We are starting the session. As is our normal format, we will visit a few centres which have already raised their hands. I see two here already. And after that our normal session today will begin. First I am going over to YC College, Nagpur. Good morning. YCC Nagpur. Over to you. Good morning, Professor Gayathunde. This is Mukta here. Over to you. So, I think the flight was uneventful. You seem to have landed in time. And how are the things there? At least from here the impression is reasonably good. Over. Yes, sir. I have just had a chance to interact with the participants. It seems they all seem very interested. And I have had the chance to talk to just one person so far. But he is very happy. Apparently he was a student of yours way back in the 90s. And he is very happy to have got the chance to learn from you all over again. Over to you. Thank him very much. And I see a reasonable amount of crowd. I think you have a full house today morning. And now before I say over to you, since I am already in touch with them, let me ask them, do they have any technical questions which I take every day morning? If so, you can hand over the mic to the one who wants to ask the question. Over. No technical questions today, Professor Gayathunde. And I would like to tell the AVU team that the audio and the video is excellent. Absolutely no problem about that. Over to you. And I will over and out. Thank you very much. Good morning, Panvel. Any questions from you? Over to you. Good morning to you, sir. Sir, it is regarding PER-11. Experiment that will use this relation to determine the CP without any energy measurements. Over to you, sir. Okay. I will have to look it up. But this is something which is left to your imagination. Because if all that it says is you have to CP will be TV beta and DP by DT at constant S. Now the question is how do you determine DP by DT at constant S? Because remember temperature is directly measurable, V is directly measurable and beta is 1 over V, partial of V with respect to T at constant P. So, that is also PVT measurement. The only thing we have to do is DP by DT at constant S. That is the variation of pressure with temperature at constant entropy. And if you can set up a simple experiment in which you can measure this. I am thinking of a acoustic measurement in which you remember that the nearest to any isentropic process that we have in real life is sound transmission. Because if you go back to the history of the velocity of sound, Newton was not very comfortable with thermodynamics. Derived an expression for the velocity of sound in air. But he got an expression assuming air to be an ideal gas to be square root of pressure and specific volume. That is square root of R T. Because there was an unknown assumption in his derivation that it is an isothermal process. Later on, it was realized that the pressure variations and the corresponding density variation that the process as my sound gets transmitted from my vocal cords to the ears nearby here is essentially an isentropic process. It is a quick small compression and it is an expansion. And when that is considered, the velocity of sound measured and the velocity of sound predicted in gases matched excellently. Now, I should not even say reasonably well there were excellent matches. So, you can have such cavities, resonating cavities in which there is a neat periodic variation of pressure and a neat periodic variation of temperature under isentropic conditions. So, if you measure those variations of pressure and temperature, you will be able to get d p by d t at constant s. Once you do that, you will be able to measure your c p. Over. I had another question. It is a general question. We had studied 0th law, 1st law and 2nd law also. So, which is the common terms among these three laws? Question is, we have studied the three laws and which is the common theme or common terms between those three laws, except that they are laws of thermodynamics and the way we use them or the way we propose them has been developed over the years. That is perhaps the only thing common. And I think as I said sometime earlier, it is generally accepted that these three laws form the basis of thermodynamics. The statements of each of these laws may slightly differ. For example, we have considered the Kelvin plan statement as the basic statement of the 2nd law. There are alternative statements. The most common alternative statement of great interest to mathematicians and physicists is the Karate-Hodori form of the 2nd law or Karate-Hodori statement of the 2nd law. So, there are variations. But then, there are proposals by which the whole set of laws are replaced by either another set or a single all-encompassing law. For example, Hexopolis and Kinan in the 50s and 60s developed what they called the general thermodynamics in which they proposed one all-encompassing law, something called the law of stable equilibrium. And from that, they argued out that the laws of the, argued out the 1st law, the 2nd law. And they claim that 0th law automatically follows. You do not have to extract it out of that law. They have a big book. If you go to the library and look up under Hexopolis and Kinan, you will find that I think it is known as principles of general thermodynamics. It is a big fact book almost as thick as a dictionary. But it is not easy to read and the arguments are not easy to follow. Unfortunately, they have provided a large number of verbose arguments rather than symbolic quantitative arguments that is mathematically robust argument. That is why it has not become popular at all. Of course, it is agreed that the Karate-Hodori's form is very robust. But for those who are not conversant with details of differential geometry and think projective geometry and such topics, it is not very easy to follow. That is why at least for engineers, I feel that Karate-Hodori's formulation is ok for the 1st law. But for the 2nd law, I would be more comfortable with Kelvin-Planck formulation. There is another formulation that by Giles. But that has 6 premises. But to appreciate that, you really require facility in topology. That branch of pure mathematics which we hardly ever studied. So, that is where it stands. For us, I think we should consider three laws 0th, 1st and 2nd as three basic aspects of thermodynamics. Three laws defining three basic thermodynamic properties, temperature, energy and entropy. I think we should leave it at that. Over to you. Thank you very much, sir. Another question is, what is the difference between polytropic process and adiabatic process? You will notice that we have not used the word polytropic process ever. But I will tell you the history of that. Notice, we have already shown that if you have an adiabatic quasi-static process of an ideal gas, only PDV work or ideal gas, I see that there is a difference between isentropic process. Then, either under these conditions, either one of them, the process equation turns out to be PV raise to gamma its constant. Now, real life processes are not first not of ideal gas and not isentropic or if they are ideal gas, they do not satisfy all these requirements. So, a real life process is a model quite often just for the sake of being able to manage and integrate and things like that as PV raise to n is constant. This is just a convenient model for us to be able to analyze processes typically in an IC engine or earlier in the steam engine. Steam engine is nowhere near an ideal gas, but an expansion process is quite often modeled as PV raise to n is constant, where n depends on the type of process. For steam, they have found that n between 1 and 1.3 is a common range and if you have a near adiabatic and good quasi-static process, superheated steam will have n of around 1.3 saturated steam or wet steam will have n around 1. So, that gave the idea of this convenient model called a polytropic process. So, this where n is not necessarily equal to gamma is known as polytropic process. In fact, you will find that in the old textbooks, the process in which PV equals gamma, PV equals constant is executed. Now, we know that this represents an isothermal process for an ideal gas, but it could represent an expansion process for any fluid and such processes did happen in some type of steam engines under certain conditions. That was known as a hyperbolic expansion process. Hyperbolic simply because x, y equals constant represents a rectangular hyperbola on the Cartesian coordinate. So, PV equals constant is on the PV coordinate which is the expansion compression plane. This is called it hyperbolic expansion. That is it nothing more than that, over to you. Let me go to NIT 3G. Good morning NIT 3G over to you for questions. Good morning sir. This is Sudhakar here. I have got a very basic question. Sorry to ask this question again and again. Sir does human being and living organisms obey law of thermodynamics? If so, what kind of work interaction and heat interaction is taking place between them? Over to you sir. This question does come up again and again. Is a human being us? For that any living matter? First thing is yes, we know what is inside us, what is outside us. So, for any human being, the boundary of a human being can be very properly defined. So, yes, human being can be considered to be a thermodynamic system. In fact, nature has given us the outer cover, generally known as skin, very well defined which sort of properly separates us from the rest of the world. So, it is a very well defined boundary. The shape may be very crooked, very odd, but we are all familiar with that shape. We can define it very properly. So, it is a thermodynamic system. It obeys the laws of thermodynamics. However, we have our work interactions, heat interactions across our boundaries, but the problem with the human being is that it is a very complex system or very complicated system. For example, the e part of the human being, delta e part of the human being because of the complex composition will have various components. Delta u, our normal thermal which may be depends only on temperature. Our pressure does not change much. Delta u plus, we will have some delta e chemical of various kind plus all sorts of electrolytic processes are going on. So, there is a delta e electrical. Our nerve impulses are microelectronic impulses. So, there is a change in energy associated with them. Another thing which is the weakness of our model of thermodynamics is that remember that we lay great emphasis on the so called equilibrium. We have, we work with very simple systems like a gas or