Hello, RA, it's 11 a.m. Eastern Standard Time here in New York, and hello, everyone. Good morning, good afternoon, or good evening, depending on where you're joining us from today. Welcome to Engineering for Change, or E4C for short. Today, we're very pleased to bring you the latest in our 2016 webinar series, specifically on the subject of Managing Water for Food Security. My name is Yon Aurenda, and I'll be the moderator for today's webinar. When I'm not doing this, I work with the Engineering for Change as the director of our program. I'd like to take a moment now to tell you a bit more about today's webinar. Today, nearly a billion people worldwide lack access to enough nutritious food to eat healthy and active lives. These food insecure people are also often lacking enough readily available water to meet their needs. Ensuring sustainable global food and water security is an urgent challenge, especially as populations and incomes continue to increase, climate changes, and demand for water resources continues to grow. So, we invited Roberto Lenton, the founding executive director of the Water for Food Institute at the University of Nebraska, to share his insights on the water food nexus and introduce some practical ways to improve water use and management and agricultural and food systems. And we'd like to welcome you, Roberto, and thank you for joining us today.  If anybody out there has questions about the series or would like to make recommendations for future topics and speakers, we invite you to contact the team via the email address visible on the slide, webinarsatengineeringforchange.org. Before we move on to our presenter, I'd like to tell you a bit about engineering for change and who we are. 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So now it is my great pleasure to introduce to you our today's presenter, Roberta Luntin, is the founding executive director and the Robert Darry chair of the Water for Food Institute at the University of Nebraska. He's also a professor of biological systems engineering at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. He's a specialist in water resources and sustainable development who is some four years of international experience in the field. Professor Luntin earned a civil engineering degree from the University of Buenos Aires and a PhD from MIT. He's the holder of an honorary LZ from the University of Dundee before joining the University of Nebraska, Professor Luntin, with the chair of the inspection panel of the World Bank. We're very honored to have you here, Professor Luntin, and I'm going to turn it over to you. Well, thank you very much, Iana. That's a very nice introduction and welcome to everybody who is joining the webinar from all across the world. I was really excited to see so many people involved in so many different parts of this globe. So it's really an honor and a privilege for me to be able to share some thoughts with you over the next half an hour or so. I guess my overall talk is about the subject of managing water for food security. That's the focus of our institute and I want to sort of carry you through some of the main issues that relate to managing water for food security. I want to start with some overall context. Then say in a few words what I think are the main challenges of managing water for food security and then go over to the issue of practical solutions with a special reference to four topics about closing agricultural and water productivity gaps, about groundwater management, about irrigated agriculture and about drought management that relate to this challenge and then right at the end I want to have just a few minutes to talk about the Water for Food Institute itself. So that's what I have in mind and just starting with the overall context just to remind you of some overall statistics. I'm sure that you're familiar with most or if not all of these statistics but it's good to remind ourselves that we live in a world in which more than a billion people live in extreme poverty and what I mean by that is less than $1.25 a day. It's a world in which almost a billion people, 870 million people don't have enough food to eat. It's a world in which over one billion people lack access to clean drinking water and over 2.5 billion lack basic sanitation and it's a world in which partly as a result of all of that 165 million children under five are stunted as a result of chronic malnutrition. So it's a world where there are really serious problems of food security, of water security in the context of very poor and vulnerable populations. If we now look at another side of the picture it's another statistic that you're all familiar with is global population growth and the expectation that by the year 2050 we're going to have close to 9 billion people on this planet and you're also familiar with the fact that most of that growth is going to be taking place in the developing world in particular in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, 49% in sub-Saharan Africa, 41% in Asia. So it's a world that is growing in population rapidly but it's also a world where there is significant good news which is that the progress that we've made in terms of reducing poverty over the last 25 years has really been dramatic and even people are talking about the end of poverty as illustrated by this cover story in The Economist. So it's clearly a world where we have made significant progress where poverty levels as defined, where absolute poverty levels as defined by the $1.25 figure a day has decreased significantly and the impact that that has of course is that with rising incomes people are able to allocate more of their incomes to food for their families and that's going to result in better diets, more caloric intake and that has increasing pressure in terms of food supplies. So the good news actually translates into additional challenges as regards food supplies. And behind all of this or better said accompanying all of these changes is of course climate change and although many times the concept of climate change is depicted by the melting of the Arctic and things illustrated by this polar bear one thing to keep in mind is that much of climate change is actually felt through changes in the water regime, changes in the hydrological cycle, more extremes of floods and droughts and even rising sea levels has an impact on freshwater because of the fact that it leads to salinity intrusion in coastal areas. So much of the impacts of climate change felt through changes in the hydrological water cycle and so it has a particular significance when we're talking about water and food security. So let's from that overall context let's move in more specifically into the particular challenges of managing water for food security and I like starting out by describing it in terms of how can one attain global food security that is sustainable but obtain it in the face of increasing competition for scarce water resources. So the two issues of water security and food security are interconnected in this way and I like to think of it and I think this is something important to emphasise that it's not simply a technical issue of growing more food but it has all kinds of political, environmental, social and economic repercussions and that's what makes it so challenging but also what makes it so interesting. So maybe the best way to start out is to think what do we mean by the concept of water security and by the concept of food security and for water security I like thinking of it in terms of this definition that was developed by David Gray and Claudia Sadoff some years back and they defined it in terms of the reliable availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production coupled with an acceptable level of water related risks and these figures here illustrated on the left hand side clearly water essentially for productive purposes for livelihood generations as illustrated by that irrigated farm, on the right hand side water for food water for health as illustrated by the water that we need to consume daily for drinking and for other domestic purposes and in the middle reminding ourselves that water security is not simply a question of accessing water but also dealing with water related risks and that's primarily flooding where so what we have to think about in terms of water security is not only accessing water for productive or purposes or for meeting human needs but also addressing water related risks and as the last thing I would say about this definition is that it emphasizes not only quantity of water but the appropriate quality so whenever we're talking about water we have to think of those two dimensions now turning to food security I like the definition the simple definition of food security as simply being when everyone everywhere has access to enough safe and nutritious food for healthy and active life and I think there's general recognition that food security rests on three pillars one is the availability of food you can't have food security if food is not available but it also means access to food principally economic access to food so even if food is available if people don't have the income to be able to access that food there will be no food security and the third is the use of food how food is treated so that it is actually safe and nutritious which is an important part of the definition and one thing that I would emphasize here is that water is important in all of these three pillars water is important not only in the food production process in ensuring availability on the left-hand side so we not only need to have water in order to be able to grow food but we also need to recognize the role of water in overall economic development and in the generation of livelihoods that enables food access so water has an important role in the second pillar and on the third it's really important if you're going to be able to produce if in the household there is to be safe and nutritious food it's very important that there be clean water that can be used for cooking and that the drinking water that people use is safe