Classical game theory was developed during the mid-20th century, primarily for application in economics and political science. But in the 1970s, a number of biologists started to recognize how similar the games being studied were to the interaction between animals within ecosystems. Game theory then quickly became a hot topic in biology, as they started to find it relevant to all sorts of animal and microbial interactions from the feeding of bats to the territorial defense of stickleback fish. Originally, evolutionary game theory was simply the application of game theory to evolving populations in biology, asking how cooperative systems could have evolved over time from various strategies that biological creatures might have adopted. However, the development of evolutionary game theory has produced a theory which holds great promise as a general theory of games. More recently, evolutionary game theory has become of increased interest to economists, sociologists, anthropologists, and social scientists in general. In this video, we'll talk about this more general application of evolutionary game theory. Whereas the game theory that we've been talking about so far has been focused on static strategies, that is to say, strategies that do not change over time. Evolutionary game theory differs from classical game theory in focusing more on the dynamics of strategy change. Here, we're asking how strategies evolve over time and which kind of dynamic strategies are most successful in this evolutionary process. One of the interesting differences between evolutionary game theory and standard game theory is that the evolutionary version does not require players to act rationally. When we talk about biological cells or ants, we know that they do not sit in front of payoff matrix and ask themselves what is the best payoff. In evolutionary game theory, natural selection does this for us. So if we have a group of cooperators and defectors who randomly meet each other, the average payoff for the defectors is higher than the cooperators, therefore they will reproduce better. Payoffs in evolutionary biology correspond to reproductive success. So after some time, evolution would have favored defectors to the point where all of the cooperators will be extinct. And from this, evolution via selection has imposed some concept of rationality on the game. The basic logic is that for something to survive the course of time, it must be an optimal strategy or as any other strategy that is more efficient will eventually come to dominate the population. Traditionally, the story of evolution is told as one of competition and there's certainly plenty of this. But there is also mutualism where organisms and people manage to work together cooperatively and survive in the face of defectors. Many research papers have been written on the topic of how cooperation could evolve in the face of such evolutionary dynamics. The general question of interest in evolutionary game theory is in how do patterns of cooperation evolve and what are optimal strategies to use in a game that evolves over time. The basic mechanism that underlies the evolution of cooperation is the interdependency between actors over time. In a single shot game, it makes sense to always defect but with repetition, cooperation becomes greatly more viable. If the game is repeated, it is no longer the case that strict defection is the best option. If the prisoner's dilemma situation is repeated, it allows for non-cooperation to be more easily punished and cooperation to be rewarded more than what the single shot version of the problem would allow. We can understand this better by looking at a number of experiments that were done to investigate this dynamic. The political scientist Robert Axelrod in the late 70s performed a number of highly influential computer experiments asking what is a good strategy for playing a repeated prisoner's dilemma game. Axelrod asks for various researchers to submit computer algorithms to a competition to see which of these algorithms would fare best against each other. Computer models of the evolution of cooperation showed that indiscriminate cooperators almost always end up losing against defectors who accept helpful acts from others but do not reciprocate them. People who are cooperative and helpful indiscriminately all of the time will end up getting taken advantage of by others. However, if we have a population of pure defectors, they will also lose out on the possible rewards of cooperation that will give them all higher payoffs. Many strategies have been tested. The best competitive strategies are generally cooperative with the reserved retaliatory response if necessary. The most famous and one of the most successful of these is Tit for Tat. Tit for Tat is a very simple algorithm of just three rules. I start with cooperation. If you cooperate, then I'll cooperate. If you defect, then I'll defect. Computer tournaments in which different strategies were pitted against each other showed Tit for Tat to be the most successful strategy in social dilemmas. Tit for Tat is a common strategy in real world social dilemmas because it is nice but firm. It makes cooperation a possibility but is also quick to reprimand the defectors. It is a strategy that can be found naturally in everything from international trade politics to people borrowing and lending money and in repeated iterations cooperation can emerge when people adopt a Tit for Tat strategy. To go beyond Tit for Tat, researchers started to use computers to simulate the process of evolution. Instead of people submitting solutions, the computer itself generated mutations and selected from them with the researchers then recording and analyzing the results. From these experiments they found that if the players play randomly, the winners are those that always defect. But then when everyone has come to play defect strategies, if a few people play Tit for Tat strategies, a small cluster can form but where among themselves they can get a good payoff. Evolutionary selection can then start to favor them and they do not get exploited by all the defectors because they immediately switched defect in retaliation. But the Tit for Tat strategy did not last long in this setting as a new solution came to emerge given this new context. This strategy was a mutant of Tit for Tat that was more forgiving called Generous Tit for Tat. Generous Tit for Tat is an algorithm that starts with cooperation and then will reciprocate cooperation from others but if the other defects it will defect with some probability. Thus it uses probability to enable the quality of what we might call forgiveness. It cooperates when others do but when they defect there is still a probability that it will continue to cooperate. This is a random decision by the algorithm so it is not possible for others to predict when it will continue to cooperate which is an important part of its strategy. It turns out that this forgiveness strategy is optimal in environments when there is some degree of noise and communications as is characteristic of real world environments. In the real world we often do not know for certain if our partner cheated or if someone really meant to say what they said and these errors have to be compensated for by some degree of forgiveness. In a world of errors in action and perception such a strategy can be a Nash equilibrium and evolutionary stable. The more beneficial that cooperation is the more forgiving Generous Tit for Tat can be while still resisting invasion by defectors. The extraordinary thing that now happens is that once everyone has moved towards playing Generous Tit for Tat cooperation becomes a much stronger tractor and at this stage players can now play an unconditional cooperative strategy without having any disadvantages. In a world of Generous Tit for Tat there is no longer a need for any other actions and thus unconditional cooperators survive. In order for a strategy to be evolutionary stable it must have the property that if almost every member of the population follows it no mutants can successfully invade where a mutant is an individual who adopts a novel strategy different to the mass of the population. In many situations cooperation is favoured and it even benefits an individual to forgive an occasional defection but cooperative societies are always unstable because mutants inclined to defect can upset any balance and this is the downfall of the cooperative strategy. What happens next is somewhat predictable. In a world where everyone is cooperating unconditional defection becomes an optimal strategy once it takes hold. Thus we can see in these games a dynamic cyclical process as higher forms of cooperation arise and then collapse. In many ways then this reflects what we see in the real world of economies and empires rising and falling as institutional structures for cooperation are formed, mature and eventually decline. These experiments describe the evolution of systems of cooperation through direct interaction and much of our interactions are repeated with people we have interacted with before and built up an understanding of their capacity for reciprocity. However in large societies we have to interact with many people that we have not interacted with before and this may only be a once-off interaction. Experiments have shown that people help those who have helped others and have shown reciprocity in the past and this form of indirect reciprocity has a high payoff in the end. Reputation systems are what allow for the evolution of cooperation by indirect reciprocity. Evolutionary selection favours strategies that base the decision to help on the reputation of the recipient. The idea is that you interact with others and that interaction is seen and people note whether you acted cooperatively or non-corruptively. That information is then circulated so that others learn about your behaviour. Direct reciprocity is where I help you and you help me. Indirect reciprocity is where I help you and then somebody helps me because now I have a reputation for cooperating. The result is the formation of reputation. When you cooperate that helps your reputation when you defect it reduces it.  Thus reputation forms a system of the evolution of cooperation in larger societies where people may interact frequently with people that they may not know personally. But because of various reputation systems they are able to identify those who are cooperative and enter into mutually beneficial reciprocal relationships. The more sophisticated and secure these reputation systems the greater the capacity for cooperative organisations. We can create large systems wherein we know who to cooperate with and thus can be cooperative ourselves potentially creating a successful community. But of course as the society gets bigger we have to form more complex institutions for enabling functional reputation systems. In such a way we have gone from small communities where local gossip was suffice to know everyone's capacity for cooperation to large modern societies where centralised organisations vouched for people's reputation to today's burgeoning global reputation system based on information technology and mediated through the internet. Research shows that cooperators create better opportunities for themselves than non-corporators. They are selectively preferred as collaborative partners, romantic partners and group leaders. This only occurs however when people's social dilemma choices are seen and recorded by others in some way. However this kind of indirect reciprocity is cognitively complex. No other creature has mastered it to even a fraction of what humans have. Games of indirect reciprocity lead to the evolution of social intelligence and ever more sophisticated means of communications, social and cultural institutions that are characteristic of human civilisation. The basic problem of the evolution of cooperation is that the nice guys get taken advantage of and thus there must be some form of supporting structure to enable cooperation. More than any other primate species, humans have overcome this problem through a variety of mechanisms such as reciprocating cooperative acts, forming reputations of others and the self and caring about those reputations. We create pro-social norms about good behaviour that everyone in the group will enforce on others through disapproval if not punishment and will enforce on themselves through feelings of guilt and shame, all of which form the fabric of our socio-cultural institutions that enable advanced forms of cooperation.


