d Simply because people Think that life Whether it's lived through Suffering just has to be kept there That's A misunderstanding Perhaps it needs to be teased out In the minds of people that accepting that I don't want to take any further treatment Is a completely Licipped, legally and morally Trots to take Anyone else? Yes please I think this goes to The understanding of us As families, you can call it Part of it is compassion and so on But a question of dignity And dying with dignity I think if someone is really suffering Much the dignity Is to see himself Ourself looked after And seen by His family Children That is dignity I think But to just Leave them alone to Who do you like? We finish it That's not really dignity Because having this cycle Between the father, the grandfather And then the children and so on And it's a complete cycle We should look after our parents As much as they have looked at us It's not just they have Go to invest and just forget about us And we forgot about them This is what, you know Human beings should be Even the animal world it happens sometimes So we're looking at How we live as human beings In this way, not just As commodities As someone would say And really having The compassion of the family And the friends and coming to see you That makes a change and we had Lots of examples about this And the other thing is nobody knows Exactly when death will happen Even if we do assisted suicide It might not work So why put ourselves in something Which is not definitely known Nobody knows exactly what will happen And many cases there will be failures And the statistics actually From Arwen shows that about 50% of the people who Had been prescribed The medicine to die Of poison have not used it So people can change their mind Very, very quickly in this And that could be because Things around them have changed Maybe people want them or when they saw them Want to die have changed their attitude Towards them so it's this Human feeling together We should not say that Forget it we can have A better way or an easy way And the other thing which has always happened I think the person When he is nearly dying Whether he's healthy or not Knows that this is the end And he can decide Without poison without anything That this is it and that's finished And I've seen this in many cases So why do we have to interfere In something which Is going to happen anyway Please I think there's a profound and distinct difference In assisted suicide And making an informed and supported decision Not to have treatment that can be At times incredibly invasive And have a profound impact on the quality Of the life that you have left I have terminal cancer There are things that can impact The length of my life but it's going to take away From the quality of my life and on balance I have made an informed decision With my physicians and my family That that treatment is going to impact Negatively the quality of my life While it might increase the quantity That's very different from saying I'm going to take a lethal dose Dose of medication that will end my life And that's a proactive move To end rather than take advantage Of the most of your life that you've got left Mike McKinnon Thank you, convener I was interested in exploring This idea of the sanctity Of life and the Concordant idea that that's always got A constant value And as much as We're all aware of deaths That we talk of as being Particularly tragic Maybe a child, maybe a young mother And on the other end of the spectrum Maybe somebody who's very elderly Haven't lived a Fulfilling, rewarding life And dying peacefully in their sleep So it seems to me that At one level at least We do Confer a differing value On That lives and on death And I just wondered What the witness felt that Is this a constant that remains Constant throughout our lives or is it That value subject to change Which I think is not being made In the question between Two different senses of the word life When you Evaluate Lives in the way in which you have Somebody's unfulfilled potential Someone who has achieved a lot You are Evaluating Their life in the sense Of their Passage through this world from Both to death When we talk about the Infinite value of human life We're talking about the state Of being alive and that I think Is a distinction which Needs to be kept in mind Which if I may say so The question elided Once a year please The two examples you gave Don't contradict one another In that if somebody has lived A full life Then you don't regard their death As a tragedy it might be sad news But it's not bad news necessarily And what you're valuing is Is the culmination of a very full life And when somebody's life is cut In a way that seems sort of a naturally short child Or a mother of young Children then the tragedy in that Is that their life hasn't had that fullness to it So they're consistent with one another Those contrary reactions Are both Consistently testifying to a Valuing of the science to you That's fine In every life and all through your life There are times when things are Really good and there are times when Things are really challenging That's with every life Whether it's at the end of your life At the beginning or somewhere in the middle So I think it's about how people walk with you During all the times of your life Good and bad so I think yes there's always qualitative I would say that you know there are times in my life When things were really really hard And looking back on them it was how people walked with me That defined the difference Again there are unexpected joys And unexpected pains in every life One of the things that concerns me about Assisted suicide You're curtailing any unexpected joys You are making a decision to end your life And the unexpected joys That may come that we never know about May not happen Mike, you'll get it Right, you'll get it For those answers Colin, Colin Ciar Science can be no Just been changing my question a little bit On the back of what I've said It's actually It's something that was said earlier Mr Dean there I do beg your pardon And it's about the acceptance of death And the fact that You know we're helping to curtail Or someone will be asked to Help someone to curtail their life Cos let's face it Suicide is not It's not illegal As such My question Really is Given the fact that we have Those who are For whatever reason Go out and commit suicide My concern By someone who's seriously Considering this course of action Through the end of a seriously Bad illness They are really having problems With getting to end of life And there are That small amount of people As I believe it is a small amount of people Who perhaps think I am definitely at the end of my tether I want to end this I will end this And is it fair on us to deprive them Of some help Or Possibly the fact that they head In their own direction And they take their own lives In a Not as pleasant manner Shall we say And they end up in a situation That is quite harrowing For the families particularly Would it not be better For the families if The issue was resolved Properly beforehand There would be An acceptance that this is going to happen As against Suddenly finding that The nearest and nearest or a family Or friend Is taking their own life In some degree of solitude And in a position that is not quite as Pleasant I think the thing about Suicies are a tragedy You know, it's people who are Desperate And what I think we have to offer Is some help and stand by them When they are desperate that's why We have suicide prevention measures Supported by the Scottish Government And many other charities I think the issue Of bereavement is huge We heard about that earlier I don't think we're going to be helped By the fact that a person chooses to End their own life with the help of a doctor In fact, I think the problem Arraised is that It undermines the foundation Of our laws that protect all of us That ensure that there is no discrimination Against certain people Because we think that there are less worth Than others By all means Let's support people But to hasten their death I think in no way helps Them I think we are capable Of trying to give support As far as we can And support the families To ensure that they do not go through They have as good a death as possible I think we had one of the The initiatives this morning Is good life, good death Good grief I think To allow people to do that Naturally and accepting death And supporting them as best we can There is a deep instinct With every human being In every culture Of self-preservation In the past You might have said that suicide is not illegal But I wouldn't say it's lawful If you look at some of the debates Around Westminster When they talked about this People who want to die Have some sort of problem Some level of depression Or desperation in their lives What they do not need to be prosecuted After attempting suicide I think that's where the suicide act In 61 was introduced It was out of compassion That they decided not to prosecute And that's why assisted suicide Had a penalty of 14 years Almost the same as murder And we try and help people through their lives To have as full a life as possible And not end in a desperate situation Where they feel they have to sever All their bonds with society And with their family Sorry, Donald Can I just pick up on something that John Deegan said About depression About the incidence of depression In those who are suicidal And we know what that's very common Say in young people Young men in Scotland for instance And that's why we have an anti-suicide strategy And it's the same towards the end of life People who are in terminal illness Often are depressed And it's often quite difficult to reach That diagnosis I think From a medical perspective This is where you have got to have a specialist examination of such patients And again I think it bothers me In the practical aspect of the bill Is that there's no necessity For having this kind of Psychological or psychiatric assessment Of the person who asks For assisted suicide So yes Towards the end of life Many people will get depressed And perhaps people don't Recognise it The family might not even recognise it Because they put down Their withdrawn state Or their refusal to face the future Put it down to the actual suffering The physical pain, the weakness etc Now that is part of it obviously But when the mind actually gets depressed Then it affects the whole of their system And with proper help And psychiatric help and of course Anti-depressants problem They can be got through that And then perhaps prepared for a better death Than just been put to sleep By their own action Yes please I think it's important that we return To the idea that this is law That we're talking about And anytime something is legislated for Against what you've got to do It's about a balance between the benefits And the drawbacks for an individual And the benefits and the drawbacks for society So what about all those people Who want, who aren't articulate Who are not well supported Who are vulnerable but desperately want To live with dignity until they die I think that's where we have to focus That and anytime you begin to erode The level of support for them Even in society And the way that they're perceived Then you're on a dangerous path I also wanted to go back to some of the talk That was going on in the last panel About palliative care We have a great system of palliative care In the United Kingdom But it is not perfect and it is patchy If you have a non-relignant disease Your chances of having good palliative care Are less If you move to a plan B Why not exhaust plan A And do absolutely everything we can To ensure that good Consistent deep palliative care Is offered throughout Scotland I think until we have exhausted that And can put our hands up and say We've done absolutely everything we can do In regards to palliative care Then why move to plan B I should point out for those Who sat through early this morning And are here now That we have been