In the last class, we are talking specifically about the group behavior of the oligopolist firms and in that context, one methodology or the one tool immerse as a as to understand that how the firms they behave or how when they collude or when they are not when they are competing, how it can be how it can be routed into a typical group behavior and what is the tool to understand this group behavior is generally known as game theory and last class as I was telling oligopoly is a market structure which talks about economic of cooperation either positively when they collude with each other and also negatively when they are competing with each other. So, today we will understand game theory, a specific tool to understand the group behavior and how the firms behave and when it comes to specific application of game theory, generally we understand the firms behavior, we understand other different company behavior in a typical oligopoly market. So, game theory as a tool it has application for variety of the topics or the variety of subject, but specifically in case of economic analysis we understand that too or we use that to understand the relationship between the firms when they compete typically when they compete and how they generally respond to rival's action, rival reaction to their price and output plan. So, to start with we will talk about the equilibrium situation of the oligopoly and how we will see the need and how there is a need for the game theory we will see from there. So, if when you talk about the equilibrium in many cases equilibrium is absent in case of oligopoly because the interdependence there is a interdependence between this firm when it comes to the action and reaction of the firms related to price and output decision. So, there is importance of interdependence in case of the oligopoly's firm and since there is interdependence generally it leads to strategic behavior and what is strategic behavior? Strategic behavior is the behavior that occurs when what is best for a depends upon what b does and what is best for b depends upon what a does. So, strategic behavior is where the end outcome or where the profit price output decision or whether the strategy of one firm is not dependent on their own price and output decision or the strategy decision rather it is dependent on what is the strategy what is the output price decision taken by the other firm. So, in layman understanding strategic behavior is one when what is best for a depends upon what b does and what is best for b depends on what a does. And oligopoly's behavior if you look at its if you remember also in the last class what we discussed oligopoly's behavior includes both ruthless competition and cooperation. So, when it comes to call oligopoly it is about the cooperation and when it comes to non-collusive oligopoly it is generally the competition. And since it is cooperation since it is competition the behavior is strategic behavior because it is strategic behavior in the sense that the firms well being depends upon what the other firms does. So, if there are two firms it is a case about the diopoly market if there are two firms what is best for one firm that depends upon how the other firm is doing in the market. But the other firm is increasing the price decreasing the price increasing the output decreasing the output what kind of advertising campaigning they are using what is the after sale service they are giving based on that it depends that how is the what should be the profit or what should be the output what should be the price for the previous firm. So, if there are case of diopoly market there are two firms A and B to simply put it strategic behavior is one where what is A for the what is best for A depends upon what B does and what is best for B depends upon what A does. Now, what can be considered as the strategic behavior? Now, there is one evidence that there is limit pricing and what is limit pricing when if you remember in case of the oligopoly's market we are discussing about the price leadership model where the dominant firm or the low cost firm they set the price in such a low level that it is difficult to survive for the small firms or the inefficient firm and in that case they goes out of this market. So, in order to do and this here this is a kind of strategic behavior comes from the low cost firm or the dominant firm because in term of that they are restricting the entry they are creating a barrier to entry to the small firm and that is best for the dominant firm because it gives more market share if the small firm leaves the market. So, this is one of the activity that comes under strategic behavior is that when the price leaders price leader of the market whether it is a dominant firm or the low cost firm when they charge such a low price that really difficult for the that makes difficult for the small firms to survive in the market. Similarly, we have the price retaliation like whatever the price decided by the market forces that will not accepted by the firm and they will charge a price where at least it is not going to make a equilibrium output or equilibrium price and they are going to charge a price and with that price may be it leads to them to get a larger market share or larger profit. So, this is again a strategic behavior means the price is such that or the typical firm will charge a price who is having a largest market share they will charge a price which is not conducive to the market. Then the capacity expansion. So, capacity expansion is where the large scale firm they generally operate do a scale operation and when they do a scale operation they always do at a lower price. So, that when the other firms they try to come into the market they cannot compete with a high cost low cost firm and with a low price rather they have to operate in a high cost. So, capacity expansion is one where the large firm is not leaving the scope for the other firms to expand in the market and also they always charge a price which gives them less profit. So, that is not incentive for the other firms to operate in the market and that is why they do a entry restriction through the capacity expansion and similarly for the market saturation also. So, that if you look at if the large firm is continuously going on producing a product and they when the new firm enter into the market they also change their product style. So, the new firm has to compete with the existing product of the large firm and also the new product of the new product of the large firm. So, in that way that creates a barrier to entry that it is not about the existing product also the new product which is given by the same brand name. So, if the large scale firm is operating in the market for a longer period of time and also whatever the new product comes from their market obviously people they knows the brand, they knows the company and they will have more affinity for that typical product rather than new product in the market. So, whether to compete with a new firm, the existing firm go for a new product or about the capacity expansion or about the price return or about the limit price there are these are all comes under the strategic behavior and why this is called a strategic behavior because all these activities not only to only get more market share more profit for this typical firm rather all these activities are done. So, that the other firm should not get into the market or the other firm should not get more market share or more profit. So, here the activity is not for only the firm itself rather for the how to restrict the market share, how to restrict the profit of the other firm and that is why this is known as the strategic behavior. So, in this case all this firm what is best for them is not dependent on the whatever the activity is taken by them rather what is the best for that firm depend also on the how the other firms they are behaving in the market. So, since it is the case of economics of typical in the oligopoly firm it is the economics of competition, economics of cooperation the strategic behavior is important because the well-being of the one firm is dependent on the how the other firms they are doing in the market. So, here it comes game theory to analyze this strategic behavior. So, game theory is a method which is generally being used to analyze the strategic interaction of the strategic behavior. It is concerned with how individual make decision when they are aware that their action affects each other and when each individual takes this into account. So, when one individual firm takes a decision they knows that whatever the decision they are going to take it is not only affecting their own firm also affecting the other firms. So, in this case game theory generally analyze the situation when the individual firm is concerned or the game theory is concerned with the analysis that how individual firm takes their action or how individual firms react to the situation when they know that this particular action is not only affecting their own firm also it is affecting the other firm there in the market. So, it is a mathematical tool that generally helps to study the strategic situation or the strategic behavior. So, game theory is a mathematical tool to put it simply game theory is a mathematical tool which used to understand the firms behavior in a oligopoly market structure. So, it helps to study the strategic situation in which players optimize a variable not only on the basis of their own preferences but also on the other player decision and the reaction. So, it is here the optimization situation is it is not on the basis of their own opportunity in own constraint also what is the opportunity of the other firm or what is the constraint of the other firm. So, here we can call it that here this tool is getting used by the individual players or tool is getting used by the economics to analyze that how firms they optimize their outcome and outcome not on the basis of their own opportunity and constraint also the other firms present in the market their opportunity and their constraint. So, games typically in case of the game theory here the games are characterized by the number of player or the decision makers who interact and even threaten each other at times establish the coalition take action under uncertain condition. So, generally here in the game theory games are characterized by the number of players or the players may be the decision makers players may be the firm and who interact with the other firms who even threaten each other at time to establish the coalition typically if you talk about the high leadership model it is about the bargaining strength right. So, in this case bargaining strength also one firm generally puts the pressure that if you are not getting agreed to the price I am going to charge a price independently which is no way going to give you the benefit. So, in sometimes the players or the decision makers they threaten each other to establish the coalition and take take also the action under the uncertain condition. So, the price trader has also take the action when there is uncertainty in the market what is the price to be followed what is the output to be produced. Now, what is the outcome the players or the so called decision makers they interact they interact in a different way in a positive also in the negative when the positive they come into a collusion when it is negative they get into the competition. Now, what is the end outcome the end outcome is they get some benefit or they get some loss. So, if it is output they get revenue profit share if it is. So, this if there is a decrease in the profit that is loss if there is a increase in the profit that is gain or the benefit. If there is a decrease in the market share it is loss if there is a increase in the market share it is benefit or it is gain. It is if it is maybe we can call it revenue or profit again when it is good for the increasing direction its benefit when it goes in the decrease direction it is a loss. So, players they get into a situation where they compete with each other cooperate with each other in a specific situation with the set of constant and the outcome is positive positive leads to benefit the outcome is negative negative leads to loss. So, there are different types of moves taken by the different players in various games that is systematical also that is systematic and also structurally designed. And they take different moves they take the moves can be in the simple way we can call it the activity. They take different actions different moves which are systematically and structurally used to explain the economic theory specifically to understand the firms behavior. So, different types of moves taken by different players in various games are systematically and structurally used to explain economic theory specifically to understand the firms behavior. 