So Arabic corpus was designed as a somewhat desperate attempt to overcome some of the challenges facing Arabic corpus work. And I consider it a kind of stop-gap measure that can help students and researchers until the time comes that someone is actually willing to invest the huge amount of resources and time it would take to create a large, lemmatized, part of speech-tagged corpus of Arabic. One of the reasons I'm actually giving this paper is just because I receive constant negative evaluations of Arabic corpus, which I completely agree with, because it's based on this understanding of what Arabic corpus is trying to be. It's a stop-gap measure more than anything else. Anyone who works with Arabic corpora can't help but develop a bad case of what I'm calling English corpus envy. For English large, lemmatized, part of speech-tagged corpora are available, along with spectacular online tools that allow easy access to very advanced functions. There are also adequate tools for automatically lemmatizing and part of speech-tagging in the first place, which facilitates the creation of these large corpora. So I want to quickly review these features while demonstrating some of the issues and challenges of dealing with non-lematized and non-part of speech-tagged corpora that are peculiar to Arabic. By lemmatization, I mean the grouping of word forms that are meant to be or felt to be instances of the same underlying word, together for search and counting purposes. For example, grouping and noun with its plural are grouping the various forms of a verb. You can see I've done some for English there. And we saw this morning in Latin that that was happening automatically. And that magic is not that easy to create, even for English. While searching, when searching for forms in a non-lematized English corpus, in many cases, the forms you are searching for are right next to each other alphabetically. And even in cases when they aren't right next to each other, they're typically not very far away. Further, there are typically a fairly restricted number of word forms for the huge majority of words and limits, typically just two or three. So even if you had to list them separately in a search, it would not create a huge problem for the user. Arabic, on the other hand, has a number of features that make searching for forms in a non-lematized corpus problematic. First, every verb has a large number of forms. When you count the past and present conjugations for every possible subject pronoun. So I've listed them here. I've written the forms in both Arabic script and then in a one-to-one transliteration so that non-Arabic speakers can get some idea of what I'm referring to. The forms you see for the verb form kattaba, hold on a second, see if I can get this. So we have the past tense verbs there, the present tense verbs there, these extra forms for subjunctive and imperative here. Some of the forms are the same, so I'm not counting those, okay? I only count the forms that are graphically different. So if you count all the forms that are graphically different for a simple verb like kattaba, you come up with 30 graphically distinct forms. In the past tense, these forms do, they alphabetize together, but obviously in the present tense, they don't because the present tense uses prefixes and not suffixes. As if this were not enough, ha ha ha. Most verbs can take a variety of extra prefixes and suffixes beyond those involved in the actual conjugation of the verb. These suffixes, the suffixes are mainly pronounonies that represent the object of the verb. The prefixes include the future particle sa, the subordinating adjunction li and the conjunctions fa and what. The conjunctions can be attached to any form while the other particles are limited to the present tense forms. But for those forms to take the particles, the particle can also be confined with a conjunction. So let's do a little math. We take all 30 forms that appear alone and they can also appear with a wa or with a fa. That means you've got 90 possible word forms. Now 13 of the imperfect forms can be combined with sa and with washa and with fasha. So that adds 39 more forms. And 12 of them can be combined with li, wa li and fa li, which is 36 more forms. So to find all the examples of this very simple verb, you need to examine 165 separate word forms which are literally all over the alphabet. Then you need to realize that every one of these forms, all 165 of them can be combined with 11 graphically distinct possible pronoun endings. Giving a total of 1,815 possible word forms for every verb that you might want to look up. If you're thinking about searching for these and saying, you know, I want to know how many times this author is using the verb kachaba in this novel. You're going to get a big headache, that's what I can say. Nouns are going to be the same. They're not quite as bad. But if you just take any particular noun, it has the singular and it has the plural. That's two, but then it has four graphical forms of the dual. When you think in computer terms, it's not the same. You think, oh yeah, there's the singular, dual and plural. That's three. No, there's the singular, ketab, then there's ketabani, ketabani, ketabah, and ketabai, because there's four possible graphical versions of it. So there's six forms of every noun in the simplest case. These could take attached prepositions, some of which don't allow for both of the dual forms. It ends up with 18 possible forms. You can add those to the conjunctions that we already talked about, fat and sad. And then you have to realize that almost all of those can appear with and without the article and they can also appear with and without a pronoun ending. And so any noun in the language is going to appear in a corpus almost in 400 different separate word forms, okay? And these forms show up all over the alphabet. Another issue with Arabic is that it's written without short vowels. And so it's extremely common, for example, for any simple form one verb to have the verbal noun look exactly the same as the past tense key form. So for instance, dotha means he applied pressure and doth means pressure. dharasa means he studied and dharas means lesson. And they look the same, graphically they are the same. And so you have this, if we had a part of speech tagged corpus, that would all be figured out for you, but we don't, okay? And so it's a problem. Some English corpora, many English corpora like the British National Corpus are very carefully constructed to include a balanced selection of a wide variety of genre. This allows one not only to find many examples of the use of a word, but also allows one to investigate whether or not the word is specialized or limited to particular genres as opposed to being in more general use. This information is much harder to get from non-representative corpora like Arabic corpora are almost certain to be because of the difficulty and expense of creating a balanced corpus. English corpora have grown huge in the last decade. This makes it much more likely that you'll be able to find relevant examples of what you're looking for. And it also makes the lack of examples more meaningful. So for example, almost every textbook and all the verb books that talk about Arabic verbs gives the one alternate form of the justice of double verbs. Don't worry about it if you don't understand this, you can say lam yamorra and lam yamoror. And they give them as just two alternatives. But you look at any of the small corpora that are available and you don't find lam yamoror, it just doesn't exist. But it's a small corpus and so you're not sure. But if you get 100 million word corporas or 300 million word corporas and you don't find any examples of lam yamoror, then that is a meaningful thing. You say, oh, people just aren't using this particular version of the justice. A corpus by itself is just simply a collection of tags. And that's either coded up, lamathize, PLS tag, et cetera, or simply left raw. Many corpora, both in English and Arabic, have been distributed in just that fashion, just as files.  It leaves to the user to find a way to search them. This is fine if the user happened to be very technically oriented. And I heard about this in your talk this morning, but it creates a fairly high hurdle for the non-geeky, in which I include myself, okay? And in fact, in which I include most student teachers and linguists and humanities researchers in general, is that you have a certain amount of technical skill, but you're not comfortable. And so you end up not choosing to use the tool or the corpus. Modern web interfaces, like that available for the corpus of contemporary American English coca, have made English corpora many, many times more accessible to the non-geeky. This is one of the actual motivations behind the creation of Arabic corpus, to provide a resource online with straightforward tools so something would be available for the huge majority of Arabic learners, teachers, and researchers who are uncomfortable kind of doing it by hand or doing it by themselves. Many of the English corpora are optimized for fast search and we've heard about fast today. And it is almost miraculous. If you go to the corpus of American English coca, and it's I think up to 300 million words or something and results come within two seconds. Martin Davies, he says he refuses to make anything where you can't get the results in two seconds. And so he does an amazing amount of preprocessing and uses huge amounts of data storage to be able to get that result. That's not something we yet have available, so we sit around and wait, okay? Arabic is blessed with what I call massive graphical ambiguity, okay? This is partly caused by the not writing of short vowels and I illustrated that earlier. But even when you do write the short vowels, you have phonological ambiguity, maybe not quite as massive. I just give two short examples here. You think it's not a problem until you actually start working with it. And there's certain words where you just cannot get what you want. You get too much of any other thing. And so this taqad qaqad al-meen is a good example. If you want to find the form one verb, qadimah, or the form two verb qadimah, you're gonna get a million form five verbs because taqadimu, taqadimu and tuqadimu look exactly like taqadimah in this form five. And they don't mean anything like the same thing. Taqadimu means she comes form one present, tuqadimu, form two present. Tuqadimu, form four present. But taqadimah, form five, passed and with a different conjugation, third person masculine instead of feminine. And then taqadim is an imperative. Taqadim is an imperative and taqadim is a verbal noun. And they all look exactly the same. And this is not a little tiny problem. This is a massive problem in Arabic online search or any kind of computer search. I love the next one, this ya'aindal. Ya'aindal is just the greatest word in Arabic because it can be so many things. It can be the jasif of a'ada ya'udu lam ya'ud. It can be the jasif of a'ada ya'adu lam ya'adu. It can be the jasif of a'ada ya'adu lam ya'adu, okay? It can be just the regular present tense up to count ya'udu. It can be the passive of that ya'udu, which is that mean to be considered and it can be a form four present tense ya'adu. And these are not similar in meaning at all. It's a completely different word. You don't want to group them together, okay? In addition to that, for whatever reason, Arabs have decided that they are not going to be consistent in writing certain things. And so at the beginning, the hamsa is written either on or under an alif at the beginning of a word. And it is entirely optional. You can either put it or not put it. And if you do a study of it, which I have done, you find that it is always, it's not like one book always does it the same way. Whatever book you choose, whatever page you choose, one will have the hamsa and one will not. You know, it is completely random. And it's the same with the alif maksura at the end. If you have a ya, here, let's get this thing. If you have a ya at the end of a word, sometimes it will be written without the two dots. But unfortunately, the ahram and a few other sources in Egypt, when they have a word that's supposed to be written without the two dots, writes it with two dots. And so you have, it's absolutely, so we have for instance the word ali, which is common name, and ala, which is the preposition on. And it's absolutely random, which is going to be spelled like in the ahram and in lots of other sources.  