The Parable of the 84th Problem A man once came to see the Buddha to get help with his problems. After the man had told the Buddha one of his problems and asked for help, the Buddha replied, I cannot help you get rid of that problem. The man was surprised that Buddha could not help him in this regard, but he told the Buddha about another problem. He thought to himself that the Buddha should at least be able to help him with that problem. But the Buddha told him, I cannot help you with that problem either. The man started to get impatient. He said, How could it be that you are the perfectly enlightened Buddha and you can't even help people get rid of their problems? The Buddha answered, You will always have 83 problems in your life. Sometimes a problem will go, but then another problem will come. I cannot help you with that. The baffled man asked the Buddha, But what can you help me with then? The Buddha replied, I can help you get rid of your 84th problem. The man asked, But what is my 84th problem? The Buddha replied, That you want to get rid of your 83 problems. I feel this parable is important for everyone who is struggling with their own individual problems of today. The Buddha tells the man that there are always going to be plenty of problems that exist in your life and that solving each and every one are not the most important thing in growing consciously and spiritually. The key is not in solving the problems individually, but rather the whole of the problems. In the last patch parable, we looked at good and bad and seeing things just as they are. Try and see all of the problems in your own life as they are in the moment, rather than individually working through each and every one of them. As your perception of them changes, the problems themselves change as well. The world that you experience is a mirror of your own consciousness. What you put out is what you will see back, always. By putting out strain and misfortune on all of your problems, you will continue to experience those problems exactly as you are perceiving them. By shifting perspective and moving your awareness into a new, more thriving and healthy light, your problems can fade away as new, brighter realities take their place. Namaste.


Everybody forced here ripping 22 23 one-on-one basketball hobby ten bucks full case number 15 here are the random results once more. I dropped a link in chat for everybody if you need to see it again No, I didn't I didn't drop it yet. You're all drop it now, and then we'll get started find those anytime late in sports cards calm Here is that results link if you need to see it again. Alrighty. Alrighty. Alrighty. Whoo, man. We're running back, dude Let's see a true monster Yeah, the Jazzers are super cool. They're running their city connects They're not city connects No, no city tax baseball. What are they called? City addition city addition. That's good. I knew city something. What was that Zubak? Geez? All right starting off Rookie for the Wizards Jordan Goodwin to 99 Jordan Goodwin rookie for the Wizards here Vegas hit right for myself ever Let me think about that for a sec. No, I will not Mike. That's some hair here. That's some flow That's a flow Got thunder Ricky Jersey autograph to 99 Jalen Williams great hit for okc. That's Felix J Dubb 69 of 99 nice very nice good first box there. That's Kyle Kuzma Number 1099 for the Wizards Kuzma Yeah, I didn't pull that for myself though Thunder again Thunder again Dude, is that the same player RPA to 99 Jalen Williams?  Let's see if we get some other teams involved now and some autos Sons DeAndre Aitin here number to 99 Backwards Jeremy so on RPA to 99 good hit spurs Jennifer Y with San Antonio Great patch on that card too 61 of 99 so on Don't mess with the so on Timeless or downtown timeless or downtown or both? We've seen both in the same box before There's Leesh John Morantz There's Leesh John Morantz here Number six of 99 got a very yellow card. It is very yellow Nah, as long as it has the wrapper yeah One of 35. What is this? This is very yellow Oshack Baji with the purple foil RPA jazz. That is a crazy looking card, man On the color match nice card to Utah. That's for Scott M. Oshack Baji 1 of 35 They want to be right now Star Wars while there's a ton of sketches in it Spire some big autos like Boba autos bokeh tan autos a lot of sketches Uh, yeah, it's a cool product one of one armorer relic to 99. We got ready to go bear wolves How's it going Gina? Thank you appreciate that Gina. What up? Thanks for tuning in go bear to 99 wolves Please do breaks. I'm not much of a YouTube. I'm on YouTube. I'm not much of a youtuber I guess AI on the autograph to 49 sixers Team Titan signatures nice hit for the affiliate air That goes to Brian s Like the stream guys. There's also link coming for masterwork right now coming up soon God rookie Peyton Watson out of 40 for the nuggets Nugs Peyton Watson rookie there. We've got who's that? Who's that? We got cominga Jersey auto to 35 Warriors Nice cominga. That's for Jonathan C eight of 35 All right, we need some monsters here. Come on Come on Wizards rookie Johnny Davis out of 99. It really is Vaughan, isn't it? I can't stand. Hello jumbo Rookie Jersey auto redemption here of Jaden Ivy Pistons second straight break with a Jaden Ivy. That's Jonathan see what the pistons now go rookie Jersey auto That's a good one there Come on Thomas come on downtown It's a giddy out of 99 for the thunder The jazz I would say to get that yellow and it is Walker Kessel rookie out of the 49 good break for Scott M with the jazz Jazz are eating Play around now to not doing well the game, but the first 10 and 10 Yeah, we do giveaways Timeless moments for Cleveland is Kyrie Irving The shot that won them a title right there Kyrie for Cleveland that's Felix with the cab Damn, that's fire. That was a shot right there.  You've got team Titan signatures one of Chris Middleton bucks Bucks here Michael C my goal. I thought it was too. I love it was too late I forgot that he I forgot that Kyrie even had the timeless in this He signed kind of recently they should have him sign one house in the last box You got hearty rookie to 99 Dallas. We've got Jersey auto Joe Dumar is the 75 for the pistons Jonathan C again. You didn't get a timeless or a downtown there guys. I'm sorry about that. Some of you did very well Some not so much. I do apologize. I just hope to hit some more spaced out But that'll do it y'all moving on to master work now


What's up everyone, Takedown here. Welcome back to another video today. I'm going to be giving you guys just a quick little update on my channel. So for September, I'm going to be trying out something new. This past summer, I eventually got to 1000 subscribers and I'm extremely happy that I did so. So for September, I want to test the waters with the new uploading schedule to see if it's worth putting out this many videos in one month. So prior to this, my upload schedule was Tuesdays and Saturdays. Now, occasionally each week there was sometimes bonus videos, whether that be a hockey card video or a special video. So some weeks there were three videos. For September, as of right now, I'm going to be having four videos a week, just to try it out to see if it's even worth pursuing and moving that into basically that direction. I'm going to do Tuesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays. As of right now, that's what I'm thinking for just September and seeing how it goes. Fridays are going to be my hockey card videos because I ended up looking at my already created videos and I have about 32 hockey card videos ready to go. So I'm going to continue uploading them every single week on Fridays up until the end of next year's playoffs. I think that's a great thing to do. Just getting more hockey cards going on my channel, which is something really big that I want to continue to do on my channel. Saturdays are going to remain video game related, whether that be one of my played and finished or my video game pickups or sharing a trophy that I got and how to do it, different things like that or just talking about my favorite video games. Saturdays are likely going to remain as video game related. Thursdays are going to be a little bit of a mix of different things, whether that be Amazon videos or Thrift Halls, which I have my first one coming out in September or Flipping for Profit, a new series on my channel, which I will be starting in September as well, just testing the water with those. So those should be out on Thursdays and then Tuesdays will be any of my other videos that I put out. So four videos a week just to try to see if it's worth doing that for September. Now, if it doesn't pan out and it doesn't go according to my plan, then I will reduce that to either back to two videos week, Tuesdays and Saturdays, or I'll add Thursdays into the mix as a bonus video week. But Fridays as right now, I think up until the end of the playoffs next year, Fridays are going to be when I upload a hockey card video. So I just want to see how September