You have heard about the superconductivity, the theory and other things I am not going to the details you have already seen, three lectures or so you had. You have some idea about it, the basic mechanism, some basic simple understanding of VCS theory you have by this time. I try to give you some idea of things that are happening today and maybe some of the applications that is all I can do in a very limited time like this. Mainly I will worry about high temperature superconductors, but before I do that I do not want to just start from there. I just give you some very important features which are actually important in the sense that not only for type 1 or type 2 or high temperature or normal conventional superconductors. So I am sure you have heard about this thing, generally we classify them to be type 1 or type 2 or the conventional superconductors and high TC superconductors. Basically the type 1 versus type 2 is in that category. As you have seen some of the key features of superconductivity in general is that the resistivity is very 0. So the ratio of resistance between normal and superconducting states actually is something like 10 to the power of 14. In this context there was a question, I do not know whether it was answered or not, there was a question how are you sure that your resistivity has actually become 0. Because experimentally there are limitations, what actually is done is something like this. In a superconducting circuit the current actually is found to decay in something like this. So this is the way the current actually decays and typically it takes the time that is needed r is a resistance very small value, l is the inductance of the circuit. So I think l by r. So this actually is used, this relation is actually used to find out the decay. So dk is observed and from the value of time that it takes you actually find out what is the resistance. So this is the expression which actually used. So when you tell that resistance actually becomes 0, it is not by measuring the resistance. One can actually do find out what is the time required to get the current to very very small values. This is the technique that actually is used. So this is mostly if you can see that it goes to many many years for the current to die in a good superconductor. So that is what is used and nearly getting resistance will only give you what is known as a perfect conductor. A perfect conductor is not a superconductor, you need a perfect diamagnet also. A superconductor is at the same time a perfect conductor and a perfect diamagnet and of course is given by the Meissner effect. When you have studied about persistent current which actually has lot of applications some of them I am going to come. When you have you talked about the penetration depth, there is a depth over which the fields can actually penetrate. The concept of coherence length which essentially is the dimensions over which two electrons can form the bond the so called the Cooper pair. So it is not that two electrons are very close by and they form a singlet state the spin 0 state but actually is many lattice spacings, many lattice constants that is giving the coherence length regarding the flux quantization which actually is flux that is trapped within the superconducting loop is not anything but it has to be quantized. The isotope effect you talked about it when you have seen which essentially is some justification or some support of the DCS theory then comes the difference between type 1 and type 2 superconductors. Superconductivity is a altogether different phenomenon. Some of the features I have written here there are many but I have written some of the important things. Both metals and nonmetals become superconducting so not that only metals can become superconducting in fact it is very surprising that the best not surprising because now we know the best conductors like silver or gold are never superconducting so far they have been found to be non superconducting even to the lowest temperature achieved so far. Alkali metals are good conductors but other than CCM none of them actually superconduct. It is also found that all crystalline forms all polycrystalline single crystal amorphous all these forms are known to superconduct various materials very important thing change in the crystal structure induced by pressure this is a very important thing. Pressure is somehow found to cause superconductivity in many systems in this context let me tell you that in 2015 the latest superconductor probably that is the highest TC reported superconductor is actually a hydrogen sulphide which actually subjected to very high pressures that is known I mean that is reported to have a superconducting transition of something like 203 Kelvin. I understand that is highest value ever reported where again the pressure is very high I think 30 bar or something. So the pressure is in general many materials the pressure high pressure is able to stabilize superconductivity in many many systems the latest I mentioned about it and almost all crystal structures also not that only cubic or only hexagonal will give superconductivity many of the things are known to almost all crystal structures of different materials are known to show superconductivity. So nothing crystal structure specific alloys superconduct even when the constituents are not. If I have an alloy formed between A and B and if AB is superconducting does it mean that A has to be superconducting and B has to be superconducting if A is not superconducting B is not superconducting but AB can be superconducting that is also found out. In some cases amorphous counterparts are superconducting while the crystalline phase is not very interesting again I mean the very good conductors are not becoming superconductors but very good insulators are actually becoming superconductors. So these are some of the strange things that we do not really expect but that is actually true. As you would have seen I am more worried about high TC and applications the main things to worry about from the application point of view are three critical quantities one is the critical temperature the TC the highest higher the better any application you need to have something like room temperature. So TC room temperature is what is desired but it is not there at the point then the critical magnetic field the magnetic field it can actually survive you can apply and survive the superconducting. Similarly, the critical current density which is very important the current density it can tolerate the maximum value so the problem here. So this is basically a history of superconductors you how do you tell that something is high TC or something is low TC it is very difficult above 10 Kelvin they are actually classified as high TC superconductors they are really high TC superconductors if they are actually in the vicinity of something like liquid nitrogen temperature something like 77 Kelvin because then you do not have to you can use liquid nitrogen and do anything above that if it is 50 Kelvin it is you cannot use liquid nitrogen you have to use something else mostly helium liquid helium because liquid helium I mean boiling point is 4.2 Kelvin whereas liquid nitrogen is 77 Kelvin. So anything above 77 is ok actually everything anything above room temperature is what is looked for but anything above 77 is considered great and anything above 10 K is considered ok and they are listed as high TC superconductors there are many as various classes some of the I think I mentioned during my this one. So what are the main things was what is known as a heavy fermion superconductor I mean ok the starting point was this N B T I alloy which actually is used in many of the superconducting magnets in reality I will come to some pictures later on there is what is known as a N B 3 SN is at alloy again which is a very important in many applications these are alloys they are known from 1950s onwards. Then there are certain heavy fermion I mentioned about a heavy fermion yesterday that is they some of them are known to be superconducting these are all surprises at that time so that is why it is written here there were organic superconductors many of them were known in the 80s the cuprate superconductors came in 86 L A M N O 3 those kind of uterium varium copper oxide actually started a big boom in that direction thousands of papers came lot of patents came lot of things were happening at that time that is because of this cuprate superconductors uterium varium copper oxide started with when the fuller in came fuller in and modifications of fuller in many of them were found to be superconducting that was in the 85s I mean that range very interesting happened in 90s that was when again the magnetic some water magnetic components like boron carbides many of the things which contain rare earth and boron and carbon they were accidentally found to be superconducting recently in 2001 M G B 2 that is magnesium diborite is found to be superconducting lot of work is going on in fact M B G B 2 is supposed to be a good superconductor and from the applied point of view also lot of people are working on it so iron based superconductors came in 2006 iron is something which is supposed to be an enemy of superconductor because iron is a good ferromagnet so you do not expect for superconductivity from Fe at all or Fe based systems at all in that context this was a real surprise many of the Fe based systems are actually superconducting and lot of work is going on at the moment this I came around 2006 as I mentioned 2015 we have a new candidate high pressure candidate which actually gives you a TCF something like 2200 Kelvin which is of course high pressure means you cannot use for applications these are the things which you have already seen so the since I am talking about high TC this is essentially type 2 what you have is main difference is this one so you have a superconducting region before it actually becomes a normal region you have what is not as a mixed region where you have some magnetism and some superconductivity coexisting I will come to the picture soon or if I actually talk about the internal field and external field how the internal field varies as a function of external field as long as in the type 1 superconductor as long as external field is below the critical value the BC value I talked about the internal field is 0 there is no internal field this is a miscellaneous effect and then suddenly it becomes normal and it gets a full field whereas in the case of type 2 it is not like that up to a lower critical field it is true there is miscellaneous effect and then it slowly starts tolerating the magnetic field and it goes something like abrupt gem that you see is not here that is a type 2 or a so called high TC superconductors this is a list of so various things including the TC value here that is shown just tell you this shows you how the development happened over the period of time this I talked about LASR CO4 it is a very important compound then Euterium-Virium-Coporax I talked about some of the things which I have taken from literature just to give you an idea about some of the organic compounds also shown here some metals some metallic systems all are shown here fuller in is here fuller in modified fuller in is here so all these things are shown here essentially it happened over the last 20 30 years how the TC has been gradually increasing towards room temperature this another picture which again shows how the development happened you can see both oxide material that is insulators and the metallic systems how the TC's are distributed as I mentioned again liquid nitrogen is taken as a reference because anything below liquid nitrogen is not so good anything above liquid nitrogen is definitely very great achievement so these are some of the main differences between type 1 and type 2 as I already showed you certain laws of magnetization whereas here it is a gradual loss the Meissner effect is not very discontinuous in this case there is a mixed state in this case mixed state means the normal and superconducting states and this is actually a soft superconductor generally these are all hard superconductors examples lead and tin are the standard examples of type 1 superconductors mercury of course and here as I mentioned nvsn nv3ti all nv3sn all these alloys mostly they belong to type 2 superconductors which are actually