Rwy'n meddwl doedd weithio i'n gweld ffaith erbyn hynny. Mae gennych rhwng fawr i'r locu wedi cymdeithiliadau sy'n cyllid gyda'r byw. Dda'n ddiwedd, mae'n gwybod beth eisiau. Fi i wneud i'n ddweud cynghoro eich loes hynny, mae'n gwybod bod eich bod gennym a'u beirio. Dwi'r byw ffordd yn gweithio ar gyfer y blaen, mae anodd ddechrau'r cyfu, ychydig. Rydych chi'r ymddir y gallwch ifanc, mewn cyfal hynny wedi bod yn fwybod o'r unithriadau. Mae'r sícy Hyfodiadau Nesaf. Cyfnodd sleif wrth yn ymgyrch yn ychydig. Felly am y mam ynghylch, byddwn ni'n peth o'r parwy ar hyn. Mae'n 어떡 arall ddiwedd yn ddechrau. Mae'r swyddiad yw'r cychwyn allan, byddwn ni'n gwybod am y Cerdde, byddwn ni'n ddechrau yn y cyfnodd mawr yn awr, ac ymuch yma, byddwn ni'n gweithio. Ychwch wedi tyfnodd llawd ar hynny, ac yn hynny oherwydd ein awr. One of the titles, I think, was trial by battle, and the second was trial by fire. I'm not quite sure that's what they do in the Supreme Court. I hope it's a bit more sophisticated, the trial process there. But he will speak for between 15 and 20 minutes, and then we will hear from Professor Virgo, and then we will have questions, and they will each sum up very briefly at the end, and then we will take a vote. Without any interest, we will take just a very rough and ready vote at the moment. Without hearing anything at all, just put your hands up. How many of you believe that those who wish to practice law should not study law at university? How many think they should? And how many don't think? All right, but we'll start with Lord Sampson. Thank you very much. As we have just demonstrated, for many of you here tonight, whatever view emerges from this debate is going to be too late. Some of you, of course, will be reading the part one. Some of you are at school, but I suspect that quite a lot of you have already made up your mind and are committed to reading law. This is after all the law faculty. So one might ask, what am I doing here turning up on a cof, where February evening, in order to address 300 people of some intelligence on the proposition that they've all made a terrible mistake which they can now do nothing about. Professor Virgo, of course, was responsible for designing this evening's debate and he naturally awarded the cushy option to himself. He is going to tell you that you have all been wise, noble and sage enough to make the right policy choice at an early stage and you would be less than human if you were not at least initially to agree with him. The problem, of course, about debates like this one is that they simplify issues and they polarise opinion. The question before you tonight only admits of two answers. One is yes, the other is no. Of course, in real life, the answer is usually neither yes or no, but it all depends. That's not an answer which you have an option of giving at the end of this evening. That applies, of course, with special force to the question whether one should, if one intends to be a practitioner, read law at university. In current conditions, anybody who does not read law at university and intends to practice will, of course, take a year longer to qualify than his contemporaries who did read law at a time when there is virtually no public financial support available for obtaining professional qualifications. Most of you who take that course will have to borrow on top of what you have already borrowed in order to get through university in the first place. I don't, for one moment, underestimate the difficulties that that puts people in. Choosing to read law, if you want to practice it later is a decision that requires some courage, and I make no bones about that at all. The first point that I want to make to you this evening is that you should approach a question like this not as a future practitioner, but, so to speak, as a present philosopher. You should also, I suggest, approach it with at least an element of idealism. The question for you ought not to be. What is the answer that suits me? The question should be, what is the answer that would suit a civilised world, the sort of world in which I would actually like to live? A world perhaps in which student choices were not constrained in quite the same way by the practices of this particular profession or by financial constraints arising from the limitations of the grants budget. Now, this is not, however, a pointless exercise. Actually, the world has a way of catching up with its ideals, but only on condition that it's prepared to acknowledge those ideals in the first place. Now, may I say first of all that I am not suggesting that law is a bad subject to read at university? What I am saying is that it's better to read something else. You should not, in other words, read it as a first degree. Now, I readily accept that reading law at university does have some advantages, and that they may well be compelling advantages to those who do not intend to spend the rest of their life practising it. In most English universities, law is taught in a way that is interesting and extremely skillful. And as a background to the broader disciplines of life, law is valuable in that it conveys something to those who don't intend to practise it of the intellectual method of law, as well as a basic set of legal principles by which important parts of our society is organised. But there are, however, in my view, two reasons why law is the wrong choice of degree for those who intend to practise it. One is that it is bad, I would suggest, for one's personal development to lose the opportunity to study another subject before throwing yourself into the disciplines for professional practice. It is personally impoverishing. The other reason is that it is bad for work, and the reason is that it is bad for one's professional development, because the study of law is not the best preparation for professional legal practice. Now let me say something about the first of those points first. The great intellectual virtues, I would suggest, whatever subject you study, are curiosity and imagination. And these two attributes of the human mind are at their freshest and at their sharpest and most elastic between, let's say, the ages of 15 and 25 before the pedestrian limitations of earning one's living are set in. Some legal practitioners are very good at escaping these limitations, but in my experience most of them aren't. There are obvious reasons for this. The law is a priestly craft.  For a practitioner advising clients or for that matter addressing judges, except perhaps at the most senior levels of professional practice, the space allowed for speculation is actually very limited. It depends, the study of law, on a finite range of source material. Much of that source material is, of course, devised by other lawyers, these judges. Much of it is statutory and therefore a given, not suitable for amending at any rate by its students. And it also depends on a particular way of thinking which is not shared by most of the population at large. Socialy, too, I find that law is practised in a relatively closed world. The reason is simply the organisation and the pressures of professional life. Criminal practitioners do see plenty of unconventional people, although thieves are actually not quite as varied as you might think. There is a quite limited way of picking pockets. Legal practice involves long hours. Many of them spend in highly congenial company, but generally in the company of people is much like yourself. Like medical practitioners, it is actually quite remarkable how often lawyers marry each other. The law is a wonderful profession in many ways, but it is a profession whose practitioners do need perhaps more than other groups a window on the outside world. In this debate, a great deal is bound to depend on what view you take in general terms about the proper function of a university education. If you regard your time at university as purely a vocational preparation for earning your living later with some quite good social life thrown in, then that is perfectly sensible in that situation for you to read law even if you intend to practise later. If, like the present government, you think that universities exist in order to maximise the growth of the gross national product and for virtually no other purpose at all, then you will probably end up taking the same view. For my part, I reject both of these propositions. However, economic planners may view my function in the universe, I don't regard myself as a mere factor of production and I don't imagine that anyone here does either. I think that the function of a university is to equip people to get the greatest possible intellectual satisfaction out of not just work but life in general. I think that its contribution to what we do with our lives at weekends and after whatever time of night we get home is at least as important as its contribution to our income. I would suggest that a life in which one has been mainly concerned with the same subject from the age of 18 to the age of 65 because it is a good way of earning a living is a seriously impoverished life by comparison with quite a lot of alternatives. If you are not going to practise law then reading it as an undergraduate can be a mind broadening experience and the same is true, the same is not in fact true if the degree is simply going to be the prelude to more of roughly the same thing over a period of some 40 years. If you are going to read law then the opportunity to use the most intellectually formative or if you are going to practise law the opportunity to use the most intellectually formative period of your life studying languages, literature, philosophy, theology or history or whatever is an opportunity that ought not to be missed. The problem is that a single life is not long enough for all the things that one might be curious about in the course of living it. Unfortunately a single life is all that we have. We therefore need a large measure of vicarious experience as well as personal experience and we are not going to get a great deal of that out of the study of law. Law is a very poor way of vicariously experiencing anything whereas the other subjects that I have mentioned and quite a few other subjects that I haven't mentioned are in fact wonderful funds of vicarious experience. Benjamin Disraeli is supposed to have said in the House of Commons we are here for fun and what I am trying to tell you is that having seen a lot of lawyers in my time think that the ones who did something else at university have more fun. Now on that note I want to turn to my second point which is that reading law is not actually the best preparation for practising it. I would accept that there are some advantages in a university degree in law which no other kind of legal education is going to supply in particular a university degree ought to equip students with an overall view of the broad field of legal principle. By comparison most professional training courses have a tendency to treat law as a series of subject specific more or less self-contained islands. I think that practitioners too are far too inclined to look at legal problems too narrowly without regard to any general legal principles principles which they may well find in a subject area that is not within their own speciality. Now the problem about this is that the reason why lawyers behave that way is not I think the way that they studied law at university or in professional courses it's a problem which is associated with the increasing professional specialisation which has been characteristic of both branches of the legal profession for quite a number of years and I'm afraid that it's a tendency which lawyers succumb to regardless of how or where they were trained as lawyers. The truth is that whether you had a university education or a purely professional one in law you actually learn most of your law and almost all of your judgement by practicing on the public. My experience is that non-law graduates are just as good or bad as the case may be at thinking broadly about legal problems as law graduates are everything depends on the intellectual ability of the particular practitioner in question. Now as a general proposition the first requirement for any intellectually demanding profession whether law or something else is a clear and logical mind a generous measure of vicarious experience and in addition I think the ability to string a coherent thought together whether or in writing. Now in principle these are qualities that can be acquired by studying any intellectually demanding discipline and that applies as much to those who intend to be lawyers as to those who intend to practice any other skill. In the end intellectual ability and imagination matter a great deal more than a practitioner's specialised intellectual knowledge. John Paul Getty the famously laconic American oil billionaire was once asked why it was that he employed so many classicists in his business. His answer was they sell more oil. Now one only has to look at the remarkable number of outstanding professional lawyers who did not read law in order to see that Getty's dictum has a far broader application than just the oil industry. In the United States they have never had law available as a first degree. Yet the United States seems to have produced some really quite interesting lawyers over the two centuries of its existence. In England probably the commonest training for lawyers until relatively recently was in fact classics and a list of the greatest English judges just over the past century would I think be revealing. Arguably the greatest English judges of the century we have just had were Lord Denning who read