So, once you see a star, it's already dying. I'm assistant professor of theater here in Prince. The support of so many folks in bringing us here today. What we have just for you for the next few minutes, we'll have some opening announcements, some logistics, and some settings of our intentions for the day. And to that end, so I think to begin, I need to offer some very specific things. First, I'm going to just do the requisite ritual that all of us in the arts understand so well. I would like to thank our funders. And so specifically by name, the funders for this event include the Stephen Trouse lecture series fund, Rochelle Caffee, the Vice President for Campus Life, the Humanities Council, the Center for Collaborative History, Department of English and Programs in American Studies, Gender and Sexuality Studies, Latino Studies and Latin American Studies. Those are the entities that Princeton can provide the financial subsidy for our work here today. I also want to thank Danielle Dennis and her crew as the venue managers of the Lewis Arts Complex, Jane Cox, the director of the theater program, Joseph Bonseca, the administrative, the academic assistant in the program in theater, and the incredible staff of the Lewis Center Arts Complex, this incredible staff that has made this day a day of hospitality. A chance for us to introduce you to our new home. We just moved in here about eight months ago. We're still learning where the doors are. And it's an incredible opportunity. When you know that company is coming, it's a great opportunity to figure out how to tune into how we're hospitable. One of the things I love about working at Princeton is the staff that runs everything here, you'll encounter them in different places throughout the day, are just so dedicated to making sure that the work, that this is a hive of activity for really searching and exciting creative action. And I mentioned her name already, but I do want to give a special shout out to Jane Cox. I'm not sure if she's been named as tight. Jane Cox is the director of the frontier at Princeton today. It's through her support, along with the support of Marion Young, the administrative director of the Lewis Center and Michael Caden, the chair of the Lewis Center. When I said three years ago that I said, I just told a bunch of people in Chicago or Carnaval that we're doing a symposium in 2018. And they said, okay. And we built that into our sense of purpose for what the organization was doing over the subsequent three years. And indeed, the program at theater, my colleague Tom Sandberg, Jane Cox, Alana Arauz, we decided that when we built the season for this year, we knew that this was one of our 10 goals, one of the most important things we'd be doing. And the opportunity for me to have this house full of my Latino theater family feels really special. I don't know any other theater program in the country where I would have been able to have the support to make this happen the way I would have. So thank you for being here to realizing, to allowing my community here at Princeton to see my two communities come together. And that is in some ways what I always envisioned and hoped. And those of you on the committee, Alia Ovega and Garcia Romero, Mikaela Cruz, Gwendolyn Halker, Gina Sampi Diaz, Cristina León, Olga Sanchez, SS, Olga SS, and others who contributed to this work, they, and a lot of my collaborators here at Princeton have said, I've always said that I imagined this convening as a, in the style of a family reunion. You know, when we come together to honor a particular thread of heritage, a particular thread of tradition, because we have a connection to one of our many surnames and we're gathering around that right there. And when we go to a family gathering, one of the things that, and especially a family reunion, one of the great gifts is we get to meet people we didn't know we were connected to. But the day is the day of saying, this is your family reunion. We are connected to, even if you never met them, even if you don't have a lot of common, there's something that brought you here together. And what I'd like us to approach this day today as we get to know each other, as we encounter each other in different ways, is understanding that we will all rock here because of some meaningful connection to Maria Eri Fornes. Some connection in our practice and ourselves that drew to Fornes is what also drew us to this, to this gathering here today. And so as you meet people, know that we already have something in common that we care about Maria Eri Fornes and her legacy.  This idea is let's have a family reunion and let's get to know each other and let's get to see who's in the mix and who's in the game to elevate and to celebrate and amplify the legacy of Maria Eri Fornes. So thanks again for being here. It's an honor and a privilege to welcome you to this building and to this space and to Princeton. And with that I'd like to welcome to the stage Olga, who will be shepherding us forward. It's a bit of a surprise. Please have a seat everybody. Look at comfortable. It's family. Every muffin. Here a little more. There's also a lot. Today, Maria Fornes Institutes of symposium is a manifestation of an intention, of an idea that was spoken, that was conceived and spoken aloud by Lisa Portres and Lou Moreno back in 2013 in Boston. To which Brian Herrera committed himself with Ben Garcia Romero, Vidalia Pumus, Georgina Escobar and Abigail Vega has led the way from taking this idea to this manifestation, this presence, all of us here together and it's quite astonishing and incredibly grateful. Briefly, I just want to acknowledge that today we are embracing the past what La Maestra Fornes has contributed to our art, to our lives. We're asking also what her work and her influence means for the future but perhaps most importantly and in the spirit of La Maestra and echoing perhaps what Brian was saying as well about being here is about embracing the present, this moment, this encounter with each other. The creative impulse of the moment we have these wonderful workshops and capacitos, these conversations, these opportunities to be here and not question, not judge simply allow what emerges to be save judgment for another day. I imagine most of you have looked at today's remarkable offerings and selected like to spend your time just briefly this is the path for today we have after this morning session at 11.15 either a capacito or a performance or a workshop then we have lunch at 1 o'clock then another session again a capacito workshop performance or film and then we'll all join back here again at 4 o'clock and bring what bubbled up what emerged to share with each other again as one large family please be sure to visit the living legacy space on the second floor there are people like Lou, like Lisa who are such a part of this but could not be here in person today but who have sent along their thoughts their testimonios, their recollections their what inspired them about working with la maestra and that's on the second floor please share that space and please contribute to that space please leave your recollections, your thoughts in some kind of written or drawn or some way engage in that that's part of the recollection that's part of the moving forward the living legacy installation on the second floor when you go up it's that way to the right of the other board for the moment now we're going to do what we've been calling a wellness check-in it's okay we're not going to but we are okay we'll let us know about la maestra Brian Herrera will report on the current and ongoing productions of her work and Garcia Romero will report on some of the pedagogical initiatives that are at play and Gwendolyn Allger will let us know about recent and current scholarship first I'd like to welcome Linalia 6pm the last time I saw Irene was Monday this past Monday I spent time with her and I wrote a poem for her I imagined putting a pen in her hand only in my mind's eye so she has late stage dementia at Alzheimer's and she's mostly blind and pretty much deaf but if you put some earphones on her and some really loud music sometimes she'll move and she's still got the rhythm in her so she's still with us and they're still her soldiers so it'd be great if the guys all went and sell her because it's good to spend time holding her and brushing her just to stay connected to the soul that is still there that's my check thank you I am here to talk about one of the traditions in our wellness check it's just part of the goal of the Fortness Institute is to try to keep track of where the action is happening and what's going on with Fortness's work in a variety of different ways one of those ways is production and to end Garcia Romero's research assistant we have a list we know that there were 54 productions 7 Fortness plays since 2015 so most of those there's a handful of productions Conduct of Life of the Danube of Salita of Springtime but most of those productions about 20 or so each have been as mud and of Bethel and her friends most of those productions I would say about 50 I don't have the exact count but somewhere around 50 of the 54 have been staged by educational institutions so as an educator and as theater educators we have a unique space on a university campus simultaneously being an academic unit and a production organization one of the it's hard enough to see that we in the academy have taken that on but I do think we've also I can say that they're through the Chisley circuit the Gossett circuit there's many stories that can be circulated around the rooms today of major theaters being inclined to consider producing IRE and getting close and falling in love with Conduct or any of the works and then saying yeah but is there another there's kind of a sort of a reluctance to take the leap into major scale productions with the exception of signatures production of Down Drowning a few years ago there haven't been a major production performances in a sort of the top the highest profile of regional theaters so I think there's work to be done among productions and I do think that it's great that the academy is keeping the active life of organizers alive in the world of students 54 and 3 years is great but could be much, much better and so now I turn it over to Gwendolyn or Ann Gwendolyn or Ann Gwendolyn or Ann so they come at the same time and then they look to get out between and I went to travel together so good morning I'm Gwendolyn Halper I don't think I know all of you but I look forward to meeting many of you today who I don't already know I'm director of the theater studies program at NYU and I will be the person who's curating coordinating and have the key to the event tomorrow which hopefully many of you will be joining us for that so I've been charged as the boring scholar in the room to talk about scholarship now I wanted to say as a preface that what I think is really great about the Latinx theater commons model is that you are bringing together artists and scholars in a very robust way I would say personally that much of my work throughout my career has been about that connection about bringing artists and scholars together and what I wanted to do today was to highlight some recent work on EDNA but all of the scholars I've been working on for right now myself included a very rare talk about EDNA we need to actually challenge the way that scholarship is produced and I think that the examples that I want to share with you all do that so the first thing I want to call to your attention as I feel like a professor here who read this book is Scott Cummings book Scott is here so he's been waiting right there so you can go back and read Scott wrote a very very important book called by the 1884 men and I find that Scott's book is the go-to encyclopedic source if you need to know anything about any production at any play that EDNA ever wrote and staged so it's a super useful book I just use it as a guide it has a great appendix in the back of all the production histories and when that was produced I think one thing that was really important about that contribution was that up until 2012 when Scott published this there was very much scholarship done on her later work and I think that Scott really was committed to creating a very interesting and engaged analysis of the later work because we all know that everybody like Brian says they produce love they produce conduct, they produce springtime but people don't always look so much at the later work so if you're interested in learning more about the later work let's play as you could stage in your institutions from her later canon that's a really good resource to have something else I wanted to point out was Ian Garcia Romero's book and it's right here and published at the Fornes frame contemporary Latina playwrights in the legacy of Maria EDNA Fornes in 2016 2016 2016


Welcome to Drinks Made Easy. Today we're showing you a really simple cocktail for the next time that you're watching Game of Thrones and best of all if you're having a large party you can bang these out really quickly. To build your white walk you're gonna start with one and a half ounces of rum shawta.  So Game of Thrones fans, who do you think is gonna stop the Night King? How far south is he gonna get?  Fry them all. Let us know what you think. Cheers from Drinks Made Easy. And please remember to always drink responsibly because everybody likes to make friends but no one likes to make them in a prison shower. We're gonna need to do another one of that. That was perfect. No it wasn't.