so that you don't have a situation of diarrheal diseases that then negate that produce loss of calories and negate the positive impacts of nutritious food so water is important for all three pillars of food security in terms of the actual production of food I like to think of the overall challenge as advancing food security with less pressure on scarce water resources and one can see the challenges that that entails by looking at what is happening both in the food area and in the water area and this slide here tries to depict green on the left and blue on the right what are the trends that we see and on both sides we see trends going in opposite directions in worrying directions on the food side we see increasing global consumption primarily as a result not only of population growth but rising incomes and changing diets as I was explaining earlier we do see constraints in terms of expansion in cropland we also see changes in land use not only land degradation but also the use of land for non-food crops in particular biofuels we see in many parts of the world that yield increases that have been quite steady over the years are reaching a plateau and then finally we're seeing the impacts of climate change that affect just the ability to be able to produce crops in certain parts of the world so that's on the left hand side on the food front on the water front we see also very worrying signs in terms primarily of increasing competition by other water users people and industry and these other water users are increasing at much more than a linear scale we're seeing many parts of the world where even right now environmental water needs are not met we see decreasing quality as well as quantity principally as a result of pollution and not only in rural areas but also in urban areas but also in rural areas as a result of agricultural intensification we do see soil erosion and deteriorating soil health and when we have unhealthy soils that leads to poorer water management we see groundwater depletion in many parts of the world and I'll come back to that later on and again as with food we see the big impacts of climate change emphasizing the point I made earlier that the changes in climate are experienced through changes in the water regime so now let me turn to the practical solutions what can we do about this sometimes when one outlines the challenges of the salt what can we be done it's so complicated so difficult to tackle and one way to start is to describe the problem primarily as one of doing more with less we have to be able to figure out ways in which we can produce more food with less pressure on water resources and I use the term less pressure on water resources because I want to emphasize it's not only using less water but it's having less of an adverse impact on water quality so the overall challenge is one of doing more with less and the solutions there relate always to how can you figure out innovations that improve water productivity water productivity is the ratio between what is produced from the amount of food that is produced and the water that is consumed so we want to figure out ways to develop technological and other innovations to improve water productivity these four pictures depict the kinds of innovations that one can think of on the top left hand side there's certainly innovations in agricultural technology that can improve water productivity and just as an example a drought tolerant crops on the right hand side there's the innovations in irrigation technology that we're all familiar with be it centipivot irrigation as in this figure here or in drip irrigation or other ways in which one can make sure that one maximizes the productivity from the water that is applied on the lower left hand side is a soil moisture sensor as an example of the kinds of technologies of information technologies that can really improve water productivity and this is perhaps the area where the fastest growth in recent years the ability that we now have to be able to use information technology to improve productivity and a lot of it has to do to be able to measure how much water there is in the soil so that any additional water that we might apply is minimized and on the bottom right hand corner I wanted to emphasize that this also the concept of improving water productivity should be looked at across the whole food chain so not only at the farm end but all the way from farm to fork and there are innovations that can be made in food processing and beverage in the food and beverage industry and other industries in terms of using less water so that's clearly an important way of moving forward is looking at ways in which we can improve water productivity but I'd like to emphasize that it can't only be in terms of producing more food with less water as many people have emphasized reducing food waste needs to be a part of the solution because the less food we waste intrinsically that means the less water we waste every time we waste food we're also wasting the water that went into producing it so reducing food waste needs to be a part of the solution but I'd like to emphasize that this isn't necessarily low-hanging fruit it's not a panacea as this PowerPoint illustrates the causes differ from region to region it's much closer to the consumer and in places of the world like Europe and North America and industrialized Asia there's much more waste closer to the consumer than the production end but in other parts of the world in sub-Saharan Africa in South and Southeast Asia in Latin America a lot of it is or the food that is wasted from production to retailing and in both cases this presents challenges when it's close to the consumer it really implies huge challenges in terms of behavior change when it's closer to the production end it requires investments significant investments in reducing food waste at that end which again is not easy so it has to be part of the solution but it can't be the only part of the solution and the other thing I would emphasize is that international trade clearly plays a role water specialists like to talk about virtual water which is the water that is embedded in food that is exported or imported and there is quite a lot of important export or an export of virtual water that is happening right now so clearly international trade where food is produced in countries where abundant water and exported to countries where scarce water seems to make sense but we should all recognize that international trade is governed by all kinds of other factors and it's hard to isolate the water dimension from the other important drivers or the most important drivers of international trade in food products so let me now go into those areas that I mentioned earlier that I wanted to spend a bit of time looking at and the first has to do with closing agricultural and water productivity gaps the concept of yield gaps is fairly easy to explain we have for every plot of land anywhere in the world and for any given crop there is clearly a yield potential that is governed by agronomic factors and climatic factors and so on in addition from a practical point of view it's virtually impossible for one to always get that full potential so maybe there's a 75 to 85% of the yield potential is actually the attainable yield and then there's the actual average farm yield which is what farmers are producing today on average in that particular area in relation to the yield that is attainable and the yield gap the exploitable yield gap is the difference between that average farm yield and the attainable yield and in most parts of the world there is a yield gap that is exploitable but the amount and the size of that yield gap varies considerably and here's just an example of a yield gap in Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia a mapping of what those yield gaps are and I'll come back to this later on again but it illustrates that there are big differences between different parts of even these three countries in some areas a very large yield gap in the case of maize up to 6 tons per hectare in other areas a fairly small yield gap but in the end that's part of what we have to do is to reduce that yield gap to the extent that we possibly can taking into account that there is not that much potential for expanding cultivated area now the same can be said in terms of water productivity gaps and we have here at the University of Nebraska an agricultural water management network where farmers are working with researchers and extension technologies to develop extension agents to develop technologies that can be used on the field that will actually reduce water withdrawals and by reducing water withdrawal you improve the water productivity at the field level and this has been a very exciting activity growing number of farmers joining in this effort that actually reduces their costs at the same time as improving water productivity but one thing I would want to emphasize is that it's all very tricky because one has to be very careful about in assessing the results of these kinds of experiments clearly there is a yield impact these improved technologies and as I said earlier there is a water impact that is the reduction in water withdrawals but a reduction in water withdrawals at the farm level doesn't necessarily translate into net water savings at the watershed level so one has to be very careful about that because very often you are tempted when you say you can improve irrigation efficiency significantly and that sounds as though one can get big improvements in terms of net water savings but some of the water that is being saved would have returned to the aquifer anyway and so that the amount that is saved at the aquifer level at the watershed level is significantly lower than what would appear to be because of the reductions in water withdrawals at the farm level so these issues of water productivity are complex and have to be looked at carefully the next issue I want you to touch on is on sustainable groundwater management because that is a challenge in many parts of the world here is an example from the World