I think that the curriculum seems to be reasonable. It seems to be that they focus on learning the basics, which is what it's all about. The social stuff, the mathematics, the English, how to formulate your sentences and how to spell and all the basic stuff which school is all about. I am the mum to four primary school aged children who receive their education through the distance education model. I would love to see a refocus and reduction in the weight of the curriculum to allow teachers to deliver these basic fundamental foundation skills of literacy and numeracy in the classroom. The curriculum seems to be so overcrowded. I think they need to look at not only what we're teaching, how we're teaching it. My children are probably very similar to other teenagers and other parents are probably having the same struggle that I am in that my children are compliant by disengaged in their education. They don't see the relevance of what they're learning to their real life application. So they would like to have more real world skills. Part that I think needs to have some work is that the kids are told that they're doing a good job even if you're getting things wrong. So you know she will get a smiley face and a tick and that's lovely to have encouragement but in real life you don't get encouragement like that. I would love to see an alignment of the curriculum across grades to enable teachers and home tutors to stack resources particularly in composite classes, small schools and distance education settings. To begin with the foundations of literacy and numeracy and be interwoven with the social and emotional learning so our children can become great citizens in this world. Fundamentally I believe our children's education should give them the skills to be able to make informed decisions based on sound research. In a digital world of information overload where computer algorithms will often dictate the outcomes of a search say I think our kids need to have the skills to be able to identify reliable sources of information from different perspectives in order to make an informed and educated decision to make the world a better place. From my perspective the actual learning part what they're doing is fine it's just the way that they're being rewarded is probably too much. I would like my children to finish high school with a strong self-awareness. I hope my children will always question how they think, how they feel and be confidently expressing their opinions. I would like them to have a healthy sense of skepticism and complete high school with a thirst for knowledge and a love of learning. I would also like them to finish with a mindset of persistence that they are not afraid of working hard in reaching their dreams and goals. I would also like them to have resilience to be able to face challenges and difficulties and have a sense of gratitude in both successes and failures. The most important skill I'd like my kids to take with them after school is to be lifelong learners that they have a thirst for knowledge and they always want to be engaged with learning something new and progressing and improving upon themselves so that anything that they want to do in their life is available to them.


The boys back at it again with another review. Cabal! Big a while!  It's I am Corbin. And this is Rick. What's up? You know what I'm trying to go and smash the like button, subscribe, and ring that little bell to be part of the notification squad. Love it when you do that. Please follow us on Instagram and Twitter. A little juicy content. It's so juicy. Nice to see you. We have a review. We usually try to give you a couple reviews a week. Sadly last week we only got you one and it was a bad luck. And the reason for that was we've been doing a lot of preparation for some special stuff coming your way this week. So didn't have time to fully watch a film. Especially this guy who does all the work. And so we watched. Jisya! Jisya! So this came out a while ago so this is going to be a spoiler review. So yeah, please if you haven't seen this, which I think virtually all of you have seen this and the original that was prior that this is a I assume most of you have seen it. I would assume. The reaction to the trailer that we did, which I will link right here. Bang! Got incredibly positive reviews. Yes. Which is why we decided to watch it. Oh, my phone's got to go on airplane mode. I have notes from watching it.  Oh, you're so popular. I feel so popular. Pop. Euler. What musical is that from? Everybody. That's all you get. No, they don't. We'll see what happens just from that. Guys, Euler. Back on track here. Airplane mode. Good. Let's do it. So we watched this movie. It came out in 2015 starring AJ Devon. AJ Devon. And I hope I got that right. I think we've seen Taboo before. Yes. The head of the... Yeah. She was in... The head of the thing. She was in, say it. Which one? I don't... There's a couple. No, the one you always say that they love hearing you say it. Ananda Hunt? Yes. This is the main, the woman, the wife of the husband who's having that hair. Oh, yes. Yeah, that's right. That's her. That's why she was so promote. Yes. Desperate measures are taken by a man and really his family who tries to save his family from the dark side of the law after they commit an unexpected crime. That's a good way to say it. That's true. And so from the trailer, basically, we didn't know what to think, obviously. No, but I remember us liking it. No, I've been thinking, love the trailer. What is this about? And then we didn't realize all the layers that kind of went into it. Yeah. And when it started out, I was annoyed a little bit. Yeah. I'm so annoyed. What annoyed you? Well, a couple things. The first thing I noticed was the score was really annoying. Yeah, let me see. Because it would be this drama, right? Yeah, I put here score placement. Choices are awful. Yeah. There was a couple of different times that you really noticed the score and you shouldn't. You shouldn't. Like when the assistant to the main guy, whenever he talked or did something silly, it got like three idiots' music. Right. I agree. And I was like, what? There was nowhere else in the film. Right. And they decided to put that there. And I'm like, this would have still been funny, actually, even more funny if you would have just left that out. Agreed. You don't need that music. And then also, the main girl who was the mother and the head IG, I think they called her. Yeah, from Andahanan. They gave her a theme like KGF music behind her each time. And I'm like, we don't need to hear her theme every time she appears on screen. And she was great in the film. Yes, she's always good. She was one of the strongest parts along with the main guy. He was great as well. Her, him, and his wife. His wife. They held the thing together for that. They were all really great. I did, though, end up enjoying this film. I did. You probably enjoyed it more than I did. I, when it ended, my thought was I kind of wish I'd seen the original first, which a lot of people were saying, see the original from which this was made. Yeah. And I'm tempted to really do that because I didn't like it as much as, I didn't dislike it. But I didn't like it as much as I thought I would. And partly because of there were, there was nothing like the piano playing. I hope not. I will cut it all. But here's some of my notes that I wrote. The first 25 minutes of the film, the pacing seemed choppy to me and I didn't know where it was going. Yeah. And it seemed, the beginning was definitely the weakest part. Yes. It seemed thematically inconsistent with the score, the way it was edited together. And really the only thing for me in the first 25 minutes I wrote down that part of the first half hour was, I connected to his wife. Her performance. Yeah. She did a great job. I felt connected to her. I didn't really, as good as he was, because he was believable every moment he was on screen. I completely believed every moment he was on screen. He's a phenomenologist. Phenomenal actor. I like him a lot. But I wasn't really caring about anybody and I had a lot of questions. Bless her heart. The girl playing the daughter, there were some moments of her crying that were just forced. Yeah. That's not fair because you can't expect child actors to just knock it out of the park. It's very rare that you get a child actor that can do stuff that we've seen some child actors do. I don't hold that, it's just the way it ends. To put someone of that age into that heavy of an emotional role is tough, but I didn't connect. Obviously it's a tough role. When it started to kind of really draw me in was obviously when the kid came over because that whole situation was very strange to me as an American. Like a cultural thing of why was that so threatening. Yeah, like he should be the one worried if he sells that. Right, because what was he doing peeping? What was he doing creeping on this girl? And why would that ruin somebody's life? It should actually be ruining his life. Right. And for threatening her with that, one, that she's just taking a shower. So I didn't quite understand. I was like, this must be a different cultural thing. Like if people see her, it's huge, huge. The modesty thing is huge. Very strange to me though. And obviously it shouldn't be that way. I don't know if it is, I don't know. That's my suspicion as well is that that is what it is. That for us, the thought of having somebody, I mean, you've probably seen and I'm sure you get it in India where there's way worse stuff than that that circulates on the internet and people don't get in trouble for it. But I believe, especially in certain regions, cause that's one of the