Hey, my name's Jim Hormann and we're going to talk about the biology of soil compaction. We've got a few problems here this morning, but I understand this may go off at noon, so I'm going to speed it up just a little bit. You know, we talk about ideal soil composition. Roughly 50% of the soil is what we call solid material. About 45% of that is the mineral portion and in an ideal soil we have about 5% organic matter. A lot of farmers don't know this, but as much as 50% of the soil can actually be pore space. However, when we compact the soil, a lot of times we don't have that much. So let's take a look at a compacted soil, look at some different bulk densities. If you look at an uncultivated, undisturbed wood lot, typically the bulk density is any worse from 1 to 1.2 grams per centimeter cubed. And what we're looking at is we're looking at the weight and basically the weight over a volume of soil. And so that would be ideal. If we had 1.2 grams per centimeter cubed, that would be an ideal soil. We have about 50% pore space in that. But as we get into cultivated clays and cultivated sandy loams, you'll notice that the bulk density increases and that means we have less room for air and water to move. And so if you look on my right hand side there at the bottom, once we reach a bulk density of 1.6 grams per centimeter cubed, it starts to become root limiting. That's somewhere around 250 pounds per square inch. If we get up to 1.8 and then the roots are totally restricted and you can't, the roots can't get through there. So that's real important on a lot of our soils. We're actually limiting the roots and how deep they can go. So let's take a look at what is typical in our soils. We generally talk about the plow layer. And this may be any worse from 7 to 8 to 9 inches deep. And you'll notice that we have, as we plow that soil, the bulk density goes down. It's like around 1.4. And then we reach this limiting layer there about 7, 8, 9 inches deep where it's very hard for the roots to get through the soil. We've seen this in almost all the soils that we've looked at. There's a limiting layer there. And a lot of times, especially on corn roots, they'll go off at a right hand angle, also on soybeans. So what we're doing with the cover crops and the no-till is we're trying to break up these compaction zones. The very fine roots can get through, planes of weakness, and they can decrease that bulk density so that our main crop, the green crops, can get deeper into the soil to get moisture and also nutrients. Soil organic matter, if you look at some of the characteristics, why we want to increase soil organic matter contact, look at the bulk density of soil organic matter. It's about 0.6 compared to, say, 1.45 similar to that range for where we have a tilled soil. So soil organic matter has less density. And the soil has more room and more space for air and water storage. And here's an important characteristic. Every pound of soil organic matter can hold 18 to 20 pounds of water. That's why we like to say that soil organic matter acts like a sponge. And here's a picture of that. You can see the little black areas in there. If you look at soil organic matter, it's not nearly as dense. The color tends to be light to dark brown. And it has room to store water and also to store nutrients. You also notice that the surface area is quite large. So that allows water to get trapped in between those particles. It also gives structure to our soils. When we looked at a compacted soil, the density could be between 1.6 to 1.8. Compacted soils kind of have a much higher density, less room for air and water storage. They tend to act like roads or road payment. A lot of times result in flash floods. It was interesting this year. We had a drought. We had a couple of one inch rains. But the majority of that water ran off the soil surface, even though the soil was extremely dry. It's because we turned that soil into road payment.  We've all probably seen a farmer, maybe your neighbor, really tilt the soil. What happens when they tilt it and get it very fine? As soon as it rains, it turns into concrete. So dense soils also have less microbial life. That's really important for nutrient management. Here's an electron microscope of some of the clay minerals. This is where the water and the nutrients can be trapped. Generally, this clay mineral will put an organic film around there and the nutrients get trapped in between the soil organic matter and the minerals that are in the soil. Three soil compaction factors. We all know that heavy equipment due to its weight will compact the soil. But did you know that rain and gravity will also compact the soil? We can have rainfall when it comes down. It can reach a terminal velocity of 35 miles per hour. It almost looks like a mini nuclear explosion when it goes off. So that can move soil and water, but it also tends to have a compacting factor. Is there a visual way to measure soil compaction? Actually, you can go on your farm and you can probably see this. If you look at a fence row and look at the elevation difference between your field and where that fence row is. We've measured this in Ohio. Some said that this was due to wind. Others said that a lot of the soil had eroded and had piled up in a windrow. But actually, we've measured this on the lee side of a woods and we saw anywhere from a six to nine inch elevation difference. If 50% of that is void space, that equals an additional three to four and a half inches of additional water that we could store in that soil. If you really want to see this, if you've got a wooded area, you can see the difference here in northwest Ohio. A lot of times the woods that we had were actually very low and that's where the water stood. Now often the water is standing on the headlands and we can see water standing there. It's because that soil is much more compacted. Here's the water available. The available water capacity of soil organic matter, that first inch of additional soil organic matter can gain you anywhere from one to almost two inches of additional water. If we get it up to five inches or five percent soil organic matter, you can see we're gaining on a 70 soil 2.5 on a silly loam four inches and on a silly clay loam three inches of additional water. It starts off at one to two inches of water per foot of soil and after we get up to about five percent organic matter, we're down to about a half 2.8 inches of additional water for every one percent organic matter that we're adding to that soil. This is extremely important in dry weather or in climates that don't have a lot of rainfall. Here's what happens. We've talked about this and where we've got a compacted or tilled soil, it tends to set up like the road. Where we have good vegetation throughout the year, we increase that pore space so it slows down the water runoff and it increases water infiltration. Here's what happens if we speed up or double the velocity of water. The relationship is two to the six power for every time you double the velocity of water. This tells you how many more nutrients that that water can carry. The faster the water flows, the more energy it has. If I go from one to two mile per hour, I can carry 64 times more nutrients. If I get up to 16 to 32 mile per hour in a flowing stream, I can carry a thousand times more nutrients with that water. What we're trying to do now is we're trying to slow the water down so that it drops its load, keeps the nutrients in the soil rather than running off. We have a lot of problems with hypoxia and nutrification. Hypoxia is too much nitrogen and phosphorus getting into the Gulf of Mexico. Nutrification is mainly where we've got too much phosphorus causing a lot of algae blooms. For water uptake, if you're looking at where the roots absorb most of the water, it's in that top half. If you look at each one of these lines is about six inches, so 40% of the water by that plant is absorbed within the top six inches. The next six inches will absorb about 30%. So 70% of the water is absorbed in the top foot. This kind of explains why corn can actually do quite well with maybe only eight to nine inches of rooting depth before the roots start going off a right angle. It actually has almost 70% of the water. But if we can get those roots to go a little bit deeper, especially in a dry year, we can gain another 20 to as much as 30% more water as we get into that subsoil. Same thing goes for nutrient extraction, exact same relationship, 40, 30, 20, and 10. And you can see the depth there. So same relationship. Also, when we look at a soil, there's a big difference between no-till with the cover crop where we have live plants. Notice the temperature difference. It's about 87 to 85 degrees over here where we have conventional and maybe we have started to try to do no-till. You'll see that there's at least 20 to maybe as much as a 30 degree increase in the temperatures. This year, when we had a drought here in Ohio, we measure soil temperatures up around 130 to as high as 140 degrees Fahrenheit. And what impact does that have? Notice here, the soil bacteria start to die at 140 degrees Fahrenheit. We get our best moisture somewhere where the soil is around 70 to 95 degrees. Once it gets over 95, notice we're only using at 100 degrees Fahrenheit, 15% of the moisture is used for growth, 85% of the moisture is lost through evaporation and transpiration. So if we can keep that soil covered with live plants and keep a nice layer of residue on there, we can conserve moisture. And that's the key thing that I wanted to talk to you about. Also, for hot dry summers, how much more water do we need when the temperature goes up? At 75 degrees Fahrenheit, we need about one inch of water per week. Raise that by 10 degrees. We need two inches. Raise that by another 10 inches. And now we're up to four inches of water a week. So your water requirements double for every 10 degree increase in temperature. Heat and drought together, they're linked together. They quickly increase yield losses in your soil. This information came from Dr. Elwin Taylor out of Iowa. If we look at the soil and look what's going on, when we do subsoil tillage, where we add an extremely large amount of oxygen into the soil, it acts like a firmness, almost like a wood stove, you might say. Adding oxygen to the soil actually causes the soil organic matter to go up into the atmosphere. So we start to lose soil organic matters. And the more aggressive your tillage, the more soil organic matter losses you're having. Matter of fact, in the last 50, 25 years, once tillage starts, you'll see that you will lose as much as 50 percent organic matter. In some places, we've seen as much as 60 percent losses in soil organic matter. Notice though that once we started doing permanent sod and adding, we can start to add organic matter back