1950 John Nash demonstrated the idea of an equilibrium situation in which all players in a game chose a strategy or action which are best for them given the opponent choice. So, this game theory specifically when it applied to economic analysis the first development here using the game theory to economic analysis the first development or the first concept development came from Nash in 1950 and later on he got a Nobel Prize for his contribution to this economic theory in the form of the Nash equilibrium. And what is Nash equilibrium? This is the kind of equilibrium the market using the game theory typically analyzing the firms behavior. Here John Nash generally he developed this concept of Nash equilibrium and here all players in the game chose the strategy or the action which are best for them given the opponent choice. So, what is best for one firm depends on whatever the action taken by the opponents or whatever the reaction are going to happen by the opponents due to this specific action. So, game theory is typically a study how people behave in the strategic situation. So, to make it understand very simply or from the layman understanding game theory is a study of how people behave in the strategic situation. And what is strategic decision? Strategic decision are those in which each person in deciding what actions to take must consider how others might respond into that action. So, strategic decision are those in which each person in deciding what action they have to take they must consider how the other they have might respond to that typical action. So, as the number of firms is in an oligopoly market is small each firm has to act strategically one is small number and also secondly they are interrelated one firm is related to the other firm either they are competing with each other or they are colluding with each other to maximize the joint profit. So, since the number of firm is small and also they are interdependent to each other they have to act strategically and each firm knows that its profit depends not only how much it produces, but also how much the other firm produces. So, if you narrow down the strategic action in case of the interdependence between two firm what is the profit of the firm it is not dependent only what it produces how much it is selling rather it is also dependent on the fact that how much others they are producing how much the other firms they are producing in the market and how much they are selling. So, each decision makers or the each firm has two or more well specified choice or the sequence of the choices. And every possible combination of the place available to the player leads to a well defined end state either its win or its loss or its draw to terminate the game. So, when it comes to a specific game what are the assumptions we need to take each decision maker has two or more well defined choice or the sequence of choice either they have to go for choice one choice two or in a sequence that first I will go for choice one first I will go for choice two. So, that is well defined and whatever defined that has to be only taken by the player not the other choices then whatever the possible combination of plays are available it will lead to some kind of outcome when it is positive it is win what is negative it is loss and when it is a mix of rather when there is no definite outcome of this then it leads to the draw kind of situation. So, specified payoff or the specified outcome from the game for each player associated with each end state either it leads to zero sum or it leads to constant sum or it leads to non-zero sum. We will talk about this zero sum constants of a non-zero sum game when you talk about the types of game in details, but for the understanding here let us understand that whatever the specified payoff for each player associated with some kind of end state. So, there is some end outcome when the payoff is associated with each of this player. It is assumed that the players they have the perfect knowledge about the game and the outcome generally the end outcome what we are calling as the payoff. They have to be the rational because if you remember all economic agents they have to be rational if they are they want to optimize their end outcome or they want to maximize their profit and the player has to be in this case the player has to be rational or the decision makers has to be the rational. They have to always make the rational choice they cannot go for a biased choice. Now, we will come to the structure of the game. So, previously we are discussing about the assumption what are the assumption to be followed about the game. Now, we will discuss what should be the structure of the game. The first structure of the game is that about the players. Individual firms they can be the players. So, firm may be the decision maker, individual may be the decision maker. So, individual can be the players also the firms can be the players over here strategy. Now, what is strategy? It is the precise course of action with a clearly defined objective either having a complaint knowledge about the other players or predicting its behavior. So, strategy is the course of action taken by the firm with a clearly defined objective that if they are taking this action what is the end outcome or what is the end output. Either to take this action either they have complete knowledge about the other players or at least they have they can predict what will be the behavior of the firms when they are taking this action. So, strategy profile it is a set of strategy for each player that fully specify all the action in a game. So, it is not about only one strategy taken by the player in the entire game rather maybe the player is taking four strategy or the other player is taking six strategy or the third player is taking five strategy they have they are having a strategy profile and which specifying whatever the strategy taken by the players in the game and that generally known as a strategy profile. The action taken by the player in the game looking at what is the objective and at least assuming that how the players they are going to behave with the when this action is being taken there is a strategy profile that is least of action taken by the firm. Then payoff now what is payoff? This is a net utility or the gain to a player for any given counter strategy of the other player. So, net utility generally this is the outcome or the utility or the gain to a player for any given counter strategy of other players and this gain is measured in term of the objective of the player defined in number. So, generally in the payoff we get it in terms of the number and this is the utility or the gain due to any action or due to any strategy by the player. This gain is in term of the objective of the player. So, suppose if the action is taken either there will be increase in the market share, increase in the profit, increase in the output or the revenue and again what is the rivals action on that basis again whether there is a increase in the share or the decrease in the share, increase in the profit or the decrease in the profit or what has to be the on the basis of the revenue. If goal is to maximize profit payoff will be in term of profit. So, if the goal is maximize to maximize the profit the payoff will be also in the same terminology we have to do it in term of profit. If the goal is to increase the market share the payoff will also measure by the share that the strategy will yield to firm opting for it. So, if it is to maximize the profit the payoff will be in term of profit, if it is maximize market share the payoff will be in term of market share, if it is maximize revenue the payoff will be in term of the revenue. So, depends upon that what is the goal of the firm for taking this action that will decide what will be the payoff what will be the measurement of payment or what will be the measurement unit of the payoff matrix. So, payoff matrix generally given strategy of all the players in the game payoff matrix will represent the set of outcome for the game and what is outcome? Outcome is the end result according to the different player by opting for a different strategy. So, whatever the strategy they take what is the outcome that is generally known as the end outcome that is the end result whatever is coming to the player by opting a specific strategy or specific action. Some of that that will give us the payoff matrix equilibrium a specific outcome if no players in the game can take any actions to make its payoff better and when all player continue to follow their optimal strategy. So, how will you get the equilibrium? This is the specific outcome if no player in the game can take any action to make it better off. So, finally, when both the player they reach to a specific outcome and after that whatever the mean is taken by any of this player if it is not going to give any benefit to them that is the equilibrium. So, it is a kind of state of balance beyond which whatever the action taken by the firm it is not going to increase the share market share increase the revenue or increase the profit.


Hello, I am Ereba Dawson-Ando, subject librarian for African Studies and the Social Sciences. This presentation is designed to provide international students with information on how to assess the library's resources, services, and spaces. Aldon Library is the main library under Ohio University campus. It is important to get to know the library's website since most of our resources are online. The articles plus search bar is a Google-like search that is used to search for most of the library's databases, books, and journals. The Alice catalog is a database of the library's holdings. You can search for books, journals, videos, and other materials by keyword, title, or author. Databases are arranged by discipline. You can search by database title or by keyword. The library is self-service. You start with a search of the item in the catalog or use articles plus get a call number, location, and availability. Go to the stacks on the 6th or 7th floor or any of the special collections to pick the item, and then check out at the service desk. The service desk on the 4th floor is where you check out books, request videos, and course reserves. Pick up Ohio link and interlibrary loans. You can return borrowed materials here or drop off at the drop boxes outside the 4th floor and 2nd floor entrances. Other options to get materials we don't have in our collections is through Ohio link and interlibrary loans. Streaming videos are accessible from the catalog. You connect to the video after a search. You can access journals and databases from home with OUID and password authentication. Subject librarians are available to assist you with your research. Examples are finding information tools for research projects, citing your sources, or developing search strategies. You can contact your subject librarian by email, chat, walk-in, or by appointment. You can find your assigned subject librarian on the subject librarian page on the library's website. Subject and course guides have been created by subject librarians to help with specific courses and research assignments. Special collections in the libraries are archives and special collections on the 3rd floor, fine arts on the 3rd floor, international collections on the 1st floor, and the Music and Dance Library at Glidden Hall. The learning commons on the 2nd floor is a social floor where you can work in groups. The meditation room on the 5th floor is a quiet place to meditate, pray, or just enjoy a few peaceful moments to distress. Group study rooms are available for reservation. Printers are available for printing. You need an Ohio ID and bobcat cache. Computers are available on all floors and laptops can be checked out at the 2nd floor service desk. There's the multimedia center also on the 2nd floor. Tutors at the writing center on the 2nd floor can assist you with writing projects. The graduate writing and research center on the 3rd floor is available for graduate students. There are no charges for using library materials. Your tuition covers everything. You can also get help from the Get Help pages on the library's website. If you still need help, just ask a subject librarian.