Resources Institute of India's groundwater and tables and how they are decreasing 54% of wells are decreasing in terms of the depth to groundwater and as you can see from this graph the situation is the most serious in the northwest but other parts of the country are also facing particularly and towards the south are also facing significant levels of groundwater decrease and it is a global phenomenon around the world that you that there is very very little good news in most parts of the world you see groundwater decreasing and here is an example from the United States of the High Plains aquifer in the most and in the heartland of the country high productivity areas you see that aquifer also facing significant reductions in decreases in the water table over the last several decades particularly the further south you go now I said earlier that there is almost no good news but there is one piece of good news which is northern part of the aquifer that has faced relatively small amounts of groundwater decrease and I'm giving that as an example because the reason why this is the case let me see if I can change the slide is in my view partly the result of good groundwater recharge in the state of Nebraska and so there is just the good fortune of being able to recharge the aquifer naturally but as important a factor is good groundwater governance and I'd like to emphasize that because when you're talking about groundwater sustainability in the end it boils down to governance and in the case of Nebraska the difference was made by a far reaching decision over 40 years ago to establish natural resource districts that have local control over groundwater management so these are local authorities local elected bodies that control water at a very local level and have had in my view a hugely important role in terms of groundwater governance and in protecting the aquifer and that's the good news in that generally very depressing story of groundwater sustainability across the globe one aspect of all this and that's why it's so important to talk about local authorities is that in the end farmers have a hugely important role in managing water it's clearly they are the ones who directly manage 70% of the world's water so you can't think of managing water only in terms of water agencies and government bureaucracies and so on in the end it's farmers and local authorities where farmers have a really important role have to be an important part of the solution let me move on to drought management a really critical subject across the globe over the last year we've been all heard about the droughts in southern Brazil the droughts in California increasingly there's always some spot around the world that is in the middle of a drought and so it's a really important issue but one aspect of dealing with drought is the ability to be able to monitor drought and we do have here in the at our university the National Monetary Centre that essentially releases every week a picture of drought emerging in different parts of the country and so that's a source of really important information that can be used by decision makers to be able to develop appropriate responses this particular map was produced in the middle of a the most serious recent drought which was in 2012 and these kinds of tools are more and more available around the world so clearly the ability to be able to monitor drought and get the up-to-date information is really significant the other side of it is water management because in the end the ability to whether a drought has to do with how water is managed and particularly storage because in the end that it is storage that enables us to deal with temporary scarcity it allows us to capture the resource when it is abundant and use it when it is scarce and I like to think of storage not only in terms of physical storage but also virtual storage and when I say virtual water storage I'm thinking for example virtual storage because you're storing what is produced by water so when we're talking about storage and the ability to cope let's think of it in this broader sense and one way of looking at at this just expanding what I just said it's clearly one should look at the different kinds of water storage, reservoirs, groundwater soil moisture, look at food storage the virtual water storage that I was talking about earlier but I would also include in that management strategies drought or flood insurance water sharing agreements those in a broader sort of virtual sense also allow us to cope with extremes and so a drought management energy has to encompass these various different elements and the last thing I would say on this topic is that when one is thinking of water storage really important not only to think about the built storage but also the natural storage and in many parts of the world the natural storage is as important as the built storage so the built storage would include reservoirs for example but the natural storage often includes ponds and tanks it includes of course aquifers it includes soil moisture includes natural wetlands all these are essentially what nature provides us for free so in thinking about drought management we should think about the reservoirs that can be built but also we should be looking at what nature allows us provides for us essentially for free if we govern it properly let me move on to the what I think was the last of the topics that I had singled out for special attention and that is irrigation and it's a really a changing context and irrigation is probably the most obvious example of managing a lot of food security and it's a changing context because if you look at this chart that was developed with World Bank and FAO data you can see that there were a couple of decades from between 1970 and 1990 particularly between the early 70s and the late 80s which were the heyday of irrigation development and irrigation was being expanded all over the world but that pace of irrigation development has slowed down considerably this diagram only goes up to 2005 but the picture hasn't changed very much in terms of overall irrigation development so it's a changing world and the one area where perhaps one would be looking for in the future for potential expansion is in sub-Saharan Africa if you look at it in sub-Saharan Africa less than 5% of cultivated land is irrigated as opposed to 20% in Asia and I believe it's around 10% in Latin America so it's really lagging and many people argue that you can't really have a green revolution in Africa without the same kind of investments in irrigation so here's a continent where there are if you take out if you just look at sub-Saharan Africa as a whole water resources are relatively abundant and yet there's very small amounts of irrigated agriculture so there's any part of the world where there is potential it's in sub-Saharan Africa and to a lesser extent in Latin America where you have a similar situation of relatively abundant water resources and relatively low levels of irrigation investments so far so that's one dimension of the change the other dimension of the change is that because of the costs of irrigated agriculture and irrigation we're going to see much more the use of irrigation in terms of higher value crops, more profitability much more emphasis on the high value crops and in keeping with what I was saying much more emphasis on reducing water use in getting more crop drops so that's going to be a large part of what we will be seeing in the future so I promised earlier to end with some quick description of what our institute does because we are in the middle of this challenge of managing water for food security we were established in 2010 with a gift from the Robert B. Dowdy Charitable Foundation and our vision is a food and water secure world in which global food security is ensured but without compromising the use of water to meet other pressing needs so that's the overall business that we're in and what drives our work and we have identified over the last few years five areas where we feel we can make a difference and these are areas that are relevant both to the developing world and it's also relevant to areas of high productivity in countries like United States or Canada or Australia or Argentina or Brazil so both the food exporting countries as well as the more vulnerable developing countries and the five areas are closing agricultural productivity gaps groundwater management for agricultural production enhancing high productivity irrigated agriculture agroecosystems and public health and the management of agricultural drought which we do together with the National Drought Mitigation Centre as I was mentioning earlier just some examples of the work that we're engaged in here we are involved in a pilot project together with a private company Valmont Irrigation and an NGO World Vision and the idea there is how can the benefits of centre pivot irrigation that have mainly been used for large scale commercial agriculture in Africa how can those be brought to benefit small holders so we're working at ways in which of social organization so that the huge benefits in terms of increased productivity and increased incomes can be brought to bear to with small holders so that's one example of the kind of collaborative public private partnership that we're involved in another example is the global yield gap in water productivity atlas and I was mentioning earlier that map that was produced in Tanzania Ethiopia and Kenya that was produced by this global yield gap in water productivity atlas which is a collaboration between the group of faculty here at the University of Nebraska as well as in Wageningen University in the Netherlands supported by the Gates Foundation education is very much a part of our mandate we have a dual degree program with the Institute of Water Education in the Netherlands and students study for one year in the Netherlands and a second year here in Nebraska and end up with degrees from both places and we also have an active program of internships and fellowships for both undergraduate and graduate students and postdocs and then