treats and yummy goodness so I know that I won't be as strict as I've been this week but I definitely want to be more conscientious of what I'm eating in the future and I'm definitely looking to lose more weight this is not stopping here so that is definitely why I want to continue and hopefully I can add more workouts hopefully I get the motivation but like also when all this quarantining is done with and I'm going to go back to orange theory hopefully that will help me to lose a lot more weight but I'm just really excited to continue this journey and I hope you guys found this video helpful or inspirational please let me know if you guys do this or have done it or want to try it because I love just seeing like transformation pics and just hearing really great progress stories so definitely comment that down below and I will see y'all in my next video bye


as four imaginary numbers, complex numbers. Take a look at this. What's the square root of four, right? Hopefully you can see this well enough. These pens are a little bit sharper, right? How do you take the square root of four? Well, when you want to take the square root of anything, it's called prime factorization. What we talked about in the first part here, right? A couple of days ago. You break this thing into things multiplied together to give it the top number, right? And square root means find two things that are identical to give it the multiply each other, right? It's like mech two, right? So square root means a pair inside the square root symbol can come out as a single, right? So this comes out as a two. So the answer to this is two. Now you have to think a little bit and decide if that's the only answer you have, right? Because what you're trying to do here with this number is break it down into numbers multiplied to give you that number, right? So here's another option for the square root of four. Do you think of two other numbers that multiply together to give you four that are identical? So two other identical numbers that multiply together to give you four. We have two times two gives us four, right? What are two other numbers that multiply together to give you four? Put equally right as four to the power of a half, I think. Yeah, indeed. Because the radical, as we talked about, right? That's a power. A radical is this number just goes in the denominator and the power, right? So if we write down three to the power of two over, I don't know, let's go three. Instead of going three, let's go 90. What do we want? We want a number that's actually, let's go 30. 30 to the power of two over three. You could rewrite that as cube root of 30 squared. Okay, that's what it really means. Chichou, I need to chill here for a bit. I just sent you an emotionally charged wrap via DM. I kind of got out of control with my energy. I need to calm down. Time to learn some math. Time to learn some math, baby mama. And depending on how big of a wrap that is, I might skim through it. I might read the whole thing, right? What square root two, by square root two, give root four, or would that give root two? Would say that again? Would square root two, I recorded it, it's just one verse, one verse, okay, awesome. So Snick Mc says, would square root two, by square root two, give root four, or would that give two? It would be both, right? So square root of two times the square root of two is equal to the square root of four, which is equal to, now it's not just two. Square root of four is not just two, because as I asked, what are two other identical numbers that multiply together to give you four? Well, negative two times negative two, okay? Negative two times negative two is four. So you could write this as negative two, negative two times negative two. Well, two identical things, that's what the root symbol means. This many identical things can come out as a single thing, right? So this would be negative two. So square root of four is really positive two and negative two, there's two answers to this, right? Should we do a quick review of radicals, roots? Let's do a quick little review of roots, okay, before we go any further. How's this stuff? I'm using new markers. I'm not sure if I really like these markers. They're hard to come off. We might revert back to the other markers. Let's check it out. Oh yeah, these are really hard to come out. Okay, this isn't, this isn't dry erase. This is a difficult dry erase. Chishol, you should look into the proof of numerology with regard to three, six, nice. Yeah, I've seen it in the past before, brother. For instance, yeah, yeah, I've seen it before in the past. It's cool stuff. There's a lot of patterns. And I rarely use any of these. I don't think there's anything left in this one. I think I got a little one here, do I? Let's check it out. Do we have a little one here? Oh, we do have a little guy here. It's rare I use these. I only got these things because sometimes you buy these things in packs and they come with it, right? I just cheaper buying it with this stunk. And then buying those things solo, right? The marker solo. Oh, look at this nastiness. Let's bring out a napkin. We're gonna do this with a napkin. The name of the wrap has elevated your brain and you're thinking 45 sets of me. Let's talk about radicals, let's talk about radicals. Yeah, definitely don't like these pens. Also, four plus five is nine. Oh, fun, fun. Let's see what we got. Let's see what we got. Let's see which color is gonna come up better. Let's talk about roots. Now think of radicals as this, right? Radicals are basically any number in the denominator in the exponents of radical, right? So if I write down 27 to the power of one over three. Okay. Then think of this as this three goes in the radical. So this is really the cube root of 27. Well, what's the cube root of 27? Cube root of 27, you break down 27, right? And thank you for the follows again. Apologies if I'm not catching those pens or proof they are. I need a new batch, I gotta go get another batch. So break down 27 again, so things multiply together to give you 27, right? So 27 becomes