goes with all of these videos uploading. I have my schedule in advance. You guys know this, I like to prepare everything a couple months ahead of time of what's going to be uploaded for a single month. And I'll upload it all in bulk and see how it goes. So right now I have all of my September videos scheduled for September. I'm really excited because some of them are pretty big ones. Some of them are ones that I'm testing out a new series like flipping for profit. So as of right now, that's going to be what my recording schedule is. Moving forward, you guys know, because I made a video on it not too long ago, where I'm talking about either hopefully returning to work at the casino. But as of right now, I just can't see the casino opening until 2021. Late 2021 is my prediction right now. So I'm not sure when I'm going to be going back to work at the casino. But right now I'm in the process to get hired with corrections. So I have already taken one test. I have a practice test for that test that I took and pass coming out in September. So the channel might have to change once again, once I start working, there's a possibility that once I start working, if I start working, whether it's full time or part time with corrections, that I might not be able to upload and put out as many videos as I have planned for September. So once I get hired on, if it all pans out, hopefully I'll still be able to make content. I'm hoping to at least do one or two videos a week for my channel. However, if I get into corrections, if I'm working a lot more, of course, I'm not going to have time to make as many YouTube videos. So at that time, I might have to reduce it instead of the four videos a week, which is what I'm trying out for September. I might have to reduce that back anyways to two videos a week, like it was prior to September. So I just want to test water for September, see how it goes. But there's a good chance if I get back to work, I'm going to have to shorten how many videos I do a week anyways. But I will see moving forward. I have all my hockey card videos planned. I have 32 already recorded and in batches. So I'm ready to upload those video game videos. I have quite a few of those and I still want to continue live streaming. So I'm not as consistent as I would like to do, because I am one week at home, one week at my girlfriends right now, just until I get back to work. That way I can spend as much time with her as I can. So I am planning on doing more live streams whenever I'm back home. And whether that be two or three live streams a week, I think I only did one last week. So I'm going to be trying to do a few more live streams. But again, if I get working again, whether it is with corrections, if everything works out with them, or once the casino opens, if I'm working with them, then I'll have to hopefully still be able to live stream at least once a week or once every two weeks. So I still want to do live streams. Now, with me going back to work right now, I'm thinking that corrections is going to be hiring me on part time if I pass all of their steps and get in. However, I'm really hoping for full time with them because that'd be great money. That'd be a great career for me. I think I'd really enjoy it. And that will help me get motivated to move out of my parents' house, which is where I currently live, and move in with my girlfriends somewhere closer for work for me. That would be really nice. We've been looking for months now of trying to hopefully get our own place. But right now with both of us not working because of COVID-19, that is really hard for us to do at the moment. So in the future, if I get working, that's the plan. But if I start working at corrections part time, and eventually when the casino reopens, I know that would be part time. That would at least make up full time hours for me. So I did want to mention that really quick, that I'm hoping to get back to work soon. But now, what else I have plans for the channel in the next couple months? Like I said, this past summer, I reached 1000 subscribers here on my channel, which I was extremely happy. It took a lot of time to get to that level and I'm extremely happy. And the channel has been doing good with revenue from the ads I've been putting on. So I'm hoping to take that money, like I did mention whenever I was saying about getting 1000 subscribers and putting ads on the channel, I'm going to be taking that money and hopefully putting it back into the channel in some way. And one way I thought about is giveaways. I plan on hopefully doing some giveaways here on my channel over the next couple months is when I'm really going to dive in and see what I should be doing as far as giveaways for my people that are here for hockey card videos. I do have some of my personal collection that I have a couple autographs, jersey cards, different numbered cards, things like that, that I'm willing to do as a giveaway for North America, so Canada or the United States, because it does not cost too much for me to ship them from where I live over the border. So I'd be willing to do hockey cards as giveaways for the people that are here for hockey cards and also video games. I have a rare PS4 game that I have two copies for it. I might decide and do that as a giveaway closer to Christmas. I think that'd be awesome to do. But a while back in a different video that is going to be uploaded in September, I did purchase a bunch of Xbox One games and I've already made my money back and I have a lot left. So I might use one or two of those games as a giveaway, a future giveaway here on the channel. And with that, I looked up to see how much shipping would cost. So how I would ship them a video game would be wrapping it in bubble wrap, putting a little bit bubble wrap inside so the desk doesn't move around, putting a little bubble wrap around it, and then putting it in a bubble mailer. That is safe and secure and it's going to cost me cheap to ship it. So that's likely what I will do for those. As far as other giveaways on the channel, I'm not 100% sure. I don't really want to do gift cards for the PlayStation Store or Amazon or eBay or unless I look into it a little bit more because right now, since I live in Canada, I know specifically the PlayStation Store. If you purchase a gift card for the PlayStation Store here in Canada, if you try to use it on a PlayStation 4 in the United States, on the American PlayStation Store, it does not work. So that's right now. I do not want to do that at all just in case if an American does win and I send it to them and it doesn't work, then not only would I be out that money, but they're not going to get their prize that they won for the giveaway. So I am planning a few giveaways right now. Hopefully they will work out. If the one for Christmas, if I decide to do it and decide to do a few giveaways here and there here on the channel, then that giveaway will likely start. I'm hoping in November and have it closed hopefully by the end of November. That way, if I ship it and put it in the mail, the winner will receive it prior to Christmas before the whole Christmas rush in the post office happens. So I'm really hoping to do a little bit more and give back with you guys. The channel has been doing good with revenue, so it's nothing to say it's like another source of income because it's not, but it's nice to have that extra money on the side. So whenever my subscriptions come up for my editing and TubeBuddy, I can use my money that I earned on YouTube for that. And I can also use it for giveaways here on the channel and also to purchase mystery boxes and different things like that to open up on the channel where I didn't have the money to do so before and possibly even taste tests further down the line. So I wanted to give these quick little updates on the channel when I have planned for September, how my upload schedule will be for September, but also moving forward to the end of the year. If I get hired on with corrections part-time, full-time, it doesn't matter. I might have to reduce how many videos come out a week, but there hopefully will still be videos coming out every week. Hopefully I'll do two regular videos and every week on Friday will be a hockey card video just because I have 32 ready to go and I'm still purchasing hockey cards and making videos. So I have a lot to go and upload for hockey cards. So if you're here for hockey cards, there's a lot coming your way. Video games, there's a lot coming out and also new series coming out on the channel as well, moving forward into the end of the year. I have a lot planned for the channel and I do want to give back whether it be giveaways or new types of videos. I have a lot coming your way. So thank you for watching. If you stay through the entire thing, I know most of the time these videos on my channel do not get many views, but hopefully you did watch till the end so that way you can know that there's going to be future giveaways here on my channel. I'm going to leave this video here. Please take care. Peace.