commercially exploited as I am going to show this is actually what is known as a mixed state which actually is called the flux spin the state you can see the you have normal regions where actually the otherwise superconducting region this normal magnetic field regions are penetrating and you have normal and conducting regions coming together separated like the domain separated by domain walls. So what you are seeing here is I will give a very elementary picture of this what you are seeing here is there is a wall there is a surface which is actually separating the normal region and the superconducting region these surfaces are the one which actually is very important how do you know that that is very important very very simple empirical understanding that has been obtained is this one your two main length scales are a superconductor one is a penetration depth other thing is a coherence length one can actually get an empirical relation conducting the two and try to see whether something is going to be in type 1 or type 2 remember whenever a surface energy is positive that means it will not be possible to have it and then you will not be able to have two regions. So that means you will have only one region type 1 so what is found is when your penetration depth is actually smaller and the coherence length and the coherence length is more what is found the calculations have shown that the surface energy is going to be positive which means that the surface cannot be supported which means that it has to be only one type only s type or n type so that essentially gives you a type 1 superconductor. On the other hand if the penetration depth actually is more than the coherence length it is an empirical relationship but actually works in many cases if it is this way then the surface energy is found to be negative which means that the surface energy can be energetically favorable which means that you can have a normal region and superconducting region giving rise to the so called type 2 superconductor it is a very empirical thing but it actually is very useful. I will come to the application some of the applications we think that superconductivity has today there is no application that is not true superconductivity has large number of applications as listed here from the energy point of view it is a very important consideration today because energy is a global demand clean energy and other things are being talked about lot of things more than that the magnets have become an important thing as far as superconductivity application is concerned. In medical case of course this MRI is something which is a routine test today MRI works with a very high magnetic field which cannot be obtained with the electromagnets that somebody asked earlier also electromagnets can give you typically 1, 1.5 tesla magnetic field these can even in many labs we have fields of the order of 9 tesla which actually can be produced only with the help of a magnetic superconducting magnet where the persistent current is giving rise to this magnetic field. So MRI machines we need MRI is essentially an NMR magnet NMR instrument NMR magnets or MRI magnets are heavily dependent on this superconducting magnets there are other applications which are not very straightforward but they are very important one very important thing that is not written here is actually superconductors generally cannot support type 1 basically type 1 superconductors generally cannot support any property that depends on the gradients thermal conductivity is one thing thermal conductivity is temperature gradient it depend on temperature gradient gradient. So thermal conductivity is actually very poor in the case of superconductors in general. So because of this one we can use as a switch you have one region hot region cold region you want to have connection between the two sometimes you want them to be connected sometimes you do not want them to be connected what you can do is that you can put a superconductor in between as long as this is in the superconducting state the temperature is low then this acts as a off switch off position because it cannot this is having a very low thermal conductivity when you increase the temperature locally it becomes normal it gives you a normal conductivity. So this is between on and off there are n number of such applications possible because of the special properties of superconductors one I am just giving you anything related to gradient cannot be supported electrical resistivity is again the same issue because it cannot support voltage differences voltage gradients cannot be supported. So it cannot have any resistance change so resistance between two points it cannot have so it actually becomes 0. So there are such applications where one can actually see this kind of things. So when if there is a current then the current has to move in such a manner that there is no potential difference between the two any differences it cannot tolerate any gradients it cannot tolerate. So when there is a current and if there is a resistance there is an IR drop this IR drop between two points is not allowed because you cannot have you cannot have differences within the so called condensate the picture another picture is a condensate picture I am sure it does in it. So this is not possible so only way is you have to have current but there is no drop means your resistance has to be 0. So similarly the thermal conductivity has to be 0 thermal power has to be 0 all these things are determined by differences in some properties all these things have to be 0 very elementary way of looking at it. So this is something which is very important instrument which some of you will be having in the search labs if you are having magnetism activity this is a skewed magnetometer. I am showing you this because here superconductivity has two important applications not just one here you are using a superconducting magnet made up from type 1 superconductor which actually giving rise to the magnetic field of the order of 9 Tesla or 12 Tesla depending on the money you pay that is one number one use very important any 5 field is superconducting magnet other thing is this is used to detect very small magnetic moments associated with materials or very small magnetic fields it produce your sample produce that means it is used to find out very very low magnetic very weak magnetic properties of very weakly magnetic substances this use this is using the principle of skewed magnetometer the flux quantization Josephson junction you have studied. So this is basically usually the DC Josephson effect is used in the super what is known as a quantum interference property which actually is really used in this case is a commercial instrument where we use again the superconducting quantum interference property which actually comes from the Josephson effect. So here you are using the persistent current for producing the magnetic field and the Josephson effect to sense the magnetic field that your small sample is producing. So that way this is a very unique example where you have using two different very important properties of superconducting do not worry whether it is type 1 or type 2 but it is actually an important application of superconducting. Another very important thing is actually the production of magnetic field itself this is a way you connect us switch usual case what we have is like electromagnet the power must always be there to get the magnetic field as a answer to somebody earlier but in this case because of the persistent current once it is energized you can remove this and the system will produce a magnetic field which will decay as I mentioned after several several years. So this is something a part which is actually there in the earlier superconducting magnetometer. So this has this thing this is as far as a magnetic part is concerned of course then the other part the detection part using the quantum interference is another issue. This is of course all of you have heard about in the mag left if you ask me is it a reality or not yes and no because people have successfully demonstrated it is possible at least in Japan you would have heard about it something like 300 kilometer per hour I think very high speed trains have been successfully run where you have a superconducting part there and it produces a diamagnetic effect on some of the some points on the rails which is able to levitate it because of the perfect diamagnetism and it is able to levitate which means that your friction is considerably reduced and hence that gives you a very good free movement which actually is saving lot of power. So in that context again today it is a very very important aspect the last thing I will show is a magnetic shielding you can not only that it can produce magnetic field because of this flux exclusion it can do if you are really looking for some place some part some instrument to be completely shielded at least theoretically one can think in this line you can completely screen the particular region away from the magnetic field there are various ways of doing it magnetically also because if you if I want to cover some electronic equipment free from magnetic field earth including the earth magnetic field what we generally do is we cover it with a high permeability material. So high permeability means all the magnetic lines of force coming from wherever it is it will actually go through that because high permeability will absorb everything it will take everything it will go through that nothing will go inside that is one way of shielding it but this super conductivity principle can also be used to shield a region completely from the external magnetic fields. So these are some of the applications again this list can really go a long way like in the case of magnetism just to give you a flavor in connection with the some of the important properties only I have shown you and this is something which is going on even today as I mentioned 2015 you have a new material whether it is going to be produced in an industrial scale or not that is a different issue but there are materials coming up lot of new unexpected in fact all the materials that have been found to be good they were all from unexpected categories. So like that this will still go on and I am sure that depend on superconducting materials and magnetic materials is huge today and it is only growing with this I finish all my lectures I can take some questions you are not able to ask the questions or you do not want to ask at this point of time but you still want to have some problems please write to me I will be answering in the remaining days does not matter when I will be able to do I can always do that over the email. 