involved in a number of areas here The suicide bill is one of them Access to new medicines Which is another aspect Of all of this And we do intend In the new year To look at palliative care And end of life We are trying to As a committee see this In a broader setting So we put that on the record This morning Yes sir A couple of small points One is Assisted suicide to me Actually not involving one person Only doing something awful By killing himself It's also involving someone else To do the process And this will have very Difficult repercussions If something like this goes ahead Because you will have to Try to find a way That you don't discriminate against doctors And medical people who don't agree With this and go into this And we know that although there's usually Some conscious Close It doesn't always work that easy So this is another addition To the difficulties Going back to palliative care What I know is that It's not really completely funded By government like NHS for example A lot of it It depends on charities and so on So why not put some support Into this and that's something Which is to be looked at More than anything else Really Thank you Richard Lyon I'm very impressed with The amount of churches and faiths We have here this morning And I respect you all To ask the question We all know when we were born We could all say the day we were born None of us know when we're going to die No one can predict When they're going to die And the last panel basically went on about the factor Of to give more days and more years Now I know a friend of mine's mother Was told she'd cancer She'd only six months to live And she actually lived three years We all visit Our relatives sadly who have gone In cemeteries We all need to go to local cemeteries And see the flowers and the respect And everyone goes But the point I have to say is I have never heard so many scare stories This morning about You know We should let these people Go on and we shouldn't let them die And all this and all the different Other things you know Because no one wants their relatives to go We all want to keep them As I said in the previous panel But if a relative wants to go Why shouldn't we let them go And that's the point I want to make And I want to ask And I know the answers I'm going to get But basically But basically If someone is dying And they're lying there And they've said to you before The sort of And we all went into hospices And we went into hospitals And we all went in And seen our friends etc Relations And I've said I want to go Why shouldn't we let them go Or even help them go I'm sure we'll get some responses from that Yes of course John Deegan I think you had some scare stories Because there is something to be scared of Since the second world war It's been secular authorities That have created a human rights regime Life is the foundation for all other rights And that has been Increasingly recognised with more positive Obligations on states to ensure that People do realise their right to life So that was founded on Recognising How dark things get When people have that power That they can decide over life and death And how easily that is abused But not only can it Just be abused and we can Recognise that directly After it has happened But also it degrades this fundamental recognition That every human life is Special and to be nurtured And to be protected As much as possible But thirdly it also leads to temptations Which undermine everyone's right to life You know we've already seen in other jurisdictions People being refused treatment Because caring for them was too expensive Or it was cheaper just to give them A concoction that would kill them We've heard of jurisdictions where people found out That Tom Morty In Belgium for example His elderly mother who was suffering in dementia He got a phone call to say that your mother Has been put to death yesterday He knew nothing about it We've heard of Kate Cheney, a case in Oregon Where her daughter was coaching her what to say So that she could get assisted suicide And this was recognised by a doctor But she was just the family Were able to take her out and find another doctor Who had her life put to an end We've now seen the development of this Where people are nominating themselves For death in Switzerland just because they're tired of living We had the case this morning About the twins going blind Who wanted to die We've seen the extension of it now In Holland and in Belgium now Where children can be put to death That's why you're hearing scare stories Because it's something to be scared about When you take away a foundation that's been recognised Through our religious traditions That are testifying to that as well But also our secular institutions Have tried to uphold this Because it's very dangerous to take that platform away Yes, please I'm not going to justify scare stories I'm going to address The question again And it seems to me that the question That Richard Lyle has asked Is one that would have been appropriate Had we today been Discussing Making suicide illegal Or making it illegal To strive officially to keep alive That's not the question That's before us The question before us Is about assisting suicide In other words, the boundary That is being crossed here By this proposed legislation Is not to do with people dying But to do with what their Agents do And that is what we heard Loudly and clearly From the medical profession At the previous panel And to some extent, it's language again We're calling this Assisted suicide We might just as well refer to it As requested euthanasia And then I don't think it would have quite so many supporters That you are involving someone else In the act But those who commit suicide Don't stop them No one stops them The question mentioned Why keep people alive when they don't want to Now I think there's a lot of misunderstanding Amongst people Especially the people who are well at the moment And I've heard people say I have heard a good Christian man say Of a member of the church saying When my time comes, I just want to let me go Don't keep me alive by necessarily People seem to think that doctors nowadays Because they're so specialised And they're so keen to do an experiment That they just keep people alive And alive and alive When they don't have to And that's a complete misunderstanding Because when a person does come to that level When they're ill And perhaps their life is at risk They want treatment, they don't want to die It's only later on perhaps When they realise the end is coming That they might say, well, just end it now But then again, if we've heard from The palliative care specialist If they're given proper palliative care Then they change their minds So we've got a whole lot of education Of people while they're still well About what end-of-life issues are Get them talking about it And It's not a question of keeping people alive Against their will When somebody says, I refuse treatment Then you must respect that Unless of course they've got a Illness where they can be certified As they say, that's a different situation But somebody in the right mind Who says, I can't take any more Just the thought treatment And then you respect that And let them go and that's not the same As giving somebody a lethal dose And I would be very much against The medical profession being involved In that whatsoever The other thing that strikes me is About, it's a good thing I think for people to talk about Dying even, perhaps when they're young But again remembering That's a great risk of increasing The tendency towards suicide in young people And that's what worries me perhaps About this preliminary declaration In the bill, that it can be made From the age of 16 Now they have to be told about that When they're coming of age of 16 Now you can sign a declaration And it's a very wrong time To be put in ideas of Suicide of end-of-life They can talk about death Perhaps especially when they see friends dying As it sadly happens Somebody dying in an accident And that has to be talked about It has to be done in the context of affirming life And giving them a mechanism To deal with the thought of their own life's ending And not to think of suicide The deliberate ending of the life As a way out of a problem That's what I think is the big problem here I think that letting people go Is really important And sometimes helping people to go Is really important And a really important ministry In a very skilled one There's a kind of midwifery type Aspect of helping people to go Doesn't have to involve I mean this bill would be about That involving giving drugs That kill them But often what stops people From dying isn't Medical as such Other reasons Their bodies might be ready But they're holding out for a critical conversation They need to have with somebody Or something has really bothered them And they're not quite sure what it is But a skilled conversation will bring that out And then they relax and let themselves go So there's an awful lot of skill In helping people to die And it would be great for there to be more resources To enable that to go well And I wonder if that were generally There'd probably be less Concerned to see a bill like this Get passed through Parliament Just briefly I think that what you heard Weren't scare stories They were real stories And some of them are scary And we need to listen to all the stories That people tell because they have something To add to this conversation This is such a complex Conversation to be having It's not black or white It's grey But grey areas are where people tend to get lost And my concern again Is all about those people Who might get lost If this legislation passed I respect Many of the faces that are around here But the point is At the end of the day I'm told that if you smoke You're going to cut years off your life Eat healthily You're going to cut years off your life As I said earlier on We know when we were born None of us know when we're going to die But if we are At a point where I'm looking at this bill As in people who are really Chronically sick Ill And what I heard with the panel before Was We still want to give you more days For people who want to go My view is that Let them Thank you That was a comment more than a question I think that Is it possible For that cohort that you're talking about Is it possible to ensure That it only happens to them That is the problem that's been explored It's not possible It spills over And it puts the weak and the vulnerable The powerful or the articulate But to defend the weakest Yes please Suicide happens everywhere We just take it that it's not a crime Anything But when suicide happens As they call it in custody in prisons Which is where You know expected a lot There's a big noise happening And there's a big inquire and everything So in our hearts all of us We think suicide is not really something good If somebody commits suicide himself Is one thing But helping someone with it Is another thing It's adding a load on someone else You know suppose Richard's alluded to And some of the people we have here And Mike and the others There are people who don't share your faith Or your view And exercise another conscious Decision And we've had I think it was a response To the horror stories Some examples But Not every family is looking for the inheritance They would see This as an act of Love Respect For that person I'm just worrying that That this area of nature And the strong views Don't cloud Some of that out today I don't know whether there is a response to that But everyone who would wish If they were Requested to do So by a loved one To assist in that would probably say Don't be so daft You're not a burden There would be a whole process there And that person would still insist And we've seen them You know leave the country They're motivated By the love of that person Not necessarily a bad thing Is there No situation That you could perceive That assisted suicide Would be anything other than a violation Of that humanity Or that you know Is there