I'm going to be talking about how to invest in cryptocurrency. Now, like anything in life, one simply does not just invest in anything without knowing what they're investing in. Just keep that in mind. Don't be caught up in the foam of fear of missing out. Most people see something on the rise, they want to jump on the bandwagon, and they think they're going to make it. It's like the stocks, right? Oh, I heard my friends investing in the stock. Let's go buy it. Rubbish. Complete rubbish. There's a saying, if you don't know who the schmuck is in the room, you're the schmuck. So the first thing I tell anybody before investing in cryptocurrency is don't. And I'm not saying don't because it's not a good idea. I'm saying don't because you don't understand the space. Like myself, I wouldn't invest in anything unless I truly understand it. So the first step is study the space. Understand what cryptocurrencies is. If you guys don't know what Bitcoin is, what Ethereum is, what cryptocurrency is, what blockchain technology is, there's a guy below this video. Okay, that's the first step. Understand what you're investing in and take your time. Spend a couple of months reading about it, become an expert in the field, okay? Then once you have a grasp around the industry, the technology and the different cryptocurrencies that you can get started. So step one in getting started, once you've done the research, is open up an account on any single exchange. So you can go to Kraken or Coinbase. Those are simple ones, easy to set up and deposit some money. Don't start big. You think they're going to become rich investing crypto. That's not the case. You don't just become rich doing anything.  There's so many different variables for this. So I always tell people, start small, put a 500 bucks in because, hey, if you've been investing or if you're thinking about it and if you study the space, you see this volatility like this all over the place. Crazy volatility, especially now in cryptocurrency season, it's crazy all over the place, okay? 500 bucks, put it in. So now once you have 500 bucks, what do you invest in? So you connect your bank account either through Coinbase or Kraken. You deposit 500 bucks of fiat currency. Get the big two, okay? Get Bitcoin, get Ethereum for now. Simple. Keep it safe. Even though there is a lot of volatility, it's still roughly safe within the other cryptocurrencies. So you have 500 bucks, I say 250 Bitcoin, 250 Ethereum. Next thing what you want to do is continue researching and educating yourself on the other cryptocurrencies. There's millions out there. I'm not going to name them right now. You can do your own research. But pick one. Find out why that cryptocurrency exists in the first place. Find out the team behind it. Find out what problem they solve. Read their white paper and really understand should you even put any money into this? Because like any different market, cryptocurrency is no different because you have speculators, you have speculators, you have market demand, you have supply and demand. You have different layers and different variables and different teams and different individuals and institutions manipulating their prices. No different than anything else, okay? So you have to understand all the different layers. So do your research on every single coin.  You name it. Like I said, there's thousands. I'm going to name them all, right? But do your research on every single one. Understand the space. Okay? Take it if I want to do, if I want to start investing in stocks, I'm just going to simply invest in it.  All these numbers and all these things I need to know before I invest, okay? So get that information. Next thing you need to know is talk to people. So a lot of these cryptocurrencies, they have public figures, not all of them, but some of them, actually most of them do, talk to them, send them an email or talk to the team and figure out what's going on internally. Join their Slack channel. Join their Skype channel. Join Facebook groups. So there's a good Facebook group, Cryptocurrency Club. Join that. Check that out. There's a bunch of different resources like that, but really go into the community and see what these individuals from these coins are actually doing. Finally, once you have some information and let's say you've noticed that, hey, Bitcoin has gone a little bit up and Ethereum has gone down a little bit. Time to allocate.  You're like, okay, I'm going to move a little bit to this. I'm going to move a little bit to that. So that's it. It's not complicated. These are small baby steps, but these baby steps gradually increase to bigger steps and these bigger steps gradually increase to huge, enormous steps. So you might go from $500 investment. Next thing you know, you're $1,000. Next thing you know, you're $25,000. Next thing you know, at $100,000, you know, $100,000 of somebody's money, that's something not to be messed around with no matter who you are, okay? So you don't want to be losing that out and people have lost millions of dollars in cryptocurrency space because of greed, because of fear of missing out. Greed is a, it's very dangerous, okay? So you don't want to be greedy. You want to be smart. You want to be risk-averse. You want to minimize your risk as much as possible, okay? So let's repeat that again. I have the steps right here if you're looking at that. Step one, actually a precursor to step one is, there we go, precursor to step one is understand the space so you can check out the guides below, okay? And step one is go to Kraken or Coinbase. There's a link below this video, okay? To set up your account.  Step three, buy the two big ones. For now, they're pretty stable compared to the other ones. So that's Bitcoin and Ether. Step four, research and educate some more. So start picking the cryptocurrencies that interest you. Figure out why people are investing in it. Figure out the problem it solves.  The next thing to talk to the experts will talk to other people who are investing in the space, whether that is individual investment or maybe they have like a crypto fund, okay? And then finally, it's time to reallocate. So every quarter, like Ray Dalio talks about in his old weather portfolio, you want to reallocate your investment. So if you're noticing some areas is down over here, put that into areas or improving much better or performing much better for yield, okay? That's it, it's not too complicated. This has nothing to do with day trading. I'm not talking about day trading at all. I don't do day trading. This is just talking about long-term investments. And for anybody who has any inclination investing, this is simple steps to start. You know, it's not complicated. But please don't think that all of a sudden you're gonna get rich overnight. Because a lot of times, that's what I'm hearing from people. They're trying to put in a thousand bucks, they're gonna make 10,000. There's a lot of people do it, but high risk, you have a very, very high risk of losing all of that. So if you have like a high risk type of persona and you can handle losing that money, lose it. Go for it. But most people don't. They don't want to lose $1,000. So you want to mitigate your risk as much as possible and work your way up. So that's that, guys. Like always, I'm giving out Bitcoin and Ether. You gotta leave a comment below with your Bitcoin and Ethereum address and a suggestion, okay? Not just your Ethereum and Bitcoin address, none of that stuff, okay? And if I've given you before, I'm gonna give you to again. I know who I've given to before. I have a list, okay? And make sure to share this video. Peace.


What legacy made last night? Bottom of the ninth after Max got pulled way too early as I was watching. I'm like, hey, let the let the let the big dog eat up. Yeah. Yeah. What are we talking about? This is the mega ball. What we pull Max out of the fourth inning? What are we doing after the fourth inning? Right? Why are we pulling Max out for the third? Yeah. Yeah. And then all the things start happening, you know, and the cards are doing their thing. They're playing baseball. These teams are really showing out here for the mega ball. This is electrifying baseball. Oh, and Chris Taylor swung that bad. There's nothing like that feeling. You know, I mean, there's not there is in football and many of the other sports as well. But that is just a much different one. You know what I mean? Oh, yeah. And last night, I don't think anybody could say the NFC mega ball didn't live up to the high baseball is the best.


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Hi and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. The question says in each of the exercises 7 to 12 find the equation of the parabola that satisfies the given conditions vertex 00 passing through phi 2 and symmetric with respect to y-axis. Before solving this question we should know that if vertex of parabola is at the origin and coordinates of focus out of the form 0 a then equation of parabola is of the form x square equals to 4 a y. This parabola lies on the positive side of y-axis and this parabola opens upwards. So keeping this in mind let us now begin with the solution. We are given that vertex is 00, parabola is passing through 0.52 and is symmetric with respect to y-axis. The required parabola is passing through 0.52, it is symmetric with respect to y-axis. Now the 0.52 lies in the first quadrant and it is given to us that the parabola is symmetric with respect to y-axis. So this implies that required parabola lies on the positive side y-axis. This implies focus lies on the positive side and this implies required equation is of the form equals to 4 a y. Now putting s5 and y as 2 in this equation we get 5 square equals to 4 into a into 2. This implies a is equal to 25 by 8. By substituting value of a in this equation we get x square equals to 4 into 25 by a into y. This implies x square is equal to 25 by 2 y. This implies 2 x square is equal to 25 y. Hence the required equation of parabola is 2 x square is equal to 25 y. This is a required answer. So this completes the session i and take care.


It's going on everybody Sam here with late in sports cards. We got we're ripping actually 21 22 Penini Chronicles basketball hobby six box half case break number 27 random teams Here's a look again at your random results As always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as the Lincoln shed. Let's do it guys But I upload I did upload it inception. Let's go dude. Keep thinking. I'm not uploading stuff, but I am All right, let me get my results see much time we got on these Yeah, perfect Yeah, 30 on beautiful. All right, here we go guys working for what two autos per box. I believe Con a numbered stuff comes out of this too, which is always fun. So it's a good product I'm always been a I'm big on Chronicles hobby. I think Chronicles hobby is a well-done product And I hand you the base stacks. They're gonna be messed up This is the chrome and the paper No, I can't you're right bones. Highland away in Washington Brandon Boston, Jr. Timeless Treasures 22 out of 49 Zyra Williams Joshua Primo got Trey man and down old Banton. Also, I'm gonna do it in spite. You call me Caleb This uh, I'll correct myself or to come in guys. Oh, my yurt seven. That's James Harden sixers. That's a 75th That's one out of 75 playbook We've got Scotty Barnes Uh Ish Wayne right Rookie auto going to the Sun's hometown heroes ish Wayne right nice combo hit there for Simon God that is Brandon Boston and a Suggs on the back. Let's go Charlotte flair. They're wrestling on right now mystery Luca is Jalen Green base rookie Got your seven I have to soon move that's a Kade on the prism nice are the Phoenix Ben Simmons That's optic update Luca and a Aaron Wiggins They just seal it. No, they got called pass their parents. Oh really? Oh, it's fourth down.  