Another thing that makes this more difficult is that a lot of the prefixes and suffixes, if they were just, if they were very recognizable as just prefixes and suffixes, then you would just get rid of them. It would be easy. You would say, oh, ala-flam, al, that's the definite article. We'll take all the ala-flams off the words and then we'll be left with the word. No, because there's all kinds of words that have ala-flam, but it's part of the word. And so you have to read Arabic to get this, but I give the example of il-ti-ham, which starts with an ala-flam, it's approved that it's part of the word. You can add an ala-flam to it and say al-il-ti-ham. The same with a lot of pronoun endings. For instance, home is there, like Kitab, home is their book, but you can get a word like it-tah-ham, which ends in what looks like home. And of course you could say it-tah-ham-mah-hom, where you could have a hom-hom. And the last one there is the same nab-baha, nab-bahu, and be at the front of a word.  That means in. And, but you can't do that because there's all kinds of words that end with be. They start with be, even words with four letters. So like bul-bul, be-bul-bul, it's tough. That's, I think the whole point of that is just to say that there's, if it's extremely frustrating, if you are given a large amount of Arabic text and you're just using a search function, you go into BB Editor, any other normal thing, but a really strong search function, and just start searching, you get tons of stuff that you don't want. And you don't get all of what you want. And that's the whole point of these kind of corpora, is to get what you want and not what you don't want. Those are the two keys. And it just doesn't work for Arabic. The first thing I did in the digital humanities was a synonym dictionary. And I was supposed to find kind of core examples of all the words that I was using to really show how this synonym was a little bit different from that synonym. And before I really understood how to use corpora, I thought, well, that's gonna be really fun. I have to read through a year's worth of newspapers, 75 times, to be able to get these examples. And then I figured out I could start searching for them. But as I started searching and developing search tools, we get so frustrated because you would get 400 examples, and only three of them would be examples of the thing you were searching for. Everything else would be garbage. It really is not straightforward, that's all I'm going to say. Okay, so Arabic has many other features like multiple broken florals, non-sound verbs, which make it difficult to gather the forms for a particular word. I mean, the one I love the most is the verb bana. You know, bana is to build. And if you search for bana and all the possible morphological forms of bana, 90% of the words you get have nothing to do with to build. But you get bent, for example, instead of bana. Bent is girl, instead of she built. And et cetera. Bunay, for example, is my son. Yeah, Bunay, and that has nothing to do with build. It just goes on and on, okay. So right now I just want to give you an introduction to Arabic Corpus, and at the same time, kind of introducing how, you know, first of all, just recognizing that this was developed by me, a non-techy person without resources. I was not giving, I've never gotten a grant for this, and I've never gotten help from a computer professional. And so I make no claims for it, I mean, as far as being a professional product. I was just trying to take what I knew how to do and make it available, literally as a rebuke to the computer professionals who should be doing this. This is meant as a rebuke. They don't take it as a rebuke. They just criticize it. But there are large Arabic corpora out there that are so techy, no one will use them except computer professionals. There's Arabic giga word, for example. There's call home Arabic, there's all kinds of things out there that 99.9% of students and teachers refuse to use because they can't figure out how to do it, okay. This tool that is incredibly non-geeky and that has millions of problems that they immediately point out has 10,000 users that all of whom have used it at least 10 times and hundreds of users who have used it over 100 times. I mean, it just says something, you were talking about this this morning, that you have to make something that is simple enough and not scary and as soon as you do that, people love it. I mean, they want it, they need it. But the tools have always been there and they could have used them that they just weren't willing to until it got into a web interface. So anyway, I wanted to try to ameliorate some of the problems inherent in a raw corpus. There was no question that this was going to be a raw corpus. I didn't have the resources to even consider not making it a raw corpus. It turns out there are automatic POS tagging and limitization tools out there for Arabic. I spent years working with them. Don't tell anybody this, but they're crappy. They don't work, okay? They work great if you're a computer science professional and you're doing it for a professional paper that you're giving at a computer science conference and you're demonstrating that it has 65% accuracy and blah, blah, blah. But if you're doing it to try to find the words, no, they just don't work. It's not useful. We just simply are not there yet, okay? This is something, I actually, I'm surprised that someone else said this today. But this is the most important decision I made, okay? I decided I need to put the corpus on a server and provide access to a web-based program, okay? It seems like a no-brainer in hindsight, but it was not obvious to me at the time. And it's so hard to remember for those of you who aren't old like me, that when computers weren't so ubiquitous and when the internet was not just a foregone conclusion, we forget how fast things have changed, okay? I spent several years with this corpus and building this corpus and I used Perl on the command line to search it. It was great. That's how I did my synonym dictionary. It worked wonderfully. But I was so excited about it, I started telling my students and my colleagues about it and I was willing to send them the files. I mean, you couldn't send them in those days. You had to hand them to them on a zip drive or something and give them the program so they could do it themselves. I had zero takers. No one was willing to do it. It just was too complicated, even though it wasn't really complicated. I could explain how useful it was, but it didn't matter. As soon as I put it online, the exact opposite thing happened. Everyone was willing to give it a try. And instead of me having to offer, people sought the program out, okay? It became popular. There's about a hundred references on Google Scholar of people that used it for dissertations for books and for scholarly articles. People need a corpus, but they needed one that they could use. When I look through my usage, I have about 10 users who have thousands of searches each. And most of them, I know who they are, and they're all working on dictionaries. You know, and that's funny because I know some of these people and they're very, very sophisticated corpus linguists and they know how to use sketch engine and they themselves have huge corpora that they can search. But sometimes it's just easier to go to Arabic corpus and find it there. I mean, that's the point. It's the ease of use that makes the difference, okay? People who are afraid of programming are not afraid of a browser. Nobody is afraid of a browser these days. And I think that's a really key point. Okay, I just wanted to run through what you do in Arabic corpus. In Arabic corpus, you have to choose a part of speech. And I'm going to go into that in a minute to explain why that's important. But you choose a part of speech, you tell the computer what you're looking for. And that helps the computer narrow down the range of things that it will find for you. Then you choose a corpus. You can choose all, but that gives you a long wait. This is about 150 million word corpus, it's large. It's not large in terms of modern American corpora, but it's large in terms of Arabic corpora. And it's a raw test corpora, so it takes quite a while. And a lot of the things that you might want to find out, you can find out in one newspaper. And so what I've done is all the newspapers I have, I've divided them into years. It's about a year's worth of newspaper. And that's very intuitive for a lot of users. Because it's like saying, if I read the Ahram for a year, I'm gonna see this word 62 times. That's about once a week. Or I'm gonna see this word 723 times, which is about twice a day. It gives you an idea of a palpable feeling for the frequency of that word. This also kind of shows you a pathetic attempt to balance this corpus. I wanted to have some kind of balance. And so that literature was not much available. And so I started digitizing it. But hand digitizing, even with modern tools, is both extensive and fraught in various ways. I finally got a million words. And so I have one million words of literature out of 150 million words. So that's not balance. But at least it allows you to look at the literature separately. I have some nonfiction, I have Islamic discourse that comes out of Islamic websites.  And the Arabic learner corpus that somebody else did and begged me to put it on here. I can actually put anything on that anybody wants me to. If anybody hands me a file that's in Unicode, I'm usually willing to put it on if it's a fairly major piece of Arabic. But I'm not willing to digitize it myself. You can either type the thing you're looking for in Arabic or in Transliteration. Notice that you type the verb in its dictionary form, in this case tawtaha, or in Transliteration tawtaha, there's a Transliteration table available.  So for instance here, I ran it through the modern literature corpus. You can see right there, it tells you what you ran it through. It went very fast in this case. It found 101 examples of this verb. And then it gives you, it does the math for you and tells you how many instances for 100,000 words. If you wanna know the instance of per million words, you know what to do. Add a zero.  