There isn't any situation And the intention Can be a good one But it's not only intentions We have to look at the other consequences of it And the actual action that we're Legalising in this society And that is that there is a power Now being granted to some people To bring a person's life to an end You mentioned that it's our faith tradition But I was trying to point out That it's not just a faith It's a natural instinct Within every human being Within every human society Which has been endorsed by our human rights regimes That we have to protect this foundation That makes sure that every life Is inalienable And we have a complete recognition That there's no discrimination against anyone In our society I think that our society needs that foundation I've got no other Members I just want to comment on what you said About The Respecting The loving attitude of a family Who want to help their Loved one to end their lives Now what concerns me is that It's not just their decision Or the person's decision It's the way it'll affect The person who gives that help Who prescribes a lethal drug Or Provides the lethal apparatus Whatever it is And It would not be right for them to do that I firmly believe that As a doctor and as a Christian That it would not be right to give them The means whereby they can end their lives Now Especially as a doctor Because it's also been a tradition Of the medical profession from the time of the procrates To protect life, to care For life until it's very end And not to do any delivery To bring about the end of life And although this will attempt To distance the medical profession And the caring professions From the actual act of suicide When a doctor prescribes A drug He has to say how much it's To be taken, how to take it So he's actually instructing The person to end their lives He's given an order to end their lives The person might not take it fair enough But once he takes it the doctor is involved The carers who are around They will also be involved And they would have conscientious objections too Which is not mentioned in the book And the facilitator Who would be involved He or she would also You know Have severe psychological Results from Eating a person to end their lives So I would believe it's not the loving thing to do To give people the means to end their lives And the means are You know, not specified in this book It could be anything, it could be You know a mask with And a narrowed gas like nitrogen In it It could be A lethal injection even If a person was on a drip The stuff could be Provided And the person who was ending their lives Would just flick a switch Or perhaps with a movement of the eyelid If they couldn't move anything else It could be arranged But there again that's so close to euthanasia It is euthanasia I believe You know, the principle of it is I believe that we should never Aide people to end their lives Yes, we can agree with people Who want their lives Just to come to an end naturally Because they get no further treatment The illness kills them Or even perhaps dehydration might kill them Although they still will get supportive treatment All the way through Even when they're dry they can get their mouth Moistened which will relieve a lot of their suffering But to actually Deliberately to end a person's life That I think is Should be completely outlawed And never entertained Yes, please I firmly believe that the vast majority of families Do what they do out of intense love And concern for the person who is dying But that does not change What the law would be saying It's making a qualitative judgment About life In broad terms that are quite hard to define Is another issue that we could talk about But we're saying that folk who are terminally ill Or who have a life shortening illness Diabetes is a life shortening illness There are lots of life shortening illnesses But there is a qualitative statement being made That some life is Not quite as worth living as Other life And how does that impact those Who suffer from those debilitating illnesses Or diseases or life shortening conditions Who quite frankly would like to live And be supported in that We're making a judgment Invertently, unintentionally But that's what the law will do I've no other community members At this point indicating they want to come in Of course that leads me to Patrick Harvie Thank you, Patrick Thanks very much, convener I'm glad because I was hoping to explore This particular issue that we were just Talking about the How we respond to the Reality that Sometimes and people are acknowledging it An act of assisting someone To commit suicide Might be undertaken entirely Out of love and compassion The witnesses will be aware That there have been as well as attempts To change the law Both in this jurisdiction And south of the border And elsewhere There have also been repeated attempts To clarify what the current law is South of the border There's now guidelines On prosecution We don't have that here There's a lack of clarity As to whether there are circumstances In which somebody could be prosecuted Even for arranging For a relative to travel to dignitas There's a lack of clarity About what the current law is Given that If somebody assisted the suicide Of There would be Perhaps inquiries, perhaps police Investigation, perhaps a court case In those circumstances If all of the facts lend Themselves to the conclusion that someone Had acted out of love and compassion And with The complete Respect for the autonomy And the decision making of the person involved Is it the view of the witnesses Here That they should in fact be prosecuted Convicted and sentenced For a very serious crime Or does the recognition of compassion Come into the question at all It would be up to the court At the moment the situation is that The court, first of all The procurator, fiscal Crown office Would have the responsibility Of deciding whether to prosecute And they need not prosecute It's a legal matter I'm not making any moral or ethical But the situation is that they have to decide Whether it's a case Whether it's in the public interest And then once it's in before the court The court can decide There may be extenuating circumstances For any crime So it's really under the homicide law Which I think is common law There's no statute of law I don't think But it would be The court would be free to Do what it could do But I think the moral and ethical question Is slightly different from the All of what it leaves I wouldn't support what they did But it might not be A prosecutable offence under law I would I'll give you the time to come back I'll give you the time to come back I'll give you the time to come back I'll give you the time to come back This is actually the great lines Which was issued two years ago By the public prosecution in England And the main thing That he will look at the case Whether it's in the public interest Or not and that sort of thing So we'll take it case by case Because this is something which is Considered as an offence now But you will make it an offence And that's a different thing Very good play It's another yes no question That presupposes that all cases are identical And that all cases have to have the same answer Either they're all prosecuted Or that none of them are prosecuted But as a couple of people have already said That is itself a matter of judgment By a number of public officials Before it gets that far And I don't think anybody around the table Is suggesting that that is in any way wrong But in fact it's implicit in that That we don't need a new law That says that the answer Is always no It should never be prosecuted Which is the proposal before us The on the ground situation For probably all faith groups Or ministers within them Is that on the ground If you knew the family You would be supporting them And that's why you don't have ministers on juries Because their job is They're on the ground job Is to be alongside with people On their morning bench or in their compassion Or with whatever they've done Whether you agree with it or not You just sit with them It does just strike me That we're perhaps Not fully expressing the compassion That we're talking about If we are leaving people with that Complete lack of clarity About whether an action they take Might be legal or illegal Whether it be prosecuted Or not prosecuted Whether in fact it is Culturally and socially sanctioned Or not You know I suppose what I'm asking is Do you think the current situation Is satisfactory Just as you were saying The DPP's guidance Been given out to the law advocate Commented in Scotland That the law was quite clear I'm not sure if that's precisely The phrase that was used But I think there have certainly been many other views Suggesting that the current situation Is not clear Perhaps I could come on to another question I beg your pardon Whether it is satisfactory Well I believe it is satisfactory But again there should be more education Of the public as to end of life issues What I was saying earlier In that people have a whole lot of misunderstandings About that And that's why they get so Head up about it and say Oh yes people have been kept live artificially And we should have some legislation Whereas when the situation is explained to them That's why we can't rely on public opinion polls Because they change depending on the question You ask And the understanding of the person is Once you explain to them about The end of life issue and palliative care The number in favour of Legalising assisted suicide Comes a way down I believe So it's not just a Straight forward thing People are suffering and struggling And feeling that they don't have the support That they need it's not satisfactory I think what might help Is earlier intervention and people walking Alongside in those early struggles And letting them have those questions Those explorations How can we best help you And support you as you walk through this And not just the person but the whole family So I think that's one of the things Faith groups can do it's one of the things Communities can do it's one of the things That healthcare professionals can do Is get in there early and walk alongside Folk so that they don't have to suffer I appreciate that and I respect The sentiment of it very much I do still worry that We would be asking that question How best can we support you While still At the back of my mind saying If you give one answer I'm not going to help There's another question I wanted to ask Which Reverend Dr MacDonald mentioned Opinion polls and it's about The balance of views Some people will place a lot of importance On opinion polls and others say Questions Lead one way or the other Or that people haven't considered The question in depth But there's very little evidence As far as I can see that the balance of views Whatever level of importance you place On opinion polls is particularly different Between the population at large And the major denominations It's also clear that there are Albeit not amongst the panel of witnesses Who have been invited to speak today A range of views amongst religious Communities including People who are very committed And involved Within religious organisations About these issues I'll mention Reverend Scott McKenna Who spoke at the launch of the bill When Margot MacDonald published and introduced the bill Talking about this is an attempt Merely to bring peace of mind And spoke very clearly That he regarded it as An act of Christian compassion We've also heard elsewhere In the UK From a former Archbishop of Canterbury Lord Carey Who said Those arguments that persuaded me in the past Not to support a change in the law Seem to lack power and authority now When confronted with the experiences Of those suffering a painful death He went on in talking about Lord Faulkner's Bill to say There is nothing anti-Christian About embracing the reforms that Lord Faulkner's Offers Rabbi Dr Jonathan Romain Said That this debate is not as it is often thought A battle between the religious and secular