Oh boy. That's all the game here ladies and gentlemen Dwayne Washington Moses moody. There's filler for Don. Yeah Evan Mobley rookie another Evan Mobley rookie Shen goon and red jaw going to the Grizzlies 140 out of 149 Best card in this product Big time big time filler filler fans over here for sure Trey man. I'd say it's up. I would assume them There's a Joshua primo blue 60 out of 99 for the spurs. That is Franz Wagner. We've got Jaden Springer on the limited rookie patch autograph 65 out of 99. There you go. Sixers Kessler Edwards, and we've got Josh Giddy Last pack of box one here.  That's 35 out of 149 Elvis, who did you get in this one? I got the Warriors. You got a shot of Kaminga and Moses moody.  There is a Austin Reeves. That's 149 out of 149 for the Lakers There's a Cade rookie and Moses moody speaking up. There he is The luck like those two out. Yeah, that was that was the most insane break in a while that Elvis R. He bought a tops WWE women's division box And he pulled a Charlotte flair auto. Okay, then he pulled another Charlotte flair patch auto one-on-one To like it's two autos per box Yeah, it's like the best bet one of the best wrestlers you can get in that product. It's awesome There's a Hardin dissoon moo. There's a Cade rookie base playbook. There's a James Book Knight red That's 78 out of 149 Charlotte Moses moody rookie. We've got Dallin O'Banton 124 out of 149 going to the Raptors congrats Raptors Got Evan Mobley and Luca Dissoon moo. There's a Wontoskano Anderson Kyrie Irving. We've got nice. That's Cade 10 out of 99 limited on the rookie Congrats again Pistons Matthew R. That's Trey Murphy LeBron John and Kaminga and Jalen Green. Nice. All right, pack number three. And there's a Giddy rookie Another Giddy rookie. There's a Trey young 32 out of 49 going to the Hawks James Hardin update. Luca, Davion Mitchell and Josh Christopher That's Dearon Sharp, Cameron Thomas, LeBron. There's a filler for Don. Whoo Got Trendon Watford on the prism update, Joshua Primo, LeBron and a red Cade Cunningham. Nice That is numbered 30 out of 149. Pistons again doing well. A couple of numbered Cades. See if we can get an auto Cade now. That'd be pretty sweet Be all in on that. Keldon Johnson, Josh Christopher. There's a Luca Luminance Josh Giddy on the plates and patches. That's 11 out of 249 for the Thunder. Thunder doing well now, too A Cam Thomas Blue prism update, Tyrese Halliburton 77 out of 99. There you go Pacers. I think that's Vaughn Lamello and a Quinten Grimes Good Lord. Oh, yeah Wow, did they just tie it? Yeah Holy, did they get the ball back? Or is it Alabama's ball? No, Alabama. Ja Kaminga, that's Quinten Grimes. Kassler Edwards 40 out of 99 We've got Io Dasunmu on the Crusade That is Alex English. Nice on the basketball Hall of Fame auto 59 out of 99. There you go Denver Denver is Dennis H. Hey, thanks for coming a member Scott, Franz Wagner, and Lamello. Hope you enjoyed over here, man Check out the community tab always for or the members tab for Perks and such. What were you saying? There's like 1,200 yards of offense in this game. I know honestly it's 49 49 like that's that's like the shootout of all shootouts right there, right? That's Unbelievable. All right. See what we got here guys. Good luck. This is Jalen Green Chronicles base Aaron Wiggins Ja, that's Herbert Jones on the limited 18 out of 49 pelicans Moses Moody trend in Watford QG and Kyrie Aaron Wiggins. There's an Evan Mobley base for Steege Alvarado There's Joshua Primo 135 out of 149 Spurs another Joshua Primo We've got Joe Weisskamp going back to the Spurs hometown heroes at 64 out of 99.  So yeah, it's like 1100 yards of offense. That's Crazy third and two for Batman, too Wow, dude Brace young he finds them Kaminga and B. Isaiah livers Uh, Jalen Green on the 75 75 years anniversary eight out of 75 There's a Joshua Primo a Luca silver crusade That's Duarte rookie and Scotty Barnes. Hey, what's up Dennis? Yeah, I like that Alex English man. That's a really cool car. He's a very underrated player of all time Primo Franz Wagner, that is a Josh Giddy luminance Uh, Brandon Boston, Jr. There's a filler for Don Kate Cunningham on the phoenix. That is Scotty Barnes rookie I owe to Sunmu and we got it Duarte 24 out of 75 on the 75th year anniversary. There you go Pacers. Rats again Vaughn Vaughn de Franca This is gonna come down to a game winning field goal, isn't it? There's a coming up We've got another one here for the net 78 out of 99s, Ken Thomas There you go Nets on the Ken Thomas The wind's not calling me there the Sunmu There's a Jericho Sims red on the prism update 52 out of 149 nicks. That is Scotty Barnes rookie and Lamello This is good. What a game man Is it okay? We've got D-Book, Zair Williams, Alfred Schengun, Zair Williams 45 out of 99 Jaylen Suggs, a rookie. We've got that's Trey Mann going to the Thunder 16 out of 99 on the Limited RPA Trey Mann base and Lebron base And I'll do it for box three on the box four Jaylen Green rookie, Franz Wagner rookie Uh alvarado that is Josh Christopher plates and patches 184 out of 249 for the Rockets. There's a book night Kate Cunningham Zair Williams and Bones Highland Hit okay Make sure we don't lose that and that happens Zion Zach Levine, Chris D'Orte, Kyrie, filler for Don again Ben Simmons There's a giddy hometown heroes rookie Trey Mann and a Jaylen Suggs 75 year anniversary 36 out of 75 Magic on RJ Schengun. There's a dame five out of 99 Jaylen Green crusade rookie. We've got Brandon Clark on the Apprentice Auto going to the Grizzlies 51 out of 75 congrats Memphis third year Brandon Clark Jaylen Suggs and a Franz Wagner Magic picking up a couple of cars at the end of the break there at the end of the pack there I should say Nimesh Keita, Cam Thomas. There's a giddy rookie from Luminance Got John Morant to 75 24 out of 75 Franz Wagner Evan Mobley silver crusade Ja and a Herbert Jones There's a Mobley base rookie got Kessler Edwards Brendan Boston Jr. Not numbered Not numbered Someone's got a 75 year anniversary symbol, but not numbered There's a QG Quinn Grimes 13 out of 49 for the Knicks Cade honors rookie Got nice Steph Curry 39 out of 99. There you go Elvis. Nice hit there on the Curry. I forgot Curry's obviously in this too Got Scotty Barnes and Jason Tatum Packier Reeves Murray. There's a Josh Giddy. What'd you pick? I saw you came in with the divisions there 101 out of 149 is Kaminga Cade rookie We've got nice Evan Mobley 13 out of 49 on the Phoenix auto Congrats Michael H There you go, buddy Heck yeah 13 out of 49 Mobley. That'll do just fine. That'll play Franz Wagner rookie and a Cade rookie That'll do it for box Four on the box five you can back Mobley, too. Yeah, if you don't mind I'm gonna see you probably assume that one You know who that Mobley Heck yeah Once we get the football too, you'll be you'll be really all set Start just pulling Eagles all day long. Yep Julius Randall Dane. There's a Cade rookie We've got Scotty Barnes on the timeless treasures. That's nine out of 249 Going to the Raptors got Bones Highland on the honors Jalen Suggs rookie Josh Giddy rookie and I.O. Dissoon Yes, this is a break group break Giddy rookie Greg Brown Chris D'Orza Kevin Durant. That is six out of 75 for the Nets Lebron Got David Duke Jr. Going to the Nets. That's 42 out of 149. There you go Vaughn Tomingo rookie and a Booker I need to get into field all range. So we're gonna what are you supposed to do? What do you do if you don't get it? Uh Shengyuan Highland Trey young to 149. Oh, they got it. They got it in more Lebron Silver Lebron Jeremiah Robinson Earl and Katie Corey Kisper. That's Jason Tatum. Alfred Shengyuan. Usman Garuba. Filler for Don Donovan or Davion Mitchell. There's a Luca. Chris Duarte and a red Moses Moody 64 out of 149. There you go again Elvis with the Warriors Mitchell Herbert Jones again. There's Scotty Barnes. That is numbered on the back Not numbered on the back. Where's the numbering on that? Oh, there it is 52 out of 99. Couldn't see it Keon Johnson. We've got Jaden Springer 24 out of 25 on the nice color match blue going to the Sixers. There you go 76ers Grat on that one. We've got Katie and a Josh Christopher Oh, we can't can't drop that Yeah, I saw that wk. We got it on over here too. There's a Kade Uh, that is book night the Iran sharp. We got how about jersey number four out of the eight For titanium Quentin Grimes. There you go. Nick's Kenny M. That's sick man. That's the first one. I've seen of these four out of eight Davion Zyra Williams red that is 133 out of 149 Moses Moody and Jalen Green I'm kind of rooting for the Bama to miss this field goal here. Let's keep this game going You fine with that too. Yeah I've got box six and final. Good luck here, everybody or something Herbert Jones, Donovan Mitchell at Joe Weisskamp. There's an Isaiah Todd. That is 79 out of 99 Duarte honors that is Dalino Benton again going to the Raptors this time 12 out of 25 on the hometown heroes auto Davion Mitchell and Jalen Suggs Perfect time of course for a tv time out Kade Cunningham book night Jalen Johnson, there's a LeBron 11 out of 75 nice one there for the Lakers Horry Kisbert Horry Kisbert Yannis and Cam Thomas Moses Moody Keon Johnson. There's Kessler Edwards Keon Johnson filler for Don Davion Mitchell bones Hyland Crusade not numbered LeBron and a Jeremiah Robinson Earl 95 out of 99 thunder There's a Josh Giddy rookie Greg Brown Hio Desunemouth, there's a Mowgli one out of 75 there you go again Kenny with the uh, not Kenny um Michael with the Cavs Jericho Sims Isaiah Jackson Silver Crusade that is Shengyun and Desunemouth third in 10 now. I don't know flag either Shea Kai Jones, there's a Mowgli base rookie at a playbook Joe Weisskamp 114 out of 149 Franz Wagner rookie that is Jose Alvarado on the hometown heroes for the Pelicans 59 out of 99 Got Trey Young and Quentin Grimes last pack there guys. Good luck everybody Last three games. He's three for six two for two today though Kisper Jason Tatum. We've got Chris Duarte. We've got a Jalen Suggs gold standard 13 out of 99 He missed it. He does even close. He missed it. Wow That's bad Bill Berry's on Scottie Barnes rookie Joshua Primo blue 44 out of 99 Anthony Edwards and Jalen Green rookie that'll do it for the break guys. Let's do a quick recap here Your autos we had okay Uh, Jose Alvarado pelicans, uh, dylan oban and raptors jaden springer sixers david duke jr. Nets Brandon Clark for the grizzlies that's uh, trey man going to the thunder Joe Weisskamp spurs alex english nuggets dylan oban and raptors evan mobley timeless treasures uh to 149 for the uh Cavaliers jaden springer sixers Ish wainwright going to the suns and an evan mobley phoenix rookie auto 13 out of 49 going to the cabs There you go. Thanks again everyone on the break a lot of fun for sure. Uh, next up. We got another half case of this sit tight


What's going on guys got Kyle here with late in sports cards, and we are ripping one box 2022 triple threads baseball and this one is for Holly B Good luck. Holly. Let's see what we got Yeah, I assume on one of the I'm the basketball games ended and passengers came on. We didn't really do anything about it Yeah, we ain't gonna Yeah, I don't remember what I got I'm pretty sure I watched this movie and I don't remember what happened So it must not have been that good. Oh, I'm down Jacob. I'll try man triple threads. It's so fun I've put some insane stuff out here Oh What's going on? Oh? What's going on? We got purple the 27 triple relic Brandon Crawford and our first relic Otto is gonna be to 99 Brandon Marsh for the angels there to 299 Bo Jackson and And to 125 Harper yeah force is top loading for me Yes, land. I also work at a late in sports cards. We got a redemption. I Don't know who's a redemption in here, but Say that for last Cedric Mullins to 36 on the Orioles patch for speak room. We have to 199 Tony Gwyn and 299 that is Willie Mays and the redemption is gonna be triple threads autograph relic combo go into the Rangers Corey seager Marcus Simeon and Adrian Beltray Just in time for Lane on the Rangers triple it is like You'd go Nice hit there on the triple threads that sweet triple relic Otto combo Congrats on that one Holly that will do it For the one box of 22 triple threads. Thank you so much. We'll get it right out to you