to that soil. But you notice that we didn't reach the same level. You might want to think about that. Why didn't we get back up to where we were? And the answer to that is quite simple. It has to do with the amount of roots and how tall we let that grass grow. We tend on our permanent sods will cut off the top growth. Top growth is related to root growth. The more root growth you have, the more healthy that plant is, the more organic matter you're going to add to your soil. Matter of fact, most of the organic matter in the soil comes from the roots. As much as 65 to 70 percent of the organic matter comes from roots. So the more roots we get into the soil, the higher our soil organic matter levels. Let's talk a little bit about compaction. Here's a typical tire. And you notice as you're putting weight on that soil, the forces are down. And then what actually happens is the soil moves to the side and will actually get kind of a lip there around that rut. You'll see that the soil is actually forced upward. And so what happens then, if we take, say, a disc and we try to take that lip off and we try to fill in that hole, you'll always notice when this happens that you never quite fill it in. And why is that? Because we're losing the void space. When you break up the soil and you lose all your soil structure, you have less room powder. And so what we're doing is we're breaking the soil down and the mineral portion is very solid, very dense. And so what we need to do is now lift it up and keep it in shape. We need to have better soil structure. And one of the ways we can do that is with a root. You might see this root here. It's expanding the soil. Where that man is pointing, you'll notice that when this big oil seed radish, these can get as big as your leg and get any worship three to four feet deep in the soil, although mostly the tuber is at the soil surface. But what it does is as it goes down and it expands, it's forcing the soil down, forcing it to the side, and it's physically lifting it. And so what roots actually do is they actually compact the soil, but they reorientate the clay particles. And then what they do is they form aggregates. So we're going to take some of the polysaccharides and the exodus that come from these roots, and we're going to form nice aggregates, which will give us some structure back to our soil, so that our soil doesn't collapse on us. And it's not quite as dense. Here's what the bacteria do 90% of the bacteria are linked to the clay. 40 to 60% of the soil microbial biomass is associated with this clay. And that's how we form something called a macro aggregate. And what we do is we take these micro aggregates, which are less than 250 microns, and we're going to form macro aggregates.   So what we're doing is we're allowing that soil to start to set up so it has more structure. So it has more room for air and water. And by that, by doing that, we can store more air and water in that soil and it's less dense. And one of the key fungus that we have in the soil are these micro rhizial fungus, they actually infect 80% of our plants. And they give off something called glomalin or glomulin, some people call it. That's what gives us some of the glycoproteins and some of the structure that helps to cement soil together to form these macro aggregates. And here's what micro rhizial fungus look like. You'll notice on the top, we have this brown root. The fungus are actually either white or yellow. And in a handful of soil, we can have as much as 20 to 25 miles of these filaments going into soil. What these fungus do is they bring back water, nitrogen and phosphorus to the plant. In exchange, the plant is going to feed that micro rhizia, some of its carbohydrates. As much as 25 to 40% of the total carbohydrate reserves in the root go to feed these fungus if they're available. It's a very beneficial relationship. And then when these fungus die, they give off the this glomulin that's inside their cell structure. It's kind of sticky. It's kind of like a glue that helps to glue our soils together. So we want to keep these micro rhizia healthy. They need to have live plants year round. In order to do that, tillage and excess fertilizer tend to kill off the micro rhizia fungus. And here's what happens. This shows that sticky substance being surrounded. It surrounds the soil particles. And that's what gives us those nice macro aggregates that we were talking about. Building soil structures like building a house. It starts with Mother Nature. We've our carpenter is our plants. And we're going to start with this sand silt and clay. The roots are kind of like how we would frame up a house. Some of the nails and the lag screws, this humus is very hard, very tough. It's been around for hundreds, thousands of years. It's been broken down. So it sticks around. But what we're really lacking in the soil is some of that glomulin or some of that active carbon. Some of the polysaccharides are missing. The nitrogen and sulfur also act like braces. And then that surface residue, that's kind of like the roof on your house. So here's a picture of a house. And see how we started let's take a look at how we build this how we start off with the foundation. We add the wood and so look around the room where you're maybe you're sitting at. Notice that there's a lot of space in a building like this or in a house. The reason we have that is because the wood or the soil organic matter in the soil is giving structure and the nitrogen and sulfur are acting like braces. And now we've got room for air and water to move. The lag screws I'd like to say is how soil organic matter attaches to the clay particles. And a lot of times we'll have phosphorus we'll have some other nutrients in between there that will give that will attach that clay particle and that organic matter together. The humus again is like nails. And then this glomulan kind of acts like the glue or house wrap it helps to insulate this house. And then the roof is is helps to keep on a roof on a house will help keep out water. What's interesting in the soil the roof actually acts to help keep out too much oxygen.  We get too much water in there and that water would start to rot out the wood and pretty soon this whole house would cave in in the soil. If we get rid of the residue, you get too much oxygen in the soil and it burns up the soil organic matter and the whole house starts to compact and starts to decay and everything falls in. It works the exact same way in the soil. Too much oxygen, oxygen and carbon dioxide are opposed to each other when one increases the other decreases. So carbon dioxide is heavier than the oxygen. So they're inversely related. So if we get a heavy rain where we have a micro aggregate, you're not going to get as much water infiltration. And a lot of the water will run off. One of the things that farmers have talked to me about is saying, you know, I've been in no till for five or 10 years. And some farmers will say that my soils are cold and wet.  So which one is right? Well, actually, let's take a look at this. Probably when you started into no till, did you get rid of all the soil compaction? And so that's probably one of the reasons why our soils are cold. Compacted soils hold more moisture. So coming out of the winter, we're going to have water which holds the cold and hold the cold and the heat. And so your soils will tend to be wet. And they also tend to be cold. As you start to get into no till and you start to break up that soil and get more macropores, you get the water to drain from your soils, that soil will start to warm up quicker. Matter of fact, you've probably seen this in your own home, windowpains, a lot of times are triple double or triple and they use air as an insulation. So now when you start going, let's say you've been in no till for one to two years, we're starting to get more residue at the surface. What is the color of residue when it breaks down? It actually turns black.  Or do they cause it to get colder? They tend to draw heat. And so they'll actually help to warm up the soil. So as we get more residue on top of soil, your soils will start to warm up. And then as you get a thick layer of residue, a lot of farmers think that this is not a good thing, but it actually is. What happens is, think about a compost pile. If I have one to two inches of residue on my soil surface, what happens in the middle of that compost pile, there's biological activity, and that will actually warm up the soil. Most farmers who are doing no till with cover crops are fighting to keep residue. They have so much microbial activity and so many earthworms, they're actually fighting to keep the residue rather than trying to break it up. If you're having a hard time with residue, if it's causing problems to your tires, we see a lot of that here in Ohio. Chances are that you don't have a lot of microbial activity or a lot of earthworms in your soil, and you need to make it get your soil more healthy. Here's where we're measuring soil compaction. We can actually do this in the field and we're finding out that right next to that root, soil compaction levels decreased by as much as 30% Why do our soils compact? We'll look at your crop rotation. Typically, we, at least here in Ohio, we're drilling most of our soybeans, drilled soybeans are planted very close together to have a very poor root system. I would rather see soybeans planted in 15 inch rows or spaced a little wider apart. They have a much healthier root system and they can help to break up some of this soil compaction. Also, if you look at corn, it has a very thick root and it tends to be limited by the plow layer. We saw that in Minnesota last year. We visited Minnesota. Their plow layer was down there about eight inches deep. That's where they plowed every year. Those roots could not get through. Even though they had beautiful soils, they were only reaching about 125 to 140 bushel corn yield at some of the prettiest soils I've ever seen. Dark, rich, black, but the soil was compacted. So that was limiting their yields. What percentage of the time do we have live roots? Typically in a corn soybean rotation, only maybe four months out of the year, maybe as much as five months, about one third of the time, if we can add a cover crop to that, we can greatly increase the amount of soil organic matter that we have in the soil. And one of the things that people have asked me is why does no till really have more live roots than conventional tillage? The answer is not really. It's not until you add the cover crop that we start to gain soil organic matter. So what's missing in no till is those live roots. Soil compaction is a biological problem. It's related to a lack of living roots in the soil. So I've got about 15 minutes left. Let's start looking at some things that we can do to get rid of this soil compaction. So