camps But within the religious community too There are many He says who have both a deep faith And a desire to see assisted dying Legalise in Britain as a voluntary option For the terminally L He says that there are a growing number Of clergy like myself Who are only too familiar with those dying In pain And want to see them allowing the option Of assisted death if they so wish And at a global level Perhaps one of the most famous religious figures In the world Desmond Tutu Has also written about this I revere the sanctity of life But not at any cost And he goes on to acknowledge Many of the issues of context Which have been reflected In the discussion today But also to Say that he would not be against I think he said I think a lot of people would be upset If I said I wanted assisted dying I would say I wouldn't mind actually So I wonder Whether the witnesses could reflect On why none of the organisations Have chosen to Acknowledge that I think Ephraim Borowsky's written evidence Does acknowledge this but most of the others And certainly the discussion here Doesn't reflect the range of views Which exist Both among those who subscribe to a religious affiliation And those who Are extremely active And have given the matter great thought In that context Yes please Just to follow on from that Thank Patrick Arvie for acknowledging That we did acknowledge the range of views Within the Jewish community I think it's fair to say That there is what one might call A traditional split within the Jewish community The Orthodox community Is steadfastly Opposed to the proposals The liberal community Is by and large in favour With caveats And the reform community Is I think yet making its mind up So I acknowledge that However I think Where there is I'm cautious about saying unanimity Because it's the Jewish community That we're talking about But there is well nigh Unanimity I think about the need for Far greater safeguards Than there are in the proposals As they are before us at the moment And you've referred kindly To our written submission That goes through a large number Of issues where We feel that there is a need for Considerably greater safeguards And now I think To go through those one by one But that again Takes us back to practicalities As opposed to principle But the principle of the Bill As it stands before us Is one which I think The Jewish community by and large Would be opposed to Any other witnesses? The SEC is a mission We did say That there are diverse views Within the SEC That the Jewish feel quite conflicted And we made reference to Hans Coon, an important Roman Catholic Theologian who Has made a case for dignified dying In this kind of a way And I think it's really important That each of That there are voices That enable the arguments Then to become very good It's iron sharpening iron If you can have that debate Within a faith community And you know If Desmond Tuti, you know I'm very great A follower of Desmond Tuti So you know it's influential For him to say something like that I think what's troubling What concerns me About the context of this conversation Is that we, as we heard in the last panel Our cultural context Is one that tends to not Look at death, not feel very comfortable Around death and we know That the writing of wills And powers of attorney And advanced directors and things Is Is very low As is the There's an increasing trend towards people Not wanting to have funerals So there's a sort of In some way A denial that death will come And then a denial that death has happened A discomfort about looking at death And that lack of familiarity of death Does make us frightened of death And I'm conscious that we have On the one hand a kind of denial of death And on the other hand a strenuous effort To allow us to choose it and have other people kill us And it's that context That troubles me I suppose I think the voices that Patrick Harvie mentioned are really Minority voices in all the Christian denominations Certainly now Small denomination Which is a conservative with a small C Denomination And I don't know if anybody who would support Assisted suicide There are no doubts there are individuals But I don't know about them So I think the majority of the faith Communities would be against this In general And sadly I think many of those Who would be in favour of it again Haven't really studied it in enough detail As we are doing at the moment And as you are, the committee is doing And I'm glad about that I'm very impressed with the deep interest And I encourage you to weigh up All the evidence that you've heard Because I think the evidence is very much Against legalising This assisted suicide In any form whatsoever The Church of Scotland is a broad church And so almost on every issue There's going to be different opinions And that's a good thing because it makes For good discussions Not that long ago this issue Came to the General Assembly And this is the policy that we have At the last General Assembly It was asked of the Church and Society Council And we embraced it that we reflect again On this, there will be a round table In the next couple of months And we will continue those conversations Quite widely and deeply But again it comes down to Not looking at We look at death as Very personal And private And my death And we sometimes And if you look at it that way Then my right to decide Seems completely and utterly sensible It's when you dig a bit deeper And you look at the community aspect Of all our lives And how my life And my death and the way I choose May have implications that are Unforeseen for others And for that reason I think that's one of the main reasons For the Church of Scotland's To oppose this legislation There are also so many safeguards That need to be put in place with this particular Piece of legislation That it is quite troubling I thank you all for your attendance here The written evidence that you've provided And indeed the oral evidence today Thank you very much indeed We very much appreciate the valuable time you've given us Thank you We're now in private session For how long we don't know


Hi guys! My name is Shachi and welcome to another video. Today is a big day for me. I turn 30 today. Thank you so much to everybody who reached out to wish me. So the big 3-0. It's goodbye to my 20s. Lot of mixed feelings here. I am happy and excited for everything that is yet to come. But also sad that I am no longer going to be a 20-year-old. In this video, I have put together 30 things that I have learnt in my 20s. Some of them are things that I have learned from my personal experience. Some of them are things I wish I knew earlier and some of them are just pure common sense. So, in no particular order, let's get started. What will people say? The 4 worst words that you can think to yourself. So if you are holding yourself back from doing anything because of what will people say, think again.   If you want to experiment with your head, 20s is the time for it. Don't send emails when you are angry. The number of disasters I could have avoided if I knew this. It's always good to wait for 24 hours before reacting to anything. This is one of the biggest learnings for me. Don't be too rigid. It's good to have structure, routine, plans. But life is life and there will be a ton of unexpected things coming your way. So go with the flow. To do a digital detox once in a while, so get out of those annoying WhatsApp groups and subscribe from email lists that are no longer useful. Clear the digital clutter around. Keep half an hour a day just for yourself and don't let anybody make you feel guilty about it. Nobody is really thinking that much about you. I mean we constantly feel that what are people thinking about us or what do people say. But the truth is everybody is busy in their own life and they really don't have the time. The 80-20 is a golden rule and applies to almost everything. To your work, to your relationships, to your health. So if you don't know what the 80-20 rule is, Google it right now. People and relationships are what matters the most. So take time to cultivate the meaningful relationship. Looks do matter. A little harsh, but that's the truth. We all make snap judgments and we all form first impressions. So how you look and how your group is going to matter. This one just had to be there. Your health and fitness is important and should be your priority. Taste buds do change. So good eating habits can be developed and the sooner you do it, the better it is. An empty mind is a devil's workshop. So keep yourself busy. Don't depend too much on other people for emotional support or for entertainment. Just find ways to keep yourself happy and to spend time by yourself. The world is not black or white. So things are never completely right or wrong. They are just shades of gray. People are inherently good-featured. A lot of times we tend to get mad at others but they are just doing the best they can just like us. 90% of the things that we worry about are either inconsequential or imaginary. Depth always beats worth. We are trying to do so many things but having in-depth knowledge about something will take you a long way. So do something every day to take care of your mind, be it meditating, journaling, whatever your thing is. Time goes really fast, especially when you're having fun and the years just roll by. All good things take time and effort so it's good to have patience. Learn to stay calm. One of the best things that you can do for your body and mind is learning how to stay calm. No matter how difficult things are, remember that these two shall pass and you will come out of it. Do not expect too much from people, situations, life in general. Do the best you can and just forget about the rest. Invest in yourself. Spend money on yourself to make yourself better. So take that course, sign up for that class, get a personal coach. It's all going to be worth it. Venting and complaining feels good but it's not helping you in any way so stop.  Express gratitude. Be happy for everything that is good in your life so take a few moments every day to either write it down or say a silent prayer. You're saving the best one for the last. Sunscreen is your skin's best friend and this one is not just for the girls so if you don't use the sunscreen start using it now. So guys these were the 30 things. Thank you so much for watching. I hope you liked this video and enjoyed the pearls of wisdom from a 30 year old. If you did do give this video a thumbs up and hit that subscribe button. I'll see you very soon in the next one. Till then take care and bye.