finally we do have an annual Water for Food Global Conference because we feel very strongly that in the end one has to have engage with stakeholders through policy dialogues based on solid research and so we do have an annual conference that really brings together stakeholders a number of countries around the world and not only academics but practitioners, producers government agencies policymakers so it's a very exciting annual event that we that we organize so that's all I wanted to say this is just a small little advertisement for our next conference which is on April 24 to 26 and it's going to focus on what we call catalytic collaborations of building public-private partnerships for water and food security so that's the the main things I wanted to share with you and again thanks for your attention and I'd be happy to spend some time in addressing any questions that you might have. Thank you Roberto that was an incredibly rich presentation with so much insight and we're super excited to hear some questions from our attendees there's been some chatter already happening amongst them they seem to be commenting to one another so I'd like to invite those with questions to submit them via the Q&A window and we have some coming in so the first question we have and it's actually one that I was also thinking is I know you've presented quite a few approaches but could you speak to a couple specific examples or what are some of the promising innovations that you've seen in technology that improves water productivity? Yeah I guess some some of the most promising are in fact not necessarily rocket science some of the most promising innovations I think are the result of low cost technologies then led to significant rates of adoption and that really is an important to take into account the bamboo tube well in South Asia in the 70s and 80s huge impact because it was low cost and enabled a large and significant adoption and I think the use of low lift pumps in sub-Saharan Africa has also had a hugely significant adoption rate chatting to a colleague recently with a group called Kickstart they have sold something like 250,000 low lift pumps across sub-Saharan Africa and you can just see that the impact something like that could have so I think the general category of low lift low lift well I wouldn't say low lift but low cost irrigation technologies I think is really significant at the other end of the spectrum I would say that the real revolution in terms of precision agriculture and data intensive approaches that allow farmers to be able to tailor the amount of water to the specific requirements at a very of the crop at a very localised level so that you can take into account minute variations in terrain and so on so that the amount of water applied responds to the requirement of the crop taking into account soil moisture and so on again has huge implications and it's essentially science based farming and we were chatting yesterday with a group of farmers here from Nebraska that have adopted these kinds of techniques and it essentially means that rather than simply apply water when the crop looks as though it needs it it means applying water based on a scientific understanding of how much the crop actually needs and it can result in absolutely in huge reductions in the amount of water that is applied so I think those are some examples at the two ends of the spectrum of innovations that are done in practice. Those are really some examples and you mentioned some of these low cost pumps and just like to let the audience know that we actually have cataloged a number of such low cost pumps within our Solutions Library for anybody who's looking for examples we have the kickstart that we featured amongst others so I really do appreciate you noting those. I think that low cost aspect is quite critical and we have a comment here from one of our attendees who notes that in addition to the current innovations where is the value benefit for farmers and talk about farmers having that 70% control of water where is the value benefit for farmers to adopt such technologies who may have limited investment budgets so if you could speak to that particular challenge. Yep, and that's where the policy environment is so important it very often the value benefit for farmers is the reduction in energy costs in most countries it's not a reduction in the water cost because that is not a significant element in many contexts but the value benefit can be a reduction in energy costs as well as whatever yield gains the technology produces so if you're going from a less efficient to a more efficient system of irrigation you can reduce your energy costs but again that depends very much on the policy environment and the system that is used in terms of payment for energy services. Absolutely and definitely we know there's quite a lot of chatter in the field regarding the water food energy nexus because it's one that's so inextricably linked. Another question that we have here is would manually or cattle operate machinery be viable? A viable alternative sorry just lost my question for powering up more efficient irrigation practices so manual or cattle operate machinery I'm not trying to have any thoughts on that? The thing to I guess I would say that the overall point is a value one that manually operated that when one thinks about different technologies and so on for improving the use of water you should also include manual approaches. The thing to keep in mind on the manual side is the energy balance and the amount of labor and energy and calories that go into that then offset the benefits that the technology might produce so whenever one talks about newly operated technologies you really have to look at the energy balance and the caloric I guess usage that entails. Yes indeed that's a very good point and I think we have one more question that is turning us to look at farming techniques and in this case the question is can you speak to the impact that conservation farming has had on food and water security and is there a method that is seen as making strides towards better security? Conservation farming Great well thank you very much that really is an important question and there's no doubt in my mind that conservation farming has a huge impact in terms of the use of water in agriculture because one of the objectives of conservation farming is to be able to conserve soil moisture to conserve whatever water is available that the crop can use so making sure that any water that falls is retained and can be used for crop production running off and into streams and elsewhere so it is a really important part of the equation and I think some of the data that we have is that it's one of the most effective ways of producing water use. It relates to a point that I was making earlier about healthy soils. The healthier the soil is the more it is able to retain water and the more it is able to retain water the more the crop can access that water for crop production purposes. Absolutely and I'm going to take one last question and I think it's still quite high to the topic of conservation farming the question is regarding storage of resources and banking for future use when in high demand storage of water the question is is there movement and progress in the political environment allowing such storage devices as rain catchments? What was the last part of the question is there movement? Sure so the question is about storage devices such as rain catchment systems where there is progress in the political sphere for really supporting those kinds of devices to be utilized in the farming setting rain catchment systems and other types of storage for water. Great question again because so much of the secret here is how to be able to capture water and avoid its runoff so that is clearly has to be a part of the equation and in terms of the movement on the political sphere I think that it varies I think too much of the discussion around storage tends to be around large infrastructure and not much attention to some of the more local systems to capture rainwater and so on so that the political debate is often dominated by the larger systems whereas in practice some of these other smaller systems that more local skills can have huge impacts. One really good example that I think of policies that work is in India where in Chennai there is essentially the incentives for building rainwater catchment systems have been built into if I understand it correctly into the housing codes so whenever you want if you want to have access to water from the mains you have to install a rainwater catchment system so that water that which essentially means that the rainwater then will recharge the aquifer so I think that you do have some important experiments and movement in the political arena towards these kinds of smaller systems to capture rain but much more is needed. That is really interesting and I think a good inspirational note for us to end on I couldn't agree more that solutions that are viable at the local scale really have tremendous potential part of the rationale for us Engineering for Change capturing all of these kinds of products and services is to encourage more ideas around those kinds of solutions and certainly policy has a tremendous role to play. We are at time and I would like to thank you Roberto for sharing with us all of these insightful ideas and giving us some food for thought if you will and I'd like to thank all of you out there for attending today's webinar for those of you who are seeking to receive your professional development hours please do reach out with a code that is listed on the slide in front of you. We apologize and get to everyone's questions. There's no questions that have come in but if you really have a burning question please feel free to email us at webinars at engineeringchange.org and we'd be happy to pass them on and don't forget to become an E4C member to get information on our upcoming webinars. Thank you everyone have a great morning evening or afternoon wherever you may be and we will catch you on the next E4C webinar. Take care.


