Today, in this lecture number 5, we will be discussing total surface energy. We briefly recall the equation for the total surface energy that we had derived from the equation 31 by plugging in for S s minus dou gamma 0 by dou t at constant N and V. This is considering that gamma 0 is equal to F s, the total Helmholtz free energy per area. So, by rearranging we had obtained U s as gamma 0 plus t times minus the partial derivative of surface tension with temperature at constant N and V. In physical terms, the total surface energy is equal to the total potential energy of molecules that form unit area of the surface of liquid in excess over what those molecules would possess in the interior of the liquid.  This can be done by differentiating the earlier expression for total surface energy U s with the temperature. So, we obtain dou U s by dou t equal to dou gamma 0 by dou t minus t times dou 2 gamma 0 by dou t square minus dou gamma 0 by dou t from where after cancelling dou gamma 0 by dou t we obtain dou U s by dou t equal to minus t times dou 2 gamma 0 by dou t square. In practice, the surface tension gamma 0 decreases linearly with temperature to a pretty good approximation. And therefore, we could actually show that if gamma 0 is written as C 2 minus C 1 times temperature where C 2 and C 1 are constant, then dou gamma 0 by dou t is equal to minus C 1. Therefore, dou 2 gamma 0 by dou t square is equal to 0. We return to the slides now and see that this is actually a pretty good approximation. And the second derivative indeed comes out to be extremely small leading to virtual independence of the total surface energy of temperature. For example, the values for the first partial derivative of the total surface energy with temperature for water is minus 0.00048 while for benzene it is 0.00012 bearing out the above expectation to be quite true. Next we deal with entropy of formation of a surface. The molecules in bulk of a liquid are surrounded by other molecules while those at the surface have a different environment on one side. At the surface, we may say that there is a new randomness possible when compared to the bulk liquid. As we will see in the next figure a molecule may occupy a position right in the surface or just below it. In this figure, we see in the top half the surface layer and the adjacent bulk liquid that is immediate bulk of liquid. In the bottom half we see all identical molecules in the bulk. So, looking at the position near the surface, we may be able to quantify this randomness. The equation by Boltzmann and Planck is handy in estimating the entropy for the surface. This equation relates to the entropy a notion of thermodynamic probability W. In this simple fashion S is equal to K ln W where W is the thermodynamic probability and it is worthwhile noting it that this is different from ordinary probability, but proportional to it. It could be considered as the total number of different ways in which a given system could be realized in a specified thermodynamic state. Here in the context of the surface layer, we would be able to argue that W is equal to 2 because this is the number of ways in which the surface could be realized in a given state. Hence, the standard entropy change associated with the formation of a surface would be given by S s equal to R ln 2 that is equal to 1.4 calories per degree centigrade or 1.4 entropy units. As we had shown earlier, the surface entropy was equal to the negative temperature coefficient of surface tension. S s the surface entropy is equal to negative temperature coefficient of the surface tension and therefore, the temperature coefficient of the surface tension of liquid must be negative because entropy surface entropy is positive. Here is a slightly different insight that one may be able to derive looking at this drop in surface tension with increase in temperature. For instance, if we regard the surface as a separate phase, it would be equivalent to saying that the surface phase becomes more miscible with the bulk phase just as the ordinary bulk phases of two liquids become more miscible on raising their temperature. From such a calculation, the entropy of formation of water surface is found to be equal to minus of minus 0.154 that is plus 0.154 Ergs per centimeter square per Kelvin or 1.6 entropy units. So, this estimate of the surface entropy of 1.6 entropy units is pretty close to 1.4 entropy units estimated from the Boltzmann-Planck equation. In case of mercury from the temperature coefficient of surface tension, one would find the entropy change to work out as two entropy units. Next we address molecular theories of surface energy. We begin here with a general observation that the cohesive forces among molecules of a liquid fall off very steeply with distance. The rapid decrease of interaction with distance leads us to concept of nearest neighbors, which means basically that we need not consider interaction beyond the nearest neighbors to a very good approximation. The next question which arises is regarding the relation between total surface energy and the molecular cohesion in liquids. And this question has been considered in the past by Langmuir in 1933 and Frankel in 1947. Here we briefly review their approaches to obtain an idea of simple ways in which this entity the total surface energy may be related to the molecular cohesion in liquids. We take these in turn. First the Langmuir's method. Let us say we assume that each individual molecule of the liquid possesses a spherical surface with the usual surface tension. Now this looks a bit preposterous as an assumption, particularly because the cohesive tendency and surface tension are a result of interaction of large number of molecules in the surface with those in the subjectant liquid. However, let us see what is the