This research developed a new type of ultra-thin and flexible EMI shielding material made up of carbon nanotubes, emzine, and cellulose nanofibers. It has excellent mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 97.9 MPa and a fracture strain of 4.6%, as well as high electrical conductivity and EMI shielding effectiveness. Additionally, it features a sandwich structure which allows for improved EMI shielding effectiveness and a gradient structure which regulates the contributions from reflection and absorption. This research is significant in developing ultra-thin and flexible composite materials for highly efficient EMI shielding performance and expanding the potential applications of emzine-based composite materials. This article was authored by Wintao Chao, Chen Ma, Xiaotan, and others.


Hey man, all right keep your place there in first Kings chapter 12 so here we are in day three or so of the statewide, you know, lockdown in California, and I just don't know how I can not preach about this So we're here in first Kings chapter 12 And they just want to look at some lessons from the Bible tonight and see you know what talk about some of the things that we've seen some unprecedented things that we've seen in the last few days the last week or so and Look at the Bible and see if we can actually learn anything from it and in first Kings chapter 12 You know we of course see the very famous story of Rehoboam losing the kingdom Rehoboam losing the kingdom so look there's many Examples in the Bible of poor leadership But this is one of the most famous ones and one of the best ones and the one that I mean the reason that I'm using it tonight is because Rehoboam's poor leadership was actually used as a judgment on the people As a judgment on the people so we can see that not only you know We saw a couple weeks ago You know and many people have preached recently that pestilence this pestilence is a judgment on you know This country and the world right it's pestilence in the Bible is God's judgment you know that all the time and We see here that not only you know pestilence in the Bible is used as judgment But poor leadership is used as judgment. I mean think about Saul, you know, he blamed other people He was constantly blaming you know the children of Israel not taking responsibility for what he did But probably the best example of judgment being used as Poor poor leadership being used as judgment is Rehoboam and if you look at verse number 15 of first Kings chapter 12 We can see this and the Bible says wherefore the king harken not unto the people for the cause was from the Lord That he might perform his saying which the Lord spake by had a Haja the Shilonite unto Jeroboam the son of Nebat So what is that talking about go back to first Kings chapter 11? So which is it? You know I mean here Rehoboam made this decision himself, but then the Bible says here It says the cause was from the Lord. So it was Rehoboam a foolish leader Or was it God's judgment on the people and the answer is both in this case Go back to first Kings chapter 11 looked out at verse number 28 Rehoboam's foolish actions were fulfilling God's Prophecy of judgment on the nation and if you look at verse number 28 of first Kings 11 We'll see that and the Bible says and the man Jeroboam was a mighty man of valor and Solomon seen the young man That he was industrious He made him ruler over the charge of the house of Joseph and it came to pass at the time when Jeroboam went out of Jerusalem that the prophet Haja the Shilonite found him in the way and he had clad himself with a new garment and they They too were alone in the field and Haja caught the new garment that was on him and rented in 12 pieces and he said to Jeroboam Take thee 10 pieces for thus sayeth the Lord the God of Israel behold I will rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon and will give 10 tribes to thee But he shall have one tribe for my servant David's sake and for Jerusalem's sake in the city Which I have chosen out of the tribes of Israel because that they have forsaken me and have worshiped Asterisk the goddess of the Zidonians She moth the God of the Moabites and milk on the God of the children of Ammon and have not walked in my ways To do which is right in my eyes and to keep my statutes and my judgment as did David his father So of course Solomon had married all these wives and it just turned himself and and and all the people of Israel after all These false gods after he married all these different wives from all these different, you know he then nations So we see that this prophecy was fulfilled in chapter 12 when Rehoboam made the foolish decision to forsake the counsel of the old men and Just listen to his buddies and he ended up losing the entire kingdom over it All right, so look My point as introduction this morning is that poor leadership is part of judgment It's part of judgment.  We deserve this foolish leadership and you say why well? I don't know. Maybe we shouldn't have been murdering 3,000 babies a day in this country For how many years is it up to 60 million yet? Maybe we shouldn't have done that Maybe we shouldn't be embracing every perversion that rears its ugly head in this country Maybe we shouldn't be doing these things if we want better leadership and we want better You know wisdom in leadership in our country because judgment this leadership is part of the judgment folks It's very biblical look, I mean Many non Political leaders have given many other good ideas on how to handle the situation that's going on here What's happening now is just pure foolishness You know, it's just it's just politicians, you know selfishly trying to keep themselves in office basically, you know, it's You think about you know the situation in California shutting down the whole state and then you know You watch other states will follow because we just have to outdo the next guy because it's the perfect Political position when you look at it from their perspective, you know If millions of Americans don't die from this disease and I pray to God that they don't But if millions of Americans don't die then they just get to stand up and say well, it's because of what we did We stopped it You know instead of saying you know instead of you know, they'll throw up some graph That some scientists of theirs made and it showed how they saved the day and they'll be you know They'll call themselves heroes and move on it's all about self-preservation at the political level folks So wake up. They're all the same two wings of the same bird Democrat Republican. It doesn't make any difference So we really my point is though before you know without going off too much on on tangents here We really don't need to be angry about it. We need to recognize that we deserve it It's part of the judgment package that we're getting right now It's just part of the package Now all that You know, it's just a matter of introduction this morning The title of this sermon this morning is lessons from the lockdown Now look if you can't learn anything from a situation like this I mean, this is an unprecedented unprecedented situation. Nobody that's alive today has seen anything like this. Think about it You know, I mean, it's not boring times we're living in that's for sure But no one has ever seen anything like this and if you can't learn anything from this you're unteachable So let's just look what I did is I just put the the point of this sermon is I just reflected back this week On some things that I thought that we could learn from this from the Bible And look here's the things that we can learn and it's basically it's things that we've been taking for granted in this country Turn to Jeremiah chapter 34 Things that we've taken for granted in this country that I've taken for granted in this country Turn to Jeremiah 34 the first thing that you've taken for granted in this country is your freedom You have taken for granted Look at Jeremiah 34 and look down at verse number 13 Where the Bible says this it says thus sayeth the Lord God the God of Israel I made a covenant with your fathers in the day that I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt out of the house of The bond man saying at the end of seven years let you go every man his brother in Hebrew Which has been sold unto thee and when you have served these six years thou shalt let him go free from thee But your fathers harken not unto me neither inclined their ear so God starts out in verse number 13 saying hey I made you free He said I made you free and then he goes into how they've disobeyed him look at verse 15 and You were now turned and had done right in my sight and proclaiming liberty every man to his neighbor And he had made a covenant before me in the house Which is called by my name But he turned and polluted my name and caused every man his servant and every man is handmade whom he had yet Had said it liberty at their pleasure to return and brought them into a subjection to be unto you for servants and for Handmaid so he's talking about they were supposed to let these these Servants go and they let them go and then they brought them back again Okay, so they were basically disobeying the Lord so the Lord said you know what I made you free