What's up gamers, in this video I'm going to be showing you the locations so you can get some amazing shiny rock Pokemon in Scarlet and Violet. Oh, the hat, don't worry about it, I was just filming a YouTube short. Anyway, let's go on with the video. Okay, so for the rock sandwich, all I'm going to be using is a jalapeno and two salty herbomisticas. Of course, there are better alternatives if you don't have a bunch of salty. I just have happened to farm the bunch and that's pretty much it's going to be just jalapeno on the bread. Alright, that's going to be a very spicy sandwich and we're going to get ourselves some rock Pokemon with this recipe. Alright, so we're going to get sparkling power, encounter power and title power. Okay, so here's our fun spot that we're going to get from this area which is going to be West Providence Area 1 North and this is the pathway that runs down all the way to Cascarafa West entrance. And as you can see, there are going to be rock rubs here and not much else is really spawning and getting in our way. So all you're going to be looking for is a little blue dog as you are traveling along your way Now these are not giant group spawns so you don't want to fly through these areas. You want to take your time and make sure to rotate your camera, make sure you zoomed out because the blue dog will appear in this grass area as you are exploring it and going up and down this area. Now there's also two paths in this area as we like to cover this a lot. As you're walking, you can either one turn right at the first spot, just zone out that area in your little pathway and come back or you can continue walking down this pathway head towards the town as I'm doing right now. And I'm just making sure to check all my little rock rough spawns. I don't want to miss this dog and the ideal goal is to get three rock roughs because each of those rock roughs will be able to evolve into three of its forms, the midday form, the midnight form and the dusk form. And because of that, that is going to be three blue evolved dogs. If you're the type of person who wants to catch them all and collect them all so you're going to need a total of three of these first evolutions. Now the second option you could do when hunting these rock roughs is simply come to this town. Step inside until it says the name and then just simply step out and you're going to get West Province area one and some of the Pokemon are going to be showing up here.  And all you're going to do is keep resetting, rezoning until you get your blue dog to show up. And that's pretty much it. If you're enjoying this video, make sure to hit that like button and subscribe because it lets me know which Pokemon you want to hunt in the game and comment down below what type I should do next. Okay, so for the next hunting area, we're going to be going over to North Province area one watch tower. And in this location, we're going to be hunting lichenrock. Now there are three forms of lichenrock. The first form of lichenrock is the midday form. And as you can see, the midday form just looks like this, a nice brown and white color. And you're going to notice when you happen to get the Shiny that it is going to be a blue color. And you're going to be finding these ones spawning all over this area during the daytime. All right, midday Shiny form found. Nice, looking good. Now you can see the day has now changed to see the sky. It's a little bit different. And you'll start to see that we are now getting the dusk form to start spawning. And you can see them by the orange color here. This is going to be really cool because now if you want to Shiny hunt the dusk form, this is how you're going to be doing it. And there's a lot of spawns. But the time for these dusk forms to spawn is going to be very limited. Now these are also going to be blue and shiny as well. So if you want to camp out here the whole entire time and Shiny hunt, this is the best area to do it in the game. And here is basically how to get the dusk form. There it is. Look at that during the sky. All these spawns have now changed. The transition is really nice. So that is pretty much how to get the dusk form. I'm going to Shiny hunt these. See if I'm lucky. If not, we're going to move on to the next one. Oh my God. No way. Oh my gosh. Oh my gosh. Oh my gosh. Oh my gosh. We just got it. We just got it. Oh my goodness. In one. Oh, that was right back to back. Now because it is now transition to night, as soon as we despawn out these dusk forms, you're going to see that we're going to have the midnight forms just being around and spawn. And these are going to be the red ones as you can see because it's nighttime. And the challenge with the dusk form is that they disappear pretty quick. So you have a very small time frame to hunt them down if you're doing this overworld encounters. But yeah, for this guy, we're going to also be looking for the blue one and they're going to be always spawning at night. So this is the midnight form. Let's see if we can get a shiny for this video as well. Okay. This is my shiny one that I threw out just so you could see. Oh, okay. He ran up to me. That's the shiny one. I wasn't able to get because of my sandwich running out before, but I just wanted to show you this one, which is the midnight form compared to the other others. So you're going to be looking for this guy over here. Now there's a little trick. If you want to start hunting the different forms of lichen rock and what you're going to do is you're going to have your sandwich, place yourself in the location and you're going to do date skipping until you get a lichen rock outbreak. So I'm going to just do that. Okay. And just like that, we have a lichen rock outbreak on the map right over here. So I'm just going to mark it up and head towards it. When you're here at the outbreak for lichen rock, just go ahead and knock out 60 to get your maximum chances. Now this is going to be a little different because we're going to be changing the forms of lichen rock right after we knock out 60 to increase our shiny chances and make them really good. Okay. Once you do your 60 knockouts, make sure to save again. And once you do save, you're going to close your game and usually to time travel a little bit, you have to move up a couple of minutes. You have to move up maybe an hour depending on how your game is going to work. And you're going to want to just switch out the time. So right now it's 1.24 for me. So I might just move up by, I don't know. Let's say let's go to 2 o'clock maybe. Let's go to 2 o'clock about 2 o'clock, maybe 30 minutes 45 to boot up my game again and see what time we get.  You don't want that to happen. You don't want the midnight to happen. Now you can see because we shifted the day, now the spawns that we're getting in this mass outbreak are going to be the day lichen rock. So it doesn't even matter what time it is. And I forever will now have these lichen rock spawns. And once you get the lichen rock of your choice spawning here, you're going to pop a sandwich and they're all going to turn into the lichen rocks in that area because of the spawn changes. Yeah, pretty much you can get your night form, your midday form and you can manipulate time until you get the correct timing for the exact lichen rock you want. And then at that point pop the sandwich and you should be good to go. Now the next shiny we're going to be hunting is going to be cloth and the best way to get to this one is from Artizon West. As soon as you go from Artizon West, you're going to be entering the lovely area, three of the South Province and you're going to head over to the spot where you remember where you fought the Titan cloth. That's one of my favorite spots here. So it's coming right out of the town, jump down over here and as we are starting to walk, we're going to start to see these cloths over here. There you go. There's all the cloths showing up. That's the cave where cloth was the Titan one and what you could do is a simple