Live from San Francisco, it's theCUBE. Covering Red Hat Summit 2018. Brought to you by Red Hat. Hey, welcome back everyone. This is theCUBE's exclusive coverage of Red Hat Summit 2018, live in San Francisco, the Moscone West. I'm John Furrier, the co-host of theCUBE. Here this week as a co-host analyst, John Troyer, co-founder of Tech Reckoning, a advisory and community development firm. Our next guest is Jim Whitehurst, the president and CEO of Red Hat. We have the man at the helm, the chief of Red Hat. It's great to see you. Thanks for coming on, taking the time. Great to be here. Thank you for hosting with us here.  Red Hat is really getting accolades across the board. So congratulations on the big bets you've made. You guys are looking like geniuses. We know you're super smart, there's a company. So congratulations. Either that or luck. Keep it, we'll take it either way. You're in a well position. Analysts love your opportunity. We're reading in the financial analysts out on the web that saying the expanded market opportunity for Red Hat is looking really good. You got infrastructure, applications and management all kind of coming together. OpenShift is the centerpiece of all this. And the cloud scale world is moving right to your doorstep. This is really the big tailwind for you guys.  Is it a master plan? Well, yeah, I think it's two things. So one is because we don't bet five years out on technology and write a technology stack to get there. You know, that's not our model. Our model is to engage in communities and when those communities get popular enough that we think that there's value in a supported version then we offer the supported version. Now, if you flip that around and think about what that means, it means we're never wrong with a technology bet because we're not providing a product until it's something that's already highly successful. So we didn't offer open stack until it was successful. We weren't offering a Kubernetes offering until it was popular. And so I think that's one benefit. We truly work bottom up in communities. And then secondly, I do think we benefited from the fact that we've lived in the old traditional enterprise world for 20 years, helping them migrate from Unix to Linux. And so I think we understand the old world and the one kind of spin we put on the technologies is we have a sense of, okay, for a traditional enterprise it's great there's all this cool stuff that Facebook and Twitter and others are doing. How does that apply to this set of problems? I think we uniquely have a foot in both worlds. So we work and develop with, you know, the Google's, Facebook's, Twitter's, but we really think hard about how those technologies apply to a traditional enterprise in the context and legacy migration and all the other issues that they face. And you had years of experience dealing to the practical nature of getting support to customers, but you got to bring that new shiny new toy, but make it right for the customers. Yeah, exactly. And I think one of the reasons OpenShift, you mentioned that, you know, it's our Kubernetes platform is getting so much attention is we have instrumented and architected it to be able to run traditional stateful enterprise applications. And so, yeah, you can do cloud native, you know, 12 factor, blah, blah, blah, blah on it, but importantly, you can run your traditional application suite on it. And so one of the reasons I think you see so much momentum and so much interest in it is we're trying to span both worlds and really thinking from an enterprise IT mindset in terms of their problems and saying, how do you apply these technologies to make it work? So we're not sitting here saying, you need to go do this, you need to adopt Google's practices. What we're saying is, here's great technology. We think you can leverage to kind of help you as you migrate to this new world. You guys got some clear visibility and I think it's interesting container trend and Kubernetes really good timing for Red Hat with what's going on. And so two things we were commenting on our Open today was we got the interoperability of multiple cloud options going on with Kubernetes and containers with respect to legacy applications. And then you got the cloud native scale for all the new stuff. So the old model in tech was kill the old to bring in the new, now you have a new model where you can actually keep the old legacy containerize it while building new functionality all within software that you guys are enabling. So this is kind of a breath of fresh air for a lot of people in the industry and the enterprise side saying, oh, okay, I can still use my stuff but yet build new scale with cloud and on-prem and have choice. Exactly. And it's not just use my old stuff. It is also leverage my existing people and their skills. Recognize the app dev world. Most people aren't developing in a stateless cloud native way. And if you look at the traditional enterprise developer they on average have four hours a month to do continuing education and new skill development. So the idea that you're going to flick a switch and say all my new applications are going to be in this new model is crazy. Plus so much the work you're doing is around your existing estate. Really providing a platform that says you can develop net new with the skills if once you have those, you can take your existing people and take them on a journey versus like this big chasm that you have to get over as you think about both your applications and skill sets and build over time. I think that resonates really well with enterprise. Jim, I really like the keynote this morning. It was a very customer focused, not technology focused. And a lot of these keynotes lately have been fear based. You know, change or die, right? Your company's going to go out of business. You had a more positive vision and the stories there were very good. A lot about time to market, time to value. Some nice stories I was joking. I think, you know, flying cars would be great but I know I'm in the future if T-Mobile can help car makers update the apps in the car within a couple months using OpenShift, right? That's the future as far as I'm concerned. But you had this really nice framework of, you know, instead of pre-planning everything and as IT has wanted to do, you talked about configure, enable, engage. Can you talk a little bit about that framework and kind of your prescription for up leveling the organization and its resiliency basically as it hits the ground running? Yeah, sure. And so I think you put a really good light on this idea of so many technology companies are out there kind of almost fear-mongering around digital transformation. And what's happening is organizations around the world, fundamentally how they create value is changing. And it's all gotten listed under this moniker of digital transformation. But what it's basically saying is the future is very unknowable because the world's changing very, very fast and it's ambiguous. You're likely to have the uberized, I mean that's a word now, orthogonal competitors coming in different ways. So your normal way of let me do a five-year plan, let me prescribe a set of initiatives and organizations and job descriptions to go attack that. And then execution becomes about compliance against that plan. That model no longer works when you don't know the future well enough to be able to do that. And so rather than just pick on that and say, ooh, you should be scared, you should be scared. What we try to do is say, hey, Red Hat's lived in that world forever. Like we had no idea that Kubernetes is just going to be accessible. It isn't, we don't necessarily know where it's going to be five years from now. But we know if we build the right context, it will develop the capabilities required for us to meet our customers' needs. And so applying that same model that we've seen in open source and frankly we see in a lot of Web 2.0 companies, we get asked over and over again, hey, you provide me great technology that helped me contextualize this broader problem. Because the problem that everybody has is I need to be able to move more quickly. I need to be able to react to change more quickly. I need to innovate more effectively. That is not a skew. If that were a skew, we would be a $100 billion company, right? That's not a product you can buy. It's a capability to build. And so the model we talked about was planning gets replaced by configuring, right? So you don't know what the future's going to be, but you know it's going to change. And so configure yourself for change. Prescription or this idea you lay out all the steps that need to happen for people. In an unknowable world, you can't do that, but it gets replaced by enablement. So how do you enable your people with the strategy, the context, but also the tools, decision support tools and information to make the right decision? And execution becomes less about compliance and more about engagement. So how do you engage your people in your organization to effectively react to change going forward? And so this model, it's a very open source-ish type model of from plan prescribed execute to configure, enable, engage. I think encapsulates a lot of what organizations need to go do to be successful. I got to ask you a question on the community piece. I think that's where you guys have been successful with the community. It's a great way to be successful. You know, A-B testing, you just look at what people want and you deliver on it. It's this feedback from the community. So I got to ask you, modern open source, as we look forward in this next wave, what is in your opinion the key dynamic going on in open source? How is it changing for the better? What are you guys looking at? Because you're seeing a lot of younger people coming in. Open source is a tier one citizen in the world. Everyone knows that now. I mean, when you guys started it was red hat and there's an alternative and now you guys have made that market. But now we're looking at another generation, microservices, cloud scale. Open source has become the model. You're seeing a lot more commercializations, projects maintaining openness, some productization going on at the same time. Is there some key changes that you see that people should be aware of or that you guys are watching in how open source has evolved? Yeah, so, I mean, two changes. One, kind of a broad role of open source and then I'll come back to then how it's consumed. So, you know, you're exactly right. 10 years ago and certainly 15 years ago, open source was about creating lower cost open alternatives to traditional software, right? And that's what we did. You know, Linux looks a lot like Unix. It's just lower cost and more flexible, et cetera, et cetera. Over time though, as the big web 2.0 companies adopted open source as a model, you get this move. So, more innovation was coming from users than from vendors. So, big data, take that as an example. Big data exists not because of open source, it's because a ton of large IT users like Google and Facebook and Microsoft and Yahoo, et cetera, had these big data problems. And rather than going and finding vendors to solve them, they solved them themselves. They did it in open source. And so, you see this model move from vendor led to user led. And it's just like the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution, the winner's worth of machine tool manufacturers is people use the machine tools. So, I think we'll continue to see this happening where the majority of innovation is happening from users done in an open source way. Now, the flip side then is, I think there was a sense 20 years ago and even 10 years ago among the zealots that it's a big war between open source and proprietary. What we're seeing now, I think developing, you see this with a lot of the partnerships we announced is open source will be embedded across virtually any technology platform, right? You can't use your phone. You can't get money out of a bank machine. You can't do a search. You can't do any of that stuff without using a lot of open source software. Doesn't mean the whole stack has to be open. Now, we're all open and we're advocates for that. But you're seeing Microsoft embrace, you're seeing IBM embrace. And so, broadly, I think you will see a larger and larger share of the