You disobeyed me and then verse number 17 The Bible says this is therefore thus sayeth the Lord you have not harkened unto me in Proclaiming liberty everyone to his brother and every man to his neighbor behold. I proclaim a liberty for you Sayeth sayeth the Lord to the sword to the pestilence and To the famine and I will make you to be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth Look when he says he will make them to be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth that they just lost all their freedom That's what that that's what that means They became enslaved to other nations and this happened This is exactly what happened when they went into Babylonian captivity. They lost their freedom So here we see you know freedom is a blessing we see in verse number 13 Freedom's a blessing from the Lord and Losing your freedom is judgment From the Lord. I mean it sure feels like judgment To me turn to Hebrews chapter 10. So what kind of freedoms? You know just a couple of them that are going to be near and dear to our hearts, you know, the first freedom is free course to worship It's the first amendment of the Bill of Rights In Hebrews chapter 10 of verse number 25 the Bible says not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together as the manner of Some is but exhorting one another and so much the more as you see the day approaching. Well, that's illegal now for real the lesson Maybe when this is over Because it will be over. I assume at some point Maybe we should start taking church a little bit more seriously Maybe we should start thinking about you know the blessing that the the freedom to be able to walk in This church without having the windows covered and sitting in the dark having ninja church I mean brother Matthew actually dressed up like a ninja. I Mean I said like a ninja brother not be a ninja I'm just kidding But look, I mean does it seem dark here? That's because you know, we're sneaking around having church That's where we're at maybe appreciate the facts that when things go back to normal We can have music we can play the piano. We can open the windows We could freely freely worship without the threat of criminal penalty in this country. I mean That that's where we're at, you know, don't take what you have for granted, you know, we lost all of this in just a few days I couldn't believe it every single day something new huge changed. I Mean it went away just like that It's amazing how fast it happened second of all What else have we lost freedom to do? We've lost free course to preach the gospel in this country We have lost free course to preach the gospel in this country Maybe start that plan when this is over of becoming a soul winner Right now it's it's literally illegal to walk down the street and open your Bible to somebody and give and give them the Gospel if they want to hear it. That's against the law and you know what? The government has done such a good job of freaking everybody out over this whole thing You wouldn't be able to do it even if it was legal at this point Because people are literally I mean afraid of people walking up to them. I mean, that's that's where it's at right now People are reporting others for coughing and sneezing at work Right now That's happening. I mean, that's where we are folks in a matter of one week I remember I used to read a lot about you know the Soviet Union in the in the early 1900s and Stalin and the Gulag system and how you know neighbors would just rat out neighbors And it was a terrible situation just to save themselves They would rat out their name and I would just like how does a society get to that point? Took us about a week And we're there. I Mean so many coughs at work and somebody's running into an HR office, you know I mean, it's crazy Speaking of that another thing that we've taken for granted is this Your ability to work Your ability to work Has been taken away and you know what it's something that I've taken for granted. I Will I will freely admit that right now turn to Genesis chapter 3? You know we talk a lot about this in this church, you know going to work, you know supporting your family We talk a lot about this turn to Genesis chapter 3 verse number 19 God is telling Adam, you know since he's since he's sinned and he's he's Eating the fruit that he's going to be they're going to be thrown out of the garden And this is how he's going to live his life right here in Genesis chapter 3 verse 19 The Bible says in the sweat of thy face Shall thou eat bread till thou return unto the ground for out of it What's thou taken for dust thou art and unto dust thou shall return look your ability to provide for your family Has been taken away For people in this country turn to 1 Timothy chapter 5 I mean we talk a lot about you know, you're supposed to go to work You're supposed to provide for your family and you're supposed to do all these things But we've never talked about it from this angle. I mean who would have thought we would ever have to talk about it from this Angle look at 1st Timothy 5 8. I'm sure you know it well But if any provide not for his own especially up for those of his own house He had denied the faith and is worse than an infidel look we preach I preach on this a lot But never on taking it for granted But never on taking it What if that opportunity to work by the sweat of your face went away? Well for a lot of people that has gone away Because of the decision of some Politician somewhere it just went away this week What if the ability to provide for your own was taken away from you? That has happened to a lot of people in this state And you know, I'm sorry, but I mean I'm upset about it I'm upset that you know some stupid foolish leader selfish leader would make a decision that would take away Somebody's business from them That would take away someone's ability to go and provide and to work by the sweat of their face It just happened I've thought many times over the last couple weeks, you know, are they trying to get the whole country on welfare?  I mean What I mean what? How are how? People in this country Okay with this I Mean I you know what I grew up in the Midwest. I grew up in in Nowhere, North Dakota. I got red-blooded a hard-working American in me and This was a hard thing for me to watch this week This was difficult for me to watch this You know telling people they literally can't go to work never thought I'd see the day Now you have this you had you had this divide You had this divide at workplaces and it was a divide It was interesting to see the dynamics of it because the divide was between those who had paid Where they could leave and still get paid and those that if they did leave because of you know fear of the sickness or Whatever, nobody was sick. I've not seen anyone sick yet. Thank God But there was this divide where the people that were paid to go home and the people that wouldn't be paid to go home The people that a hundred percent of the people that were paid to go home. They were really afraid of The virus and really afraid whereas the people that didn't that had to actually go to work to provide for their family They're just like we're just gonna go to work That's what they're gonna do because I'm just happy they can go to work So they're not complaining You know the producers in this country will risk to provide that's the bottom line. That's where it's at That's that's American. They will not stay home.  That's kind of the point I'm trying to make here every single time that I hit eight on My timesheet and click save this week. I thank God You know what? Maybe I should have been doing that the whole the whole time.  I Called most of you To see if you know if you had a job You know, we're literally going to a government website to see if we're essential I mean, are you serious? Are you essential brother? I mean you literally go to a government website to see if you can go to work the next day What country am I in? You know what it reminded me of this whole essential non-essential thing Reminded me of a book. I've read well over 25 years ago This book called animal farm I don't know if you ever read it. It's a book by George Orwell and it's kind of a it's this it's an analogy of a Society going from freedom to tyranny and it's about these animals They take oh, you know the tyranny was the farmer they take over the farm and then right away after they take over the farm They're they're free and they put up all these rules on the barn It's like their bill of rights Right and the last rule in the barn was all animals are equal and as the book continues These rules start changing slowly They're scratching them out. They're adding to the rules. They're adding all these different things pretty soon You start to see leaders, you know The pigs start taking over and kind of getting a little bit tyrannical and all these different things But pretty soon, you know not to waste too much time on this But but basically at the very end so all these rules are slowly changing But it was always all animals are equal at the bottom You know we're talking about this government website where you had to go and see if you were essential or non-essential this week the last part of that book the pigs they start walking on