a mixture of gases or a simple mixture of a few chemical compounds where the internal energy is made up of may be a few components not many and we can always consider the system to be in equilibrium. Whereas, a human being the system is never in equilibrium. Hence, the state is always in a flux and hence although the laws of thermodynamics are applicable, we do not have detailed facility of properly applying those laws to human beings or any living beings. But, there is a branch which looks at this thermodynamics applied to biology and there are people right from Schrodinger to who was Prigogin, the great physical chemist and thermodynamicist and a few others have written papers and published some books on this. You can refer to them in any good library. Over to you. Good morning, sir. One more question, sir. You derived the Maxwell relation that in NLGHs it is a function of volume and pressure specific volume and pressure. On the right hand side it is a function of entropy and temperature. I want to know why the Maxwell relation is a function of volume, specific volume, pressure, entropy and temperature. Also, particularly in the inside temperature with volume, temperature with pressure and also another relation entropy with volume and entropy with pressure and also here also they are giving entropy and temperature also. What about the other properties which are not considered in this final Maxwell relation? Over to you, sir. The question is about Maxwell's relations and the question is why is it that only PVTS in some order are related to each other and not other properties like for example enthalpy or Gibbs function and all that. There are two reasons for it. The absolute basic reason is we are considering these are Maxwell's relations for a fluid system and for a fluid system apart from the basic thermodynamic properties velocity, temperature and entropy. The other property which comes into operation is P that is one thing. The second thing is notice that Maxwell's relation is nothing but the mathematical expression of the fact that if you take a reversible cyclic process represented on a PV diagram and the TS diagram we know that the area is the same on both of these and because of this naturally the four variables PV represents area under this curve represents the work done TS area under the curve under certain conditions represents the heat transfer and that is the reason why Maxwell's relations for a fluid link only PVTS nothing more. Maxwell's relations are not the compact form of all relations in thermodynamics. This is one important subset of relations. Other relations will have to be derived using Maxwell's relations and of course the other basic laws of thermodynamics. For example, the basic property relation which will always be there but of course you can say basic property relations at the top of everything every all other relations including Maxwell's relations follow from the basic property relation and all derivations and definitions of other properties like enthalpy Gibbs function and Helmholtz function over to you. Thank you very much sir over and out. Good morning Jabalpur over to you. Out the assignment announcement which you want to make in yesterday's lecture I think you have made that regarding assignment of participant to be submitted after the course. Thank you over to you sir. Okay nice for reminding me I have already been thinking about that either on the last day or soon after that on the moodle side I will set up the assignment. I am trying to set up an assignment which can be individually done. However if I find that something is really heavy I will provide the facility or part of the assignment may be done by a group of people. I am sure none of you is working alone and if not in your own college in nearby college and definitely by email contact you will be able to work in small groups of maybe at most three or four people. I do not know how many of you have a facility like a plotter or a plotting software like GNU plot or graph or graphic plotter on windows available to you. But I think one college every college will have at least one machine on which some screen plotting facility will be available. So there will be some plotting assignments also in that. And the deadline for this will be something like 15th July so about 20 days after 20 or 22 days after the end of the session you will have 2 or 3 weeks. I am told and I thought this is good because many of you may still have some exam duties and other preparation to do. So I am not pressing you for time. The deadline for me for setting up the assignment is 26th June. I wanted it to be 25th June but there is a full day assignment for me out of Mumbai on 25th June. So 26th June evening time you will by that time you will definitely get the assignment on Moodle. Anybody should be able to look at it and 15th July will be the deadline over to you. Thank you very much sir over and out. Good morning over to you Sivakasi. Adiabatic process we have reversible adiabatic and irreversible adiabatic. Similarly for other process if it is constant pressure or volume or isothermal we have reversible isothermal and irreversible isothermal process. What you sir? The question is that when it comes to an adiabatic process we have a reversible adiabatic and irreversible adiabatic. We consciously make a distinction whereas for constant pressure or isothermal process whether such a distinction exists or not. The answer to that is first thing is remember that in thermodynamics right from first law through second law and of course in a negative form for the zeroth law the adiabatic process is a very important process because the basic theme of thermodynamics is that there are energy interactions of the non-work kind and they lead to the science of thermodynamics. So long as thermodynamics was not developed all interactions were considered to be of the work kind and that is the domain of mechanics fluid mechanics etcetera fluid mechanics encroaches on thermodynamics because fluids expand and contract and very easily get heated up and cool. But in the classical mechanical domain everything is work interaction. They take care of non-work interaction by saying you know conservative forces and non-conservative forces. But they never explore that in any detail that is left for thermodynamics to do. The basic premise of thermodynamics that there are interactions of energy which cannot be defined as work we call that interaction heat and all the characteristics of heat and related to that like temperature temperature differences later on entropy etcetera derived. And because of that adiabatic process is very important hence reversible adiabatic and irreversible adiabatic has a distinction which we make in the second law of thermodynamics. Similarly, when you have a constant pressure process there is a reversible constant pressure process there is an irreversible constant pressure process. Similarly, in isothermal processes you have a reversible isothermal and irreversible isothermal and there will be some distinction and you can derive those distinctions. For example, if you take a vapor system or a gaseous system a fluid system then a reversible isobaric process would be a process in which only p d v work will be done and it will be an isobaric process. In fact, for a fluid a reversible process is one in which only p d v work will be done heat may or may not be transferred but the work if at all it is done it will be the expansion kind of work. But if you say an irreversible isobaric process then of course p d v work will be done and there may be some other kind of work also and similar distinctions you can derive for an isothermal process but those will be derived distinctions. The defined distinction between a reversible iso adiabatic and irreversible adiabatic is that for a reversible adiabatic process the change in entropy will be 0 because we have seen that a adiabatic reversible process has to be an isentropic process whereas for an irreversible adiabatic process the entropy change through the process will be greater than 0 over to you. Another question, the reversible and irreversible adiabatic process follow the different path whether the other process non-adiabatic that is constant pressure volume the reversible and irreversible follow the different path or the same path. Notice that again I think earlier I have made this distinction adiabatic refers to the interaction across the boundary it does not refer to any path when it is adiabatic reversible then we have a path defined because that is a unique process the isentropic process whereas when you say a constant pressure process or a constant temperature process these are specification in terms of certain properties say pressure is constant or temperature is constant and whereas being adiabatic you do not dictate any property and when you dictate a property for a constant pressure or constant temperature process you have already dictated the path. A constant pressure path is a horizontal line on the standard TV diagram a constant temperature path is a vertical line on say T P, T V or T S any diagram in which T is on the x axis over to you. Thank you sir over and out. There are two centers and let me just take only two centers Amrita and J N T U other centers if they have any questions I will take them later because by 10 o'clock I want to start our main theme today first to Amrita Coimtor over to you Amrita at Coimtor. Sir this is Amrita the question is there was a question in the second test regarding the form of water in atmosphere and the right answer was given as a super heated steam so will you please explain this over to you. I think I will not explain it now because this has been explained earlier perhaps twice during such interactions and the explanation of this is already on the Moodle participants forum so will you please look at it over to you. Okay sir thank you over to you. Okay I am before going to J N T U Hyderabad I am taking up a question which has been asked to me in the text mode from Indore may be there audio or video link is down. What is the practical application of property relation and Maxwell's relation? The practical application of this is the basic idea we are able to get relations between properties which help us understand the thermodynamic state space better for example take the perhaps one of the most important things is the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship but before I come to that and discuss that in detail let me go back and say what I have already said and that