things about India is that things are very different. Like the drinking ages are changing wherever you go. And I think that anything that in any way could present a young lady in anything but pure modesty and propriety could be devastating to their family's reputation. So that's what I was thinking. It's just obviously, it was strange, but that's when it kind of drew me in. It didn't seem like a big deal. What's going on here? Because obviously at, when then he turned on the wife and it was like, and then they just cut and then you just saw them shaking in the bed, which was a great scene. But I was like, did he just rape them? Right, right, right, like all of them. It seemed like that was the perspective for something that didn't- It kind of drew me in. And most films, if there's like some bad eye in, there was some problems with this, like the score and then there was some acting not from the main people. And there was some lighting problems. Sorry, sorry, production team, but- And there was some lighting problems. And there was a lot of problems with any action most of the time. Not all the action. There was some action that was good, but most of it, like obviously the fight scenes between the kid and the- Oh yeah. And anybody like that, it was all pretty terrible. Yeah. It was like, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah. The whole interrogation sequence. Oh, never really made me uncomfortable as I think it was wanting to make me uncomfortable. I noticed also that they didn't show a lot of the beating of the two girls as much as they did him. Of course. Like they did the whole thing on him. Yeah. And it was him slap, slap, slap. And then it kind of was almost a waste and you just heard it most of the time. You saw it a couple of times. But I was like, I don't know. I think that's a cultural thing. People are uncomfortable if you- I think, yeah, I think if you cross that line cinematically, they would get a lot of uproar of do not show child abuse like that. And the same way, for example, in American film, people drink and there's nothing but in an Indian film, if someone drinks alcohol, the warning goes up of this is injurious to your health. I think there's just some cultural things that are like, for example, the other thing, and I'm a big fan of this one, if you'll notice, nudity and over sexuality is much less. It's not void. I mean, we've already seen some stuff in other things where it's like Game of Thrones. But many of the films have a level of propriety where they leave the rest of the imagination and they don't want to go there. And I'm cool with that. But I agree, it lost. If they had filmed the interrogation and maybe the original does this, if the interrogation sequence had been a bit more shocking, I would have been a bit more engaged. That was the other thing. Did you care about anybody? Like, did you get personally connected that you cared about the story? The main guy. Even then, I thought it was kind of weird. It was like, there were some things that just didn't make sense to me. One of the things I did love most about this film was how engaged I was, even with some of the problems that went on, because I was like, I want to know how he's going to get away with this. I got to agree. I stayed engaged with wanting to know how you're going to get away with this. And then obviously, also, I love the conundrum of these people, well, not these, everyone, but they accidentally murdered this person. Right. Not on purpose. Right. And now they're covering it up. Right. And obviously trying to protect their family so you feel for them. But these other people are trying to figure out who, where their son is, who possibly killed their son. Right. And so you don't know who to kind of root for. You're rooting for the main people because that's who you've connected with, but you're like, I can't really blame these people. Exactly.  And you're covering it up. Right. But, so I like that, Asprek. I love films that I don't see a right or wrong. And they said that in this film, that there's no right or wrong in any of this. Right. But here's something that challenged me in that regard. And I don't know if the original covers it that way. Toward the end, in fact, the very, very end, when they are with him. Yeah.  Which I liked that. Yeah. That surprised me. Yeah, that was fun. I was thinking, I was like, is it the body? Yeah, but the fact that they were smelling something, okay, maybe it is the body. Yeah. So I was wondering what that was. Me too. But when they're there, I had this thought while I was watching it because I'm a parent. So either way, a dad protecting his family and two parents trying to find a son. I could relate to either one. Yeah. When he admits that they did it. I don't know.  Yeah, that's what I was wondering. I was kind of hoping she was gonna push him off. I can't imagine why they just were, they seemed to be just so resigned to, thanks for that information and now we're gonna go have lunch. Yeah, I can't remember. I can't figure out whether I liked the ending or not. Yeah. And I think that's good. I think that, and I like not knowing whether I agree with that. Cause originally I was like, oh, this is great. And it was great ending. And then they kept going.  And I was kind of mad. Right. Cause they were gonna wrap it up in a bowl. And they're like, yeah, this is what happened. I did it. I did it. And then the way they did it, he didn't actually admit. He was like, somebody was intruding on a family. So there was a problem. We got rid of that problem. Blah, blah. Right. I didn't end up hating it. I was like, I kind of liked this. What I kind of wanted. I kind of don't like this. I kind of wish she would have pushed him off. Cause like I said, I loved that I could have, I related to almost both of them. Cause I was like, neither of them are wrong. Right. Right. You could relate to both of them.  What I wanted to have happen. Right when they said, when he said yes, it was obviously he was saying that and they had this resigned look of, okay, that sucks, but at least we know. When they turned what I wanted to have happen, I wanted her to turn around with her gun and go.   That's what I wanted. I think that's why they didn't do it though. Cause they were like that. I know. We don't want to. Now, did you see? I think one of the reasons they didn't do anything is cause they understood why he did it. True. Cause they were like, Yeah, our son. I get it. I mean, if somebody did that to our son, Right. We've done it. Which is, again, that's why I, it was just for me, my own personal thing. Did you know that the body was buried under the police station? I got there towards, Towards the end. Towards the end? Yeah. I was like, okay, that's where it is. Yeah. Cause I was like, okay, they're building the police station. I did and it was like, the police and this police station will protect us. That's when I knew that's where I buried it. I was like, okay. Yep. I get it. I get it. And I enjoyed it. And like I said, I, there were even though, most of the times with films, if they have these kinds of issues, I don't end up enjoying it. Me too. Cause that's why I was kind of surprised that I did enjoy it as much as I did. Me too. And so that, that goes to the story of it. The story and the solid acting of the three main people lifted it above any of the problems that would ordinarily make me not like the film. Yeah. I totally agree. And I want to watch the original now. I'd love to compare the two. I think they said though that one, the reason we didn't react to the trailers cause there was either no trailer to the original, to the original, or there was definitely no subs or there was no quality. I can't remember what it was, but somebody said something like that. And that's why we couldn't relate to the South Indian one. And I want to see him in some more stuff. Yeah, he's great. He's great. I can't exactly, what else has he been in? Let's take a look. They're all streamers. He was in Cheve. He was in Cheve. Yeah. Which we ended up liking that trailer. Yeah. There's been very few trailers we've disliked, honestly. Um, a Wednesday. A Wednesday. But I think. And we know that's not the film. We know, we know we need to see. Everybody has was like, trailer sucks, see that film. Oh yeah, he was in Legendary. He was in Symbia. Oh yeah. So we saw that film. Yeah, I knew we've seen his face everywhere. It's so fun now guys, to see trailers and films with these actors we're getting to not just know but actually really like. It's really fun to watch the trailer.  But I, like I said, I did enjoy the film. Yeah, very much. Cause I was almost like tense a lot of times. I was like, mm, how are you gonna get away with this murder? Right. Exactly. Exciting. Right. So I probably give it a solid B plus. Yeah, I would put it, I'd probably level that at a B for me. Yeah. It wouldn't be anywhere near the movies that I'm now cherishing. Yeah. In the spectrum of films that we've seen. Cause there's quite a few movies now that I love. If those issues were addressed and it had the quality of Yuri in it. Well. Like in terms of like action and. Or pink. Yeah. That level of really well put together. Would put together everything. Like the score was good. Right. And lighting and everything. It could have been. Pacing way, way up there. Yeah. Those issues kind of lower it for me. Me too. But the story itself and the climax at the end is what really makes the film. Yeah, great story. What makes you really enjoy it. So thank you for that recommendation. Thank you so much. Let us know what we should react to next. Yeah. And review. And end up in the, I'm so much. I'm just gonna end it now. Now.