1136 PSG college go ahead. Good morning. I have a question to be clarified in band ferromagnetism yeah ignoring the orbital contribution yeah with the help of overlapping alone it is possible to determine the non integer value just as it is stated how it is possible to estimate the exact value of non integer I would like to know answer for this. How to know the exact value of how do we measure the non integer value with the help of band overlapping alone yeah I get so what I have actually I have written one example there since because of lack of time I could not explain nothing but it is there in the slide if you see what we can do is that we generally do what is known as a rigid band model. So what you can do is you can actually find out various techniques are available today if you want to do that you can find out depending on the number of electrons that are actually transferred from the 3d band to the conduction band you can find out and from subtracting that because that contribution magnetic contribution from the 4s electrons will be quite small compared to the contribution from the 3d. So if you do the calculation one can see that when you add the 3d contribution and the 4s contribution it will never happen to be an integer. So you have to essentially find out how much is a charged transfer that is happening which actually is determined by the degree of overlap between the 3d and 4s. So in standard cases assuming a rigid band model you can actually get some idea about how much is the transfer between the 3d and 4s we know how much is in the case of nickel how much is in the case of cobalt that is known. If you want to do experimentally of course one can do but it will do is other way we do an experiment to find out how much is the I am getting and then do a back calculation and see okay I can tell that this much is a fraction that is actually residing in the 3d 4s band instead of the 3d band. So it is other way that is actually done but definitely if I do a proper calculation I can actually find out how many will reside in the 4s band. Thank you sir. Good morning sir. Good morning. Sir in slide number 3 it is mentioned that the metals and nonmetals can be superconducting at low temperature. Yeah. How a nonmetal can be superconducting at low temperature sir. Yeah so this I would have seen in the other lectures, Professor Gorsh's lectures. Superconductivity has nothing to do with the conductivity or the such properties. It essentially at least as per the BCS theory which we believe in many times is the electron phonon coupling. Electron phonon coupling is found to be very strong in many of these oxides and that is what actually binds the two electrons and if you are able to get a cooper pair, a stable cooper pair you are supposed to get superconductivity. So if the conductivity has nothing to do with that. So that is why the best conductor is not superconductor. Silver or gold is never a superconductor. So what is more important is not that conduction electrons are the conductivity, the conduction electron concentration. What is more important is the electron phonon at least in this picture what is the electron phonon coupling that you are able to get so that the usual screen and the coulomb repulsion of the two electrons can be overcome so that you can create a cooper pair. In this picture I am not telling that this is really the correct which BCS is not always true but going by the BCS model one can actually tell this is the mechanism. So depending on the system you will not be you will be able to tell whether your electron phonon coupling is strong or not. If it is strong naturally you will get superconductivity depending on the strength you will get a low TC or high TC. So nothing to really really related to the coupling. Of course the conductivity but of course the band structure plays a big role that is very important. Hello sir again what is the difficulty of using high digit superconductor model? Difficulty? Yes sir. Yeah so difficulty in the sense that first of all for any application you should get them in the proper shape mostly in the case of in the form of a wire in the form of a thin film and other things. I know that people have been working on the wires of MGB2 at least I know that work. So and you should be able to produce the in the bulk scale at a reasonable cost. So that is an issue whether you are able to get them large quantities in the proper shapes and in a low cost then definitely that will be used. Good morning sir. Yeah please. Very basic question. Yeah. Actually school students are studying that they do not keep the magnets near the heat source but our earth is exhibiting the magneticism even though it has a tremendous amount of heat in its core how is this possible sir? So okay so only thing I can tell is that so earth I mean first of all somebody was asking I do not think we have a clear understanding of the reason for the earth's magnetic moment strictly speaking. I do not think we have a clear picture of why the earth has a magnetic moment. All I can say is I mean what we have earth is a dipole a single dipole earth can be treated as a giant dipole whereas the magnets that we are talking about they are actually ferromagnets they have the properties of ferromagnets and when we try to and this is something which is magnetized there is a difference between a magnetic dipole and a magnet this is a magnet which actually has been created by us. So as I told you any magnet that is produced by applying a magnetic field that is magnetized is subjected to its own de-magnetizing factor so it is the natural tendency itself is to lose the magnetization. So in addition to the natural tendency if you are applying heat energy and things like that naturally it will come down whereas in the case of earth it is a it can be considered as a single dipole. It is a single dipole and that dipole the dipole moment whatever it has is determined by whatever charge the distribution or the current distribution it has got we do not know exactly the details but whatever it has got. So even if there is a change for example if due to some extra reason if there is a change that may be adjusted in such a manner that the field is changing but I do not know whether people are actually measuring the field changes of magnetic earth magnetic field everyday basis I do not know. So the comparison is not very fair what you are telling a magnet is made by us and it is actually operating against all negative conditions all hostile conditions including its own de-magnetizing field whereas earth is just one dipole. So there is no comparison that way and I am not telling that the earth magnetic dipole moment is not changing it may be changing but the effect is so small at least in our scale the effect is much smaller. So I do not know whether it is changing whether the change can be measured how it can be accurately measured I do not know but for certain geomagnetism people and other people I am sure they will be even finding out how these variation happens across the I mean when the seasons change and other things I am sure they will do even including the wind related issue and other things. But in this case I think it is quite different here you are talking about a collection of very strongly coupled dipoles whereas earth is at the most a single dipole. So that way it is not fair to compare that. Thank you sir and one more question sir. Yeah. So the material gets magnetized when we are applying the magnetic field. Yeah. Similarly in the case of multiferous material we are applying the electric field it gets magnetized. Yeah. How sir the dipoles are how I done it. Okay that is again little more details are needed send me a question. Multiferous thing is that you can apply the magnetic field as well as electric field you can actually get the cross properties it is not very simple to talk in two lines. Just send me a this thing that is much more complicated than magnetism because you have two effects coming there. Just send me the email. Okay sir.


You all know about Twilight by now. It was a phenomenon that very few escaped. Whether you're someone who was in the target audience and enjoyed it unironically, someone who thought it was hilariously bad, or someone who hated hearing about it, we're all familiar with the series. The important part is that no one will ever hate it more than Robert Pattinson. Did your Twilight experience turn out to be what you expected? Oh. And whenever something makes money, others want to try and make money the same way. From 2009 to around 2014, we got TV shows, movies, and piles upon piles upon piles of books that all clearly drew from the ideas that Twilight used. It wasn't a completely original concept. Vampire myths have been around for thousands of years and stuff like the Southern Vampire Mysteries also featured human girls falling in love with supernatural men whilst fighting bad guys. However, Twilight made it popular. For years, we were inundated with stuff like Fallen, Elixir, Hush Hush, Beastly, The Vampire Diaries, The Mortal Instruments, Blue Bloods, The Darkest Powers, The Immortals, Beautiful Creatures, Sweet Evil, Obsidian, Covenant, Night Watchers, Significance, and many, many more. Some of it was an exact one-for-one copy of Twilight. Some of it only took parts of the formula, but it was always clear where the inspiration came from. It eventually fell away in favor of Hunger Games clones, but you still see them on occasion, especially on the self-published Kindle Store. I've been wanting to find the specific reasons that this, uh, genre got so popular, and the first step to doing that is to break it down into its component parts so you can get a good look at how it works and what the important bits are. So I've come up with a list of criteria to determine whether something is truly a Twilight clone or not. Number one, there must be a magic or otherwise paranormal element. This almost goes without saying, there has to be something to make this different from a normal teenage romance, otherwise it's just that, a normal teenage romance. Twilight had two love interests who were supernatural creatures, one a vampire and one a werewolf. For something to truly be a clone, the love interest must be something like that, a fairy, a wizard, an alien, an angel, something along those lines. The reasons for this are pretty obvious, it's all about escapism. The real world is kinda boring. In fact, many of those clones start off by hammering in that the main character's life is horribly boring. She doesn't just want to find someone to love, she wants to be taken out of her mundane existence, away from homework and graveyard shifts at Taco Bell. And the best way to do that is to discover a whole new world. If the love interest is a regular human, then the story isn't a paranormal romance, it's a regular romance. There's nothing wrong with that, but no matter how many love triangles and blank main characters are in it, it isn't Twilight, it's just your average ABC Family original series. Wait, it changed its name to Freeform? Why the hell did it do that? The point is that to be a true clone, it needs to be more than a simple melodrama. Number two, the magical or paranormal element must be hidden from the public.  Why show vampires or angels living alongside humans when you could just have them hang out in old castles? That way you can just slap some stuff on top of the real world without thinking about how they would interact, and as a bonus, you can default to the keep both worlds separate at all costs storyline. The primary draw of the hidden magical world genre is escapism, like I mentioned before. The idea that one day your ordinary life might someday become more exciting due to the influence of your boyfriend, who is also Balder or something. There are tons of genres that use this, and they all tie back to that same idea. If the magic is in plain sight, then it's just a fantasy world. Nothing wrong with that, it just means it's no longer a Twilight clone since you can't project yourself onto it as easily. I know there are books and movies and such out there where some sort of magical or supernatural element exists in plain sight in the modern world. Some are good, some are bad, but they're a separate thing. If Edward Cullen was able to just exist as a vampire and go about his life normally, he wouldn't have been hiding in high school in the first place, and therefore, he never would have met Bella. Plus, that would make her less special since she wouldn't be the lone human who managed to get a vampire to fall in love with her just because she's so awesome. That's the next part of the wish fulfillment, by the way. The lead being one of the few normal folks who gets to be part of the magic world makes them even cooler, which invites more projection. Number three, the protagonist must be a teenager.   