It turns out to be really helpful and pretty insightful for a lot of at least lexicographic and pedagogical uses. Then you go to the citations page. You can see here that you can click on any of these ways of looking at the data. And so if you go to the citations page, this is a typical concordance. It gives you the 10 words before and the 10 words after and it sorts by the word before. So you can see the word before is right here, but it also puts it here. So you can look down quickly and it does that 100 words at a time basically. I'm only showing you a little bit of the page. But that allows you to case out the word and how it's being used. You can also click here where it says sort by word after. So then instead of sorting by the word before, it'll sort by the word after. It allows you to look through and check for what words go with this particular word commonly. In an attempt to help with understanding what a balanced corpus would give you, not being able to provide a balanced corpus, I actually provide the piece of literature that the works come from. So this is just names of pieces of literature where these words were used. And so you can see actually there's some pieces of literature where it's very common for whatever reason and others not. In the case of newspapers, newspapers are all downloaded from websites and the websites almost always include sections in the actual URL. And so I can pull out those sections and organize the pieces of newspaper. And so this means that the subsections are gonna be different from every single, in every single newspaper, but they're still relatively helpful because every newspaper is gonna have front page articles, Arab news articles for basic categories are gonna be more or less the same. And so you can kind of, you'll be able to look down here and see, oh, this one seems to be used pretty broadly about the same through all subsections, whereas another word, like if you look up the word Hattus, which is a guard, it turns out that you find that mainly in sports because it's the guard of the soccer, you know, the goalie. And that's, to me, that's important somehow.  It's gonna mean goalie. That's relatively useful information, okay? Then you can click on word forms, okay? And what it does is it gives you, oh, that is not word form. There we go, word. Unfortunately, I put the wrong slide in here for word forms. So it doesn't show you something else. But what it does is it shows you every example, every possible word that it found in its form. And so if it was key tab, it would have key tab, al-key tab, bil-key tab, key tabu-hoo, key tabu-ha. It would show you everything it found, and it would show you how many of them it found, and you can click on one of them and see only the citations for that one. Here is the words before and after. This is just a compilation of the same way I sorted the citations, okay? And so you can see we're looking at the word Tadaha, okay, the verb Tadaha, and the word after, the most common word after is alayhi, then alayka, then ala. And then we have asila, sual, al-ashila. Again, just that information right there is pretty helpful for students, you know, to realize when I see Tadaha, I'm probably gonna see something about question, you know, Tadaha and question go together because it means to pose a question. And to someone, that's what the ala comes from. They're just something satisfying about this kind of information. Finally, this is actually something I added later after a lot of complaints. You know, Arabic has fairly free word order, not totally free word order. And so not all the collocates are gonna be right before and right after, and I was letting people look at the words right before and letting them look at the words right after. But normally in a corpus, a collocation is, you set a range, you say within four words on the front and within four words on the end. And so I just did that so people could have it. And so this says within four words on one side and four words on the other, what are the most common words that go with this word? And again, you see that ala and asila show up at the top and then come sual and a whole bunch of other alas as we go farther down. And it also allows you to download all the citations that you can then bring into an Excel file. And it basically has one column with the 10 words after, one column with the word and one column with 10 words before. And then you can sort those in various ways, count them, do whatever you want with them outside of the program. Okay, so that was kind of a very quick introduction. Now, I just wanted to go back to some of the aspects and talk about why I made those choices. So computers, as we know, we're very good at searching for exact strings, but they're not good at understanding what humans just do intuitively and figuring out, oh, that's an example of that word. That is not an example of that word because of this context. At least computers being manipulated by non-beaky people like me are completely incapable of doing that, okay? When you search for exact strings in Arabic, you typically generate so many false hits that the results seem useless. And so the reason I came up with the idea of the user choosing the part of speech is because that allows the program to reduce the number of false hits, okay? So what happens, the whole way this program works is you type in any set of, any sequence of letters. And the computer instantly finds every example of that string of letters. For instance, if you search for the string DRS, Dara Sa, you will get basically thousands of hits. And these are all different. You get more than thousands if you count the each individual one. But the idea is you have three categories. One category is that string with a whole bunch of extra letters around it, just different words. And you're definitely not searching for those. Those are different words. I'm not looking for Madrasa. I'm not looking for Madaris. I'm not looking for, you know, Landr Storman, which is a Finnish name. I mean, that happens to have DRS in it, you know? And so because I show, if I choose string, it's just gonna give me every example of DRS. But if I choose noun, it's gonna know that there's only some things that are possible with nouns. It can have the definite article. It can have any of those prepositions that can be on the front. It can have a pronoun in it, or it can be plain. But it can't have a meme on the front. And so it immediately cuts out all those things. The other two categories of things it chooses is things that have to be a noun or that have to be a verb. So if you have DRS with an a laflam on the front, the article, it is a noun, okay? If you have DRS with a calf on the front, okay? That means like. It has to be a noun. But if you have DRS with a yeah on the front, that's a verb conjugation. It has to be a verb, okay? And so the second category of things that it finds, when it finds DRS, is all these things that are unambiguously one or the other. And so by choosing noun, I cut out all the verb ones. And by choosing verb, I cut out all the noun ones. And that windows down the false hits enough that then I'm willing to deal with the results, okay? The third category of things that it will find are things that are absolutely, totally ambiguous, okay? That's like the bare form. The bare form can be Darasa, a verb, or Daras, a noun. And there's nothing you can do about that. And that's another complaint I get constantly with Arabic corporates. This is, I chose a noun and it gave me a verb. And I'm saying, you didn't read the instructions. I didn't promise you that it would find only nouns or that it would find only verbs. I promised you that the thing that it finds, totally out of context, could be that noun. Morphologically, graphically, it could be a noun or it could be a verb, who knows? And so basically what the part of speech does is it hugely reduces the number of hits. You can see this is still searching for the exact same thing, but I've chosen now, okay? And here we have all sorts of nouns. What's that? So there's Abdar, which has to be a noun, but there's the bare form, which could be a verb. There is Darasa, and you would also say, oh, that has to be a noun. No, because it could be Darasa, it could be the dual. Here's Wwad Darasa or Wwad Daras, ambiguous. Here's Wwad Daras, not ambiguous. Here's Darasuna, that could be ambiguous, it could be Qad Darasuna. And so, in other words, you have to go through on your own and decide whether it's ambiguous or not. But the point is a good number of these are not ambiguous enough so that you could deal with it as a researcher instead of just throwing up your hands and saying, I'm not doing this, I'm not playing this game. Okay? So this is just an example of the verbs. Of course, in the verb section, you get a lot more forms because verb, just so copious in the number of forms, but maybe less of them are ambiguous. The first one here is ambiguous, but then the second one is not, the third one is not, this one is, et cetera, going on. Okay, here's an example of the word form list, finally. The reason I give the word form list is so researchers and students using their knowledge of Arabic can get some kind of an idea about whether the numbers that this is providing should even be paid attention to. So you come to the word form list and say, how many of these hits are ambiguous? And you can just kind of go down and look at the word forms that it finds and if you say that half of them are ambiguous, these numbers are not gonna tell me much. I have to actually look through the ambiguous ones and see before I can trust these numbers. And so this is just kind of a way of dealing with this idea that I don't have a POS tag corpus, I do not have a lemma size corpus that I have something that can get me a handle on that. Okay? Now, there are ways that Arabic corpus provides to help you do a little bit better than that. But to do that, you have to get a little bit geeky. Okay? So this is something that I don't advertise too much, but it's in the instructions and when people call me or email me of how can I do this, I tell them. If you are willing to learn regular expressions, regular expressions is something that is in Perl, it's in Unix, it's in most computer languages and they're not hard, but they're a little tricky. I mean, you have to, there's a little bit of learning curve there, but if you are willing to use regular expressions, I allow you to type in a form, then a space and a dash and a space. And then you type in anything in the regular expression format that you want to cut out. Okay? And so for example, here, my main offender here is these two words here. And so if I want to investigate darses and noun, I want to get rid of those. And so I would just say, I don't want any form that starts with a D. I only, and maybe I just want that a little, basically give me present tense verbs or whatever. I still am looking for nouns, so it'll give me those with aleflam, it'll give me the ones with a preposition, but it's not gonna give me any of these potentially ambiguous ones and that will cut out all those and make it just easier to deal with. This is an example of regular expressions. Regular expressions are not difficult, but I typed in DRS, okay? And I put the dash backslash B means word break. So this means I'm trying to cut out just the simple form DRS. And if you can read Arabic, you can see that in fact it doesn't show up. It disappeared there. The reason I allow for typing in transliteration is for the regular expression. When you type regular expressions in Arabic, it just