two feet and They're putting themselves above everybody and they've changed all these rules to Oppress the people or press the other animals on the farm and they changed the final rule to say all animals are equal Some animals are more equal than others. I mean that's where we're at. I mean that was that book was written a long time ago You know, it's it's unbelievable folks Turn to Ecclesiastes chapter 5 and that's how they descended into tyranny It's a great great book turn to Ecclesiastes chapter 5 look at verse number 12 Where the Bible says this it says the sleep of a laboring man is sweet Whether he eat little or much we talk a lot about that verse to especially the beginning part of that verse number 12 But then look at the rest of that verse It's funny because all these verses that maybe you've heard before the things that have happened this week like There's different applications to other parts of them and and the Bible is kind of popping out at us here But the Bible says the sleep of a laboring man is sweet whether he eat little or much But the abundance of the rich will not suffer him to sleep There's a sore evil which I have seen under the sun namely riches kept for the owners thereof to their hurt You know another thing I've seen this week I've seen a lot of you know people with a lot of money and a lot of stored up money just really stressed out To the point where I'm sure that they're losing sleep Over this whole thing You know, we focus a lot on the beginning of verse number 12, but the end of verse 13 is really the thing I'm noticing this week Look, we know that your livelihood is a blessing from God and we should not take that for granted Enjoy it while you have it your house your car 401k whatever it is, but look you need to realize that it could all be gone tomorrow It could all be gone tomorrow at at no decision of your own Just like that and that's happening to a lot of people Look losing sleep over not being able to provide for your family is one thing, but don't horde riches to your hurt And that's what a lot of people have done And when it goes away it hurts What's the third thing the third thing that we've taken for granted your lifestyle? your lifestyle If you taking your lifestyle for granted this week turn the Deuteronomy chapter 28 Look, I've taken all these things for granted. I mean you just get used to things being good You just get used to things just going well Turn to Deuteronomy chapter 28. Look at verse number 8 and the Bible says this it says the Lord shall command the blessing upon the And I storehouses and in all the thought that thou set us thine hand unto and he shall bless thee in the land Which the Lord thy God have given thee so he's saying look your storehouses are going to be full He's like everything you do with your hands is Going to be blessed you ever have times like that where you just feel like you know, it's first of all Recognize that it's of the Lord Because I've had plenty of times in my life where I'm trying really hard and I'm working really hard And I'm doing things I'm planning things and I'm executing that plan and I'm just I'm just busting myself and it just doesn't work out and it's just not working out, but then there's other times Where it's just everything's falling into place. I mean the favors there everything's there everything's just falling into place for me Bible says that's a blessing from God. That's God doing that for you That's God filling those storehouses. He shall bless, you know Everything that thou set us thine hand unto in all that thou set us thine everything that you do will be blessed It'll just work out. It's a blessing Verse number nine the Lord shall establish thee and holy people unto himself as he has sworn unto thee if thou shall keep the Commandments of the Lord thy God and walk in his ways. There was always strings attached to God's blessings for the children of Israel always That's what you know Moses and Joshua. They always warn the people if you keep the commandments of the Lord Period you don't just get this land no matter what it's if you keep the commandments of the Lord Is this country kept the commandments of the Lord? so The blessings are going to be gone for this country. They're going to go away for this country and we're seeing them go away We're seeing them go away. Good. Look. I guarantee you. I don't know how long this is going to go on But I guarantee you that this will change people's way of life This is such a big event and just I mean Just the economics of it will change people's lives People will live differently Look, I mean for those of you, you know watching this the major part of this shelter in place order is Simply hurting people's business. Yeah, that's what it is.  I mean, it's There it's destroying their ability to support their families. They're standard of living. Look people are still out and about I Mean home Depot is packed man. I Mean tractor supply is packed. I mean there's people everywhere. I Mean the parks. We just drove through the park last night. There's people everywhere Groups of people having picnics. I mean, they're they're just destroying people's businesses They're just taking away people's livelihoods But you can guarantee that things are going to be different when it's when this whole thing's over Because people are getting hurt the storehouses will be empty For a lot of people and it's a shame from the leadership perspective But back to my point don't take your lifestyle don't take your standard of living for granted The standard of living in this country the lifestyle in this country and by lifestyle I mean just that the ease of your life in this country is Unprecedented in history and we all take it for granted We all do but it's a blessing from God so acknowledge it as a blessing from God when this is over Okay, go to Ephesians chapter 1 Ephesians chapter 1 Hard times are good for us Because they help us You know you might not want to hear that but hard times are good for us. They humble us. They make us appreciate things I'm good. I tell you what I'm coming out of this a better a better Soldier for Jesus Christ. I'm coming out of this better for the Lord I'm committed to it because I've been these things I mean, how do you think I came up with these things for the sermon because these are things that I myself have been taking for granted Ephesians chapter 1 look at verse number 3 Blessed be the God the father of our Lord Jesus Christ who had blessed us with all spiritual blessings in Heavenly places in Christ look No one can take your spiritual blessings from you and Isn't that really the conclusion of the matter? What's the really important thing Your salvation The spiritual blessings in your life Can never be taken away from you So you could always no matter how hard things get you can always default to that you can always fall back to that So remember that when you get depressed about what's going on Application tonight. Let's just some quick application. Look, I don't know how long this is going to go on Nobody knows how long this is going to go on. We were talking before the service, you know There's I mean, there's a million and one opinions about this whole thing But here's the bottom line. We do not know how God how long It will be before God lifts his hand off of this situation Because I mean look I mean we talk about the details of it We talk about what should have been done here and what should have been done there And I'm going to talk about some things this evening as well, but the bottom line is this is God's judgment This is God's call the the leaders that are doing what they're doing. It's a judgment from God You know, we deserve who these who what these people are doing.  I Mean that that was a hard pill for me to swallow this week. You're not free America You're only free until they tell you that you're not That's the bottom line Look this this state this state of emergency. I've been watching States of emergency my wife and I were talking about this this week We've been watching states of emergency be declared for 20 years and Every single year we're like man, they'll declare a state of emergency for anything Anything I mean, we've seen state of emergencies for floods for snow storms for hail storms for Anything any small event even some little event where you know part of a town is is damaged by some weather event They'll declare a state of emergency and I just you know, I didn't think too much of it to be honest I was like, you know, it's just they're freeing up some money so they can get state funds or federal funds to fix the damage or whatever but look They're just getting us used to it is what they're doing Because I mean, I've read a couple things this week on what people think of the Constitutionality of all this and the bottom line is as long as they declare a state of emergency most people think that this is okay for them to do That's depressing That's where it's at. All right, and the health thing is perfect because you know Look, I'm not playing it down, but the health thing is perfect because no one can see it. You can't physically see it Statistically right now you wouldn't even notice that that anything out of the flu season at this point without all the propaganda You wouldn't even notice it Without all the red maps Without all the pictures and stories about the overflowing hospitals without all the pictures of the hospital ships You know without the pictures of the virus itself, you know this big red spiky ball I mean my eyes will have an angry face on it. I Mean it's scary. I mean who wants that in them. I mean scary stuff and that's constant just The maps with the big red circles everywhere. I mean This is a good view of how things will play out in the end times is where I'm heading with this You know cuz I always I always thought you know, I don't I don't think you know I don't think we're in the end times I don't think what's gonna be in my lifetime unless there's some sort of Emergency I always thought a war right because a war would happen World War, you know, then all bets are off, right? But this is a pretty good Pretty good preview. I think this whole thing You know all these I mean look all these things happened in one week in One week you can't go to church in one week.  