and Main New York City Factory footage. And it wouldn't be Main New York City Factory footage without the latest time-lapse from the Disney building across the street. Now taking up the entire screen. He's like a little guy there. Hey! Yeah. Screwin' stuff in. That's how you can tell the scale of the building.


Stop me if you've heard this one already.  You read through their profile and you're pleasantly surprised at how many of your boxes they check. So you send that first message and get a response telling you how skilled they are in the bedroom or how happy they can make you. Ever had this happen? There's a special flavor of narcissism called sexual narcissism which can be the cause of some of these cringy situations. Sexual narcissism as defined by medical news today is when a person has an unrealistic view of their sexuality. Sexual narcissists can't be identified with the classic signs of narcissism but it can be just as damaging to a relationship.  One is not like the other. Okay, so this one is like an anti-sign. Not all narcissists are created equally.  According to a medical news today article, what to know about sexual narcissism? There are specific differences between someone diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder and sexual narcissism. On a scientific level, NPD is categorized as a cluster B personality disorder. This means someone with a cluster B personality might have trouble controlling their emotions and behavior. On the other hand, the article explains that sexual narcissism is not a personality disorder nor is it a mental health condition. Yep, someone who is considered a sexual narcissist actually doesn't have a medical condition. That means they're simply selfish when it comes to their sexual needs, with no ulterior explanation.  The best in town. The most common and arguably easiest way to spot a sign of sexual narcissists comes right from the definition. As mentioned earlier, sexual narcissism is an unrealistic view of one's sexuality. Manetta from My Hero Academy comes to mind. Ali talks and thinks about his women, their bodies, and being intimate with them. Hearing that, you'd probably think he's a huge ladies man, but you'd be wrong. He actually gets rejected a lot due to his creepy and, might I add, disrespectful approach. Sexual narcissism, IRL, is the same. It can either be believing you're way better in bed or in romantic situations than you are.  The Medical News Today Journal continues to explain that any sort of criticism of a sexual narcissist could be poorly received due to this false, grandiose view of themselves. This sign is exactly why getting a text saying how amazing your night will be or something along those lines could be a bad pickup attempt or it could be a sign of sexual narcissism. Have you ever gotten one of these texts or been on this type of date? Let us know in the comments. The Sexual Barterer So there's a rumor going around the dating community that if you go out with someone you owe them physical intimacy, you do not owe anyone anything sexually.  Time to get personal. One of our writers shared this personal story with us from her college days. She started talking with this guy, we'll call him Chad. Chad took her out to eat, bought her drinks, took her to hockey games, etc. They would even spend some nights in having a few drinks and watching movies, but there was never more than a hug or a short kiss. After a month or so of dates, Chad asked when they would finally do it. She was a bit confused and even apologized if she did or said something that implied she wanted that. He said no, but after a month of spending his time and money he figured it was about time.  Now, we don't diagnose people on this channel, but based on this story alone, Chad might have been a sexual narcissist.  If you and your partner just met, you might be in the bedroom for hours at a time only breaking for water and snacks. If you're married or just have been together a long time, sex may be something on special occasions or something you rush when the kids leave the house. Whatever works for you and your partner to show each other physical love, we support it. No, imagine your partner and you are lying in bed. They ask for some sexy time, but you're just exhausted. You politely tell them that you're tired. But maybe you can have some fun in the morning? How do they react? A light joke, but accepting the boundary or do they get mad? Justin Knee has his master's in business administration and has held roles in multiple university faculties focusing within communications.  We just said it, but we'll say it again. Please know that you do not owe your partner or anyone anything sexually. And consent is always required. If you do not consent and are met with a negative response, this is not a healthy reaction. Please contact a mental health counselor to discuss this situation and what your next steps can look like. The dating world is downright scary sometimes, but finding a sexual partner who fits you can be an amazing feeling. As the saying goes, sometimes we might have to kiss a few totes. Sexual narcissists. Before you get your prints, so are princesses. We hope this video gave you an idea of what to look for, but there are so many more signs of sexual narcissism. Should we make a part two? If we can get this video to 13,000 likes, we'll do a part two. Don't forget to like and subscribe to see that part two and we'll see you next time. The references used listed below.


Highland Tile Lampdown Community Specialists from Netherrealm Studios, and this is the top 5 of Evo 2015. Number 5, there's always a wild card. This year, Milky Situations Reptile. Here we go, Bobble Lamb, and we're gonna get a punish. Dash under, 2-1! Oh! Overhead! Oh my goodness! The crowd going wild right now! Overhead! Again! This could do it! Oh no, drops it! And this is gonna be impossible! Yeah! Very nice! The crowd goes wild! Number 4, Foxy Grandpa proves why he is the best Kung Lao in the world. Here comes Foxy now. If he gets this full thing, into one more mix-up, he's got the game! Okay, here we go, let's throw Kazeme! Oh, nice hit in the breaks! No punish. Chip will do it at this point. If he gets in there... Oh! He got a grab! He got a grab right out of the hat, his opponent's hat. Very nice, the crowd goes wild. That was amazing. Number 3, Ketchup vs. Forever King Jr. I'm looking to close it out here. He's mad, Shay. Yeah, he's dead. This is a tight game, bro. And a pop-off from Ketchup.  He's like 14! He's like 10-tackles, man! Number 2, two legends meet, Dizzy vs. Tom Brady. Dizzy messed up the option select, and that could be a fade-old mistake. That could be an internal removal mistake. With... oh, with... Both double input error!  Taking the risk of a slide. Back to... Burst! Tom and the lead here. He blocked it! No punish though! And Tom, no! Amazing match by both guys. And number 1, Sonic Fox vs. Honeybee. Still match point. Oh, EX ground grenade. Oh, nice. Again, ultimate tackle. Backing up, razor rush down and slide. Using the low there. Very nice for Okazumi. So many options. Oh, man, the pressure forces the breaker. And he's still got two bars here. Man, this is really looking bad. Can you get one more? Oh! Well, I tell you, Sonic Fox saves command grabs. Sonic Fox went on to win EVO 2015. And those were our top 5 plays from EVO 2015. What were yours? If you have a fight you'd like the world to see, tweet at Netherrealm with the hashtag MKXTop5. And maybe your fight will be in the next Top 5. We'll see you next time.


Can you disagree? I will say in Spanish and I can speak Spanish. I know, but if you could speak Spanish, if you could say Olaf, Gagal, I spoke only in English. What God? I believe when you go to Japan, I can't speak to someone. Before you travel into the book, you'll learn just three or four sentences. Is that every language? So, what do we think of the next one there? So, what about the next one there, Anna? I think it's true. You think it's true? Yes. And why? 100% language that we assume when you are born there. It's very, very, very difficult to speak. Maybe very true. I disagree. You can't speak two languages. For example, my daughter is born here. And she speaks perfectly in French. Because she wants to be in French. She speaks with her mother in Spanish. Especially if she speaks English. Next one. Can you speak Italian? It's true. I can speak Italian, but they are speaking English. It's not the language. Even if this may be ten years. For us, it's better than better. Brazilian. Very good English. Maybe she lost some words in Portuguese, I think. So, when we say we disagree, we would say we can't. We would say it's impossible. I disagree. I disagree here. I can't never. Right, can't never. That's why I wanted to point that out. You understand that it says can never, right? So, we say a person can never, right? That would be the opposite, right? What about the next one? Abdul. Most people prefer to see a movie. For example, with subtitles. They can speak a bit deep. And to their own language. No, they watch it in English. And then in English subtitles. What in English? Okay. I don't understand.