looks so bizarre. I mean, really, really bizarre. And so it works actually, but most people just throw up their hands. So it's just easier to do regular expressions with Latin letters. Another possible strategy is looking through that list so we can look here and say, okay, these forms over here are like a darsain, darsahi, not real common. Specifically, they're not gonna make much difference unless I happen to be investigating dual or something like that. But look at this form here. I mean, that's like about half of all the forms is in that one form. And so I say I'm comparing this word to some other word. If I said, well, I'm just gonna look at that form. I'm only gonna look at this word with a definite article. Then I know I have the noun. I know I have a very common form that statistically is gonna be consistent. And if I compare the same thing with the other noun, then I can be pretty sure, point O whatever, that those statistics are gonna match the statistics of the overall form, which I can't get without actually reading through the thousand forms. I'm not willing to read through the thousand forms, so I'm willing to use the stand-in at dars for the whole entire noun dars. And that turns out quite a few people use that technique. You do the same thing with verbs. You say there's all these ambiguous. We remember taqadam, taqadama, yataqadamu, taqadimu, taqadimu, taqadimu. And you go, oh, I can never ever find any information about this form. But if you use yataqadam as a stand-in form, then that reduces the ambiguity by maybe 90%. So you find a stand-in form, one that's very common, but it's also unambiguous, and then use that as your comparison. And you get not all the way there, but part of the way there. There's an example of stand-in forms. I just gave you the example of just looking for ad-dars, wad-dars, and fad-dars. That's the only things it's finding. And then comparing it to al-ibra, thal-ibra, and wal-ibra. And that would give you an idea of the relative frequency where the lesson is showing up in this particular citation. It's one year of a Jordanian newspaper, almost 600 times, whereas al-ibra, which also means the lesson in a slightly different context, is more like 200 times. So that gives you a feel for the frequency of those two words. To address corpus size and search time, I think I mentioned this before. I basically just allowed people to search parts of the corpus at once. If a time is a factor, you search one part of the corpus. If you're willing to wait three minutes, then you search the whole corpus if you want that data for whatever reason. The same thing kind of applies to the balancing. Although the corpus itself is not balanced, you can hand balance by choosing to, by saying sort, look for only one newspaper and for certain literary features and through the Islamic texts or whatever. You can search different parts of the corpus that therefore would be balanced in your own way. Another fairly common technique that people have used and that I've used quite a bit is to count a sample. And so for example, and looking for word senses for my dictionary, I have a word and it has three senses. And I want to be able to tell the person using the dictionary which sense is most common. What is the relative frequency? But there's 2,000 examples even in a single year of a newspaper. And so what I do is I download those samples and use a program that I wrote that's very fast that chooses 50 randomly. It just picks out 50 and throws them in a thing. I'm willing to read 50. And so I go through those 50 and code them and get the actual relative percentages of the three word senses. And then when I stick it in the dictionary, I make it very clear in the introduction if anyone's willing to read it, most of them aren't. That these percentages are not any truth about the world. They're just that sample. But that sample is better than nothing and it usually rings true somehow. In other words, you look at the sample and you say, yeah, I can feel that that one is probably gonna be a lot more common than that one less common. And so this is an example of my current dictionary project. And I have the word medj-less.  And you can see that I have 36, 36 and 27. It turns out that in the particular purpose I was using, which is the literature purpose, they were about a third each. Each of them were fairly common. And you would not, I promise you, get that idea if you looked this up in a regular dictionary. You would not realize that medj-less was actually pretty common to mean party. Get together, you know, something like that. So I just wanted to show you a few kind of actual usages. So here is a search for medj-less and looking through the words before and the words after to get a feel for the different word senses. And so here we get medj-less as shab, okay? Medj-less as ta'ahu and medj-less as moom, which all has to do with some kind of a council. But biddehk. Only the Arabic speakers are going to understand this, but there's something about laughter. And you look up the examples of this and you realize this is the party one. The whole medj-less erupted in laughter, okay? And so it allows you to quickly hone in on specific word senses if you're looking for examples of something without having to read through hundreds and hundreds of things. Here's another, this example I like to use a lot. We teach that to students as meaning state, as in we lay at California. And if you look it up in there or even on Google translator, it doesn't even manage to tell you that it means term in office, which turns out to be very common and they don't very often mention the meaning that is used in the kind of Islamic sense of a certain kind of rule. But it turns out that in this particular, in Ohio, the particular year 1997, we lay at the faqih, which refers to Iranian rule of Moas, is the most common usage. Then we have we lay at California. But the next most common one is Thania, al-wile'a-thania, which can only mean term in office.  I should stop doing this, but it's just fairly revealing. You're able to kind of get at word senses quite easily with this. We lay at the raist of term of the president, et cetera. Also, you look down here and you find that you get California, Texas, Florida, New York, but you don't get any provinces in Egypt and you don't get any provinces in Lebanon. And so we teach students that we lay in the state but we often neglect to tell them that it has nothing to do with any kind of division in most Arab countries. We're talking about Florida and California. Okay. And then one of the common features, one of the common words that came before wile'a was akbar. And I thought akbar, why would people be, akbar means biggest. I couldn't figure out why people would so commonly say the biggest state. And so I looked it up. You can always click on it to see what the citations are. And of course it turns out that it's the name of somebody, you know. It's Ali akbar wile'a or probably wile'a because I think he's a Persian Mullah or something. And so it's just useful. It allows you quick access to find something that you're having a question about and then dismiss it if it turns out that it's on nothing. Okay. It's very interesting. You can find creative ways of using this corpus to get at grammatical variability. And so for example, at one point I decided to look up tajib. Yajib is, it is necessary. It's commonly what we might call, it doesn't necessarily agree with the noun it goes with. The noun it goes with is usually a sentence. But every once in a while you do get tajib. It's variable. Okay. Tajib is conjugated for she instead of for he. Okay. And so this allowed me to find all the tajib citations in a particular newspaper and then look at what was, what the most common citations, I wanted to be able to compare to really get some kind of handle on what was more common, yajib or tajib. And so first of all, I looked up tajib and found out that the most common feminine verbal noun that went with it was muraja and the next most common was ishada. Tajib or ishada or something. Okay. So I decided as well, that's what I'm going to compare. So I got the statistics for tajib or ishada and for yajib or ishada. So I could compare them to see, which one is more common. And you can see it's not very hard to figure out that yajib or ishada is quite a bit more common, but still the other one does exist. Okay. Another, if you're willing to use regular expressions, you can also expand that a little bit. Here I took the top eight feminine verbal nouns and put them all in a regular expression. So I was searching for all of them at once. Okay. So I have ishada, mualaja, munaqasha, muraja, mura'a, muaqaba and muhasaba, which are the most common feminine verbal nouns that might go with tajib or yajib. And then you could, and so that gave me a better feel. And I got 19 of the feminine agreement and 53 of the masculine. So that gives me a fairly secure statistic. It's not perfect, but it's a lot better than nothing. And I think that's kind of the point that I'm making in this whole paper. Here is another kind of research project I did at one point just looking for the future particle, sa or salfa. You can have the long form salfa or the short form sa. I use the regular expression to search for them both at once. And the results are really pretty interesting. If you look at al-hayya for a year, the most common forms are sa-yakun. Oh, and I chose the form yakun because there's too many sa's that mean something other besides this. And so I just chose yakun and takun. And look, there's sa-yakun, sa-takun, wa-sayakun, wa-satakun, all the sa's are first. They're the most common. And then all the salfas are second. Whereas in al-ahram, they're mixed up. There's a lot of sa's, but there's a lot of salfas too. Egyptians really do use salfa a lot more than people in the Levant. I've got a ton of evidence for that. This is a really good place to find rare forms. Okay, so I actually found a couple of yummadors, for example, finally, after years of searching, okay? And it's also really great for finding idiomatic expressions. My students were reading a newspaper article and it says, well, have a muttabutl faras. And being a non-native speaker, I'd never seen that before. It means, and that's where you tie up the horse. I mean, I understood it, but I didn't understand it, you know? But I looked up muttabutl here, and look, I mean, it's just so interesting that it's just such a window on the thing. Muttabutl faras, muttabutl na'ama, that's the ostrich. That's where you tie up the ostrich, muttabutl khayl. This is a way to find out all the different words that mean a horse in Arabic. Khaylun, you know what? In other words, it's just all of a sudden, you get this feel, and also the frequency, you know? And one year, oh, this is all newspapers, but still, you know, 134 of that idiom. So, oh, this is an idiom I wanna learn. It's motivating. The conclusion I think is just that with a certain amount of creativity and patience, you know, you can get a lot of good out of fairly simple, non-certificated tools. I would love if someone had the resources, hot arm maybe, or someone who's willing to put in $10 million and get an army of coders and coat up POS tag, limitize, and really get us, you know, a hundred million word corpus that is balanced and works. But until that time, I'm hoping that Arabic corpus will help a lot of people get a handle on Arabic. Thank you. Thank you.