is that these property relations put a relation or a restriction on the way properties behave they will never dictate the absolute values of property using this property relations you cannot tell what will be the density of air at 3 bar and say 75 degree Celsius. You will not be able to tell us what is the temperature of saturation for water vapor at one atmospheric pressure we know it 100 degree C as a matter of measurement we have measured it to be 100 degree C. However you look at the Clausius-Clapeyron relation you take the Clausius-Clapeyron relation we have D P by D T on the saturation line is S F G by V F G can also be written down as H F G by T V F G. Now look at this here we have temperature difference in specific volume between liquid and vapor and the latent heat on the right hand side and the way pressure changes with temperature on the left hand side. It tells us for example that given T and V F G not changing if I have a fluid with larger latent heat for a small temperature rise I will have to increase the pressure by a very significant amount whereas if I have a smaller latent heat for a given temperature rise the rate of change will be the required change in pressure would be small. You also look at it the other aspect of this write this as S F G and denominator you write as V G minus V F and notice that this is reciprocal of density of the gaseous phase this is reciprocal of the density of the liquid phase. We also know that the density of the gaseous phase will always be lower than the density of the liquid phase. We do not have a fluid or generally at least I do not know of any fluid where the vapor is less dense is more dense than the liquid. So, in a liquid vapor situation in a gravitational field it is the liquid which always settles. But now here we are looking at the liquid vapor equilibrium it is also applicable as much to the solid vapor equilibrium or say the solid liquid equilibrium d P by d T sat but say for solid liquid this will be S liquid minus S solid part divided by specific volume of the liquid minus specific volume of the solid and this is reciprocal of 1 over density of liquid and this is 1 over density of solid. The density of liquid is lower than the density of solid, solids sink in their liquid but there are exceptions and one exception is water a very common exception is water for water density of the solid is lower than density of the liquid at least around ambient pressure but over a very wide range and because of this ice floats on water. Now what does it have to do with our understanding? Now notice that if density of the solid is less than density of the liquid that means specific volume of the liquid is less than specific volume of the solid and that means this denominator is negative we know the latent heat of ice as it makes positive. So here we have a denominator which is negative we have a numerator which is positive and that means our d P by d T on the saturation line for solid liquid is a negative number and what does that mean? That means as if you want a temperature rise you must reduce the pressure or if you increase the pressure you are decreasing the temperature and that is why on the P T diagram from the triple point the ice water equilibrium line is towards the left because as you increase the pressure the temperature decreases. So we know that if you put ice under pressure it makes faster there are experiments in the school books to explain that and now you will notice that the liquid vapor line has a shallow slope the solid vapor line has a sharp slope. The variation of pressure with temperature with pressure is not very significant and that is because of the relative magnitudes of delta s and delta v across the solid liquid phase. So this is the application the first direct application the understanding and appreciation of the fact that mating point of ice reduces as you increase the pressure whereas boiling point of steam increases as you increase the pressure that is perhaps is the even junior student can understand now the important of property relations. I think that is the answer I wanted to give to indoor and I think others have also appreciated it and that brings us to the end of the question answer session.


I noticed there's .coms and then there's also .wtf, so wtf, what's the difference? You can think of a domain name like having an online piece of real estate. Why does it cost it? No. Why does this cost so much? We thought about buying a domain and then noticed some of them cost a dollar and some of them cost a lot more and he wondered why is that? Well, you're in luck. We're gonna talk about that today and more. And today I'm super excited to be joined with my co-host Justin Neely. What's up? How you doing? Good to see you again. It's a nominal god to be here. So I know you got a lot of questions for me and I'll let you just lay them on me. So first and foremost, I think about cost and why is it there's such a range? I noticed that recently, you know, something maybe a dollar to thousands. Like why is there this range when it comes to cost for a domain? There are a lot of potential reasons why. So if nobody owns the domain name yet, you can get a domain like a dot com from any firm anywhere from like a dollar to about $20 just depending. And then if somebody owns a domain name, which that's those thousand dollars that you see, they're essentially reselling. It's you can think of a domain name like having an online piece of real estate, right? So they're selling that off and they're selling off that name that's been around for a while. That's super unique and that can potentially get you business just by having that domain. Okay. And then another thing I noticed, I was so excited to talk with you. So I started just researching all this. I noticed there's dot coms and then there's also like dot coffee or dot WTF. So WTF, what's the difference? Why are there these differences? So when the internet first began, we had just a couple of different variations like the dot com, net info, things like that. Those are just TLDs or top level domains. And then we have what's called CC TLDs, which are country code top level domains. That's like a dot code.uk or dot AU for Australia to really have a localized presence. And then those new ones that just released not too long ago and there's a lot more releasing as we speak. Those are GTLDs, generic top level domains.  There's a plethora of names. And it was really established because all the good comms are being taken, right? Which is where that online real estate comes in. Because if you have a great dot com domain name, you could sell it for thousands of dollars. So you want to be short and sweet though, right? Absolutely. It goes back to the radio test. If you got that 10 second ad spot on the radio and that's all you can really convey is that domain name. Is it catchy and would someone remember it? Is it easy to spell if you have crazy cool spellings with a K for the crazy? It may not work. And the same thing goes word of mouth. If you can't tell me what your domain name is really quick, I can't go back and find you super quick. It's not going to work out. But imagine that's hard at this point in the game. There's so many domain names. Right. Like how, I imagine it's pushing us to the longer domain names and lengths because there's so many out there. Yeah.  You want to make sure that you don't have hyphens because that's just annoying. Like cool, go to my website. It's this dash awesome dash website dash calm dash all the dashes, right? Yeah. Or having numbers in it. Like if I tell you to go to go to one coffee shop.com, you might type in O and E or the number one versus the new one or W on potentially it's confusing. Right. And the tension spans, they're just getting shorter. Right. Millennials can attest. So, with your domain name, those ones that are super short and sweet, they're brandable, they're for the most part worth what the cost is. So, those couple thousand dollars, it's really an investment in your business. And especially if it's your business name, that dot-com is taken. It might be a good idea to spend a little bit of cash and make sure you get that. As we're talking about domain names, I started to think, where do I, where do I go to get this? Where do I go to purchase a domain name? Well, glad you asked. Now, so you can go to any domain registrar. Like GoDaddy is a domain registrar, which means you can go and purchase your domain name. So, but with domain names, you don't just purchase it once and done. You actually have to essentially lease the domain. It's still yours. You have to renew it every year. Now, most domains you can buy anywhere from one year to 10 years, but there are some domains with some restrictions. So, you really want to check out those options. Wait, why would that be? How come it's not just consistent across the board? So, to kind of go a little bit deeper, there are registrants, registrars, and registries. Us purchasing domain names, we're registrants. Okay. Then registrars are like GoDaddy, they basically are a vendor supplying domains. And we have registries, which control a dot-com. So, verisign-controls.com, and you have other registries that control different domains. There's that Donuts Registry that controls a lot of the new unique ones, and they set their own rules. So, we're pretty much at their mercy, if you will. Right. Okay. So, I have another question for you, and that is, how do you protect your domain name? I mean, do you need to go and put yourself on the dot-net, the dot-com, in order to protect it? Right. It's really protecting your brand. If you just blow up and become this big success, like I hope you will, you want to get the alternate endings the next best. That way, people aren't trying to just steal your traffic, or potentially your competitors getting that domain name.   It's pretty rough. No pun intended. And what you can do, most registrars like GoDaddy has an extra value-added service to protect your registration. So, it'll protect it from hijacking, protect it if you forget to renew your domain. That happens all the time, especially if you buy it for five years out. Are you going to remember in five years? Sometimes not. Credit cards expire. So, there's that added protection that you can get just to make sure that your domain is always yours. All right, that's a wrap.  Thanks for having me. The king of domains. If you want more info like that and you have questions, definitely comment below and be sure to subscribe to our channel. Thanks. See you soon.