Hello everyone, my name is John Hammond. Welcome back from the YouTube video We're looking at some down under CTF, which was a capture the flag competition that was going on this past weekend And it's been a little while since I've showcased some CTF stuff. So I want to get back on the saddle Let's not waste any more time. We'll hop on over to my screen here So to get started I want to showcase some of the OSINT or open source intelligence challenges I'm kind of gonna go a little bit backwards I want to showcase that second challenge first and then kind of go back to welcome to petstagram So here we go. This challenge is called bad man. It said we've recently received reports about a hacker who goes by the alias Under Maitre Okay, and let's speak cool. He's been threatening innocent people for money and must be stopped Help us find him and get us the flag Roger Dodger. So since this is an open source intelligence challenge I'm assuming I'm going to be googling. I'm assuming I'm going to be doing an internet scavenger hunt, which might not always be the Most logical thing to do But it's probably going to be looking at some social media probably finding some online websites So let's hop over to our good friend uncle Google and let's simply look for Under Maitre Nice Okay, so We could try regular social media things we could check him out on Twitter, but it's look like there's nothing going to be Returned from Google that doesn't exactly help us whatsoever so in that case we could just go back and use like Going to Twitter comm and then supplying the username that we can assume That is going to be his alias. Maybe he has some accounts on social media pages Twitter LinkedIn Facebook, etc. So if I specify my URL Twitter comm slash Under Maitre with the Leedspeak characters Let's go to that page and see if we've get anything. Okay, and it looks like we found someone or something or some account Let me zoom in on this a little bit. Well, it's like we have Under Maitre with the spooky scary hacker man profile picture. Nice 16 following 16 followers joined July 2020 so Recent oh retweeted tweets from down under CTF. Okay, so it looks like we are probably on the right track Oh DC cyber sec had done a really cool video to hype it up. Awesome Shout out to you DC cyber sec if you guys like cyber security videos like mine or others Support other content creators and go check him out. He does really great stuff The very first down under CTF will be held on 18 September What other tweets do we have I am not a bot Okay, whoo that was close. I put out a tweet that contained personal information. Well, I'm glad we have a delete button Interesting, I wonder if we could like maybe retrieve old deleted tweets. I don't know if that's a thing since when is VP colon QJ six I XM FZA not a strong password shaking my head. Hmm I Thought that was kind of peculiar Originally because I look at this and I see kind of that colon syntax sometime you see like a username colon password Um, I thought like oh was this like base 64 and I just copied this and would try and just throw in a little terminal over here You could just simply echo that into a base 64 D Decode, but that's nothing. So okay Maybe that's a password. Maybe that's his password. Maybe we could log in with his account. Maybe that's a thing Twitter Pretty sure probably has two-factor authentication though People say I'm a skid to which I say here's your address. Oh, oh What's that? What's that like Neil de Crasse Tyson meme where he's like, oh, we got a badass over here Why are the cases rising up again? Okay What do we particularly do here we have maybe a password and we have this notion Okay, put out a tweet that contained personal information Glad we have a leap button. So we deleted some tweets I went down a rabbit hole to be like, oh, let's recover deleted tweets and you could probably see I Don't know if I have any Recent searches in here, but I would just Google like oh, is this a thing that I can do Can I actually recover deleted tweets if you like search for their account? I Didn't end up dealing with this Honestly, I read about this a little bit and tried like oh if you search for that user and like Maybe the advanced search or something you could do Maybe some magic regardless. I realized like okay if he put out a tweet that contained personal information I'm glad we have a leap button sometime in the past. I thought well, maybe we're doing some Way back machine action or maybe there was a snapshot of his account at some point previously and Maybe there's a record of what that tweet would have been So if you haven't heard of the way back machine It's kind of a cool archiving website where you will be able to particularly look at websites or different web pages on the internet at a Certain specific particular point in time. I think we actually showcased a challenge on this at one point called like Timekeeper I don't know if that was non-con or I don't know if that was a verse that Connor was one of the CTF So we were doing by the way besides Boston CTF September 26th. You guys should come play So if you go to archive.org Slash web you've got the internet archive or the way back machine here So you could simply supply a link or URL that you want to see are there any history? Are there any snapshots? Are there any records of this at a previous time in the past and Searching for this page in particular. It looks like we have some entries here. I See September 19th, and I see July 23rd Let's start with this guy and see what that looks like. So click on that Get the date Peculiar and the you can see in the URL or the address bar now. It's at a particular time. It says good job Here is your flag. Oh, okay. Awesome. It looks like that was all that we needed to do So can I click on that and go to it? Yeah So when I was doing this in real time Originally when I had it was playing the CTF. I didn't see this September 19th one Probably because I was playing on like September 18th and what is today like the 19th? I'm not positive This is not gonna load whatever so we've got that flag. We can go ahead and submit that cool Solved our quote easy challenge and that did not copy That's refusing to copy. Let me right click copy There we go, and yeah, we've already kind of solved that so good job. Here's your flag nice and neat I didn't see this one originally. So I'm curious why there's a second entry. I don't know if that challenge just had something Different on it, but that looks like the same flag so whatever the case may be that was that solution simply using the way back machine to be able to kind of go back in time and Determine maybe a potential earlier tweet that was sent out. I don't know how realistic that would be in IRL right? I don't know if anyone will go ahead and snapshot their Twitter accounts or someone else might do that for I don't know weird interesting people but Regardless that was that challenge that was using Twitter You might have been wondering. Okay. How do we make that giant leap for this alias or this username? How do we know to go to Twitter? Yeah, we could have gone to LinkedIn.  Whatever the heck plenty different things Let me talk about that and let's pivot to that other challenge. Welcome to Petstagram So this challenge prompt is who is Alexandros the cat exactly and who is this mysterious mum? He keeps talking about submit his mum's full name in lower case with the underscores instead of spaces as the flag Do you CTF curly braces and name? Okay? So they released a few hints on this challenge because it was kind of a struggle bus. I Thought based off the title here. Welcome to Petstagram. Okay, that's obviously a play on words for Instagram I thought Alexandros the cat Alexandros might be a username So I went back to of course uncle Google and asked him yo, dude, do you know anything about? Alexandros the cat So be googled it Alexander the cat is an incredible book apparently on Amazon and That didn't particularly help me. What the heck is that? All right. Okay, Alexandros the cat Instagram. Maybe I could zoom in a little bit more on that I have some other particular individual accounts And I could go look at these this is the danger of looking at Instagram pages in a video What are we gonna? What are we gonna see? I don't think that's it. I don't think that's it I don't think that's it. It's obviously that I'm just kidding Alexandros Instagram we could keep looking we could Google around a little bit more eventually what I ended up doing was just Instagram comm slash Alexandros the cat Whack that in and we've got this Instagram page here We've got Alexandros the cat with two posts 12 followers and hi. My name is Alexandros. I love catnip and me mom So Maybe this is it if he's mentioning my mom. That's totally what it mentioned in the challenge prompt So this looks kind of promising. We have two wonderful pictures of an incredibly adorable cat here Oh, and I guess I have to log in Last pass. Thank you security No, you don't need my you don't need to save my login info dude Last pass. I used to be small throwback Tuesday P. S. Check out my mom's new YouTube channel. Oh a bitly link sketch I don't know if I trust that link. I want to do it anyway. Great. Let's keep looking around before I go visit that but Alexandros the cat looks about right and Mom gave me a bow tie hashtag cool cat hashtag welcome my Insta You could do peculiar things if you wanted to like okay like download this if you could you could click on go