everyone and welcome to Hawaii Together on the Think Tech Hawaii Broadcast Network. I'm your host, Kaylee Akeena, president and CEO of the Grassroot Institute. Well today we're going to talk about the fact that the court has struck down something called gut and replace and we're going to be talking with an expert who has been a dear friend of the Grassroot Institute, Robert Thomas, one of our scholars. For years you know the government has been practicing something that has been to the consternation of watchdog groups and it has to do with a tricky loophole used by the Hawaii legislature to pass laws without subjecting them to the full democratic process. That's what we mean when we say gut and replace. Here's how that that law worked. After what is called crossover in the legislature, when the bills that have been heard and passed in one house moved to another, any bill that didn't pass its originating house was considered dead. So a legislature would take a bill that did crossover, remove all or most of the bill's language and replace that language with something completely unrelated to it. Then the bill would finish its journey, pass and become law. Often with few hearings and without many people being aware of the change, it took people by surprise. Well the League of Women Voters and kudos to them of Honolulu and Common Cause Hawaii with the help of the Civil Beat Law Center brought a lawsuit against the state in 2018 arguing that gut and replace is unconstitutional. The Grassroot Institute submitted an amicus brief in support of the plaintiffs arguing that gut and replace erodes public trust in government and undermines the democratic process. Well on November 4th, cheers everybody, the Hawaii Supreme Court finally handed down its decision by a 3-2 vote. They held that gut and replace is unconstitutional and that's what we're going to talk about today. With me today is Robert Thomas of the Pacific Legal Foundation. While Robert was still in private practice in Honolulu, he authored the Grassroot Institute's brief in the case and today he's here, actually he's in Williamsburg, Virginia ready to help explain the case, the decision and what we should be watchful for as the first post gut and replace legislative session resumes in just a few days, actually in January. But Robert, so glad you're on the program. Thank you so much for the support you provided. Congratulations on your insights in the amicus brief and welcome to today's Hawaii together. Well it's a pleasure to hear the words aloha again. Being over here on the east coast, you lose a little bit of touch of home. So it's great to be here and thank you for asking me to join you, Kalidi. Well you certainly understand the legal scene in Hawaii as well as across the nation. Would you explain for our viewers what exactly is what constitutional argument being made against gut and replace in this lawsuit? What constitutional argument are we making against or did you make against gut and replace? Yeah it's a very good very good starting point and the starting point in this case is in a lot of cases is the requirements of our state constitution. So that is the first thing that I think we in our audience need to make clear that there is a requirement in the Hawaii constitution that before a bill becomes law that it has to be read publicly in each house three times and that's contained in article three section 15 if you want to go read it and it's pretty plain it says no bill shall become law unless it shall pass three readings in each house on a separate days and boy that seems pretty straightforward to you and me and to a lot of other people but the process that you described earlier in the introduction that sometimes one house would introduce a bill it would cross over and then hence the name gut and replace the contents of the bill would be completely removed and replaced with something unrelated to the earlier versions of that bill yet the title remain the same and so the bill had been read by the time it gets to approval stage three times in each house and yet the substance of the bill had changed dramatically over the course of its life such that the bill the statute that gets adopted was not subject to three readings in each house and the common cause as you noted filed a lawsuit challenging that procedure on a bill that was under the title of related to public safety and then it starts off as a bill about criminal recidivism reporting in other words adopting or requiring some kind of reporting about repeat offenders and in the end the contents of that bill get get taken out and replaced at the very last minute so that the statute as passed and as adopted by the legislature is about hurricane preparedness. Both of those are related to the title of public safety you know hint what isn't related to public safety or it's very hard to imagine that they're both not related to public safety but are they related to one another such that the bill itself has not changed in substance even though it's title remain the same and the legislature for years when challenged on this outside of court has had two answers to that it first answer is one of convenience will things change and we can't go back and sometimes reboot the entire process when at the last minute the public has told us that we need a bill about hurricane a statute about hurricane preparedness and if we delay we can't afford to go through the procedures required by the Constitution and to the legislature sort of had a sense or responded in the way let me call it maybe mind your own business public but hey these are our internal procedures and how we set it up is up to us and technically speaking we haven't violated the Constitution because they're both recidivism reporting and hurricane preparedness are related to public safety and the degree to which we change the substance of the bill as a matter for us and not you well Robert the the Hawaii Supreme Court obviously did not agree with the legislature and declared the practice in effect unconstitutional now that's from the legal point of view how about the public policy frame of reference in terms of what is Pono as we call it in Hawaii in terms of democracy in terms of the engagement of the public in terms of the accountability and transparency that the legislature is supposed to practice how did gut and replace violate this oh boy you know you take away the the constitutional requirement seemed very plain on its face and you ask yourself why did we have this provision in our constitution why do we have to go through the formality of three readings in each house on separate days before a bill can become law is it simply that we just like to have these things read is it some sort of mirror check off that we need to go through no it's pretty obvious the reason we have it right we the people were the sovereigns we've delegated our power to adopt laws and adopt statutes we've delegated that power to our elected representatives and we want to know what they're doing and so the whole point of the provision in the Hawaii constitution that requires three bit three separate readings in each house on three separate days was to have a minimum amount of transparency we the people have to know what our legislators are doing how else are we supposed to understand that and it was in the brief that we did for grassroot institute where we pointed out that that phrase on the National Archives in Washington DC that eternal vigilance is the price of liberty well we're the watch dogs we the people are the watch dogs and how are we supposed to keep our eye out what the legislature is doing when we don't have those three readings and so what it boils down to is it's a requirement that's based in the idea of we need to know what our government is doing the maybe the a better way a more simpler way to put it is government transparency we to understand and to fulfill our roles as informed citizens how can you do that in the absence of knowledge about what our elected representatives are doing well Robert you used the phrase elected representatives and one of the functions of legislators is to represent the people that they are supposed to be committed to the process of transparency and accountability let's revisit some of the things you mentioned earlier with regard to why the legislature practiced or tolerated gut and replace oh what do you think about those those explanations or those excuses well on one hand yeah you know it's convenient it's easy it's it's uh expeditious sometimes you need to move things along you know the response to that is that may be true but at the same time we have a process in place designed for public accountability and you need to follow that process if you know if there are other reasons other means to have emergency measures in place maybe we can do it