Well, what's going on everyone Sam here with late and sports cards. We are doing it 2020 now 10 bucks Tuesday 10 bucks prism immaculate Photo football mixer number 129 random team style. Here's a look again at your random teams As always you can find these on the website on the results tab as well as a link and chat Let's do it. Let me pull up of this 10 bucks Tuesday just to make sure we got this One box of this is basketball, isn't it? There's football One box 2022 leaf ultimate draft anybody still in college will be random off to everybody at the end So I'll have I'll be looking up guys who may still be in college Starting off with an NFLer here. We've got Romeo Dobbs that's going to the Packers ultimate weapon 12 out of 99 Grats on that Packers God I feel like he's in the NFL Nope still in college We've got Corey Kiner. That is 15 out of 99. This will be a random to everybody at the end You do thinner thick on this Say what I 55 Random to all there Got 17 out of 50. That's gonna be Kyren Williams go into the Rams Gotcha, Rory. Gotcha Going to the Rams on that one got another a random to all at the end 14 out of 75. That is Malik Cunningham There you go. Good luck to everybody on that one Louisville's quarterback and last one in here. We've got going to Rory 18 out of 35 ultimate signatures Aiden Hutchinson going to the Lions Congrats. There you go, Rory nice Hutchinson to start and And empty empty. Let's do score next guys. This is all card ship. So Probably have to do one dice roll on this one Yeah, Barry Barry can come out of collegiate immaculate, which is nice Scroll through the base here as a picket rookie followed by a zappy right behind it as always Jalen Petrae my corral is a Zeke Elliott gray border Hutchinson base hot rookies breeze Hall and Derwin James He's got something select to really oh just numbered. Yeah. Yeah. Yep. Yeah. He's I was gonna say he's got probably field levels I do remember correctly. I know Dion does All right, so we're gonna do a dice roll on this the way this is gonna go is one two three four five and six This will go for the entire break unless it's super low numbered to ten or less generally then we will do a separate random That is a four. It's gonna go to the bottom left With Cooper cup, so I'll go with Cooper cup on this break or in this card Jack young blood going to the Rams nice one there Congrats Rams Very cool and Josh Allen. Yes. First one was after LA Yeah, they won't I mean we've got this and we still got another break. So probably won't start personal still about one Would be my guess about one So I had to move some breaks around today. I had to sell some stuff out So we are behind but it happens So the line Charleston Rambo. Let's go into The Panthers nice one there Panthers Blue Earl Campbell 31 out of 100 going to the Titans. So if I don't say why it on Dotson and Bradley Chubb on the gray to the broncos broncos Traylon Burks kind of Walker and Dantaro drumming Dantario drumming for the cowboys on the gray board. There's Malik Willis for Titans Lava That is Hunter Renfrow on the base auto going to the raiders and Tyler baby The Ravens on the gray border at the end. That is Daxon Hill 20 out of 35 bangles nice one there bangles Congrats is Lamar cup and Derek Henry.  That's Darius Slade Jr. Nice one there Eagles on the vet auto. That's pretty cool Kelly beat and Tray Hendrickson Give Sean all of his base. All right, let's do elite next Sure, we got a box of elite one box of Daenerys elite hobby Good luck here everyone Do our elements stuff next to certified and get out of the way as well All right, here we go with our pen pals in here Moxie Jersey nausea Harris going to the Steelers. That's not numbered Sam how Mike Evans to $3.99 bucks once that guys Always gotta ruin it. Don't you playmakers Jonathan Taylor not numbered That's Jalen betrayed a 999 going to the Texans. He's actually a starter. I didn't realize that Justin Jefferson Turn of the century Jermaine Johnson. That is seven out of ten.  Oh, man, that's a good question One Dale Robinson pen pals going to the Giants Going to the Giants Congrats again Giants rookie elitist Chris Olava. Hey, that's such a good question To attack of a loa 14 out of 25 nice one there dolphins that honestly Chris a lot of con to 399. It's a pretty early on prod like early cycle product. So They look very good, but Yeah, it's an affordable set Javante Williams to 75 going to the Broncos And guys not missing anything with the base on the back. It is always just gonna be two base cards rookie on deck here at Wilson Yeah, I agree much Derek Henry a star status to 349 Jonathan Taylor Matt Ryan If you got bench, that's so bad, dude Derek Stingley junior to 999 Texans and last one here and base All right, let's go on to elements now guys One box of 2022 elements hubby you've certified after gold standard photo Regular iMac select iMac photo finish with Prism Javante Williams to 1199 Cobalt Jim Kelly that is to 27 Got Jerry Judy 24 out of 27 on the three colored patch There you go Broncos followed by a Jalen Tolbert rookie star signs That is to seven out of 50 Cowboys, and then we've got Jordy Nelson nice one there Wide out wow is with nine catches for 140 yards and Super Bowl XLV. That's an awesome one, man Grouts Packers 33 out of 49 love these moments. All right, let's do certified next Damian Pierce on the Jersey Cart 299 out of 399 Texans Texans doing well here tomorrow chase gold team and base Terry McLauren to 275 Alec Pierce on the RPA 183 out of 349 going to the Colts Daxon Hill to 325 101 K snakeskin nice. Oh, yeah, that must be out of what's it called? total Traylon Berks I was assuming that's out of select right Sam That press got to 149 Select first off the line just came out To that I believe the Smith got Romeo Dobbs. That is 154 out of 249 That is 41 out of 99 Aaron Rodgers Photo select. Yeah Gold team Matt Ryan old team Matt Ryan That's awesome. Someone in the break got it. That's fantastic, man Zigual Elliott 20 out of 50 one-off Jersey number Garrett Wilson to 399 Jets dark horses Javante and base We do that is Wanda Robinson 21 out of 35 for the Giants Base heck. Yeah, you know, it's Sam the offensive rookie of the year Let's do gold standard first off the line boy Who would be rookie of the year that right now? That's a good question It was probably gonna be Breece Hall if he didn't get hurt Damien Pierce, maybe Could be Damien Pierce could be what's his name? Oh La they are Johan Dotson one of the yeah Kenneth Walker is a good one to Aiden Hutchinson to 75 Carson strong three out of 11 first off the line exclusive Got EJ Dylan 192 out of 299 Packers on the gold gear by Kyle Hamilton 142 out of 399 for the Ravens We've got Jacarie Robertson that is 12 out of 25 for the Cowboys You've got nice breeze hall 26 out of 49 too bad what happened to him then and then Derek you back to back We've got no who reach that is Breeze Hall again at 58 out of 79 to Breeze Hall back-to-back autos congrats man Not too bad. He'll be coming that back strong for sure. Let's do regular iMac now Or iMac collegiate I should say There you are 10 bucks I'm a collegiate hobby John L. Way that'll be going to the Broncos followed by sky more going to the Chiefs that is 29 out of 49 I saw here man going to Eric are in the Steelers. How about TJ watt? That is one out of ten That's when they need Mac for this next one. Let's go see where uh, I hate chips ahoy Let me I just want to see what this is number two. It's a big card though. Sorry guys typed in the wrong one No, we cannot we cannot have different cookie preferences. Absolutely not. Oh wow This will be neither number to 25 or 15. How about CJ stroud? Good luck on that one everybody. This will be obviously its own separate random But this will be a random to everybody at the end congrats on that That is nasty CJ stroud baby Traylon Birx That is going to the Titans 22 out of 25 And then we've got a George pick-ins that is 17 out of 25 for Georgia and Steelers All right Let's miss that actually. I would have been embarrassing. Let's do this one right here 21 selects. I Yeah, beans and DL. I'll put Dean is an honorary Honorary random winner. Look here guys Trevor Lawrence silver Silver scratch There he is and Kyle Trask Hutch XR C tie-dye that'd be kind of sick or Jameson Williams Mack Jones rookie Joe Burrow mere Smith Marsept to 149 we've got not numbers gonna be max Crosby on the select signatures Raiders and Brian Edwards That's Nico Collins to 149 or to 199 silver Lamar and Marquise Brown dealer's choice Michael Carter blue Jamar Jefferson going to the there you go Rory 31 out of 99 Silver Kyle Trask and Tyson Kim Bobby a case of tips the whole way for that and Charles Woodson we got Kurt Warner 44 out of 99 on the Jersey Guard going to the ramps It's player one nice one there Jamar chase on the silver club level select and another Jamar chase Yeah, select basketball is gonna be fun frog got a Malik Willis on the XR C Boom, there you go Titans. He's got Tennessee. That is nasty, man Simon H. Congrats, Simon It's a big XR C right there Silver club level Marlon Humphrey and Deandre Swift Mike of Parsons rookie That is Sam Darnold for the Panthers to 199 silver Derek Carr and Travis Kelsey No Zafi, but still awesome true true true true true Jalen Kent Rashad Bateman Lamar Silver Derek Gore rookie and Anthony Schwartz field double T-Law Brady Silver Hopkins silver Jim Kelly Ramon Dre rookie tie-dye coming up here guys tie-dye RPA. I believe Tray sermon That is wow 15 Aaron Rodgers Boom, let's go, dude Green Bay Cory G. Congrats, buddy That is massive Player worn on that too. Let's go dude Aaron Rodgers on the patch auto tie-dye to 15. That's nasty get that right into a mag for you Antonio Brown Jamor Aaron Jones silver Tylen Wallace and Ricky Williams last pack of select Rante Adams purple Troy Palomalu. That's pretty cool actually 75 out of 75 book and silver a shot are adopted away and Tommy tremble All right guys. We are on to iMac first off the line now Then we'll finish with prism photo Want to see a big shimmer out of prism photo Green shimmer on a one-on-one or a black shimmer base a shimmy I am pretty sure this is gonna go to the 49ers Christian McCaffrey eight out of 35 Pretty sure that goes to the Niners actually because it's current team. So this will be a 49ers card now See where this guy is I know this guy's in the NFL. I just don't know where This will go to the Panthers We've got Charleston Rambo 16 out of 99 Going to the Panthers nice one here 25 out of 49. We've got John Elway There you go Denver Is that a combo that's Jacob and on the combo spot there you go Jacob 25 out of 49 congrats, buddy There he is Up sure why not that's going to the Cardinals Jacob and again Jacob's getting back to back to back cards right here Trey McBride 78 out of 99 and 8 out of 13 photo exclusive Trey McBride going back to the Cardinals There you go man. Congrats Assuming this is gonna be a random We've got Steelers No, we have chiefs my bad that's chiefs Eric R Colts is Where the Colts at Christopher K Titans Simon H and then Falcons. Yeah, this will be a random to these four teams Chiefs with juju Colts with Michael Pittman Titans with Robert Wood and Falcons with Drake London I'll be a random to those four teams at the end now. Let's do some prism for football photo First off tailine Good luck here everyone One of the many Cubies who hit honestly though. All right. No shimmer first pack Jared Dokes Peyton Turner Travis Fulgum for the Eagles 93 out of 175 hyper and Justin Herbert fireworks. Oh no shimmer in this one either a little warped cards on top there Tyson Campbell Sam Hubbard purple ice to 225 Bangles and Silver Joe mixing a couple of pretty nice cards in this one actually Well, we've got to do at well right on top on the Silver Auto Let's go into the Rams Jeff and on that combo spot And we've got Already know what our shimmer is gonna be kind of a nice one actually Daffy oh, we got Shane Buchele 18 out of 25 going to the Chiefs on the blue shimmer There you go chiefs Shane B. Kelly Gold shimmer coming up. Come on me Simi Pajoco Got not a rookie Jets is Curtis Martin. Very cool. That is two out of ten. Nice one there Congrats on that one. Kenneth Murray red wave to 149 Chargers JK Dobbins Wow Davis Mills blue shimmer auto going to Nick S in the Texans boom 22 out of 25. That's huge Congrats on that one Nick That's nasty. That's so nasty There's an Amon Ra rookie and a Jared Goff 160 out of 199. I'm gonna hand you these base too. They're starting to Top over It's gonna couple more shimmers here too. Why not? There's a red shimmer coming up Kelvin Joseph Eagles Not a rookie is Jalen Hertz. Nice 7 out of 35 Congrats on that Philly Philly is Kelly B.  That's nice No shimmer here Hunter long Kyle Pitts rookie Purple Antonio Gates took 225 Mack Jones new recruits Rodgers and Kyle Trask Noah Gray on the orange 27 out of 60 chiefs She's getting some nice color in this one.  