Plus, I'm only 24, so it's not like I'm that much smarter or more experienced than them anyways. Part of being young is experiencing everything for the first time. Your first boyfriend or girlfriend, your first kiss, your first heartbreak, first time you have sex, among other things. And when you experience everything for the first time, it feels more intense. At the same time, you're trying to find your place in the world and learning a lot of new things about it, which ties in nicely to the whole discovering vampires slash aliens slash multi-dimensional K-pop stars are real thing. If the protagonist is already an adult, they won't be feeling things as intensely. The story will be less dramatic. A lot of the time, they would make better decisions, which would result in no story at all. Plus, it would be harder for the intended audience of teens to identify. And frankly, there's often some stalking or obsession involved here. That makes sense as a romantic gesture if you feel things so intensely that you can't control your actions and you're so inexperienced that you don't see the red flags associated with it. The love interest is also older than the protagonist a large portion of the time because there's absolutely nothing weird about a 500 year old man dating a teenager. It's just another way of showing off how special and mature the heroine is because he would never be interested in other girls her age. God, I feel weird just saying that. But hey, that's the fantasy that a lot of people have. And even if something is bad in real life, you're allowed to fantasize about it. There's tons of romance stories involving adults, but for all the reasons above, they're not Twilight clones. Number four, the protagonist must ALMOST always be a girl. Think of a romance aimed at men or boys. They're pretty much non-existent, kind of a shame if you ask me. More men should understand how to deal with emotions beyond incoherent anger and horniness, but they don't sell well, so they're rare. The same way the protagonist has to be a teen in order to appeal to teens, she has to be a girl in order to appeal to girls. That way sales stay strong. It's not just about being identifiable, it's about being something the audience can project onto, and that's easier if the character fits similar demographics. The only real clone I can think of with a normal boy meeting a supernatural girl is beautiful creatures, making this the only rule with a degree of flexibility. However, their relationship dynamic is just reversed, with Lena being the one who knows everything and has all the power and makes most of the important decisions, and Ethan just being devoted to her. There isn't much actual change going on. The point is that whoever the story follows cannot have too much personality to distract from the wish fulfillment. That's not necessarily bad, mind. Wish fulfillment is a tool like any other, but that's what it is. How much is there to Bella Swan other than she loves Edward? She's, uh, clumsy sometimes, and she doesn't like abortion. It's dull, but it made Stephanie Meyer a trillion billion dollars. The same way you'll almost never see a shonen anime with a girl in the lead, you'll almost never see a Twilight clone with a guy in the lead role. Number five, if there's a story outside the romance, it still has to tie into the romance. Many Twilight clones are extremely simple and are only about the romance, with absolutely nothing else being featured.  Many more at least attempt to throw in some sort of conflict, usually revolving around the supernatural nature of the love interest.  But even in the midst of all the action, there has to be several heaping doses of angst, drama, and woes about whether or not they're really in love. In Twilight, there are two storylines that carry through the series and involve life and death.  Both of these are tied directly into Edward and Bella's romance, as in, neither plot would have happened without the love story happening first, and while both storylines have strengths, since there are actual stakes involved, they are still subservient to the love story. In Fallen, a love triangle involving Lucifer literally caused hell to exist and the only way to destroy God is for the main characters to stop being in love. Yeah, try figuring that one out if you haven't read the books. Even if the romance didn't cause all the problems, it'll sure as hell play a part in ending them. Maybe it'll bring together the right people at the right time, or maybe the power of Twu-Wu will save the day. Whatever the case, it's important to know that love fixes all of your problems. Number six, it has to be a series. You might be thinking that this setup doesn't have a very long or complex storyline, and you'd be right. You might also be thinking that they would be better off as one book, and you'd still be right in many cases, but that's not what Twilight Clones were about. They were about making money. If it's one book, then that won't make as much, so to be a true Twilight clone, it has to be a series. Usually a trilogy, but sometimes there would be four books with an even thinner plot. This was usually the biggest issue affecting the quality of the works. See, making a series is more complex than making only one entry. If it's, say, a trilogy, then each book needs its own beginning, middle, and end to introduce things, build them up, and then reach a climax. But then, the trilogy needs its own intro, build-up, and climax, which have to be carefully balanced. If any individual entry just adds to the whole without having its own smaller conflict, then it feels like a waste of time. Many of the authors didn't have a clear idea of what they wanted to do beyond the basic love story, and so the bigger plot doesn't get a chance to thrive, leading to the whole thing turning into a muddled mess. A longer series means more individual sales, more time in the public consciousness, more opportunities to dredge up those amazing love triangles, and a better chance of a movie deal. If you time it right the way Twilight did, then you can capitalize on the popularity to sell a bunch of merchandise. I know this is cynical, but it's how the entertainment business works. If Twilight had been one book, it may have been a big success, and the difference between big and massive is far bigger than the difference between big and modest. And with that, you know all the major rules and why they're needed. There are some slight variations, sometimes, once in a while, occasionally. But if you pick up almost any book written to cash in on the craze, it'll fit into every one of the rules above, whether it was popular or not. So, why did these get so big? I've already brought up many of the small details that drew people to them, however, that doesn't answer why so many people were looking for this type of entertainment. Well, remember that the Twilight books were published from 2005 to 2008, then the movies started and brought the franchise into full public view. Most of the original fans were squarely in the target audience. They were teen girls who just wanted to read sappy romance, and I want to reiterate that I'm not judging them for that.  It's fine. 2008 was also the time that the world's economy fell into the toilet, or rather was pushed there by those who stood to profit from it. Things sucked, and they still do for most of us as wealth inequality continues to climb. People wanted something to help them forget about how awful things were.  They wanted a world where things always worked out well, and even if bad things happen, the forces of good eventually prevail. They wanted a partner who loved them unconditionally, and with whom they'd have few troubles. There's always been people who wanted this because life has always sucked for some of us.  Once the trend caught on and every publisher slash producer started pumping the clones out, the movement subsisted on momentum for a few years. Some people enjoyed consuming similar stories over and over while others just didn't see anything else worth their time. Sometimes they were intrigued by the supernatural elements and didn't much care for the romance at all. The reasons are numerous and different for everybody. Yeah, you probably thought I was going to spend the next 15 minutes explaining all of that and going in depth with psychological research and stuff, but that would feel like padding. Self-aggrandizing padding. Sometimes the answer to a question really is that simple. Twilight clones were fantasies for young girls that came at the right time to make people forget about their troubles. That's not good or bad, it just is. And that's about all I have to say on the subject. Thanks a whole bunch for watching this far, especially to all of my patrons, the $10 up guys. Apo Savilainen, Ava Tumor, Brother Santotes, Christopher Quinten, Deanna Dahim, Mbis, Emily Miller, Evan Stigal, Joel Karkat, Kitsune, Madison Lewis Bennett, Nature Boy, Envy Star, Sad Martigan, Tobacco Crow, Tom Beanie, Vacuous Silas, and Vaivictus, as well as all the other names on here. You guys are the best. And they voted to have me talk more about Twilight and stuff. So if you want to be one of the people who gets to vote on stuff like that, then become a patron.   It's the greatest thing ever. And obviously, if you've watched this far, you already knew that. Anyways, take care. Bye.


Welcome back to the touchline here on Y254, I'm Robert Rosoto. It is the fund zone and let's just delve direct onto the fund zone as usual. I'm joined by Fred O'Penda here, Joe Saina and Taira Swayaghi. Transfer deadline yesterday and one of the most surprising transfers was former Watford Striker Idyoni Galo, the Nigerian International, joining Manchester United on a six month loan deal. Did you expect that, Fred? The rumas started servicing like per day before the transfer deadline. You know what, Odyoni Galo might be on his way to Manchester and I did not believe it. But as the window was closing down, the rumas became stronger that he might not even have undergone a medical unit because of the time actually. Yes, so working up in the morning found that the transfer happened, so I really don't get the sense because they have macho look and play in that through the midfield, although his preference is from the wings. They have a young Greenwood who is not really performing their bodies netting in the goals and getting a player of that year old Striker who had gone to the Chinese league. I don't really get the read. It is not the first one that Manchester United has done this. I think I think back in 2010 also, Farkas on the side, Sebastian Lasso to join Manchester United. Is Olegura also pulling such kind of a move to teach the young strikers how to score or what can we say brought in such kind of a transfer? We have to first go to the genesis. The genesis was that Marcus Rashford sustained an injury. At that point it was not a serious injury, so you had the options of Martial Rashford and Greenwood. But now with the injury of Marcus Rashford you would think that you would need an extra striker. Now unfortunately in the general transfer window strikers are not available at the price that you might want to invest in. Remember once you buy a player in January you are looking at a two three-year contract spanning two transfer windows. Is it a risk in terms of the investment? Do you think he can perform? Okay, so until last night and I was following up, much is needed for following up on Joshua King from Bournemouth. They never had a chance to get there. They couldn't have a chance because Bournemouth was struggling not to be relegated and losing such a key striker was a problem. So for them to go for Igalo you would look at it from two sides as a Manchester United fan. You look at it as a desperate move or you look at it as an optional move. I would look at it as an optional move where it brings a different attacking structure to Manchester United. Igalo would hold up the ball and invite the likes of Mushial, the likes of James, the likes of Lingard to push the ball forward and to create a counter attack. However if you look at it from the other side you look at it as a desperate move. Why? Because since January 2nd there has been this banging idea that you should go for Edison Kavani.  But PSG could not let him go. PSG were willing to let him go. But again you have to understand the economics of deadline transfers. PSG would think are we going to get the right amount right now? Are we thinking about extending his contract because there was a rumor that his contract was up at the end of the summer. Now they are looking into extending his contract. Because they believe they can extend it to another one year. He gives them a decent performance until January they can get a better fee for him. So from a Manchester United standpoint it's a different sort of attacking move. It's a backup for Rashford. Less this hope. It's a short term loan. Obviously 6 months. 