technology stacks that people use today be open source and not a container. I mean, I think the proprietary thing is pretty much a dead horse at this point. I mean, open is always one, open is winning. But also to your point about earlier making decisions in the community, there's a risk management benefit on this user led. You're taking away the risk. Oh, there's all kinds of risk management being done for you. There's no longer operational things that cost money like managing releases. You can actually get great operational benefits as well as risk management for what to do. Well, exactly, because these platforms, it's not, let me look at three vendor solutions and say which one do I think looks the best? You actually can say, what are people using at scale? What's worked well? And unless you're a bleeding edge adopter, you actually can get the observations of how people are using it and what's working and what's not. And I'd say from a vendor perspective, it's great when we release a product, we never say, ooh, just the market want this. We're not releasing the product until after the market's already adopted the technology in a community way, in a pretty significant way. It's great, Jay. There's certainly a game chain. I think it's going to be written up as kind of a new dynamic that's going to certainly be referenced in the history books. I want to get your perspective on the going forward basis. I know you guys are public companies, you really can't talk about the numbers. But in looking at some of the financial analysts reports recently on you guys, there's a quote I want to get your reaction to. This analyst said, software containers look to be much larger opportunity than rail ever was. And if Red Hat can become a leader here, it will set the company up for many years to come. So there's obviously some people saying, obviously the container thing's pretty big. How are you guys talking to the marketplace, both the industry market, financial market, and customers around the containerization opportunity? How has Red Hat look at that? How has you as the CEO talked to that trend? Because they know rail, rail's had a track record, but now you've got containers. What's the order of magnitude? What's the mental model people should take to think about containers? So you can answer that a couple of different ways. Let me start off with the size of the opportunity. So as applications go from these monolithic services, or applications to containerized microservices, that architecture is very, very different. And in the old world, you'd have an operating system, and then you'd have a whole set of tool change and management tools and all these things to manage these applications, right? Well, in a containerized world, you expect the platform to manage that for you, right? And so in the old world, which still exists and is growing for us, but in the Linux world, we prefer the operating system on which the application ran. And then you had different management tools, application performance management, CMDB, all this stuff that worked around that, right? You expect your platform to do that now. So if you think about the value we have in OpenShift, which is our platform, it's doing that telemetry, it's doing patching, it's doing a lot of the automation that was happening before. So there's a lot more value in the platform. And so like a two socket server running REL versus a two socket server running OpenShift, there's like an order of magnitude price difference. And our customers aren't looking at it saying, oh my God, that's expensive. They're actually looking at it like it's cheap versus the whole set of tool change and management tools and other things they were doing in the old world. So fundamentally the container platform has a dramatic amount of value. Now then from a Red Hat perspective, and I'll bring up another company. It's a little bit of a competitor, but you know, VMware did a great job of becoming the default management tool company around a virtualized infrastructure. Well, why? Because in the shift from physical to virtual, they were there first and they kind of built a paradigm for managing that. Well, in this world going to containers, containers are Linux containers, so we're there first. And so working to drive that paradigm, I think we can be a significant share player in these new container platforms. And honestly, if you look out in the market, the clouds have their individual cloud offerings, which are fine, we actually can span all of that. So if you have any hybrid structure at all, we have by far the best solution to address that. And so I think analysts are assuming we're going to be successful at a much higher value add and therefore more expensive product. If we get our REL share of that, you know, it's an order of magnitude, larger opportunity. And that's the cloud economics in play right there. Because with that scale, you're talking about, okay, OpenShift's taking on a new role for the multi-cloud, for the large scale, you know, horizontally scalable, synchronous services that are coming online, like micro-services. Exactly, exactly. Well, that also implies a cloud scale, partnership and ecosystem strategy, right? I was, your customers are deploying OpenShift on clouds, like Amazon, Google. Big partnership with Microsoft announced this week, as well as a big IBM partnership. Can you talk a little bit about how Red Hat is approaching that cooperation and competition and what parts you'd like to keep on Red Hat versus what career you're going to end up partnering? Yeah, so, you know, when you think about the fact that we sell free software, right? You got to think hard about the value proposition. And one of the value propositions we've always believed in is, we create choice for our customers. So running Red Hat Enterprise Linux, we're geeks. We can talk about all this value associated with it. For many purchasing departments, the value is always, when it comes up for a hardware refresh, I'm not locked into one vendor now. I can bid that out because every vendor works on RHEL. So if my application runs on RHEL, I've unlocked choice at that layer. So that's built into our DNA. It's not just the value our software adds, it's the flexibility we provide customers. So when we look at these new generation platforms, we really strongly believe we can add a lot of value by abstracting whether you want to run it on premise, on a server, on VMware, on any of the public clouds. By abstracting those away, we're giving our customers choice at the core platform layer. So part one is to make sure OpenShift is a first class citizen and runs well everywhere. And so for our customers then, you know that your application will run anywhere. For our ISV partners to take IBM for instance, because IBM has announced all of their software running on OpenShift, that can now run wherever OpenShift runs, which is by the way everywhere, without IBM having to do a lot of work. So creating this abstraction layer, huge benefit for someone like IBM. So you can now run mission critical IBM software anywhere you want to run it via OpenShift. So real value to a partner like that, obviously value to us as it draws workloads. Now, one of the other things that we've seen a lot is that people have gotten used to cloud, is they're really saying, hey, I love OpenShift. This is great, but honestly, you manage it for me. That's one of the things I like about cloud. So I love the idea of this abstraction layer, but I don't want to build my own management, or my organization to be able to manage this at scale. So you be my service provider. And so we built that in a small way. So we have OpenShift dedicated, which is an offering that Red Hat engineers run, that runs on Amazon. But we wanted to make sure our customers had choice, and also they could choose other vendors they want to work with. And you know, Microsoft obviously has a lot of heritage and enterprises. And so this opportunity for enterprises to be able to run OpenShift at scale on Microsoft, fully managed and supported jointly by Microsoft and Red Hat, we think is a really phenomenal offering, because we just don't have the scale to build out the capabilities to even to meet the demand we're coming in right now for us to offer a managed service of OpenShift. And you guys are also doing some work just to point out, and again, I want to get your comment on to help with the licensing issues. I know there's been some announcements where you guys are trying to get some more support for folks who are dealing with some of the licensing issues when expiring. And so we had your Associate General Counsel talking about some of the, you know, version two, version three, you know, grace periods. What does that mean for customers? I mean, what's the internal motivation behind that? It's just making it easier. Well, you know, this whole idea of licensing being an impediment to customer success, I just find horribly bothersome in the technology industry. And so we've always tried to strip that out for Red Hat and with our customers. And now trying to say, well, Red Hat's big enough it can have enough influence broadly. How do we try to be more influential in communities? So certainly nothing in the open source licensing arena, not just for us, but for any vendor, gets in the way of customer success. I think that's so important. This idea of the artifact of protecting IP means you create lack of flexibility for your customers. I don't think anybody wanted that to happen, but it's happened. And so anything we can do to help kind of tear that down we're working to do. Well, congratulations on all your success. And I know that when I hear words like de facto standard, it gets my attention. You see Kubernetes role open shifts doing. We're envisioning a huge wealth creation a new value creation market coming online pretty quickly. You guys doing a great job, congratulations on that. Awesome work. Thank you. Final question for you. I know you got a role, but you guys are also growing. I know that your teams are growing. How do you maintain the Red Hat culture? You get more people coming on working for the company. What's the strategy? You give them the Kool-Aid injection. You got to bring them in, assimilate into the open source ethos that you guys built and are expanding. What's the plan of getting all these new employees and new partners on board with the Red Hat way? You hand them the red pill and the blue pill and they better take the red pill. No, I'm all serious. That is, I would say it's a high-class problem but it's still a problem. We do grow roughly 20% a year taking this account even modest attrition. Roughly 25% of the people at the end of the year at Red Hat weren't here at the beginning of the year. And so when you think about a culture-based company and I spend a lot of time talking about our source of advantage as a capability that's tied up in our culture, that's critical. So from how we think about recruiting, over half our employees come from employee referrals where they say nobody knows a Red Hatter like a Red Hatter to the way we do onboarding, which people laugh. You walk out of onboarding, you still don't know how to get a computer but you have been indoctrinated in the power of open source to the way we do checkups along the way, the way we use video and a whole bunch of things to do that because it is critical. It is who we are and what allows us to be successful. You got a lot of Red Hatters out there who left the company, started companies, they come back in the fold for acquisitions so that's always a great, great sign and we love what you're doing. Obviously, theCUBE we're open, we love open always is winning and it's the new standard, so congratulations. Well thank you for having me, it's great. I appreciate you being here participating in the summit. All right, Jim White, CEO of Red Hat. We're here at theCUBE Live Coverage, day two of three days of wall-to-wall coverage. Check out all the coverage on thecube.net, siliconangle.com and wikibon.com for all the action. I'm John Troyer with John Troyer. Live coverage after this short break. Stay with us, we'll be right back.