three times nine, three times three, right? So 27 is really three times three times three. Now this number for the radical up here, if there is no number, it means square root. It means two, right? So when there is no number, it means two. When they put a number, it means whatever the number is. And what that number means is if you find this many, of the same number inside, it can come back as one thing, right? So this thing says three things can come out as one thing. So three threes come out as a three, right? And there's nothing left in there. So the answer is three. So the cube root of 27, or 27 to the power of one third is three. Let's do a more complicated one. Let's go 32 to the power of two over five, right? Well, 32 to the power of two over five says this. Take the fifth root of 32 and then square it. That's what it means. And usually you do the denominator first. You take the radical first because it makes the number smaller. So the smaller the number, the easier you can deal with it, right? So fifth root of 32, well, 32 is four times eight. Four is two times two. Eight is two times two times two. Well, if you're looking for five of a kind, because that's what the fifth root says, if you're looking for five of a kind, here's five twos, right? Five twos merge into one two. Five of a kind becomes one. So this is two squared, which is equal to four. Okay, let's do one where it doesn't work out to an integer, right? What if you had, let's do this. Let's go 32 to the power of one third, right? So again, 32, but this time we're looking for three of a kind. So this goes in here becomes the cube root of 32. And 32 we already know is five twos, right? One, two, three, four, five. Two, two, two, two, two. There's five twos. Well, cube root means three of a kind. Three of a kind can come out as one thing. So three twos come out as a single two, right? And then what do you have left on the inside? You got two times two. Can you bring those out? No, the cube root says they need to be three of a kind for them to be able to come out as a single thing. So whatever that can't come out is still in there. So two times two is four. So this, 32 to the power of one third is two and the cube root of four. Does that make sense? I hope so. That's basically radicals, right? Now let's look at how the imaginary number comes into play here. Easier to take off, much easier to remove. Now take a look at this. So what if we had, what if we had as before square root of four, square root of four or four to a power of one half. Let's lay it all out from beginning, right? Just link everything up. So what if you have four to the power of a half? This means the square root of four because the two comes in the radical. But if it's a two, you don't need to write it. By definition, the square root just means two, right? So two numbers I multiply to give you four are two times two or negative two times negative two, right? Two times two is four, negative two times negative two is four. So we have two possible answers, plus or minus two. Now what if you had this? Negative four to the power of a half. So the whole thing to the power of a half. Keep this in mind that negative four to a power of a half, because this negative sign is not being taken to a power of a half, the way you write this is negative square root of four, which is gonna be negative plus and minus two, which is really gonna be minus plus two, which is the same thing in plus and minus two. It doesn't make a difference, right? So the negative sign in front here really doesn't change the game at all, because plus and minus two is the same thing as negative minus two. So you never really write down negative minus two, so you write down plus and minus two, okay? What about this guy? This guy says this, what's the square root of negative four? What's the square root of negative four? So what are two numbers I multiply to give you negative four? You can have two times negative two. Chicho, my mood on a scale of 10 is always five, plus and minus five. Hopefully you hit the range in between a little bit too. So it means you're either zero to 10. No, no, plus or minus five would be, you hit everything in the middle, so zero to 10, which is great, right? You're not only, you're part of the, I guess the integers would work as well, but the real numbers set, and everything in between. So two numbers that give you negative four are gonna be two times negative two, but that doesn't help us out because the square root says if two things are the same, you can bring them out, right, that doesn't work, or negative two times two, right? Which is the same thing as two times negative two. So if that doesn't work out, we can't bring it out. So instead of two numbers multiplied to give you four, or negative four, what do we look at three numbers that multiply to give you negative four? What are three numbers that could multiply to give you negative four? Hmm, well, you could have two times negative two times negative one. Well, that gives you positive, that still doesn't work. We need it to be negative. So how about negative, right? So you can have negative two times negative two, is positive four times negative one, is negative four, cool? Well, square root function is just defined to be the positive square root, mainly because it's nicer and lets it be a function. It's only system, system veil. They only say positive up to a certain grade. After a certain grade, you have to look at it as plus and minus. You have to look at both options, right? I wish they taught that earlier, right? They always say, oh, we define it as being the positive, but it's only a positive in certain systems where the negative is not allowed. In other systems, if the negative is allowed, it could be negative. So what I tell my students is, I start teaching them this in grade nine and grade 10, because in grade 11, you have to look at the positive and negative, right? Why do you have to look at the positive and negative here? Let me write this down. Ooh, what a beautiful equation this is, or formula. X is equal to