Good morning everyone. I am Dr. B. Nagarjuna, Associate Professor, Sri Vidya Niketan Institute of Management, Tirupati. At the outset, I have been asked by the co-ordinators of this NPTEL program to give feedback on the ongoing NPTEL examinations, January, December 2020 session. You can observe here what to call the flow of the students at this moment. They have completed the examination and they are leaving the examination hall. So this clearly shows that how much what to call interested are the students to undergo these courses, particularly because it is very rare opportunity for people to get into IITs, what to call in the prestigious Indian Institute of Technologies and get certification from them. So for those who have missed the opportunity of studying in IITs, these NPTEL programs will be a very good platform to pursue the courses and get the certifications from IITs. That is one what to call a great advantage which I personally feel because we are deprived of studying in Indian Institute of Technology for various reasons. The second thing is these programs which have been actively what to call initiated by the Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India across the country have been definitely they have designed the course in such a way to meet the industry needs because unfortunately what is happening in most of the institutes in our what to call curriculum is we are not able to match the academics with the industry which is very much important what we study is something different what industry requires is something different. So these NPTEL programs are the course structure the syllabus the videos the lecture what to call lectures delivered by the expert professors or in such a way keeping in view the what the industry right now is demanding. So definitely people along with the certifications what they get from prestigious Indian Institute of Technology definitely they will be in a position to grab the various opportunities in various contemporary developments that are taking place in the industry like a cloud computing artificial intelligence machine learning internet of things and different disciplines right not related to specific area because as you know the 2021 session of NPTEL is already announced which is going to start in January 2021 500 plus courses are being introduced in the 2021 session covering the various disciplines meeting the requirements of industry and also the interest of various students pursuing different courses in different streams. So personally if it comes to me right specifically I have completed so far nine what to call courses in NPTEL so far in the completed sessions in 2018 and 19 and I feel proud to say that I have enrolled for 10 courses this time right in 2020 because in January April session I have enrolled for four courses and July December session I have enrolled for six courses and because of this COVID-19 and the lockdown that happened in the country the what to call examination that was supposed to be conducted in May 2020 were postponed and all the 10 courses what to call I have come I am prepared to attend in this five days right from 17th of this month I have been attending the third day and the fifth course fifth exam which I have written again in the afternoon I have to come and I have to take one more examination tomorrow two more examinations and Monday 21st December I am expected to take remote proctored examinations in spite of because I am already what to call 45 what to call yes and I am working in a very good position in a reputed institute also and I am a doctor at Holder also but still I have very much passionate to take up this courses just like young students seen here because age is not a factor for learning right because a lot of changes are taking place in the what to call industry and I am basically from management background basically an engineer with the BITEC in civil engineering MBA from Bangalore University and PhD from Sivankateshwara University with over two decades of experience in teaching right now I am working at Sividyaniketan Institute of Management Tirupati run by prestigious veteran what to call actor Dr. Padmashtri Dr. Mohan Babu Garu and with all his blessings I was permitted to what to call attend all these examinations and I am successfully able to handle all the examinations and I am very happy that NPTEL is really helping me both professionally and also in gaining knowledge I wish great success for the NPTEL coordinators in the coming days also and come out with all new courses that will really help the students to meet the industry needs thank you very much. Hi my name is B. Raju Babu I am doing associate professor in department of ECE so I am working in Siddharth Institute of Engineering Technology so this semester I was opted an introduction to coding theory so this is a subject new subject for me because I have handled many subjects but related this linear coding systems I have very much interested so that I was opted this subject so when I was gone through that internal assignments it was very interesting and I opted in different subjects also that was in previous semester I was opted antennas and wave propagation then I done I came to the examination point of view then I was achieved certificate also and that after introduction to internet of things also I was achieved certificate so these are the good experience to me past 7 years okay I was joined in 2012 in one of the college so at that time this course came to my experience so that after it's useful to me so I was many examinations participated so with the help of these courses it's a very useful to me because all the courses videos has been downloaded from the respective NPTEL videos so I watched all the videos in every semester so that it's very very useful for me and as well as in IITs and NITs only these courses will be established but now these courses all courses are brought to the engineering colleges also so every student has to utilize this opportunity so because of they need to grow the knowledge so with the help of knowledge they can come to the exams they will facing the computer exams and as well as they are going to useful for get exams also so in my experience I have a very good experience in this platform and definitely in future also I will more subjects will be up in this experience thank you very much my name is Jahnavi SV University electronics and communication engineering as it is used to calculate some mathematical calculations so that's why it's useful and also have Java programming so it is useful in coding also yeah we are performing assignments for every week by viewing the videos yes the lectures are very useful and they are flexible so we can get knowledge about the MATLAB and different courses whatever we want yeah we have learned the basics it is better to take the course who are interested in what courses so if you are interested in programming course then you have to take program otherwise other course there are lot of many courses so you can choose anyone which is helpful to yourself Sree Vatsava MATLAB program it is a very good experience it gives us a lot of knowledge gives us mainly experience alike NPK assignment questions are not that very difficult we can by listening to the lectures we can easily attempt those assignment questions by attempting those questions we can clearly crack this NPTEL exam I can say that I can greatly improved in MATLAB after taking this course apart from the daily syllabus or curriculum NPTEL courses will definitely help in their further studies they will give some more knowledge so I suggest every student to take some some courses other than their academics so that it will help their job interviews okay thank you yeah my name is Dr. SK Aalim I'm presently doing my post-graduation in orthopedics in Narayana Medical College so it will be helpful for me in doing any publication or any thesis or any article or any further research in my career going forwards I have done everything with my own after watching the lectures and after doing the assignment I have got some clarity in that and it was pretty helpful for me in performing today okay if if you ask me before the course I was like 25 to 50 percent now I am pretty good up to 80 to 90 percent yeah nothing much they are doing you are doing pretty good my name is Aishwarya SV University second year solar energy engineering and technology it is like completely somewhat formula based subject I feel like that mostly you have to remember the formulas and application is small part in that out of 15 questions we can do 13 12 questions from the problems which are solved in the video lectures two questions just some twist or any difficulty some feeling I didn't rise to any question I just see the questions who are asked by my friends or members in that course mostly all the questions are in the assignment on my name is Shrujana I took German one yeah it's really so good that I've learned a lot of things and I think so it's I can do I mean I did very well regarding that so I'm from Pondicherry engineering college Pondicherry no no we don't have any foreign languages so the only thing foreign language which I found an NPTEL is German and at first I thought I was a little bit afraid to take that but once I started doing the course I really felt it's so good and it's it's really very good and even the teacher I mean the professor who used to take the classes he explained everything very so detailed and it was really so good well maybe after German two part okay right now I can understand the entire German thing if someone speaks to me in German so maybe I may not speak to them in as a response but still I can understand them there are a lot of options regarding an NPTEL so it's not only for students everyone can take up these courses there are some hundreds and hundreds of courses so if any if in any field if you are interested and if it's not provided within in your college you can surely take this course and it's really very helpful they give very detailed and complete explanation maybe around 80 to 90 percent okay very good thank you thank you my name is Diraja I am Bindu we are from Shastra University we took German one it was good and it was very new experience as we did not go through any international language yet so definitely this is going to be a good start we feel yeah it was a good experience learning the new language the reason behind choosing this German is we have that zeal to learn the new languages it is very useful by learning those so the main thing is we have to go through each and every video to complete the exam in a good manner and score good marks and continue with the German two and German three which would be much better for getting the complete knowledge of the language in the course definitely if we want to go and work in some international countries or companies we have to definitely survive there for at least two or three months so in order to have good communication with the people around we definitely have this usage I think many of the NPTEL courses students just prepare about the assignment questions and come but for this exam this is completely different each and every student have to go through the entire videos and I'm sure that no question will be given from the as I mentioned you will not even pass if you do that so I suggest everyone to go through the videos and have the complete knowledge before coming to the exam my good name is Siva Ganesh I took the German one course which is taught by Dr. Millind Bremhe