So hiya, how are you and thank you for going to be interviewed. Should we get started? Hi Lucy, great to see you, great to be here. Oh, so nice. So tell me a little bit about yourself starting with your name, obviously. So my name is Rachel Headings. I am a current PhD student in my second year between politics and environment and specifically here at SCI. Nice, very interesting. So what are you actually doing for a PhD? So my kind of area of interest is in food policy. My master's degree, which I got in London is in food policy specifically and in my undergrad and throughout my professional year kind of dabbled in food policy councils food security advocacy business development that are like startups around food, lots of farm work and things like that. So my PhD now is specifically focusing on food system transformation, and especially kind of policy levers and looking at transformation in terms of policy. Nice, that's really interesting. I think so. It's why I'm doing four years on it. I hope you'd find it interesting. Let's get into the proper questions. I do have one really tricky one. So brace yourself this completely through the last person I interviewed. What is your favorite color? Cool. So it's actually I don't know if you can see this t-shirt it's like a forest green color was my school color for undergrad and just really reminds me of the pine trees from home we had lots of them and then we also had lots and lots of snow. So you'd get the beautiful pristine snow and then the dark, like green of the pine trees and I just love that contrast. Wow, that is a really nice story behind it as well. So where are you from and where's home. Well, as my accent like betrays, I am American. I'm from the Midwest and Michigan specifically so people know Detroit, and it's close to Chicago. That's a different state technically. And I'm from really far north in Michigan in that upper peninsula actually which on the map looks like it's part of Wisconsin. I'm definitely further north than some parts of Canada. And I consider home to be Marquette, which is where my university was up there right on the lake, right on the Lakeshore of Lake Superior. Nice. Definitely quite far from York then. Yep, I moved to York after the first lockdown in 2020. So about July I'm just, I've been here just over a year now. And I moved up from London where I had spent a year and a half doing my masters. So I'm, you said before that you just kind of like fell into the stock environment Institute. It wasn't particularly preplanned because of your supervisor so tell me what happened there how did you end up here. So, basically, I finished my masters and didn't want to get deported and couldn't find work for a tier two visa in the public sector because they don't generally have the money or resources to go through all the verification and things like that. So I decided to stay on in like the UK and do a PhD. I looked at several schools in York wasn't really on my radar, and then Bob Doherty, who was from the management school and leads, he let I know food and is now leading fix our food came and did kind of a guest lecture at City University where I was doing my MSc. And I was just really impressed with what I heard and his approach and it seemed really similar to my interests and what I was learned in my kind of conceptions of food systems. So I reached out to him. And it said that he's not actually a professor so he couldn't be my supervisor and directed me to tell me, Herron, who is my supervisor in the politics department. And I had a couple meetings with him, worked on my proposal, and he recommended john and zore as my secondary supervisor, and john is an SCI. And he was very much just kind of falling into these things. And it's tricky because food systems there are lots of ways that I could have gone it's such an interdisciplinary kind of subject. There's loads going on in health loads going on in the management school loads of politics and obviously loads here in environment and SCI. So I'm just thankful that I'm able to do kind of this interdisciplinary program and that and specifically in SCI because everybody has just been incredible and they're doing so much fascinating work around food. So what would you say your experience has been like working with SCI. I think that it's probably been quite different from people in previous years because of the lockdowns and because most of it has been virtual. Obviously a big part for SCI is not just the research but kind of the practicalities of it and implementing it through policy especially but kind of having that use on the ground which is so important to me. And I think that those opportunities, there's been loads of opportunities for webinars and like seminars to do that, but less so I think for me to contribute than maybe other people had had during their first like year or so, just because or less formal opportunity I should say not that everybody isn't friendly, but just because of what's been going on with COVID and lockdown. That being said, I was able to work out of the office for about a month and a half and start to get to know everybody. And then it's been great because there have been so many like organized virtual meetups just socially and then professionally you know we have weekly team meetings and all of that which is incredible to feel like you're staying connected. And then even as I've had lots of challenges financially and then also just personally you know moving to a new city feeling isolated not really knowing anybody. They have just always been really open and happy to support me, and it's been really great to know that I have the department as a fallback in just a very personal and you know comfortable way I really feel like I'm part of something thanks to them. So would you say they've adapted well to kind of moving online then. I mean, there were definitely some hiccups in the beginning as with everybody. You know, zoom learning the platform navigating the breakout rooms, all of it, you know, because we do. We were already committed or si was already committed to a very personal touch and like flexible working schedule and working with people with young families. I'm so sorry my internet cut how so everything after being flexible and working with young families. Because you maybe repeat it please. Yeah, so I was just saying that they're flexible and adaptable to young families and that because of that they were really well equipped to adapt and see I as some kind of individual microcosm that's also balancing the wider like Stockholm Institute, kind of regulations and rules, I feel like si may have even been more proactive with some of their measures and adapting than the wider University was at times, which was really impressive. Brilliant that's so good to hear. Do you think that being. Would you consider yourself an international student. Absolutely. Yeah, do you think that that has had an effect on your studies. Absolutely. Yeah. When you talk access to finance and loans and even all the like support pots of money that's been going on. It's just not existent as a tier four visa holder I don't have access to public funds, meaning, you know, even though there were times that I was really food insecure, which you know, irony, because that's my area of study. But even while it was happening, I was, I thankfully knew the networks and things because it's where I work, but I couldn't. I couldn't just go to my GP and get a food bank kind of thing I don't qualify for healthy start vouchers I don't, you know, those there aren't those mechanisms for me as an international student. So, I'm very real like cultural things you know I've been in the UK for three years, and there's still so much, especially as a grad student on this level where even me just like using words that are common there, like I remember in one SCIT meeting. I used one of those words, and Sarah the director actually like, I had to say, you don't say that here that's really offensive, like in front of everybody. So there's still a lot of those kind of hiccups that even, yeah, after living here for years, I still encounter and still face. And yeah, everybody at SCI has been really great about it, and just really upfront and obviously I would much rather learn and have somebody tell me that so that way I don't continue those kind of mistakes and that, and to help me like with recommendations, you know, even for where to go hiking and where to walk and how to get around the city center which buses are the best and all that kind of stuff so yeah, I think I say it's been great in that respect. So, kind of looking back at your experience so so far, what's really stood out to you. So, I'm thinking about my experiences with SCI in particular. I think there was a good couple of months at the beginning of this year at the beginning of 2021 between January and through the end of March, where I was really struggling on a personal level. I was really worried about having to move because I can I can afford the place where I was living before I can afford the bills. I, as I said, like, didn't have great access to food. I was like fairly food insecure I wasn't sure how I was eating from week to week. I was really worried about paying my bills, and I had a lot of health issues due to the stress, migraines and not being able to eat, even when I did have food and all of those kinds of things. And remember, I talked to one of the ECRs who I'm quite close with, and she kind of discussed it with Sarah on my behalf, because she has a great relationship with her. And then I also reached out to Trudy, the admin staff about it and they were so incredible and so kind and just so willing to offer support. And Trudy actually went out of her way to get me a standing desk to help me with my back that's adjustable because I, you know, was having huge issues even just staring at a computer between my migraines and everything, and a like ergonomic office chair that I'm currently sitting in, you know, and I'm delivered to my house because I don't have access to a car and offering me resources for people that I could reach out to to help furnish my new house because it was unfurnished and I didn't have any of the things and, you know, just find people who really cared. And then the ECR, you know, met with me weekly just like on a friend basis she's now one of my closest friends as I said, just to go walking and just a touch base and check in and see how I was. Obviously there's been all of the weekly meetings and things like that so the support has just been incredible. It really has. Oh, it's so great to hear that you were supported like that. That's amazing. I mean, it's a good team. We have a really great bunch of people around us here I feel like. Right, if you have to summarize the stock environment Institute in three words what do you think that would be quick fire. So I can't do quick fire I have to think about things. I would say genuine. Hmm. I would say experienced. And I would say, this is hard. genuine experienced and flexible or adaptable. And just to like, add a little asterisk there, not just in like work schedules and coven and like that kind of stuff, but also just in how we work with other departments and how we want to be interdisciplinary and inclusive and really challenge ourselves to get as many perspectives as possible when we're conducting research. So flexible both academically and then like, logistically. It's been nitpicky but I do think you did go over three words there. Well, I did three words and then a clarification on one of them. Okay. So final thing. If you were speaking to someone who is thinking about applying here. So you do that PhD and just kind of research in general, what would you say to them. This is for SCI or York or both. Yeah, SCI mainly. I would say that we are a great group of people that's pretty tight knit, but really welcoming for anybody who's new, and that the support is unparalleled, I think, with any of the other departments, and that because of its unique position and its unique relationship to the wider kind of Stockholm Institute Network, like Stockholm Research Institute Network. There's just loads of opportunities for professional development and mentorship, and to gain really hands on practical experience and see your research translated into kind of these practical policies, whether it's workshops, whether it's, you know, a video or interviews or a blog article, there's just loads of opportunities specifically with SCI to really support you in doing those. Amazing. And finally, would you have any advice for them. People applying those. I would say that the university, like on a wider scale is quite complicated as an institution there are lots of departments, lots of partnerships between things. So I would say as you're applying be really clear on what your interests are and what kind of your boundaries are because it's really easy to be overwhelmed. And to get kind of pulled into lots of different directions which is great. But again, it's that kind of overload of choice right so know what you want to be really clear about it, and then look at all of these opportunities and with SCI in particular if you apply to this department, know that you'll be really supported and that there's lots of people you can go to for advice to help navigate all of those challenges. Brilliant. Thank you very much. I have no more questions for you. But if there is anything else that you think is incredibly important or just that you'd like to mention, then now's the time. I would just say, regardless of if you're an SCI or in the wider university, but obviously I'm biased especially in SCI, don't be afraid to get engaged. You know, go to those meetings, meet the people, even under these more difficult circumstances where we're all virtual there are just loads and loads of opportunities, and people do genuinely want to get to know you even with all the opportunities. So don't be afraid to go for those kinds of things, even though it can be really intimidating right at first. That's amazing advice. Thank you so much. Yeah, thank you so much for interviewing me. It's been a pleasure.