if we're looking at subsoiling, here's some research that was done in Ohio. Subsoiling yield gains or losses. If you have conventional tillage with subsoiling, we found out that the corn yield gained about one to three bushel or about 3% about a three percentage increase on soybean yields. It was just a little bit more. We gained anywhere from two to five bushels or about 10% yield increase. What happened when we had long term no till? It actually went the other way by the same amount. Our corn yield loss, we lost anywhere from one to three bushel or about 3% soybean yield losses were around 10%. So what does subsoiling do if we're comparing subsoiling versus cover crops? The subsoil, what does it do? It gives you immediate change in soil structure as down as deep as what you're going to subsoil it. If you're going down eight inches deep, however, those changes are not permanent. And it actually leads to greater reliance on tillage in the future because we're losing that soil organic matter. It will increase infiltration in that top 18 inches because you're fluffing up the soil. It leaves the soil susceptible to compaction later. The first trip across that field, you're going to compact that soil 80% of that soil will be compact almost immediately with the first trip. What can cover crops do? Well, the change is a little bit slower, but it's a little deeper. We can go three feet deep or even deeper with really deep rooted cover crops. It increases the infiltration, but it may take a little bit of time. Generally, cover crop roots can go through about one foot of soil of compacted soils per year. So if you have a very heavily compacted soil, it may take a little bit of a time. Think about your grain carts and your your combines, a typical combine is going to compact that soil 18 inches deep about 26 tons of compaction for axle load. It'll compact it down to eight inches deep. One of the things that cover crops do is they protect the soil from erosion, they add nutrients in organic matter, they tie up the nutrients, they fit into a continuous no till system, they really make the no till work much better, and they help to protect against soil compaction. If you want to think about this, just imagine if you had two bricks, and you put a sponge in between them. What happens is as you add organic matter, if you were to compress those bricks, that bricks would come back apart, the sponge helps to alleviate some of that compaction, it doesn't allow those bricks to get too close together. So if you imagine these bricks, bricks are made out of clay, they have a negative charge. We take these two bricks, and we get rid of the organic matter. Now you put a positive ion in between there, something like calcium or potash, that's going to set that, those two bricks up and it's going to set up like a brick wall. That's what happens. I like to call it cement mix, that's what happens when we till the soil excessively. We need that organic matter in there to cushion the soil. Here's some of the soil resistance, and here's the rankings. And we'll start from the bottom, I'm going to go back, subsoiling deep rip, full surface tillage, you're adding a lot of oxygen into that soil, it will help you, but the problem is it's a short term solution. We can moldboard plow, or chisel plow, and then when we finally create a fine seed bed, but the problem is again, the more you disturb the soil, the more organic matter you're losing, and so you're going to be dependent on that system year after year after year. We can subsoil with white space shanks, and that will help, so we're not doing quite as much disturbance. We can get into strip till where we only fill up just a small portion of the field and then we leave the rest of the field untouched, and that will help. We can do shallow tillage, things like the airway and the Phoenix Herald. A lot of people call this vertical tillage. The problem with this is, now we've changed our compaction layer. We've seen this time time again as we do the shallow tillage, your compaction layer, rather than being 8 to 9 inches deep, now maybe only 2, 3, 4 inches deep. However far that you go down, the bottom of that tool creates a compacted zone. We can do intermittent no-till, which is tillage every other year. Typically in a corn-soybean rotation, they might till the soybeans and then go to corn because the corn has such a thick root, it really benefits from having well aerated soils. Or we can start to go to continuous no-till, where we get light residue on the soil. Again, now we're building up that organic matter, we'll have less compaction. We get more residue, that's better, with no cover crop. Once we add the cover crop, now we're starting to cushion that soil. Then the best situation is where we have continuous no-till, cover crop, and controlled traffic. Now we're limiting that zone that we're compacting to a very small portion of the field. If we do that year after year, now we can make our soils much healthier and have a lot less compaction. How to establish cover crops? Add diversity to your soils. You can reduce your crop maturities. Basically on corn we're looking at a shorter maturity. If you can reduce that by 5 to 7 days, that will really help you. We can also grow soybeans, grow an earlier maturing soybean. One of the key points is we need to give that cover crop time to establish before winter sets in. Most cover crops need anywhere from 60 to 90 days of growth. One of the ways we can do that is we can intercede, we can either fly it on or broadcast it. A lot of our farmers are now investing in these high-boy applicators. They have a 90-foot boom on them and they're using an air cedar with drop-down tubes that they'll go in between the corn and they can seed cover crops into their corn or even into their soybeans and get them started. Then when they harvest them, a lot of times these cover crops may be two, three inches tall, starting to grow. That gives them a head start going into winter. We let that cover crop grow longer in the spring and intercede our next crop into. We like to do this with soybeans. We'll use cereal rye. We'll let that cereal rye grow in the fall, let it grow in the spring. In Ohio, we have a problem with excess moisture, so if we let it grow through respiration, it will allow a lot of that through transpiration. It will allow a lot of that water to get out of the soil by putting it up into the atmosphere. So we can actually get onto our fields anywhere from seven to ten days earlier. We'll actually let the cereal rye grow up, plant our soybeans into it, let the soybeans come up, then kill the cereal rye. If we kill the cereal rye too early, it'll lay down and then if we have some wet weather, that soil will stay real sticky and then it may not dry out till late June or even July. So what we like to do is let it grow up, either drill or plant our soybeans into that cereal rye. It will not hairpin as much and it won't tend to bind as much and so it's much easier to do that. We can also use legumes, things like winter peas or crimson clover and we'll plant those with oil, seed, radish and do that before corn and that's been very very successful. We've seen as much as six to eight bushel yield increases on our soybeans and with our corn, it varies quite a bit depending on how good your soil structure is but we're seeing 10, 15 bushel, sometimes even more yield increases by doing this practice. Here's some of the best cover crops to fight soil compaction. Grasses have a very fibrous root system. I'm a real big fan of sorghum sedan grass. You can let your sorghum sedan grass grow a little bit. In Ohio, we tend to plant it after wheat or we have winter wheat so our wheat will come off in July. We'll plant the sorghum sedan grass. If you can let that sorghum sedan grass get about three feet tall and either harvest it. In some cases guys don't have livestock so they'll just mow it off. When you mow sorghum sedan grass you get anywhere from five to nine times more roots being grown and so it's really tillers out and it's all about roots in the soil that really helps to keep your soil really gives good soil structure to your soil. annual rye grass is another really good one. It can be a little harder to manage. Cereal rye and oats can also be used. Very fine roots. They can find those planes of weaknesses. They can really help you with soil compaction. They also go fairly deep in the soil and the rye grass will go five to six feet deep unless there's water or limiting layer. Cereal rye tends to go about 30 to 36 inches in similar numbers for oats. We can also use Nebraska's things like the oil seed radish or the turnips. Oil seed radish especially be some of the daikon varieties such as tillage radish or the ground house radish. They get a fairly good size of root system. They're white. They're very sweet. The earthworms absolutely love them and they do a very good job in loosening up soil. Matter of fact if you're going to plant oil seed radish never plant them by themselves on a hill with a greater than a three percent slope. We've actually seen some of the soil on these slopes start to move if you get a heavy rainfall. We like to plant them with another grass or plant them with another legume to get more roots and to have more biomass here. For legumes you want a large root network. Herribech, cowpeas, red clover and winter peas are some of the ones that we're using that gives you the relationship. If you've got a problem with surface compaction buckwheat is excellent and also facility. That's a new one that came out of France. They work quite well. Buckwheat is very beneficial for insects and it also helps if you have low phosphorus. It has a lot of organic acids in it so it will release phosphorus into the soil. So if we're looking at and I'm getting low on time so I'm going to go through this fairly quickly. I've got about six more slides. If you look at the new concept that we're looking at we're calling it eco-farming or ecological farming. We're trying to keep the soil covered with live plants year-round. Again if you only have plants out there four months outside of the year you only have about a third as much fuel and energy going into that soil. The plants give energy to the microbes and the microbes keep those nutrients recycling and also improves your soil. If we can keep those year-round we've got a hundred percent of the fuel and energy going into that soil. Here's what happens under conventional tillage. You have a smaller microbial population. We've got this brown combined, rusty combined. You notice we have a lot of carbon dioxide going up into the atmosphere. Here where we have the eco-farming we're not disturbing the soil. We have a much larger microbial population and they're going to keep more nitrogen and phosphorus recycling in the soil. And here's the relationship. Every one percent organic matter can give you as much as eight hundred and fifty dollars of nutrients that it's going to tie up per year. A thousand pounds of nitrogen and roughly a hundred pounds of phosphorus, potash, and sulfur. That adds up to about eight hundred and fifty dollars for every one percent soil organic matter. How do we lose these? Well when we do tillage you'll see these whirlwinds there. That's the carbon dioxide going off. And you'll notice that we can't tie up as much of the nitrogen and the phosphorus because we have less organic matter in the soil. Anywhere from fifty to seventy five percent of the phosphorus is tied up organically and right around ninety percent of the nitrogen is tied up in an organic form. Here where we're doing the eco-farming we're carrying those nutrients forward. These plants that are alive in the winter even though the soil may be cold it's much warmer down below. Being around fifty degrees there they can below the frost line they can actually take up nutrients all winter long and they're turning that into soil or organic matter something that we'll turn into. Here's what happens when we do too much tillage.  