consequence of this suggestion by Langmuir. Thus the volume of a single molecule of liquid could be written as the molecular weight divided by the density of the liquid divided by the Avogadro's number. So, M by rho n would give us volume of a single molecule of liquid. Now since we are going to regard this molecule as a sphere, we could equate this to pi d cube by 6 and therefore, we obtain d is equal to 6 M by rho n pi to the power 1 by 3. The surface area of the molecule is therefore, AM equal to pi d square and that is pi to the power 1 by 3 into 6 M by rho n to the power 2 by 3. The surface energy for unit volume of the liquid is next written as AM into US into rho n by M. AM is the area surface area of a single molecule, US is the surface energy per area and rho n by M gives you the number of molecules per volume. So, this entire quantity AM, US, rho n by M works out to be the surface energy for unit volume of the liquid. This could be equated to the latent heat of vaporization per volume that is L over V. By doing this, we can write US is equal to L by V into M by rho n AM. The assumption made here that the forces between two molecules in contact are mainly dependent on the surface properties is known as independent surface action. Each molecule behaves independent of other and interacts with other molecules as if it is surface where to exhibit properties of the surface of liquid itself that is independent surface action. In keeping with our theme of discussing water and looking at certain things related to water over and over again, we see here some of the pictures taken by Wilson Bentley in 1902 where ice crystals are shown to exhibit a beautiful symmetry and pattern or in a similar fashion an equally beautiful ice crystal is shown here. Surface energy minimization is the principle behind such symmetries found in nature. Here we see a diagram of super saturation versus temperature and we see that for different temperature ranges, different geometries for ice crystals are obtained like plates, columns, plates, columns again. We have below about minus 4 degree centigrade from 0 to minus 4 degree centigrade. We have then writes between minus 4 to about minus 10 degree centigrade at much lower temperatures. We have needles between minus 10 and about minus 22 degree centigrade. We get again then writes and sector plates and for very low temperatures below minus 22 degree centigrade, we have columns and plates and this is shown in context of a water saturation line. We return now to the second method that is Frankel's method for obtaining the total surface energy. In Frankel's method, the difference in the number of nearest neighbors for a molecule in the bulk of the liquid and that in the surface is first calculated. So, we basically make use of the rapid decay in interaction energy and focus our attention only on the nearest neighbors. So, if we take a molecule in the bulk and another in the surface, by seeing the difference in the number of bonds, we may be able to relate the mutual cohesive energy per bond and this difference in number of bonds to the total surface energy. The mutual cohesive energy per bond is used first with the difference in the number of bonds per molecule or the number of nearest neighbors and the number of molecules per area to calculate total surface excess energy and secondly, with the number of bonds per molecule, mutual cohesive energy per bond is used together with the number of bonds per molecule and the number of molecules per liquid volume and molar volume of the liquid to obtain the energy required to break away a molecule from the bulk of the liquid into vapor. This latter quantity is then equated to the latent heat of vaporization per mole of the liquid to estimate the mutual cohesive energy per bond. The total surface energy US could then be obtained by eliminating the mutual cohesive energy per bond or per two neighboring molecules to obtain US. The equations for this method are formulated as described below. Let us say Z is the number of nearest neighbors of a molecule in the interior of the liquid. Let me explain this with a diagram.  Deeper in the bulk, we have molecules in close proximity. So, there is a more complete attraction for molecules in the bulk. In the surface, there are fewer molecules interacting with a given molecule. So, we represent here by small z, the number of nearest neighbors of a molecule in the interior of the liquid. And by z prime, we represent the number of nearest neighbors of a molecule in the surface. Clearly, z is greater than z prime because a molecule in the interior has greater number of nearest neighbors whereas, one in the surface has no neighbor on the vapor side. And next we define nu, we represent by nu the number of molecules per volume of the liquid. By u 1, we represent mutual cohesive energy of two neighboring molecules or mutual cohesive energy per bond and by small b, the molar volume of the liquid. So, with z, z prime, nu, u 1 and b, we have the number of nearest neighbors in the interior, in the surface, number of molecules per volume, mutual cohesive energy and molar volume of the liquid. We should then be able to write in terms of these chosen notations, the surface excess energy per unit area. And that would work out to be u s equal to u 1 z minus z prime into nu to the power 2 by 3. Let me explain this. Supposing that we represent our molecules as arranged in a lattice and so on, the total number per volume of molecules is nu and if each side of this lattice is equal, then the number of molecules per side will be equal to nu to the power 1 by 3. Returning back to our slide, we then identify the number of molecules in any phase as nu to the power 2 by 3. So, u s is the mutual cohesive energy per bond u 1 into z minus z prime, there is a difference