from IIT Madras I am from Sastra University in Tanjavur our college doesn't offer any foreign courses so that's why I took German one in NPTEL and which was very helpful to me I would like to give like Spanish, French, Spanish, French and Italian because those are very popular and I think those languages are not available in NPTEL so it would be very good if you implement those languages in NPTEL if you say in English thank you Danka, good morning. I'm from Sastra University and studying EC third year scientific computation using MATLAB actually I took the course I mean to gain some knowledge on MATLAB and actually it is based on a mathematics behind everything so we'll be able to know about iterative formulas and easy solutions to find roots of simultaneous equations yeah now I can I'm able to solve them I mean I'm able to solve any complex equations easily using the tricks told in MATLAB no before and all I'm not aware of the tricks it would be better if they want to know about maths behind every form I mean maths behind everything so yeah yeah if you are thorough with assignments and if you are thorough with all the models taught then we can easily write it yeah but we need to practice a bit no but in this year alone I have registered for some other courses Charita SVC Tirupati I finished civil engineer I've taken environmental chemistry and integrated waste management and they're helpful because I want to make a career in environmental engineering yeah they're pretty interesting and the question paper as such was very challenging um I'll have to wait and see how it'll turn out yeah assignments are good for learning every week so that we don't postpone it towards the end and they make us think if we can pursue the courses we like which are not in our curriculum as such so that we can try out specializations for the future yeah I've asked a couple of doubts I had in the assignment a couple of times it was late but otherwise yeah I got the answer no actually in the four in the course I did there was no external questions or anything of the sort they were just discussing the ones from the assignment Indira Kunda I did the Google Google Cloud Foundation course I'm from MST Venkateshwar University College of Engineering I'm from Computer Science Department finally a BTF actually I already did the machine learning course and when I was in first year now I choose to do the Google Cloud Computing course at present the world the most of the data is managing using a cloud computing only so that's why I use it is I use selected this course to do I got 22 in my assignments of 25 when we follow the lectures and we do the assignments and it is easy to understand and we can get the good score also almost five to six members of my classmate selected this Google Cloud Computing course actually cloud computing is also there and Google Cloud Computing is also available but Google Cloud Computing I was chosen because the world data it has the largest computing check so that's why I choose on this my name is Deepthi I am from Veltec Institute of Doctoral Science and Technology Institute of Science and Technology in Chennai and I took the joy of computing using Python yeah it is very helpful and I learned a lot of in Python a lot of experience in Python yeah I studied a lot in Python and I cleared my doubts what I faced when I'm studying when I'm studying in college and I cleared all my doubts by doing this course yeah if you listen our courses that is what lecturers will say then it will be easy for us if you if you are not able to listen their classes means it will be little tough but we can we can attempt by listening that courses only they help a lot to us yeah these NPTEL courses will help for us to learn these programming languages as else in C or C++ or is Java Python I took this Python but these will be helpful a lot if you if you are interested in learning programming languages my name is Harshita and her name is Dixita we are from SV University College of Engineering we are third year now I took Python and she took I took switching circuits and logic design actually to go to the software sir the python is very helpful to us so I took that about switching switching circuits and logic design is about circuits how to design the logic gates it is very useful for even assignments are better but exam is somewhat too tough I think assignments exam is too tough this course is very excellent they are saying awesome and I I'll advise that to take NPTEL course if any any doubts is there in any subjects yeah it's mandatory for us and there are some credits also for this still we have to take they are saying very awesome each and every topic they are saying very clearly myself Dr. Vaibhav Nasre I'm from Swim's Hospital Tirupati I have registered this course for my academic purposes information provided on the NPTEL certificate was very good regarding center also I easily get everything information I was getting regular emails and everything on my registered email ID all the assignment which they have given was very good for preparation purpose also all videos are very helpful for the preparation of the exam center location was also easily accessible staff was very supportive I didn't face any difficulty for localization of the center and all guidelines are already given so overall my experience with the NPTEL was very good assignment was very good whatever assignment they have given as a preparation guide it was very much helpful if you revise that all assignment exam question was from that assignment only so if you go through that assignment is helpful for your scoring also so whatever the study material they have provided was very good it was helpful only myself Dr. Ashish from Swim's Tirupati I'm doing MCH Urology course I've applied for this research methodology course and I came here the assignments were good and questions were very good and we did our assignment after reading the matter and seeing the videos and exam was here also it was very good and questions were tough and easy also it was a mixed paper and my experience was very good I am Dr. Sharda general surgeon from SVR Raya Hospital Tirupati it will be generally useful we are the staff here it will be generally useful as we are the guides of the postgraduate students we have we have to know some things also the rules and regulations then we can guide them very properly it will be very useful for the postgraduate students I think okay for completion of their thesis work it is a good idea no no this this will be useful for this is purpose mainly for submission without submitting the thesis they can't go for the exam they can't be completed and it is very useful for as guides also for for us also Siddhata Institute college Jeevrakash and Jyotish Jaya of computer science actually we did it for our college reputation sir they said to two courses are mandatory so we have taken one one for this year and we are going to take another for and we are actually first of all we are taking this course we felt very fierce sir oh all are telling python is very tough python you know python is very tough to learn and there is a good job for python there is good jobs for python if we learn but after choosing this course and attend for two to three weeks we really enjoyed well sir the person who is taking this is SR Iyengar sir yes sir we are feeling much better now sir we know some basics how anyhow and we want to finish it after all the exam also sir it means we did not study fully but now if there is a time we want to finish it sir actually jaya of computing using python is very basic course sir this is one and compared to the python in data sciences python jaya of computing using python is very basic and we really enjoyed Surya Narayana I am studying from SV university Tirupati and I am doing NPTEL java java programming java course actually only C language is offered but java and other language as I am from EC department so our course are not programming languages oh so that's why only they offered C programming so java they didn't offer actually this java this java programming is actually nowadays whole world is running around software so this java is useful for not only CAC but whole other branches also non-core branches actually I felt 70 percent of assignments are from the lectures what we heard they will ask little advanced questions also means live deep or in ahead concepts also so that student means I felt the I felt that students may implicitly go ahead and they will read the concept so that's why I felt that they were giving assignments are like 70 percent we are able to do by seeing or watching that particular week videos and remaining 30 percent or 20-10 percent will be in ahead concepts so that students can proactively access the subject and they may get interest to go further even before teacher say so nowadays the major problem in colleges everyone facing like attendance they have to go college and they have to do means they don't have any flexible timings to attend classes means whenever the college period is there they have to go and attend the same in the same timing but of course every student every student may not attend the same class whatever the time they had given in the college but this NPTEL courses as a first we can say it is flexible whenever in a whole day whenever we want to do whenever we want to see the video on the learn we can learn and that too only half an hour it is so it is it will take only little time will easily spend and it is like a five day courses it is very comfortable short courses but it gives good knowledge and good knowledge means they will give as a whole IIT professors they will give very good concept actually I only know C programming which was taught in my college but this in after coming to Java this is a object oriented programming but I I mean I have confidence that in if they give any Java program I can do it with the efficiency of 70 percent or 80 percent I can easily do previously I don't have any knowledge in Java but now I can I have that confidence that I can do thank you yeah I am Charisma I am from Shastra University Tanjaur and I did my course on Ecology and Society as my open elective the first one compared to other online courses and this one is more comfortable for us and also as this is from the government I think the certificate is more valuable compared to others and also and our college also recommended this NPTEL so we chose that yeah assignments were very not so easy but not difficult either if you listen to lectures correctly we can answer them that's not a big deal so it's actually a good course if you want to learn something apart from your core subjects it's very useful and as to ace the exam you should compulsory listen to lectures very carefully there are a few points that we have chance to miss so we should listen to class mean like classes very carefully my name is Pradeep Kumar got idea sir I'm from SU university fourth year I'm about to come fourth year okay and I have chosen the course embedded system and it is most helpful for me by as I have recently graduated my VLSI programming lab and it is most helpful for me to doing in programs and and I've been knowing about the IC information and also about the information regarding the how to perform the fabrication process regarding etc regarding the VLSI lab communication subject so I have chosen that it will be more helpful for me when I'm going to the VLSI related fields and it will be very good for me for getting doing my if I am interested in further