But There's interesting times ahead folks There's interesting times ahead turn to 2nd Timothy chapter 3 2nd Timothy chapter 3 the Bible says this it says In verse number one this know also that in the last days perilous times shall come For men should be lovers of them own set of their own selves covetous boasters proud blasphemers disobedient to parents Unfaithful unholy without natural affection truce breakers false accusers Incontinent fierce despisers of those that are good Traders heady high-minded lovers of pleasures more than lovers of God. Look people ratting each other out false accusers You know, that's why we cover the windows to be honest I'm not even really worried about like the city trying to come around and and like enforce People being I can't really I mean, maybe it'll happen, but I can't really see a you know Some police officer walking in here and breaking up a church service. I'm sure it could happen but what I'm worried about is Somebody ratting us out because I mean that will happen. I've seen it happen this week. I Mean, this is crazy.  I mean, what does it say in verse number two? Lovers of them their own selves. I Mean they just there's they're so in love with themselves. They're so worried about themselves, you know people just want to go to work people just want to go to work and they sneeze and You know, I mean somebody so concerned They've gotten filled with so much fear and the more godless people are by the way the more afraid they are I mean, that is very obvious to me The the the godless the godless atheist liberal who knows everything about everything is all of a sudden really afraid of this whole thing. I Mean, it's it's a very clear divide verse number five having a form of godliness but denying the power thereof from such turn away for of this sort are They which creep into houses and lead captive silly women laden with sins led away with diverse lusts verse number seven ever learning and Never able to come to the knowledge of the truth tonight. We're going to talk about this verse We're going to talk about these people that are just they're just ever learning They're just bringing in so much information So much information they know I mean all this information that's available and they're just constantly bringing in more and more information But they are never able to find out what's true We're going to talk about those people tonight Very little truth. I mean does it say I mean if there's a if there's a swath of information out there Does it mean that any of it's true? But there is a way to know what's true and we're going to look at that tonight So in conclusion, I mean this morning, you know look I am confident. These are perilous times. These these are perilous times. This is not You know fun, you know, I don't think my family by the way, I don't think we're very good at sheltering in place We're all just like bouncing off the walls in the house and we're like what we're just we're traveling now more than we ever have Like what we got to go somewhere, you know, we're just we're just really active We got to go and do this and whatever and we're just going all over the place. Let's go see what's open Why not we're just exploring, you know the exploring the lockdown is what we did today We're driving around going out. What are they doing in there? You know, what's up a bicycle shop? Oh, I could see that they should be open. Yeah, that's good You know, we're we're dividing the people ourselves, right?  So my jiu-jitsu instructor's like, you know because of the coronavirus He's like we're closed but the doors open in the back So look it's it's a joke It's a joke, right? It'll come to an end. I don't know when I Pray to God that it doesn't turn into this big, you know thing that you know, they're trying to tell you It's gonna turn into I pray to God.  That just nobody knows question mark Right But let's just let's appreciate the things That we've taken for granted in our lives, you know, look these things that we talked about tonight. They're not guarantees You're not guaranteed to just be free You know, I mean open a history book Open a history book. I've often thought that I've often thought that I've often I've read so much about history in the past and I'm just like it seems really strange That things have gone on so well for us even in my generation, by the way We haven't really had you know a war where they've drafted people and just sent 18 year olds off to war and all this kind of stuff I mean in our I mean since the 70s basically, you know, it's been pretty decent here as far as that goes I'm not saying we haven't had wars, but I mean those were volunteer wars people signed up and they went But my point is that I was wondering, you know, when it when is it gonna go wrong because in history It goes wrong all the time There's there's very few people who were free in the history of the world so, I mean None of this stuff is a guarantee Remember that remember that, you know, we're not Americans You know, we're Christians We're Christians this this is our Constitution and Just remember that don't take these things for granted. They're not guaranteed to you. There's there's wicked people There's there's you know spiritual wickedness in high places and you know what that's in play here, too. I Guarantee it, you know, we talked about a lot of stupid political leaders on You know the United States level, but you don't think that there's spiritual wickedness at the top of this whole thing Oh, there is We're not going to get into all that, you know, that's for fellowship after But it's there and and the spiritual wickedness in high places was sitting there thinking I never thought it was so easy Yeah, I never thought it would be so easy is what's going on there Look hard times hard times make us stronger. Okay some of the hardest times Some of the hardest times in my life Whether it be physically financially Emotionally or whatever have defined my character and they'll define your character You will always have those hard times to look back at When things do go well for you you can always look back at those times when things weren't going well and say you know what? I'm not guaranteed for things to go like this for me. Thank God Eight save thank God. Thank you God. I Was literally just think I mean I didn't know you all didn't know every single day this week it changed From Fresno banning people from going to work the governor knew some banning people from going to work the very next day I'm just like every single day. I can get into the get into work. I'm happy. I'm thankful. Thank God And I should have been doing that last week and the week before and the week before I've even complained about my job before Shame on me. We need to appreciate these things get you know Come out of this a better man Come out of this a better woman come out of this a better mother come out of this a better father Come out of this. I mean a better Christian Things that we took for granted with power heads and have a word of prayer to your heavenly father We thank you for All the blessings that you've given us in our lives and all the blessings that you will give us Lord Well, we ask that You just you know that you stay you stay the plague Lord that you stay the plague and just lift All these restrictions on us Lord and just help us that when that happens Lord when that happens Help us to understand the things that we took for granted before this came down and help us to come out of this strong soul winners and Dedicated Christians and sold out for you Lord Or we love you. We thank you for your word We thank you that we can be standing here that I can be standing here tonight Lord Every single day that you give us is a blessing in Jesus name. We pray Amen