in the number of bonds into the total number of molecules in the surface nu to the power 2 by 3. This is an approximation, number of molecules per area is here calculated from the number per volume nu. Now, if L represents the heat of evaporation of 1 mole of liquid, it is a close approximation to the total surface to the total energy of vaporization of 1 mole of liquid. That is to say that we would ignore the difference that might arise from the difference in energies of the surface molecules and the bulk molecules for 1 mole of liquid. If equate the 2, we can then come to this conclusion L is equal to z by 2 u 1 into nu v, where z by 2 here is the net number of bonds broken. This could be explained with the figure on the next page here, next slide here. We find for 4 neighboring molecules represented as 1, 2, 3 and 4 in relation to the central molecule, we have 4 bonds. If this central molecule is taken away, 4 bonds would be broken, but 2 bonds will be reformed 1 and 2. So, if a molecule of liquid is removed from the bulk, we break z bonds, but z by 2 bonds reform. So, the net number of bonds broken will be z by 2. So, per molecule of liquid taken from the bulk, the energy required will be z by 2 into u 1 and that into the total number of molecules per volume nu will give you energy per volume and we multiply that by molar volume. So, we get the energy per mole that is the quantity L. Now, between these 2 expressions, we may be able to eliminate the mutual cohesive energy. In this equation 39, the first term is z by 2 u 1, which is the cohesive energy per molecule moved from the bulk that is the net number of bonds broken times the cohesive energy per bond. Upon multiplying by the second factor nu, we obtain the cohesive energy per volume of liquid and finally, by multiplying this quantity by the molar volume gives you total cohesive energy per mole of liquid. Now, we can substitute for the mutual cohesive energy of 2 neighboring molecules or mutual cohesive energy per bond from equation 39 into the expression for the surface excess energy per unit area that is equation 38. You could work it out in parallel or do the mental calculation substituting for u 1 as 2 L by z nu v. In this equation for total surface energy us, we obtain the required quantity total surface energy us as 2 L by p into z minus z prime by z into nu to the power minus 1 by 3. One could make use of this equation to calculate the total surface energy and then one could actually plug in relevant numerical quantities together with units to estimate the total surface energy from this model for different liquids and how good this simple model is could then be benchmarked by looking at the values from independent other advanced theories and experiments. So, we will look into some of these. We take a numerical example here on calculation of the total surface excess energy for water using Frankel's method. We can assume that z is equal to 6 that is for a molecule in the interior there are 6 nearest neighbors. Correspondingly in the surface the number of nearest neighbors will be z prime is equal to 5. The latent heat per volume L by v is 582 calories per centimeter cube per water or that could be translated as 2.4 into 10 raise to 10 ergs per centimeter cube. Then from the dimensions of water molecule we know that nu will be 33.3 into 10 to the power 21 molecules per centimeter cube. Substituting these quantities in equation 40 we get 2 times L by v is 2.4 into 10 raise to 10 into z minus z prime by z is 6 minus 5 by 6 into nu to the power minus 1 by 3 is 33.3 into 10 raise to 21 to the power minus 1 by 3 and when we evaluate this it works out to be 240 ergs per centimeter square. This number 240 ergs per centimeter square could be compared with the experimental figure of 118 ergs per centimeter square. At first thought it would appear that these numbers are very different but considering that this was such a simple theory an agreement to even within 50 percent may be considered to be satisfactory for such a simple model. You could take down this next numerical problem for your homework. Here we are asked to find out or calculate the total surface energy for normal octane and for mercury using Frankel's method. The experimental values for total surface energy are respectively 50.7 ergs per centimeter square for normal octane and 536 ergs per centimeter square for mercury. When we compare these numbers with other theories we will get an idea how good our simple theory is. In this table we see a comparison of experimental and theoretical total surface energies for different substances. Besides the experimental and Langmuir and Frankel's theories predictions we have two more columns one based on phase center cubic arrangement of molecules in liquid and the last one is for quantum mechanical predictions. We see here for FCC distribution or FCC packing the potential distribution could be evaluated and used for more accurate estimation of total surface energy and it gives a good agreement with experiment 32.9 against 35.3 whereas for mercury the best estimate is obtained from quantum mechanical calculation where we obtain a value of 490 against experimental 541 490 against 541. We then move on to another related concept that of interfacial tension. This is similar to the surface of a liquid exposed to air we may have an interface between two immiscible or partially miscible liquids which exhibits a contractile tendency. Unlike the surface tension the interfacial tension is the residual entity. We note here that the surface tension is a result of the asymmetry of the environment for molecules in the surface because the vapor in contact with liquid is so much rarer there is only the effect of the liquid molecules in the surface that is reflected in the surface tension. In context of