that way but exigency alone the idea that it's convenient to do this doesn't really carry a lot of weight and in fact it did not carry a lot of weight with the majority of the court the supreme court said that's not really that big of a concern but you can see if if sometimes it's in you know democracy can be inconvenient sometimes it can be slow it is not a a fast process as we are learning you know if we want last nearly two years have taught us living under emergency rule where we really don't have a transparent and democratically accountable process we have all these edicts coming out but democracy is supposed to be slow it's supposed to be ponderous it's supposed to be deliberative and it's supposed to have that knowledge that you know without sounding uh too cliche about it we the people are are the ones who govern ourselves how can we govern ourselves if we don't have the understanding of what those folks who to whom we delegate the day-to-day responsibility for adopting laws are doing and so I don't think that the convenience argument really ever carried a lot of weight sure it was perhaps convenient for the legislators but it was not convenient ultimately for us the people well Robert let's look at the decision itself well what did the court decide and and why did they make that decision yeah first of all it's a very close decision right we have a five justice Supreme Court unlike the U.S. Supreme Court which is made up of nine justices we have five um and it was a three to two decision so three justices uh uh Justice Nakayama joined by Justice McKenna and Justice Wilson uh joined the majority opinion in validating the law that had been adopted without the three separate readings two justices in an opinion uh a dissenting opinion uh authored by uh uh Chief Justice uh um uh rank uh rekt and rekt and walled rekt and walled joined by a circuit judge who was up in place of um uh I think while there was a vacancy on the court um uh would have ruled in favor of the legislature on this case and let's break down what the opinion said there were two major parts of the majority opinion one of which would I think is is more of a technical legal aspect did the plaintiffs in this case common cause Hawaii and the League of Women Voters have enough standing or enough legal interest in the outcome to serve as the plaintiffs and anybody who has followed Hawaii law for a long time knows that we have fairly lax rules about who can serve as a plaintiff and so the the uh uh majority made pretty short work of the attorney general's argument that the plaintiffs lacked any kind of concrete injury resulting from a bill being adopted about hurricane preparedness that had not been read three times in both houses and but so there's that technical aspect but the largest aspect of it was the court got into the question of what does this mean in article three section 15 of the Hawaii Constitution does it really mean the title of the bill has to be read three times um or does it mean that the substance of the bill has to be available to the public at least three times in each house and the court said yes very emphatically in terms of so very what I would call a very pro democracy pro transparency pro public participation opinion and I think it's very it's it's a very readable opinion um as a legal opinion goes so I urge all our listeners to not rely on what you and I say this legal opinion says it's not that hard to read and in fact it's a very good read in a great civics lesson go pick it up and read it um and the court the majority said it it the legal test for how do we tell if a substance of a bill changes from one reading to the next and the court adopted the test of germanness and it said if the substance of one is germane to the substance of the other and in this case it was a far cry between criminal recidivism reporting was not at all germane to the question of hurricane preparedness the court had no problem saying that that was not that bill had not been read three times by contrast if you read chief justice recton wald's dissenting opinion he had some trouble I wouldn't say not so much with this case uh he didn't weigh in on that question but what he said was I have some trouble with the idea of what about those tougher cases where it's not so obvious that the the substance is all that difference where do we draw that line and in that case shouldn't we defer to the judgment of the legislators when they're saying that hurricane preparedness is related to public safety in much the same way that recidivism reporting is um related to public safety and I think the the big contrast between the uh majority opinion the controlling opinion and the dissenting opinion is where they're focused the majority opinion focus is almost entirely on we the people the people need to know this things and if that case where we as the court we in the judiciary are going to hold the the legislatures feet to the fire in most cases you will find where there's a question of internal legislative procedures courts tend to defer saying well the legislature gets to decide its own internal procedures but in this case the interest and transparency were so strong that that court overcame the majority overcame that usual approach chief justice rector wall on the other hand saw this much in that latter light he said this is really a case about internal legislative procedures and we should respect the judgment of the legislators on what is related to what topics are related to each other such that they're adopted in the same bill in general the chief justice uh rector wall's decisions are respected uh he has been a strong member of the court he has ruled in ways that uh have apparently upheld justice in the eyes of people so some individuals were confused at his minority decision at his dissenting opinion and uh part of that may be because people are looking in general at the public policy aspects yes of of this case the things that we were talking about before transparency accountability and just common sense of for that matter and scratching their head saying how could anybody support that but as a legal case uh this apparently didn't hinge upon the public policy merits per se and so you can have keen legal minds disagreeing with each other depending upon the emphasis they they make do you want to comment a little bit more on that and and help us to understand the minority decision yeah i i would very much agree with you on the characterization of chief justice rector wall as a very careful jurist and in fact the breakout of justices on this case a little bit atypical right oftentimes when you see dissenting opinions or a split in our supreme court of hawaii you will see chief justice rector wall joining with justice nakayama in a position whether it's a majority or a dissenting opinion and yet here they authored the two separate opinions so they parted ways and you have to ask yourself why is that well i think it's this chief justice rector wall i think is especially as the chief justice recognize he's the head of the judiciary he recognizes the principles of separation of powers and and that we like to the courts tend to stay away from the internal procedures of how the legislature adopts laws and simply looks at the end product does the end product comport with the constitution does it violate due process does it violate the takings clause does it violate equal protection or some other thought does it does it violate the delegated powers or something like that and rarely will courts look into the process by which legislation is adopted based on the principle of separation of powers that at the same degree you don't like the legislature poking its nose into how the court tries cases and comes up with rulings you wouldn't want that the same is true in reverse so i think chief justice rector wall was really focusing it's not that you know make no mistake there's no question he's a believer i think in in transparent government and we the people the ultimate sovereigns but what he was concerned about if you read his opinion was the separation of powers is the court an unelected body really the right court part of government to make that call about how the elected legislators structure their deliberative process and the big difference is the majority said yes we've already made that decision in the hawaii constitution three readings three times three days chief justice rechtenwald said close cases like this may not have been a close case but in the future there will be close cases close cases on whether a bill has been read three times and is so related to each other those kind of calls should go to the legislature so i don't think this one is over just yet well you know that was helpful robert very often in the public we bring to court cases a broad range of issues yes it