mathematics at university and Lord Bingham who read history. Now they are in very good company. Lord Wrights, Lord Atkin and Lord Wilberforce all read classics. Lord Diplock read chemistry. Lord Mackay read mathematics and physics. The current vice president of the Supreme Court Lord Hope read classics. And the current president of the court Lord Newberger read chemistry before becoming a banker and only as a last resort turning to law. Indeed he recently shocked an audience of German lawyers famously obsessed by formal academic qualifications by saying that he had actually found it quite easy to move from a more rigorous to a less rigorous discipline the real problem was moving in the opposite direction. Now if you look at the well known names among current practitioners the ones that one sees regularly on the newspaper reports Michael Belloff, Michael Mansfield Dino Rose all studied history at university and I hope that this court of catalogue ought to persuade at least quite a lot of you that you can have a reasonably satisfactory legal career without thinking seriously about law until after you leave university. Now I don't think that this is actually an accident. There are quite a number of reasons why one would expect those degrees in subjects other than law to turn out to be rather good professional practitioners. Let me mention just a few. The first is that what you discover when you start practising law is that there is surprisingly little law in it. Of course you do need a good grasp of the basics but that's relatively easy to obtain. Much the most challenging thing about practice of law is understanding and analysing what are often quite complicated facts massive documentary files and that odd combination of memory and prejudice which accounts for the way that human beings behave in the witness box. A remarkably high proportion of cases that come before the courts including the Supreme Court are ostensibly about law but actually about the correct analysis and classification of the facts. The truth is although I hesitate to say this in present company that law is dead easy most of it is common sense with knobs on. What is difficult of the facts? Once you have correctly understood those and stripped away the 95% of the facts that don't matter at all the legal solution is almost always obvious. Now that's one reason why prime requirements for a successful lawyer are an outstanding ability to understand facts often in relatively arcane areas of human life. The number one qualification for doing this is therefore to have the largest possible personal fund of experience most of which will in the nature of things be vicarious. A law degree is not as I have said a way of getting vicarious experience. Degree courses which require a serious analysis of facts and evidence are likely to be a great deal more useful and they include most of the obvious analytical subjects like sciences and mathematics or they include subjects like classics, history, English or foreign language which provide the requisite vicarious experience. Byngham was not only a historian at university but pursued his interest in serious scholarly history throughout his life and this fact I think infused many of his greatest judgments with a humanity and a capacity for observation of the world which is a large part of what made him a great judge and which he would not have obtained by studying law at university he would have had to do something else to acquire those qualities. Now these are qualities that are just as valuable for practitioners as they are for judges like Tom Bingham especially if they intend to practice as advocates. The English legal system is one of the most demanding in the world in terms of the sheer articulate use of language. English narrative judgments have a literary quality which is entirely lacking from the judicial systems of the civil law or from the Court of Justice of the EU or the European Court of Human Rights which are coached in that special robotic brand of Dalek speak that we all know so well. Oral advocacy has a uniquely significant place in the English legal system and in those that are modeled on it. A degree course in law is no more likely to improve your command of language than any other humanities degree and very probably less likely to do so. Now to some extent of course especially in Cambridge you can eat your cake and have it by doing a combined degree. I personally doubt whether many combined degrees will give you the degree of professional or profound understanding of either of the two subjects that you would get by studying just one of them on its own although some combined degrees clearly do. The problem about switching half time after the part one tripos at Cambridge is that in practice if you are going to qualify in law you will usually have to do a fourth year and therefore it will take just as long as it would have done to do a three year course in something else and then go and do the common professional examination. It's also of course true that even those who have read law throughout their lives can catch up later. They can read outside subjects in their spare time, they can learn the foreign languages that they failed to learn at university they can make themselves into universal men or women later in theory. It's surprising how a few people actually do it under the pressures of modern professional life. So the real question to my mind is why just catch up when you can have a serious intellectual grounding in a mind broadening subject that you will not spend your next 40 years studying. Why just catch up when you can study it in the stimulating environment of a great university surrounded by gifted contemporaries pursuing very similar interests. It's an opportunity that will never recur again. So don't lose the chance now. Well we now have Professor Virgo for those who he's not known he is an expert especially in criminal law and equity, an excellent teacher and he's now going to tell you why he's not wasting his life. Thank you. My name is Graham Virgo and I read law at university. I actually read law at this university. I then became a barrister and then I came back to teach law at this university. I want to start first of all by thanking Lord Sumption for coming here and facing the crowds here. I realise it's not easy and particularly having regard to the show of hands at the start particularly those sitting nearer the back in this room it may be like getting turkeys to vote in favour of Christmas. But Lord Sumption has raised a very serious issue. What we do in law schools and why we do it must always be kept under review and it needs to be kept under review nationally as it is at the moment and also locally as well and at the moment in Cambridge this law school is reviewing everything we do in the law syllabus to make sure that we are preparing students properly for those who wish to go into the legal professions for their future legal careers. I ought to emphasise right at the start what this debate is not about bearing in mind the motion. First of all it's not about whether you can or should study another subject at university and then change to study law. We're not talking about whether it's appropriate to do a change over conversion course within a university like Cambridge or the affiliate law degree. This debate is not about whether we should shift to postgraduate legal study as in the United States or as in Australia and it is not even about whether you get adequate preparation for legal practice by doing a one year graduate diploma in law, the conversion course although I am very happy to argue against that as being adequate preparation for legal practice. This motion is simply saying that if you want to be a barrister or a solicitor in this country then you should not study law at university. It will not help you. Lord Sumption last year wrote an article and that has really prompted this debate today and he has summarised in what he has just said some elements of that article. And in that article he emphasised that legal practice is not about law but it is about the facts. It's about the ability to analyse the facts and as we've just heard you can get adequate preparation to analyse facts from studying another subject at university and that will enable you to analyse evidence or to develop pure logical thinking. In other words an undergraduate degree in law is a waste of time for those who wish to enter into legal practice and never mind those of you who've stayed on for postgraduate study during the LLM you are really wasting your time. I have four key arguments I wish to emphasise as to why I do not support this motion. The first is this argument that the law is not just about legal rules but it's about facts and evidence. We would never use this sort of argument about medics. We would never argue that a medic should just do a one year conversion course having studied whatever they like and that one year conversion course will be perfectly adequate preparation for them. If I go and see my GP with a headache I would be rather concerned if my GP said well I didn't do that heads weren't part of the core subject but I can look it up I know how to find the answer but that essentially is the argument against studying law at university. You don't need to know the rules you can look it up. It is all about the facts it's all about the evidence the analogy between a legal practitioner and a GP is a good one Facts are essential but diagnosis is crucial a holistic approach needs to be adopted and to adopt a holistic approach you need understanding and an ability to make connections between all sorts of disparate areas of medical understanding or legal understanding. Now we might say the analogy with medicine is not good law isn't just a matter of life and death like medicine it's far less important I would disagree law is incredibly important that legal profession has an incredibly significant role in this country and frankly it demeans the law and it demeans the legal profession I would say the law is only about assessing the evidence or the facts or even mainly about assessing the evidence and the facts whether you are a judge, a barrister or a solicitor the law is much much more than that. My second argument relates to the legal profession itself Lord assumptions rejection and the relevance of law as an academic discipline plays to an unfortunate stereotype identified by the author Jane Gardam in her brilliant book Old Filth about an old barrister who as a child was told you'll be a lawyer magnificent money sense of logic no imagination but the legal profession of which legal academics form part is much more than that it is a learned profession a great judge once said the legal profession has from times long past been termed a learned profession and rightly so for no man and I will add or woman can properly practice or apply the law who is not learned in that field of law with which he is concerned he must have more than an aptitude and more than a skill he must be learned in a sense importing true scholarship that is right legal scholarship is legitimate scholarship the law is a subject worthy of study and involves rigorous thought despite what Lord Sumption has just said and I know this is a very cheap swipe but Lord Sumption read history at Oxford and maybe he was describing law at Oxford and certainly not here because actually legal I know that was a cheap swipe but legal study requires imagination creativity and deep learning lawyers constitute part of a learned profession and they are more learned if they have studied law first my third argument is something that Lord Sumption touched on and acknowledged it is the access question if we actually move to a system where you are forbidden from studying law at university if you wish to become a practising lawyer that will have profound financial consequences it will require additional study additional expense and at a time when within universities and the legal profession as well we are increasingly concerned about issues of access and diversity that is a very significant argument my fourth argument is what Lord Sumption in his article called general culture the assumption of Lord Sumption is that those entering the legal profession lack an appreciation of general culture and that studying law at university cannot help them acquire that understanding of what he calls general culture but how does the study of classics or languages, maths or even history bridge the gap true it provides an understanding an ability to acquire knowledge relating to an aspect of general culture not only an aspect of it it doesn't cover all aspects of general culture and for those of us who study law and who teach law there are two particular arguments to emphasise first we do culture still we just happen to do it in our spare time we do study languages we do study literature we study history we just don't necessarily do it as part of our legal studies although of course many of us do when you're studying law you are engaging with history and philosophy and languages and all sorts of disparate aspects of general culture the other point about general culture is that actually law is culture or at least it provides the mirror to understand culture Lawrence Rosen in his book entitled conveniently enough law as culture said if one sees law as exclusively concerned with the rules that regulate disputes rather than as a realm in which a society and its members envision themselves and their connections to one another then we will fail to understand how our world is composed the law actually enables you to understand a culture for those of us