interfacial tension we have a partially miscible or immiscible liquid in contact with a given liquid and because the vapor has been replaced by a condensed second phase that is second liquid we would have less asymmetry in this case of two liquid interfaces as compared to the surface of a liquid in contact with vapor and the interface will still exhibit a diminished contractile tension. This residual entity or interfacial tension is denoted by this symbol gamma subscript i and once again is expressed in dines per centimeter. One might visualize this as follows that when you have two liquids in contact with each other each having a contractile tendency differ in their contractile tendencies somewhat and therefore effectively the interface is will have a net contractile tendency which results from the effect of these different contractile tendencies taken together. If the second liquid were identical to the first liquid obviously there would be no asymmetry and therefore interface between a liquid with its own type would obviously be zero. We will be dwelling upon the interrelations between interfacial tension and the miscibility in later lectures. For the time being we could visualize a simple experiment in which we consider an interface between butanol and water. The butanol molecules concentrate at the interface that is because butanol with its structure C 4 H 9 OH would have the hydrophobic C 4 H 9 tail and the hydrophobic C 4 H 9 tail and the hydrophilic OH head group. By concentrating at the interface the butanol molecules would get packed in an oriented manner with the hydroxylic head group submerged in water and the hydrophobic C 4 H 9 tail preferring the hydrophilic C butanol side we would have a situation where these packed butanol molecules would experience a certain extent of repulsion. A certain dipole moment is associated with the hydroxylic head groups which would cause the molecules in the surface to repel each other and this repulsion would partly offset the usual contractile tendency of water. We have seen why the packing would occur but the orientation of these C 4 H 9 OH or butanol molecules would actually lead to a state of low standard free energy and therefore is the favored state. The surface tension of butanol is 24 dimes per centimeter whereas its interfacial tension with water is just about 1.8 dimes per centimeter. One sees such low magnitude of interfacial tension for liquids containing polar groups. Low interfacial tensions are characteristic of polar liquids. A considerable orientation of dipolar molecules occurs at the interface as also seen from the interfacial tension of nitrobenzene with water which is the value 25.1 dimes per centimeter when compared against the surface tension of the dipole. For hydrocarbon oils the interfacial tensions are usually high typically of the order of 50 dimes per centimeter. The next table shows the standard interfacial tensions between pure liquids and water. For normal hexane at 20 degree centigrade the interfacial tension is 51 dimes per centimeter. For normal octane at 20 degree centigrade the interfacial tension is 50.8 dimes per centimeter. For carbon disulphide it is 48 dimes per centimeter and for carbon tetrachloride we have 45.1 dimes per centimeter. For bromobenzene then we have to use interfacial tension with water is 38.1 for benzene above 35 at 20 degree centigrade and then we have the alcohols like octanol and hexanol. Interfacial tensions are low 8.5, 6.8. For aniline it is 5.85. Once again for pentanol a low value of 4.4. For butanols it is the interfacial tensions are clustered around 2. For mercury in contact with water the interfacial tension is 375 and so on. Olig acid with its double bond and the acidic group has a low relatively low interfacial tension against water of 15.59 dimes per centimeter and for oligoil it is about 22.9 dimes per centimeter. Now it has been seen that interfacial tensions could be correlated to the mutual insolubility of hydrocarbon derivatives with respect to water. Several empirical correlations exist in literature and one particular result expressed by Bickerman shows that the interfacial tension decreases with the relative miscibility of various organic liquids with water. With a sharp drop from about 50 dimes per centimeter to about 3 dimes per centimeter occurring over an increase in relative miscibility from 0 to 10 and with very little change over a further increase up to 30. Let us have look at Bickerman's plot. We see here the interfacial tension plotted against the relative miscibility. So up to about 10 there is a sharp decrease in interfacial tension there onwards it is nearly constant. In three component systems same type of relationship holds. For example butanol dissolved in benzene adsorbs at the interface against water. The alcohol molecules packing into the interface form an oriented monolayer. The hydroxyl head groups get immersed in water and the repulsion of the hydroxyl groups in the monolayer once again reduce the contractile tendency of the interface. We see here the butanol molecules accumulating at the interface and this repulsion would reduce the interfacial tension between benzene and water. So like earlier we have gamma as equal to as equal to gamma i minus pi where gamma i is the interfacial tension of the system where there are only two liquids and pi is the mutual repulsion which arises out of adsorption of the monolayer of the third component. This resembles the equation 7 that we had seen earlier in the context of surface tension with gamma i replacing gamma 0. Greater the miscibility of two liquids lower is the interfacial tension. For the liquid pair of water and isopentanol the interfacial tension is 4.4 dynes per centimeter. If we add ethanol gradually the interfacial tension progressively reduces and becomes 0 when ethanol reaches 25 percent weight by weight. The whole system then becomes miscible and forms a single phase. So we see here that interfacial tension becomes 0 at a point where the two phases become miscible. We would stop this lecture today over here and comments from here next time. Thank you.