It really disturbs them. They don't like to have this disturbance. You'll have a much healthier microbial population if you stop doing the tillage. And where do we lose these nutrients? Most of them are lost in the winter. They're lost to the air into the water because we don't have plant roots there to absorb them. So a lot of times in late winter early spring with the snow melt a lot of these nutrients are lost. Here where we have the ecofarming we're keeping those nutrients tied up and we're carrying them forward to the next crop. Finally in summary I think I might have a minute or two for questions. Soil compaction is related to the biology of soil and how the soil was managed. Organic matter in microbes influence soil compaction. If you have cold no-till soils it's probably a result of soil compaction and poor soil structure. If you can add cover crops and no-till to that system you'll actually improve your soils and they shouldn't be warm and moist. That's an ideal place to plant corn and soybeans. Active living roots in the microbes are acting and working together to improve your soil structure. That equals this ecological funding that we're really promoting no-till plus cover crops. So I think I have maybe a minute to go we may get cut off. Any questions I did that pretty quick that's about as fast as I've done that so if we get cut off that's fine. Sorry for some of the technical problems we had and delays but I hope you guys enjoy your conference. Can somebody tell me about how many people we have there? 230 well great I wish I could be with you but okay I'll see if I can answer it. How do we get cover crops to grow all year? Is that what you're talking about? Okay one of the one of the benefits as you go a little further north is especially cereal rye it originated in the mountains of China. Those roots are active all year round even though they may not be growing snow actually protects a lot of our cover crops. You may have a much more beneficial growth to some of these cover crops what's really detrimental to cover crops is the wind. And so if you can protect that crown of these cover crops and keep some residue over there even though it looks like they're not doing you may not see a whole lot of top growth they can do a lot of benefit from just the roots growing down through the soil. Cereal rye is a really good one after corn probably in South Dakota. I mean it grows up into Canada so that's probably one of your best ones. In a dry spring yes there can be and what you want to do is if you have a dry spring and you see that it's that you're going to go into a drought you want to conserve moisture. What you want to do is you want to build your organic matter but you don't want to hurt that next crop so and it's hard to predict this but if you see that the soil is excessively dry and you're getting a lot of uh transpiration going on you can kill that cover crop early. You guys don't have as much problem here in Ohio we have seven out of ten years it's wet and so we're trying to dry out our soils you probably need to manage your soils a little differently you might want to kill that cover crop in order to conserve moisture and then plant into it when the conditions are right but it should make the soil much more mellow that's at least what we've seen here in Ohio especially when we're using these oil seed radish we used to worry about we'd have too big of a hole there but you'll also find and I didn't tell you this cover crops will give you more moisture because you're going to trap more snow. We've seen this time and time again if you put up it's almost like a a snow fence it traps so that it's not blowing across your field and you'll actually gain some moisture by having a cover crop that's maybe a couple inches tall it'll trap that snow there and you'll gain basically what you're losing. All the recent information that's come out says that cover crops are really adding water to the soil and even though we're losing some from transpiration if we see that that's a problem just kill them early. Does that make sense? Quick one until we get cut off here a story from Nebraska they had some guys this idea of fallow soils that's the stupidest idea we ever come up that's my personal opinion I'm just going to tell you that in Nebraska some guys started doing no-till long-term no-till with cover crops they found out that they were they were using two feet of irrigation per year they reduced it down to six inches per year by going to no-till and cover crops the reason being is they were trapping more snow and they're adding organic matter to their soil so now they could store more water. Remember that that chart that I give you was the inches of water per foot of soil so if you can get these cover crops to go very deep into the soil and add a couple percentage points of organic matter to each foot of soil you can greatly increase your water storage capacity and then if you have that residue on the surface you're not going to have as much heat you're not going to have as much evaporation going on you're going to store a lot more water in your soil. Rain makes grain but also going along with that more water holding capacity in your soil is going to equal higher yields. I wish I could be with you folks but I've got another meeting here in Ohio yet tonight that I have to do so thank you for inviting me it's been a pleasure. Thank you.


I think we'll start this out with an example of what the hell the chain is going to have to do. Grab it by the function. Yeah. We could do it. Well, in order to understand that, we definitely have to do it. So much is not a level to even want, so now I can no longer get to my bookers. Great. One of my absolute favorite places, maybe. Maybe not. Anyway, that's part of the joke. Anyway, maybe it's not a joke. It's true story. So we're here today to talk a little bit about negative reinforcement. I mean, there's a lot of confusion in the world. There's a lot of behavior analysis about what negative reinforcement really is. So what we've got is a... It's still reinforcement. So when you think of reinforcement, don't forget we're going to strengthen a behavior. But with negative reinforcement, we're going to strengthen a behavior through the loss of something. So we're going to lose a stimulus, and then that is what is going to be the key to actually strengthening the response. So that loss of a stimulus, though, can be done in a couple of ways. Number one, you can go with a more traditional approach, so you can escape something. Or you can avoid something. So let's back up a little bit and get a more proper definition of negative reinforcement. So the contingent removal of a stimulus following a behavior... So the behavior is what triggers the removal of a stimulus. So the contingent removal of a stimulus following a response increases the probability of that response occurring in the future. Negative reinforcement. So today, again, we're here at the mall, local mall here. And I have a really odd sort of feeling about this place because I'm oldish, right? So and I have spent nine on 20 years avoiding this mall. I mean, when I was a kid, yeah, we used to come here and hang out and eat ice cream and do weird stuff and walk around and think we were cool. And now I'm back in the mall. Anyway, there's a certain sort of irony there. Anyway, so we've lost, so I avoided the mall, right? For years, the avoidance of this place was actually reinforcing. I didn't find it that enjoyable to be here, right? There was no stimuli here that were exciting for me. Just in general, it was not a nice place to be. So I avoided it, right? So today, I'm not avoiding things. I'm here largely because my daughter's in here and it's a homecoming night. It's Hoco night, as they say today. So it's homecoming night. My daughter's in here getting her makeup done. So we at Psycho were like, hey, you know what? Let's just make the most of it. And we can do a video on negative reinforcement since we haven't covered one yet.  So I've kind of had enough. So negative reinforcement fits both of those things, right? So if you're experiencing a stimulus and in the loss of that stimulus, me escaping, right, strengthens the behavior, then you have negative reinforcement. Or through experience, you can end up, through a discriminated scenario, you can end up avoiding stimuli in the future. But that gets a little tricky to think about, right? Because the avoidance of something is not inherently reinforcing because there's nothing of stimulus that you're coming into contact with. So you have to establish that experience in your history. So in your behavioral history, you have to have that sort of whatever that experience that leads you to want to avoid that in the future. And I say want, but it's really what I'm talking about is a motivating operation, not the sort of want that we often think about in the everyday language. So that's pretty much all we need to think about for negative reinforcement for this particular introduction to it. There is more to the story, so to speak, as one might expect. And we'll get into that in another video, but just know that, hey, we're here, we're doing a video, and I really want to escape this particular environment. I'm done, it's too noisy, and there's way too many teenagers. Hello.


This study has identified 904 Merners expressed in human leukocytes. Of these, 370 are novel Merners. The study also provides a customized automated computation pipeline for Merner profiling and identification of novel Merners, even those that are missed out by other existing pipelines. This article was authored by Kumar Lalit, Gupta Roshi, Sharma Pratiba, and others.