studies it will be more helpful for me in doing M Tech for choosing this kind of subject the assignments on the class the assignments on the professors also more helpful for the giving information to the people the assignments are more helpful for the examination yes I have chosen IOT also but I have not written that exam after getting this result I choose the another exam for the thank you sir my name is Shiva actually I'm from Chandigarh University I was doing artificial intelligence and machine learning practical machine learning with TensorFlow actually everybody knows that TensorFlow is used by Google and it's in and it's most user API till now Google has been introduced so I hope so that the certificate and future future scope will be very high using this TensorFlow courses and even the NPTEL courses yeah assignments were really tough we cannot get the answers in Google as well that's that's really a challenging assignments but the assignments if we just follow the courses as well I mean like the videos are regularly then we can really do easy do it is very easy then knowledge I get was really awesome the faculty was was was was from Google and and he really taught well actually I got pretty confidence more than 90 95% confidence I got I can I was really confident that I can really crack any exam when connected with the TensorFlow yes I have took three courses one is from artificial intelligence problem solving and Java spring APIs of course yes you can get more skills when when when you take these kind of courses and improve your skills and whenever it feels like companies were asking so you can really crack the exam as well Divya Sri, Sri Venkateshwara University College of Engineering, second year Constitution of India and to learn everything what is going on going on in our society and for Akademkel so I choose that little bit tough but if we listen all the lectures in that clearly we can do it very well just watch all the lecture videos clearly and understand them without leaving them please listen carefully all the lecture videos so my name is Rajesh I'm working as a faculty in New Horzion College of Engineering Bangalore so I have undergone this introduction to embedded systems so curriculum will be more of a theoretical one whereas this one is a practical hands-on experience with a programming knowledge here introduction to embedded systems no not you'll see exactly uh eagle eagle board fabrication of the board MSP430 everything we have done assignments it's moderate I can't say it is an easy and it is an toughest one when coming to the analysis part it is the toughest and coming to analysis of any circuit that is fine yeah I have chosen but I have not done the exam this is the first time I'm doing the exam it's moderates yeah definitely all the students who are learning this engineering courses going through engineering courses have to at least for one semester or one year one course has to be taken by the students so that they can enhance their skills so have you taken any courses for January 21 section oh yes sir I have taken it so indeed one of that is embedded system design which is an extension to my present course and I've been a student of my engineering college market research and analysis for the marketing the NPTEL courses here is very difficult and it provides more information regarding the college information is given to me but this information is wide the NPTEL provides some assignments first if we learn more about NPTEL what they provide information if we learn the videos and information guarding that and the assignments are easy to fill if we learn more the assignment is easy otherwise they are difficult to us if the market analysis is nowadays market is around the our environment the market research we can find more information in the market and we can suggest the other other persons to choose this market research for such kind of information you got few take more information on this course yeah they are definitely choosing the NPTEL course for their future requirement so they can fulfill their achievements to definitely choose the NPTEL courses for the better opportunities Vishnu Sai Sastra University, Tanjavur, developing soft skills and personality course is very interactive I didn't know many things from this course I didn't know many things from this course that means the course is very useful for the elderly if everyone takes it how can we improve in our society developing soft skills and personality how can we improve in our society how can we face the situations how can we be together with everyone how can we behave with someone how can we communicate with everyone there are so many things we have to control our mind how can we deal with the situations there are so many other things that are very useful to the youth present very good the use of certificates and the job is important for soft skills If we don't show our skills to others, our behavior will change. If we show our skills to others, they will automatically acquire us. So, it doesn't matter if we show it or not. It should change in our behavior. I will take it. There is one more course in this continuation. This course is developing soft skills and personality. Next course is enhancing soft skills and personality. I want to develop it further. So, I will take it and do it. Location city outskirts. If you are in the city, it will be convenient for everyone. Location is there. Is transportation difficult? No. There is no difficulty in transportation. But for people who come from abroad, it will be difficult. It will be difficult to identify? It will be difficult. The city is in outskirts. There is no real elation for bus stand. It will be difficult. But they are servicing the auto. They take the courses that are of interest to them. They take the courses that are of interest to them. If you take the courses, you have to complete them. But many people do it.  So, it is not used for them. It is used for the course.  It is used for the course. My name is M. Nehashree. Now I completed embedded system in M.P.T.E.L. online course. I am from Tripoli, R.K. Valley, Arjuketi. Currently I am doing engineering third year in ECE department. Actually our faculty wanted to add this course in our curriculum. Because of this, because of another factors, they didn't add. But this is a better good thing for us to know a new course from this N.P.T.E.L. Yeah, it is better because I am following each and every week and every video from N.P.T.E.L. I can answer the questions in assignment as I completed all the videos and lectures. Actually I want to get a good knowledge in I.O.T. This embedded system is also one of the part for developing I.O.T.E. I feel it is a better chance for me to improving skills in I.O.T.E. That's why I choose embedded system in M.P.T.E.L. course. Yeah, definitely I will definitely suggest to those people why because you will get a better knowledge about different topics not just curriculum in our scholars and also you can improve different sides and how the outside competition is going to happen. It feels very good and you will develop your skills in different aspects not just depend on marks. You will definitely get knowledge you will score that. Assignments are good if you follow all the lectures you will definitely attempt every question. Actually we have started our I.E.3 same one in our college that's why I am busy with that work. Dr. Divya Vani, I am from Tirupati I have chosen spectroscopic analysis applications of spectral analysis. This is actually for us this is useful for C.A.S. purpose we have to do annually one refresher course so this is equivalent to the refresher course that's why this is very much useful for me and I have upgraded my knowledge related to that topic. Actually I am giving one suggestion to all the students and this is also useful for the faculty if we are a little bit weak in any particular topic we have to choose that topic and we have to upgrade the knowledge related to that topic. Ujwal, SVC, Chennai wireless and communications, fourth year actually the thing is that normally we will be having six subjects but here what they have did is that doing the six subjects through online is very much difficult because there will be a lot of time spending in the phones so what they have did is that they have given one of the course as an online course we can do it in the flexible times so that's why I have chosen this course wireless and communication. Actually to say they are easy actually the main difficulty that we faced is that we did this is the first course we are doing in NPTEL so there is like what do you say that prerequisites for the course like digital communication and everything so we didn't do the digital communication through NPTEL so we faced some problems like in the basics where we didn't have a strong basics so that is the problem that we have faced expect that everything is fine for us actually to say the courses are the best about the present day applications and everything the course give the overview of everything how the wireless communication is done and what are the concepts that are there and I guess the courses that we are doing in college are a bit of low grade when compared to the course that we are doing in NPTEL but the main difficulty is that they are a bit of high level so if you have done the basic courses then it will be like an awesome course which gives you a best experience discussion for them those questions and the guys who know the answers normally use to post them the answers actually I didn't go through it much because since we are having the class groups and everything so all my peers are my classmates so we used to have lots of groups and everything so we didn't face any difficulty like that Sastra University today development soft skills and personality developing personality and soft skills how is the course course is good to say more now for the next generation the values are used to know so the official emails are there how to start the conversations how to begin how to do anything all of these are known so this is the first course this is more or less more or less because of the values this is not a big not a big one some ethical values are known but generally this is how the exam is suppose for future I would prefer technical courses from direct assignment 30 to 40 percent maximum this is almost all related to the concept everything is fine the weekly courses the videos are longer now we are studying B.Tech and there are other courses now we have to prepare for the exam so time management is getting difficult now it is better this is better than the winter our friends are still traveling for 2 or 3 hours so these are the online exams it is getting difficult Dr Anju from Swims, Thirupathi and questions were good and it was nice to answer we practiced it also as per assignment it was good assignments were also good and definitely out of this course we will be benefited there is definitely increase in knowledge and this knowledge is necessary for teaching students for ourselves to conduct the projects from lectures most of the lectures and from our books nice feeling it improves the knowledge let's see not yet decided my name is S.I. Varshith my course is about introduction of internet things well the question paper is pretty much made the expectations as well there is no much difficulties in the question paper as usual the strategy of time was correct for the examination well hope everything was good and fine I just participated in one live session