The Equitable Life Assurance Society presents This Is Your FBI This Is Your FBI The official broadcast from the Files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation presented as a public service by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States and the Equitable Society's representative in your community. Were you born between 1900 and 1910? Then here's a question you've probably asked yourself more than once. Will I be alive in 1975? Well, just think of all the advances in medical science since you first saw the light of day, sulfur drugs, insulin, and dozens of others. Since 1910, there's been a 68% increase in the proportion of people over 65 years of age in this country. With this percentage growing greater all the time, there certainly is a very good chance that you will be alive in 75. And in exactly 14 minutes, we'll have a suggestion which will show you how life insurance, with the Equitable Life Assurance Society, can help you make the most of this long life that's ahead of you. Tonight's FBI file, The Innocent Thief. 1947 has not yet run through a quarter of its allotted number of months. But already, there is evidence that the number of spectacular crimes in the nation is on the rise. A community fund is stolen from a strong box in the Midwest. The schoolgirl is kidnapped from her home in the West. A bank in Virginia is robbed for the first time in its 65-year history. There's no end to the recital, but the pace of the crime wave is quickening. A major crime is committed somewhere in the United States every 21 seconds. And in the course of those crimes, innocent people are involved. Innocent people who are used as pawns by the criminals. That is why the crime wave is a problem belonging not only to your FBI, but also to you. Tonight's file opens in a roadhouse located in the outskirts of a large eastern city. It is after midnight, but the past half hour of floor show has been in progress. Sonny Everett, master of ceremonies, is just bringing it to a close. Well, folks, that about concludes our little show. But before I leave, I must tell you about a funny thing that happened to me on the way to the club tonight.  A fella came up to me and said, can you spare something for a cup of coffee? I said, sorry, Mac, all I have is 10 pennies. He says, that's okay, buddy. I'll buy drip coffee. Well, folks, I can keep you screaming like this for hours, but right now everybody dance. Well, May, what'd you think of it? Oh, Steve. What'd you think of the show? You really want me to tell you? Bad, huh? Oh. I'm gonna murder that agent. What a routine he gave me. He said that MC was the greatest performance in Sloughpire. Look at him, heading right for the bar. That's where he performs best. He's been drunk. Forget MC. But, honey... I'm gonna load a table 27. A guy with a two dames. Oh. Look at that jewelry. Yeah, real heavy. Thought you might have overlooked it. It's a matter of fact I did. That's what that comedian is doing. Look, the guy's calling for his check. Uh-uh, where's Vinny? Over there with the blonde. Oh. Then, then... He hates to walk out on that. Yeah. Do you want me, Steve? Yeah. Take a gander at table 27. Huh? Oh, the skinny guy with the two old tomatoes? That's right. Hey, look at the ice they're packing, huh? I want you to look at it. When they leave here, I want you to be right behind them. Walker, let's have another round here, will ya? Look, Sonny, we gotta close up. Don't you want a nightcap? No thanks. Then bring a drink for me and May. No, none for me, Sonny. Well, just so nobody's offended... I'll have one. Okay, but this is positively the finish. I got some news for you, kid. I was finished the day I opened in this joint. Chaser, there you are. Thanks. May? Yeah?  No. Say, what's your boyfriend Steve got against me? He just doesn't like your act. What? He doesn't think you're funny. What does he think he is? The guy that's paying you. In the dark, he's paying me. I took the biggest cut of my life to work this dump. Well, that'll certainly teach me a lesson. Settle it with him, will ya? There's plenty I've got to settle with him. Billing, for one thing. I was right in my contract. Stop billing. Look what happens. Look outside. It says dancing, liquor, steaks, French-fried potatoes, and Sonny Everett. At least he could have done was costami with the French-fried potatoes. May? May? You're one thing.  I'll appreciate it. How'd you make out? Come on, the office. Okay. Go ahead. May? May, where's Steve? He went into town. What for? To deposit tonight's receipt. Tell me, how'd you do? Well, take a look. Hey. Yeah? I, uh, had some trouble, though. What kind of trouble? Well, I done the job okay, but on the way back here, a state trooper got on my tail. He saw the stick? No, no, I, uh, I was speeding. Well, that was smart. Well, I lost the car. We still could have gotten your license. But I didn't use my own car. Who did you use? The comedian. Sonny Everett? Yep. Where's the car now? Outside in the parking lot. Oh, that trooper's liable to come by here. No matter whose car you use, he could still... Hey, wait a minute. Huh? Is Sonny Everett out at the bar? Yeah. Why? You stay here. I've got an idea that'll fix the whole thing. And the nearby city at an FBI field office. Special Agent Jim Taylor is also discussing the jewel robbery. I was just about leaving here, Ross, when the report on the robbery came in.  