Hi everyone, Joe for Jasper's casewrakes.com coming at you with a two-team random number block just England and the United States That's how it works. If you're not familiar with it big. Thanks this group for making it happen They're the numbers right there. Good luck. Let's roll it randomized names and numbers after it checks five and four nine times each One two three four five six seven eight and After nine we got Diego down to Daniel Gilo, what's going on? Five and a four nine times for the numbers one two three four five six seven eight and nine We've got one down to four after nine right so Diego The number one Ed with five Martin with eight Diego is six Alex with two Daniel is zero So you'll get any and all redemptions for the United States and Brazil including one of one redemptions Diego You'll still get live one of ones Martin with nine Alex with seven and three and Daniel with four So there you go. We'll see in the next video for that one box break Jasper's case breaks.com


In this lecture, we're going to be focusing on 1950s America. In our last lecture, we talked a little bit about the domestic impact of World War II, as well as the domestic impact of the Cold War in the sense of destroying anti-communist fears in the United States and the persecution of accused communists. In this lecture, we're going to talk more about some of the other dominant trends in 1950s America. We're going to really focus on four particular areas that are important in understanding what the United States was experiencing in the 50s. First of these is we're going to talk about was the economy and the fact that the 1950s were a period of economic prosperity. We're also going to talk about consumption and consumer behavior in the 1950s. We'll talk about the growth of the suburbs and the decline of the cities. And finally, we'll talk about politics during this era and how that shapes American society. Well, the 1950s is very much, as some have termed it, a golden age of capitalism. It's a period where the economy, after a decade of depression and a decade of war, experiences this boom, this revival. And Americans lived better than they had ever lived before. During this decade, there's little price inflation. In other words, the cost of living is not going up dramatically. There's low unemployment. There's a lot of work opportunities available for Americans. And as a result of this, wages are going up. This leads to a rising standard of living. More Americans had better paying jobs. They had more income. They had more money available to spend it. And as a result, by the end of the decade, approximately 60% of Americans have reached the middle class, which is a dramatic number. In fact, it's really a peak number. This number has been declining consistently since the end of the 1950s. Well, it's a decade, as this poster says, after the total war of the 1940s can come total living. And Americans wanted to live. They wanted to live well. They wanted to live better than they had lived before. Many Americans who had lived through the Depression, they'd lived through the war, and they wanted to live life to the fullest. They wanted to embrace everything there was to embrace about the quote, unquote, you know, American dream or the American lifestyle. And so this is really a decade that sees that happen. Now, ironically, much of this economic prosperity in the 50s was a result of the Cold War itself. The federal government spends billions and billions of dollars building up America's defenses, supporting defense contractors, supporting nuclear weapons development, building missile bases, building aircraft facilities, building naval ports, all across the United States. And so all this Cold War spending trickles down to the American economy and creates what President Eisenhower later calls the military-industrial complex. We'll talk more about that later. But definitely, Americans are very prosperous during this decade. It's a decade where many people have good jobs and they're getting good pay. It's also a decade where we see the expansion of industrial jobs for the last time in America's history, and that there are more factory jobs during this decade, and the number ultimately ends up peaking during this decade. We also begin to see a gradual shift in the American economy from industrial employment to white-collar service employment. This is certainly a trend that becomes very important in the 1960s and 70s. Lastly, it's a decade in which women's roles in the workplace change, become very important. Women, in fact, by the mid-1950s, had exceeded, in terms of the sheer numbers, the number of working women at the end of World War II. In World War II, about 18 million women were working, and then many left the workforce at the end of the war. But by the 1950s, women have returned to the workforce in even greater numbers. Of course, the kinds of work that they were doing was different than World War II, where they were working largely full-time blue-collar jobs. In the 1950s, many women enter white-collar employment on a part-time basis, or in some cases, young women who were college graduates enter the workforce for a few years until they get married and then they retire to the home to raise children. But women in the 1950s women's work becomes much more socially acceptable as long as they were working part-time or they were retiring once they were married and going home to raise their children. So we see a lot of working white-collar women during the decades of the 1950s, most of them working to supplement a husband's income or to get access to sort of middle-class things when they might not otherwise be able to afford them. But the assumption was always that when women got married or women had children, they would retire from the workforce and go home to raise their kids. And so, of course, the 50s was a golden era of the housewife, of the woman in the home with all these great new high-tech appliances like stoves and refrigerators, electrical stoves and electrical refrigerators who spent their time taking care of her children and providing for her husband and leaving this very domesticated quintessential American lifestyle. Now, consumer behavior in the 1950s also reflects this sense of prosperity. Americans wanted to spend money in the 50s. They had no money during the Depression. Many of them had been unemployed or had been subsisting with barely enough money to live on. During the World War II, they had money because many Americans who were working full-time who weren't fighting overseas had a lot of money, but they couldn't spend it on anything because there were rationing in place. There were restrictions. Many of the companies that manufactured cars and other goods were making tanks and airplanes. And so people just were saving and saving and saving or buying war bonds, which was essentially saving money, and they couldn't spend that money on anything. So in the 1950s, the dam breaks. And Americans just start to buy, buy, buy, buy. And in fact, the government encourages them to buy. It's part of this American dream. And in the context of the Cold War, Americans' freedom to purchase and buy stuff becomes a very powerful tool in sort of the arsenal of democracy of America during the Cold War. The U.S. government goes to great lengths to depict the Soviet Union as a place where people can't buy anything. And Soviet citizens went to the state-owned store, and they bought one item on the shelf. And that was it. And Americans on the other hand could go to a supermarket and have 50 things to choose from. 50 different types of soap or 50 different types of breakfast cereal instead of the one breakfast cereal or the one type of soap that you could get in the Soviet Union. So consumption and spending is really used as very much a Cold War propaganda tool by the United States. And Americans are of course encouraged to buy, buy, buy as much as possible. It's a decade where we see the development of the credit card. Americans being encouraged to buy now, pay later, put it on credit.  Consumer goods also become cheaper during this decade as manufacturing technologies improve and it becomes easier for companies to make lots and lots of stuff. And so people, because things are cheaper, do buy more. Of course, another influence is that television becomes a popular medium during the 1950s. People get televisions in their homes. Televisions are a great way for companies to advertise. People, Americans have this stream of advertisements flowing into their house non-stop when they're watching television during the 1950s. Ultimately, all this comes down to the idea that endless consumption was part of living a good life. You couldn't be a good middle-class consumer in the United States or even a real true American in the United States unless you spent money on stuff, unless you bought things that you needed to buy or in some cases that you didn't need to buy. Of course, one of the most important consumer goods in the 1950s is the automobile. Again, during the 30s, people couldn't afford to buy automobiles. They were buying used cars so they were just making do with what they had. During World War II, all the car companies were making tanks and aircraft and other things. But in the 50s, once again, civilian production resumed and people take all their money that they had saved and buy new cars. So car purchasing just goes through the roof in the 1950s. By the end of the decade, 80% of Americans owned at least one car. Many owned more than that. Many were replacing older vehicles on a regular basis. Every few years, they were buying that new car. They were trading in and trading up to a