to post and then you could probably like right-click and Extract the image out of here if you want to do some crazy steganography Strings exit tool steg hide steg solve. I don't know. I thought well, okay We've looked at the post that he has on his Instagram page I want to check out if he's tagged anything else. It doesn't look like he is so I could check out who his followers are I want to click on all these and I could go look at these individual accounts if I really really wanted to whoever you are random strange people Get excited because now you're apparently going to be in a video private account random folks Roger Dodger Okay The one that struck out to me because if if the capture the flag event the capture the flag Competition itself is going to be kind of preparing and staging this challenge to be visible by other people I want to look at some of the beginning earliest like followers I wanted to see if there was anyone that maybe they had Staged or set up for this exercise to kind of test us What might one of their friends be so I looked at m waters Emily waters sounds like a female mother name and it says m waters 92 I love gelato and my cat alexandros. Oh Okay, this is totally it for business inquiries. Please contact mlt waters 92 at gmail.com Emily waters is that going to be her name you could try and submit that if you wanted to Emily underscore waters Actually that's going to be wrong The gimmick is you need her full name Full name including middle name and I saw some folks in the discord kind of be like, okay. What the heck? I don't know about that. How do I wear what indicates that this is a full name including a middle name? I noticed this Emily t So we got an initial that's obviously not her full name You can't just say Emily t waters and that's not all of it that view hint will say here Hey, I'm looking for my mom's a full name. Are you sure you have everything you need? So we need to know her middle name We can Take a look at this video. I'm going to make sure my audio is off because I know what this is This is coffee and gelato earlier today with this cutie. Sorry for the annoying background noise lull. So annoying If I click on this video I'm not hopefully allowing the audio to go through but you could probably hear some beeping some beeps and boops Uh, I guess I can turn my volume up and maybe you'll hear it through the microphone and it won't be extraordinarily loud dope Someone is like pressing buttons on their phone, right? Maybe they're texting. Maybe that whatever the case may be Comments on living the good life super duper cool I'll go to the next one My first host excuse me. My first post has to be my handsome boy. Love you alexandros and he's so handsome I love you alexandros incredible One like Thanks, Helen Social media This is the pinnacle of human civilization instagram is just an app where you can pull up and immediately look at advertisements on your phone That's great Something that we could do now that we've seen this video and we're hearing these weird interesting beeps and boops Is that we could go ahead and download this video and extract what those dtmf tones might be? um I'm going to put in the disclaimer that this is a rabbit hole or at least it was for me I kind of fell down this road for a little bit But I just want to show you how you could follow that through in the case that this Is something that you might need in the future So maybe this is bad skip ahead in the video if you're like, this is stupid. John. I don't care Let me just show you what this really is We've got this instagram video and we want to download it so we could extract out the audio We want to get the dtmf tones or that those phone dialing sounds Out of the video and kind of interpret what they might be and what they are so I've Going ahead and viewed the post I kind of went in that instagram button and hit go to post and I can copy the link Because what I do what I need to look for like okay instagram download video Searching uh that on google Looks like we've got a couple different links. You could download instagram videos online in mpv format And all this takes is a url to download. So when we slap this guy in there Download the instagram video. It looks like it got it. I'll download the video in mp4 um Yeah Yeah, all right cool That save us like 11 something massive In my ctf folder. I had a du ctf where I've been working with some of the stuff Ossent, uh, let me make a directory for youtube pets Grand pets to gram pentagram. I don't know. Whoa Okay, and now let's move our downloads 11 mp4 all the way into this directory and now we've got it So I could m player this and you'd totally be able to see it Wow incredible M player just a command line tool to watch a video not what we're trying to do We want to extract the audio and the sounds from this So what I like to do is I like to just use ffmpeg because it's super duper easy You can use ffmpeg And if you don't have that it's a sudo app install ffmpeg on a ubuntu or debian based systems tack i for our input file And then the following argument will just be What we want uh the Output to be so I'll just call it sound mp3 and then ffmpeg Whoa ffmpeg will realize okay. We just want to carve out the audio from this We just want to now render it as an mp3 file rather than mp4 file So if I m player that sound mp3 Now there's no video. I just have the audio handy nice cool I could file on all of these if I wanted to you can see that this original mp4 file is an mp4 This sound an mp3 file is just an mpeg mp3 mp3 So Now we would want to convert those dtmf tones dtmf And I can tell you a little bit more about those dual tone multi frequency It's the signal phone company. Excuse me when you press an ordinary telephone touch keys So if you want a decoder dtmf tone decoder You could simply find One of the ones that I really really like is this like abc123 Uh, maybe I need to specify the word dtmf decoder on the line. Yeah. Yeah. Dial abc. That's what it is Detect dtmf tones and we have to go ahead and supply a file. So I have this in ctf do ctf Ocent right youtube pentagram sound mp3 I will go ahead and whack this in there and I ran headfirst into this wall because when I click on this And upload an mp3 file, it'll tell you. Whoops. Sorry. That's not a supported audio file format We need to work with something different. They suggest we support Riff, microsoft wave files and sun next audio. So okay wave file Sure, whatever ffm peg can still work that magic So let's go back to our command ffm peg tack i with our input file And now we'll just use sound.wav and whack that in there. Cool. All right. Now let's upload that wave file And let it do its thing It's going to take a little bit of time because it's churning through this video however long it may be However much sound and audio it needs to extract out And we'll see if we get anything peculiar. Oh, we do six three three eight zero six three zero two Etc So these numbers that are indicated here are the buttons that that person is pressing on their phone I'm still in the middle of the rabbit hole here. Maybe this isn't important. Maybe somehow it is for some people regardless I want to continue to showcase this because that's good to know for a future So what i'm going to do is i'm going to take all of those values and i'm just going to slap them in a text editor Really gross I only care about the lines Because i've just copied and pasted this The numbers that I saw were six three three et cetera So in this case, it's just a line that has just the number and nothing else on it So what i'm going to do is i'm going to do a fine replace. I hit control h on my keyboard So I have the regular regular expression mode on so what i'll do is i'll just look for a like backslash d to denote a Digit and i'll note a dollar sign to note the very end of the line So care it to note the start of the line Backslash d to denote a single digit and then dollar sign regular expression to denote the very very end of the line So you can see my six is highlighted. My three is highlighted. My three is highlighted, et cetera What i'm going to do is i'm just going to actually hit that find all So now I have those all selected within sublime text I'll hit control x so I can copy them and put them on my clipboard Then i'll just remove literally everything else in this file So when I hit control v or to paste all I have are those numbers That's kind of nice and kind of easy if I wanted to kind of remove all those new lines I could use like a backslash n and replace all of those now. I just have that specific string So I have in sequence the numbers that that person typed on their phone This is a thing if I were to go to github.com slash john hammond slash ctf hyphen katana This is just kind of a resource that I had put together. Here's like my checklist of things or my my I don't know Playbook of things that I might be looking for or remind myself to do during a capture the flag for different kind of Capture the flag challenges different categories different things, et cetera one of these in here is a cell phone cypher like the keypad cypher So you can check this out if you have any interest in it, but Down down below. I see a phone keypad Some messages may be hidden with a string of numbers, but really being coded with old cell phone keypads like text messaging with numbers repeated So typically a zero is a space But all these other numbers that might be tapped in sequence could be what you're