3 million pounds spent. So let's see how it will work out. A big one. They are telling us Igalo was not the only player that Manchester United brought in this transfer. They also managed to get spotting Lisbon. But you guys are talking midfielder Bruno Fernandez to the Manchester United side. Is that going to revitalize that midfield of spotting of Manchester United? Of Manchester United. I think it should to a greater extent. Because when you watched Manchester United play the other day against Manchester City and they brought in James. He kind of struggled in that situation. He's usually a very reliable player and he delivers every other time he comes on the field. But this particular match showed that the lack of experience and exposure for him exposed him in the sense that he could not deliver. He was kind of lost even though the potential was evident. The young man has talent. The young man has skill. The young man is hungry to learn and deliver. But in that kind of situation when faced against giants he was sort of like a fish out of water. Not the usual gems that you are used to. So I think this signing is absolutely spot on. I think it's brilliant. It's meant to sort them out as they look into Europe this month playing in the Europa League. Not just in the Premier League. The question will be Bruno Fernandez is an attacking midfield was coming to Manchester United. And then you've got Paul Pogba there also. Is it a matter of competition or is it a door opening for now Paul Pogba to live for Real Madrid or any other team? It depends how the season pans out because it might be an opening for Pogba to live depending how the season pans out or a compliment for Pogba in that midfield. Exactly because now if Fernandez, Bruno Fernandez can go forward then Pogba can be able to feed in the ball. Maybe with a young Makutomini besides Pogba. The problem is I've just seen that Nemanja Matic has just extended. He wants to extend his contract. So I don't know how he will be able to juggle out that midfield. But right now with those players that United have in the midfield they have very very good options. The problem seems to be in the win especially the James win as he is saying because this is a young man that United got from the challenge and they want to put all that pressure on him of playing that game in game out. I think he should have at least first come into United, get someone whom he can look upon so that he can learn. But right now the pressure is upon him to perform. Since he's called the first two, three games, I've not seen James again scoring. So I think they have put too much pressure on him. So I think they should get another option from that wing. But as far as the midfield is concerned, I think United right now are set to go. The other problem might be the defense. Yes, the defense. You got a very good one. Maguanya is not reliable. He needs to step up. With that price tag he needs to step up. And maybe get another partner in that centre of defense and maybe another left back. And then I think you'll be able now to compete at the top level.  And now Olegunasolshia has got five places but on to that team. Let's see how that one pans out. He's playing this evening again as holds will be seeing how that match will be coming away. Before we talk about the preview of the matches that are happening also. Asenu Manje to bring in a different. Cedric Suarez on loan from South Anton and Pablo Maria defender from Flamengo. Seems to be a bit tactical frenzy for Michaela Teta to have such kind of players. He never went all out buying, went to buy just two key players that he wants on his side. When he came in, his first idea was to have a really strong right back. Yes. Okay. And also have a central defender who's left footed. Yes. That was on his instructions. And once that was taken into consideration, he went straight for them. I mean, Mari has been playing very well for Flamengo.  Okay. And then it can allow the rest of the rest of the other defenders, socrates or ustafi, they can cut off on behind. Yeah. And then you have a right back who can also play as a center back. So if you're going with a formation of three at the back, you can still count on Suarez. If you're going for the back, you can still count on Suarez. And that would bring possibly a better defensive solidity than one, than what has been happening before. Because obviously there's been frilities in Asimo's defense. But that being said, going forward again, I think the link up. Obamiyang Pepe, or Lakazet Pepe, or Lakazet Obamiyang, Atetan is together sorted out because in that attack, there are so many goals. And I'm very happy that he did not even interfere with the attacking part of Asimo and he considered on the defensive part. I think those two purchases, yes, they are loan signings, but they are very good signings for deadline transfer in January. Yeah. And therefore, Asimo, they are also back on that one and they are really pushing it. But Aston Villa also helped the East Africa Nation of Tanzania to make history when they signed in Buenos Amanta from Genka and it was given 67 minutes against Leicester City, and now Aston Villa are in the Karabauka profile. So big win for Aston Villa to get in Buenos Amanta? I think it's a bigger win for East Africa because Aston Villa would have bought anyone to fill in those shoes that they needed to fill and life would have gone on. But to have one of us going out there and showing the kind of potential we have back here where he is from, it's a bigger plus for us than it is for Aston Villa. So I'm more happy for the East African region, for Tanzanians, for Kenyans, because we are now also claiming a part of Samatha. We are from Vick the Booby. Yes, it's a bigger win for us and our football from this neck of the woods because in the past the concentration has been as the closest they've got to East Africa is usually around Central Africa. They are a democratic republic of Congo. You remember Lomano, Lua Lua over 10 years ago playing in the English Premier League and the concentration has mainly been in West Africa but now to have Wanyama there even though he's not playing much from East Africa and then to have yet another one of our crop I think it's a huge plus for us but I'm obviously hoping it will be a huge plus for Aston Villa as well because then they'll take our talent more seriously and they'll say we got a guy from there and he did ABCD for us so that's a place we can fish from. And Aston Villa are back on the Premier League and they are really fighting hard on the English Premier League but they have got to be commended for making on to the Karaboka final so they found the way they were celebrating there after defeating Leicester City. It is a big win for Aston Villa today. Of course, of course now that, you know Leicester City had some laps before they faced Aston Villa I think the format really dipped and Aston Villa took advantage of that and they were able to nick in those two goals and progress to the final where they faced Manchester City and concerning Samata I think it shows that the football in the region is really raising the quality of our football as the East African region is growing because as you said Aston Villa would have gone out there and purchased anyone but being able to spot on Buwana Buwana Samata and bring him on board and he had a very good chance of scoring but it's football he didn't get that goal but hopefully going forward the upcoming matches he'll be able to get this kind of chances and nick the goals in and you know as we are saying East African we hope we are not forgetting that Ayub team just signed for reading yesterday so the quality of our game is improving each day and it's a very very good thing that we can see East Africans somewhere in European football Joe we are talking about transfer in but let's go out for now transfer out Jose Mourinho in Totterham letting Christian Erikson go what you make of that of all the players but you have to let go let Christian Erikson go I think if you look at it from two sides there is the club philosophy and then there is the players philosophy we still need to make sure that Tottenham is one of the youngest squads in the Premier League and still the most exciting gameplay in the Premier League and that's what they are very fast after they sold Erikson and they went straight for Steven Bedwin because Steven Bedwin offers attack on both wings and sometimes can play in the middle complimenting that fast attack that Jose Mourinho wants to start using the likes of Moura and now Bedwin is pushing it up close with Deliani if you look at it from the players perspective Inter Milan offered Erikson £220,000 per week at your late stages in your early 30s that is good money for you as a player because at the end of the day some players will look at it for the gain of the game some players will look at it for the gain of the money that is one, two but the same amount is double what he was getting at Tottenham so all these incentives and again still playing in the Champions League playing in the same team with Lukaku people that you are familiar with Ashley and people that you are familiar with and being the creative the creative passer to Lukaku to Skomogu because if you watch the game Inter Milan played against Calgary the other day they led and then immediately when Calgary had scored Angolan who was in Inter Milan they could not get that creative juice anymore in between the midfield and the attacking end so that's what Christensen will bring to Inter Milan Apiku and therefore Inter Milan and tell us now Inter Milan have gone ahead with content to bring in most of the major EPL players that have seen Ashley and also joining Inter Milan in this window Victor Moses is on Inter Milan Lukaku joined Inter Milan last season now they have got Ericsson Chris Moaling left earlier then everyone It seems that Antonio Conte is signing most of these experienced players to try and go ahead and defeat Juventas does he have that right clue of going head to head against Juventas this season? Just let me confirm Chris Moaling left for Roma I needed to add that bit does Antonio Conte have what it takes to challenge Juventas? I think he does but what it is is that Juventas seem to be the complete package Antonio Conte is still filling up his bits and pieces here to complete the puzzle so that's the tall order for them so they're up against aside that's small as complete and they're still building their ambitions but they're building them up pretty fast and the signings that he's had so far Lukaku they've settled pretty well Italy is not an easy place to go and perform so many players in the past have gone there and failed to shine I mean it almost destroyed Thierry on his career but look what he turned out to be when he ended up in England so it's very encouraging it's a plus for Conte's managerial skills it's a plus for how friendly Inter Milan are as a place to go and work as a footballer but they're up against a side that's small as complete but they are those who like you Juve is not complete, they're over-reliant on Cristiano Ronaldo if you remove Cristiano Ronaldo from the mix then you expose them and you look at them and say no they are not entirely complete you go on father why haven't they won the champions league at their most complete form you see that's another way to look at it and then you can go father and say at the back they were over-reliant on Chiellini you remove Chiellini and Ajax can beat Juve home and away or that kind of thing so they are loop holes which Injari can exploit Injari can leave them out to exploitation so it's a bit of a gamble but I think the tall order between Juve and Inter were to look at those two I think it would be between Inter would have the tall order more tilting towards more on their side Juve are almost there although Napoli expose them you are watching the touch right here on Y254 I'm Robert Osoro and talking to us here today I've got Fredo Penda, Joe Saina and Tairas Uejaki the transfer window is over now it's back to business and we'll be seeing how teams are going to perform Liverpool brought only one player Amino from Red Salisburg who has joined that side but let's go ahead and look at some of the matches that will be coming away this afternoon the early kick off today we've got Leicester versus Chelsea in that match at the King Power Stadium big one for Frank Lampard to go against Leicester because he's trying to get that stronghold of the top four position and Leicester for them they are chasing the second position or the third position so far of course I think the two managers the guy is likely to be under more pressure will be Frank Lampard because I remember he dropped two points at home against Attenmana Aseno who had lost man down starting the 25th minute so I think for them it was like two points lost down one point gain and now facing Leicester said that he is currently he should be able to take that advantage and