better, nicer car. And car culture, of course, becomes extremely important in American society. The drive-in movie theater, the drive-in restaurant. Late in the decade, by 1956, Congress authorizes the Interstate Highway Act, which creates these interstate highway systems crisscrossing the nation, providing high-speed transportation options to Americans with cars. And once again, this just has a dramatic impact on car life and driving in the United States. So in almost every way possible, Americans are being encouraged to spend money to buy stuff, to travel, to engage in what would be considered the American dream or the American lifestyle. Another aspect of 1950s America, and one that's incredibly important because it certainly affects us to this day, is suburbanization. Americans in the 1950s flee the cities in record numbers for homes in the suburbs. Suburbs predated in the 1950s. In fact, we see suburbs as far back as the 1880s and 1890s. Typically those older suburbs were along streetcar lines or along commuter river lines. But in the 1950s, we see a new kind of suburbia. A mass-produced car-oriented suburbia. A suburbia that was far bigger, far more significant than these earlier kind of streetcar and railroad suburbs of the 1880s and 1890s. And during the 50s there are a number of reasons why so many people moved to the suburbs. And partly cities were overcrowded in the night before World War II. And the depression had led to a lot of people moving in and sharing apartments. The cities were very crowded. People were not enjoying living in the cities. And they wanted to move somewhere else. And during the depression they didn't have the money to do that during World War II. The money was tied up in other things. But once the war ends, they have an opportunity to move out. Real estate developers recognize this. A real estate developer by the name of William Levitt, who of course gives his name to the so-called Levitt Town. There's a couple of Levitt Town in New York, Levitt Town, Pennsylvania, works with banks and insurance companies to get the funding and build these massive, almost essentially industrial scale suburbs. Here's just a little piece of one of these Levitt Town suburbs. And they were, you know, take this and expand it five or six times to see the true scope of Levitt Town suburbia. Well, people like Levitt decide to build houses on an industrial scale, as I mentioned. And they use a lot of techniques that have been pioneered for mass production of consumer goods to build houses. Houses are no longer these craft constructions that require seven or eight months to build. People can start, they can use these new techniques, new building techniques and turn out houses on a weekly basis. Homes no longer, you know, homes can be turned out literally as if they were on an assembly line. William Levitt decides to build a community in Long Island just outside New York City and buys essentially empty potato fields. And in a matter of five years, he's built 17,000 homes. And the population expands from zero basically to about 50,000 residents. And Levitt replicates the success elsewhere across the country in Philadelphia, outside Washington, D.C., and so forth. So during the 1950s, the suburb as a concept becomes viable. Because again, industrial scale production of houses, automobiles, everybody is owning at least white middle class people are able to buy automobiles. And so it becomes possible to live outside the city and at the same time still have access to traditional jobs in the inner city. Suburbanization, as I just mentioned, it's based on the automobile. New highways, new roads are built to link the suburbs with the cities. Many of these suburbs have very little access to older, more traditional transportation systems like streetcars, buses and trains. Many of the old cities in fact start getting rid of these older public transit systems because people weren't using them. They preferred automobiles over streetcars. And so those who were poor, especially minorities and poor whites, who continued to live in the inner cities, suddenly lose access to a lot of their ability to move around because cities just get rid of their streetcar systems where they start cutting back on bus service. What this white flight as it's termed does, what white flight does is it leads to a blighting or a decay of the inner city. Because as white middle class and upper class people flee the city, minorities and those who are poor are left behind. And as a result, it makes it harder for the inner cities to kind of keep up with the countryside. Now there are a number of reasons why poor minorities are left behind. One is simply a financial reason that poor minorities couldn't afford cars. They often couldn't afford the houses that were being constructed in places like Levittown, New York or Levittown, Pennsylvania. Another factor though is there was rampant discrimination in housing. Federal agencies that guaranteed mortgage loans, backed mortgage loans, wouldn't give loans to minorities. They were seen as being credit risks. White developers like William Levitt would not sell houses to African-American or other minorities. Literally it was written into the housing contracts that they wouldn't sell to minorities. There was also a great deal of pressure placed on residents in these suburbs not to sell their houses if they had to sell their house to a minority because that would lead to a decline in the housing value and their neighbors would get mad at them. So there's an incredible amount of pressure placed on white middle-class residents to live in the suburbs and to keep those suburbs lily-white, to exclude minorities wherever possible. And this is reflected in housing statistics in the United States well into the 1980s and 1990s. As late as 1990, 90% of suburban whites lived in communities that had non-white populations of less than 1%. In other words, most suburban residents, 90% of whites living in the suburbs, are living in lily-white suburbs with no minorities, African-American, Hispanic, and otherwise. And this creates a dramatic shift in the population in the United States. And as I said a moment ago, it has very negative consequences for American cities. Neighborhoods just begin to fall apart. Neighborhoods' houses are bulldozed and end up being vacant lots. Here we have St. Louis, which I think in some ways is the poster child for urban decline, that as whites flee the cities, tax-based declines. Poor minorities can't afford to pay high taxes. And as a result, cities start slashing basic services like police, fire, trash, etc.  Neighborhoods get more dangerous because there are fewer police on the street than people if they can flee. They move out. As a result of this flight of white people, white middle-class people, and the decline of many of these minority urban environments, cities begin to try to do something about it. And they do so by creating housing developments. Public housing, or projects as they're commonly known, become very common in many cities that have large, poor minority populations. All these early housing developments are not pleasant places. They're extremely institutional. Every one of them looks identical. All these buildings are identical and then probably on the inside look identical as well. Many of them were not well maintained and they start falling apart very quickly. And as a result they became dirty, dangerous, unpleasant places to live for those who were there. They also perpetuate this cycle of poverty because you had to be poor to live in one of these developments. It would be one thing if middle-class people were allowed to live in these developments but only poor people were allowed to live there. And so as a result, people are surrounded by poverty and it perpetuates the cycle. There's no easy ability to escape. One of the other consequences of this sort of urban renewal and this development of projects and other things like that is it just destroys what had once been vibrant neighborhoods. Here in the case of St. Louis, where you have in the sense this large, prudent Igo, which is one of the most notorious housing developments built, constructed in the midst of what had once been a very vibrant neighborhood. Everything is bulldozed and you get these horribly ugly modernist, high-rise housing projects built here instead. And it just really devastates the neighborhoods. Other cities replace vibrant neighborhoods with things like highways or commercial buildings, government buildings, sports facilities. And ultimately for residents who were too poor to get out, they're condemned to horrible, horrible living and housing conditions. And this just creates a disaster that perpetuates throughout the 1960s and 70s in America in major American cities. Well, the fourth and final area to talk about is politics in the 1950s. The 1950s is an era that we call an era of political consensus. It's an era or decade in which extremism is not welcomed, except for, of course, anti-communist extremism as we talked about in the last lecture. The idea that Americans engage in politics is important, but politics is a politics of the center. It's not good to be extreme right-wing or extreme left-wing during this