yesterday last weekend live session well live section is very important to know how the question paper will well going to be and how can expect the questions from the subject wise this is an extra course for the B.Tech of engineering stream so it can be useful in career difficulties or any interview sections who are hopefully on computer engineering stream introduction to internet is very useful no this is my first exam well I am thinking to attempt cyber security in the next review every course is not just enough for getting the exam mainly you should focus on extra things or thinking out of the box about the course that will be pretty much helpful to write the exam very well actually my name is Govardhan Reddy I am a lecturer in government part technique but I want to improve my subject knowledge I am writing this exam but today the exam is conducted by IIT but the course is very good not only for getting certificate we can gain some knowledge they can use it because all the classes are regularly using the exam in the island so I feel very good I have written this before but today is somewhat challenging because I don't have any problems I can't prepare I am M.Tech but above that I can't choose but it is very nice we always have good subject content it is very useful for all students how they are preparing I don't know but I never feel about passing the exam I want to get better I want to attend all questions to gain knowledge how they are given the problem how we are going to assess the practical situation it is very good it is very challenging I have to refer the books even though it is not useful for my students but it is useful for me I haven't thought about it last time I wrote a class I haven't thought about it definitely in future I will write more exams to gain the knowledge it is very nice conducted by the NEPTEL because major prestigious institutions have courses for all branches for other people it is very very useful for the students this is the best source they know where they are what they are doing in college how the subject is there is a common sense most of them don't know they can't read the books but it is very nice what I am trying to say it is good for the future it is good for the future also it is good for the future not only in terms of subject if there is an added advantage for their career there are many who are interested in writing that is what I am trying to say my name is Dr.Ramlu I am from Chithurapallam Medical College I am an associate professor in the department of anatomy I have participated in the basic course in biomedical research the course is very good it helps us to know the basics of research what we are supposed to do I prepared to look into the videos which are uploaded in the website of Swime NPTEL the lectures were very good I could comfortably understand the subject also improve the knowledge on research and the exam what I attended it was quite comfortable and very good this is the first time I am attempting as of now I have no idea because I have to think about what for every professional who is supposed to get involved in the research and all should go through such exam especially NPTEL in the medical field it helps a lot for research so I suggest each and every medical professional young, old or whichever the cadre or a student they are supposed to go through this course I thank all the members of Swime NPTEL who have uploaded and given good knowledge to all the course participants and helping us out to know all the research related aspects and improving our knowledge and research thank you I am Dr. Agvindra I am the Chief of Super Specialty Services of PA Super Specialty Hospital Kupam basic in medical research that is the one we have taken subject is very good it is very essential all of our doctors from our hospital have been trained in this procedure we have been given in-house training and we have also taken the online research program which has been training program we have done a very good preparation and after doing good preparation we have come and attended the program we are happy about the program the way they have given the questions what they have given and the text subscripts what they have given the speakers have been very cordial enough and explaining about it there is no ambiguity I am very happy that I took this course I am doing simultaneously other courses one is in the nanotechnology and other one is in the prescription writing but this program was very essential because it was we had to submit research so some of the research protocols so before that we have to finish this so to generate the quality of research and improve the research in my institute I am taking up this exam I think I should be able to clear this exam my answers I think I am very confident that I will be clearing this exam let me see the results they are doing very well there is no much thing the only thing is if you could get a text subscripts for personal use most of the things what they have done in NPTEL is digital method whatever the text we have to take or whatever the videos we have to take everything is online but if you can subscribe for example for the basic medical research I would have been happy if I could have given a text subject which I can carry with me because many of the time the signal will not be there many of the time will not be there they will be happy to use a text format rather than a digital format okay the lectures can be very good listening but for studying for repeating another thing if we had a text in our hand because now when I prepared I prepared my own text material and I had to download it get it printed and check because I am happy reading in a solid hard format hard book format so if that thing they can introduce I think that will be better the location is very good they have kept it in good places like Tirupati, Vellore places where there is very good the convenience bus facilities and train facilities are there and also other places to visit and they kept it on Sundays program is very good the staff is very good they have been very cordial the place where we are there is very good they have given even when my daughter had come they were given a security and place for her to stay I am happy the way they have conducted this program I am Dr. Roza Ramani from SVRR by a medical researcher no no it is very useful but it is previous days also you are following that by giving the thesis to the students all those things but how to do the research what is the protocol what are the procedures how to do what is the perfect what percentage of perfectness is needed for the doing research the M.A.C. all other students no P.C. students they are doing research they are perfect in doing research but doctors we are perfect in treating patients we are more bothered about disease we are more concentrating on the curing but for curing what you need we need the what the thing useful what is the thing which is more cure rate is it a this drug that drug or this instrument or that instrument or that cadgate like that suture material what is the quality what which is more important for the curing the patient for that you do some experiment with this with other thing and to compare the two things all this we are not bothered previous days the some only ICM all research field workers biotechnology people are doing we are believing them now we are they are increasing doctors to do that because we are the people more cure they take the decision to what to do what not to do what the thing you supposed to use to give the better results for that they are increasing doctors to do the research and that is one point and in the community level also which diseases previous days so many diseases simple simple things TB all those things are more patients are died people like public are died because of research and identification of anti tuberculosis drugs the cure rate is more so in community the common diseases are gone the new diseases are coming all these are more aware of doctors only what is the symptoms what are the more difficulty to treat how the community is affected like this in community level also they are increasing the research by the doctors by asking symptoms of a science like that so we are they are making the government the central or state now AP MR also started the planning that is a good idea of the government even central or state that is useful to the research orientation better and good quality oriented services to the public that is doctors are spending more time to treating they want to involve the doctors to identify which is good which is bad for the treating the patient


So, good afternoon to all, I am Anup Naik, I am a research assistant under Professor Fartek. So I will be covering SQL today, mostly SQL and some features which are special to my SQL. So first of all what is a DBMS? DBMS stands for Database Management Systems and it is a collection of interrelated data. It is a place where we can store large amount of data and it also contains a set of programs to access these data easily efficiently. So database here refers to a collection of data, huge amount of data for a small amount of data and all it is used but it can be effectively used for very large amount of data. So it provides a convenient and efficient way to store and retrieve information. It stores information not data, it stores some information that is some piece of data which has some value. So that is known as information. So it provides a convenient and efficient way to store and retrieve information. So why we are using database management systems? So these are the file systems can also be used for storing data but what are the disadvantages of file systems? Data may be redundant and it is inconsistent. There is difficulty in accessing data, data isolation, there is integrity problem, there is atomicity problem. Atomicity means I have opened one file, some others have opened the same file then there will be conflict in I am writing something, he will not be able to read what I write at the same point of time. So those problems can be solved then concurrent access anomalies, then security issues, there is very less security in file. Let me go into SQL now, what are the basic types? Basic types of data which is stored in SQL, it can be car, wire car, wire car is a variable length car, int, small int, numeric, real double precision float. So what is the difference between car and work car?  