Works that way. What are the details on the job, Jim? Well, a man and two women were driving home from a roadhouse out on Route 24. A place called the Columbia Inn. Yeah. They came to a lonely intersection, observed the star sign, a car pulled up beside them. The man jumped out and pointed a gun at them. What do you mean? It appeared that way, yes. He ordered the women to strip off their jewelry, they obeyed, then he took their car keys and drove away. Well, what was the value of the jewelry? Well, it's estimated between twenty and twenty-five thousand dollars. Wow. Could they describe this man? No, he masked his face with a handkerchief. But they did describe his car. Well, what about it? A dark blue or black coupe. Light front fender was smashed, the right door heavily dent it. Any further leads on the bandit? Well, the state trooper reported chasing a black coupe in that vicinity. He was after him for speeding. What happened? He lost him when he went across the state line. That's why we were called into the case. Did he get the license? Yes, it's being checked now. Oh, excuse me, Ron. Right. Special Agent Taylor. Hello, Mr. Taylor. This is Sergeant Leo Maywood Police. Oh, yes, Sergeant. You fellas looking for a black coupe? Yes. Light fender and door pretty well banged up? That's right. License number 6-N274. 6-N274? That's the car, Sergeant. Well, we picked it up in a ditch just outside of town. The driver was still behind the wheel. Injured? No, just drunk. Huh? We're holding him here. Well, thanks, Sergeant. I'll be right out there. Okay. Everybody go home? Yep. Let me get back here. Uh-huh. You nail that stuff? Yep. You done? Where is he? He went out again. What for? He's trying to be a genius. What are you talking about? After he grabbed his jewels, a cop chased him. He ducked the cop and he came back here. Yeah. But he was afraid that the cop might come here after him. That's where the genius comes in. Well, get to the point, will you? He used Sonny Everett's car for the job. Huh? So we framed him Everett. He's going to make it look like he did it. How? Everett was drunk. Yeah.   I tried to stop him. Where's the jewelry? He took it with him. What for? Steve, I don't know. Who? Do you see who's coming back here? No, he's going home. Well, I'm going into town and see that guy right now. He's right in here, Mr. Taylor. Thank you, Sergeant. Everett. Come on, Everett. Wake up. Come on. Come on. Wake up. Oh, okay. This man's from the FBI. He wants to ask you some questions. Huh? He wants to ask you some questions. You mean I'm on again? Never mind the comedy. Is that funny? Mr. Everett, the police tell me that you maintain you know nothing at all about the jewelry. That's right. Yet you were found in the car that was used by the thief. The victims have definitely identified it. I know. That car is registered in your name. That's right. It's mine. That's pretty incriminating evidence. I know. There's one other factor, Mr. Taylor. Yes, Sergeant? This man is the master of ceremonies at the nightclub. The victims attended just before they were out. Well, Everett, what have you got to say to Wally? The same thing I've been saying for the last two hours. I don't know anything about it. It's not a very original answer. Look, all I can tell you is this. I ain't thinking too good. I remember being at the club. I was drinking. Drinking a lot. But from there on, it's a blank. Next thing I knew, I was picked up in the car. I see. Look, Mr., I think I can underwrite one thing. The only stuff I ever stole in my life was bows and jokes. I didn't cut that jewelry. Sergeant. Yeah? You didn't find any trace of the jewelry around the car? No, we didn't. Well, I guess that'll be all for now. Let's go back to your office. Is there a while? What about me? You stay here. Well, gee, can I even call my agent? Injustiment. Well, Mr. Taylor, do you think we should prepare formal charges against Everett? No, I wouldn't yet, Sergeant. Why not? Well, for one thing, I have a feeling this circumstantial evidence against him is too pat. And don't forget, the victims didn't think that he resembled a whole lot of men at all. Then what do we do with them? Well, let's find out what time that nightclub opens. I want to take Everett out there and see if we can find anything that'll help prove his innocence. I'm just going to go to bed. I got the stuff. The ice? Yeah. Sure? It's right here. Let me see it. Yeah. Not bad. Yeah. Look at the rocks in that pin, huh? Mm-hmm. Stuff must be worth 20 Gs, easy. May it tells me, Ed, it's trouble. Yeah. I want to hear about it. Well, I got in a little jam, but by some real smart thinking, I got out again. You mean by framing the act? That's right. Pretty clever, huh? You don't think you'll get away with it? Why not? The guy was blind drunk. Lots of drunks remember things. He's liable to be singing to the cops right now. What can he tell him? That you planted him in the car. Oh. Who believed that? The cop. My word is as good as his. But your record ain't. You made a real sucker move, didn't you? You think I ought to blow town or something? Well, what else then? I got that all figured out.  And no one use any. If you're picked up, you're liable to talk. Oh, you're crazy. And if you talk, that gets me in trouble. Oh, look, Steve. This is the only way to settle this. Oh, wait a minute, Steve.  