And what way can sustainable strategies drive long-term value and competitive advantage? You know, in the past, really almost everybody relied on this sort of initiative by initiative thing. So let's go find something to do that's really cool and saves a lot of money. Saves a lot of money being the number one part of that. Or something that's sustainable like a recycling program or something. And we're going to put all of our effort toward that and we're going to do a really good job of it. And then we're going to tell everybody that cares about us and our employees about it. And then we're going to reap the financial rewards of doing that. Where I see that the talent and the real leadership expertise comes is when the leader communicates those things with stakeholders, funds it early, not funding what's going to happen later, but sets the expectations with the board of directors and others, the CFO and others in the company, that this is going to be something that sometimes is great and we have the party and we turned on the solar array. And other times it's investing in a system, in a new development, in another country that actually cost quite a bit more, but in the long term made us a more sustainable company, which made us a more valuable company. But overall, how are companies doing not just in terms of setting targets, but actually meeting some of those goals? I call this this sort of real contradictory state right now. I think companies are starting to understand and their leadership are starting to understand that this is a real issue and they need to address it, but they haven't yet started the journey. So that's on the macro scale. I think on the micro scale, you take companies like Schneider who are members of our organization, all our members at WBCSD, we evaluate them, we help them understand where they're seen in the marketplace on these cross issues, whether it's a net zero agenda, the nature agenda, which is arriving on the scene, or the social agenda, which is a little bit of a laggard right now in terms of how we're assessing it, and then the degree to which they're being transparent on those issues. And we help them understand how they're currently positioned and will then give them some guidance on getting there. So it's a mixed record at the moment, but I think we see the momentum in the business sector. And back to Amir's point, you know, when companies like Schneider ask their supply chain, not we'll help you, but we want you, we demand you to do these things. I think you're going to start to see a title shift in terms of how companies step up to the plate on these issues. To find out more, visit NBCUniversalCatalysts, Facebook and YouTube channels. Thank you.


Well, mid-sized firms are critical to the UK economy and within this sector of the UK's economy are many of our hidden champions, companies that are not so well known to the general public, but within these companies there's a huge depth in terms of knowledge but also in terms of financial depth and strength as well. So these companies are very important to the future growth of the UK. For mid-sized family companies, as indeed for perhaps all family companies, I think they should look at stewardship and what that means. So stewardship really is managing resources in a way in which you can grow those resources to hand them on better and stronger. So two things there. The first thing is people. The people are a key resource in any company, so it's positioning yourself as an organization in order to recruit and retain the best talent, the best skills in your organization. And secondly, it's your financial capital. It's really looking at your strengths there, looking at your balance sheet and using that as a basis in which to invest for the future success of your organization. I think there's a lot of recognition now that for family businesses, and certainly this is the position of the Institute for Family Business, that it is sensible for families to think not only about their corporate governance and about having good practice in their boardroom in terms of non-executive directors sort of to support the company and to help set policy and strategy, but also to look at the ownership and to establish some form of family governance in order to take decisions as owners as to what the owners want from the business and how they wish to interact with the business and how they wish to also deal with issues among themselves as a group of owners.


Now, Roma Wines, present. Suspense. Tonight, my wife Geraldine, starring Edward G. Robinson. Suspense is presented for your enjoyment by Roma Wines. That's R-O-M-A, Roma Wines. Those excellent California wines that can add so much pleasantness to the way you live. To your happiness and entertaining guests. To your enjoyment of everyday meals. Yes, right now a glass full would be very pleasant as Roma Wines bring you... Suspense. This is the man in black here for the Roma Wine Company of Fresno, California to raise the curtain on another study in suspense. Tonight from Hollywood, Roma Wines bring you a star, Mr. Edward G. Robinson, in the story of an amazing hoax and a phantom love that led a man along the steep and dangerous bypads of sanity. And so, with my wife Geraldine and with the performance of Edward G. Robinson in the role of Geraldine's husband, we again hope to keep you in suspense. Mr. Graham. Mr. Graham. I know you're in there, Mr. Graham. You'd better open up. It's important. All right, I'll use my passkey then. Oh. Why are you sitting in the dark, Mr. Graham? Go away. Leave me alone. I have something to tell you. How can you sit here in the dark alone at a time like this? It gives me the creeps. Where's that light switch? Now, isn't that better with the lights on? What do you want? Why do you keep bothering me? I told you I'm not hungry. All right. I just brought this soup along in case. Now, listen to what I have to say, Mr. Graham. Well, I can't very well help myself, can I? That detective is coming back for you. He'll be here in just a few minutes. Why are you telling me this? I don't know. It won't do you any good unless I want it to. What are you driving at?  Oh, that's a good one. And the others?  All what women? They say you're that wife killer. The one the newspaper's called, the Black Widower. Well, aren't you afraid being all alone in the same room with the Black Widower? No, not exactly. Besides, they say he only kills women he's married to. Well, then I should propose to you without further delay, Miss Barton. Please, please don't joke. There's not time for it. I know a way for you to get out without being seen. There are police all around the house, but I know a way. I wasn't going to tell you anyway. Not unless I discovered it wasn't true about your being that murderer. Well, the police say I killed Geraldine. They ought to know. They found her body, Mr. Graham. Founder? Found Geraldine? Oh, no, no. This is too good. Who identified her? You? You forget, Mr. Graham. Have you ever seen her close enough to identify her? Yes, but you did see her. Well, after all, a person could hardly live in the same house for close on to six months without catching a glimpse of Geraldine. Yes, yes, of course. Mr. Graham, you haven't much time. And what do you want, Miss Barton? A nice, juicy confession? Yes, that would be useful, wouldn't it? We'd never have to take in rumors again. You could charge admission to this house. And this is the room where the Black Widower was first all to me. I couldn't help but he said it was a compulsion. I loved her, but I had to kill her. It was just like all the others. I'm sorry, Mr. Graham. I won't bother you again. If you need anything, well, I'll go. No, uh, wait. I've hurt your feelings, haven't I? Sit down. It's better with you here. Really, it is. Just tell me one thing and I'll go, Mr. Graham. Did you kill her? Not the others, but her. Well, why Geraldine especially? Because you loved her so. It was the most beautiful thing that ever happened to me. Sharing your happiness with her. The talks we used to have about her. The way you used to... Oh, stop it, stop it! I'm sorry. I'll tell you. You won't believe it, but I'll tell you. Please do, Mr. Graham. And, uh, this may seem strange, but... I shall have to exact a solemn promise from you. Never tell anyone what I'm about to reveal. I suppose it's wrong, but... Very well. You have my promise. Well, begin with. I couldn't possibly have killed Geraldine. Then they've made a mistake. She's still alive. No, she's not alive. Oh, you knew that all along? Of course. You see, my wife Geraldine never even existed. Tonight for Suspense, Roma Wines are bringing you as star Mr. Edward G. Robinson, whom you have heard in the prologue to My Wife Geraldine, a radio play by Robert Talman from a story by