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There's happy Friday everybody welcome happy birthday America and also welcome everyone and that Hopefully I went ahead a happy Canada day too for everyone yesterday. Good to see you all good morning Good to see you. So let me just move this over here so I can see everybody a little bit better There we go move that up on top. Good to see you Raymond. Good to see Debra Bonnie Good to see you all everyone you too Facebook. Hope everybody's ready for a big weekend. It's coming up My job reports came out.  COVID is pretty much over. Well, it's never over But um, but people don't have to start going to work. You know about the whole stimulus package. It's going on Um unemployment benefits are going to run out in September I think a lot of people are starting to say, you know what I think of my job now because when my unemployment's run out I mean, I'm only not too far away But we got about two months, you know with with it some people are going to try to milk it You know, but I think some of the big jobs is because there's some really high paying jobs out there I think people are going to start jumping on them. So you're gonna you're gonna see a good spike The only thing I'm worried about like I told you I keep hearing about is the The inflation and when they start raising Raising interest rates when we get to the third basis point That's where I think you're gonna have some issues where you can see, you know From what I just heard just from friends of mine that that are in the you know in the poor banking industry That's where you might see a little correction. But in the meantime, we had a really good day yesterday By the way, we did phase three yesterday and if you missed it Um, it wasn't the greatest phase three for the purpose of during the holidays, but The last 15 minutes the last 15 minutes I said, you know what there's certain times when you want to trade when you get that push in the market The last 15 minutes we had a rally going across the board on all these stocks We'll talk a little bit about them And like he's like we always tell you there's certain times to trade when a certain time's not to trade And we're gonna we're gonna go through it. So let's go through that watch list And talk about what we traded yesterday. Let me just fix this over here a little bit So we had this stock a th e wasn't the biggest mover But she was a nice inexpensive stock. She started at the gate around 10 o'clock. She ran from You could see right right here. Let me pull this up so you guys can see a little bit bigger right there So you can see that she ran from literally from a you know from a dollar 80 up to about 260 That one wasn't too bad. We also had this stock blin It was good in the afternoon had some really nice trading range right here Tested six came back to five went up to six, you know Then they have to hours to drop but you could see it had a really nice push around two o'clock Uh doughnut went public yesterday Had a great run. This was actually the one I was I was actually very impressed with actually, um Doing a swing trade on this one and This is why I got my crispy cream doughnut I had to pour a cup all that thing So anyway, that stock had a really nice push in the after hours went from 12 all the way to 22 dollars Uh, I own it right around When we did our when we did our event yesterday. I jumped in when it went public I went around I jumped in around 17 dollars. So I think 17 10 or 30 or something like that then I averaged up. I bought more and I bought more As it was going up. So i'm gonna keep an eye on it's got some nice support levels here. By the way, uh, the the The uh level four When we were talking about level four, I mean a lot of you guys saw a lot of those orders. We saw 20,000 80,000 shares at these big iceberg orders It was just you know, remember when when when we talk about The chart and you're looking at support and resistance There is no such thing of a support resistance on a chart unless those buyers and sellers are out there And yesterday in phase three, I think everyone saw a lot of that and sometimes it's got to be re-arrayed I mean listen the hardest thing to teach is the greed factor A couple of the stocks also this one another IPO took off di di. I don't know what happened She just fell out of bed.  This thing just took off A nice little push right here 15 went all the way to 17 Somebody sold a lot of shares that's bad luck when that happens But it did pretty well yesterday and also the s s r and e that was really good This was a really nice push in the aft hours. It was good in the morning But this one like I said, if you weren't focused on it, we didn't have a lot of them They had a really really nice pop from 1060 all the way to 1130 BLIN Yeah, I'm going to check that out in a little bit norman that looks like it's starting to make a little bit of a move right now I had it on my watch list We'll actually we'll check it out right now the the blin this one was also pretty a pretty nice stock right here They moved us over here So you guys can see what's going on So that one uh was a really nice mover last couple of days for some of you are new here I didn't see this earlier this thing just ran from two dollars all the way to nine dollars It was a phenomenal phenomenal run You know, I was actually in florida for a meeting so I missed it But who cares it is always new ones there every day But some of you I'll tell you I was looking at the chat I was hearing some of the chat some of you guys are freaking out to like Do I hold it? Do do I get out of it? Listen? Take the money and run. Okay. We do this every day, but it was awesome So you guys did great with that one a couple of stocks that start off and talk about space I don't know what that'll happen space is all of a sudden gapped up huge The stock had a really really nice run up. It went from 20 dollars all the way to 60 She's got a big kryptonite wall right there big iceberg order at 60 dollars But she gapped up that is a huge run up stocks up at 10 dollars up more than that actually was up almost 15 16 And you know, it's got to break through this kryptonite wall right here. You could see it, but that stock obviously It's expensive. You know, we're not a fan of that But it's going to be on the watch list Stock that did really really well and this is something that moved yesterday Uh in the after hours and it's actually moving again is the t apt Look at this stock beautiful stock eight dollars in pre-market if you were here early in the morning I put that watch list. Let me uh, let me take this out so you guys don't have to see that anymore Uh, but you could see it right there. That stock had a really nice push That was one of the stocks on the watch list if you jumped in around if you were here at eight o'clock If you had it, you're up about a buck right now Really nice push gapped up Uh, I'm going back in history like you could see it's breaking 52. We kies So whatever they're doing, it's strong. It's good. I like it. I want to see what happens going into the open But the way she's trading right now is a very very good sign for a stock to go higher Another one that we traded this morning for some of you that missed out This one also found it early this morning at eight o'clock Around 30 already at 33 30. This is why early bird gets the money Early bird gets the money. Remember, we don't say early bird gets the worm early bird gets the money You got to be here early stock only concern I have right now. It's got some it's got a major resistance levels right at 35 You could see it back here.  So listen, that's a pretty big.  That's big It's huge. Okay 26 to 35. Come on. I mean you don't see that every day in pre-market So listen, you can't go broke taking a profit MRIN it's moving again guys this stock we've been killing it every day It became a day trade then became a Overnighter and now became a swing trade. I mean this thing just does not want to stop. Look at this thing This is obviously one of our best movers so far here at cyber trade university Stock was $1.60 just about less than a week ago. Look where it is now at 21 But you all know this we talked about this in our classes when we talk about journals Just make sure the stock is in your league make sure you're able to trade it stock is extremely volatile It moves pretty fast, but it's obviously doing great That was the stock that also and we just put that in the watch list Uh for some of you could see that that was another one That was one of those stocks on the watch list that was there every one of them did really well The only one that kind of made it back to office. Maybe the space The ocg also going to check that out next But listen if you got here at eight o'clock in the morning and you saw it at 17 My god the thing ran to 22.  I think the most expensive one there's like 120 million.  I mean so as much as I was not a fan of it Summers they've been this summer has been really really good and obviously with the whole covid thing Obviously has a lot to do with it Osg another stock I found this morning. It's not really moving up that much To me personally, it was like a buyout wear tat But I'll see what it you know, I'll see how it trends got a good spread good tier size is good everything But that one's not a bad-looking stock You can see on the right hand side my watch list a lot of stocks that we've been watching and we've been swing trading At doing pretty well today You know, so we'll keep an eye on that but um, but overall it's you know Let's see what happens at 9 30 when the market opens up But if you got here early you got in some of those stocks Congratulations, you should probably quit right now turn the computer off and enjoy your nice fourth of july weekend You know what?  All right the bulls and heirs eat the pigs get slaughtered always remember that Uh, and by the way anything. I'm missing. I did not call out space lot of uh covo on red. Is that what it is, Andrea? Listen the mean stocks are great. You know what? I don't care. You like them.  You despise them Listen, you want to play against them. You're gonna get burned. That's all I go a look at it So anyway, we get our our data, which is great, you know, so we'll keep an eye on that Bonnie I bet early gets the worm you raise your chickens to bed great video, uh You take a ticket for a tour of the hamptons when you come on site training, right? Well, it's not going to be really busy But I might have a really good surprise for you and you guys come to onsite. I think I I'm working on it. I'm working on it. Okay So I'll let you know when it gets in but if you come into onsite in october I might have something special for you. Okay Uh wades insane uh for billionaires. Well That's not the stock are you talking about yeah with waves that one also had a really nice pop too Uh, I mean it's a new ipo, but that I was gonna put that on the list. We'll lead it But she backed right off. So I was like plus an ipo. I'll be really really careful of it. All right Anybody else I'm missing any other stocks that that's out there. Listen. Don't get cocky today. Don't get greedy Make your money Make your days pay if you're in the right place the right time. That's what it's all about All right, so you see something you say something now listen guys um Look forward seeing you. Um remember markets closed on monday But we're gonna be back here at 230 So, you know, if you're watching youtube facebook, just friend us like us if you want to do a trial get into the trading room See what it's all about traders.  This is what you train for and if you're new here at cyber train university I hope you guys will learn a lot. Just don't forget. Don't buy anything. We tell you we didn't teach you how to do it The whole idea is just following the big money and that's our whole motto here. Good luck. Happy birthday america And uh, we'll see you in a little bit. We'll start commenting a little bit and everyone else We'll see you here at the cyber group room. I mean on youtube at 230. Have a great day everyone


October is here and falling temperatures are bringing big savings. Get the phone you want with free activation all month long on post-paid service. That's up to a $30 savings per line. Better service, bigger savings. That's today's Appalachian Wireless. It's gonna be like 30 minutes. It should be tops 30 minutes instead of somebody waiting for two hours or an hour and a half. You know we've had people like an older lady that broke her hips. She waited for two hours laying in the snow because they couldn't move her to an ambulance. Got to her. And another thing when you've got 85 patients out there local nursing on the landmarks, the name of the nursing home now, that these people you have people that's on non-emergencies like for kidney dialysis and stuff like this. These people will be able to make it to their appointments. Some emergency happens like a car wreck. Look at our schools. That is very important that we have something like this. What if one of the kids anything can happen at a school? Any car wreck or anything like that can happen and they're earning a half out for an ambulance. Plus 27 miles after they pick them up to get them back to the nearest hospital. This is going to save a lot of lives. I mean right now that's the most important thing right now.