typing on that old cell phone So the number six, okay, that might be m because we've only hit that button once three Looks like we've got three Three so that pressed it twice that would be an e and then eight Okay, that's a t that's interesting, et cetera and we would go ahead and Maybe fill that out. You could use a tool to be able to track down all of this information Uh, what I'll do is I'll just look up like t nine cypher decoder T nine it can be kind of the notion for that. Okay typing on that that text pad Looks like decode fr has a decent one for it. So let me go ahead and just go to that I will slap that syntax in here and then I will decrypt t nine And it found 6338 could potentially be meets looks like it has a lot of certainty 6 3 could respond to me Maybe or md or mf or md, et cetera meet me makes the most sense and two eight could be at at u, et cetera any of those Um meet me at And then other letters that I don't exactly understand After I had found this in real time when playing this challenge and playing the ccf. I didn't really know what to do I was like, okay. What the heck meet me at wd Meet me at wf waterfront. I don't know w Anything x all any of these things. I didn't exactly know what I would be doing with that Um And I was kind of at a loss so I took a step back and kind of went back to everything that we had Remember when we were looking through this alexandra's the cat page and we were looking at this emily waters page all the stuff We had one notion that said hey, please check out my mom's new youtube channel and we had that bitly link So let's go to that page and it'll bring us to this youtube channel gelato el gato Great they have 36 subscribers, but they have no content on the home page Absolutely no videos no playlists no channels and Um, I left a comment in here like hey can I have the flag? I guess they hadn't deleted that one yet. I left a comment on the instagram ones too And I guess they deleted those but nice good troll john 10 out of 10 um in the about page They just welcomed my youtube channel and when they joined so This again seemed like a dead end and I was like Wtf what do I do with this? Why can't I solve this? This is supposed to be easy Or beginner and I'm like I am wracking my head against this. I don't know what I'm doing um Eventually We had this thought this gelato el gato account That's a new username because we've seen m waters 92 or emily waters or alexandris the cap But we hadn't seen gelato el gato before that was kind of a new name And we had fallen down the rabbit hole of checking out m waters and how she loves gelato We we literally looked through all the pictures here on gelataria gelataria on the docks and was like oh ice cream people stuff Literally nothing else that would correlate to the ctf challenge.  That was not good for us to fall down that rabbit hole But we hadn't seen this gelato el gato username before and we thought once again uh This is actually Like idea came to us after we had looked at the previous challenge the badman one So we had solved that because I had a bit more. I don't know traction It was easier to do we just found it on twitter and then we thought like oh shoot Yeah, this account might be on other social media platforms So maybe this gelato el gato has an instagram account. Can I just go to that? That's not a thing Let's go to twitter.com slash gelato el gato and there we go Call me teresa. I love gelato and my cat alexandros and We have an inkling now with that t initial that we saw earlier Her full name is emily teresa waters and we could submit that as the flag And I like these memes here nice nice Cool Let's go ahead and submit that we did emily teresa waters and that would be the correct flag I've already solved this so it doesn't showcase that That was how we ended up solving that challenge And we were bumping around lost Like not exactly knowing what to do for the longest time here and I had a thought after I went through this because I think The right methodology the right mindset to have when you're doing this oscent stuff or this open source intelligence Information gathering looking up doing human intelligence on social media networks like social networking sites, etc Is to keep track of those usernames because the same way that people will synchronize passwords or like use the same Password on different sites. There's still the concept and idea of synchronized usernames People will probably have the same username on different accounts or social media pages So whenever you find a new username, you should keep track of that And then look to see does it exist on other potential platforms? There's a really really neat tool that does this if I look up python sherlock oscent The sherlock project or sherlock has the script this tool to hunt down social media Accounts that are based off of a specific username So hunt down social media accounts by username across different social networks and it's super duper easy All you really need to do is clone the repository move into it install the requirements and then you're good to go Let me show you this thing. Let's do it I will just go ahead and get cloned it into this current directory And we can read you a little bit about some of the usage here All you really need to do is supply a username and then just find it It'll just keep hunting and look for things you can supply other output like how you want to be What directory or folder if you want to work through a proxy or tor comma separated value or json or time out or colors, etc And that's neat. So I'd hop over to sherlock and I have that requirements dot text file So I could as the documentation is suggested. Let's use like pip 3 to install stuff based out of the requirements Text file and all this should already be installed for me. So I could simply python 3 sherlock and I don't need that note there dot pi What the heck it is it is sherlock dot pi. Oh, can I just use the whole module? Is that how that works? Python 3 sherlock I guess it just figures it out. Okay, cool. So I need to supply a username So let's go ahead and supply our elgato gelato or gelato elgato Let's paste that in there and see if it tracks it down automatically for us When I ran this when I tinkered with it and played with it I'll be honest It was kind of slow and I don't know why Uh, I know this thing is using threading. I know this thing is doing cool stuff I know it's supposed to be lightning fast. It took a little bit of time for me to get all those results Anyway, it found twitter. It also went to mobile twitter, which is kind of peculiar but sweet good enough And it could find on linkedin I don't know if that's actually an account or not. Nope. Guess not And turinga whatever the heck that is Okay, good. I'll trust that Anyway, sherlock was running a little bit slow for me. So I actually recommend Using the docker file. So if you want to you can just grab it from Docker hub and you can literally docker run sherlock and then the username that you want to supply So let me do that docker run sherlock I've already got that pulled in that image If you hadn't ran that command before it might have to pull the image down for you to work with So docker run sherlock and then the command that you want to work with or the username It was gelato elgato Please I think I repeatedly forget this Gelato elgato. Yep Let's whack that and now it's like whoa boom. Okay. We're checking out all these different locations academia bandcamp basecamp bit bucket blip askfm nine gag Etc. Some of these might not have accounts that'll tell you hey not found so you could grab that out if you really really wanted to But this it seemed to be doing a little bit more Faster than the other one was and it got a lot like oh, hey, here's that twitch account. Excuse me Here's that twitter account. Here's that youtube account, etc. Even tinder nice uh, okay That's that holy cow This has been a long video and it probably really didn't have to be but I hope you don't mind me talking a Lot, I hope you don't mind me showcasing some of the things that uh the rabbit holes that I found down Just showcasing some more of my methodology and stuff that happened. What was that second hint they released? Well, they actually use here if you have alexandra's mum's given name and surname What else could there be left to find to get her full name? Okay, so yeah mentioning the middle name and doing a little bit more Hunting and digging around on the internet. So that's the thing with oscent. It's an internet scavenger hunt sometimes I'd like to be able to showcase this Going to take off because not a ton of people solved this and I know we did So I will see if I can remind myself what we did to go through that but uh That is bad man and that is walking to petstagram. So I hope you guys enjoyed this video I know I talked forever and this is way way longer than it needs to be but thanks so much I appreciate you tuning in check out another capture the flag video doing some oscent with me And that is enough of me yapping if you did like this video, please do do those youtube algorithm things I would love if you could like the video. Maybe leave a comment. Maybe subscribe You know, I'm super duper grateful and if you like capture the flag, please please please register for b-sides boston ctf You can go to b-sides boss dot ctf dot games that website and september 26th I'm hosting that capture the flag event. It'll run for about eight hours We're gonna try and some new stuff with dynamic scoring a new infrastructure like user-based containers It'll be cool. It'll be fun. So that's enough of me talking. Let me end the stinking video. Thanks everybody I love you. Take care