may not be that many of those issues are actually being addressed they are not the question that the court is focused on or that some of the justice's beliefs should be focused on now now let me ask you this as we back up and take a look at at this particular decision is this a significant decision how important is it short answer absolutely yes i can say that unequivocally that this one is going to be one that that if it's not taught in civics classes in hawaii classrooms it should be this is an important one for public transparency and public participation and i think it's a it's a uh a warning bell an alarm bell for us hawaii participation in i mean in our brief we noted the dramatic drop in hawaii voter participation rates in our willingness as the people to exercise our function as the ultimate sovereigns to participate in elected government we've become jaded this is a clarion call to get off of our behinds our old colleagues excuse me and watch what our government's doing pay attention because ultimately we're we're the sovereigns in this case we we've delegated to our elected representatives for convenience sake the idea that they make the laws or they make laws but ultimately we're the sovereigns and this is a real clarion call a really dramatic case highlighting the fact that we we the people need to pay attention to this thing and not just say well that's what goes on in the legislature and leave it let's stop being jaded let's participate in our government so it's a wonderful decision from that point of view well that's really a breath of fresh air and i'm glad to hear it yes it's too jaded right about politics absolutely we need this and here was the court telling us here's the opportunity you have to get involved and pay attention to what those guys down on baritainia street are doing now we got it's up to us now to use that now so robert wonderful decision in your opinion how will this decision affect lawmaking and the legislature in the future well you know that's the big question right that is the big question um the legislature can react can react to this in in one or two or maybe more ways but i think there's two major ways it can react it can read the handwriting on the wall get with the program understand why the court did what it did and not dig its heels in start doing things in a transparent way i mean gotten replaced frankly in many cases was very cynical it was a very cynical approach to lawmaking you know stand aside we're the experts we're going to do this we're going to do this at the last minute under the not the cover of darkness but under this procedural trick this bait and switch this gotten replaced the legislature can understand okay game over on this one time to get with the program let's get transparent do follow not only the letter of the laws as the as the supreme court requires and as the hawaii constitution requires but get with the spirit of the law right bring people into the process don't be afraid of the people so that's one way that would be a very positive development i think the other thing is if the legislature says how do we figure out how to still do what we want to do in light of this opinion and stay legal that would be a i mean to me a terrible way to approach this but when the standard is something like germane it's is version a of the bill germane diversion b you can see where there's a lot of gray area between them it was an easy case in this case hurricane preparedness is not at all i say it's hard to say that with a straight face hurricane preparedness is not at all germane to the issue of recidivism reporting and criminal law but what if it's a lot closer and can they still do that yes i wish i hope they don't go that route and go kind of what i see is the maybe the more cynical route and really get with the program but they could do so and and the people need to pay attention sure you know in light of the fact that it is still possible for the legislature to do an end run around the hearing process and stretch the meaning of germane what should the public be looking for look to see you know apply your common sense now common sense tells you that hurricane preparedness got nothing to do with recidivism reporting that's the easy case start watching the content of your bills as they progress through i know it's a pain but it certainly wasn't a pain as much as it was when you and i were doing this and we'd have to march down there and dig through a bunch of files it's all online it's all there set up a feed for yourself or go watch every couple of days and see what happens on bills that you're interested in and make sure they don't press fast ones and if they do pick up the phone column write letters petition your government do all that things that you're supposed to do or even i mean we have the ultimate weapon let's call it or the ultimate control is you're not going to get reelected if you keep doing this kind of stuff guys civic engagement civic engagement exactly that's what it's about civic engagement i mean absolutely democracy is tough right it's tough robert so good to hear you say these words and thank you for your expertise appreciate your work in the gut and replace case and appreciate all of you you're helping us stand guard well let's you know let's let's give credit where credit is due to the as you mentioned earlier yes they had the guts and the stand-upness openness to bring the case and the league of women voters common cause and civil beat law so it will be our hats hats off to them but also hats off to you and grassroot institute for standing up and adding your voices to this through the amicus brief that we did so the system worked yay yay team yes thank you thank you for serving okay everybody we'll hear more from robert thompson the future until then i'm kelly akina with the grassroot institute signing off on think tecawaii to white together until next time aloha


Hello people of the internet, my name is Johnny and welcome back finally to another FNAF News video. Oh my gosh, it has been a long time since we did a FNAF News video. So we have a lot of things to talk about ranging from the games to the books to the fanverse initiative to even brand new Funko products coming next year. So because we have a lot to talk about, let's not waste any more time, I do very quickly have a very big announcement to make. I got new merchandise baby! Let's go! That's right, finally I have brand new designs for merchandise if you want to go pick some up. We got t-shirts, we got mugs, sweatshirts, pillows, phone cases, stickers, we got a whole bunch of stuff. And also this week only if you use code SUB2JB which is also something you guys should be doing.  So it's linked down below, go check out the merch if you want to go get some. And let's get on with the new starting off with the Fazbear of Bright books. We are getting very close to the next Fazbear of Bright book, number 10 Friendly Face which releases on September the 7th, and we actually have a slightly updated description for the book. Originally the main protagonist in the first story was named Andrew, however this character has since been renamed to Edward. There's been a few Andrews in the Fazbear of Bright stories previously so I think this was maybe a mistake on their part. And then we also got the most common words and phrases in the book. As you can see you have a lot of names like Brittany, Mindy, Edward, Jack as well, Lawson, Rory, Mott, Rosie as well. And then you have the C-Bonnies which appears to be the name of the characters as well as one of the stories in the book.  