I think at least one more. I'm thinking other orange wave Coming up here. We're shot Bateman rookie. We've got Daniel Hunter. That is six out of 60 for the Vikings and Lamar on the dominant blue shimmer coming up here Should be to 25 Shane Bucheli in book we've got Pittsburgh Steelers. Come on be a rookie Not a rookie is make a Fitzpatrick. Not bad 12 out of 25 And we've got a blue ice Pat Tillman 35 out of 99 nice one there Cardinals and Zach Cunningham There you go Jacob on that Cardinals combo. Oh pal Silverberry Sanders. That'll do it for the break guys Let's do a quick random on all these Let me get these set up That will do a quick recap. Yeah, sorry, Rory. At least you got the aid in auto I know it's not out of anything super crazy, but I know Malik Cunningham as well Malik Cunningham out of he was an auto out of Leaf is it in here? Did I take it? It should have been like one of the first ones I'll stick you know it for you. All right guys take you over to the random screen We're doing the random for the four cards that are random to all at the end the USC Trojans duel Corey Kiner auto Malik Cunningham auto and the CJ Stroud blue ink auto So we're gonna roll the dice gonna do this same number for all four gonna go There's eight times on everything start with the Trojans one two three four five six Seven and eight go to the chiefs with juju Go on to the Corey Kiner eight times on this one one Two three four five six seven and eight go on to the Panthers Malik Cunningham eight times on this one One two three four five six seven and eight go on to the Chargers And we've got the CJ Stroud good luck on this one guys one Oh shoot. I forgot to copy everybody in there we go one two three four five six seven and eight go on to the Bengals Congrats Bengals. All right, let's do a quick recap here guys Trojans quad That is Kurt Warner Rams George Pickens Steelers Kyle Hamilton Ravens H.I. Dylan Packers Romeo Dobbs Packers Damien Pierce Texans Jerry Judy Broncos Najee Harris Steelers Got our autos Malik Cunningham Corey Kiner Two to out well Rams Trey McBride Cardinals Trey McBride Cardinals Charleston Ramo Panthers That is Max Crosby Raiders Traylon Burks Titans TJ Watt Steelers Skymore Chiefs I I know I'm so sorry Rory. I noticed that too Brees Hall Jets Brees Hall Jets Chikari Robertson For the Cowboys That's Wendell Wondale Robinson Giants Alec Pierce Colts Jordy Nelson Packers Jalen Tolbert Cowboys Jermaine Johnson Jets Wondale Robinson Giants Darius lay Eagles Hunter Renfoe Raiders Jack Youngblood at Rams Charleston Rambo. There's Panthers Aden Hutchinson Lions Romeo Dobbs Packers and Kyren Williams Rams. We had our Magg Cards the CJ Stroud blue ink That is Davis Mills. That's so nasty blue shimmer auto going to the Texans had a John Elway 25 out of 49 go into the Broncos and Aaron Rodgers two out of 15 and We had a Malik Willis XRC That'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the field next up. We got luminaries and then we're on to personals


Oh What's up everybody and welcome back here to the channel for the horizon 4 in a very wet z4 Because it's raining and well my top's not up. So unfortunately, it's it's a little wet inside here So we are just going to be cruising around the z4 today and doing some tuning and stuff like that in sideways So I've been definitely enjoying a set of Corsa, but I thought I'd bring it back here to horizon 4 and Just do a little cruise in the z4 as well as Tune it up and you know have some fun with it. So let's just enjoy the sounds of the z4. It sounds amazing with the pops and Well, yeah, let's just cruise it for a few So the z4 definitely has a very awesome exhaust sound and the pops are amazing So I'm gonna get turn make a right here and go and see Kind of speed we can get out of the z4 stock Before we add some stuff to it We take out stuff So surprisingly, it's pretty slow Pretty slow the m40i Z4 is actually a fun car. I've been able to drive a few of these where I work And they are just as loud Get a little speed now. Okay, so it's not as slow as I thought We should not be ripping out a hundred thirty eight miles now into the city Are we good? Okay Well, you knew that was gonna happen you knew we were gonna get sideways in this thing Oh, do you want to keep seeing horizon 4 on the channel? Make sure you guys let me know down in the comments As always make sure you tap and Like this video I do appreciate all the support if you guys are not a subscriber Please do me a favor tap that subscribe button and hit that Bell notifications So you guys can be part of the notification gang So let's go and mod this car up and see what we can do power wise and drift ability wise and then give it a real good Shakedown, so let's see what we can actually do. I think we're gonna keep stock power I don't think we can really do much but for the arrow, so we're not gonna do for the arrow We don't want for the arrow. We're gonna leave the stock motor in there But of course, you know got throw some uh, I guess we're gonna leave stock tires What are we at 255s in the front probably to yep to 75s in the rear. I think we're gonna leave it on Stock Z four wheels for right now What we're gonna widen that stance Wind the stance in the rear and Then of course we got to add a clutch. I think we're gonna keep a stock trans. We're just gonna add a clutch carbon driveshafts Nope, I wanted the actual diff Will leave the factory M brakes on there. We are gonna throw on drift suspension Keep sway bars. What does the roll cage do? Just gives us a roll bar. Well, we don't need a roll bar. We're gonna keep no roll bar We're gonna leave the factory wait and we're just gonna basically do a mild tune on this car And see what we can get out of it 382 390 intake exhaust probably what people would do front mount graded clutch and we'll adjust our ignition and That's 485 So 485 is exactly what we're gonna do with right now install the setup by that and then we are going to change up the tuning on the suspension and And tire pressures we're gonna drop down 28 25 Yeah, okay. I need to I Forgot I need to use the paddle gearing. We're gonna leave because we're gonna drop that from five We're gonna go 3.5 and drop this down to one probably do five and two Any roll bars are normal Car slam we're gonna leave the suspension how it is stock to see how it handles And we're gonna lock The diff and leave that at 75. So we can see how this handles and Okay, you can see how this handles so let's head back onto the street with it and see where we're at with the Z4 a little bit quicker to say the least Still backfires like a lot So let's give it a quick Shake down in this section We go We're gonna make it work right on there. There we go right not to wreck it already not where I needed to be wrecked the Z4 That would be bad So we kind of wrecked it a little bit, but we're gonna keep keep it going We may throw some more power into this car and see How it works with even more power may throw in a bigger turbo Understeer it's definitely understeered. So It's not a very grippy car In the front that is at very high speed so that something you need to keep in mind She slides If the slides for having just under 500 horsepower Well, the little car actually I was gonna try and shoot up that way. We're gonna go this way goes through this drift zone Force feedback is definitely a little bit different than what I'm used to on a setto being back here on horizon 4 But I feel like I should be coming back to horizon 4 more and more here in the new year So if you guys want to keep seeing her at the fork, let me know also down in the comments Here we go grass line taking out one of those clips This thing actually handles quite well I'm a slightly impressed with this little 500 horsepower Z4 I Don't really want to put more power into it because I feel like we put more power into it It's gonna destroy how the car really feels but You know we have to so we're gonna send this back up the hill Feel like gearing with oh that dude just died Like gearing would probably help but we're trying to keep some factory trans. She slides. She's a definitely a slider Got my phone going off here the texting and driving oh boy. Oh, no, I don't want to take a picture. What am I doing? Okay, we're gonna minimize it. There we go So I've been definitely missing horizon 4 here On the channel, so we are gonna do a lot more here more tunes more drifts those more cruising and Just having a good time in cars that grass life Or dirt life because I feel like cruising and just enjoying the sounds of the cars Is something that I don't use that often and I feel like I should start enjoying the sounds of the cars and just cruising them out and And having a good time with all the cars here in My new Z4 is getting all dirty So we're gonna go throw some more power into this thing even though it's Quite comfy at this setup right now the suspension feels pretty good with just a few tweaks We're gonna throw more power into it and then get back out here and try that again So let's head over to the car auto show Get some more power added to this Some upgrades Let's just throw Big turbo on this car jump to 460 or 446. I think and we'll throw some cams in there 732 I think that's all we're gonna do onto this right now And we're gonna go rip this thing like this way and See how it handles with just over 700 horsepower because I liked it at 5 am I gonna like it at 7? I don't know we're about to find out Definitely a lot more wheel spin Z4 with a little over 700 horsepower Suspension settings and everything Not gonna lie. It feels pretty good We just rip it into the wall So if you guys want to give this car a chance for yourself make sure you do try the suspension Let me know if you did try it and what you guys think of it Does it work for you and a lot of people have been asking? about some G920 stuff and I believe I'm going to bring the G920 back Here to the channel to do some comparisons from the Fanatec To the G920 on a set of Corsa and stuff like that I still will be using my Fanatec pedals shifter and handbrake But the wheelbase will be that of my G920 So I hopefully will be doing that very soon bringing back the nostalgic G920 to the channel And do a comparison for you guys Fanatec versus G920 in a set of Corsa as well So make sure you guys follow me on all social media and as always I like thank you guys for watching I'm EvilRabbit. I'll see you guys on the track


Okay, we're gonna start with the next phase of the training. The focus is box combination and speed. It goes like this, each round is three minutes, but in the three minutes, you're gonna do 20 seconds of work with the 10 seconds active rest. And you're gonna repeat that till the three minutes are done. After the three minutes, you got a one minute break. The same like boxing rounds, three minutes and then a one minute break. Okay, we're gonna start with round one. Okay, you're gonna stand in your boxing stance. Okay, and we're gonna use the boxing combination. We're gonna start with the number one and that's the lead hand jab. Make sure, again, when you punch with one hand, the other hand is always in the defense. Okay, so we're gonna move around. The three minutes are on. Okay, 20 seconds, we're gonna do only the number one. Okay, with speed and power. After the 20 seconds, you got a 10 second break. Okay, active rest. You don't stand still, you move around. Then after the 10 seconds, you go again. 20 seconds, only the number one, the lead hand jab. And then 10 seconds off. Okay, till the three minutes are done. That's round one. Then we're gonna start with round two. Okay, the same thing, three minutes total after the three minutes or one minute break. We're gonna do now the number two of the boxing basic combination. That's the lead hand jab with the power hand jab. Okay, again, 20 seconds of active boxing with the 10 seconds active rest. So number two, lead hand jab with the power hand jab. Lead hand jab with the power hand jab. You're gonna repeat it till the three minutes are done. Then we're gonna do round number three. New boxing combination. Okay, the boxing combination goes like this. Double lead hand jab this time with the power hand jab. So again, round three, boxing combination number three, double lead hand jab, power hand jab. Okay, and you're gonna do the same thing. 20 seconds of work, 10 seconds active rest. Then we're gonna do the last round, round four. The combination goes like this. Lead hand jab, power hand jab, lead hand jab, power hand jab, okay? Good luck.