So what is the advantage of car when we are considering work car? I know there are advantages of work car over car but what are the, when we are using car over work car? When we know that the string will be of specific length then there is no need of using work car because work car, work car takes some time for computation, there is overhead on the database for processing work car. So when we are sure that the string will be of specific length then we can use work car like in case of code numbers or pin codes or male, female, f, m. In those cases there is single character and we are sure that nothing will be there except these two. So in those cases we can use car. So now how to create a table? So this is the, this is the syntax of creating a table, create table. So when we are considering a table, so these are known as attributes, columns are known as attributes and these are known as rows are known as tuples. ID and name refers to attributes and the rows, the data with data which we store those are known as tuples. So this is the general terminology which is used and now, so create table, A1 is an attribute, D1 is the data type of that attribute and so on how many you can give as many number of attributes that you want and there are many other integrity constraints like primary key, foreign key, all those things. So here R refers to a relation, in database tables are known as relations, the terminology used is relations. So this is an example of how to create an instruct, create a table instruct. This is the syntax of how to, I mean this is the command of how to log into mysql. So mysql minus u whatever is the root, I mean whatever is the user name, currently I am logging in as root and minus p prompts the user to enter a password. So I have entered into this one mysql. So now I want to know how many databases are there, so the command for that is show databases. So it will show whatever database I have in this computer. So actually the concept of database is like there can be many tables, if we want to categorize table into some specific things like for example all of you might be familiar with Moodle or okay nothing. Suppose I have many tables related to students, so I will be grouping them under students database, suppose I want to, I have some other zoom law, so I will be categorizing those tables under zoom law. So it is just categorizing tables under specific databases that is all. So I have to specify under which database I have to go first before using or creating or any doing anything related to tables under. So the command for that is use whatever test, so I have changed the database to the test database. So I can see whatever tables that defined over there show tables. So these are the two tables in that test database. So now we will do one thing, how to create a new database, this is the syntax for that. So we will name it as interns 2012. So I have created one new database interns 2012 and I will be using that during this session. So I am in that, currently there are no tables. So how to, now we will see how to create a new table. So I have written some queries over here, so I will be just copying those queries. So this is the query which I explained to you, create table, instructor, id, id is the first attribute and it is of char5, name which is of varkar20 and which is not null. This is the constraint which I have mentioned to you, the constraint is that it should not be null. So then department, department number which is of small end and salary which is of numeric 8 comma, I mean 8 comma 2. This refers to, like it can be 8, 8, 8 digits in that out of which 2 are decimal digits. So I will be just copying this to, so I am going to execute this query. So a table has been created. So if I want to know at later point of time, when there are large number of tables, I might not remember all this, the structure of all the tables. So in order to know the structure of tables, the command used is d e s e table name. So this will give the structure of that table. So now it has these things. Now we will insert some values into that table. I have given this constraint null. So there are now 2 rows in that table. So how to see that? So these are the 2 values in that. Now you can see that ids of both the names are same. But in most of the cases like roll numbers, all those things are unique. So in order to specify those, so this is how we have created one table and inserted values into it. Now what is a key? There are many types of key, super key, candidate key, primary key, foreign key, all those. So if r is a relation, r is a relation table, I mean a table and a 1, a 2, a 3 are the attributes of that table. So we define a relation schema as r is equal to this one.  So k is a subset of r and if k is a super key of r, if values of k are sufficient to identify a unique tuple of each possible relation. For example, the meaning of this sentence is like using roll numbers, I can identify, I can distinguish between each tuple. There will be only one tuple which has that corresponding roll number. So in that those cases, that roll number is known as a super key. And so as I have told you, id is a, id can be a super key, id and if id is a super key, then id, name is also a super key. Even if the name repeats, id is unique. So id and name is a super key and so on, we can have as many sets we want. So minimal super key is a candidate key. In this case, id is a minimal super key. So there can be many other things like phone number, may be phone number, if a family contains only one member, then phone number is also a super, I mean super key and also a candidate key. So and what is a primary key? The user can select one of the candidate's key as a primary key, whatever the user can decide upon that. But that should be a unique thing, I mean it should not repeat, foreign key. So foreign key, what foreign key is, like I can refer one attribute from another table, I will explain to you. Suppose consider the same table for id, name and department number suppose and there is another table, department number, name, department name. So in this case, I know that department value, department number will be one of the, one of the, one which appears in this table. So this one can be given as a foreign key to this one. But there are some constraints of like, I mean before, there can be some problems when using this foreign keys. Like that value, if suppose I am entering some value over here, suppose department number two, an op id one, that department two should exist over here. If there is no such department, it will show an error, it will not, the database will not allow you to insert a tuple. So that should be there. Always before inserting something over here, make sure that that value is over here also. So but one interesting case comes over here. Suppose I have a something, a table structure like this and I have a column hod, hod id. So this hod will be, suppose this is instructor, this is department table. So there is an interesting case over here, hod will also be an instructor.  So then what is the problem over here? We cannot insert even a single, single thing, single, single tuple in this. If I insert over here, it will check whether first time, if I insert over here, it will check whether it is there in this one. If I am going to insert over here, it will check over here whether it is present or not. So for those cases, there is a special, what to say, a special facility you can say. We can initially defer this constraint. Similarly we can say to the database, defer it for some time, later on, I mean enable that maybe. So while creating, while creating, while creating a table, you can specify such a constraint. So I will give this example at later point, I will post it on model. Now these are the, these are the integrity constraint which can be there in a table, soft null, primary key, foreign key and how to, how to make a, how to make a attribute primary key. That is, that is why this, this instruction, sorry. So if you want to, if you want to make a attribute primary key, then you should give like this primary key, whatever is the attribute over here or you can do like this also. You can, before this comma, you can give primary key. So and then how to, how to make a, make a, how to make an attribute foreign key. So this is the foreign key, sorry, I mean, I change this, this, consider this as department number. So this, this is department number which references to department. So it go, it checks both the names of both, both these, both these and it knows that this is a foreign key of this. Primary key declaration on an attribute automatically ensures not null constraint. So how to, how to drop a table? Drop and delete should be used carefully. So drop table completely removes the table. It removes the structure of the table also and the delete table only removes the content of the table. Structure of the table still remains. First of all I will, what is the problem? Okay, okay. Sorry, sorry. Delete from table, table is required or just table name. Yeah. So this deleted the table. So now no rows are selected when, when we are selecting that. But DEAC will still work. So you can see the structure. So now this will not work. So how to, how to alter a table? You can add columns to a table at later point of time if you want. So alter table or add an attribute A of D data type. Okay. So where is, yeah, as I explained to you. So how to, how to, how to delete a, delete a column from this, from a, from a table. Alter table drop, whatever attribute you want. So how to update a table? Update table name, set salary equal to something. I mean whatever salary I just, this is just an example. Set salary is equal to something where some constraint ID equal to something. So this will, this will set the salary of that person and then select query. Select as I, as I already used that query, select whatever attribute, select query is used to display whatever you want, whatever specific part of the table you want to display. Just now I used select star from table, select star from instructor. So star is like, it will enable the, it will, it will display all the, all the, all the attributes of the table with data. So select, if you, if you want to selectively select some attribute, select A1, A2, AM from what, whatever relations you have where some constraint. If you want to specify some constraint, you can specify like where salary is greater than 70,000 or where department is equal to something, may be anything and distinct, distinct keyword is used to select only the distinct tuples of that table. If I give distinct, it will, it will, it will hide all the duplicate entries on, from that table, all will display all the tuples of that table. So this is one example, select name from instructor where department number equal to something and salary is greater than 80,000. So this is, so here I am displaying only the name of, name, name from that table. So this is one of the main, important part of SQL, Cartesian product. Suppose if you want to, if you want to combine two tables, like in this case, suppose I have ID, name, department number, but I do not know which department this person belongs to. So we can make a Cartesian product of these two tables. So what Cartesian product does is, it will, it will match, it will match, you can, you can see over here. So this is, this is one entry, it will, it will pair this entry with all the other entries from this one. So you can see this is paired with this CS101, CS315, all these entries and second entry, second entry in the same manner and so on. It will, it will pair all the entries. So if there are 10, 10 tuples in first, first one and 20 tuples in this second one, so there will be about 200, 200 tuples in the Cartesian product. So but what is the use of this Cartesian product? As I, as I told you over here, this does not make sense, this does not makes much sense, but if, if you want to, if you want to know which, which instructor takes which course from this table. So I can, I can do one thing. I can, I can equate this column as well as this column. So if I, if I equate this column, see, only these entries will match, only these three entries will match and all other entries will be discarded. So I can know which person is taking which course. So as I told you for all instructors who have taught a course, find, find the names of, find their names and the, yeah, names and the course ID of courses that they have taught. So this is, this is how we write a Cartesian, Cartesian product and this Cartesian product with, with equating whatever we want. So that is known as JOIN, JOIN. So