who study comparative law the law provides a window to understand a foreign culture the law is in fact about facts it's about stories and it's about disputes but in analysing those stories and providing solutions to those disputes we can better understand culture so finally why should you actually study law at university the answer is simple for those who wish to become practising lawyers of course not everybody who studies law does it makes you a better practising lawyer now why well first when you study law at university you acquire legal knowledge but that's the least important part of studying law at a university the law changes and it can always be looked up in a book or on the web at least if you know where to look at how to find it and how to understand it when you found it but the study of law is about so much more than that it's about legal reasoning legal reasoning does not come naturally to most people it requires careful training and the ability to be able to interpret and analyse and studying law at university enables that to occur legal understanding is a crucial part of legal study that requires breadth and depth it requires an engagement with other subjects law is not an island in a stream it interacts with economics, with politics with philosophy all of us who study law all of us who teach law engage with those other disciplines law is about legal criticism practising lawyers need to know what is wrong with the law so that they can predict legal change and they can participate in it as well and finally the study of law is about legal discipline the ability to engage with big questions in a logical way to assess the evidence and to draw rational conclusions this week I have been teaching law students in a variety of different subjects and in those subjects we've been examining issues that require the student to have legal knowledge to develop legal reasoning understanding criticism and essentially develop legal discipline all sorts of disparate legal issues require those different techniques and attributes to be applied to them so finally why did I all those years ago decide to study law when I was in the sixth form I asked all sorts of big questions but probably the biggest question a question which I have often asked ever since is what about law why not study law at university I wanted to understand I wanted to change I wanted to defend and I wanted a subject with real intellectual discipline and I got that but a Lord Sumption I think has made an important point that law schools all around the country need to be aware of something we sometimes forget is that the teaching of law and the study of law might sometimes be regarded as rather dry it is not perceived as I think Lord Sumption said it's not perceived as a fun subject how wrong can Lord Sumption be it is a fun subject there is real excitement and enthusiasm in the study of law now as the lead character said in the greatest film ever made about the law the greatest film and my knowledge of this film shows that I certainly have a very good understanding of general culture the lead character said a very wise professor once quoted Aristotle the law is reason free from passion well no offence to Aristotle but I have come to find that passion is a key ingredient to the study practice of law and of life how true that is it's that sense of passion that led me to study law to practice law to research and write about law and that passion is at the heart of the legal profession and if it's missing it should be there and it's important that all of us ensure that that passion is there law schools are not perfect we in law schools need to think carefully about what we are doing and why we are doing it but in thinking about that there is only one conclusion which is that whilst the study of law at university is not the only preparation to become a legal practitioner it is the best preparation thank you I should have said by the way this debate is conducted according to the queensby rules which means no kicking nothing below the belt no headbutting or anything like that but cheap jibes are permitted now time for you to show some passion that we're told you all have and to ask questions of either of the speakers who's going to go first come on somebody are you in the back do you think that Lord Sumption would have been a better lawyer if he had had a law degree Lord Sumption is an exceptional lawyer without doubt and his career makes that absolutely clear I am sure Lord Sumption would have found it easier to establish himself in the legal profession if he had read law but my argument is certainly not an argument that you should always study law and can only study law if you want to become a legal practitioner Lord Sumption gave us some examples of great judges very great judges who did not study law at university I did not do the same with another list of judges who did study law at university from the supreme court high court because my list would be such a long list I didn't have enough time for it answer might be not if he read law at Oxford but I call that a cheap drive anyone anyone else yes sorry there is a lot to be said some other subject has an unimaginative if you then followed up on a proper academically taught law degree in America and now in Australia and Melbourne and in America you didn't need to do any law at university at all that was the real practice but my argument is that I found a lot of law that was coming there was of course a huge amount of fact that I would be very surprised if people went into the legal profession and didn't discover that there was a very great deal with research people and for those of us who write books like Burma and I've done some myself you know there is a disaster as we're told that actually law is unimportant but it's got all of the facts that would be over time rather than a bit too late so yes I certainly was not suggesting that there is not value if you have done an undergraduate degree in a subject other than law that there is any problem about then reading law at university I think that's a very valuable exercise what I would not agree with her is the suggestion that you actually need to do that to be a successful practitioner the fact is that until really quite recently first of all I entirely agree with what Graham Virgo says about the highly unsatisfactory nature of most professional training courses all one can say is that they were once very very much worse I acquired my first acquaintance with law by going to Gibson and Weldo's Cramers and I was sent by correspondence course little blue books every fortnight or so I would send back the essays to some nameless person who would send them back with marks now I'm not going to suggest that that is a way of acquiring a satisfactory legal knowledge but it wasn't what I was suggesting the fact is that I learnt 100% of my law by practicing and I learnt it pretty quickly and that's not an unusual experience because the truth of the matter is and what's one of the differences between medicine and law doctors of course cannot mug up the necessary medical science and the art of diagnosis in the half hour before a consultation but I have to tell you from long experience that is what I have spent my entire life as a lawyer doing and so has every single practitioner with any experience or success to his name one more question anyone with any questions yes sorry this here yes I agree that you learn something possibly even a lot about a society from the kind of aspects of its existence that's a lawyer's studies I don't agree that there are not in fact better ways of doing it and I think that the habit of legal thinking which legal treatment is a very important and I think that which legal training and I'm not only talking about universities here tends to inculcate is one which tends to inhibit curiosity and produces an attitude to the outside world that is not consistent with the view you just expressed I will tell you a story that represents a very extreme example I was for a number of years a history fellow at Mordlin College Oxford and one of the most distinguished lawyers at Mordlin was John Morris the editor of Dysian Morris on the Conflict of Laws my clearest recollection of John Morris is of entering lunchroom one day it was the day after Odin had been buried at his country house in Austria at Kirchstetten and I entered the room just in time to hear him saying to the wrapped assembly of lawyers you always had lunch I've never been to Kirchstetten and I've never had the slightest desire to go which I do now so that I can dance on Odin's grave Each speaker can now have two minutes just to respond and sum up and Graham if you go first Actually I'm first going to say because many of you will not know that one of the speakers who commented was Professor Sir Roy Good who a number of you will have read his books so I'm very sorry for what I said about Oxford I did myself study there for one year as well I simply want to emphasise what the motion is the motion is saying that if you want to go into legal practice you must not study law it is a waste of time of course you can study other subjects of course you can learn a great deal from those other subjects but really what I wanted to say before and I want to emphasise again is that despite all the misconceptions about the study of law at university and there are many misconceptions it is a subject that is deep it's intellectual it is learned the law profession is a learned profession and the best way to go into that profession is with a good grounding in legal education which you can only acquire by rigorous legal study well I will make just three points the first is I did not say and it is not part of my argument that reading law at university is a waste of time nor do I think so what I have suggested is that there are other better and more mind enlarging ways of acquiring the kind of grasp of reasoning which a lawyer requires the second point is this when I said in the course of my opening observations that the law is an enclosed world I could not have expected to find that view so rapidly confirmed as it was when Graham Virgo was delivering his own arguments the idea that law is supremely important more important than any other subject that it is absolutely vital to an understanding of the world all of these are sentiments that you often hear uttered but only by lawyers it's unique in that respect there are people who have never studied philosophy who admire philosophers there are people who have never studied history that admire historians lawyers are a unique breed in that they have a propensity which is really quite remarkable for acting as their own cheerleaders the third point is simply this that anybody who is going to suggest that without the kind of legal scholarship that is best acquired at universities you cannot be a successful practitioner or an outstanding judge is first of all saying that there were no outstanding judges in England before the end of the 19th century when the first generation of judges went to the bench who had been to had studied law in universities which has an organised degree has really only existed since the middle of the 19th century he also has the heavy burden of explaining why it is that so many not only distinguished lawyers but of our most distinguished lawyers have in fact managed to master legal scholarship without having a law degree I don't deny the value of legal scholarship I do deny that going to learn it at university is the only way of acquiring it well I hope you agree a very stimulating debate now you get your chance to confirm your prejudices again you can of course vote compatibly with law assumptions views even if you're reading law as long as you undertake now not to practice in the future because that's consistent I think with his position but all those who all those who think that those who wish to practice law should not study law at university put your hands up all those who think otherwise put your hands up so I think it's victory for the home team that perhaps that was to be expected how many people would have risked to change their minds change their minds we need to know which way for how many people felt they changed their minds in the course of it very good well there we are that's open minded people we have here thanks very much for coming faculty I'd like to thank Lord Sumpson and Gwen Vergo for this evening and I would like to thank all of you for coming and making this the occasion it has been a great evening for us and the faculty and I would encourage you please if you can to stay this reception on two of the floors outside so do stay and talk we've got a great mix of people here from sixth formers through to very senior practitioners and legal academics as well so it would be great to continue this discussion for a while longer thank you


The INCUS long process coupler is one of the choices for the treatment of sensor and neural hearing loss. A left and a right version are available. The coupler is delivered with a specially designed holding frame that helps to position the FMT correctly and easily. With this coupler, the orientation of the conductor link is very important. So the FMT is correctly connected to the conductor link, it should lie in the groove of the holding frame. The FMT is then gently pushed down to attach it to the coupler. Once the FMT has snapped into the cage of the coupler, the two handles of the retainer are squeezed together and the clip is tilted and carefully removed. The coupler and FMT are gently released from the holding frame. The INCUS LP coupler is attached to the long process of the INCUS.