Why am I so insistent on being credited for the work that I've done? Is it because I'm a narcissist? It's because I value history. Memory is the glue that holds all of us together, individuals and collectives. Context, lineage, pedigree, provenance. They all provide additional information that help us to understand things more profoundly and more accurately. If creators, artists, authors, filmmakers, if creators are not credited, there's no incentive to create. What would happen to humanity if people were to steal each other's ideas, each other's work, misattribute them, lie about them, plagiarize? What would happen to humanity? I insist on the veracity of the historical record. I insist on getting credit for my work, because I want everyone else to get credit for theirs. I want a world where people don't steal, don't lie, don't cheat. In 1995, I was the first person in human history, to the best of my knowledge, I was the first person to out himself as a narcissist. I was the first person to admit to having been diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. You heard the phrase, patient zero, I am patient zero. And still am, narcissist zero. But then having confessed to my mental health diagnosis, I couldn't find anyone else to talk to. People were shy, avoidant. There were either victims of narcissists or narcissists themselves. So to be able to communicate my experiences, I had to coin a whole new corpus of language. And this corpus of language is still widely in use today. Now of course I haven't coined all the phrases and all the words that are in use today, but I've coined the majority of the most important ones. But when I mention this, people contest the fact, because people have no memory. They have no timelines. We are living in a timeless period. And people say, you didn't coin no contact, the phrase no contact. My grandma used no contact on my grandpa. Well of course I didn't put the two words together. I was not the first one to use the phrase no contact. But no contact is a set of 27 strategies. Look it up on my channel. There's a video dedicated to no contact. And these 27 strategies of coping with the aftermath of narcissistic abuse. I named them the collective. I named it no contact. Listen to this short excerpt from an interview that I gave to a documentary about narcissistic abuse. I really think it's a matter of ethics and morality. I think we're increasingly living in an immoral space, which degenerates very easily, devolves very easily into immorality. People steal from each other, troll each other, attack each other, abuse each other with impunity online. These are the parameters, the behavioral parameters of the online space. Everything goes, it's the wild west, there are no rules, it's a jungle out there. Hostility, enmity, hatred, anger are the coinage of this realm. So listen to this excerpt about narcissism zero, that's me, and the language of narcissistic abuse that I was forced to coin in 1995 because there was nobody there. For 10 years, I've had the only website on narcissism and narcissistic abuse. And I owned and moderated the only six support groups for victims of abuse. My websites have garnered 100 million page views. And in my six support groups, there were 300,000 members. And we are talking 1997, 1999, when the internet was an embryo, a fetus, not even a newborn, an experiment. Can you imagine the magnitude of this phenomenon? And it has grown ever since. Now tens of millions of people are involved in the study of narcissistic abuse and teaching each other, sharing experiences and so on and so forth. I started it all. I insist on that. That's a historical record. I don't insist only on getting credit. I insist on history. I insist on memory. I insist on rigorousness. I insist on a pioneer status because the history of the topic is important. It's important to understand. It may not be an accident that a narcissist started it all and not, for example, a victim. Why is that? It's a fascinating question. Behooves us to study it. But how can we study it if we don't know the history or denied when we are faced with it? We need to stop this. We need to develop a connection to our past, to our communities, to others. We need to stop being atomized, not only physically, but also mentally. Where have we gone with all this? It's a world of present only, no past, no future. So it is my personal battle, but it is part and parcel of a much bigger war. The war to regain traditions, history, memory, identity, and, after all, humanity. I wish you enjoyable listening. No, not the Wizard of Oz. They are not called flying monkeys, the Wizard of Oz. They are called winged monkeys. And the winged monkeys in Wizard of Oz are good guys. They actually had Dorothy. So no, it wasn't borrowed from them. In 1995 I watched a National Geographic movie and there were these monkeys and they occupied an abandoned shrine or temple or something. And they were flying all over the place. And so it occurred to me to coin the phrase flying monkeys to describe people who aid and abet the narcissist and the psychopath by doing their bidding against targets, against victims, against, you know. So this is how the phrase came to be. The first time flying monkeys is mentioned, check it out, is in 1995 in my writings in connection with narcissism, of course. The Wizard of Oz, winged monkeys. A variety of other books and movies and cinema use the term winged monkeys, not flying monkeys. There is an interesting, generally there's an interesting history to many of the terms in use today, which I have either coined. So I coined cerebral narcissists, somatic narcissists, no contact, et cetera, et cetera. Or phrases that I borrowed. Yeah, I simply borrowed these phrases and I infused them with a new mini. So for example, narcissistic supply is not a phrase that I coined. It was first, I think it was 1937, the first time it was used. And what I did, I took it and I imbued it with a new meaning. I applied it to narcissism. I divided it to primary and secondary and so on and so forth. The original term, the original phrase, 1937 had to do with the relationships between parents and children only. And it had nothing to do with narcissistic pathology. It had to do with the normal process of growing up in a family, interactions between children and parents, and so on and so forth. The narcissistic abuse, yeah, that was the name of the first support group ever for victims of narcissists in 1997. That was the first support group ever. For a period of 10 years, I owned and moderated and so forth all six groups of support to victims of narcissists. Again, I borrowed the term narcissistic abuse at the early 1990s. You could say I coined it because it was not used anywhere. And then I adopted this phrase to reflect its current meaning. So yeah, I borrowed many things. I borrowed false self from Winnecott. I borrowed idealization, devaluation, and I added to it, by the way, I added to it discard and replacement. So it was a hectic period and within one year, 1995, I coined dozens of phrases. And the vast majority of these phrases are still in use today. There have been people who try to sublime these phrases, replace them with other phrases. It didn't catch on really. It didn't catch on. Most recently, I'm again coining new phrases, for example, dual mothership. I took the Sanger's concept of shared fantasy and I applied it to narcissism in a totally new way. Cold empathy. Cold empathy, yeah. Snapshotting. These are all new phrases that I came up with and again, they're spreading. They're spreading like fire. So I suspect that in 25 years time, I'll be having a similar conversation and having to convince people that I'm the guy who coined snapshotting or so on and so forth. It's not very important to me. But I think it's a virtuous and moral and ethical thing to give credit where it is due. And plagiarism is intellectual murder, stealing someone else's work and ideas and passing them off as yours. That's murder. That's intellectual murder. First degree. Yeah. And many people are doing this. And in today's world, there's no concept of time and progression and, you know, people are totally confused. Who coined what, who invented what, who said what and so on and so forth. It was the same in periods of great intellectual ferment. There was the same situations. For example, Freud borrowed many terms from others, including Adler. He borrowed a lot from Adler. Jung borrowed from Freud. And today many things are attributed to Freud, which actually, actually, there were Jungian things. Jung came up with this, not Freud. And many things are attributed to Freud that were actually Adlerian. Adler came up with these things, not Freud. And vice versa. Many things are attributed to Jung that were actually Freud's, not Jung's. So there's a mess. There's a big mess in terms of crediting people with their work. People deserve credit for their work. I don't think that's vanity. I don't think that's hubris. I don't think it's grandiosity. I don't think it's narcissism. If you, is it narcissism to say that this child is your daughter? It's not. It's just that you want to claim motherhood over her. She's your child. And that's the way I see it. I don't see anything wrong with it and I'll continue to insist on what's mine or what's rightfully mine. I didn't coin all the phrases. I didn't coin all the words, not by far, but many, many obscure things that you wouldn't believe came from me. Narcissistic fleas. Mine also. Even the term fuel comes from my work. So it's important to recognize paternity, provenance, pedigree, and to trace an intellectual lineage. Because influences, intellectual influences are critical to understanding the context, background and the meaning, simply the meaning of text. And today we are missing this. We're in a timeless, contextless world. There's no time, there's no context. Everything is frozen. Everything is at present. There's no background, no depth, no memory, no nothing. This is bad. This is really bad. It's going to be the end of civilization. Civilization relies on time and memory. And we have sacrificed both for the instant gratification of the moment, the likes on Instagram.