And like I said the book comes out in September so we actually don't have that much longer to wait. And while we're talking about the Fazbear of Bright so let's talk about the graphic novel for the Fazbear of Bright series. If you forgot the first graphic novel for the Fazbear of Bright series is going to have into the pit to be beautiful and weirdly out of stock. I'm still not sure why they're skipping a few stories. While there are a lot of stories in the Fazbear of Bright series it seems weird to just skip some entirely. Like I feel like if you're going to make a graphic novel of the stories why not just make them all or if you don't want to make all the stories then just don't make a graphic novel at all. It's a little odd but the first graphic novel comes out on August the second. Originally it had a release date of May the third I believe but it did get delayed to August. And then out of nowhere we got the Five Nights at Freddy's character Encyclopedia. The massive world of Five Nights at Freddy's is presented here in a beautiful, horrid cover that makes the perfect gift for any Freddy fan. All the animatronics, all the locations and all the horrific artifacts from this series are laid out in awesome detail. A must have for any FNAF fanatics. So right now we don't really know what this book entails besides it's going to be a very detailed description of some characters, some artifacts and some locations. The first thing I thought of was the animatronics inventory from the Freddy files so it might be a more detailed look at some of the characters and again locations from the franchise. A very quick update on FNAF AR we are still waiting for the fall updates to roll out. And in the meantime, Alumex hit us with yet another blast from the past event called the Spring Trap Spree which has the toxic Spring Trap, Curse and Flaming Spring Trap skin. Definitely kind of underwhelming if you ask me considering the fact that the last event had Freddy's skins, Toy Freddy's skins and Frostbear's skins. But maybe this means that we're getting close to the fall updates. I don't know we're just gonna have to wait and see. And for the anniversary for FNAF we got a look at the Chica and Foxy Hex plushies. If you still don't know what hex is it's Darko's own brand that he has made and they are working with Scott to make some FNAF plushies. Keep in mind that these are still prototypes so they could change before release. I personally think that they look fantastic. I think the Chica plushie and the cupcake all look so cute and also Foxy has a lot of detail on him which I love. Very quickly I want to talk about fan games at Freddy's if you missed my reaction to the event I'll have it linked down below. It's basically like a Nintendo Direct but for fan games. And they revealed a lot of great games and awesome trailers. Most notably Jolly's 4. You got Chambers, a glitched attraction, FNAF Power Out, Lego FNAF, Golden Memory 2, Ultra Custom Night, Rat Race Juniors, a whole bunch of games. If you want to go check out the trailers again my reaction is linked down below but also I'll leave a link to the playlist which has all the trailers in the description. Coming right along let's talk about the Fanverse initiative starting off with Cain Carter's Popgos. Cain finally revealed the poster for Popgos himself on the Popgos Pizzeria poster. He's singing along to the music he looks super cute and then speaking of super cute I don't know if this is really FNAF news but it's cute and maybe it'll brighten up your day. Emil Mako who is creating the Five Nights at Candy's 4 installment actually made some artwork for it dancing Popgos and dancing Flumpties. And finally it's about time we have an update on the Joy of Creation Ignited Collection. Nixon the creator made a tweet saying also I've lately had the pleasure to work in Unreal Engine 5 on Evil Nun the Broken Mask and it's been a blast. Very fun project to work on. Can't wait to get back on Ignited Collection when that's allowed again and create my most next-gen looking FNAF project yet. So it seems like there's some contract or something that Nixon can't work on FNAF because right now he's working on other projects. And maybe I'm reading this wrong but it seems like Nixon may make the Joy of Creation Ignited Collection in Unreal Engine 5. It seems like he's hinting at that but I could be wrong. If that's the case then that is gonna look absolutely freaking insane. And finally let's talk about FNAF Plus. So I do plan on making a video going into detail all the secrets and easter eggs hidden in the Breaking and Entering trailer. So for now I'm just gonna go over the basic news that we got. So on the anniversary for FNAF, Phil Moog posted a 13 minute trailer for FNAF Plus. Which is the official reimagining of the very first FNAF game. Again I'm gonna go into detail in a separate video but it seems like in this game or at least in the trailer we take the role of a kid and we go investigating for some paranormal activity in the pizzeria. We come across the animatronics Freddy, Bonnie, Chica, Foxy and also the puppet. And then Phil also posted another video called Help Wanted. And this showed off the Help Wanted newspaper clipping for Freddy Fazbear's Pizza. It says Help Wanted, Freddy Fazbear's Pizza, local pizzeria in need of night watchmen. To guard the premises from 12am to 6am Monday through Friday with possibility for overtime, little to no previous work experience required, must watch cameras ensure the safety of company property, includes free pizza vouchers for completion of the first week on the job, not liable for bruising, mutilations or death, $120 a week it seems to apply, call 1-888-Faz-Fazbear. And then it also has some bonuses at the side of the screen but I can't quite make all those out. And the description actually has a lot of detail on the events of the game, local pizzeria at the center of controversy yet again. Freddy Fazbear's Pizza is back in the public eye this year but not for the reasons they had hoped. As the small business was dragged into a tarant of anger and suspicion due to alleged ties to the disappearance of a local high school student on October 9th. The young teen, known to friends as a hobbyist filmmaker and described by some as a quiet but well mannered soul, was reported missing this morning after leaving home to meet up with someone for a new project that, according to family, involved the restaurant's infamous string of incidents and general dark reputation. When pressed for comment and in turn at the establishment stated, we really had nothing to do with it. Our surveillance cameras show no one entering nor leaving the restaurant during that night. An answer that did nothing but grow more suspicion as access to aforementioned footage was immediately denied to the public. Town residents were further outraged the following week as they found multiple job flyers for the restaurant being left at their doorsteps. Yeah, so as Phil had tweeted out before the breaking and entering teaser trailer, that teaser trailer actually takes place before the events of the game. And so based off of what we see in the trailer and also the context clues in the description, I think we can safely say that this high school student snuck into the pizzeria with their dad's camcorder to film a brand new project on the night of August 9th and they went missing. But it's kind of weird because in the trailer we saw them zoom onto a surveillance camera so I'm sure Fazbear Entertainment definitely has them sneaking into the pizzeria on footage. I'm getting very excited for FNAF Plus. I don't know about you guys but I think that this is going to be a fantastic game with a fantastic story and also some fantastic character designs. The official FNAF Plus Twitter tweeted out a few bonus images of Bonnie, Chica, Foxy and a brand new room. I know there's a few people who are kind of mixed on the whole character designs of FNAF Plus but honestly I'm a huge fan of them. I think they look absolutely terrifying especially Bonnie in this one image and then we got a look at a brand new room that has a arcade machine and a ball pit. Unfortunately the arcade is out of order as we can see with the paper that has helped me on it. It is very Fazbear Entertainment of them to have will be fixed later maybe on the paper. It also looks like the arcade machine is Bonnie themed because we can see a picture of Bonnie at the top of the machine and then of course the ball pit because it feels like everything FNAF nowadays has to have a ball pit and then finally we get a proper look at Foxy. I really do love the style that Phil gave Foxy. He looks absolutely terrifying and you can see he's very very damaged because you can see wires poking out from behind his ear and he also has two earrings on his ear as well and most interestingly of all his eyes are completely white. Now that could simply be a design of the character but I do think it seems out of place so I do think it has some meaning. Whether it's story driven like oh he's out of order and he lost his eye but that doesn't really make a whole lot of sense. Personally I think it has something to do with his brand new mechanic in this game. Even though we did see that video from his point of view a couple months ago you know it wasn't the best footage so maybe he can't see that well and he uses other senses like sound to listen out for you and the other day Phil released a high res picture of FNAF Plus Bonnie and my gosh dude he looks absolutely terrifying. He also shared a really fun story about how he actually got scared from this picture when he was rendering the quiet hours video and the final FNAF Plus news I have in this video is very interesting because I don't see a whole lot of people talking about it. So a while ago Phil made a tweet saying that you can hide secret messages in tweets which was kind of a weird thing to point out and so of course a few people went looking in their tweets and lo and behold someone found something very interesting in the cam 10 teaser. Apparently the