negative B plus and minus the square root of B squared minus four AC over two A. Can you appreciate why it has to be positive and negative now? Because when you're solving, and this is the quadratic formula, right? The quadratic formula allows you to solve for X when given a quadratic equation, right? So the plus and minus comes into play because if you have a quadratic formula, which is really a parabola, right? Something like this, this X value is really giving you the X intercepts. It's giving you this point and this point. And the way you get both those points is because you have plus and minus the, in this quadratic formula. And the plus and minus plays like this. This is the axis of symmetry for quadratic equation, right? Negative B over two A is your axis of symmetry and plus square root of B squared minus four AC over two A is this distance here and minus is this distance here. It gives you both directions, right? Important, the plus and minus, where are we? The plus and minus is important. They just don't tell people how important it is until later on, which is unfortunate, right? They should be teaching this in grade eight and nine and people should know it well in grade 10, okay? The plus and minus appears in the quadratic formula because you took a square root, for sure. If you didn't take a square root to be only positive, the quadratic formula would be wrong. To be only, but by definition, if you take the square root, you need the plus and minus. The plus and minus doesn't just come into play in the quadratic formula, it's part of what happens. It's like, it's the reality of the situation. When you take the even root of any number, you're always gonna get a plus and minus. It's there. You can negate the minus. You can eliminate the minus if you want, right? Really, you can eliminate it or dismiss it or say it doesn't apply in your system, but you have to appreciate that it's there and by applying the language of mathematics because this is just straight up syntax. That's what it means, right? But by applying the mathematics in the real world, you can decide to accept the negative or not accept the negative. Let me try to reword this. Reword it, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. That'd be cool. System there. Plus and minus appears. Let me read what you wrote before as well. Again, the plus and minus appears in the quadratic formula because you took a square root, yeah? If you didn't take square to be only positive, the quadratic formula would be wrong. If you didn't take the square root, the square, if you didn't take the square root, that's the square root. If you didn't take square root to be only positive. Yeah, if you only took the square root to be positive, then the quadratic formula would be wrong because you wouldn't get this other half of the quadratic function. You would only get that half, right? Let's see what the rewording is before we move on. I like math tangents. They're cool. Or let me finish this off and then we'll deal with that, right? While the rewording comes in. Now take a look at this thing. Here's three numbers that multiplied to give you negative four. Here's three more numbers that can multiply to give you negative four. Instead of having a negative two here, get rid of the negative two and go times negative one. So negative two times negative two is four times negative one is negative four. So this works out. Two times two is four times negative one is negative four. So this works out as well. While the square root symbol says hey, If you have two things that are identical, you can bring them out as a single. So here's two negative twos. They can come out as a negative two. Here's two positive twos. They can come out as a two. So again, we have plus and minus two. Plus and minus two. However, in both situations, we have a negative one still in the square root symbol. Square root of negative one. Now there aren't two numbers that multiply to give you a negative number. Negative times a negative is positive. So this is a special number that appears. And our definition, it is a definition that we've come up with. We say, you know what, let's simplify this instead of, because this appears in a lot of places. It comes up a lot, right? Square root of negative one. Electrodynamics, magnetic methods of water, electricity, you get the square root of negative one in play in the real world. Okay, when you do the mathematics, and when you do quadratics, you get the imaginary numbers coming up, stuff, right? So what we did, because this appears a lot, just like the number pi, right? This is pi, everyone knows what this is. This is 3.1415 dot, dot, dot, dot, right? We don't have to write it down by decimal places. We just come up with a symbol to represent pi. Well, we just come up with a symbol to represent the square root of negative one. We call it i. So by definition, i is equal to square root of negative one. So to simplify what we wrote, we can write it as plus and minus i, right? Plus and minus, plus and minus two i, right? So all we do, we just replace the square root of negative one by i, okay? And in mathematics, whenever you see i with a number or just i by itself, we define it to be the square root of negative one, okay? That's all. And then there's different ways you can look at this. You can look at it as the third dimensional plane that's graphing in and what not. Unfortunately, I used to know how to apply this. We did apply it, we graphed it and stuff like this. And it definitely comes into play in electromagnetics and stuff because we graph. We actually provide graphs of the complex number readings that we're taking because they provide a certain type of information. Give us more information about anomalies that we're looking at. But I haven't been teaching it for like 20 years now. They took it out of the curriculum so I haven't done geophysics for like 20 years. So I'm not going to apply this, okay? I hope that's clear regarding i. That's all i is. i is the square root of negative one.


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