Lawrence Marcus. Tonight's Tale of Suspense. This is Truman Bradley for Roma Wines. To millions all over the world, the name Elsa Maxwell stands for Gracious Hospitality. Her suggestions on entertaining are eagerly sought. And here's an especially timely one. Planning a simple dinner for friends during these days of food rationing calls for imagination. Yet any hostess can compliment family and guests and make simple foods temptingly attractive. I suggest the simple and inexpensive touch that Roma lends, making party fare out of the most ordinary supper. Serve cool Roma red burgundy with the meal. If possible, too, dine by candlelight. The tart pecancy of deliciously robust Roma California burgundy and the soft, flattering lighting heightens the pleasure of dining. Remember, though, the important thing is to serve and enjoy good Roma wine with the dinner. Dinner by candlelights with brilliant, distinctive Roma wine, truly an appealing idea. And as Miss Maxwell suggests, delicious Roma California burgundy is the subtle note that tones up the occasion. Roma burgundy, like all Roma wines, is of unvarying goodness. The goodness of selected grapes, picked at their best in California's choicest vineyards, then guided to flavor fullness by the ancient winemaking skill of Roma's famed wineries. Serve Roma wine regularly. It costs only pennies a glass. Remember, more Americans enjoy Roma than any other wine. R-O-M-A. Roma wines. And now it is with pleasure that we bring back to our sound stage Edward G. Robinson in My Wife Geraldine, a tale well calculated to keep you in suspense. I'd better go back to the beginning. Before Geraldine, shall we say, I was a bachelor, Miss Barton, what they call a confirmed bachelor. My mother was left to widow at the time of my life when most young men start going out with girls. She was an invalid. Well, you know how it is. It's an old story. In those days, Geraldine was only a sort of vague picture in my mind. She didn't have any name. She was only the girl that I hoped one day to marry. As the years passed by, they hope faded. But as it faded, the image of the girl became all vivid. I, uh, I'd always admired Geraldine Farrah and so I named my dream girl Geraldine. I used to ride the commuting train to my job in the city and I got to know all the regular commuters who rode in the same smoking car. They were all married men. Good morning, Holmes. Good morning, Jackson. Smith. Oh, hello, Graham. Say, fellas, did I tell you my wife's expecting again? Well, congratulations, Smith, old boy. Thanks. How's about a bet? Five bucks says it's another girl. I'm betting on twins. Odds a million to one. What's your bet, Graham? Oh, my bet? Oh, well, I don't have any children, you see. What's your wife raised? Picking these poodles? Yeah. Now that I think of it, you've never mentioned your wife in all the times we've been riding together, Graham. Well, my wife, I mean, Geraldine, well, I'll show you her picture someday. There must be a raving beauty here. Graham wouldn't be so quiet about it. I always knew Graham was nursing some secret. Now it's out. An extravagant wife. No, Geraldine is not extravagant. I don't like your tone of voice, Holmes. You're speaking of my wife. I can see you haven't been married very long, Graham. I don't believe he's married at all. Oh, you don't? Well, let me tell you something. Not all marriages are like yours. Some people stay in love. I think I may safely say that Geraldine will always be in love. Well, that was how it started. When I thought about it afterwards, I was astonished at my behavior. I got as angry at the sliding remarks they had made about Geraldine as if Geraldine had been a real person and really my wife. Well, they all wanted to believe in Geraldine. And after my mother died, she became more and more real to me and more and more necessary. Come in, come in. Are you sent for me, Mr. Potter? Yes, Graham, have a chair. Oh, thanks. Well, the cat's out of the bag. Congratulations. You're in for a promotion in the raise and pay. Oh, well, thank you, Mr. Potter. I'm glad to have another married man on our payroll. It's the technicality, Graham. Yes, sir. So as to justify this raise with our main office, will you bring around your marriage license?  Yes, sir? Some women will marry anybody. Even you, Graham. Well, no offense, old man. Well, I, uh... I guess I'd better be getting back to the job. That's the spirit. Don't forget that marriage license. No, sir, I won't forget. Yes, sir. You, uh, Fred Bell? Yeah? Well, look, I'm in, uh, sort of a spot. You know, I've, uh... just, uh, changed jobs and for the record, you understand, I have to show them my marriage license. By Georgia, I've lost it and I don't know what to do. Who sent you here, mister? A fellow rumor of my hotel, Frank McGuire. Oh. Well, you know, I'm sticking my neck way out on this. It's going to cost you dough. And now... now it became necessary for me to change my mode of life even more. I could scarcely go on living in bachelor quarters with Geraldine. And that brought me to you, Miss Barton, remember? Yes. Um, oh, I, uh, saw your advertisement in the, uh, Morning Herald, uh, furnished apartment. Oh, yes. Uh, come in, won't you? Uh, thank you. You better set your bag down on the hall here. No use lugging it upstairs till you've seen the place. Yes, yes, yes. That's a good idea. It's right up these stairs. Thank you. Is it just you alone? Oh, no, no, no, uh, myself and wife. Oh. Well, she worked late in the war plan, so she gave me the rather unpleasant job of finding a place. Well, this is it. Two rooms and a small kitchen. The bath's in there. Yes. Looks very nice. It's a good vanity table for your wife. Oh, yes, it is. I'm sure she'd like that, especially. There's plenty of closet space for her clothes. Her clothes? Well, if she's anything like most women, I'll bet that isn't all of her clothes in that one suitcase. Oh, no, no, no, no, of course not. Goodness, no.  Maybe that's why I'm an old maid. Oh, no, you don't. Well, uh, what is the rent? $10 a week. We could get more, but since your wife is... Well, all right, I'll take it. Here. Here's the first month's rent. Well, I'd better give you a receipt for this. Well, it's not necessary, but my wife likes to hang on such things for some reason. So you better make it out to her. This is Graham. Geraldine Graham. All right, Mr. Graham. And now I better go back to our old place and bring over the rest of our... What size does your wife wear, Mr. Graham? Why, I don't know exactly. What size do you wear? Well, I wear 16. She'll probably be in to have them altered anyway. Now, here's a little model that just came in. Oh, uh, no, no, no, that won't do at all. That's much too fussy for Geraldine. Well, perhaps it would help if you could describe her for me. Well, uh, she has a kind of a gentle dignity in bearing, if you know what I mean. Her hair is tattered with little gold lights in it and her eyes. Her eyes are kind of a luminous gray-green color. Some days they look green and other days they're gray with the gold flecks in them. Her features are delicate but strongly molded. Sensitive but not fragile. And her skin is fair, almost translucent with just a sprinkling of freckles when she's been out on the sun for a day. She tries to cover them up, of course, as all women do when she's... Well, she's not exactly... How long have you been married? What? Why, uh, only a short time? I thought so. Well, I'm not much good at describing people, especially people I know awfully well. On the contrary, you're almost too good at it. You've made me feel I've met her. You see, she was becoming more and more definite all the time. Remember how you dropped in to see me, uh, us that day? Oh, uh, come in, Miss Barton. I thought I could help you with your unpacking. Well, uh, perhaps you could help with my wife's things. She gets home so late. I'd like to have everything arranged for her. Oh, what lovely clothes! And that suit! Why, just look at that suit. It's new, isn't it? Uh, well, I think it is. I'm not sure. Of course it is. This is the suit I've had my eye on. I wanted it for Easter. Oh, I'm so sorry. Why, she's just my size, too. Yes, yes, I believe she is. Well, she must be just about my coloring, too, judging from her clothes. Yes, yes, there is something about the hair and eyes that... Oh, I can't wait to see what she's like.  