We'll return in just a moment to tonight's file which shows how your FBI helps provide security for your country. Now, let's talk briefly about another kind of security. Security for those who want to be independent as they grow older. Okay, Mr. Cross, sounds swell, but I'm no rich man. With taxes and high prices, I haven't saved a cent. How can I afford to do anything about being independent 20 years from now? You'd be surprised what you can do. In the Equitable Society are thousands of men learning no more than you do, and they're looking forward to complete independence in their 60s through an Equitable Life Assurance Society Independent 60s plan. Well, if that's a fact, I'd like to hear some more about this plan. The Independent 60s plan of the Equitable Life Assurance Society has these three features. First, it costs considerably less than you probably think, especially if you're covered by Social Security. Second, you can create your retirement estate for the full amount the moment you sign the contract. You don't spend years wondering whether or not you're going to accumulate enough money to be independent in your 60s. You're sure of it because it's guaranteed by the Equitable Life Assurance Society. Third, this equitable plan gives you a definite goal and provides you with a practical method for reaching that goal. Yes, there's nothing finer than being independent in your 60s, being your own boss. Hey, this is beginning to interest me a lot. Well, then get in touch with an Equitable Life Assurance Society representative. He'll give you the facts on the Independent 60s plan and let you make up your own mind. Look in your phone book for the Equitable Society. That's E-Q-U-I-T-A-B-L-E. Or send a postcard care of this station to the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. And now back to the FBI file, the Innocent Thief. To escape just punishment, the average criminal will offer anyone as a sacrifice to the law. His friend, his benefactor, or his mother. All that's important to the criminal is that he escapes detection. Because to the criminal is really only one crime he can commit. And that crime is getting caught. His very livelihood depends on his taking what does not belong to him. And the selfish instinct, the wild greed that drives him to commit the crimes he does, also drives him to attempt to escape blame by sacrificing an innocent person's good name. So your FBI advises you never to meddle with criminals. And when you find a criminal, do your duty and call your local police department.  Our FBI file continues. 12 hours have elapsed. Special Agent Jim Taylor and Sonny Everett, the innocent suspect, have gone out to the Columbia Inn. They're just entering the owner's office. Sit down, fellas. Thank you. Mr. Harrison, where's May? Oh, she'll be right in. Mr. Harrison, you already know about the holdup. Yeah, I read about it in the papers. Well, then I suppose you know the police are holding Everett here as a suspect. Yeah, that's tough. You looking for me, Steve? Come on in, May. Close the door. Okay. This is Mr. Taylor. He's from the FBI. Oh, hello. And you know Sonny, of course. Yeah, sure. Hi, May. He's a suspect in a holdup piece trying to clear himself. He thought maybe you could help him. Oh, glad to. How, Sonny? Well, May, I'm trying to piece together what I did last night. When I was first arrested, I couldn't remember anything. Parts of it have come back. Maybe you can fill me in on the rest. I'll try, Sonny. Well, after the last show, I started drinking. Then Steve here went out. That I remember good. Uh-huh. Then you came along. I was talking to you in the bartender. That's right. Then Vinny came in. Huh? He called you back here. You talked a while. And then he came out and took me to my car. Oh, wait a minute. That ain't so. Well, I remember... Vinny left here early. He never did come back. When you went out, Sonny, you went out alone. But, May, I know Vinny was here. Look, who was drinking? You were me. Well, where is this man Vinny? Perhaps we can talk to him and get his version. Well, he won't be in tonight. He works here, doesn't he? And that's right. But he called a while ago and said he was taking a few days off, going out of town. Mr. Taylor, I bet anything. That guy's trying to duck out. Of what? He'll be a nail for the robbery. Not just a minute, Sonny. He's the guy that framed... Hold it. Let me handle this, please. Mr. Harrison, did Vinny say where he was going? No, he didn't. Well, we'll just have to wait until he returns. That'll be all for now. Thank you both for your cooperation. Special Agent Scott. Hello, Ross. Jim Taylor. Oh, hello, Jim. How'd you make out of the road, Ross? The owner and his girl tried their best to implicate Everett. They wouldn't back up his story? No, not a bit. Well, what about this man Vinny ever talked about? He wasn't there. He presumably has gone out of town. I see. I talked to a parking lot attendant, however. He said he solved any carry Everett out to his car last night. Everett couldn't even walk. Well, that certainly should prove his innocence. Yes. Well, if you have any idea where this Vinny can be found... Well, Everett knows where he lives. We're going over there now. Now, come on in. That's the weathering. If you're looking for an excuse, you can blame it on that. Honey, rainy night, she ain't never... Look, let's face it. This ain't exactly a gold mine. Yeah, that's right. Well, why do we hang out or what? For the suckers we promote.  It wasn't good either. What do you mean?  That was his fault. That don't make no difference.  