Saw the stand-up comedian who said that's a take-too-off. Let's just get to the frickin reaction Okay In Odisha Ancient wonder of India the Sun Dambu So this is a temple that we need to know about okay that we don't know about so we've not seen it by the way Maybe remember the reaction we did for the islands Got a DM from somebody from the islands and they were inviting us. Yep They're paying for a flight. No. Ah, and apparently it's pretty pricey and you can only fly there from New Delhi. See you next week Here we go, it's not just air India, right? Please Here we go Just about to say it if you beat me to it Odisha a state that is historically rich and culturally diverse a Place with an immense tourism potential However for many visitors their itinerary to Odisha is limited to exploring landmarks in cities like Bhubaneswar and Puri But the fact of the matter is that when it comes to heritage Odisha has an astonishing number of hidden gems tucked away in different corners of the state when it comes to tourism the Magnificent state of Odisha is touted as India's best kept secret If you have had the privilege of visiting Odisha You would agree that it is the land of cathartic spiritual Experiences and immortal architecture Worship of the sun gone has been popular in India since time immemorial and perhaps the most famed Sun temple in India is the one in Konark, Odisha A place that most of us have read about and are familiar with The Konark Sun temple is listed as the UNESCO World Heritage Site a must-visit for every traveler Konark is popularly referred to as the black pagoda and I was once trying to find out why it was referred to because it didn't look black to me But then I realized that in the ancient days when people came by ships and boats It looked like a huge tower in black structure. So what you see for now today it is almost half the size It was originally Konark looked like a chariot which was about to fly off to the Sun sky Wow, no trip to Odisha would be complete without visiting this iconic temple It's architectural splendor has to be seen to be believed But its greatness can be felt only when you see it with your own eyes No photos or video can justify the grandeur of this 13th century old temple The Konark temple is so huge that it can easily be seen from the market outside the main campus Enter the main gate and you would be spellbound by what meets your eye The main entrance is flanked by interesting structures on both sides. It sends a cross of powerful message Here you see a lion and an elephant trapped over a man Yeah, it is believed that the lion represents pride the elephant symbolizes wealth and together They destroy a human being So pride and wealth can be your undoing thought-provoking, isn't it? But the main temple is even more interesting built entirely in stone It is a monumental representation of the Sun God Surya's colossal chariot with its 12 pairs of wheels being drawn by seven galloping horses These seven horses are understood to represent the days of the week while the 12 pairs of wheels Signify the 12 months of the year some also believe that 24 wheels signify the hours of a day Interestingly the wheels are designed in such a way that one can gauge the time of day by looking at the Shower cast on the spoke of the wheels by the Sun The walls of the temple which was built in 1278 in Narasimha Deva 1 are decorated with sophisticated and refined sculptures of activities from that era Be it of a woman wearing high heels involved in martial arts or carrying portable mirrors If you look closely at the sculptures, you would be in awe of the craftsmanship And especially overwhelming sculptural narratives give a precious insight into the lifestyle and Religious as well as political practices of those living in that period The Sun Temple constructed by 1200 artisans in 12 years Compresses several distinct and well organized spatial units such as the dance hall and the audience hall You can spot various of your structures within the enclosed area Well, some parts of the well here's damaged over time. It looks magnificent and continues to build highways And here's a protein whenever you plan to visit the Sun Temple stay off for the spectacular A masterpiece of creative genius in both conception and realization All of that was created in 12 years That seems crazy fast for some crazy fast and that intricately. I was thinking like 200 years in intricately detailed in they were not just talking about Wood carving or painting. We're talking about stone carving mind-boggling the intricate detail in that is mind-boggling the fact that They must have been working day and night 1200 people a day Just not stop working because that that seems crazy fast And the other thing as I'm looking at it because it's so sad when you see things like you see the horse there And the next horse and part of the body is gone. Yeah, I wonder what they's doubling times Yeah, what what can you do for I'm sure people are working on it To preserve something like that's made of stone without degrading the actual Artwork itself. Yep, because time is cruel. Yeah, and so many beautiful pieces of work just degrade Yeah, and it's probably this as well But like we've seen so many things from India and around the world the way you see them now It's not how they were they know most stuff was extremely colorful. Yeah, it was much different then yeah But obviously now obviously that's world the paints wore off and yeah I'm sure the people of the day if they saw it now would weep. Yeah, because it's nothing as beautiful as it was No, it's absolutely gorgeous now But like yeah stuff in like ancient Egypt stuff in like South America stuff in all these places India was Vibrant colors all over That's if we ever get to addition I hope we do one day I would love to be able to go Yeah, I would love to see that place seeing something like that. It's that intricate Detailed it's just so impressive to me. Yep, I agree and it's a Primary thing it's like all things Artistic is the the connectivity of the human experience and I love seeing things that are that ancient We don't have anything like that in America You can you can see the difference when you go to New York because in New York you see things that are much older than the West Coast and But nothing compared to when you go to someplace like that or England and yeah or England even and you can put Your hand on something and know There were people touching and working on this hundreds and hundreds of years ago, and now I'm I'm touching the exact Thousands of you right. Yeah, it's amazing certain India.  No, of course Lawless, what Jenna what genocide? Anyways, let us know what other informational videos and other of temples of anything from any state that we should react to down below


This is one of the important statements nowadays people are looking into because it gives us clearly the money coming in and the money going out. How much money we are receiving during the year and where this money is going, where it is going to be used. The cash flow statement is to read cash in real money and there are no assumptions or estimates. Cash coming into business is inflow plus and cash going out of business is outflow. So basically in this statement we show inflow of cash and outflow of cash. Now cash flow prom are used in operating activities. There are three types of cash coming into business. Inflow of cash and outflow of cash. Now cash flow prom are used in operating activities. There are three activities we define in cash flow. One is operating activities. The business you are doing in regular business. Like buying and selling. If you are buying same thing and paying to your customers, so how much you pay to the customer. When you are buying something and you are paying to your suppliers, so how much you pay for the supplier. How much expenses you have paid. How much tax you have paid. How much interest you have paid. Clearly payments. Then cash flow prom used investing activities. Investing activities particularly long term. Not the short term, long term. For example you are buying some fixed assets, plant, equipment. You have to report it as outflow. But if selling part of it, then it is an inflow. So any long term investments you are making and reporting. If you are making an investment, it is an outflow. If you are selling any of those investments, that is inflow. Cash flow prom used in financing activities. That is also very important activity. The thing is if you are borrowing money, it is inflow. And if you are repayment, it is outflow. Similarly if you are issuing shares, it is and bringing cash in that is inflow. If you are buying out shares from the market, so this is outflow. But another important thing here is that if in case you are settling one of your liability by giving them shares, not cash. So one hand you are reducing your liability. On the other hand you are putting up cash in shares. So it is net off. But do remember in such case, you are not supposed to be just leave it like that. You have to mention in the cash flow statement, notes to the accounts that that is why the shares are increasing and loans are decreasing because there is no cash involved. So in case any significant activity of investments or financing where the cash is not involved, you need to give in through the notes to the accounts that this is how this increase or decrease in these two. Investment in capital assets, hope for future company. No investment means milking its assets, not investing in future growth. People want to see that you are buying more assets because you are building your capacity. So people want to see that rather than you are using whatever money you are coming in and just using it. Now in this case, if you are paying to your shareholders, that is also reported here. Payment for dividends. And if you are receiving some dividends, let's say from somewhere, so that will also be reported. But that will be reported in the investing activity, but sometime will report it in the operating activity. So the receipts and payments are in this particular report. Now financing from borrowing or issuing more shares, repayments of loans or buy back shares, they are again financing activities. Then there is less room for manipulation in the numbers. In fact, in this particular statement, you cannot do much. Otherwise, I've seen people are doing a lot of things in profit elastic on balance sheet, etc. But so what cash flow is concerned, no one can do anything. You have to show clearly the money coming in and the money going up. You can prepare cash flow statement, looking into income statement and the balance sheets. Normally, we have the two years balance sheet and income statement of a current year. And from there, we try to work out the cash flow statement. Cash flow statement is a key indicator of a company's financial health along with the profitability and the shareholder's equity. I used to say profit is one thing. But cash flow is the another important thing. If profit is life, cash flow is blood, oxygen. That is what important is. Now cash flow income statement increase in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows and enhancement of assets or decreased liabilities that result in increase in equity other than those relating to the contribution from the equity participants. Now expenses decrease income benefits during the accounting period in the form of outflow or debt. Now the depreciation, although it starts with income statement, but it is not a cash expense. It will be adjusted in profit to the show. But in fact, if you are preparing a direct method, we will discuss this later. If you are preparing a direct method, nobody will see the depreciation because the depreciation is not a cash expense. We are not paying to somebody. Only the asset you are buying is an outflow. So expense decrease the economic benefits during the current period in the form of outflow depreciation assets is incurrence of liability that result in decrease in equity other than those relating to distribution to the equity participant. Equity participants means here the shareholder basically. If you are making some payments as a dividend, then it is an outflow. Now another important thing here, if you are issuing them bonus shares, that bonus share is not cash flow.  So they are not in fact in-flow or outflow. Thank you very much.