maybe try to get the three points otherwise if they are going to lose the two points if they are not getting a draw then united win and there will be hell a lot of pressure on them before I continue on that match the Ericsson issue I think it's a win-win for both the club and the player because now the player has got a very good contract at Inter and for him being on the last six months of his contract with Attenam trust me getting those 22 million pounds 22 million pounds was a scoop for Attenam so I think it was a win-win situation for both parties so hopefully the machine that Conte is trying to create in Italy should be able to challenge Juventas for the title although I see also Lazio are not bad so I think we should be able to see a very competitive Italian league towards the end of this season as compared to the previous maybe 2-3 seasons now Chelsea their transfer ban was lifted they were supposed actually to go out and buy players and everybody when Frank Lampard came over this is a young team when the transfer window comes up he might sign good players to come and let's say improve the squad but at the end of the day he did not sign anyone I was watching his press conference yesterday he answered all questions no you bring someone in you let him in on out no is there any loan signings no in and out no I think it will come back because of the attacking side that Chelsea have that Chelsea have in terms of the players yes you after me Abraham we are not even talking about you have not been playing Jiru and towards the end of the season you need those headers from Jiru you need him to hold the gameplay so that the likes of Mason Mount Kala Mausono doi can come in can't take and also come in Ruben Lofterstick has come back from injury you need someone to hold that ball so that all this attack minded players go in and that's Jiru and I believe that's the reason why he was not let loose yesterday because Tottenham were after him Inter Milan again were after Jiru Latio after Jiru so I understand that it's good that he did not let go of any players but I believe that Kavani again was on the plate it was a whole week of speculations with Kavani they could have closed the deal Tairas Bigu and they are going against Chelsea this afternoon but also we have got a team that doesn't seem that it might be losing anytime soon and that's Liverpool going against Southampton after they only signed one player that is Minamino who came in for them but they are going against Southampton this afternoon do you see any likelihood about considering that Southampton are really on a rise at the moment I like the fact that Southampton gave them a bit of a scare not too long ago and that sort of switched on something some bulb in Liverpool's head because it's those small teams or those that look like small teams that can upset your run of form and Liverpool have been having such a run of form not playing excellent football that's not the agenda is to get the results and it's understandable they are being coached by a German tactician so their game is purely German German football is not about playing attractively like they do in Spain or having all the pace in the world almost throughout the 90 minutes like France it's about everyone performing in his particular position and they attack through the flanks the German way element of attack surprisingly and they do it sparingly they know when to back off and when to hit you I think that's what will destroy Southampton today and the fact that they scared Liverpool not too long ago opened up Liverpool's minds to potential adversity I think Liverpool right now are going to upset those who think that they'll crack in the face of Southampton but they've got to do it from the get go of the game because when you play a small team let me just call them small not out of disrespect like Southampton the longer you take to score the more confidence they build the more confidence they gain the more confident they become and a small confident team can drive you out of town so Liverpool have to go right from the get go and sit back in the second half when you say a small team gains confidence one team that has gained that confidence has got to be Wolves and get his Manchester United Wolves are more like giants left right and centre so actually they are no longer small team and United knowing that they are going to face them I'm not sure whether Bruno Fernandez I really didn't want him to play this game because it might spoil his debut for United because the way these guys it's not the first time they are going to do it they have beaten United before and they can do it they have shown that they can do it so it's a game that United have to be displaying and not go all out at attacking because once the likes of Jimenez get that ball they might be able to bite them at any time so they have to be displaying and wait for the chances be patient it's not a game like the one of Liverpool but they should wrap up the game in the first half Wolves tend to come back stronger as the game grows on so United have just to be displaying and wait for the chance what do you make of that crash? I mean United need to play to their strengths today you have signed an attacking midfielder you have signed a holding striker and you have two other midfielder I watched the game against Man City that the one one did not go into the Karabahu final and the way Matichu sitting just before Maguaya is very important today also because attacking capabilities of Wolves especially on the wings with their big guy each is going to cause them a problem so if they can play a system whereby you have fought the back you have two holding midfielder think of a system where Matichu is not in the game because he is suspended well again I go back to the same system oh actually suspended if you have again two where you have Maktumne and you have Fred Fred has days that he plays brilliant and then he has bad days he never know he never know what team will turn up when I was watching the game against Man City I knew that game is going to end three new to Man City but you see they kept on clawing clawing although Man City were really poor they are finishing really poor so again if you look at that setup again if you have Maktumne and you have Fred holding and then now you have Bruno just in front of them with the support of Marshal and James and then you put Igalo as a holding and again a holding number nine why a holding number nine he is not that fast anymore to have this counter attacks but James Marshal Bruno can go forward and that is the only way I believe that you can get points again as well as today playing by your streams because of the registration if he is not eligible to play today I think Greenwood use Greenwood and then use the counter attack we have to work with the players we have we can't keep on saying once he doesn't have players we work with the players that are there I think for wolves really what they need to do and this sounds a bit controversial but I'll tell you why I'm saying it they need to get a Dharma Traore of playing from the flank and put him at centre forward like we used to put him at centre forward like we used to with Henry Motego and he played for Shabana when he played for Harambe Stars when he played for the now defunct Kenya Kenya Brewer is changed names to Task IFC so it's not entirely defunct it's just the name that's defunct and he did wonders a Dharma Traore is to wolves what Henry Henry Motego was to us in those earlier days if any of you remember him that's what they need to do because in the flank he's doing what he's supposed to do but he's limited in the sense that he's now an assist provider yet we know he's a poacher he's a goal scoring guy he's got those natural instincts and abilities get him to play in the centre and you'll see him killing guys and I borrowed this when we used to play schools rugby we had a guy who was as big as Traore well not literally but you get he used to play at wing and we were wasting him at wing so we got a coach and he said after one training session he looked at us and he said move to fast centre so he played in the I'm telling you we demolished strong holes like Nairobi schools Strathmore school completely it's just about tactics and once you get those tactics spot on you're going to beat Manchester United Manchester City Liverpool he cannot say Liverpool he cannot say Liverpool the one guy I was forgetting is Tottenham Man City tomorrow at 7.30 is also big one Joe Moreno and Kudyola all the adversaries coming back together you said that one going Mourinho is going to play an attacking game he is brought in Steven Bedwin from PSV a very pacey winger who can also play as an attacking fielder you have Hong Simin who will play for you have Deleali who might be just behind so this kid also improved he has improved he is coming in and then you also have Mora on the wing why I think he is going to play an attacking setup is because of two things tomorrow Manchester City are going to play possessively he hasn't bought anyone he doesn't believe in buying people on the last day he bought Lapote two seasons ago by it was early January so what he is going to do tomorrow is the same team but one thing that Mourinho is going to do tomorrow is going to play on the counter attack and that's something that Kyle Walker look out for Benjamin Mendi on both wings because Tottenham Fords are really fast really fast and I don't want to be disrespected to Fenandino but he doesn't have the same pace anymore or Tamendi doesn't have the same pace so tomorrow I'm seeing Tottenham getting the three points tomorrow what I can say is that if Manchester City are going because Mourinho is really going to miss Ken last time I saw Mourinho starting as a false nine maybe that's what might happen tomorrow also but I'm seeing a situation whereby if Manchester City really work on their finishing and leave whatever they did against Man United Midweek and finch of their chances I think they will be able to get that win big wins are being looked everywhere and also we have one that is going in one of the greatest football cities in the world that is Madrid it is the Madrid Dabi this afternoon and if Madrid wins they have got a chance to go five points clear of Barcelona and I think they have every chance to do that because if you look at Atletico they have been very sluggish of late they lost the Copa del Rey much against that third tier team last week so I think if Zinedine Zidane is going to get his attack right this evening he might be able to get away with the three points and give him that firm grip on top of that what do you make of that game this evening I believe Atletico Madrid will want to revenge their loss to Barcelona in the semifinals they are going to revenge Real Madrid have made a very good signing of this young boy from Brazil and it shows again what Zidane is looking for he is changing the game of Real Madrid he doesn't have a Christiano in mind anymore he doesn't have Benzema in mind anymore he needs to change this into attacking team it's a proper transformation by they are going to be playing counter attack it's very hard to hear that Real Madrid don't play counter attack but the signings they are making it's counter attack football that they want to go for and I believe today that is the same thing they are going to do to Atletico Madrid however Atletico Madrid have themselves to blame because they had a chance to sign again Kavani they did not follow up on that yes you have you have your center forward you have Karasko who is back again I don't know if he will be eligible to play today but Real Madrid they are going to play a different game today a more counter attacking they will sit back wait for you to do all your possession and then counter attack what do you think Madrid is going with this one this time around I know Atletico Madrid shocked us the other day when they lost to a third tier team and well I'll say football is a crazy game but dubbies are even crazier so they start on level footing against Real Madrid and Real Madrid are talking of counter attacking football and pretty much Atletico Madrid play that kind of football they are a technical counter attacking side so when I put that on the weighing scale I can see a draw here in the making I can't go either side they are growing in Saudi Arabia in the