Okay, so this is the first question with the board reached for read millicodes. We are asked to make list of parameters of read millicodes of customers. M is 2 power M, which is 64. M would have been a 6. Some code we have summation of 0 to R. M2i, this case is 62i. Md is 2 power of M, and then you just make a table. I think most people have done this table. Okay, I mean almost everybody got 5 marks on this question. So, this is very few cases when I had to give partial credit. Almost everybody got most things correct. Okay, so second one was C, BPH code, binary BPH code, and it was 15. And the first part asked you to find, generate a polynomial for C and it's DL. Okay, so N equals 15 is G of 16. And I expected you to be quite intimately familiar with the minimal polynomials and everything in G of 16. Okay, so I mean I saw people writing some crazy expressions. I mean you should be very comfortable with the G of 16. Okay, so G of X will be, so it's 2 error correcting, right? So T equals 2. So it should be the LCM of minimal polynomial of alpha, alpha squared, alpha power 3, and alpha power 4. But alpha, alpha squared, and alpha power 4 all have a minimal polynomial which is X star 4 plus X plus 1. I'm assuming that's what you put to generate your C.   Okay, so the simplification is useful for the remaining questions. For instance, to write down the generated polynomial, generated a matrix and all that. This is very useful. If you don't do the simplification, it will be complicated. Okay, and then for the deal, you have to find H of X. H of X will be X star 15 plus 1 by D of X. And that would basically all the other polynomials here. So what would be X plus 1?  And this is not the generated polynomial of the deal. The generated polynomial of the deal will be X star degree of H of X which is 7 by 4 plus X star 1. Okay, so you can substitute that if you will get this D of X plus 1 again. X star plus X plus 1.  Okay, so if you can multiply this out, it's not very hard to do that.  And part B, you can see this multiplication form will help you. Okay, so you simply write D as GFX is the first row. Remember, length should be 15. Okay, so I saw some people had actually filtered out all the zeros. You don't have to necessarily do it. You give me the algorithm for generating the... Generative matrix, I'll accept it. It's not too bad. Okay, so then you keep on shifting at X point GFX till you go to the last bit. So similarly, H you should do. X times GX. Okay, so this will be basically... How many rows will there be? Degree is 8. So there will be 7 rows. 7 rows. There you lie. Okay. So part C asks you to find the dimension at the exact minimum distance. Dimension of this D and minimum degree of GFX. I don't know what it is. This D is 15 minus 4 H to the star. Okay. So the minimum distance, you know, D is given to the star from the DCH bound. Okay, but what is the weight of GFX itself? It's 5. Okay. So I should say here, it should be passing us. This is the code word corresponding to GFX as weight side. Okay, so that means D equals 5. Okay, so I've given a reasonable amount of partial credits. I have some logic set of partial credit also. Totally it's 10. I think some people have varying degrees of partial max in case you think you didn't get what you deserved. Come on talk to me. I have a platform which is a seller that I want to disturb it for you. I can disturb it in case you have any questions about partial credit. Okay, so third question. I think enough people don't do this well. I think they don't expect the rates element decoding kind of question. But there is a smart way to do it. So I think somebody will find the smart way and open the smart way. But anyway, that will not. Some people find the difficult way to enter the answer. But that's fine. I'm going to look at the answer in many ways. In fact, my partial credits is based on the standard PGZ kind of decoding. It's not based on any smart method. First is GFX for... I remember putting here is again D equals 2. RS over... N equals 7. RS over GF8. Okay, so first thing you should do is write down tables for GF8 and all that. Although it was very quick to do anyway. And I did that right there on the site. And see, it didn't take too long. I wrote down the table on that side and then it wrote RSX and found S1, S2, S3, S4. Then wrote down sigma effects and wrote SFX and sigma effects equal to degree 3, degree 4 to 0. Solve for sigma 1, sigma 2 and then found the 2 zeros. Inside the 2 zeros are just one and all side. So you just substitute. You'll see quickly you'll find the 2 zeros. Okay, after you find the 2 zeros, you'll find the... Then look at RS and then equate S1, S2 and get the RMA kills and you flip it again. It's quite simple, but the method is very straight forward. Okay? GFX is basically alpha. So you take alpha belonging to GF8 primitive. So in most cases, it's very obvious what alpha is when you write down but I would suggest that you mention these kind of things. Okay, so don't just generally write X because alpha and expect me to interpolate and know that alpha is a primitive element of GF8. No, that's true, that's still... it's good to write it. Or at least write it table so that I know what you're dealing with. Okay? So not correct to simply simplify it. Alpha is what I need it for. You need to go under the matrix. It's called standard. No need to simplify it, but you'll find it if you like.  So if you notice very carefully, see one thing which is always a code word most of the time is basically the all-ins vector. Okay, for many rich elements, BCH codes, all-ins vector will be a code word. Okay, why is that... why is that true?  And the GFX will always be something here, right? So there will be the remaining stuff which you take together and multiply with GFX. Okay, except for this, you should not take this. You take the remaining guys here and multiply them with GFX. You will definitely get the all-ins code word. So all-ins vector is a very high likelihood to be a code word in your code for BCH reads all-ins. So why is that useful here? So if you look at the all-ins, that is a very good guess as the transmitted code word because it's clear enough to this. You see a lot of runs and then only two things are changing. Now you see T is equal to 2, which means minimum distance is at least 5. Exactly equal to 5. So clearly this can not be closer to any other code word other than all-ins because it's a distance 2 other than the all-ins code word. So that's the idea here. So if you pick up this as R, how many distance between R and 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 equals 2. Okay? In the first place it's alpha, first place it's alpha. Okay? And the 2 is then it's equal to D, right? And it's less than or equal to D by 2. Okay? So it's strictly less than D by 2. Okay? That implies there can be no other code word which is closer than this all-ins. So you can definitely say the maximum likelihood you would be going is all-ins. Okay? So this is a quick way of getting to the answer but even if you do it, it's not a lot of work. You can quickly do it. It's, I think if you spend a lot of time in the readable network systems and you spend even more time in the DCH4, you won't have time for this. But if you did those things very fast, I think those things are quite automatic. If you did those things very fast, you'll have enough time to complete the syndrome and make sure your errors are not there. You make one or two errors, definitely.  But even if you did that time, if you knew that the valence problem was going to be there, you can quickly guess the answer. Okay? That's one way. So this is a quick guess. Okay? If you do it the BGZ way, you'll get that the first syndrome is out of that time. The second syndrome of valence problem, I think a lot of people may mistake for that thing. If this was the valence, these kind of syndromes is just write it down, have the table there and then write each term and then cancel.  Okay?  Write every term and then cancel at the end. That's much better. Okay? So S3 is alpha of 4, we'll go for alpha of 4. And then, so you start in BGZ with two errors, right? So two errors when the sigma effects is complete, 1 plus sigma 1x plus sigma 2x squared. And then when you write down equations, so I mean I don't try to remember the matrix equations. Some people remember that. We don't necessarily do that. So remember what happens? S of x times sigma of x should have no coefficients, no term, x part p plus 1, x part mu plus 1, number of errors we're guessing. So x part 3, x part 4, must not be there in S of x times sigma of x. Okay?  Okay? What is the coefficient of alpha part 3? It's very easy to see that. So we have alpha plus sigma 1 plus alpha part power sigma 2 plus mu equal to 0. What's the coefficient of x part 4? Alpha part 4 plus alpha sigma 1 plus sigma 2 equals 0. These are the two equations. Okay? So you have to see if it's solvable. Okay? If these two are not solvable, then your guess was wrong. You have to go down to one method. Okay? But here it's clearly solvable. I mean you can quickly see that the determinant here is non-zero. So you solve for it. So you solve for it. It's very easy to solve for it. We'll get sigma 1 equals alpha square. Sigma 2 equals alpha part 6. Okay? So you don't have to remember the matrix. In small cases, it's very easy. I mean it's not very hard to come up with this. So the sigma of x is actually 1 plus alpha part power x plus alpha part 6 x squared. So you start guessing 0. Okay? So you start something. You cannot avoid it. But luckily, interestingly, there's 0 for 1 and alpha. Okay? You can quickly guess. The first thing you're going to guess is 1. You'll see 1 plus alpha square plus alpha part 6 is 0. The next thing you're going to guess is alpha. And you'll see 1 plus alpha square plus alpha part 6 is 0. So 1 and alpha is 0. So here there is one more trick. You should be careful here. This is not the error locator. What is the error locator? It's 1 for the first one. But what's the second error locator? Alpha part minus 1, which will be alpha part 6. Okay? This is the first and last error locator. Okay? That can immediately give you a mean test to the error locator. If you're aware of the possibility, you don't have to really evaluate the error magnitude. You know, immediately the first and last error locator is a problem. You can quickly get to the answer if you like. But if you want to evaluate it, you have to write down the two equations. So if you do, look at S1. S1 is alpha part 5. Alpha part 5 is... So E0 plus E6. X2 part 6, right? Alpha part 6. Okay, remember if you have this, E of X is of the sum. Some E0 plus E6 X power 6. Right? So you just put X equals alpha here. You'll get the first syndrome. Okay? I'll do the second syndrome. I'm going to put X equals alpha squared. So that will be E6 times alpha part 5. Okay? So alpha B2, you'll get E0 equals alpha part 3. And E6 equals alpha part 3 again. Okay? And then you put it back in, you add up, you'll get the answer. Okay? Alpha plus alpha part 3 will be 1. Okay? That's our minimal polynomial. So you see the error magnitude. Okay, so it's good to do. So don't think of Reed Solomon as one of your laboratories. I think you look at the pressure and think, ah, it's painful. Then you can quickly get to it. It's just nothing in it. I mean, it's just some... Well, it's a big deal in the equation. It's not a very major set of equations. Just two substitutions. GFA is such a small field, very easy to do. You don't need any major calculation. Okay? That's it. I've given partial marks once again. I have a switch here. I'm not going to describe that to you, but in case you feel you didn't get enough, comment out for me. I can explain what I did. So that's it. As far as the quiz is concerned.