You need someone ultimately that you can rely on in life and that someone is yourself so maybe today you need to press refresh on the priority of love in your life and come back to the realization that you must love you first and foremost and stop adjusting and filtering and editing And downgrading your life To see other people who really don't care about that resource that you're giving to them So you must love yourself first. You are worth it


I am from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. It is located in the southern part of India. And it's known for its bad summer. So today, I would like to speak about a scaffold-based approach for neural lineage differentiation of human embryonic stencils. So embryonic stencils. These are basically pluripotent in nature, which means they can self-renew pain definitely, and they can become into any type of cell. So you can have like electrodes or cardiomyocytes or neural cells. So they are basically a limitless supply of cells. So what are the uses of embryonic stencils? They can be used for screening various kinds of drugs. You can understand the human development process. But the most important application comes in the cell transplantation therapy. Some systems in the human body, like for example, the adult neural system, is incapable of healing itself for a patient under more certain disease or disorder. He's left with motor impairment or paralysis or other malfunctioning. So the theoretical idea is if you can create neurological cells from the stem cells and you can transplant them into the patient to restore the normal function. But so far, it has not been widely possible as such that there have been only two or three clinical trials so far. This is mainly because of the traditional, the embryonic stem cell culture conditions are not chemically well defined. For clinical applications, you need well defined culture conditions. Because if you even have a single non-target cell in your body, you can have aberrant tissue growths. So for differentiating the human embryonic stem cells into particular type of cells, but most of these have a lot of disadvantages, like they can contaminations or they can embryo body formation as an example. So basically, when the stem cells don't have a surface to adhere upon, they form aggregates or lumps. These are basically the embryo bodies. So when these are left to spontaneously differentiate, they differentiate into all the three germ layers. So what is usually that is certain small molecules like redinoic acid is added in the culture to better the differentiation of these embryonic bodies into particular lineage. So this particular case, redinoic acid is used for the detection of neural differentiation. So as you can see, since in an embryo, there is highly oriented differentiation. But in this case, since it is in a 3D manner, you can have it's highly disorganized. And you have a lot of batch to batch variations. And it all depends upon the embryo body size, cell density, and the diffusion of the soluble factor, all these come into play. So this is not particularly a reliable method. So why is it so difficult for differentiating these cells into a particular cell type? Why are there so many constraints? If you see in the embryo, in order to maintain the flowable density in nature or in order to determine a body model's cell fate, a lot of factors come into play. Like you have cell-cell interactions. You have the interactions of soluble factors in the medium. And most of them have the cell and matrix interactions. If you see, a lot of developments have been done when you take the soluble factors or when you take the neighboring cell, controlling the cell-cell interactions. But the substrates are highly developed. For example, if you see, the partial tissues have elasticity in a range like 1 kilopascal to 100 kilopascal. But when you see the traditional tissue culture materials, it's completely out of range. So the answer for this is hydrogels. And hydrogels are basically a network of hydrophilic polymers. Recently, a lot of focus has been on these as catapults force and load. So basically, these have tissue-length physical and mechanical properties. These are basically the polymers dispersed in water. So hydrogels, we use hydrogels also for various reasons. Like the first form of reason is you can control the mechanical property of the hydrogel. And it is also in the range of the physiological tissue. So for example, if you change the cross-linking density, you can change the elasticity. And you can have different ligands. And you can have different ligand densities. And you can have multiple ligands. So there are different types of hydrogels. Like, for example, when you use a polyanionic cation, you have basically ionic hydrogels. And you also have chemical hydrogen and physical hydrogen. Basically, you have a hydrophobic polymer in which you insert polar groups by various reactions like hydrolysis, oxidation, or sulfonation. And if these are like, we mean together as network only through hydrophobic interactions, then it is called a physical hydrogen. Or if you cross-link them, and basically covalent bonds are formed, it is known as a chemical hydrogen. We used chemical hydrogels because when we are inserting the peptide on hydrogel, basically the ligand on the hydrogel, the ligands are charged. And we don't want any unnecessary electrostatic interactions. So we prefer the chemical hydrogels. So how do we go about synthesizing these hydrogels? First, we start off with a glass coverslip. We functionalize the coverslip with reactive groups. This is basically for covalently binding the hydrogen on the coverslip so that it is easy to handle throughout the reaction. Then we go on forming the hydrogen. Basically, we use this acrylamide and acrylamide. And we use some polymerizing agents. And then we functionalize it with acrylic N-hedges. Now this acrylic N-hedges basically reacts with the amine groups. So the peptides can have multiple amine groups. We don't want these peptides to attach the hydrogen any fashion they want. We want to control the way they attach to the peptides. So we follow another method. Instead of using these acrylic N-hedges for getting the peptides to bind on them, we again reacted these, but ducomyne and aminomalamide. Basically, this aminomalamide reacts with the thiol group. So what we do is we take the peptide of our interest. And we insert a sustained residue in the peptide in either the C-terminal or N-terminal, depending on the manner in which the cell interacts with the peptide. So since our thiol group, it reacts with it. And we use ducomyne because ducomyne interacts with the cell, not interacts with the peptide. So basically, we use it for controlling the cell density which is adhering on the hydrogen. So if we change the ratio of ducomyne and aminomalamide, the honey cell is adhered on the hydrogels. So we change the elasticity by changing the ratio of busaprylamide and acrylamide. And we can have different peptides attached. So by following this method, we prepare hydrogels with different elasticity. And as you can see, the aminomaline stem cells basically show different behavior on hydrogels with different elasticity. The hydrogels with the elasticity 10-hilo pascal basically support the aminomaline stem cell pluripotent nature, like for it. So apparently an aminomaline stem cell is not a company. So you can see that these, there are many cells attached to this hydrogel and up to 60, even up to 60 days or so, we pass each every four to seven days. That is basically, this is the immunostaining of the cells. And that basically stains the nucleus and these are pluripotent markers. So you can see the cells are attached in colonies over here. We can see the colony as such, but the cells are in colonies. And they're expressing the markers of pluripotency. But if you see the other two cases, there are very few cells attached in these. All the other conditions are the same, only the elasticity was changed, but you can see the different behavior of the cells towards the scaffold. So basically, if you observe the brain tissue's elasticity, like it corresponds to this and you have different biological tissues have different elasticity. So we thought that since the embryonic stem cells responding to the elasticity of the matrix and you have different biological tissues with different elasticity. So our hypothesis of the big question is, can the matrix elasticity basically direct the embryonic stem cell differentiation? So in order to answer this, first we set, first we chose a cell line and we actually made sure that it gives a heterogeneous population and not, it doesn't give up your neural population. So you can see different cells here. These don't have any projections. And then what we did, we took this 0.7 kilopascal hydrogen. If you remember that this is the brain tissue's elasticity. So when this was added to different shape, you can see they are in colonies over here and they're slowly starting to move away from the colonies as they differentiate. And we can see they showed projections from the projections are coming from the cell. And we wanted to come forward by doing a neurostaining. So we used this Tajwan marker. Basically this beta tubulin is a hydrotubule element. It is present exclusively in the neurons. So we signed this and we observed that it did express the neuronal marker. So this was very interesting, but of course we need to do a lot more functional assays and other quantification methods to confirm this. So if this is like improved and made more efficient, it can have a lot of impact in the regenerative medicine. So to summarize, we need proper well-defined condition, we need efficient reproducible methods of clinical application of these embryonic stem cells. And we saw that these embryonic stem cells correspond to the mechanical cues from the scaffold. We know that the different biological tissues have different elasticities. And therefore, and we did observe that the cells differentiated on different elasticity which show different behavior. And the particular keys express the neuronal marker. So that's what I've been doing all summer. So, acknowledgements. I would like to acknowledge Professor Lara Kisling for hosting me and for being a source of inspiration. And I would like to thank Samira Musa for guiding me throughout the project. And I would like to thank all the Kisling lab members for encouraging me and being so friendly and making it as almost home for me. And I would like to thank Karana Program, Iris, as a city of DBT for funding. Thank you.