She comes in quite late and leaves so early in the morning that sometimes even I wonder if she's really been home or if I just imagined it. Well, I must say, you're a gentleman to put up with it. Well, she gets a kick out of this war job. And after all, it's only for the duration. You must be very much in love, Mr. Graham. Well... Geraldine and I are an unusual couple, Miss Barton. But so far I believe that our marriage is an unqualified success. And so the legend of Geraldine grew. The fellows at my office used to kid me about my ideal marriage. Hey, Jack, what's the matter with Graham? He hasn't phoned his wife for nearly an hour. Oh, come now. Maybe they had a fight. Not Romeo and Geraldine, Graham. How do you do it, Graham? My wife broke a plate over my head at our honeymoon breakfast and we've had to buy three new sets of dishes every year, ever since. How do I do it? Watch this. I'll give you a lesson. I pick up the phone and dial a number at random. It was a little act I put on every day for their benefit. You need garage Harry speaking. Hello, darling. You still love me? Hey, you got the wrong party, bud. This is the unique garage. Of course I do. Say it again, honey, just like that. Okay, you dumb. This is the unique garage. Harry speaking. Now, what do you want? Of course I don't mind you buying a new hat.  Listen, I got no time for gags. Are you a friend of somebody here? What do you say we go out to the show tonight and break it in? Break what in? Why, of course I've missed you. I've missed you without feeling lost and lonely. Darling. I'm sorry, darling, but I've got a heavy day tonight at the El Maraco. Goodbye, you lush. Oh, honey, you haven't been seeing him again. Yes, I know he's a friend of your sister... Yes, I mean your sister Geraldine, but... I know Geraldine, but I don't want that man around the house. Hmm? Yes, always and always, darling. Goodbye. How clever I thought myself that day, injecting that little discordant note, just that hint of jealousy into my one-sided conversation with Geraldine. How could I have known that it would be used against me later? How could I have known that my whole new life was to fall to pieces? Because it was that afternoon that the accident happened.  When I regained consciousness, Mr. Potter was sitting beside my bed there in the company hospital. Well, where is she? Look, she's got to be notified, old fella. Next to Kim, you know, it's a law, I believe. If she isn't at home... Now, please, please don't ask me any more questions. Now, now, look here, Graham. Forget that I'm your employer. Think of me as a friend. You can tell me. What is it that she left you? No. Well, then, where is she? Well, I won't say any more. I was going to tell you everything, but I know you wouldn't believe me. I'll just say this. There's no use, no use you're looking for. You won't find her. You want the police mixed up in this, do you, Graham? Well, I don't care. I'll go to prison. I'll do whatever I must, but I won't answer any more questions about Geraldine. Well, you know the rest of the story, Ms. Barton. When they released me from the hospital this morning, I knew it was only a matter of time until I'd be arrested for the murder of Geraldine. I didn't know they'd find her body quite so soon. But I'm rather glad they did. Now my secret will never be known. Geraldine is as real in death as she was to me in life.  Yes. Yes, I... I knew you would understand somehow. Yes, but remember your promise. But, Mr. Graham, you can't let yourself be hanged for the murder of a woman who never existed. Now, listen to me. When that detective comes back, tell him all these things. No, I will not, Ms. Barton. Let them think I'm the black widower. Oh, but... I even forged the marriage license. Oh, Mr. Graham, if only I'd known you then... And the police description. Now it's all too perfect.  You see, it's quite hopeless. Mr. Graham, that's the detective now. What are you going to do? Nothing. I'm tired. I'll be glad to get it over. I couldn't bear to tell them about Geraldine.  I don't care about saving my own life at that cost. Oh, please. That's why I made you give me your solemn promise to keep our secret, Ms. Barton. But before they come in, I... I just like to say... You've been wonderful. You, uh... You know, you're... You're rather like Geraldine. Mr. Graham. Oh, George, my poor poor daughter. All right, put the bracelets on him. I'll only bring the woman along for questioning. Just a moment, officer. You're making a terrible mistake. Listen to me. He is not the black widower. We know that, lady. They picked that one up in Albany a couple of hours ago. You found the black widower? Oh, George. What's that? My goodness. But your friend Mr. Graham here has still got some explaining to do. Such as? Such as what happened to his wife.  Well, very well, officer. I guess not. Will you be quiet, George? Officer, can I believe the evidence of my own ears? Do you say there is some question regarding Mr. Graham's wife? That's right. His wife. Well, it seems to me that a lot of trouble could have been spared if you had asked me about it. What? What do you mean? Please, please, my dear. You promised you... Please, you see, I... I am Geraldine Graham. Well, I don't want... Hey, listen. What's this? You're his wife. He has no other. Please, please. It's very kind of you, but it's no use. You see, officer, you won't believe me, but... Geraldine never... Officer, my husband has had a very serious accident. He isn't quite right in the head yet, and you are not helping matters. Well, Raleigh, get that phone, will you? Sure. Now then, let's get this straight once and for all. Raleigh speaking. What? Yeah? Hold everything. Huh? Hey, his headquarter's on the phone. They've identified the woman's corpus delectae. Her name is Eumansu Bovak. She fell off a tugboat. Well, why didn't they say so in the first place? Well, folks, it looks like we had little misunderstanding all around. You know how it is. Well, take care of yourself, Mr. Graham. Goodbye, Mrs. G. I'm pleased to have made you acquaintance. Come on, Raleigh. Come on. Let's get out of here. Miss Barton, Agnes, I don't really know... George. Yes? What was Geraldine like? I mean, what did she look like? Well, really, my dear, I... Well, Geraldine? Well, she has a kind of a gentle dignity and a grace of bearing. Her hair is taffy-colored with little gold lights in it. And her eyes...  Her skin is fair, almost translucent with just a sprinkling of freckles when she's been out in the sun for a day. She tries to cover them up, of course, as all women do, and... I always do.  You know, my hair is taffy-colored and the little gold lights in it. That was very observant of you, George. And my eyes... Would you really say gray-green? My goodness. My goodness, I do believe... Miss Bart, Agnes, do you suppose... That we could be married immediately. I'd rather think that can be arranged. And thank you for your nice proposal. My dear darling. George, what is Geraldine going to think of all this? She'll be furious. And so closes my wife Geraldine, starring Edward G. Robinson. Jeanette Nolan appeared as Agnes opposite Mr. Robinson in tonight's study in... Suspense. Suspense is produced, edited and directed by William Spear. Before Mr. Robinson returns to our microphone, this is Truman Bradley for Roma Wines. One woman recognized as knowing all the niceties of entertaining... Is the world famous hostess Miss Elsa Maxwell. She has this to say about simple wartime entertaining. Good friends and good Roma sherry. These are the makings of a pleasant evening. Roma California sherry is ideal for any occasion. Before dinner with appetizers or during friendly afternoon or evening visits. You and your guests will enjoy the light, nut-like flavor of glorious amber-colored Roma sherry. And for fullest enjoyment, serve cool. Delicious and distinguished as they are. Roma wines cost only pennies a glass. Serve and enjoy them often. Remember, more Americans enjoy Roma than any other wine. R-O-M-A. Roma Wines. And next time you use vermouth, sweet or dry, choose Roma Vermouth. Zestful, full-flavored Roma Vermouth is blended, mellowed and developed. With all the traditional wine-making skill of Roma wineries. Yet surprisingly low-priced. Try Roma Vermouth soon, won't you? This is Edward G. Robinson. I have certainly enjoyed appearing here this evening on Suspense, and I want to tell you how much I'm looking forward to hearing next week's broadcast in this series. My friend James M. Kane, who wrote Pebble and Dignity in the film version, which I had the honor of appearing this year, is the author of another wonderful suspense story called Love's Lovely Counterfeit. You will hear it next Thursday, and your star will be Mr. Humphrey Bogart. Remember him? I used to knock him off every morning before breakfast. Well, that sounds like quite a show, and I know you won't want to miss it. Edward G. Robinson is currently starring in the international production The Woman in the Window. Next Thursday, same time, Mr. Humphrey Bogart will be your star of... Suspense. Presented by Roma Wines, R-O-M-A. Made in California for enjoyment throughout the world. This is CBS, the Columbia Broadcasting System.