So a young activist named Magnolia Mead saw Joe Manchin in public and she did what any good citizen Who's concerned with the survival of the human race would do she confronted him because he's one of two Senators standing in the way to any progress when it comes to climate change And this is a time where scientists are practically begging lawmakers to begin the transition to clean green renewable technology And you have just two people standing in the way Joe Manchin is one of them Now Joe Manchin doesn't care that the world is burning because he's a coal baron And he still feels as if there's more money to be made off of destroying the planet So Magnolia knows this and she decided to confront him about this and actually specifically call him out on Him being a coal baron. This is absolutely phenomenal. Take a look You see report the planet is warming and if we don't wait, we don't keep it under 1.5 degrees New York City is gonna go under water.  I'm not gonna be quiet I've listened to you enough. I've heard you own a coal plant You will never represent your constituents family because all you care about is your greed I'm a student activist. I am terrified about my future.   You don't own a coal plant. What? It's not just an egregious lie, but he has used his political career To pat his own pockets to benefit his own coal company just a couple of days ago The New York Times released a bombshell study about the ways he specifically Used his political career to make his coal company more profitable to benefit himself And yet he's gonna say he doesn't own a coal company now The New York Times article that I'm referencing is locked behind a paywall But I do want to go to a summary from salon because it breaks it down and the level of corruption here I mean, you can't not deduce after reading this that Joe Manchin should spend the rest of his life behind bars That's how corrupt he is Meryl Fair of Salon explains senator Joe Manchin the most prominent decision maker on American energy and climate policy Has spent decades raking in revenue from his private coal business a recent investigation by the New York Times Illustrates what's been described as a stunning portrait of political corruption Detailing how the conservative Democrats political decisions have benefited his financial connection to a West Virginia power plant Calling into question the ethical line the senator is towing between business and politics Manchin's involvement with the Grant town power plant began in 1987 When he helped clear several environmental obstacles that allowed two developers to build the plant slightly outside Manchin's district The environmental protection agency was concerned the plant was too close to another coal burning plant in the area Which could potentially produce disastrous impacts the Democrat then went into business with the plant through a handful of shifting Electricity companies and contracts which the Times describes as a bit like handling a set of Russian nesting dolls a company owned by Manchin Provided the Grant town plant gob an acronym for garbage of bituminous a binding byproduct of coal and rock Which can be used to produce electricity the Grant town power plant has been the only customer for over 20 years So a portion of the plant's electricity revenue which comes from the electric bills paid by Manchin's constituents goes directly Into the senator's pockets because gob is less energy efficient than pure coal West Virginians have lost millions of dollars in access electricity fees over the years the Times investigation highlights How Manchin's political agenda has aided the power plant over the years Reporting reveals that Manchin championed tax credits that aided the plant and was involved in enabling a rate increase that hiked Electricity prices for West Virginians therefore benefiting himself Economically through the plant's increased revenue Manchin has also been a vocal dissenter of the environmental protection agency's proposed limits on Power plant emissions. So we're not just talking about a simple conflict of interest here We're talking about Joe Manchin literally using his political career to benefit his company and himself All to the detriment of humanity So sorry Magnolia, you do have to be afraid that your family will die due to a climate disaster because Joe Manchin is a coal baron and He still wants to make more money from dirty energy So sorry, we all have to suffer because of this one ghoul who should be in prison Because of how corrupt he is and that article doesn't even take into account the cronyism with regard to his family and The way that his political career Helped his family. It's truly Disgusting, but that's the state of American politics where you have politicians so corrupt They don't care that their corruption could literally lead to the demise of humanity and end the habitability of the one planet that we have access to He doesn't care. He wants to make money short-term profits above the long-term survival of our species So good on Magnolia for confronting him But unfortunately, I think he's been confronted enough to where if that would have moved him Something would have changed by now, but he doesn't care that he's the one obstacle. It's gross I don't even know what to say about it, but that's where we're at So, you know, okay If he's not gonna budge then the least that we can do is make his life a living hell when you see him in public confront him Thank him for causing the demise of humanity potentially let him know that you know He's gonna be looked at as a villain throughout history if we're able to survive But you know these politicians they couldn't care less. They're sociopathic. I don't think that Joe Manchin is Even having trouble sleeping at night. I just I don't think that they're so cartoonishly corrupt and evil that I don't think he Cares at all. It's just about money. So yeah, good on Magnolia These things need to be celebrated because if we can't Get them to budge when it comes to policy at a minimum We can make their lives at least a little bit more inconvenient and that is something that I find at least some enjoyment from


And reactions have begun to trail the ousting of Mali's president and prime minister by the officer who led last year's coup and became vice president of an interim government. Former director general of the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Professor Bola Akirinwa, says the coup in Mali can be described as a change in the continuity of underdevelopment. While others say it is chaotic, plus TV Africa's correspondent Destiny Momo has more. The detention of President Bah Ndow and Prime Minister Mokta Oane on Monday came hours after a government reshuffle left out two soldiers who led the coup in August last year and raised fears of a second military takeover. In a joint statement, the UN and AU called for the immediate and unconditional release of Mali's civilian leadership and said the international community rejects in advance any action of coercion including forced resignations. But can these organizations make the military succumb? It is very possible that an international community or organization can compel a junta to succumb if it is consistent with the will of the people. Certainly, if the issue of insecurity is not meaningfully addressed by the government. I mean, the city great upland the coup last year and then because of pressure from the international community, especially Ekoa, he decided to hand over to this interim government where incidentally he's also the vice president and give them 18 months for them to go ahead. On Tuesday, Goita, who led the coup in August against President Ibrahim Boubaqa Keita, said the president and the prime minister had violated the transitional chatter by failing to consult him about the new cabinet. International Affairs Analysts Ago Go, Obor, realises the impact of this development on the citizens. Well, they're not lost. I mean, they're just leaving themselves to fate. What can they really do? I mean, because of Boubaqa Keita, they need to be corrupt in the past and their revolution was stolen from them like it was stolen from the people like it was stolen from the people in Chad and any of these countries where you have this sort of clandestine arrangement where people come in and say they want to come from some sort of government where you have civilian and military to always end up like this. But just what is the effect on Mali's sovereignty? Sovereignty is now ready. When you have a considered sovereignty, what is this considered sovereignty? If it enters into international agreement, which means that the agreement, the organization to which you belong has a sub-national character. If you think about what's going on in Mali, go 80% of the people under the hammer of poverty, the areas being controlled by terrorists. In practical sense, if I was there, then what you probably would call a failed or failing state already. So there's really nothing they can do. This has all led to public confidence waning over the army leader's ability to tackle the Islamist insurgency that has spewed into neighbouring Burkina Faso and Niger. Destino Mama for Plus TV Africa.