What's going on guys this is Rich from Rich City Live, so I'm going to be live with Kiran Sidhu at 1pm pacific, 4 o'clock eastern so stay tuned to that. It is a beautiful sunny day here in beautiful British Columbia, not gonna lie, beautiful sunny day. The sky is out, maybe it's a sign that things are going to start working for you in your life and in my life I&O is really working. Congratulations to everyone who's taken advantage of that move on I&O. I think that that's a gift. I would call that a gift.  I would call I&O a gift. I think it's a big gift and congratulations to everyone who's taken advantage of that gift from the stock gods. Always thank your stock gods for your daily bread and make sure you take your money off the table man.    I&O has been going up all week. I&O has gone up every single day this week so you know if you want to make money you could have been buying I&O and making money. I'm not here to tell you guys what to do. I don't want to tell you what to do with your money, where to put it, how to put it. I think it's important for everyone to figure out their own strategies when it comes to investing. That's why we have such a huge community of people that are working together to talk about trading every day because I think it creates value for everybody involved including myself when I have different picks and different people giving picks every single day. I believe it gives me an opportunity to learn about what's the hottest stocks in real time every single day. What is everybody else looking at right now every single day? I think that's important. I think it's important to have those resources, to have those tools. I think it makes me a better trader. I think it can make you a better trader you know and the best thing is I would say 10% strategy, 90% mental. What do you do when you're up and what do you do when you're down? What do you do when you pick a good pick? What do you do when you pick a bad pick? What's going to be your plan B? Something goes wrong. What are you going to do? How are you going to handle it? Are you going to take the L? Are you going to wait till the bottom's up? Buy more, lower your cost?  I think it's important for every investor to know what they're going to do before they even do it and have a plan of action in case something goes wrong. Right? I'm an investor. I buy something. It goes down. What do I do? What's my next step? Do I sell for a loss? Do I have a stop loss? Do I take the loss? Do I believe in the company so I just buy more, lower my cost and wait for a balance? Why did you buy the stock in the first place? Are you buying it to be a long-term investor? Are you buying it to be a short-term investor? If you're buying it on the short-term and it's going in the wrong direction, then you probably should have a stop loss. Right? Stop loss is there to protect you. That's what the stop loss is for. It's to protect you against yourself. Sometimes I buy stocks and then I just like, oh man, what did I do that for? And I'm realizing that more and more it's usually the small ones that give you that feeling because even the big ones, when they go down, they typically don't go down more than like five to 10% in a day. It's the penny stocks. It's the small stocks that go down like 20, 30, 40, 50, 100% in a day. So that's another thing that I've been learning over years of trading. You know, I've also made a lot of money with penny stocks so it kind of drives you in. It's kind of like, it's like gambling. Trading is like gambling. Learning how to be disciplined. Learning how to invest in the best. I&O is in the news. I&O could potentially find a vaccine for America. There's a reason why I&O is going up. Right? There's a reason why I&O is going up and I know a lot of you guys have been buying it. So thank you guys for watching. I appreciate all your support. And I've been doing this for three years and I can't really believe how my life has changed because of this community and because of this channel. And I just want to continue to find these diamonds in the rough, man. Companies like I&O. Because if all you've been buying this week was I&O, you're doing really well. And I know some people that all they bought this week was I&O. That's just doing the due diligence. That's just doing the research. So many good companies out there. Why is I&O the hottest stock in the world right now? Because they could potentially be saving America and potentially the world with their vaccine that they're rushing. There's a reason why the stock is going up. It's not just going up. It's going up for a reason. It's going up for a reason. Stocks go up for a reason. They go down for a reason. Ask yourself what's the reason? What do you guys think about the markets right now? There's an hour and 40 minutes left in the market. What's up, yo mama? It's a beautiful sunny day in beautiful British Columbia. You guys see those clouds? See those blue skies? It's like a signal of a breakthrough. Spring is around the corner. Things are going to grow. Ask yourself what are you doing to make sure you're growing? What are you doing to build yourself? What goals are you setting for yourself? I&O is at four bucks. Look at it now. Look at it now, right? Look at it now. All you need is one stock like I&O. Inovio. All you need is one Inovio. It's all you need. You can change your life. You can change your life. The key is to find the one. And the beautiful thing about the stock market is every single day, every single day. There's companies that change people's lives every single day. My goal with this community is to be the place where everybody is finding those companies every single day first. That's my goal. I don't think it's asking too much. I don't think we're asking too much. I don't think we're asking too much. But I'm really happy about the people that got into I&O. A lot of people don't know what I&O is. That's okay. The people that are watching will know about I&O. I still like it. Sneak attack. Those that are watching will know about I&O. And that's all that really matters. And I&O is making people that are watching money. That's the beautiful thing about it. Every single day I&O is going up. Every single day I&O is going up. What else is there to talk about? There's nothing else to talk about. Markets are down. Yesterday the markets were down. Wednesday the market was up. Tuesday the market was down. Monday the market was up. It's just a big game. It's just a big game. Your goal is to wash your hands. Yeah, we should love life. We should appreciate life. Life is a blessing. And everything that comes with it. It's a blessing. Blessing upon blessing upon blessing. We worry about things that in other countries people don't even know what they are. See in North America people worry about debt and in other countries like in the Dominican Republic people can't even get credit. People can't even get bank accounts. Think about that. They can't even get bank accounts to get credit for. Think about that. The money we spend every single week on junk food and garbage is the type of money they would work in a third world country all year for or all week for depending on the country. We take everything we have for granted. You know in North America and Canada we have the ability to do anything. We can have our own businesses.  We can get an education. We could be entrepreneurs. We can get jobs. You just open up the newspaper. There's all kinds of jobs. All kinds of jobs. All kinds of opportunities. I like trading. I like the freedom that comes with it. I like talking and making money. I like making videos. I like interviewing people. That's what I like to do. If you want to join me and you want to learn how to do the same things, contact me. Join my academy. Work with me. I'll help you build a social media business. I'll help you build a trading academy. That's what I want to do. I want to help people. I don't think that's asking too much. I think it's asking too much. I just want to help people. Help themselves. And if I can help you bring new companies that could be good companies, then hey you know what? My style of trading is I'm an opportunist. I'm an opportunist. If there's money to be made on gold, I'm making money on gold. If there's money to be made on Bitcoin, I'm making money on Bitcoin. If there's money to be made on real estate, I'm making money on real estate. If there's money to be made on a stock, I'll make money on a stock. If there's money to be made on a penny stock, I'll make money on a penny stock. If there's money to be made on a cannabis stock, I'll make money on a cannabis stock. If there's money to be made on a gold stock, I'll make money on a gold stock. I'm an opportunist. That's my trading style. Day trader, swing trader, momentum trader, traversal trader, low float trader, all of it. I love interviewing people. I love talking to people. Doesn't matter if it's CEO, if it's a subscriber. I talk to subscribers every day. I talk to you guys every day. I talk to you guys on social media. I talk to you guys on Instagram. I talk to you guys on Telegram. I talk to you guys on WhatsApp. I talk to you guys over the phone. I talk to you guys on Facebook. I talk to you guys on Facebook Messenger. Just an average guy trying to do above average things, trying to help other people do the same. I don't think there's anything wrong with that. There shouldn't be anything wrong with that. I don't think there should be anything wrong with that. At the end of the day, you know, everybody has their own opinion about what they like and what they dislike about what they're doing and why they're doing it. I like trading. I like the freedom that comes with it. I think it's very entertaining. I think there's always news every single day and I think it's something that you can do when you're older. So if you're young and you get good at trading, it's something you can do for the rest of your life. And if you want to be a long-term investor, my strategy would be to invest in great companies that pay good dividends and build wealth for yourself. Just accumulate the best because if you look at the charts of Visa, Mastercard, American Express, you'll see that all they've ever done is go up. Yeah, they go down. Then they go up after. So if you're willing to wait, you're going to win. So when great companies go down, that's a buying opportunity. And when great companies go up, that's a selling opportunity. And that's my attitude as an investor. Buy low, sell high. That's it. Invest in the best and buy low, sell high. Keep it simple.  