last few topics on query processing. So, so far what have we done? I did a very very quick high level overview of individual relational algebra operations. Now, all of SQL is translated to these operations and we get an evaluation plan. So, what does the evaluation plan say? It is going to say do this operation, then do this operation, then that operation. However, there is, you know, if you do not say anything, so let me explain it using this tree. It will be more clear with this. The simplest way of evaluating a tree like this is to start at the bottom. Start here. Scan department to compute select building equal to Watson and output that result to disk. It can be a large result. So, you output it to disk. Now, I have finished this part of the tree. I have this result stored. It is called materialized. Materialization means compute it and store it. Now that this is materialized, I can take the join of these two. Let us join. I compute the join and store it. I materialize the join. Then finally, I take that result and there is a project operation maybe with duplicate elimination. So, now I apply that operation and store that result. At each step, I am computing it and storing it. This is called fully materialized evaluation. But you can see that maybe we should not have done it this way. Maybe we could have saved the cost of storing it and reading it again. For example, take the join result. It is being sent to the projection which maybe does duplicate elimination. Do we really need to store the result and read it back again? Can we not start the external sort on this result as it comes in? What does the external sort do? I did not cover it. But basically what it does is, first it creates what are called runs. It takes some amount of data in an in-memory buffer, sorts it, outputs it and keeps repeating this. And then it merges the partial sort it runs. You see what is happening here? The join is generating some tuples. Instead of outputting them as is to disk, I might as well fill a buffer with the join result for the next operation, sort and output it. So, what is happening is the join result is being directly sent to the sort. Instead of being written to disk and read back again. So, I have saved a lot of disk. I have saved the cost of writing it and reading it back. Is that clear? I can, in many cases I can save this cost of writing and reading back. Take this one. Supposing I choose to do a hash join. Now I can do the selection. Maybe I use an index. Or maybe I do a file scan regardless. I am getting out tuples which departments in the Watson building. Now I have chosen to do a hash join. So, what I can do is directly send these to the partitioning step of hash join. I would not write them out. I will directly send them to the hash join which will partition and write it. It does not write out the result then read back and partition again. So, again it is being pipelined from the select to the join operation. This is called pipelining. So, pipelining means pass on tuples to the parent operation even as the operation is being executed. Do not wait for it to finish and then start the next operation. While this is running, start that also and pass tuples directly to it. In contrast materialization what does it do? It completely generates this output only then starts the next operation. So, those are the alternatives. So, what you end up doing? This more details on pipelining. I do not have the figure here, but in general what you have looks like this. There is a tree. What is the tree? The bottom level are relations R1, R2. The leaves are relations. What are the intermediate nodes here? There are whatever operation. This may be join. This may be intersection. This may be outer join. This may be group by a some b and maybe this is again a join. So, this is query evaluation tree when. So, I am going to print down which algorithm I am using. For join the optimizer will choose that I am going to do hash join or merge join. Similarly, for intersection for each of these steps I have chosen what to do. This is a query evaluation plan and the query evaluation plan will also note that this output is to be pipeline or not pipeline. It makes this choice. So, if it is going to be written out it might say materialize. So, that is an annotation here which is materialize it and then only start the next step. So, what we have is in the end a query plan which is submitted after all these things are noted how to evaluate it pipelining materialization. It is sent to the evaluation engine which then does the job of executing it. So, now all databases allow you the following. You can give a query and tell the database tell me how you are going to execute this query. The optimizer is going to look at the query it is going to look at the statistics how bigger each relation what indices are present using all such information it does cost estimates and picks a plan which it thinks is the cheapest plan. In reality it may not be cheapest because it is an estimate. But based on the estimate it picks a plan and it tells you that this is a plan I am going to execute and in the lab tomorrow we are going to look at these plans and see what they look like. There is one last point that I want to make about these kinds of plans which is when you have pipeline evaluation how exactly do you pass on tuples to the next operator. I just said you pass it on but how do they coordinate? There are several ways of doing this. One way is to run each operator in a separate process or thread and then there is inter process or inter thread communication. So, when this thread has a result it passes it on to the operator which is running in the next thread and you can actually get some parallelism out of this. But practically speaking what people have found is that when you have any such system you have two different threads which are accessing a common queue. This thing generates that is a consumer producer consumer you if you taught an OS core that OS core you know about producer consumer you need synchronization a semaphore.  So, what they found is it is much cheaper to not run it in separate processes but to run it in a single process. So, now how do you coordinate generation of tuples across different operators which are all in a pipeline. And the answer is that you have actually two choices. We are going to look at just the pipeline. So, just one pipe forget materialization there are say three operators which are in pipeline output of one is going to the next to the next and so on. So, let us look at this situation. So, there are two ways of executing a pipeline demand driven and producer driven. So, what do you mean by demand driven? Demand driven starts at the top the top of the pipeline and that operator says tells its children give me an input that child in turn may have to go to its child and say give me an input and that child may be a relation scan it which is the next record from the relation passes it up. This operator may be a select it checks the condition on the record. The condition succeeds what happens it passes it up. If not what does it do it again goes back to the side and say give me the next record till it finds the record that satisfies the selection and passes it up. That is a easy case what if it is a join merge join okay. The parent of the merge join says give me a record the merge join has to find a matching pair and output that and then it asks again it should find the next matching pair and return it. So, it turns out all the algorithms which we have seen can be modified a little bit to do the following instead of outputting all the records at once they can leave off in the middle and when they are called again they will restart from where they left off and return the next record okay. So, this is called yeah it is here. So, what happens is an operator returns a tuple and it is going to be called again and returns the next tuple. In between these two calls the operation has to maintain a state. What is the state? What did it last do? What was the state? So, that next time it can give the next tuple okay. So, that is a key thing in pipeline and so this is for the demand driven or lazy evaluation. This is what most databases implement PostgreSQL oracle everybody does this okay. So, there is an alternative which is called producer driven or eager pipelining where the pipelining is not driven from the top it is driven from the bottom. This operator is generating a tuple it has generated a tuple it pushes it to its parent says here take this tuple and then that parent has got a tuple now it says okay I have a tuple I will see if I can generate an output tuple and push it to my parent and so forth and then of course this one again gets a chance it generates more tuples. So, that is a producer driven or push or eager pipelining. So, this is also used but it is used more in parallel processing when you have one operator running on one machine another operator on another machine then producer driven is often very useful but on a single machine pull is typically what is used. So, coming back the operator has to maintain state and then return the next tuple. Now, those of you who know Java know there is a notion of iterator in Java what is an iterator you can call next on it it gives the next object it is an object anytime you call next on it it gives you the next result same concept. These operators now are iterators the operator you can call next on the operator it gives the next result because they support a few more operations such as reset and so that you can again start from the beginning and so forth. So, what is the iterator model for file scan? So, when you open so sorry I forgot to mention in the iterator model there are three basic calls there is open to initialize next which is called repeatedly to get next next tuple and then close to shutdown. So, three basic operations. So, every single operation maybe hash join, merge join, index nested loop join whatever it is every one of these in any date standard database system is written with three functions and maybe more some extra ones are there but these three are minimum. So, for example, file scan what is the open it opens the file what do you mean by file scan I mean I want to scan all the records in a file. So, when it opens it actually physically opens the file this is a operating system level file open what is the next function for that it reads the next record from the file and returns it what is the state where in the file it is. So, if you think about it in when you open a file in the OS and say read read read OS is tracking where it was in the file when you say read 10 bytes it is reading the next 10 bytes it is an iterator a file read is an iterator in that sense it is remembering where it was in the file and when you say read it returns the next one. So, that is the same here for merge join on the other hand what would open do you know if the relations were not sorted maybe it will actually sort at that point open might actually go do a sort well in reality the query optimizer will actually create a sort operator the merge operator does not do sort there is a sort operator in the plan which gives the sorted input to the merge operator. So, this one actually happened in a realistic plan but if you had a merge operator which also did sorting yes it would do the sorting at that point and then what is the state it is a pointer to those two relations on next what do you do you move those pointers and find the next record return it and it has to remember where the records are it also has to remember whether it has to rewind the second one in case of duplicates the second relation may have five occurrences of D the first one may have three occurrences of D so the first time D D match you output it the next time this one moves the second D matches you output it third D fourth D fifth D after the fifth D you find the next one is E but there are more D's on this side you have to rewind that to the first D and move this to the second D. So, all this is part of the state of the merge operation it has to remember what it last did to know what to do next. Whether to use a demand driven approach or produce a driven approach it will depend on what two consecutive operators are there in a tree. Suppose there is a join and then parent operator is project operator project operator will work fast compared to join and if it is demand driven project operator will demand but join will might take time to give the output. So, if so first of all if you run these in different processes this matters then one process is idle while the other is working and