room that cam 10 is in is the electrical room which is super interesting because we all thought that that was the east hall corner because Freddy in the actual FNAF one game has a very similar pose in that camera. But no apparently it is the electric room. I wonder if Freddy is going to sabotage the lights. I say that as a joke but we did see in that one teaser video that they can maybe disable the camera so I don't know man Freddy's looking kind of sus. And now let's talk about the big FNAF security breach news we got on the anniversary for FNAF. Just kidding we got nothing. Which is very unfortunate I will say. So basically Steelwall made a tweet on the anniversary saying it's FNAF's birthday and we're all going to party till we're purple. Wow I love being purple. And then they attached some art to the tweet. It is nice to hear from Steelwall but I think we can all agree that we were hoping for something else. Honestly just like you know them saying hey Steelwall another game it's going great guys you're gonna love it. Like I would have taken that um I'm a little disappointed I wish we had gotten something again just something tiny. Even the same thing with Scott I know he's retired and all but it really would have been nice to hear from him just check up see how he's doing now that he's retired see how his family's doing. And now let's talk about some crazy new info on FNAF merchandise because apparently we're getting new merch surprisingly sooner than we thought. Before we do that though some people are getting their curse of dreadbear merchandise I should hopefully be getting mine soon. I know some people aren't too big a fan of the plushies I personally don't think they like that bad. So far I haven't seen anybody get the action figure so it seems like the plushies are the only things out right now. But yeah the new merchandise so apparently there's been a couple of leaks going around by very credible Funko leakers. Talking about a brand new FNAF AR merchandise wave coming in January. The first info we got on this was on August the 15th from Funko Leaker a nerdy dad on Instagram. They say five nights at Freddy's action figures coming spring of 2022. And then they have an image that features System Error Toy Bonnie, radioactive foxy, Toxic Springtrap and high score Toy Chica. And then another Instagram Funko Leaker this time pop underscore freak one made a post saying that we'll also get some mystery minis. And then also doubling down that we will get action figures for those four skins as well as a version of Freddy unclear who this could be. Though I think it's very likely that it will be VR Toy Freddy. It just makes sense because he's the only arcade mayhem skin that they're missing. Also I see a lot of confusion going on with this image because I'll be honest it's not worded the best. So far we have no clue what we're gonna get with the mystery minis. It could be FNAF AR, it could be more security breach like Vanessa, the Moon animatronic, the Sun animatronic, Gregory, all those people. It could be help wanted as well. It could be anything we don't know what the mystery minis are gonna be. And then on this image it also says high score Chica and System Error Bonnie. Don't worry they're not making the arcade mayhem skins the FNAF one characters. They are going to be the toys. This was just a shortened name for them. And then finally they're also gonna be getting some plushies and pops. Specifically it's talking about the pocket pops which are key chains.  And then also in the image you can see it does say VR Freddy. Again it's VR Toy Freddy. So I do think it's likely that VR Toy Freddy is the action figure of Freddy that we're gonna be getting in the way. As for the release date I know earlier on I did say January but there's kind of two release dates from two different sources. I'm pretty sure Pop Freak one said that these are coming in January. And then a nerdy dad says that they're coming in the spring so unclear when they're actually gonna be released. But most likely early next year. But that is all the news we have today. A lot of freaking news. I should probably do these a lot more often because then we get long episodes like this with a whole bunch of news. But yeah thank you guys so much for watching. Don't forget check out the merchandise and I'll see you all on the flip side. Goodbye.


Helicopters, the most versatile equipment to appear on the scene in recent years, are making possible new concepts in transportation for both military and civilian use. The helicopter has earned a place of importance in aviation because in small confined areas it can take off or land vertically. It can move forward. It can move sideways in either direction. It can move backwards. And if the engine should fail in midair, it can make a safe emergency landing. Although the helicopter has only recently become a practical means of transportation, its idea has occupied man's thought for centuries. Leonardo da Vinci expressed his idea for a flying machine in the 15th century. Others followed da Vinci in dreaming of vertical flight for man. In 1783, a French scholar, Lenoy, and a French mechanic named Bienvenue demonstrated to the French Academy of Science a flying top made of feathers, sticks, and string, like this model you see here. It was the first heavier-than-air device ever to fly on its own power. Half a century later, an English schoolboy, George Cayley, heard about Lenoy's flying top. In 1843 he designed a four-rotor model helicopter, but having only heavy steam engines available for power, he never tried to build a full-size machine. In 1878, Enrico Forlunini of Italy built a model powered by a midget steam engine which actually hovered at 40 feet for 20 seconds. The advent of the gasoline engine marked a turning point in the development of the helicopter. Inspired by the success of a pilotless machine built by Charles Renault, his student Louis Briget built this helicopter in 1907. It carried him to an altitude of five feet. This flying octopus was built by Dr. Georges de Botezac for the United States Army Air Service and test flown in 1922. It rose to a height of five feet and stayed aloft for one minute and 43 seconds, but was too complicated and proved impossible to control in flight. In that same period, the American Amil Berliner and his son Henry built two machines. This, his second, proved fairly successful. Experiments continued throughout the world and in 1923 came a significant development. A Spanish inventor, Juan de la Sierra, developed the autogyro. It was a cross between a helicopter and an airplane. It had fixed wings and a standard propeller to raise it off the ground, a free spinning rotor on top gave additional lift. He was able to cross the English Channel on this machine and his principles of design were to lead to a successful, true helicopter. In 1934, the Frenchman Louis Briget tried again. This time he achieved real stability and control. In fact, his machine is generally considered the first practical helicopter. In 1937, the German Heinrich Falka built this FW61. It could hover, go straight up or down, and move forward or backward. It set new records for endurance, speed, distance and altitude. Other inventors, of course, were hard at work developing different ideas in helicopter configuration. Here in America, Igor Sikorsky, who had been carrying on rotary wing experiments for years, made his first free flight with this VS-300 in 1940. Although the army had already commissioned the Platt-LePage Company to build a helicopter, it followed Sikorsky's progress with keen interest. As a result of Sikorsky's success with the VS-300, that model was used as a prototype for the first helicopter design for military use, the Sikorsky XH-4. From this basic design came Sikorsky's later models, the H-19, then later the much larger and greatly improved H-34. Other designs by American inventors were being developed. In the late 1940s, two more models were accepted by the United States Army. One produced by Bell was the forerunner of this H-13. The other was the H-23 manufactured by Hiller. By a second designed the H-25, a small compact utility helicopter, employing the principle of two rotors driven by a single engine. He also devised another tandem rotor machine, the H-21, known as the Workhorse. Cayman built machines such as the H-OK series, using two rotors mounted side by side and so synchronized that the revolving blades intermeshed. Even though these present helicopters are satisfactory, research continues to explore new fields. The search for a practical small helicopter has resulted in this experimental two-place model powered by ram jets on the blade tips. In the one man class is this simple compact version of the conventional helicopter. Developed by Hiller, it has the advantage of being collapsible