How? Well, you taking those jewels to the friendship? No, I was going over there now. Well, look, if the payoff is good, we can take the dough, go away, and give this joint back to the Indians. He can't be home, Mr. Taylor. Even my audience couldn't sleep through that. Well, then I'd better try this key. You think it's all right? Oh, I think there's a search warrant on the way over here. I mean, do you think that the key will fit? That should answer your question. Come on. All right. It's a very small scatter. I've been here before. Everett, were you and Vinny friendly? You kidding? Did you ever catch my act? Oh, I'm afraid I haven't. Well, the routine is roughly like this. I open with a few fast topicals, segue into a patatune, and I do my imitations. Now, ordinarily, Mr. Taylor, if the audience is just a... Everett, you were going to tell me whether you were friendly with Vinny. Well, I was coming to that. An act like mine, and what do you think a bum like that Vinny does? Sleeps through the imitations. And you weren't very friendly. Friendly? Jackie Gleason has got a routine about guys like him. Nice opening joke starts a... Wait a minute. Huh? Look in this drawer. What is it? Women's purses, two of them. Oh, what about them? Judging by this card, I'd say they completely exonerate you. How? It's the name of one of the women who was held up. Mrs. Herpurse. Then Vinny did do the job. Yes, and he... Well, hold it. Hey, what's with the joltzen? With a what? Down on one knee. Oh. I'm just examining the spot on the floor. Well? Been scrubbed with water, but around the edges, it looks suspiciously like blood stains. What? Yes. I couldn't say for sure until it's analyzed, but I've seen enough of it in fact. Hey, do you think Vinny was knocked off or something? That'd be quite logical. Everett, did Vinny smoke cigars? No. Why? It's one here in this ash tree. Steve was the only guy who used them. Any idea what kind he smoked? Some fancy Cuban kind. He was always flashing. Hey, look at this band. Would this be it? Yeah. Yeah, that's what he smoked. Look, Mr. Taylor, catch me up on this. I'm about 20 lanes behind you. Well, up to now, of course, it's all conjecture, but putting all the elements together, it's highly possible that Vinny was murdered. Huh? And it's also a pretty good guess that Steve is the one who killed him. So that's it. Where's the body? Well, I imagine Steve would be clever enough to make sure that was cleverly disposed of. Then how can you prove Vinny was murdered? Well, without a cause, it's just about impossible. But I would... Wait a minute. Huh? I've got an idea and it might work. Everett, is that really a good act you do? Oh, now look. You're going to get a chance to prove it. Well, I thought you'd never get back. What's wrong? Nothing. I was just worrying about you carrying all that jewelry. There's so many thieves around. Son, never worry about me. Did you see the fence? Yeah. What do you offer? 8,000. For all that? Well, you said it ain't worth much more than 20. I thought this was going to be a real big score. Yeah, maybe it's just as well. What? I've been thinking over that going away deal. Yeah? It'll be the wrong move to make right now. Our best bet is to stay here and leave, son. Oh, no! Oh, look, honey, that's what we're doing. I'll get it. Well? Is that you, May? Yeah? This is Vinny, May. This is Vinny. No. I just called to see how things were going out there. It can't be. I just wanted to find out... No! What's the matter? That was Vinny. What? Vinny! No, man. Look, I know his boys. You told me he was there. That's right. Honey, just talk to me. Honey, believe me, I killed the guy. I took his body and buried it right out in the back of the joint. Thanks. Huh? You heard his statement, Sergeant? Yes, sir. I did. What is this? I understand you thought Sinny ever did a very bad act. Well, his impersonation of your late friend Vinny on the phone just now was good enough to send you to the chair for murder. Steve Harrison was turned over to local authorities who tried and convicted him of a charge of first degree murder. May, his girlfriend was prosecuted for complicity in the jewel robbery and sentenced to a long term in prison. Tonight's case from the files of your FBI emphasizes a very important point about the workings of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Of the people arrested last year by your FBI, 97% were convicted when they appeared in court. Your FBI is justifiably proud of that record because it implies a thoroughness in the gathering of evidence. But your FBI is also very proud of the several cases in its files that resemble tonight. Cases in which your FBI not only apprehended the guilty parties, but also lifted the suspicion that had been placed on an innocent victim. For that, too, is part of protecting you, the American people. In just a moment, we will tell you about next week's exciting case from the files of your FBI. A little while ago, I gave you a few facts about the independent 60s plan of the Equitable Life Assurance Society. To get full information, ask your Equitable Society representative questions like these. Exactly how much will the plan cost me? The equitable man has the answer. How will it dovetail with my social security? He's got the answer to that, too. What income will it give me in my 60s? Your Equitable Society representative will give you the exact figure. Ask him to drop around tomorrow for a friendly visit. Find him in the phone book or send a postcard, care of this station, to the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. Next week, we will bring you another colorful story from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Divorced Child. The incidents used in tonight's Equitable Life Assurance Society broadcast are adapted from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. However, all names used are fictitious, and any similarity thereafter the names of persons living or dead is accidental. Tonight, the music was composed and conducted by Frederick Steiner. Your narrator was Dean Carlton. This is your FBI is a Jerry Divine production. This is Milton Cross speaking for the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States and the Equitable Society's representative in your community. And in finding you to tune in again next week at this same time, when the Equitable Life Assurance Society will bring you another thrilling story from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Divorced Child on this is your FBI. This is ABC, the American Broadcasting Company.