select name comma course ID from instructor comma teachers. These are two tables, two relations where instructor dot ID equal to teachers dot ID. So it equates instructor dot ID and teachers dot ID. So but if you want to make a Cartesian product of same table, so there will be problem in this case, isn't it? If I want select name comma course from instructor comma instructor, then how will I write over here? Where instructor dot ID equal to instructor dot ID, what, it does not make any sense. So what, yeah, we have to write over here as table, as, as some, some alias name. Instructor as T, comma teachers as S, something like that, where T dot ID equal to S dot ID. So for computer science people this may seem very simple. So we can rename, in the same manner we can rename all the, we can give alias name to some, some other, some other attributes which we want. Like here I have done a calculation over here, select ID comma name comma salary by hunt, by 12. So suppose if I want to know the monthly salary, salary by 12 as monthly, monthly underscore salary from instructor. So it will, it will make, make this calculation and name it as monthly salary. So yeah, the specific case which I, which I told you, find the names of all instructors who have a higher salary than some instructor in the department 101. So here we have to make a Cartesian product of the same, same table. So this is how we do, select distinct if you want, distinct T comma name, T, T dot name from instructor as T, this one and whatever predicate. This is known as, this is known as the predicate part, whatever conditions we give that is known as the predicate part of it. So yeah, now how to, how to make, how to match a string. Suppose if I want to display names of all the people who, where the name begins by A. So these are the two operators which we use, which we use, patterns which we use. One is the percentage pattern and the underscore pattern. So percentage pattern it, it matches a, it matches a string and underscore pattern matches a character. So you will be clear by this example. Select name. Suppose if I want to, as I told you, if I want to display names of all the instructors whose names are starting by A, select name from instructor where name like, like is the operator which is used over there, A percentage. So this is the first character and whatever string which, which comes after that it will match that. And if I want to specifically take out all the names where second character is the, second character is N, then this is the, this is the query which I use, name from instructor where name like underscore, it matches that first, first character, whatever it may be it does, it does not care, second character is the N and whatever comes after that. So it matches that. So how to order? Suppose I want to order a table according to the, according to salary, descending order of salary or something. So for that I use order by clause. So select name, these, these are just examples, do not consider, select name whatever, whatever you want. Whatever, whatever you want to display you can display over there. Select star from instructor, order by name. So it will, it will display those by ascending order, yeah, ascending order, yeah. By default it is ascending order. So we can, we can give either DESC for descending order and we can specify ASC for ascending order. Specifically if you want like by default I think it is ascending order. So if I want to display it by descending order, then order by name DESC. It will display all the names in descending order. So I can, I can use this for multiple attributes also. So order by department name, command name. So what it will do is that first it will order by this department name and for each department name it will order by name. Now between clause, this is one more useful query or construct we can say, insert, I mean select name from instructor where salary between these two. So it will display all the names of those instructors whose salary is between this range. Then there are many aggregate functions.  So some average count mean max are the, are some of the aggregate functions. I think even there are some more, I do not know, I do not remember those. So select average of sal from instructor where department number equal to 101. So it will, what it will do is that for 101 it will take those entries. It will make an average of those entries, average of the salary of those entries and display only the salary, average salary. So then group by, suppose if I want to group people according to their departments, then I can use this group by clause. So select department number, average salary. What this query does is it will first group by according to the department number first. Then it will take an average of the salaries in that group and for each group, each such group it will display the average salary of those. For 101, for department number 101 it will display may be 50,000 is the average salary 102 so and so is it this thing. So first it will, first it will group and then take an average. So if somebody wants me to explain it using some examples just tell me, I will do that. So another, another construct or is the having, having clause, another clause is having clause. So suppose if I want to display or consider salaries only above some specific salaries. So I can use this, select department number, average of salary whatever from instructor group by department number having average salary greater than 50,000. So it will first group then take an average and display only those which have an average greater than 50,000. So you can, you can even use nested sub queries, queries inside queries. So this is one of the examples suppose, suppose I want to know, I want to know the courses which are taken in both fall semester as well as the spring semester. So this, this is one of the, one of the examples you can create any, any number of examples. So select course ID from teacher's terms, consider this as the teacher's term table where semester is equal to fall and year equal to 2009 and course ID, course ID of those should be present in this table. It retrieves some, some tuples. So those course, the course ID should be there in this, these tuples. So these things should match whatever I retrieved from this, course ID should be in this one. So whatever I select from that, that should match over that. So if this can be written in many other, many other ways, this is not the only, we can even use simple queries for this. As for explaining the nested sub queries, I gave this example. You can write it in many other formats. It's not necessary that you should use sub queries itself. So now how to install MySQL? So if you are, if I am explaining in, in terms of Linux environment. So if you want to install it, install MySQL, you can open a terminal. Then type sudo apt-get, install MySQL server, MySQL client, these things. Even MySQL client will work on it.  So go to synaptic manager, just search for this package and apply that. Just mark that package for installation and then apply those changes. Then there is a utility PHP MyAdmin. How many of you know? Right now I am, I am using terminal for all these things. So it's, it's like the user interface is not, not too good. If you want to do things fast, then there should be some utility by which you, you, you can see tables in a graphical format or something like that. So there is a, there are many, many utilities, I think. So PHP My, PHP MyAdmin is written in PHP for accessing MySQL. So I can just log into this. I can see this graphically. These are the tables which you had already seen and not, it's not tables. These are the databases. Now I have created this interns, this thing. We had dropped that table. So there is, currently there is no table. So I can show you other tables, students table. So this has one table and if you want to see the, yeah, if you want to see the data in that, just browse that table and it will show in one specific form. If you want to know the structure of that table, you can do that, these are the structures. Even you can write some SQL queries for this, many other things. Just explore these features. And now one, one main important thing, how to create users in MySQL. I have, I have logged in as root right now. So we can restrict each user to some specific databases. So for those who don't know, how to know, what are the user present in that. So this is the query which is used. My, MySQL is a database, user is a table. So I will describe once again. So these are the databases which are already present, out of which MySQL. MySQL is the table which is used, I mean database which is used by MySQL. So it contains information about MySQL which is installed here. So how to know the different users who are there in, so these are the users and password is encrypted. So suppose if I want to create a new user. So create user Anup or any specific name. So this is, first one is the user name and this is the password. So create user Anup, identified by Anup as the password. So this will create a user, it has created a user, now we will log into, so I have logged in as Anup right now. And now suppose I want to use some databases, just now we created interns 2012. So it is showing an error, access denied, I am not allowed to access those databases. So how will you do that? So for that, there are commands, you can grant permissions to user, this is how you give. Grant all, all means insert, update, whatever, grant all on, demo is the database name, .star, whatever tables are there in the database to this user. So after making this, for this you have to, you should have some permission to give others that permission. Otherwise it, for example I should be root user for giving such a permission or some other user who has got this permission to give permission to others. So otherwise we cannot, this, even this, this command will show an error that you have, you have not got permission to grant permission. So this is how, after suppose if I log in as root right now and execute this command, then it will give permission to whatever database which I have specified over here. Then how to drop a user, I can drop a user, drop user, user name, so that is all. So this is the reference which I used. Do you know where, last time intern had asked me a question, where is the data of this MySQL stored, actually stored? We know that it is stable, but actually it should be some, somewhere, somewhere inside the table, I mean somewhere inside the computer. Actually there is a file, there is a file MySQL dot CNF. In that file it specified where the data is stored, so I will show you that. So it is in ETC MySQL, so MySQL dot com CNF, yeah, see this, but we will not be able to access it directly, I will show you that also. What was the path? Slash var slash lib slash MySQL, slash var slash lib, yeah MySQL, see, even then we can do that. We will see, yeah we will see, so see, whatever databases which we created, those are in something like a directory format, yeah, that is all.


A fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust and a haughty high old silver, the lone ranger. With his faithful Indian companion, Tonto, the daring and resourceful masked rider of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Come with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear, from out of the past come the thundering hoof beat to the great horse Silver, the lone ranger rides again. Come on Silver, let's go become, I am Silver! The town of Oak Flats saw an unusual situation when young Dr. Farnsworth went on trial for murder. The doc was young but highly respected. He was mild-mannered and sympathetic and not at all the type one would look on as a murderer. That doc went on trial and his brother Jim went with him. The two were charged with killing Sam Harper and there was evidence enough to bring in a verdict of guilty. Guilty, my eye. Doc's given the saving life. Now taking it. The evidence was there for all to see. What do we do for a doctor in Oak Flats? Yeah. I sure hate to see dark Farnsworth jail. Clay Beeler's testimony that did the trick. I won't believe those two are guilty. They're guilty. Not guilty. Guilty. That's not guilty. Guilty. Not guilty. Guilty. Not guilty. Guilty. Not guilty. Guilty. Not guilty. Guilty. Guilty. Not guilty. Guilty. Guilty. Opinion was divided, but that didn't matter. The jury had rendered a verdict and the two young men were sentenced. Then a couple of nights later, a sharp cry split the silence. The doctor and his brother broke out of a small Oak Flats jail, found horses and made a successful escape. This way, bar's right. Get up there.  Get up there. The sheriff's men searched all the next day without finding the men who had escaped. That evening found everyone talking about the jailbreak. Some were glad that the doc and his brother had gotten away. Others like Jay Kendall, the banker, were highly indignant. Kendall had spent the evening in the cafe voicing his opinion of the sheriff's failure. He was still angry when he walked to his home. He approached the house and started up the port stairs. Kendall. Where are you? Who are you? Hiding in the shadows, huh? Hold it that. It's your match. Hold it. Keep your hands so I can see them. Is this a holup? I have no money with me. I'm after information, Kendall. Not money. But I tell you... The truth didn't come out at the trial of Dr. Farnsworth and his brother. What do you mean? Those men were convicted because of one man's testimony. An eyewitness? What more do you want? Eyewitness, Kendall. Well, he heard the shots at Sam Harper's house. He rode up there just in time to see Doc and Jim riding away fast. Then he went inside and saw Harper dead and still warm. Just a minute, Kendall. I have an Indian friend who cuts sign near Harper's home. Well? He saw the tracks made by Clay Beeler's horse. Those tracks were made several hours after Sam Harper died. That fact contradicts the story of Beeler told in court, doesn't it? Well... Beeler said he was at the house as the Farnsworth brothers rode away. He said he was there within a couple of minutes after the murder. Now, you see here, Mr. I... How long I saw Beeler's tracks of sunrise. There had been a slight rainfall and the tracks were quite clear. He'd been there at midnight as he said his tracks would not have shown. Clay Beeler went on the witness stand and swore to a direct lie. That's preposterous. It's none of my affair, but where were you at the trial? If you know so much, why didn't you appear as a witness? The evidence was gone as soon as the sun dried up the rain. We know the truth, but we can't prove it. Why do you stop me like this? What do you expect me to do about it? Clay Beeler worked in your bank for a long time. Didn't he, Kendall? What of it? Just recently he bought a small farm. And a few days ago he paid off the mortgage on that farm. I don't see what that has to do with me. Just this, Kendall. You hated Sam Harper. You wanted him dead. So that's it. Now I understand. A masked man in league with the Farnsworth brothers. And you think you can get them a new trial by making people think I killed Sam Harper? Did you? Of course not. And let me tell you, if you try to cast any implications on me, I'll show you. Did you pay Clay Beeler to lie on the witness stand? No. I wonder if you're telling the truth.  The Farnsworth brothers think you framed them. Who cares what a couple of convicted killers think? I care what Dr. Farnsworth thinks, Kendall. I care a lot. You, a masked outlaw and a friend of killers. I'm not an outlaw. I've never spoken to the Farnsworth brothers. But I'll tell you why I think they're innocent. Why? Because I overheard a conversation when they passed within a few yards of my camp. Indeed. They didn't know anyone was around. They had no reason to guard their talks. Yet they spoke of their innocence. Very interesting. And, Kendall, they spoke of you. You know where they went. You probably know where they're hiding. If I do, I'll keep the secret. The sheriff shall hear about you. I'll tell him this very night. That's up to you. Wait! Who are you? We meet again, Kendall. I'll have the law on you. You wait and see. They'll be caught. One silver.  Oh, silver! Hello! Did you see Tonto, Kendall? Kimusabi? Yes, I did, Tonto. He's just the sort of man I thought he was. Well, what did you learn in town? Oh, plenty talk about scape-fellows. Oh? Some people glad them get way. Others, plenty mad. Oh, what about Kendall? Him mad. Him plenty mad. Yes, I imagine so. You think him real killer? He is. He'll get away with it. Unless we can do something. And what we do? We'll call on the chief witness against the Farnsworths. Follow name, Beeler. Yes, Tonto. Clay Beeler. The man who lied in court. Clay Beeler lived on the small ranch he'd recently purchased. It was late at night when he was roused from a sound sleep by his wife. Clay, wake up. Wake up, Clay. Go away. Go away. Please, Clay. Please. What's the matter? It's Billy. Do get wide awake, Clay. The lights are all going. Jenny, what's wrong? I'm trying to tell you. It's Billy. There's something the matter with him. Billy. Great day. What's wrong with him? I don't know, but he's terrible sick. Here, throw this blanket around you so you don't take cold. Where is he? In his own room, of course. You can leave that lamp there. I've lighted the lamp in his room. Right. I heard him cry and real soft. I went in to look at him. He's hot and feverish. What's the matter there, son? Feel his head. Gosh, he is feverish. Oh, Clay, I'm scared. You remember how many people died of the fever a short time ago? Did you try to give him some water? He won't touch it. He just lies there whimpering like that.  Jenny, I'm afraid he needs a doctor. Right into town. Clay and hurry. Get Dr. Farnsworth. Oh. Jenny, there ain't no doctor. Clay, what'll we do? Gosh, I don't know. Clay. Hey, what the... His mask. May I look at your baby? Who are you and why do you wear that mask? Never mind the mask. Better think about this child. Do you know anything about treating the fever? I've seen a lot of illness. Hot, feverish. Biller, the little fellow needs a doctor. Yes, but there is no doctor. Only doctor we had was Dr. Farnsworth. And no one knows where he is. Perhaps I can... Biller, I want to talk to you in the other room. Why... Well, yeah, sure thing. Stay here with the baby, Jenny. But that mask... Don't worry. Biller, when I came here tonight, I intended to have a showdown. I didn't expect to find a sick baby. Well, a showdown? I can wait till later now. But who are you and why do you wear that mask? What do you mean by showdown? You're not the sort of man I expected to find. Well, what's that got to do with my baby? Grab your son in the warmest blanket you have, then hitch a team to your buckboard and take him into town. To town? Yes, to Dr. Farnsworth's office. But he's not there. He's gone. He was in jail and he broke out. I know he was in jail. Your testimony helped put him there. Yeah. Your false testimony. What's that? You stood on that witness stand and lied. You lied about Dr. Farnsworth and his brother. But... But it hadn't been for what you swore to. Dr. Farnsworth would never have been accused of the murder of Sam Harper. But we'll get into that later on. You said I should take Billy to the doctor's office. Yes, and if no one's there, I'd like to lamp some weight. Well, what if it's locked up? Break in. There'll be medicine there, the sort of medicine Billy needs. Before you leave, there'll be someone there to tell you how to use it.  I'll see you later. Good gosh. Clay, I heard the door close. Is that man gone? Hey, get some warm blankets. We're taking Billy to town. I'm going to do just as that masked man says. Jim Farnsworth and his brother the doctor had found a hideout they thought secure. At the bottom of an arroyo, they were screamed on all sides by a dense underbrush. The sound of approaching footsteps brought both brothers to sudden alertness. Jim, get your gun ready. I got it right in my hand. Might be someone just passing by. No. He's coming towards us. Straight towards us. Hold your clarity, Doctor. I'm not here to make trouble. You hear that? We've known where you were since last night. Well, stop right then. Tell us who you are. I'm not the law. I'm wearing a mask. There he is, Doc. You'd better freeze. Either of you would shoot a man. We wouldn't, huh? The law doesn't agree with that. Well, what do you want? How'd you know where we were? You two rode within five yards of Tato and me. We camped in the same arroyo about a quarter of a mile to the east.  What do you want? Dr. Farnsworth, you're needed. Badly needed. I am, huh?  There's no other doctor. Isn't that too bad? Why didn't someone think of that before they railroaded me into prison? I hope everyone in that confounded town gets sick.  Doctor, it's a baby who's sick. What of it? I hope it's the youngster one of those jurymen who listen to the lies Clay Bieler told and believed them. No, doctor. It's not the child of a juryman. Well... It's the son of Clay Bieler himself. What? Clay Bieler's son? Oh-ho-ho-ho-ho! Justice! You hear it, Jim? Justice! Ha-ha-ha-ha! The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments to our story. Dr. Farnsworth was highly amused at what he termed a justice when the Lone Ranger told him the son of Clay Bieler was in need of medical attention. That's the best I've ever heard. The Bieler kid may die because there's no doctor in town. I'm the doctor. I'm hiding out a hundred men, a condemned man. And why? I'll tell you why. Because Clay Bieler swore to a pack of lies. All right, Dr. Farnsworth. You've had your laugh. Just forget I came here. What's that? I said forget I came here. I... I thought you could help that little boy. But you can't. You're dug on right, I can't. I show up in town the law will grab both of us. The life of a little boy is nothing compared to your freedom. Well, I... my freedom means a lot to me. Yes, I understand. Jim and I aren't killers. We had no more to do with the murder of old Sam Harper than... and Clay Bieler's baby boy. There was a lot that was never brought out at your trial. You two had been supporting Harper, giving him money. But that was made to appear as if you'd been paying him blackmail. How do you know about that? Because I investigated the situation. But never mind. Let's forget the whole thing. Forget the little boy. You're old. You and Jim had better get as far from here as you can. Kendall is determined to see you two found and brought back. Kendall is? He keeps after the sheriff. What's it to Jay Kendall if we get away? Don't you see, as long as you two stay away, everyone will be satisfied that the killers of Sam Harper were justly convicted. You went back and fought for justice. The real killer might be found. Hey, Kendall doesn't want that? Oh, no. I keep thinking about that confounded youngster. Yes. He's a cute little fellow. I brought him into the world. And you sent him out of it. Well, I guess that's all right, isn't it? Doc, do you... Maybe... Doc, if we go to town, the law will get us for sure. I know that. We'll go to jail for the rest of our lives. Yeah. If we don't go back, we can escape. We can stay in the clear. And Clay Beeler will lose his child. That's justice, isn't it, doctor? As you said, it's poetic justice. A kid didn't do anything wrong. I... Jim, I can't do it. Can't go back?  