What's up internet? Maramin ang tatanong kung bibili sila ng computer, kung kailandren nila bumilen ng AVR or ng UPS. So na isip namin na saman na rin siya sa how-to-buy basic PC parts. Kung naghaanap ka ng legit Windows 10 Pro CD-Key, may special promo ngayon ng CD-Key offers for Black Friday. Mura na sila dati, mas mura pa sila ngayon. And may dug-dug 20% discount if you use our promo code. Add to cart, check out, dan ka sa payment options nila, wala pa isang minuto, finished. May legit working CD-Key ka na sa software na pinilimo. Gamitin ang aming promo code para makakuhapan ng extra 20% discount sa purchase mo. Kung naghanap ka ng mura, legit, and original software, check out CDKOffers.com. Una yung AVR or yung Automatic Voltage Regulator. Ano ba yung AVR? In the ideal world, yung transmission ng power malinis. What we mean by clean here is that very defined yung transmission frequency ng power. Kung baga, if you were to graph it, the wave would be very gentle, very defined. So di siya masyado mataas, di siya masyado mababa, tas yung amplitude niya or yung height ng wave consistent. That's the ideal situation, pero di siya ganun in real life. Especially sa atin na medyo lumana yung electricity grid. Maraming interference sa transmission lines, both natural and man-made. Anaming factors na nagdadagdag nung noise or basically that pollutes the transmission of the power. Kaya hindi na malinis yung power signal pagdating sa bahay mo, pagdating sa computer mo. In the real world, especially nga sa atin, imbis na very gentle yung wave if you were to graph the frequency of power transmission, very jagged siya. Ito yung tinatawag na noisy signal. Mataas yung peak, mababa yung valley. And so instead of having a gentle, very easily defined graph or of up and down, you usually have something na mukang mas lie detector test. Alam mo nakita sa mga movies na nagsisinungaling yung vida or yung contrabida or whoever nakahook up dun sa polygraph or lie detector test. Usually pagun ganun yung graph, parang ganun. Very high, very low, very erratic. That's how a noisy power signal looks like. And most likely ganun rin yung power signal na pumapasok sa bahay mo or sa computer mo. Kasi yung nga, medyo lumana yung electricity grid natin. Yung trabaho na AVR is to smooth out the power entering from the main line. Since it automatically regulates the voltage, kaya nga siya AVR, imbis na sobrang taas or sobrang baba yung pumapasok na voltage, the AVR restricts it to a defined range, hanggang dito ka lang or hanggang dito ka lang. So at least mas malinis na yung power signal na pumapasok dun sa computer mo. Di siya ganun ka taas, di siya ganun ka baba. The AVR automatically regulates the voltage. So kailangan mo ba talaga tung AVR kung may computer ka? For the short term, magkamatakot, pwede mo gamitin yung computer kahit walang AVR, saksak mayan directsho sa wall outlet. In fact, dito sa hardware sugar, wala kaming computer na naka saksak sa AVR. Yung test bench namin, yung dalawang staff computers namin, direct to the main, in the short term, we are not afraid that this will cause any damage. In conjunction to this, may nagtatanong pano kung may nag-fiflicker, or I'm sure na ramdaman or napansin mo na datin na nang computer ka, big lang yung ilaw mo mag-fiflicker, pero on pa naman yung computer mo, tuloy-tuloy. That's no problem. Your PSU can handle it. Walang nasisira sa loob ng computer mo, hindi nasisira yung PSU mo. Kung ganun lang yung experience mo na briefly mag-fiflicker yung ilaw, pero nakaon pa naman yung computer, hindi naman matay yung computer, that's fine. You don't need an AVR to protect you against anything there. Nothing is being destroyed sa computer mo. Iniisip kasi nung iban na yung flickering of the lights indicates na erratic ng power supply, tapos may nasisira sa loob ng PSU, yung capacitor, yung ibang components niya. Kung baga overtime, masisira siya or the quality becomes degraded. But the PSU can handle it, it's fine. You're not sacrificing your components' quality over time if you are experiencing things like that. So for short term use, you don't need an AVR. Let's say kakabile mo lang nung rig, excited ka, gusto mo na gamitin, pero walang AVR sa bahay.  For the long term, do you need an AVR? There is some protection to using AVRs because they can protect the PSU against damage na ordinarily masisira na yung PSU. Yung usual scenario dito kung may lightning strike na, alam mo naman sa atin, magbagyo, medyo madalas yung kidlat. Sa may lightning strike, it will flow through the electric wires and into your house and into your computer. May chance, may possibility na may sasabog sa loob ng PSU mo. Usually that's the MOV or the metal oxide varistor. And once the MOV blows, hindi mo na magamit yung PSU mo. Effectively dead na siya. Kung may AVR ka, usually yung AVR may surge protection. So it protects you from sudden surges in the current, which is what happens in lightning strikes. In that scenario, kung may AVR sana yung system na yun, hindi po potok yung MOV nung PSU because maaabsorb nung AVR yung surge. And for surge protection, you actually don't need an AVR. You can buy dedicated surge protection units. They look like heavy duty extension cables or power strips. And these provide the same protection as an AVR. There are some other added small benefits to using an AVR. Like it does remove EMI or RFI interference from hardware that are connected to the same circuit. Chaka, usually mas maraming sockets yung AVR. And for a full system, you know that usually kelang mo nung at least mga four sockets for the monitor, for the system, for the printer, for the Wi-Fi router. So andami mga peripherals or accessories na kasama sa computer. And usually, you want all of those plugged into the AVR. So the AVR doubles up as a power strip. Chaka yung AVR usually may step down transformer yun. So from 220 volt, may mga ibangsaksakan sa kanya na 110 volt. Usually, most of the appliances now actually are dual volt. Yung mga cell phones natin, yung mga computer, dual volt yun. Medyo throwback yung socket nung 110 to a time na ma-cellan yung mga appliances like yung mga consoles. Datay, bilikan yung console abroad, 110 yun. Pagbalik mo dito 220, saksak mo yung 110 sa 220 outlet. Wala na GG na yan. But over time, manufacturers have gotten better. And most appliances, computers nowadays, are dual volt. Pero medyo, at least for me, parang security blanket lang na ah, at least yung AVR na to, may dalang saksakan yung 110. Just in case, you don't come across that one odd appliance na di siya dual volt na kailangan mo talaga yung saksak sa 110, the AVR is useful for that. So let's say, gusmo bumili nung AVR. Either because di ka na ninywala sa payo ko na di naman talaga siya ganoong kakailangan, or you do want that extra surge protection, or you want to clean up your power signal, or get met, or remove the EMI or RFI interference. What do you need to look out for in buying AVR? Usually, one is two one yan. Yung capacity nung AVR dapat equal dun sa kailangan nung mga components na sinasaksak mo. So let's say you have a computer, 550 watt power supply, you have a monitor, let's say that's 50 watts, and you add a printer and things like that. Basically, you add all of the wattage requirements that you have for all of the components na naka saksak dun sa AVR. Tapos yung capacity nung AVR dapat equal to or greater than the total requirements of the components that are plugged in. Tapos interestingly enough dun sa research ko for this video, may nakita akong isang scenario na nagsha shut down yung computer mag-isa