All right, in this video, I'm gonna walk through my stock photography sales on all the sites that I have my photos up for July Now July was a bit better month for me than June, which was a bit better month than May So we are starting to see things pick up a little bit, which is kind of nice to see So let's just get into it and take a look at the revenue from each site So my number one site for revenue in July was Pexels I received nine donations in Pexels and it equated out to about $60 Which was more than any of the other stock sites now if you look at the stats over here I'm gonna use a different abbreviation here RPD and what that stands for is revenue per donation or revenue per download So for Pexels and Pixabay, that's revenue per donation and for all the other stock sites It'll be revenue per download. All right, so to give you an idea You know what it takes make $60 on Pexels is that there was I had over like a hundred thousand downloads in July And those hundred thousand downloads got me nine donations and those don't nine donations equated to just over $60 Which was better than the stock sites. So still not bad Now next on the list is Shutterstock. So all the photos that I have on Pexels I also have on Shutterstock But I actually have a lot more photos on Shutterstock than I have on Pexels But I still actually make less money on Shutterstock and the other stock sites I'm about to go into then I did on Pexels last month Now the one good thing about Shutterstock is it did go back up to $37 so it was $36 And that's kind of closer to the pre-covid numbers that I was seeing Also, that's closer to the numbers that I was seeing before they made the revenue change So if you're not familiar with this a couple months ago Shutterstock changed the way that they calculated revenues and a lot of photographers were up in arms saying that you know I mean it wasn't going to be fair But what I saw last month was $36 and if I look back when I get the right numbers here like in January I made $37 on Shutterstock February 39 and March 37 So even with the change in revenue I was still making about the same amount of money on Shutterstock last month Then I was earlier in the year before COVID and before the revenue change All right, nothing to note is that my revenue for download was 57 cents So if you've been following along about the changes to Shutterstock a lot of people are up in arms Oh, it's 10 cents a download 10 cents a download now I showed a couple of videos back or video a month and a half ago Okay, remember exactly when that that actually wasn't the case because what they did was the downloads, you know The on-demand downloads they raised the selling price and then the subscription downloads They lowered the selling price. So yes, I do make 10 cents on a lot of the subscription downloads But I make more than that on the on-demand downloads. So in general having my photos on Shutterstock I'm averaging on between the two about 57 cents per download Which isn't bad for a microstock site is very similar to what I was making before they you know Changed the way that they calculated the revenue Next is Adobe stock now Adobe stock did a little bit better last month But it's still not doing as well as it did pre COVID Again higher revenue per download over a dollar per download, but less downloads actually overall I made less on Adobe stock I did on Shutterstock and I've got very similar photos on Adobe stock and Shutterstock the only difference in numbers It's just because Adobe stock actually rejected more than Shutterstock did but I've actually you know tried to upload them the same So those portfolios are pretty similar All right now next on the list is free pick now free pick is actually the site that I'm most excited about right now The reason is is that I've only got 128 photos up there, and they're the same photos I have up on pixels so if you didn't see the previous video someone contacted me for free pick and said you know Can I upload your pixels photos for free pick and I said you know fine and Then I started making revenue on it since that I've uploaded like 10 other photos To the site and it's already you know in the top 10 of my list right and it's kind of fairly well up there So the thinking is is that you know once I get more of my photos up there it could actually really move up and The good news is is that I do plan to get more photos up there because we just released Uploading photos to free pick from photo loo. So if you're not familiar with photo loo Basically, it's the tool that we have that uploads your photos to all these stock sites So you don't have to go through the trouble of doing it all manually And we added free pick as one of those sites and what this is gonna do is you know I have all my photos in Photo loo, so now I'm just gonna be able to go and take all those key worded and descriptive photos and just upload them all to free Pick so I'll be able to increase my portfolio there very quickly very easily with the photo loo app And I'm really hoping that's gonna you know increase my sales and hopefully get it up into the top three in the very near future Now one of the things to take a look at here is it's got a very low revenue per download now The reason that that is is that when my photos were uploaded from pexels to Free pick they got put in like the free section of the website now the free section somehow still makes me money I don't completely understand how that's calculated, but you know, I'll take it However, when I upload my photos with photo loo to free pack I'm not gonna be putting them in the free section I'm gonna be putting them in the paid section and the paid section gives me eight cents a download Okay, so again a bit lower than shutter stock But because of the volume that I'm seeing is much higher I suspect that it could you know push it up Above shutter stock once I get my hope my whole portfolio up there Okay, so if you're interested in signing out for free pack I'll put a link down in the description of this video Again, it seems to be the biggest growing site for me right now And the way that stock photography normally works is you know, once a good site comes in Some photographers go in and they start getting buyers coming in and you get a lot of sales at the start And everybody realizes that you're getting a lot of sales there And every photographer puts their portfolio on there and then your sales go down So I kind of feel like free pick is the next site that's gonna be like that It'll be good for you know a year maybe and then after that everybody will know about it They'll put their photos up there, but for now it seems like it's gonna be a pretty good site They're getting quite a bit of traffic there and quite a few buyers Next on list is deposit photos deposit photos. That's pretty average for that site After that is smug mug. So I have my own photography website on smug mug So people can go there and download directly from me and two people to go and download photos from my smug mug website Which is souvenir pixels comm In July, which earned me about 16 or $17. So that's you know, when you have your own website You get a much higher revenue per download Because you're not, you know getting a big cut taken by the shutter stock or the stock agencies But the downside of that is you need to market your website yourself, you know Their buyers aren't just gonna come across your photos So it's much more difficult to get a large number of sales on your own website But you know, I do post my photos on social media and people do find me that way or through search engines And every once in a while I get a couple of these sales, which are very welcomed Now next on the list is pick fair pick fair. I've got a number of photos up there Again, it is a site that does pay a higher rate per photo and you can also set the price of your photos Which is kind of nice You'll typically get you know be able to make more money per download on pick fair than other sites But again, they don't have a lot of buyers on there. I'm a three or four foot sales a year Maybe so although it's a high revenue per download again low number of downloads But one of them did come in last month. So that's nice to see All right, these next sites again pretty average for what I see maybe a bit higher a bit lower But these are typically in the lower end of my list One of the new things up here though is I am that is my first sale and I am so I Haven't uploaded a lot of photos. I am at all. I was hoping to I just really haven't gotten around to it I signed up for I am when I was basically reviewing mobile phone apps and it's a primarily a mobile app So I really like the app actually like looking at photos on there But I haven't gotten around to uploading a lot of my photos But I did make my first sale on there again 61 cents not as good as a site like free pick Which again, I probably started around the same time using but it is nice to see a small sale And if I do get around to uploading all my photos there, then you know, I could expect it to kind of move up a little bit I hope 500 px big stock photo again low They seem to be dropping off these were you know some my best sites five years ago But they've really dropped off in recent years. This isn't surprising to see This next last one in the list is Vectizzi This is another new site to my list and this one is very similar to free pick We're basically someone found my photos or well someone at Vectizzi found my photos on Pexels and asked me if they could upload them to their site as well And I just said okay, so I haven't actually uploaded anything to there at all They did it all for me and I made you know, I mean a couple cents in the sale So again, not as good a first month as I saw with free pick when free pick did it But I mean I am making some sales there I probably won't go ahead and upload the rest of my photos there yet But if I do start seeing it, you know move up in the list Then I'll put the effort into uploading my other photos to that site as well But for now, you know, there's other sites like you know free pick that I want to invest more time in Before I look at something like Vectizzi And that's it. That's my sales for the month. What did I hit? Just over $200 So that is you know, $30 or $40 more than I saw last month Which is pretty good I think a part of that is due to the fact that some of the COVID restrictions are starting to open up a little bit for tourism in a lot of the places where I have my photos So people are actually going on and buying a bit more photos for that again Again, not as good as it was last year But as I've said in previous videos a lot of my photos I take on vacation So they are typically, you know travel and landscape photography And they're typically going to be used by travel companies Which aren't doing as much advertising now as they were this time last year because of COVID So COVID has really hurt me just because of the type of pictures I have But I am seeing a bit of a rebound which is nice and even though it is much lower It's all passive income and it's still $200 a month. So I'll take it If this is the first time on your channel, everything I post on this channel is about making money with your photography And I do these revenue reports every month So if that interests you, make sure you go ahead and subscribe If you found this useful at all, make sure you give this video a like And best of luck selling your photos online