and easily carried. A distinct departure is the flying platform, with its rotor blades mounted on a frame under the pilot. Directional control is accomplished by the pilot's body movements. Seeking engines with higher horsepower and more efficient operation, designers have turned to turbine engines. One designed by like-homing is used in this Cayman H-OK. Bell's latest utility helicopter designed for the Army, the X-H-40, also uses the like-homing turbine engine. In reaching out for greater and greater capacity, Sikorsky uses two engines to drive one main rotor in the H-37. Although we have accomplished a great deal in the development of the helicopter, we have even more to accomplish in the future, and the task is not without its difficulties. Rotary wing was man's first idea of flight, but practical helicopters were not produced until long after fixed wing craft filled the air. This was because helicopter pioneers had to solve so many additional problems. Consider some of the problems and the solutions which made rotary wing flight possible. Take a bird's eye view of the two types, fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft. There is a resemblance. Rotor blades are really wings. That's why helicopters are called rotary wing aircraft. So first let's see how a fixed wing aircraft flies. Then go on to the helicopter. In flight, two basic forces must be overcome. Weight and drag. The forces which overcome these two factors are lift and thrust in fixed wing aircraft. Lift is obtained from the velocity of airflow over the airfoil or wing and is about equal to the square of the velocity. Thrust is obtained from the propeller which drives the aircraft through the air. So the greater the thrust, the greater the velocity of the airflow and the greater the lift. Another factor which affects lift is a change in the angle of attack of the wing, as shown here. The angle of attack is the angle formed between the chord line of the airfoil and the relative wind. Increasing the angle of attack up to the stalling point will increase lift within the limits of airfoil design. Now any increase in the flow of air or in the angle of attack or both will increase lift. A conventional fixed wing aircraft gets most of its lift from its wing. The helicopter gets enough velocity of airflow by rotating its blades at speeds up to 350 miles per hour while standing in one place. To increase the angle of attack, the pitch of the rotor blades themselves is changed. In all helicopter rotor blades, two types of pitch changes are possible. The first, called collective pitch, gives a change in the angle of attack which is constant and equal on all blades. By changing this collective pitch, the helicopter can make vertical movements up or down or it can hover. The other type of pitch change is called cyclic pitch change. In it, the pitch or angle of attack of each separate blade is being constantly changed as it revolves. This means that during each revolution, there is a constantly changing increase and decrease of pitch put into each blade. One effect of this changing is to tilt the plane of the tip path in the direction of flight, causing the helicopter to move in the direction in which the rotor is tilted. One reason for cyclic pitch change is to overcome a symmetry of lift. This term, the symmetry of lift, simply means the difference in lift between the advancing blade and the retreating blade in the rotor system in forward flight. However, the cyclic pitch change tends to balance out this difference. By decreasing lift on the advancing blade and increasing lift on the retreating blade, the symmetrical lift is restored and the rotor system is balanced in flight. To fly forward, the rotor disc must be tipped forward. To do this, we introduce low pitch to the pilot's right. Following the laws of physics, the effect will take place 90 degrees later and will tend to tip the rotor disc directly to the front where there is less lift. At the same time, rising pitch is applied at the pilot's left and it takes place 90 degrees later directly behind. In actual operation, cyclic pitch is gradually changed throughout the rotation. But its effect is to tilt the rotor forward, making the helicopter move forward. This cyclic pitch change applied independently to each blade in the rotor system governs horizontal movement. Now there's another point to be considered in helicopter flight principles. The problem is that of torque. In most single rotor helicopters, the blades turn counterclockwise. Under Newton's law of equal and opposite reactions, the force of the turning rotor tends to make the fuselage turn around the rotor axis in the opposite or clockwise direction. If there were no means of controlling torque, helicopter flight in any direction at all would be impossible. Torque, however, can be controlled by an anti-torque rotor mounted on the tail boom. By changing the pitch of these anti-torque rotor blades, the helicopter can be turned in any desired direction. In tandem rotor designs, torque is no problem. As the rotors turn in opposite directions, the torque of one cancels out the other. This is true if two rotors are mounted separately or if both are mounted on the same mast. So much for the principles of rotary wing flight. Now let's take a look inside the cockpit at the flight controls by which the helicopter is operated. Alongside the pilot is the collective pitch stick which changes the collective pitch of the rotor blades and causes the helicopter to move up, down, or to hover. A motorcycle-type throttle is mounted on this stick. The cyclic control stick tilts the rotor and causes the helicopter to move forward, backwards, or sideways. These anti-torque pedals are coupled to the tail rotor. By varying the pitch of the rotor blades, the helicopter is turned to the left or right when hovering. With the development of the helicopter into a practical reality, new uses are being found for it every day by private industry, government agencies, and military services. For example, oil companies find that helicopters earn their pay in running preliminary surveys and in patrolling their pipelines. Even the farmer is found to use for the helicopter in croc dusting. The low and fairly slow flying helicopter can put the spray where it is needed in a hurry. Inexcessible areas are opened up for on-the-spot news coverage by airborne television cameras. The postal department also is found to use for helicopters. It has become quite commonplace now to carry mail from a downtown post office to a nearby airport for direct transfer to a cross-country airliner. Traffic police use helicopters to patrol the highways and prevent dangerous traffic conditions from developing. Conservation officials find it useful in counting elk and other wild animals in game surveys. Game can be herded toward better feeding areas or have food delivered to them in bad winter weather. In time of civil emergencies such as flood, the helicopter is called upon to carry medical supplies and food to isolated victims or to evacuate them to places of safety. Today the military services are among the more important users of helicopters. Commanders find they can get to advance units quickly to keep themselves abreast of tactical situations. Official messages and personal mail delivered from headquarters to isolated units can speed up communications and strengthen troop morale. Telephone wire on speed reels can be laid over rough terrain in a matter of minutes, a job which otherwise would require hours of work by the usual ground team. March control is handled more efficiently when a helicopter is aloft to spot traffic delays and to find possible alternate routes. For artillery units firing at concealed targets, helicopters serve as mobile aerial platforms for the forward observer. Cargo transport craft can support military operations by delivering heavy equipment such as artillery, or a quarter-ton truck, or even sections of a pontoon bridge. Combat troops isolated by difficult terrain conditions can receive quick delivery of ammunition, medical supplies, gasoline, or other needed equipment. During the Korean conflict this machine gained respect from fighting men by its ability to evacuate wounded from battlefields under conditions in which other means of transportation were almost useless. However, this vehicle's greatest value to the Army lies in the fact that a commander can plan on going over as well as around an enemy. Knowing that troops and equipment can be delivered to virtually any point when needed, he can proceed with confidence. The helicopter then can well be considered a new weapon in the hands of the field commander. Through its versatility, it provides the commander with the ability to maneuver and gives him the shock action necessary to assure success on tomorrow's battlefield.