Buy low, sell high. Buy low, sell high. And it doesn't matter if it's real estate. It doesn't matter if it's stocks. It doesn't matter if it's crypto. It's all the same principles. It doesn't matter if it's gold. It's all the same principle. It doesn't matter if it's silver. It doesn't matter if it's Palladium, Platinum. None of it matters. It's all the same principle. Buy low, sell high. Invest in the best. When I first got it to crypto, I was buying all the crypto. Now, I only buy Bitcoin. When I got it to cannabis, I would buy all the cannabis stocks. Now, I only buy a few cannabis stocks, and they're only the best. Right? Whatever I'm holding, I'm going to hold, and hopefully in the future they're going to come back. But I won't be buying those stocks unless I'm just trying to lower my cost. So I think it's important for everybody to find their way, whatever that is. Everyone needs to find their way. Everybody needs to find their way as a trader. Whatever that may be. Everybody needs to find their way. And I have this trading academy that is building, and I have a lot of members from all over the world that are joining. And I just want to help you guys. I want to help you guys. I want to help you guys get what you want, help you achieve your goals. And I know is helping people achieve their goals. I know people that have messaged me today that have already made money and said, thank you for I know this week. I made a lot of money. Like a lot of people made a lot of money and I know today. And over the week. So it's nice. It feels good. I'm not going to lie. It feels good to know that people are winning. And it also feels good to be able to identify one of the hottest stocks in the world before they really explode. Before they really break out. I enjoy that. I get a rush out of it. Because even if I can't benefit from it, I know that there's people all over the world that are watching and some people are benefiting. So it's pretty amazing. It's pretty amazing. I'm not going to lie. It's pretty cool. It's pretty cool. And to know that that is only going to grow and get bigger and bigger and bigger, I'm not going to lie. Like I do get a rush out of it. I do seriously get a rush out of it. What are your guys plans for this weekend? Anybody got any plans? Are you guys buried with your heads in the markets? There's an hour and 29 minutes left in the trading day. In the trading week. How are you starting your march?  And what are your goals? What are your goals? Do you even know what your goals are? You can't achieve your goals if you don't know what they are. You need to write them down.  And you need to say what your goals are. You need to say it out loud.  Write them down and attack them. And if you do that, anything is possible. It's true. The goals are just ideas that people have that they want to do until you actually write them down and you set the goal and you attack it. You have very, very little likelihood of achieving your goal if you don't write it down and you don't know what it is. So if you have a goal, whether it's Finnish University, get a good job, find love, have kids, make money, have great health, get in shape, go on a diet, whatever your goals are. Write them down. Because until you write them down and then you learn how to attack them, you'll never be able to achieve them. Like, do you think I ever thought that three years ago that I would be able to just turn on my phone and then people would just show up? It doesn't matter what day it is, what time of day it is, if it's the morning, if it's the evening, if it's nighttime, it doesn't matter. You know, the community's there, right? So community is there. So when you build something, they will come. Ask yourself, what do you build it for yourself? Are you building a portfolio?  When you tell someone what you're holding, are you proud of it? Are you embarrassed of what you're holding? So ask yourself, if you're embarrassed of what you're holding, why are you holding it? And what can you do differently in the future to make sure that that doesn't happen? I don't want to hold something that I'm embarrassed to hold.  It doesn't matter how old you are, you got to learn from those mistakes, even myself.  You know, but as an investor, you're going to make mistakes. You're going to take risks. My father-in-law, he got into I&O. He felt like he rushed it. He got in at 880. Today, he sold. He made $1,200. He's excited as hell. He's like, that's the first time I've ever made money like that in a day, trading a stock. There it is. That makes me feel great, man. That makes me feel great to help people make money like that, you know? And I didn't even buy I&O. I didn't even buy it. I wish I bought it. I'm not going to lie to you. I do wish I bought it, but I didn't. I was waiting for a pullback. What pullback? Clearly a mistake. I should have bought it. Do I have regrets? Of course I have regrets.  You make mistakes. You do well. Hey, man. My father-in-law sold at 14. I told him to sell. Take your money and run, guys. Take your money and run. Why do you think it's doing a pullback? People are taking their money. Institutions are taking their money. Investors are taking their money. Day traders are taking their money. Swing traders are taking their money. Shorters are taking their money. Everybody's taking their money in the markets. Stocks are going to do pullbacks. Nobody knows when that's going to happen. We know it's going to happen. We just don't know when. We know there's going to be pullbacks. We just don't know when. That's the markets. We know there's going to be a pullback. We just don't know when. I know could have pulled back at $8. It was already up 100%. Went from 4 to 8. Then it went from 8 to 14. Then it went to 15. If you got in at 4, you're up almost 300% at $15. You don't want to be greedy as a trader. You want to take your money and run. Take your profit and run. Take your profit and run. If you're an INO right now, do you want to take a chance holding that over the weekend? Or do you want to take your profit and run? Some people are going to hold it. They're thinking it might open up at 17. It might open up at 20. Anything's possible. It could also open up at 10. I don't even know what it's at right now because I'm not watching.  It's at 14.75. Holy smoke. That thing's nuts. That thing is just a monster. Absolute monster. But still, I mean, you could hold it. Take your chances. Not the wrong way of making money too. Taking profit off the table. But that's just me. What do I know? At the end of the day, everybody's got to do what they want to do, right? Everybody's got to do what makes them feel comfortable. Everybody's got to do what makes them happy and everybody's got to do what makes them feel comfortable.  I say buy the fang stocks. Facebook, Apple, Netflix, Google, Microsoft, Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Costco, Home Depot. Invest in the best, man. Can't go wrong. Invest in the best. Forget the rest. Amazon. I like TDoc, TeleDoc, Health Services. I like IIPR, Innovative Industrial Properties, GW Pharma, GWPH, Scott Smith, Kugro, SMG. I like Valens, VLNS. I like Labs, LABS. I like INL. I like GILD, Gillied Sciences. I'm learning about so many companies, guys. I own Space and SPCE. I like them a lot. Got a piece of that. I own Visa. I like them a lot. Got a piece of that. I want to get more. I bought Kinra's Gold today. Full disclosure. I bought Kinra's Gold today. I was in the red. I want the dip. I wanted some gold. Got myself some Kinra's Gold. Do I like Zoom? Yeah, I like Zoom. I use Zoom almost every day.  People are going to be using Zoom even more to communicate. Man, I wish I could show you guys these mountains. It's pretty crazy, this view. You guys want to see this crazy view? Should I pull over and show you guys this crazy view? It's pretty nice here today. There's still snow on the mountains. It's still kind of cold. It's 8 degrees Celsius. So what is that? 48 Fahrenheit? It's about 48 Fahrenheit. Love to have you guys join me in the trading academy, man. I'm already getting residual income after four months in the trading academy. Feel very blessed. And it's because of this channel. So a lot of you guys are joining and learning how to trade other assets with the trading academy. I'm going to show you guys something. I'm going to show you guys this. I'm going to show you guys this. So when I'm not talking stocks, I love when I'm not talking stocks. I love the great outdoors. I'm going to show you guys something. This is one of the soccer fields where my son plays on occasion. I'm right by the P&E. You guys know what the P&E is? Check this out. It's the P&E. Rock in a suit at the P&E. I guarantee I'm the only one here. Rock in a suit at the P&E. Guaranteed. There ain't nobody else rocking a full suit at the P&E. Only your boy. Only your boy is going to rock a suit at the P&E. So yeah, congratulations to everybody on I&O. Is your boy Richard Mr. D. live? I'm old. Peace. Stay tuned. I'll be back with Kieran Sidhu soon. Pretty soon actually. Stay tuned. Live.