that is the reason typically it is not run in different I mean there are many reasons for not running in different process one was the semaphore overhead the second is this problem generally one will be the bottleneck all the rest will be sitting idle so it is a bad way of doing parallelization what actually happens is both of them run in the same process therefore there is no idle this is called it calls the child. So, the process is not a processor is not sitting idle it is doing work continuously and whether you use pull or push it does not matter from the viewpoint of keeping the process of busy but practically most databases use the pull model for multiple reasons one of the reasons is that there are many cases where after fetching a few tuples the parent operator may stop you have an exist sub query it will fetch one tuple and stop there is no point computing a lot of results similarly when you are outputting things to the user there may be a limit 10 so you only want to generate 10 after that you stop so there are many reasons why the pull model is currently favored there are people who are saying that maybe you should change but as of now that this is popular using different processes will be much more using multiple processes might be faster if it is multi processor system but there is a tradeoff between synchronization and this thing so typically what is done is in parallel processing you divide up the plan in a different way what you do is you partition the data and then on each partition you run a plan that plan may do pipelining it may do demand driven pipelining but it will not coordinate with the others the killer is coordination so in parallel query processing what is typically done is you have multiple stages in each stage you first partition the data in some way then run locally on each partition that partitions do not talk with each other each is a single process running on a single thread maybe even and that finishes then you may repartition data and again run in parallel that has proven more successful than one guy generating it passing it on to the next guy the reason is what I said the speeds may be different and then things are sitting idle you don't want this to happen everything buddy should be busy this happens in a human pipeline right if you go for lunch now there's a pipeline of people putting food the pipeline speed is determined by the slowest guy the other guy is sitting idle waiting for customers but there's a physical reason why parallel processing is difficult here but if you can avoid pipelining it's actually for parallel processing pipelining is used to avoid writing to disk but it's not used to parallelize in slide number 12.25 if s contain same value of d in that case what will happen yeah that's what I was trying to explain in the air so you have to match every d here with every d there so effectively uh if you know where the first d is and the last d is in both of these you'll do a nested loops for each d here for each d there we both have d and can you repeat the question repetition of d in ps uh in s yeah that's what I'm saying you can have multiple d's in s multiple d's in r yeah all of them have to be matched all the pairs match all the d's here match all the duplicacy will be so repetition is allowed who said that the join attribute is unique it can have duplicates and you have to generate all that so in case of uh distributor file system how do you maintain that index tree I mean it is centrally located or scattered across the different nodes big table like distributed right yeah um so that's a good question uh so how do you split an index across multiple machines the way it's done in big table is there is a top level thing right which is a tablet so what effectively happens is uh there is an index which is not a b plus tree index which index is the tablet so let me draw it it will be more clear instead of having one huge index on the whole thing uh big table actually does the following this is one tablet tablet one two three so forth now the data is range partition across tablets what do I mean by that let's say the first tablet has things from a a to a p uh okay and then the next one is from just above a p to um let's say b z whatever and so forth okay so uh now given a key by using this so this thing this is not a b plus tree it's it could be an array or some other in memory data structure this is kept in memory so given a value I can find out which tablet it maps to I need only two values right the beginning and the end per tablet two values per tablet and then a pointer to the tablet I need to know which tablet it is so this is a uh essentially this is an in memory uh you can think of it as a index or map or call it what you will this is stored on one machine in the master you can replicate it and so on actually uh but I won't get into detail for simplicity let's assume this is there everywhere or somewhere so now if I want to do a lookup first I will lookup the value to see which tablet if it's a range it may be multiple tablets then I go to the tablets here I have a b plus tree so this is big the tablet is not small it's like a few 100 megabytes which could be several million entries so here I have a tree and I will look it up in the tree so I'm I may search down and find a thing in the b plus tree or if it's a range scan I may end up scanning everything here everything here and up to somewhere here a range scan can go across multiple tablets so that way we identify in which node that particular tablet gets available uh okay that's the other part which where is the tablet residing right that is one more and the reason that matters is a machine may die so then the tablet has to be handled by another machine so at any point I want to know which machine is taking care of the tablet what if the machine taking care of the tablet dies well the tablet data is on the file system so another machine can take over and do some recovery for the tablet and then starts serving that tablet so that's part of the fault tolerance of big table but at the index level conceptually there are many small indices and then an in-memory thing which tells you which index to go to each of these is on one machine so I need to know which tablet and where that tablet is so there's another map uh tablet to machine mapping is also there all of this uh system takes care of so when you have a look up request it goes through this then through this and goes to that machine thank you sir any other questions we are using same hash function so uh suppose I am taking the modulus function so uh size will be the same for uh both hash tables so how actually that can do in man no no so the question is I am taking one large relation one small relation same hash function one the size be the same no the answer is the number of partitions is the same yes if I have five partitions here five partitions there but the question is how many records fall in that partition if I take a particular partition let's say r had a million rows s had uh 20 000 rows and now I'm dividing it into five partitions r one million tuples divided into five is 200 000 s 20 000 divided into five partitions is 4000 so obviously the sizes of the partition vary and so I prefer to build on s and probe using r r need not fit in memory only s partitions need to fit on memory so when I'm probing on r what am I doing I'm taking r tuple looking up the index finding matches outputting them throw away the r tuple move on to the next start so I'm just scanning that r partition there is no requirement that r fit in memory so we will not break uh s we will only break the r we have to partition both r and s we can't get away partitioning only one well there are some things which will partition only s but then they have to scan r multiple times uh so that is a tradeoff if the number of partition of s is very small say two partitions people have found it useful to simply scan r twice rather than read it once partition then read again uh but those are some special cases that's where that uh you know 200 page article on query cross incomes take all these special cases and optimize them there are a lot of details but we won't get into that okay I think people are hungry I'll stop here


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this week's Misconception in Astronomy, we are going to look at the idea that heavy objects fall faster than lighter objects and see why this is generally not true. So let's look at what we know about gravity and these types of objects. So first of all our quick answer is, do they fall faster? No. Under gravity, all objects will fall at the exact same rate. So it doesn't matter if you have a very large object here and a very small object, and let's say that this is a large mass, let's say this is 10 times the mass of the smaller one. They would still fall and strike the ground at exactly the same time. So if this took, say, 5 seconds to hit the ground, then guess what? This one is going to hit the ground in 5 seconds as well. It does not matter what their mass is. Now why is this often a misconception? We know that if we drop a rock in a piece of paper, they're not going to fall at the same rate. That the rock is going to hit the ground first. But it's not because of its mass. It is because of our atmosphere. Lighter objects will have a larger air resistance. So there is an additional force acting in addition to gravity. We don't just have gravity acting here. We have also the air resistance. And the air resistance will work stronger on a lighter object and stronger on an object that is more spread out. Now you can do this experiment yourself. If you take, say, a book and a piece of paper and drop them at the same time from the same height, you will see that they do not hit the ground at the same time. Take that same piece of paper and crumple it up and drop them again from the same height and you will see that they do strike the ground at the same time. It is not that the mass is different because you did not change the mass of the paper by crumpling it. All you did was change its shape and make it less subject to air resistance, making it fall at the closer to the rate that it should. So for example, and one of the famous examples would be Galileo when he supposedly did the experiment from the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropping a wood ball and a iron ball from the same point and letting them both fall and finding that, yes, they strike the ground down here at exactly the same time. Now what would there have been a slight difference? Yes, the lighter ball would have felt more air resistance and would not have fallen as quickly, but you would not have the significant difference that you would expect under the physics that held at the time. So we found that, yes, under gravity all objects fall at the same rate. So how can we test this? Well here on earth we could do it in a vacuum chamber and see how objects fall, but we can also do this experiment on the moon. And this was done by the Apollo 15 astronauts and we can go ahead here and watch the clip showing when they dropped a hammer and feather at the same time on the surface of our moon. Well in my left hand I have a feather, in my right hand a hammer and I guess one of the reasons we got here today was because of a gentleman named Galileo a long time ago who made a rather significant discovery about falling objects in gravity fields and we thought that where would be a better place to confirm his findings than on the moon and so we thought we'd try it here for you. The feather happens to be appropriately a falcon feather for our falcon and I'll drop the two of them here and hopefully they'll hit the ground at the same time, how about that? Now you notice there that yes they hit at the same time, also note how slowly they fell. Not only do they fall at the same rate but they fall slower on the moon than they would on earth because the moon has a lower gravity. So let's go ahead and finish up with our summary here and what we've looked at is that all objects in a gravitational field will fall at exactly the same rate so every object will fall at exactly that same rate. Air resistance in the atmosphere can slow down the lighter objects, however as we saw in the video clip on the moon a hammer and feather will fall at the same rate on the moon in the absence of the air resistance of an atmosphere. So that concludes this lecture on heavy objects and light objects falling. We'll be back again next week for another misconception in astronomy. So until then, have a great day everyone and I will see you in class.