Now, we are back to diffraction. After discussing the difference in diffraction experiments between reactor and the pulse neutron source, we are back to the diffraction or structure determination that means no energy analysis using neutrons. Now, most of us are aware that we actually as soon as we make a sample, we take it through a extra powder diffraction and we try to see whether we can identify the peaks that are listed in the international table form diffraction from powder. So, we can do powder diffraction for phase identification which is the simplest thing to do for strain analysis, preferred orientation and crystallographic and magnetic structure. So, all these are identified, all these experiments can be clubbed under powder diffraction I should say, which is the most commonly used technique with neutrons also with x-rays and I will discuss some of the techniques. Most importantly, I will introduce you to crystallography and magnetic structure determination together with extra crystallography is required for various samples. Then if you can make a single crystal, a good single crystal because in neutron diffraction not only you need a single crystal if you want to do ab initio structure determination, but you also need to make a slightly larger single crystal because neutron intensity is poorer, but still in case of hydrogen bonded crystals which is not possible to study with x-rays single crystal diffraction is done, I will very briefly mention this part. Next, another important thing is local structure in liquid and amorphous systems. This is extremely important for neutrons because for determination of local structure you need to go to a very high Q and neutrons have an advantage that it can penetrate deep. Since it can penetrate deep, we can take a reasonable dimension of a sample which will give the bulk liquid or a bulk amorphous system and you can find out the local order in the system. I will introduce you to this technique with large Q range experiments to find out local structure. Another very important technique which has become extremely popular not only with physics people, but chemists, metallurgists and many others it is small angle neutron scattering. Small angle you can also call it small Q often we are talking about angle angle and Q we will use interchangeably.  If Q max equal to 0.1 angstrom inverse then this comes to around 60 angstrom inverse 60 angstrom that means inherently if I do an experiment in the small Q range say up to 0.1 angstrom inverse then that experiment will tell me about structures with a resolution inherent resolution of 60 angstroms. So, with 60 angstrom resolution I cannot see the crystal structure or the crystallographic structure in a system what I will see is the in average over this length scale. So, that is a mesoscopic length scale to compare a typical diffraction experiment will be around going up to 10 angstrom inverse. This might go to 120 degrees 130 degrees in an experiment whereas 1 angstrom inverse experiments are almost a near direct beam experiments. I will discuss it when I discuss the small angle instruments. So, small angle is used heavily for determining structure at mesoscopic length scale and often many researchers are not keen to understand to get information at near crystallographic or near atomic level resolution, but at mesoscopic level resolution. For example, we may talk about micelles forming in liquids or as I told earlier in my transparency pores in solids or precipitates in metallurgical samples this can be used by this can be understood by using small angle neutrons. Another technique which has come up recently is neutron reflectometry for thin film structure. So, today especially for applications thin films are very important and the neutron reflectometry deals with films deposited on various substrates and the reflection I mean optical reflection, optical reflection not Bragg reflection, optical reflection, reflection following Snail's law, but from the reflected beam reflected intensity we can understand the thickness of these layers from a heterostructure that is reflecting neutrons, their interface roughnesses they can be determined using neutrons and x-rays and neutrons can also give you magnetization magnetization as a function of depth which is unique again for neutrons and all this we will be discussing when we discuss neutron reflectometry which will be coming under the heading of mesoscopic length scales. So, this will be my flow that I will start with powder diffraction various techniques briefly single crystal deuteron diffraction then liquid and amorphous systems and local structure small angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry for thin film structure under the heading of diffraction or structure at various length scale. Now for diffraction experiments we I told you earlier that the for Bragg diffraction from a lattice K minus K prime should be equal to G a reciprocal lattice vector and for a for an elastic experiment the magnitude of K and K prime are same. So, this is a requirement that K minus K prime is equal to G now I can show you that this requirement of K minus sorry K minus K prime equal to G this translates to K minus G or K plus G both ways equal to K prime plus or minus G equivalent this comes to 2 K dot G plus G square equal to 0 this is I am quoting from Kitten the most basic solid state physics book and K dot G is K is nothing but twice pi by lambda and G is giving by 2 pi by d h k l where d h k l is the d spacing of h k l set of planes and G is equal to twice per h k l basically this 2 K dot G plus G square I can write 2 K dot G if I consider plus G and minus G equivalent is equal to G square or 2 K G sin theta because K this is K prime this is G so K dot G will be K G sin theta is equal to G square or 2 sin theta sorry 2 K sin theta K sin theta equal to G substituting K is equal to twice pi by lambda and G is equal to twice pi by d h k l I will get back 2 d h k l sin theta equal to lambda which is my Bragg's law. So, many of us have started with Bragg's law but I started K minus K prime equal to G because now I want to and they are equivalent as I showed you just now I want to get back to something called Ewald construction. Now if K minus K prime is equal to G this construction was done by Ewald so if I consider an incident beam K i and the reflected beam or the scattered beam ending there is a incident beam ending on a reciprocal lattice so this is a reciprocal lattice then when K minus K prime equal to G I get a reflected beam that means if I consider the three-dimensional reciprocal lattice and with this construction I can say that whenever the equation K minus K prime equal to G whenever the scattered beam hits a reciprocal lattice vector then I have got a diffracted beam is this direction so this is known as Ewald construction. This is the most fundamental construction in case of diffraction atomic diffraction that the I have superimposed the incident beam and this is the origin of the reciprocal space and with that I just show that K minus K prime equal to G so in this thing that means I can have a reciprocal scattered beam in this direction because it is hits similarly I can have a reciprocal lattice vector being equal to K minus K prime equal to G so all these points which are falling on this sphere intercepting this sphere from the reciprocal lattice point they signify that there is a diffracted beam in this direction and that's what our Laue pattern that we see from single crystals are all about so Laue pattern is nothing but it comes out straight away from the Ewald construction and in case of a polychromatic beam I must add here that in case of pulse neutron sources since you have polychromatic beam so your K you have got because K dictates the size of the sphere that you were plotting you can see that this sphere or the circle in two dimension is the radius of K but K for a range of wavelength is polychromatic beam there is a lambda minimum there is a lambda maximum lambda maximum means K is minimum and lambda minimum means K is maximum so I have a range of lattice point wavelength and you can see I have superimposed these two spheres this is the origin of the circle this is a so they are superimposed on the reciprocal lattice vector and all these reciprocal lattice vectors will satisfy 2d sin theta equal to lambda for one of the wavelengths in this beam of lambda max to lambda mean and then again you will have a reflection Bragg reflection in that direction so I take you back to again to Kittel actually here I hope some of you have done this experiment we have done this during master's day so this shows how a powder crystal now looks like so this is called Debye camera this is known as Debye camera where a photographic plate was wrapped inside this circle this is the incoming beam this is the outgoing beam this is the outgoing beam this is the incoming beam and the powder crystal is kept at the center but I myself did was a copper crystal if I remember it correct 40 years back now here instead of a single crystal you all construction now imagine I have got a powder crystal if I have got a powder crystal then imagine these are incident beam so if one crystal light satisfied it in this direction there will be other crystal lights so in having if this and this is the incident beam I can have crystal lights equally oriented with the same theta but at different angle so that means I will be rotating the crystal around the incident beam and the reflected beam will describe a circle in the reciprocal space so now these are perfect powder crystal which will have a Debye Sharer cone this is known as a Debye Sharer cone this is a Debye Sharer cone and what I showed you in this photograph basically a strip of photographic plate that is intercepting this Debye Sharer cone now this is the incident beam hole there's a hole in the strip and there's outgoing beam hole and you can see that this is the largest smaller de-spacing and I can calculate the de-spacing from the radius of this because this gives me the angle from the radius of the Debye camera and from lambda I can find out from this radius of this cone what is the de-spacing so what is the de-spacing so this experiment was done or is done to find out various de-spacing you can see various de-spacings so we'll satisfy different angles because the angle 2d sin theta equal to lambda in this case it was monochromatic beam of copper k alpha so it was 1.54 angstrom it can be something else but usually in laboratory sources we use 1.54 angstrom so that lambda is known knowing the radius of this beam around the incident point we know the theta and once we know the theta 2d sin theta equal to lambda lambda is known we can find out de-spacing so this experiment that detects the circles or the Debye Sharer cones which gives us the d this if I reduce to a strip detector or a one-dimensional position sensitive detector this gives one particular cube or theta and what I showed you earlier this is x-ray Debye camera but what you see here each one is one part of that Debye Sharer cone from a powder crystal from a powder crystal so this is the very beginning of our knowledge about x-ray diffraction but basically this is a monochromatic x-ray beam as I showed this is a specimen and they break up into the this is around this is the low angle and the specimen this is the outgoing beam this is the high angle so this is sorry I'm sorry the back reflected beam is high angle and the forward reflected beam in the low angle so this is around the this hole this particular radius this is the at the center of this circle and this is near the back scattered beam and you can see the back scattered x-rays because of the atomic form factor they are of much lesser intensity than the forward scattered beam because the form factor for almost all atoms in case of x-rays is fall like that form factor so with theta or with q so at large angle we have lesser intensity because of the form factor structure remaining same so we see the same circles same Debye Sharer cones but with lower intensity when you do x-ray diffraction we do exactly the same thing with neutrons in neutron sensitivity I mean in neutron crystallography a position sensitive detector is equivalent to the photographic plate only the size dictates how much of the cone that you are intercepting but they have better intensity resolution the instrument that I showed you it can identify the de-spacing from the radius of the cone around this incoming and outgoing paths and but in case of in case of neutron there is better intensity resolution and we can carry out phase determination or more detailed experiments to read well fitting so an ab initio crystallography is possible with single crystals and powders a single crystal not with powders there are various applications of neutron crystallography apart from physics I will also tell you how strains can be determined using neutron diffraction specially neutron diffraction because neutrons can penetrate deep in industrial pieces of materials which is not possible by any other using any other radiation so also neutrons are unique for magnetic structure so we will discuss all those in the next lecture