I've got to do what I can for him.  I thought you'd understand. I told Beeler to wait for you at your office. It was the middle of the night when Tonto rode into town and went directly to the home of the sheriff. Without hesitation, he entered the house and went to a bedroom where the sheriff slept. He lighted the lamp, then laid hands on the lawman's shoulders. Sheriff, you...  Sheriff, wait up. Get up, quick. What's up? Where's my gun? Steady, Sheriff. Red skin. Me, Tonto. What are you doing here? Who lighted that lamp? What's this mean? Me, light lamp.  My gun. Me, got gun. So I see. All right. What's the game? You get dressed. You come with Tonto. Tonto? That's your name, huh? That's right. Where you taking me? We go office, doctor. Where? You look out, Winder. Look down street. You see lights in doctor's office. Let me see. Ah, you see? You're right. What's that light mean? Thunder there, named Beeler. Clay Beeler? Ah, by and by, doctor come there. Pondsworth? That's right. Just what sort of a trick is this? You come. You can't make me believe that Doc Pondsworth would go right into his office with lights blazing like they are when every lawman in town is on the hunt farm. Well, you get dressed. We go there. Yeah. Your dog on right will go there. Clay Beeler and his wife had followed the Lone Ranger's instructions and had gone directly to the office that Bart Pondsworth had abandoned. Jenny held a softly crying little boy while Beeler paced the floor nervously. I don't know whether we've done the right thing or not. I wish I could decide. Clay, we had to do something. How's Billy now? Just the same. I wish I knew something about the Doc's medicines. Lots of stuff here in the cupboard if I only knew. No, no, Clay. Don't touch any of it. We don't know anything about it. Ah, that's right. Maybe we did a local thing in coming here, but there's something about that masked man that made me feel we could trust him. Clay, someone's coming. Sure enough. Beeler. Why, it's the sheriff. And an Indian. What are you doing here, Beeler? Well, I, we... I don't need to take a look at little fella. Yeah. You keep away from Billy. You say so. Me do it. Farnsworth here? No, but I wish the goodness he was, Sheriff. Our boy's awful sick. Beeler? Yes. Did you come here expecting to find Doc Farnsworth? Yes. You see, there was a masked man. A masked man? Yes. Now, Clay, just like the Farnsworth brothers. Well, I don't know, but he told me to come here. Said the doctor'd be here to see my boy. Well, you've got a pile of nerve expecting the doctor to come and take care of your son after what you said about him in court. Yes, I know. Farnsworth comes here. He'll go back to jail. And there's no one knows it any better than he does. Yeah, that masked man. Oh, he's come. Clay, look out the window. See if the doctor's with him. All right. Get back, Tondo. You're covered. Oh, you'll not need guns. I'll be the judge of that. I won't be taken in by no tricks. Sanny, he's here. The doctor? Yes, both he and his brother. No, neither of you want him that I'm here. But, Sheriff, he came to help our baby. I know. They just are right at home, huh, Beeler? Doc, I don't know what to do. Get him up, Doc. You too, James. Good on the job, huh, Sheriff? There's the mask, man. Have you been here long? What's it to you?  You along with the others. Put the gun down, Sheriff. You won't need it. These men are not armed. Don't try no tricks. I've got all of you covered. Let me see that little boy. Oh, Doctor, he's feverish. I'm afraid for him. You can see what ails him, Doc. But from here, you go to jail. Remember that. Yes, I'll remember it. As for you, mister, I'll have your guns. And then we'll see what's back of that mask. Let's wait until the doctor's finished and we'll discuss that, Sheriff. Well... Isn't he all feverish, Doctor? Well...  Fever. You have to take good care of him. You better keep him here in town for a day or so. And we can keep a close watch on him. I have some medicine here that'll fix him up. He'll get well? Of course, he'll get well. I'll give him a dose of medicine right now and tell you how to take care of him. This is the best thing there is for a little fella like Billy. He doesn't behave like a murderer, does he, Sheriff? That's not for me to judge. I don't think a murderer would have given up his freedom to take care of a sick baby. Do you? Doc's no killer, neither am I. Take it easy, Jim. Remember, I'm holding a gun on you. I'm not likely to forget it. There's something doggone-queer about this. It's downright unnatural for a killer to come back and face capture. No one, he'll go to jail for life. There are two reasons for it, Sheriff. These men are not killers. That's the first reason. The second reason is that Bart Farnsworth is a doctor.  It takes a big man to think so much of a sworn oath. What are you thinking of, Bealer? Well, I was... What do you mean? You're going to keep your son. He'll grow up and will probably think his father's a great man. Most boys do. You can tell him how the doctor who is serving a life term in prison gave up his freedom to cure him of the fever. He's going to get well, Jenny. You hear that, Bealer? Yeah. The strange sort of justice that can put the doctor in jail while the murderer of Sam Harper stays free, isn't it? Well, what do you mean? The sheriff is here. It would be a good time for you to tell the truth. Clay, what does he mean? I don't... He means that I stood on the witness stand and swore lies that sent the doctor to jail. That's what he means. Now, I can't keep quiet any longer. I won't. Kendall can do what he wants. Kendall? The banker. What about Kendall? What about him? I'll tell you what about him. He killed Sam Harper. What? Yes, that's right. He always hated Sam. Sam knew how he got the cash to start him out as a banker. Sam knew him in the East. Sam knew his real name. That he was wanted for murder in St. Louis. That's why Kendall wanted Sam killed. That's why he tried to hire me to kill him. Clay, you... Jenny may as well hear it along with the rest. When I worked in Kendall's bank, I knew how Doc and Jim drew out cash each month to help old Sam Harper. Kendall tried to make out that it was hush money they were paying, but that wasn't so. Doc's always helped people, lots of them. He helped old Sam. Then why did you get on the stand and say you saw Doc and Jim riding away from Sam's place right after the murder? I'll tell you, Sheriff. I'll tell you everything. I... I stole some money. Kendall caught me at it. Could have sent me to jail. Told me I could go to jail or I could keep the money and have enough more to pay off the mortgage on my range. I'd do what he wanted. Kill Sam Harper? Yes. But I wouldn't do that. Well, I couldn't do that, not even to stay out of jail. Then what? Well, I... I quit the bank, expecting to be arrested any day. But Kendall didn't make a move. Then he came to me. And he told me that he'd killed Sam Harper himself.  He told me that I had to go to court. Tell a story that would put the blame on Doc and Jim. Must have known we'd been there that night. He did, Doc. And he knew you couldn't furnish an alibi. Made me ride to Sam Harper's place. Just so as my horse's hoof prints would be there to back my story. Oh, Clay. I know it, Jenny. I've been a thieving lion, no-account pole cat. And I hated myself. I hated myself for it and... Well, I'm glad I've told the truth. Sheriff, I'm ready to make amends.  But in view of the confession you just made, there's a pretty fair chance that you'll get off with a few years in jail. Especially if you help the law convict Jay Kendall. Well, you can count on that. Maybe you will be out and square with the world by the time the boy's old enough to start to school. Well, Doc, I'm sorry about things. It's all right, Peter. If that mask man hadn't brought you back, I might have lost Billy. Yeah. And Jim and I might have stayed outlaws for the rest of our lives. Sheriff, isn't it about time to arrest Jay Kendall? He sure is. Well, take that Indian with me. I'd like to see Kendall's face when he's aroused from sleep the way I was. How's it going with me? Well, after all, I reckon I'd better do some part of this thing without help. Come on, Tilly, let's go. Tilly, let's go. It is a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


Ready to start doing some geometrical problem solving? In the next three videos, we are going to discover nine different circle theorems.  Before we get started, you need to know what these words all mean. If you aren't sure, then watch this video first. In this video, we're going to look at the first four circle theorems that are all inside the circle. And then in part two and part three, there will be lots of tendons and cords involved. So let's get going. Here's the first one. What's the connection between the two angles? Hopefully, you can see that the angle at the centre is double the angle at the circumference. That's the first theorem. Sometimes this theorem can be a little disguised. See what happens when I move point B around. So if you see this sort of setup, remember that the angle at the centre is double the angle at the circumference, even if it doesn't have the normal arrowhead shape. So here's theorem two. We have a semicircle. What do you notice about the angle? The angle in a semicircle is always 90 degrees. And that's theorem two. Just make sure, though, that it really is a diameter, so it needs to cross through the centre. By the way, the number doesn't actually matter. Theorem two isn't necessarily the semicircle theorem. It's just the order that we're discovering them in this video. So here's the next one. What do you notice about the angles? Describe this one as angles in the same segment are equal. So these angles are in the major segment. But we can also describe this theorem as angles subtended by the same arc are equal. You may like to remember it as a bow tie shape, but you do need to use the key words segment or subtended by the same arc. You choose which one you think is easier to remember. So with three theorems down, here's the last one for part one. What type of shape is it and what do you notice about the angles? Four sides. So it must be a quadrilateral. But because it's inside a circle and all four corners or vertices are touching the circumference, we call it a cyclic quadrilateral. I'm sure you all spotted that the opposite angles add up to 180 degrees. So that's our fourth theorem. And the important part to remember is that all four sides must be touching the circumference for it to be a cyclic quadrilateral. So now here's the test. Can you remember all four theorems? Pause the video, jot them down and click play when you're ready to check. Make sure you use the correct terminology. Did you get them all? Check you use the correct terminology. So here are three questions for you to do using your new circle theorem knowledge. Pause the video, find the angles and click play when you're ready to check your answers. How did you get on? So there we have the first four circle theorems. Watch part two and part three to discover five more, which involve tangents and cords and take us outside of the circle.