Hello all welcome to the YouTube live session on conic sections. So in this class we will be continuing with the ellipse which we had left the previous class. So I will start today's concept with the concept of pole and polar in case of an ellipse. So let me first load in a graph for an ellipse over here okay. So what is a pole and a polar concept? So let me let P be any point inside or outside an ellipse okay. It can be even on the ellipse. Let's say there is a point P inside the ellipse and through this point P you are drawing many cords okay. So let's say I draw this cord through this and again I draw another cord like this okay. So I can keep on drawing so many cords and now through the extremities of these cords and now through the extremities of these cords let me draw tangents okay. So let's say these are the two tangents which I draw at the extremities of these cords yeah. So these tangents they will meet on a line which we call as the polar. So as you can see they meet on this line and this line is called the polar of this pole. So this point is called the pole okay. And also remember this pole could be inside the ellipse as well. The pole could be sorry pole could be outside the ellipse as well okay. Now the equation of the pole equation of the polar with respect to a given pole x1 y1. So equation of the polar with respect to an ellipse for pole x1 y1 for pole x1 y1 is again given by t equal to 0 okay. That means if x square by a square plus y square by v square equal to 1 is the ellipse then the equation of the polar would be this. So this would become the equation of the polar. So as I told you earlier t equal to 0 can behave as many things it behaves as a tangent. When the x1 y1 point is on the ellipse it behaves as polar. So I'll write it down over here it behaves as tangent when x1 y1 is on the ellipse okay. It's not that it is not polar in this case it can also be called as a polar in this case. So tangent is the polar of the point of contact. So t equal to 0 can also behave as chord of contact. Now this is also a type of a polar. When the pole is outside and when t equal to 0 purely behaves as a polar purely behaves as a polar when the point is inside when x1 y1 is inside right. So let us take some questions based on pole and polar. First question is find the polar of the focus or you can say find the polar of a focus of an ellipse. Very simple question you should all be able to answer this. So I am asking you if pole is the focus if pole is your focus then what is the polar and please feel free to type in any response in the chat box. How was your practical guys today? Alright so pretty simple. So again let's say this is the equation of the ellipse and we are trying to find out the polar of the focus. So focus is at let's say a comma 0. So t equal to 0. So first of all this is the expression for t and here we will be putting our x1 as a and y as 0. So it becomes x equal to a by e right and this is nothing but the direct tricks. This is nothing but the direct tricks of the ellipse. So just remember this as a theorem that polar of the focus is nothing but the direct tricks. Polar of the focus in case of an ellipse is nothing but the direct tricks of the ellipse. So let's move on to another question. Next question is the perpendicular from the center of an ellipse x square by a square plus y square by b square equal to 1 on the polar of a point is constant. Prove that the locus of the point is x square by a to the power 4 plus y square by b to the power 4 equal to 1 by c square where c is the given constant over here. Where c is the given constant. So this constant over here is your c. If you are done guys you can also send me the snapshot on my whatsapp id. Alright let's assume that the point is h comma k. So the equation of the polar will be t equal to 0 which is nothing but xh by a square plus yk by b square equal to 1. Now the distance of the origin that's the center of the ellipse from this polar is a constant c. So I can clearly write it as first of all I can just rephrase it as this equal to 0 and put 0 0 in place of x and y so it will be mod of minus 1 by under root of h by a square whole square k by b square whole square equal to c. That means 1 by c is under root of a square by a to the power 4 k square by b to the power 4 so which becomes 1 by c square h square by e to the power 4 k square by b to the power 4 and you can always generalize this as x square by e to the power 4 plus y square by b to the power 4 equal to 1 by c square and hence proved. Again be very very careful with locus type questions because they are very very important. Let me take one more cd is a variable chord of the ellipse x square by a square plus y square by b square equal to 1 always subtending 90 degrees at the center always subtending 90 degrees at the center show that show that the locus of the pole of cd show that the locus of the pole of cd with respect to that ellipse is x square by a to the power 4 plus y square by b to the power 4 equal to 1 by a square plus 1 by b square. So basically the question says there is an ellipse and there is a variable chord that subtends a right angle at the center. Okay that subtends a right angle at the center. All right now we have to find out the locus of the pole of cd. Okay so let us say the pole of cd was pole of cd was let's say h comma k point. Okay now the equation of cd now will be equation of cd now will be xh by a square plus yk by b square equal to 1. Okay right now if I have to find out the combined equation of oc and od that means if I have to find out the equation of the pair of lines oc and od right how will I find that out I can find it out by homogenizing I can find it out by homogenizing the equation of cd with the ellipse equation. So how do we homogenize remember the concept when a line and a conic section gets intersected the pair of straight line joining origin to the point of intersection is obtained by homogenizing the equation of the line with the conic section. So when I say homogenizing do not disturb the second degree terms of the conic but this one term this one over here you can actually write it as xh by a square plus yk by b square whole square. Okay because one is this and you can write that one as one square so from this equation you can write x square by a square plus y square by b square equal to xh by a square plus yk by b square whole square. Now you know it's 90 degree that means it represents a pair of straight lines which subtends a 90 degree at the origin that can only happen if the sum of the coefficients let me call this as one sum of the coefficients of x square and y square in one add to zero. Okay so what are the coefficients of x square coefficient of x square will be this what are the coefficients of y square the coefficient of y square will be this and if this adds to zero that would be the condition for the two lines represented by OC and OD to be at 90 degrees to each other. So if you write it in a resolve form you will find that it actually comes out as the required locus so if you generalize this so if you generalize this it becomes x square by a to the power 4 plus y square by b to the power 4 equal to 1 by a square plus 1 by b square and I think this is what we are supposed to prove as you can see yes this is what we are supposed to prove over here right is this clear guys any questions please feel free to ask so the next concept that we are going to talk about is the concept of diameter. Now first of all how is the diameter defined diameter is basically focus of the midpoints focus of the midpoints of system of parallel cords focus of the midpoints of a system of parallel cords is called the diameter okay so basically let's say if this is your ellipse and you draw a system of parallel cords like this okay and start connecting their midpoints and start connecting their midpoints then this line that you see will be called the white line that you see will be called as the diameter so this line will be called as the diameter now let me ask this as a direct question to you find the equation of the diameter that by six a system of parallel cords with a slope of m so let's say we have our standard case of an ellipse and all these cords they have the slope of mm each okay then find the equation of the diameter then find the equation of the diameter so that's the question again feel free to type in your response in the chat box or send me a pic on the whatsapp okay it's not important to know the concept of diameter per say but how do you actually solve it as a locus question is what is important again i'm repeating the concept of locus is what i'm more interested in testing probably it will never ask you a question on diameter but this is like a building block for you to understand locus very well so the answer should be in terms of of course the variables x and y and a b and m only we don't have to assume that that will actually be evident from the equation only all right so let's see this case again let's say h comma k whose locus we are finding okay so h comma k is the midpoint of a chord so what is the equation of that chord if h comma k is the midpoint of a chord what is the equation of that chord simple question the equation of that chord is t equal to s1 right so t equal to s1 correct so this is the equation of the chord now this chord is having a slope of m this chord is having a slope of m right so let us write down the expression for the slope of this slope of this will be minus h by a square divided by k by b square so this will be your slope right and that's it that's what we wanted we wanted a relationship between h and k right so now we generalize this now we generalize this and we write m as minus b square x by a square y in other words y is equal to minus b square x by a square y sorry a square m this becomes the equation of the diameter and as you can see atmesh it passes through origin so yes it passes through the center of the ellipse it passes through the center of the ellipse okay plain and simple