despawn, respawn to get these cloths to show up. So sometimes I like just going up here to have them quickly despawn. You'll get some at the top of this as well along with your knackley showing up and then I just jump down and then we'll be able to get a completely different spawns over here. Now an alternate pathway that you can run when it comes to these Pokemon is by simply just heading down this path over here. Just follow this. Make sure you're not going too fast because it does take time for them to spawn. Oh, look at the grally. Okay, it takes time for them to spawn in and as we go up here, you'll get more cloths and you can climb the tower if you want. You might find some up here, but my favorite spot is to just rotate to that original area so this cloths up here as well and you can kind of come up with your own pathway for these cloths. There they go. I'll hold another group of them spawn again or the simple way is just, you know, just despawn this entire crew out like that and then come back and just respawn a whole bunch of them and eventually you will bump into this cloths. You could jump down hill if you choose to. There's other locations where you can spawn them. I just like the ones where it's a lot easier to have the cloth spawn. Here's a clip of me getting a shiny cloth that is blue looks really good as a shiny. Actually, it's one of my favorite shinies from this game. Not my favorite Pokemon, my favorite shiny because it's just so obviously blue in this clip over here and that's how to get the shiny cloth. All right, so if you want to hunt knacklies, the best spot to do is come from the Mesa-Gosa East gate right at the entry. You're already going to see a lot of these things spawning here. This would be the best spot in my opinion to probably get them to spawn because they are majority over here and the cloths really don't interfere with your hunts until you move further in the area. So this is going to be a pretty good spot to hunt them. So this is basically going to be your nice knackly pathway. You can see them over here. You can just simply go back and forth within this area because they're so boosted. So you should be able to find a shiny one. Now the shiny ones are going to be really identifiable because their orange body and the orange top is going to be clearly seen. So yeah, you just come back to this area, roam around the first part and you should be able to simply bump into a knackly pretty fast at this gate. Another good area to get knacklies will be at South Province area five. Now this is not have to do with any winding paths or twisting turns like the canyon area. They're simply just going to be all on this beach and it's going to be very simple for both players of Scarlet and Valet is go across this beach very nicely. Enjoy your stroll look left and right and just knackly Sony spawning here.  They're just they just spawn here. That's it. And then once you hit the edge over here, you simply can just turn back and repeat and then just keep despawning out and respawning in your knacklies and that's pretty much how you get a shiny hunt knackly. This next location that we're heading to you're going to want to teleport to South Province area five or just on the secluded beach and we're going to climb up this area right here. So see you after I climb up this wall. Okay, we're at the top of this cliff over here and this is the Larvitar spot if you're playing Pokemon Scarlet and in this pathway, all you want to do is simply jump down. Make sure you're looking around for these shiny Pokemon as you're exploring and start just running around here and seeing the spawns you get. Remember, these are single encounters so you don't want to zoom. You want to just take your time. You go to these ruins. You're going to go up here. As usual, I'm going to show these paths. If you've watched my previous videos though, these paths are pretty much understood by you guys at this point and we're going to pass these guys. Climb up over here and for the sake of time and me possibly losing a shiny, I'm going to speed this up just a little bit more. Okay, you're going to climb up this pathway. Continue, make sure you're zoomed out all the way.  Okay, so I went to Violet and there's actually no good spawns here in Violet. Like you guys get absolutely nothing spicy up here with the rock sandwich. So we're just going to ignore that for Violet players. That was just for Scarlet. We're going to be in East Province Area 3 for this one and it's going to be a mix of roly-collies and charcoals as well as Larvitar. So this is going to be a double hunt if you're looking for these two Pokemon. Basically, these guys are going to be spawning everywhere when you walk around. Lot of Larvitar's here for Pokemon Scarlet players. But if you're playing Violet, you'll be getting more charcoals and roly-collies showing up in your game if you are playing in Violet. So Violet players are a lot more safer in getting these spawns to happen. But if you are in Scarlet, you're going to be getting a lot more Larvitar's to show up over here. If you're at Zappa Pico, the town, we talk about this a lot in our videos. If you're at the East entrance and just walk forward, you'll be able to bump into a lot of, there you go, roly-collies and charcoals. And what you're looking for is basically that nice, lighter blue color. And if you're Scarlet players, you're going to be seeing your Larvitar's here. So it's going to be a lot easier to hunt this in Violet than in hunting them in Scarlet. Just back out, pop back in, get some more spawns. Pretty simple hunt until you get your Shiny. All right, so if you're playing Pokemon Scarlet, you're going to be hunting down Stonejourner. They're going to be located pretty much everywhere in the Asado Desert. Now you have two options to hunt the Stonejourner. One, you could simply just roam the desert and walk around and look how many they are showing up here. And by the way, the Shiny is basically going to be the opposite stone colors on top. So it's going to be darker and the spots are going to be lighter versus the original one. Anyway, you can go into town, right? Just like this, Cascarafa.  Now they do take a little bit of time, but there are so many spawns that happen here. And this one might be the easiest because you can keep track of them by just walking right into town like that and then walking right out. So maybe you want to do Cascarafa, reset and then just look around to see if your Shiny spawns. These are always the fastest ways of doing it. If you don't want to do that, you can simply just walk around the desert and see if you'll ever get a spawn. But I noticed it is actually a lot harder because they could spawn behind you. You could miss it. So I really do suggest you just stick to Cascarafa for this kind of hunt. All right, the next area that we are going to be going to is, as you can see on the map, Casa Roya Lake. And we're going to be looking for Dreadnought families here. And unfortunately, not unfortunately, unfortunately for us, one already spawned right here, the waters. Let's go. Oh, yes. And you can tell that the Dreadnoughts are going to look very different than most of the other Dreadnoughts. It's going to be a very green color. Now that that's over with that, we got a Shiny, which is pretty cool. We're going to be looking at this area in Casa Roya. Basically this entire path is a free run up to this edge, which I like doing. It's the best because you can speed run this right across and you have an opportunity to get families spawning and you don't have to worry about slowing down or running fast and what's going to happen. Just zoom over here. Just do all the zooms because families of Dreadnought and their Chuddles will be spawning everywhere you look. And the cool part about the whole entire Dreadnought spawning is that they do have a bunch of Chuddles surrounding them. So you do have a chance of also getting Chuddles to spawn. Look at that. That's three families right there in this running path. There's another one and that makes it really good and they're really easy to identify as you saw earlier because of that nice green color. And what I like to do with this hut is walk all the way back and check out all the Chuddles and I'm going to head over all the way to that rock straight down. There we go. We're heading we're heading to that rock right there and we're going to be paying attention to all the Dreadnought and Chuddles along the way. This is going to be a very great way like I mentioned of separating out the differences from having a bunch of water Pokémon spawning and having a rock Pokémon spawn.  