super cup I can't really put my money on either side but if I were tempted to say here I'll hold back because to me this has all the makings of a draw which match will you be following this afternoon I'll be watching the united game and closely also monitoring the Chelsea game tomorrow we have the Arsenal game and the Tottenham game and then we have the NFL we have the Superboys exactly a packed weekend in terms of football and general sports I'll be following up on the Leicester Chelsea game very keenly because that's number 3, 4 and then as a month to United supporter I'll be watching the Wolves game and hoping that we pick up points but tomorrow I'll like to see what Tottenham will do against Man City I think for me those 3 games and obviously the Real Madrid game but obviously those 3 games would be big for me I'll be following Hanover 96 because another of my extraneous apart from Ayub Timber is John Guiddetti who grew up here in Kenya in Patins the fact that he is Swedish and he also signed in this January open window for Hanover 96 who are a Bundesliga 2 side and they are playing today in a time kickoff so I want to follow that up second game for Hanover 96 they lost in their first game narrowly 1-0 and I'm hoping they can make amends for that and hopefully John Guiddetti will be the guy to make the headlines for them so I'll be there otherwise I'd have watched Reading because of they having signed Ayub Timber as well whom I also coached but they played last night it's got to be Hanover 96 over to you Joe I should be doing live reports again because I have a mic in my hand already over to you Joe in studio and also I think another game we should look out for is a Borussia Dortmund game Harland it pains me how do you go from Harland to Odega it is first game we have to score 2 goals fight game 3 goals second game 2 goals but if it shows you the dynamics of how players now are looking at clubs, you know Manchester United one of the biggest club in the world and certain players will say you know what let me go to unless a renowned team like Borussia Dortmund let me go even to Heatha BSE let me even go to Muchanglangbak but not go to Manchester United where the problem is with the team that's where we finish off the touch right here on Y254 I've been joined by Taira Swajaki Josaina and Fredo Penda many things are happening this weekend we have got the Super Bowl happening tomorrow the Super Bowl 54 will be happening the Australian Open Final is also happening this weekend first time Grand Slam winner can TM go again is Joe Kovicu is going on for his 17th Grand Slam title how will that one be punning out remember Kenya is also playing New Zealand at five this afternoon so it's a big weekend when it comes to sports events in the country the touch line will be here to give you all those details on behalf of everyone who has made this broadcast a success we say good afternoon enjoy the rest of your viewing


Welcome back to Think Tech. I'm Jay Fidel. This is Talking Tax with Tom Yamachika of the Tax Foundation of Hawaii. And today's show is entitled, Getting Temporary Tax Fixes with the Emphasis on the Word Temporary, not what candidate Green promised, really important discussion now at the beginning of his administration. More from Tom in a moment. Welcome to the show. I'm Tom Yamachika, President of the Tax Foundation of Hawaii. So here we are in the first months, if you will, of the new administration, and we have the interesting opportunity to compare what the governor's position is now against what it was when he was running for office. And you've looked into this. I wonder if you could give us the benefit of your observations. Sure. I'm your moving reporter today, reporting from the state capital, which is behind me. And I actually, I really was just there, speaking with some of our legislative leaders. The issue we have is that candidate Green, when he was running for governor, made a number of very dramatic proposals, like eliminating the general excise tax on food and medicine. So those were a number of, I mean, that's, that's pretty big. And it was a big promise. And it has to go to the legislature first. And legislative leaders are saying, I don't think we can do this. They are kind of like treating Governor Green like a little kid. Well, I'm trying to think of his experience with fiscal policy. I don't know if he was on the fiscal committees when he was in the legislature. He hasn't talked much in the past about it. He's been focused on COVID and public health issues and making public statements around those issues. But I haven't, maybe I'm wrong, but I haven't associated him with statements about fiscal policy. Has he made statements about that before? Well, just some statements about number one, giving us the exemption for food and medicine. Two, he's talked about the visitor Green fee, which is a tax that he was thinking of levying on tourists when they come here. Of course, locals would be exempt from that. And then there was some mention by his housing people about the empty homes tax, which we've talked about before, that people who live elsewhere but have vacation homes or such over here would be subject to a punitive tax for every month or so that the unit remains vacant and is not rented to like a local person who needs housing. But none of those have materialized, have they? Well, really, it's so early in the process. And typically we see the governor's proposals in terms of bills come in later this month, beginning of February in the legislative session. So that hasn't happened yet. So we still have some time for the governor, but some concrete on those proposals. I thought all bills were supposed to be submitted already. If it isn't submitted now, can it be submitted later? Oh, that happens, that happens all the time. Even if a bill is not submitted by the so-called bill submission deadline, what happens is a number of legislators submit bills with generic titles and no content. So if they really want to have a bill that's not there to foreintroduce, become part of the legislative process, it's very easy for that legislator to hold a hearing, have the bill amended to insert specific content, and then off we go. Why does that strike me? Let me get this straight. The deadline applies to some people, but not others, some bills, but not others. Why is the deadline inconsistent that way? Well, I mean, it's just being prepared. The deadline is over already, right? Right. Okay, anyway, so let's make the comparison. We have now a statement along the lines of changing the tax code in the state of Hawaii, and that's different from what the governor was saying when he was running his campaign. Can you talk about that? Sure. Right now, according to media, the governor is walking back on those proposals a little bit. Now he's talking about giving us a rebate for another year, just like how in this past year, we got rebates of between $100 and $300 per qualified exemption on your 2021 tax return. They're looking at something for your 2022 tax return. Of course, that has yet to be fleshed out. And of course, it's going to go through some changes when it goes through the legislative committees. But the problem with that is that's going to be a one year thing. It's temporary. And the tax issues that we have are more permanent. We see a lot of taxes that start out as temporary taxes, but become permanent. And they create lasting effects. I won't say damage, I'll say effects. And how can you reverse the effects? Not by a temporary measure. And that seems to be what the legislature wants to gravitate towards at this point. Something temporary. You know, but it's all on the background of our fiscal health in general, seems to me. And when you come up with a brand new proposal right out of the January box here to give $300 to everybody, are you really addressing the larger issues about infrastructure and resilience and to extreme weather, which we know is coming? About the homeless, which costs money to fix the homeless problem. I mean, in fact, every problem you can make a list of every issue and it costs money. We haven't brought the employees retirement system up current either. There's hundreds of millions or billions yet due under the law as contributions to the employees retirement system. So all of these obligations, some liquidated, some unliquidated have yet to be paid. And we really don't have the funds to pay them. Well, the prospect of pay them. And now we're going to give $300 to each tax payer where there is no indication that I know of that we're in a kind of situation where we need to do that. It just sounds like it's a it's a spoke for old fashioned popularity. Well, and that's half of what politics is. Old fashioned what you're saying is it's a political move. It's not a fiscal move. Yeah, we have a surplus this year that's been widely publicized. And certainly there are going to be some expectations from voters for lawmakers to do something about that. The lawmakers that I spoke to in the capital say, well, you know, surpluses don't last forever. There's no, you know, it's it's not a recurring thing and I said, you do have recurring revenue is called taxes. The question then becomes, how much of that is you're going to spend. Well, okay, but going back to my point, you're going to have you say we have a surplus. Okay, let's let's assume on a strict mathematical basis, we have a surplus. But in terms of planning, in terms of sucking it away for risks and liabilities, we know are coming down the pike. We're not really a surplus at all. We should be planning for the future. Hawaii is not known for its ability as history of planning. So isn't that kind of sort of a strict interpretation of surplus. We have it right now, we'll give it away right now, and we won't pay the bills. And we won't, you know, socket away for a time when we know we will have to pay the piper. Yeah, that's that's true. But we also have present problems, including, you know, people aren't making it now. They have two or three jobs. They can't pay the bills. So they're buying one way tickets and they're and they're flying out of here. We have a new study from the tax foundation, the national one that just came out. And it highlighted the states that are losing population, the ones that are gaining population and the ones that are both the same. We are clearly in the losing population bucket. And the conclusion that the tax foundation people drew from the census statistics is that people are moving from high tax states to low tax states. And they cited, you know, us as an example of the former. Yeah, I've seen a number of articles about that, including, of course, Grassroot Institute. And I think we all know people who've left and who are considering leaving. They sell their house if they have one and go to another state where life is cheaper. Prices are cheaper and so forth. And it's been happening a long time, but it seems to be accelerating now. But I mean, how does the, of course, when they leave, they're not part of the tax base.  How can you keep them here with that cash? What steps, what measures will keep them here? Well, I would think that we need some kind of, you know, permanent type of tax relief. You know, lawmakers from 2008, from 2012, even as recently as last year, maybe a couple of years ago, they were saying, look, you know, we're in a tough situation now. Voters, can you please tighten your belts a little bit? You know, implying, of course, that the pain would be temporary, but it was never temporary. Yeah. Well, it seems to me that people, you know, they leave alive for various reasons. Tax is not the only one.  And various other problems that we have not solved. What was Josh Green saying during his campaign that he would reduce taxes and buy how much? And the reduction that he was talking about, was that equivalent to $300 per taxpayer or more or less? Well, it's hard to say. He had talked about dramatic changes.  