while playing games. And the user was able to trace it back kasi yung AVR niya, hindi niya kaya yung power requirements nung computer niya. Sinaksak niya yung computer niya directsho sa wall outlet, wala nang problema, di na naka crash yung computer. I've never experienced this before, whether myself or customer builds from the shop, pero yung nga based dito sa reported experience nung user sa internet, it is possible na makapos yung power na pumapasok sa system mo, kasi hindi na kaya e-output nung AVR mo. Kung bagang nakabattlenec yung sa AVR, your system needs more power, but the AVR can only output so much. So usually one is two one yan. If you have a total need of around 800 watts, then you want an AVR with a capacity of 800 watts or more. Punter naman tayo sa UPS or uninterrupted power supply. Ano ba to? Basically the UPS is like a battery para kung makabrawn out, makuha yung computer mo ng power dun sa UPS kasi wala na siya makuha dun sa main line or main power line. Do you need UPS? Only if you're working on sensitive data that needs to be saved. For example, college student ka, may requirement ka na paper sa philosophy, 20 pages single space, at ginagawa mo yung paper mo sa Higelian Power Dynamics of Nichean Ethics. Naka 19 pages ka na. Tapos, biglang nagka-brown out, hindi mo na save. Wala na, GG na rin yun. There's probably no way you're getting that data back. Dun mo talaga mararam daman yung Nichean Despair. In that case, maganda saan na kung may UPS ka para at the point of brown out, hindi mo mamatay computer mo, lilipat siya dun sa UPS. It will draw power from the UPS and you will have time to save your document and shut down properly. Of course, there are a lot of us na, especially ngayon ng work from home, na very sensitive talaga yung data, kailangan ma-back up, kailangan ma-save. So yung mga lawyers ang bagwa ng pleadings, yung mga servers with different files, yung mga editors, videos or photos, or andami mga applications, andami mga use cases na kailangan talaga na up to date yung pagsave nila and yung pag-back up. For those cases, yes, you really do need a UPS. Pero let's say yung gamit mo sa computer mo, pang streaming, gamer ka. Sinestream mo yung COD, magdamag buong araw, dima kailangan ng UPS.   And we'll get to that later in the video na ganang baka-tagal yung UPS or how long will it power your system. Personally, I've never used UPS. Tingin ko, dag-dag gastos lang yung for me. I don't have any data that is so crucial na kailangan talaga and ma-save in real time. And actually yung Windows may UPS alternative na siya. Yung tawag sa kanya, Control-S. Kainit anong work ginagawa mo sa Windows, Excel, Word, PowerPoint, gamitin mo lang yung Control-S every 10 seconds. Ako otomatik na yun. Kainit anong ginagawa ko Control-S, Control-S. Kainit walang nagbago, kainit nag-iisip lang ako dun sa document, kahit nag-research pa lang ako at wala pao nalagay sa Excel file, Control-S pa rin ako ng Control-S. And yes, yung ibang programs like Word may Autosave, magkamaniwa na dyan sa Autosave na yan. Control-S ka lang ng Control-S. Sa games, usually may hotkey for quicksave, usually it's F5, otomatik na rin yung sa akin. F5, Control-S. Paminsan sa Word, nag-F5 ako. Paminsan sa games, nag Control-S ako. Para lang talaga masave. And so for me, I don't need a UPS. But of course, it's up to the user. Kung sobrang critical talaga ng data niya at kailangan niya masave nung maayos. So, let's say, gusto mga bumili nung UPS, ano yung kailangan mo malaman? Three things. Number one, what capacity of UPS do you need to get? Usually, yung UPS re-narrate yun in VA or let's say 1000 VA. Tapos yung industry standard is 60% of the VA is the watt capacity of that UPS. Again, yung VA hindi iyan equal to the watts. So, kung may 1000 VA yan, that does not equal 1000 watts yung capacity nung UPS na yun. 60% lang yung watts capacity. So, let's say may 1000 VA UPS, yung watts capacity nung is around 600 watts. So, again, tally up everything that you will plug into the UPS and adjust accordingly. Number two, how long will it power my stuff? And the honest answer here is nobody knows. Sa toto lang, sobrang hirap na icalculate gano ba katagal yung UPS for a given system or for a given appliance because non-linear yung discharge nung battery nung UPS. Non-linear basically means it can jump around a lot. The power capacity and rate of discharge don't correlate evenly. Kung magbago lang konte dun sa power capacity, maari na sobrang laki nung difference dun na sa discharge rate. So it's not like, okay, I have a 600 watt capacity UPS and I have a 600 watt system and if I'm only using 300 watts because the system is not on load, therefore I can expect it to last one hour. It's very difficult to give estimates like that kasi yun nga non-linear yung pagkadescharge nung UPS battery. But the upside is you don't really need a lot of time. Yung purpose lang naman talaga na UPS is para ma-save mo yung current work mo. Nag-kabraun-out big lap, save mo na yung lahat.  The UPS is there just to give you a two-minute window, five-minute window to get your PC in order and then to shut it down properly. You don't need it to last for a very long time. Last thing you need to know for UPS is the sine wave. Or basically when the computer switches to the UPS for power, the UPS generates either a pure sine wave or a simulated sine wave. We go back to the frequency of the power signal. Mas malines, mas orderly yung signal nung pure sine wave. Yung problema since mas makadengay ang pure sine wave mas mahal siya. Usually around double the cost yung UPS na pure sine wave kaisa sa dun sa simulated sine wave. And what do we care? Unfortunately, may ibaong PSUs na hindi compatible dun sa simulated sine wave. Kailangan sa kanya pure sine wave. Yung mahirap pa dun, it's not easy to figure out po itong PSU na ito, gagahanan lang siya sa pure sine wave UPS. Wala ito sa usual system specs na linalabas nung PSU manufacturers for their units. Kung sanay ka tumingin sa mga PSU, usually tinatingan mo yung capacity, yung 80 plus rating, kung fully modular ba siya, kung Japanese capacitors and things like that. But very rarely do you find it listed na, ah, at ito kung mag-UPS ka, kailangan pure sine wave. So if you're buying a UPS for your computer system and you're not sure at hindi mo ma-research, it's best to go with a UPS na pure sine wave. Kung ma-research mo or ma-testing mo na, ah, gagahanan naman pala PSU ko dun sa simulated sine wave UPS, then it's recommended to go with that. Yes, the power signal is noisier. But value for money, again, you're not going to be running the computer on the UPS for a very long time.  So kung kaya ng simulated sine wave UPS, dun ka na, mas mura pa. So that's it for AVR and UPS. Do you need an AVR? Sa short term, no. Sa long term, you might want to consider it for added protection. Yung UPS, do you need it? It depends on your use case. Ako personally, I have an AVR. But to be honest, mas ginagamit ko pang power strip na maraming saksakan kaysa sa actual na tingko kailangan ko yung extra protection. Yung UPS, I don't have, I feel I don't need it because I have control S. And to be honest, sumasakit ulo ko sa mga power videos or videos that I make regarding mga power supply or yung mga mains, amplitude, current, watts and things like that. We do have some other videos like this one about all of the Corsair PSUs or this other video regarding why true rated is just a marketing term. And if you want to learn more about PSUs or power things related to computers, you might want to check those guys out. Thanks for watching.