what a performance man welcome back to the most entertaining show on the land my name is Kallon to Musimi these is why Masha Riki live the hashtag to use is why Masha Riki live my name is Kallon to Musimi Nikon another one and only DJ TS kind of course at Kendrelbees but right now I'm seated next to a man Munia Betupia a very nice performance and of course one of the most recognized stars please give it up for the one and only Bensi check it for your drum rolls yeah man yeah TS casual I don't know who I am yeah hey thanks for the cheers thank you so much it's been a minute but Suno Jo you are a friend to the show I am a sibling to the show you are not even you are not even not even you are a close family very close very close family to the first thank you so much thank you the last time I was here I was here I was here I was here I was here thank you thank you so much for coming through by the way yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Fania Kitu Fania Kitu To make sure my influence is in Fania Gospels Make sure you jump into it So I went to the studio With that teaser I released I created something It was a quick sound I created the audio In the evening to shoot Because I wasn't sure What was the release? But I had to wait Because after I released it I was releasing next week on Friday So Piawe you had to wait I had to wait And I had planned to release a song on Thursday And then I decided I'm releasing on Friday So I had to release a song on Thursday And then Sifubwana on Friday Wow Wow So you're here to literally give us Two amazing new songs First of all I'm in love with that song Me, as I said I don't know if it's because of my hair Anyway I asked you Okay, you released Even though you released it on Friday On those particular Thursdays You released it on Thursday First concert before You released it on Thursday I was at work When I was at work I was at work You were at work There were videos that happened Why?  Why? You don't get reaction like this. You have a good image. You see Christ coming and going. And then with the tons and all. You don't get image like this. What is the reaction like? There are mixed reactions. To be honest, 98% of people understand the song. By the way, this is a good thing. But there are 2% are knowing it. Yes. Do you know the song? Yes. There is a song called Christos. Yes. It's true.    Who are you? God will replace you. Yes.      I'm not a god, I just want to say it like this. I want you to understand the song. Yes. We have different emotions.  We have different emotions. I want you to understand the scene. There will be a new song. To be honest, you guys are all getting excited. So excited. I know that. I've mentioned a lot of things that I see as God. That's why I'm panicking. What's that? I'm panicking. I've mentioned a lot of things that I see as God. God says, I'm forgiving and all. I feel the need to release God. What do I see? Yes, I see it. I see it. Imagine. God is the one who inspires, inspires, and inspires me. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. I see it. This is it. I see it. This is it. Yes. It's like bouquet Native American. That's a hard question. I'm not sure if I'm a politician. It's a little bit. Anyway, I'm from 2022. I'm from 2022. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do that. Yeah. So, imagine if you knew your boyfriend, T.S. Kaunamtu, imagine if you knew, you'd be able to do that. Yeah. Imagine God and I would be able to do that. I'm cut off like that. Exactly. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. But he's massive. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Sure. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And of course, Ben see two amazing songs, two amazing latex songs. But what is your favorite platform? Every platform is there. YouTube, boom play, Spotify, iTunes. Every platform is comfortable. You can purchase my music by M-Pesa. You actually can. You can? Yes. Okay. To advance your design. I have an idea. Do you want to take a look at Instagram ads? Yes. Adments here again? Our pay is a detail. Yes. Because of course, by the way, Bensi, there are people who are confused. Are you a psycho? I'm hurting his hand. Are you sure?  What are you trying to say? I am a very handsome person. Confused. I hope you're confused. Tiazca, Tiazca, Sinti is in the beholders' eye. Sintio, are you a psycho? I'm a psycho.  He's a good friend of mine. Yes. But there's been a psycho and there's been a psycho. Yes. So, what's the confusion? Yes. I get that all the time. So, as soon as my song gets played, and then he's tagged, sometimes his songs get played. And then you're tagged. Yes. But anyway, it's a good mixture. But at least, I want to say that your Instagram is at Bensi again. Yes, Bensi. Do you want to come and perform here again? Yes. You can come and perform here again. Director, do you want to perform here again? I can do this one like that. Yes, please. But as we do this, make sure your director talks to my management. If you have a number, you'll make payments for this performance. Yes. We don't do it for free. Oh my goodness. Let me tell you something, Bensi. Yes. Thank you so much for coming. We really do appreciate it. Thank you. So, it's easy to perform here one more last time. Sintio, thank you so much. Tiazca, by the way, Tiazca, he is performing the two latest songs. Sintio. Yes. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. Yes.


Hey guys it's Tilly and we are four days into June and already I have managed to accumulate a huge pile of books that I have bought this month. So this is going to be my story time book haul video. So it all started when my family decided it was going to have a small outing to the city. So me and my family don't really go to the city very often and when we do we like to get the most out of the situation. So of course we did a pub crawl as we went along doing the tasks that we had originally planned to do in the city. So for me that entails going to bookstores because how can I pass up an opportunity to go to bookstores? So I did that. I firstly went to Demix for my friend Mae Catty who had a book signing. So for those of you who don't know about this book it is an awesome fantasy standalone book to do with werewolves and action and it's really amazing and if you guys like fantasy you guys should go and pick it up. Mae Catty is an absolutely lovely person and yeah it just goes so high to her as well. And then I went to my first bar and I had a drink and it was really nice. Basically I got like a good old pint of cider and drank it that down. Then my next stop was off to Boffen's bookstore which was like my favourite bookstore ever where I may have purchased a few books. Basically some of these are like longer waited and I should have bought them way earlier but I hadn't really gotten around to doing it yet so of course I decided to spend a bit of money at Boffen's. So the first one I got is The Last Star by Rick Yancey. This is the third and final book in the fifth wave series. I haven't heard anyone's feedback on this yet. It's only been out now for like a few weeks. Not even I don't think. But I'm not really sure how it's going to go but I really do hope it's going to be really nice ending to the series. The next one I got is so so beautiful. I have heard lots of good things about it. I didn't get a chance to read it yet but that's why I bought the book so that I could read it. And that is the loneliness of a distant being by Kate Ling. And basically like in my opinion this is one of the most beautiful book covers ever. You guys can set the star thing in the back there and it's just I'm so excited for it. I'm the Raven King by Maggie Steve Otter and I am very excited because I have been waiting until this book comes out so that I can read The Raven Boys. It sounds like it's going to be amazing and there's characters that I'm just going to want to hug forever and add to my list of babies that I want to protect for the rest of their lives. Plus the book is so beautiful. And lastly from Boffen's I've Got the Trials of Apollo, The Hidden Oracle by Rick Warden and yeah I'm pretty much trash for this demigod stuff that Rick Warden keeps on producing so of course I had to pick up this book and I really hope it's as fun and as great as all the other ones and I really cannot wait to read it. And then I went to two more pubs and by that time I think I had about five pints of cider. For me a very short person I was kind of like in a happy buzz stage but anyway I found myself stumbling into Stefan's bookstore and I do remember this entire experience because Stefan who owns the book story is like the coolest person that I have ever met in my life and he has so many good books so of course me being me, slightly intoxicated me decided to spend all my money on books. So the first one that I got was A Jump by Sean Williams and this is a really really amazing series on what I've heard so far. It is a trilogy and I've only got the first book in it but I have a feeling that I'm going to want to go and buy the other two almost immediately because I'm going to be hooked. And then I also bought the book two and book three, I think it's the News Flesh trilogy, either way the first book is called Feed, it is pretty much about a brother and sister duo who are in a zombie apocalypse but they pretty much thrive on letting the world know the news of what is currently happening in this zombie infested world and it's very action packed and dangerous and the twist in the end of it completely broke my heart into two and I thought it would be about time now that I read the rest of the series and hopefully it won't kill me as much as Feed did but I'm very excited, yeah I love the first book so I'm sure I'm gonna love these ones too. And if you guys were following me on Twitter, I did make an announcement that I drunkenly bought The Brain of Glass and Sarah Jemus of the series, A Court of London Roses in Hardcover. It is in my opinion the greatest decision of my life because these books are so beautiful especially in Hardcover and I cannot wait to just you know stare at them and take a million book photos with them because they're just so beautiful and so perfect and I just, so yes I now have like three copies of A Court of London Roses, two copies of A Court, three copies of A Court of Missing Fury and also My Throne of Glass ones um which I think I have like multiple copies of this series now mostly because I'm such trash for this wonderful fantasy and Sarah Jemus in general so you have Throne of Glass, this one is the first one in the series and it is just a fantastic fantasy with this amazing assassin who just kicks ass and is just wonderful and basically as the books go on she has some amazing character development and she introduces brand new characters that you just completely fall in love with like it's so crazy the way that Sarah Jemus writes the description she does it's also fantastic and it kind of doesn't feel like you're reading in my head I feel like I'm watching a movie or like it's real life um by the way Arafire is totally the best one out of all of them so far like even the bad characters are my favorite characters and Sarah Jemus just says that's so right and she's so funny and wonderful and I'm so not ready for the both of these theories to end next year okay because what am I gonna do like my life is just waiting for the next book in this series to come out like that's how I go by my years you know but I won't be able to do it anyway that is pretty much my drunken story time book haul it's kind of all over the place but you'll have to excuse me because I am slightly hungover today and I need a red ball and I haven't had lunch and my life is a mess getting sidetracked um but yes thank you for watching I'm sure I'll be back with another video and until then I'll be posting like photos everywhere of my new babies because I love you so much and yeah we can all admit um and understand from this video that I have a terrible book buying problem I need to get help and I also need to avoid all bookstores when I am intoxicated even when I'm not drinking I should just avoid bookstores forever who are we kidding of course I'm gonna go to a bookstore again like tomorrow probably I'm gonna go before I keep on rambling so um anyway have a great bookish week I hope you guys are doing fantastic things and enjoying your lives oh and also if you guys are wondering why I should avoid bookstores well I'll just show you my tbr shelf book bookshelf it is um this beautiful piece of work here that is all my tbr plus the books that I just bought today it's a problem but it is a good problem bye