And then once I usually come up to here I'm pretty good and then I repeat myself over again. Now there's other places to hunt here if you want to jump into the laggy lake there's going to be Dreadnought spawning everywhere in the water. So if you choose to hunt in the water in Castle Royale Lake you will get spawns here as well but just be aware it's going to be a little laggy and I prefer usually running on land but I'm presenting all these different opportunities that you guys can do when it comes to Shining Hunting so you can get in the water you can get on land but it's going to be in this Castle Royale Lake area. Okay gamers so if you are hunting down Suda Wuto this is going to be the best spot in Madali this is ah I love this spot the location I'm at is this spot facing the forest area over here so make sure you're placing yourself here because other spots will spawn fairies and other things but look at me I already see one, two, three, four, five Suda Wutos six Suda Wutos and as I enter back into town and come back into the area you're going to see your Suda Wutos start to spawn now Suda Wutos Shining is going to be very obvious the tree is going to look a little green and its little green spots are going to start to have little orangey reddish looking spots so the balls will look like that if you don't want to do town resets which I find to be the easiest here because look at the amount of Suda Wutos you're getting just by this tree like that is a lot of Suda Wutos showing up I'm pretty sure we'll easily get a Shining if I stand around here and hang out but if you don't want to just stand by the town you could do a nice little rotate around this tree area here I find that to be always the best way to get some Shinies to spawn as well if you don't want to do the lazy town method because I know a lot of people want to adventure and make the Shinies a little more exciting now be aware that Suda Wuto is going to run really fast when it sees you so you want to make sure as soon as you spot that thing to save just in case it runs from you really quick so there's all these Suda Wutos here look at them one, two, three just everywhere they're just zooming and what I'm doing is this nice rotate around here and you can see all these Suda Wutos so you want one this is going to be the good spot and I'm going to come all the way until I reach back to Medali and you can see how many we're getting there's just so many Suda Wutos and I'm just going to make my way right back to town I do prefer the lazy method of Medali I just get a good Kusuna Wuto is not one of my favorite Pokémon but it is definitely a cool Shadi and that's pretty much how you're going to be hunting down Suda Wuto in this game okay if you want a nice overworld to limit spawn to hunt Alphanauta Cave is the way to go only problem is because these are a bunch of solo spawns over here you're going to have to move not really fast you have to go a little bit slow to give them time to spawn but you do want to hunt these guys in this cave this is the place to go Alphanauta Cavern this is going to be over here by the psychic town you can either enter from the top or enter from the bottom spot over here okay and as I'm falling through the hole in area 0 this is Reachers Lab 4 as you can see over there and this is the platform up here where we usually do our jumps typical jumps in the game and I'm just going to go to our spicy spot over here by the waterfall area where we have a crystal any rock that we can just hop onto it's right over here there's the waterfall there's a rock it's a double crystal this is the typical rock formation that I've talked about that is really good for spawning a bunch of Pokémon this is best for just having a solo encounter of a specific paradox Pokémon but in the case of doing a little multi Shani hunting this is going to be the third evolution of of knackley which is Garganackle knackley is this is okay this is really hard for me to pronounce we're also going to have a bunch of Glimmet and Glimora over here obviously the best trick here is you just walk away like that walk back towards the crystal area and you're going to get a bunch of them respawning in and out and these are the Shani's on screen so you can easily identify them and the Shani's should be very apparent to you probably Glimmet's you're going to have to do a little more eyeballing but that's why you could do the double home zoom in to see what they are and just honestly keep going back and forth so this is going to be a very good spot for Glimmet Glimora and the third evolution called Garganackle or however you pronounce it let me know exactly how to pronounce it because I do mess up with Pokémon names and I appreciate the comment section for correcting me on these alright so in area 0 from the research lab number 2 we have our rock turned on and we can see the iron hands over here don't worry about this guy we're going to move forward towards this rock location right here and this is where you're going to start to see knackles and knackle stacks some rock roughs over here but if we do happen to climb up here I think this is the better spot so once you climb up this hill as you can see there's a bunch of lichen rocks you can see there's knackles and knackle stacks and you can see iron thorns having the sandwich boost or iron thorns is not going to be ideal when it comes to rock as you can see it's not really that many spawns and the rock encounter is going to increase lichen rock and knackle stacks so that's going to cause iron thorns to not be as popular here so you don't really want to boost rock types when hunting this guy so we're going to ignore iron thorns there and I'm not going to really add it in as a mandatory hunt here it's going to be a lot harder because of the other spawns but this is where it's going to be so a better spawn for this would probably be the electric sandwich so that'll be in the electric video and now you know a bunch of shiny rock type pokemon locations in the game make sure to check out this one right over here this you're going to get something really good I got you


Satellite showed another sunken Russian ship in Feodosia. A satellite image shows that in addition to the Novo Shkask, another ship partially sank as a result of the strike on the port of Feodosia in occupied Crimea. Radio Svoboda reported this, citing a satellite image from planet.com showing the port of Feodosia after the Ukrainian strike on the night of the 26th of December. According to the outlet, in addition to the Novo Shkask landing ship, the image shows that another vessel partially sank due to the strike. This ship is marked with the yellow rectangle in the photo. An image dated the 24th of December has been used for comparison. Radio Svoboda has established that the other ship partially sunk in the Ukrainian strike on Feodosia was an old UTS-150 training ship, which has been seen in photographs from the port at the site since at least 2007. Russia's Ministry of Defense has confirmed that the Ukrainian armed forces hit the large landing ship Novo Shkask in occupied Feodosia, Crimea, with missiles fired from an Su-24 front-line bomber jet on the night of the 25th to the 26th of December. The Novo Shkask, a large landing ship from Russia's Black Sea Fleet, was destroyed by cruise missiles from tactical aircraft belonging to Ukraine's Air Force.