Welcome to this section of tutorial 7 on handling microwave data from satellites. So, till now we were discussing about few satellites relevant to hydrology and in particular we have been learning more about the GRACE mission that is gravity recovery and climate experiment and we learnt about the fundamental principle behind satellite ultimate tree and then we saw how to visualize data from JSON2 and CERL satellite. Now here CERL is a joint mission of Indian space research organization that is ISRO and CNES that is French Government Space Agency. So till now we have visualized the ultimate tree data using maps and also we have tried to extract the variables in Python. So now let me try to take your attention to the surface water and ocean topography mission that is SWAT mission. So just a disclaimer, this part of my lecture shall touch upon the research component carried out in radar ultimate tree for the benefit of those interested to perform research in this area. At ultimate tree they provide an indispensable means of complementary information for hydrological analysis and river monitoring and the mission of SWAT to be launched in the year 2022 aims to overcome existing limitations of satellite ultimate tree missions to provide a two dimensional data of water surface elevations for rivers wider than 50 meters. Jointly developed by NASA and CNES in partnership with Canadian and UK space agency the KA band interferometer on board SWAT is expected to provide spatially continuous two dimensional water elevations inside each of its wide swaths. So the SWAT data is proposed to be made available as level 2 products that consists of geo-located water pixels with a water mask, estimated water surface elevations and their associated uncertainty. So in front of you you can see a sample of the data that is expected from SWAT. So it is typically going to be like point cloud of water surface elevations. Now the other kind of products that you get are raster based product which is obtained by aggregating the pixel cloud river reach products and also something known as the node products here you can see the node products. So node products here it refers to a point or a node that is located at every 200 meter along the river centre line that consists of averaged height width over that section of river centred at the node, okay. Now let me take your attention to the open source code for SWAT hydrology toolbox, again this is more aligned towards research in radar altimetry for the benefit of those who are interested to carry out research in this field. So you know the procurement of SWAT derived water level data is a prerequisite in hydrology. So the remaining part of my talk shall focus extensively on the key steps that are being followed for the generation of SWAT point cloud information over a specific case study basin in India.  So all in all to summarize this particular simulator that is the CNES simulator is sophisticated enough for hydrology error budget studies that is why we are including this as part of the tutorial 7. Now let us try to understand about the CNES large scale simulator. So what I will do is I will walk you through how we have used CNES large scale simulator for generating the time series of synthetic SWAT data for our study region. So for representation purposes as an example I am trying to show you the Mahanadi river basin in India and how we have used the CNES large scale simulator to generate the point cloud information, what kind of information, what are level information over the Mahanadi river basin in India, alright.  Now it is worthwhile to note here that to generate the synthetic SWAT data true water surface elevation is corrupted with SWAT measurement errors and spatial sampling in accordance with SWAT orbital configuration. Now before we analyze the steps one by one we have used the Google Earth engine and the Sentinel SAR data to generate the time series of river geometry shape files. I will not go into more details about which algorithm or technique was used to generate the water mask. The inputs are a range of dates for which we need time series and region of interest and this was developed in-house by my team. Once you run the code you get the results in the format that can be exported as a polygon shape file which can be imported in QGI's platform. So once we have the results and once we import it into the QGI's platform this is how it is going to look like, okay. So here you see a sample data set for 2016 Jan 6th over the Mahanadi basin. We can check the coordinate system here. So the CNES SWAT simulator works with the WGS84 coordinate system. So our coordinates are also projected to WGS84. Now next important thing is the height that is the reference height attribute. For this particular example we have used the gauge location height since reference height, okay. You can see the labels and the river flags. So basically we have the time series of polygon shape files, okay. So once we have the time series of polygon shape files, the next step is to create an orbit file, why? Because it shows the past plan of SWAT over our study region which is Mahanadi river basin. So let me show you the commands we have used in the command prompt. Firstly we have to activate the simulator by this command. So I am going to type conda activate SWAT environment ENV. Now once we have the SWAT simulator we have to generate the orbit files and for that we have a document having the SWAT machine specific parameters. Specifically you can see the bounding area for which data needs to be simulated. The bounding box details are shown here and you also see the past plan parameters and the simulation start time and stop time, okay. So we are going to activate the past plan as a yes as we need to simulate it for a time series. So past plan activated as yes and we have a parameter orbit file using which we can run the simulator to generate the orbit files, okay. So we have a code for that what I will do is I will directly try to use this. So once we use the commands this is what you will typically see on your screen because the simulator is taking time to generate the past plan for our region of interest which is Mahanadi river basin, okay. Now once we have the same ready we can also visualize the same in the output folder. So typically it takes a few minutes to complete the process. For example for my case as I have used one month of data sets you know it has taken almost 5 minutes and you can see open the orbits and check the past plans, okay and on to the orbit folder we see the past plans. The details are available here. The cycle orbit, mission time, day of year, simulation start, stop all the details you can see here that is the past plan. Also we get to simulate the SWAT science orbit for these and as I mentioned earlier this is for representation purposes wherein we have used one month of data which you can modify according to your screens. So one month of data is being shown here you can modify according to your need. So now that we have generated the orbit files the next step is to run the simulator. So let us see how to run the simulator for which we have a command which I am going to use directly. At any point of time feel free to pause the screen so that you get a better view of these commands, okay. Now once you type in the command now the simulator has begun processing the synthetic SWAT data and the parameter SSIMP. So here you need to provide the shape file, .shp file, orbit file and the output folder where you see the details are visible here. You can see the orbit parameters and the simulation parameters, reference height. So here name of the attribute is height, okay, alright. So it has taken me nearly 14 minutes and 19 seconds to complete this process. So at the end of which we will get the simulator data. So it does take some time as I mentioned earlier for representation purposes what you see here is the time corresponding to one month of data. For our study region simulation of one month of data from SWAT CNES simulator has been completed and now that it has run successfully I am eager to see how the results look like because I need to further use these for hydrological applications. So let us try to visualize the results in QGIS. Now few results are already uploaded in the interest of saving time, okay. Let me open QGIS. So the polygon shape file is given as input with the help of pass plan we get the footprint shown here is the footprint over Mahanadi river basin. Now we can even zoom closer to the footprint to see how the data looks like. So let us try panning and then zooming. Let us try to visualize the point cloud information which is what you see now. This is the output from the simulator. This is how it is going to look like. So we can go to the attribute table and check the information which contains latitude, longitude, the water surface elevations and other components. These informations can be used as input to the river orbs because it processes the point clouds and we get something like filtered points with less noise, you know. We can again open the attribute table and check the information present here. So just to make a note, another information we get is known as the node based products. So for example, say you need to assimilate the water surface elevation data for which you cannot use this dense point cloud information because then the process is going to become too tedious, too complicated. For that we use the node based products which looks like this. So here the point clouds have been converted into node based that is averaged products what you see here wherein you get information at every 200 meter interval. So they are averaged out and we can even check the attribute table again. Many values are null because it just simulates the data for which we have the footprints. We may not have simulated data over all the regions, wherever there is footprint the data is being shown. So let us zoom out, this is how the node based product looks like. So in this particular section we learnt about the SWAT mission that is proposed to be launched in 2022 year and we understood how to run the SWAT simulator data to get synthetic SWAT water level point cloud as observed by SWAT upon its launch. And again this short section was intended to give you a glimpse on the research aspects being conducted in radar altimetry. Let me hope that you found this section useful and I shall meet you in the next lecture. Thank you.