Food can be, you know, you can buy food at a grocery store, you can buy food at McDonald's, you can buy food at a high-end restaurant. Is the exemption intended to encompass all three? Probably not. And then how do you, how do you draw the lines between each of those? We also have existing exemptions. Like we have an exemption already on the books for the GT for purchases made using the, it used to be food stamps. And now there's a more modern version of it, the WIC program, for example. The exemption is already there. And we have credits on the income tax side for people who need the help who are on the lower end of the income spectrum. They can, at least in theory, file for credits on the income tax system. I say in theory, because those aren't the kind of people who are going to file income tax returns. Nor are they going to, you know, pick up and navigate through exceedingly complicated forms, which typically those credit forms are. So when he says this, he doesn't really know how much the state is going to, you know, lose in taxes when he says he's going to offer food and drugs or any of the other things you mentioned. And something happened between the time that he made those statements in the course of the campaign. And now when he is not making those statements about tax relief, but rather just an arbitrary dollar amount refund, I really wonder how that was calculated. So, so Tom, here's the question. What happened? What happened to change this from the campaign to the reality? Well, my guess is that some legislative leaders beat them up, figuratively. Saying what? Why? And saying why? Gov, this ain't working. This ain't going to happen. It's going to cost too much. I mean, even Sylvia may have told it that. Lieutenant Governor Sylvia Luke. She was in there for a very long time as as head of finance in the House of Representatives. And she would, she would know. And she, yeah, she would. She, she's an expert in fiscal policy for sure. She's the chair of that committee for a long time in the house. So, okay, this raises a larger issue. And I, and I'm not saying that George Santos is, you know, on the platform here today in our show. I'm only saying the question is whether the statements made by a candidate, you know, our, our statements we can and should rely on. There's something stark about campaign statements that are made just before the election. And then you get to a time just after the election. And they are remarkably changed. And in the meantime, I'm sure there are people out there. You know, if we did a little survey, we'd find out who relied on those campaign statements. Who thought that that particular official if elected would follow through on campaign promises, you know, promises. Well, there's a couple of issues there. I mean, number one, just talking about an exemption for food and medicine. Those are those are vague terms. How much food is exempt, how much medicine exempt. Is it more or less what's already exempt. You know, we don't know. And second, and the governor has kind of gone down to seeing this, you know, go down this road as well. He's saying, look, I told you I'd fight for it and I will fight for it. Not that it's going to pass, but I'll fight for it. Well, what does fight for it mean? Good question. Maybe the governor's office will testify in favor of it.  That's what happens. That's not a good sound. Not a good sound. So, you know, part of this, I would say is the press. The press did play a role or a non role, if you will, in the George Santos case. Long Island newspaper found found him out and published a series of articles about his embellishments. But the big national papers didn't think it was important or they didn't catch it. And so the times never repeated those articles until after the election. The same thing with the Washington Post and other national papers. So the press really didn't do its job here.  Now, in this case, you know, the press could have been asking questions like what do you mean fight for it? And what are the details of that because the devil is in the details and how do you calculate that in terms of fiscal planning? And the press, I don't know for sure, but the press didn't really ask those questions. They didn't say look, you know, deadline to choose the governor's packages for very X and you will see all details by then. Right. But wouldn't it have been better if somebody in a press conference asked those questions now, immediately, when the statements were made. Oh, I'm sure it would have been. I don't know what the answer would have been. Probably would have been some some some form of, you know what I just mentioned, you know, you will see all details later. That's kind of like the way politics is sometimes. Yeah. But it does it does raise the question of the role of the press in testing statements made by candidates, because I, and I think, if you, I'm not talking about Hawaii necessarily but if you look at George Santos he's probably not alone. The degree of embellishment, you know, that he engaged in was that was unique but I'm sure if you went candidate by candidate across the country you would find a lot of embellishments made on curricula vitae and on, you know, positions and promises would be would be different and the press needs to bear in on that everywhere. Because I think if you have a government that's based on statements during a campaign that that we're not are not going to come true. You're really not getting what you bargained for you're not getting what you voted for. So, has there been, you know, here we are today on think tank talking about these temporary tax fixes. And, you know, comparing them against the campaign promises has the press covered this issue. We're we're you know you're getting it, I think from talking to people but what about the press. Have they been reporting on it. There's been a little reporting on it. I've seen stuff on Hawaii news now for example. It's been very recent so it may be that just kind of waiting for more details before, you know, trying to put their bully pulpit hat on, or, you know, putting putting the screws to one side or the other. You know, the press has a lot of power, because people do make statements that they can't back up, and they don't intend to back up worse. Also, you know, the public has a memory like a sieve. And, you know, the press has a very heavy obligation in these times. And so, you know, I'm thinking it's not just statements made in the course of campaigns.  It's made from day to day. It's statements informing the public where there's such a great opportunity to do misinformation and disinformation in order to achieve some political benefit. And so, you know, the question is, is this limited to campaign promises? Or perhaps it goes beyond that. Perhaps it goes, you know, beyond that in the sense that whatever a sitting official says has to be tested in the same way. You agree.  You know, if ABC and D came together, which hardly ever happens. But they don't tell you the latter part. As a voter and as a person trying to deal with the state. You need to be very careful about what you actually do rely on. I wouldn't rely on campaign promises, except to put, you know, more pressure on the candidates slash elected officials to deliver on them. You know, we want to see the goods. Like, what's the bill going to say is the bill going to be approved. And if the bills approved, will you sign the darn thing. Oh, is there any for example, that can be done now, even on the national level. The last couple of presidents didn't necessarily wait for the legislative body.  David Ege was no exception. And he had much more opportunity to do that because of the pandemic. But, but governors do have a lot of power administrative. Yeah, and just the power of the bully pulpit, you know, when they get up there and the state seals behind them and they make a statement. And people on the six o'clock news and the 10 o'clock news are inclined to believe them inclined to accept it as the gospel. And the questions that come out of the press, if there are questions permitted are not necessarily all that probative. And the problem is that you referred to it is that the individual citizen has to apply critical thinking. And if we don't do that, then we wind up getting a kind of a dynamic truth, if you will, a dynamic truth. You heard it here, which changes. And so from press conference to press conference, the world is different. And so somebody has to call that out. And at the end of the day, it's the individual consumer of news that has to call it out. I mean, we can call it out here, but it's up to the individuals who are the consumers of news to do something about it. Are they going to vote differently? Are they going to, you know, support, you know, candidates or people or, or nonprofits as a result. Just as just as some examples. Yeah, and you know, there's also this very interesting issue about re-election. So now we have another campaign. And in that campaign, a given official will say, look at all my achievements. I did this, I did that, I did that, I did this. That's why you should vote for me again. In fact, you have to measure those statements against the promises. If the campaign, if the campaigner promised this, that and the other thing, and he doesn't talk about the fact that they don't come true, that he did not achieve those things. Somebody has to point that out. He's going to tell you what he has achieved. And maybe, you know, with some embellishment, and he is not going to tell you what he has not achieved. So somebody has to write that up. And I don't know if our media is into that. Is it? Well, I mean, it does to some extent. I mean, it's really the duty of the opposition candidate if there is one. And that's perhaps part of our problem. We don't have, you know, we have a lot of uncontested elections. Yeah. Well, I mean, all this is a test of the system, I would say. And it has been happening on the mainland. And when you see people making promises or claims about their background, and it's not true, or it doesn't come true. You have to come up with, A, either the system isn't working, or B, the individual member of the system, the voter has to be his own guardian, or her own guardian. That the voter has to take an active role in vetting all those public statements. And I think we've learned that the press is not always on top of things. And we have learned certainly that the opposing candidate is not necessarily on top of things. So you have to go in there being very critical in your thinking and even cynical to say, well, he just said this and he just said that. Should I accept that? Should I not accept that?  And that is discussions with others who are also watching this news.  And, you know, I don't have to be right. I just want to hear what you have to say. I want to throw propositions at you and see you react. I want to be in a crucible of discussion with you. And in a world of silos, in a world of social media, where one person can speak to millions, we don't have that kind of living room chat. And I think it would be better if we did. Yeah, crucibles of discussion are great for democracy. That's one of the principles that our democracy among others was founded upon. And that would be a great thing. Well, Tom, this is going to be an interesting session. I don't think this is the only area that's going to be of interest.  And we cannot forget that there should be a connection between the governor's office and the legislature all points during the session. And this administration knows that full well because they both been involved in legislature for years. And so there's plenty to watch. And especially in the fiscal department.  Or on the other side of the equation, prices are too high. Either way, tax is a price. Or that there are problems in housing or public safety or health or infrastructure or environment, you name it. That's the reason why they would leave. And we look to the legislature to identify these things and take affirmative steps to make life better here in these islands. And all of those things should be on the table. All of them cost money. And at the end of the day, fiscal policy is what drives the individual voter citizen to stay here or not. Yeah, I think there are a lot of issues that the government should be looking at. Most are all of them in involved money. And that's why we, among others, concentrate on fiscal policy and taxation. Because that's kind of the big choke point here. I enjoy your choice of words on that. Ladies and gentlemen, he said choke point. We all heard him say that. Thank you very much, Tom. Tom Yamachika, president of the Tax Foundation of Hawaii, doing good work for all of us. Thanks so much. Thanks for having me on the show. Aloha. I'm not sure how the clipboard itself.