Excavation is one of the most hazardous types of work done in the construction industry. Excavation accidents occur frequently and tend to be more serious than construction accidents in general. The primary type of accident of concern in excavation related work is a cave-in. The actual number of cave-in accidents is not large when compared to the total number of accidents occurring in all of construction. However, those that do occur tend to be of a very serious nature. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH, conducts research on various safety and health problems, provides technical assistance to OSHA and recommends standards for OSHA's adoption. In a recent report prepared by NIOSH based on OSHA's inspection data, it was estimated that at least 73 persons were killed each year in cave-in accidents and at least 97 persons were killed as a result of all excavation related accidents. This program presents an overview of OSHA's requirements for protection of employees in excavations. OSHA's excavation standard is contained in its Code of Federal Regulations for the Construction Industry, 29 CFR Part 1926. The standards found in subpart P consist of three sections. Section 1926-650 contains the scope, application, and definitions applicable to subpart P. Section 1926-651 contains general requirements and Section 1926-652 contains requirements for protective systems. There are also six appendices, A through F. OSHA's excavation standard defines excavations to include trenches. The standard states that, in general, the depth of the trench is greater than the width, but the width of the trench measured at the bottom is not greater than 15 feet. OSHA's standard 29 CFR, 1926-651 contains requirements for the protection of employees against several different types of hazards of excavation related work. Let's look at some of these. All surface encumbrances such as trees or boulders that are located so as to create a hazard must be removed or supported to safeguard workers. The estimated location of utility installations such as sewer, water, fuel, and electric lines, or any other underground installations that may reasonably be met with during excavation work, are to be determined prior to opening the ground. Prior to start of actual operations, the utility companies or owners are to be advised of the proposed work and asked to establish the underground installation's actual location. When the utility or owner cannot establish exact locations or respond in a timely manner, the contractor may proceed with caution. Detection equipment or other acceptable means to locate utility installations must be used. When excavation work nears the estimated location of the installations, the exact location is to be found by safe and acceptable means. While the excavation is open, underground installations must be protected, supported, or removed as necessary to safeguard employees. Flooding, shock, asphyxiation, electrocution, fire, explosion, and collapse of undermined installations are some of the hazards that result when underground installations are damaged. Structural ramps must be designed and constructed to meet the requirements of their usage. Safe means of entering and leaving excavations must be provided for workers. A stairway, ladder, ramp, or other safe means of egress must be located in trench excavations four feet or more in depth so as to require no more than 25 feet of lateral travel. This is to allow workers to get out quickly in the event of an emergency. Employees exposed to public vehicular traffic shall be provided with and must wear warning vests or other suitable garments marked with or made of reflectorized or high visibility material. Employees are not allowed under loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees must stand away from vehicles being loaded or unloaded to avoid being struck by spillage or falling materials. Operators may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded when the vehicles are equipped to provide adequate protection for the operator during these operations. When mobile equipment is operated next to an excavation or when it must approach the edge of an excavation and the operator does not have a clear direct view of the edge, a warning system must be used. This system may involve barricades, stop logs, or signals. To prevent exposure to harmful levels of air contaminants and to assure acceptable atmospheric conditions, certain requirements must be met. Under certain conditions, atmospheres of excavations greater than 4 feet deep must be tested before employees may enter. Testing is required where oxygen deficiency that is less than 19.5% oxygen or a hazardous atmosphere exists or could reasonably be expected to exist. Examples of these conditions include excavations in landfill areas or where hazardous substances are stored nearby or where underground installations may have been ruptured. Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent employee exposure to atmospheres containing less than 19.5% oxygen and other hazardous atmospheres. These precautions include providing proper respiratory protection or ventilation. When controls such as ventilation are used to reduce the level of atmospheric contaminants to an acceptable level, testing is to be conducted as often as necessary to ensure continuing safety. Emergency rescue equipment such as breathing apparatus, a safety harness, and line or a basket stretcher must be readily available where hazardous atmospheric conditions exist or can reasonably be expected to develop. This equipment must be attended when in use. Employees entering deep and confined footing excavations are to wear a harness with a securely attached lifeline. The lifeline is to be separate from any line used to handle materials and is to be individually attended at all times while the employee wearing the lifeline is in the excavation. Water is very likely to be present during the course of work in excavations and is one of the major concerns during excavation operations. The action of water against the sides of excavations can cause undermining and cave-ins. The presence of accumulated water in or around excavations must therefore be treated with caution. Employees shall not be permitted to work in excavations where water has accumulated or is accumulating unless adequate precautions have been taken to protect them. Necessary precautions vary with each situation but could include special support or shield systems or water removal. If water removal equipment is used, the equipment and its operation must be monitored by a competent person to assure continued proper operation. If excavation work interrupts the natural drainage of surface water, diversion ditches, dykes or other means must be used to prevent surface water from entering the excavation and to provide safe drainage of the adjacent area. Workers may also face hazards where the stability of adjacent buildings, walls or other structures is endangered by excavation operations. Support systems such as shoring, bracing or underpinning must be provided to ensure the stability of such structures for the protection of employees. Excavation below the level of the base or footing of any foundation or retaining wall that could be reasonably expected to pose a hazard to employees is not permitted except when the excavation is entirely in stable rock or a support system such as underpinning is provided to ensure employee safety and stability of the structure or a registered professional engineer, P.E., has approved the determination that the structure is far enough away not to be affected by excavation activity or that such excavation work will not pose a hazard to employees. Sidewalks, pavements and a pertinent structure may not be undermined unless a support system or another method of protection is provided to protect employees from possible collapse. Employees must be protected from loose rock or soil which might create a hazard by falling or rolling from the excavation face. Materials and or machines may become hazardous if measures aren't taken to keep them from sliding or falling into an excavation where employees are working. Protection of employees from materials or equipment which could fall or roll into an excavation shall be provided by keeping them at least two feet from the edge of excavations or by the use of adequate retaining devices or by a combination of both if necessary. Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas and protective systems must be made by a competent person for evidence of a situation that could result in possible cave-ins, failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres or other hazardous conditions. Excavation subject to heavy rain runoff are to be inspected by a competent person and as necessary precautions instituted to protect against the hazard. Inspections shall be made after every rainstorm or other hazard-increasing occurrence. The competent person shall make inspections prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift as well as after every rainstorm or other hazard-increasing occurrence. These inspections are only required when employee exposure can be reasonably anticipated. Where employees or equipment are required or permitted to crossover excavations, walkways or bridges with standard guardrails must be provided. Excavation safety requires pre-planning. Let's take a look at some other areas where anticipation of possible hazards can help avoid accidents and injuries. OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1926-652 contains requirements for the protection of employees from cave-ins through the use of protective systems. OSHA requires that each employee in an excavation be protected from cave-ins by a protective system except when excavations are made entirely in stable rock or excavations are less than five feet in depth and determined by a competent person to show no indication of potential cave-in. OSHA divides protective systems into two categories, sloping and benching systems and support systems, shield systems and other protective systems. The use of either of these categories of protective systems requires the choice of one of four design options. Let's first look at the allowable options when choosing sloping and benching systems. The options include allowable configurations and slopes, the use of appendices A and B, designs using other tabulated data and designed by a registered professional engineer. The first option specifies allowable configurations and slopes. Any excavation less than 20 feet in depth may be sloped at an angle not steeper than one-and-one-half horizontal to one vertical. 34 degrees measured from the horizontal. Such slopes meet OSHA's requirements for worst-case soils, type C, as defined in 29 CFR 1926 subpart P appendix A. The second option involves the use of appendices A and B, maximum allowable slopes and allowable configurations for sloping and benching systems are set forth in appendices A and B. The third option, when choosing sloping and benching systems, involves the use of tabulated data, such as tables and charts. The tabulated data must be in written form and include selection criteria, limits on data usage to include the magnitude and configuration of slopes determined to be safe, explanatory information necessary to aid the user to make correct selection of protective systems and the identity of the registered PE who will prove the data. At least one copy of this data must be kept at the job site during construction of the protective system. The fourth option involves the design by a registered professional engineer. Designs must be in written form and must include the magnitudes and configurations of slopes and benches determined to be safe for the project, as well as the identity of the approving PE. The second category of protective system, prescribed by OSHA to protect employees from cave-ins, involves the use of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems. The use of this category also requires the choice of one of four design options. The first option is to use appendices A and C or D. For timber shoring and trenches, appendix A, soil classification, and appendix C, timber shoring, are to be used. Hydraulic shoring of trenches calls for use of either option two, manufacturer's tabulated data, or appendix D, aluminum hydraulic shoring. Appendix D is to be used when manufacturer's tabulated data are not available. The second option is to use manufacturer's tabulated data. Design of support, shield, or other protective systems using these data must agree with all specifications, recommendations, and the limitations issued or made by the manufacturer. Deviations are allowed only with the manufacturer's specific written approval. These data are to be in written form and kept at the job site during construction of the protective system. The third option when choosing the use of support, shield, or other protective systems is design using other tabulated data. The contractor may select from designs in agreement with tabulated data, such as tables and charts approved by a registered professional engineer. The written data are to be kept at the job site during construction of the protective system and shall include the parameters that affect system selection, the limits of data usage, and any explanatory information necessary to make the correct system selection. The fourth option is to use a design approved by a registered professional engineer. Such designs are to be written kept at the job site during construction of the protective system and include a plan indicating the size, types, and configuration of the materials to be used and the identity of the approving registered PE. Materials and equipment used for protective systems must be free from damage or defects that might impair their proper function. A competent person shall examine damaged material or equipment to evaluate its suitability for continued use. Material or equipment found unsafe for continued use shall be removed from service. Members of support systems are to be securely connected to prevent sliding, falling, kickouts, or other predictable failures. Support systems must be installed and removed in a way which protects employees from cave-ins, structural collapses, or from being struck by system members. Installation should begin at the top and then progress to the bottom of the excavation. Removal reverses this process. Installation of support systems is to be closely coordinated with the excavation of trenches. Backfilling shall progress together with the removal of support systems. Material may be dug to a level no more than two feet below the bottom members of a support system if the system is designed to resist the forces calculated to the full depth of the trench and there is no indication of soil loss from behind or below the bottom of the support system. This allowance for two free feet also applies to trench shields. Employees may not work on the faces of slopes or benches above other workers unless the workers at the lower level are protected from the hazard of falling, rolling, or sliding material or equipment. Shields shall be installed in a way that will restrict lateral or other hazardous movement of the shield in the event of sudden lateral pressures. Employees are not to be in shields when they are being installed, removed or moved vertically. Employees may remain inside shields being moved horizontally. Employees are also to be protected from the hazards of cave-ins when they are entering or leaving the areas protected by the shield. Contractors who choose to use appendices of OSHA's excavation standard in design and construction of a protective system must thereafter treat the provisions of the selected appendices as mandatory. Appendix A describes a method of classifying soil and rock deposits based on site and environmental conditions and on the structure and composition of the earth deposits. The appendix contains definitions, sets forth requirements, and describes acceptable visual and manual tests for use in classifying soils. This appendix applies when a sloping or benching system designed in accordance with the requirements of 1926-652-B-2 is chosen. When timber shoring for excavations is designed in accordance with appendix C of subpart P or when aluminum hydraulic shoring is designed in accordance with appendix D. Appendix A also applies if other protective systems are designed and selected for use from data prepared in accordance with requirements set forth in 1926-652-C and the use of the data is based on use of the soil classification system presented in appendix A. To restate, use of appendix B, sloping and benching, appendix C, timber shoring for trenches or appendix D, aluminum hydraulic shoring for trenches, all require the use of appendix A, soil classification. Indeed, any protective system based on the use of the soil classification system presented in appendix A must meet all the requirements of that appendix. Appendix B contains specifications for sloping and benching used to protect employees from cave-ins. Maximum allowable slopes and benches are based on the soil types as classified in appendix A and are found in tables B1 through B14. Appendix C contains information to be used when timber shoring is provided as a method of protection from cave-ins in trenches not more than 20 feet deep. Selection of required timber dimensions and placement may be found in table C11 through C23. Each table presents the minimum sizes of timber members to use in a shoring system. Tables C11 through C13 are for actual size. Tables C21 through C23 are for nominal size. Appendix D sets forth requirements for aluminum hydraulic shoring in trenches less than 20 feet deep. This appendix must be used when manufacturer's tabulated data are not available. Required sizes and placement of hydraulic shoring are given in tables D11 through D14. Appendix E illustrates alternatives to timber shoring such as aluminum hydraulic shoring, pneumatic hydraulic shoring, trench jacks and trench shields. Appendix F presents a graphic summary of the requirements and options in subpart P for excavations 20 feet or less in depth. Deeper excavations require protective systems designed by a registered professional engineer or manufactured systems capable of the needed depth and used in accordance with manufacturer specifications. This program has presented an overview of OSHA's requirements for protection of employees in excavations. Strict adherence to these regulations can substantially reduce the number and severity of accidents resulting from excavation work. If you would like more information about OSHA or about how to comply with OSHA excavation regulations, contact your nearest OSHA area office.