And if Luna goes wild in the middle of it, then let's get this shimony boys. Hey, insanely exciting news. I kind of mentioned this on Twitter Please don't please Letting her chew on my foot can you see that Okay, so the room right across from me. I'm turning into my twitch streaming dungeon.  So I don't even know what my twitch name is yet I'm sure that whatever I want is probably already taken so on the screen I'm gonna put it and in the description. I'll put a link to it I might not be streaming app But you can like follow it and get ready for when I start streaming my goal is Monday through Friday 5 to 8 Eastern every single week But yeah, five days a week three hours, I can do that. I think we'll see so yeah, that's really exciting I'm really excited to be a twitch. I gotta go give her another walk.  It was so fun I don't think this is gonna be good now because there's no fan appreciation packs But I'll still rep it last game was awesome. So I'm not super pissed about it I lost to a good player, but we still we're four and one right now So it's still easily make the playoffs. So it's all good I so I can get any five packs in the store and I have no I have the shitty fan appreciation packs, right?  I just got one That's actually super helpful for my team right now because I do need a good wide receiver We got Jerry Rice now. He'll probably go in where Steve Arjan is Troy Palamalu, Walter Jones and Duran Payne. So that one's not gonna help us at all. So that's three or sorry That's two. This is our third and ultimately like dude. Can I get a golden ticket and one of these now now that would be nuts? I Don't think that's gonna happen, but damn that was actually a really solid first pack None of those are usable for us, but that was good flashback player Devonta Freeman Patrick Willis Jerry Rice that was an L also We had just restarted a season this would have been a good wheel spin, but while I have this God squad It's not really I can't say that if I pull a golden ticket if I pull No, it didn't happen alright second round. This is not a good one. It's up dude. Are you kidding me? That couldn't have been worse No, it's yep can't use that. Okay No, no dude is this whole first wheel spin by to be the fattest L Come on that Jim Brown's kind of sick though I think I'd rather have Jim Brown as my backup half-back than Damian Williams. That'd be kind of fun You know arpial big zone but we go Jim Brown in I'm sure he's probably better this Damian Williams sucks, dude I just kidding. He's really not. He's significantly worse. I'm gonna do it anyway.  Oh my god Okay Lots of potential here. I don't know who you're using on though yet. Well, here's one I could pack a bunch of Jim Brown, but I got various I probably wouldn't do that Terry kill cannot be packed a bunch We already got the best version of him Steve Largent. Does he have a 99?  My offensive players are virtually maxed right now Does von Miller have a better card? Oh my god. He does von Miller has a draft card I just forgot about that we can pack a bunch von Miller I think it's gotta be von Miller because I don't know who the hell else I would pack a punch right now This is a Schlesinger go have a pack of punch. Oh, wait a minute, dude We can make Schlesinger a 98 overall doing it. I would I do 100% doing this. Are you kidding me?  It's a 98 overall Oh my god, this is the best day ever all I need now is the megatron free safety. I had the best lines But I never needed to win a game more in my life. All right, we're gonna hit the challenge wheel right here We're four in one We've been playing some good players, so I don't expect that to stop and our challenge Score the blind play so I'm just gonna randomly choose a play no audibles I have to score with that play. That's it Calvin Johnson Calvin Benjamin Barry Sanders, and he's the Lions We might have another Lions fan here. It is truly. Wow. This guy's not a true Lions fan. He's got Aaron Rodgers at QB.  He does dude. He has Schlesinger's go though So he's got Barry and Schlesinger go That's exciting.  You can't be letting that happen Lord knows I would get enforcer hit stick fumbled. Is this up the middle? No, it's an actual pass Just use it and out route against Megatron To the crib. I've been playing this game for like nine months I don't think I've ever seen one of my corners jump around like that. That was God tier What? Yo, I'll take it. I'll take a free seven to start the game out. I didn't even switch on I would love to say I switch on and did that myself.  I feel so bad, but I gave it to Engram. Oh Wait, whoa horrible. Oh, aren't you alright bud? I gave an X factor to Evan Engram and let me show you why I'm gonna throw this ball to Engram You're gonna see exactly why I put this on Engram.  Oh He knew damn and he got heat. Oh, this is not the offensive drive.  Oh, he's a hundred percent there.   Oh, go Taylor maze. Come on third and two one more Just stick to it Vaughn Miller CPU another pick six wait wait wait wait I have 14 points and I've done nothing.  Oh No, he ran commit that time. Oh, okay, you know if I keep fumbling like this I very well could lose this game guarantee. He does this again That's cool.  This bomb has seven points on me. I'm so embarrassed. All right second and eight I'm gonna hit somebody on the reds.  Oh Barry What All right back I'm gonna admit it. I don't know who he's trying. I think oh, oh, oh, don't get picked off I might just take a field goal because that actually would be pretty useful here Wait a second, I kind of booth the power on that. I don't know if I'm gonna hit I don't think I deserve that me totally honest. He's not there at all That's literally that way you can't explain you enjoy sneak any better than what just happened right there Barry Sanders Why why is it that it felt like I almost could have lost this game at this point? I don't think I can but I guarantee this is a stretch. Oh No offensive points and it's 31 to 7. So here's what I do for blind plan They're just gonna scroll and I'm just gonna click X Whatever the play is that I just clicked on I have to score. Oh Jesus. I guess I go intentionally score jet sweep Let's see what it looks like Jet sweep that wasn't jet sweep. That was a something that I can work with. Okay. I can work with this 100% I can work with this Oh across. Yes. Got him. That was my challenge. Okay one more time. I'm gonna hit X. All right, Barry We got a stretch for you. I don't think this is the play with nine yards.  We got a random set challenge. We'll know Dude our quarterbacks sucked. Look at this quarterback. He had a 24 rating out of 60 five wins, baby We just need two more. Here we go, baby 95 96 elite exchange Herman Moore Yo, that's kind of cool actually Oh my god, and I forgot to put Jerry Rice in because we pulled Jerry Rice in a pack So now we have Herman Moore and Jerry Rice. Although, who do I really want to take out? Okay, I want to take out Steve Largent for sure I think I'll just take out Steve Largent and I'll leave Jaylin Rager So I think just Jerry Rice will go here and Herman Moore will go on the bench. This is my this is my Super Bowl team We're good. All right boys. I love you. Thank you for watching this episode of Wheel of Mind. I will see you in the next one Peace out