era. Certainly the election of President Dwight David Eisenhower to office in 1952 is part of this kind of race for the middle, because Eisenhower is hardly a polarizing figure. He's grandfatherly. People think of him as a nice guy. He doesn't have strong political opinions. In fact, he's conservative, but pretty middle-of-the-road conservative, but he's elected in a pretty broad landslide. His one position that is pretty strong is that he's anti-communist, which, of course, is okay. It's good to be anti-communist during this decade. He comes in office promising to end the Korean War that the United States had been involved in for two years, and a lot of Americans have been killed. He also promises to keep America strong, to ensure that America has dominance in nuclear weapons and can defend itself against the Soviet Union and communism abroad. Eisenhower is elected as a very moderate Republican, who embraces a lot of democratic things, such as New Deal institutions like Social Security. He says Social Security is okay, and it helps make Social Security acceptable to both conservatives and to liberals in the United States. He's very pro-business, but also fiscally conservative. He doesn't feel that the United States will be spending huge amounts of money on big government projects as much as possible. But at the same time, as I said, he's not a polarizing figure. When it comes to nuclear weapons, though, he's very much concerned, and his advisors are as well, with ensuring that the United States remains strong, including a strategy that's referred to as MAD, which stands for Mutually Assured Destruction. The idea was that the U.S. was going to build so many nuclear weapons that if the Soviet Union ever attacked the U.S., it couldn't possibly hope to destroy them all. And in return, the U.S. would use all of its remaining nuclear weapons to wipe out the Soviet Union. The idea being that the Soviet Union, as this is a strategy of deterrence, the Soviet Union would be deterred from attacking because it could never survive. And so he's a firm believer in the strategy of MAD, the strategy of massive retaliation. That said, that if the Soviet Union or one of its proxy states ever attacked the U.S. in any way, the U.S. would respond with a massive nuclear assault.  Of course, this is very scary stuff. This is not a strategy that most Americans feel very comfortable with, and it leads to a lot of concerns about nuclear war during this decade. But for the most part, it's an idea that it's supposed to be ensuring peace, ensuring international stability because everybody's afraid to go to war. Now, Eisenhower also had a strong sense of the other parts, expanding U.S. influence and domination to other parts of the world. In 1957, he issues what becomes known as the Eisenhower Doctrine, says the U.S. will defend the Middle East against communism and against Arab nationals. We'll do whatever it can to keep the Middle East, essentially a colonial possession of other nations, to keep the Middle East from becoming dominated by Arab nationals. He also supports the French in Vietnam. He gets the U.S. involved in supplying military equipment and supplies to the French in Vietnam to fight the anti-communist forces there. And so, in globally, Eisenhower is very proactive. He's very much involved in trying to keep the U.S. strong and trying to fight the Cold War, whereas domestically, he's pretty middle of the road and encourages kind of moderation and avoiding extremism. The last thing I want to briefly mention in this lecture is that while, of course, the 1950s might be considered a decade of consumerism, of middle-class lifestyle, of political moderation, there's some rumblings below the surface. There are some subcultures who are beginning to challenge this dominant kind of middle-class paradigm in the United States. One of these, of course, are teenagers. Teenagers really come into their own in the 1950s. Mostly, many of them are the baby boomers. These baby boomers have been born in the late 40s, and by the late 1950s are beginning to enter their teens, and they become a hugely important subculture because much of the popular culture is geared towards them. Movies, books, television becomes marketed towards teenagers because they have money and they're willing to spend it. Teenagers, by and large, begin to reject many middle-class social and cultural values and embrace things like rock and roll that promotes sex and rebellion. Listening to music, that kind of blurs the line between what's considered to be socially acceptable and what's not. A lot of rock and roll especially comes out of the blues traditions in African-American culture, and teenagers begin to embrace many of these certain African-American cultural traditions, which really starts to freak out their parents. So teenagers are definitely a force to be reckoned with, and something that we'll see in future lectures begin to influence American society in the 1960s. Another group that has an influence on 1950s culture very much below the surface, but later on becoming more public, are a group called the Beats, sometimes also known as Beatniks. The Beats are very much a subculture problem, mostly in cities and some college towns who are also sort of a underground scene. They embrace drug use, embracing sexual experimentation, personal freedom, becoming sort of a try to set themselves apart from the mainstream community by adopting their own special lingo and their own words and own kind of places to hang out, coffee shops especially, become a popular place for Beats to hang out. But once again, they provide a breeding ground for this emerging counter-cultural movement that breaks out in the mid-1960s as being a hugely important force. As the teenagers of the 50s, as the Beats of the 50s become kind of the counter-cultural rebels of the 1960s and have a huge impact on American society. And we'll talk about that in future lectures. So certainly the 1950s is a decade of prosperity of very moderate middle of the road behavior, but at the same time there's some interesting cultural forces brewing that do have an impact on the United States in the following decades.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with a full case of 2021 Bowman Chrome Baseball 12 box hobby edition pick your team number eight all Cardship as well. We're doing eight first. I think six and seven are locked away in in a filler So but eight happened to fill before the filler filled so first to fill first to break We're gonna go with that big. Thanks to this group of people for making this happen Appreciate it, and that's Tony ended up with official last bomb. Oh, maybe let's get a little bit closer here There we go a little far away Thanks, everybody for picking your teams and pick your team number eight and we've got the sounds of Carolina at Houston on in the background and apparently Christian McCaffrey The guys are telling me in the chat officially ruled out Ryan's like hamstring injury made a glass a little bit, right? I guess it just says it's just the way he plays to have that Happens I don't want that to happen to Christian McCaffrey. Oh, sorry I think the bell just yet All right, so you can see on the top camera right here Three rows of four to make the 12. Let's go. This is gonna take about oh I don't know 40-50 minutes something like that plus however long it takes to to put away this break and all that jazz, but We've blocked out about an hour of time for this Good luck one autograph per mini box and this is prospecting folks that a Lot of a lot of future value in this some some players some teams will have current value, but Bowman as most of you know, especially if you're buying into this and collecting this a lot of future value a lot of Lot of players that you're just gonna kind of hang on to and see how they develop Probably grading a lot of this stuff And then just hanging on to it and see when and if they make the majors and then hopefully Little profit. That's the plan Christian McCaffrey news is pretty interesting where it's six and a half minutes away from the end of the first half That's gonna be pretty pretty interesting the rest of the way because Because I have Houston plus seven and a half Hi, Adam is the bounty promo winner take all each bounty is a separate each bounty is separate So if one event happens the first event that happens is on the top and the second event that happens is the next one The third event that happens is the next one blah blah blah blah Correct. So yeah with Christian McCaffrey being out So that cancels that The Christian McCaffrey over 60 He didn't have over 60 at the end. I don't think he did right looking at the box where he must have only had like 20 something 31 yards So apparently he's ruled out so unfortunately That bounty is out as well Feel like the angles off on this all right first box good luck all card ships So if I miss like a variation or something or other or a numbered card or something like that Don't worry. It'll all go. There's Matthew Allen to 150 atomic There's a lot of hopefully future stars here and our first autograph is Jordy barley For the Padres Padres helping out the Dodgers today Dodgers one the Padres be the Giants Dodgers are behind the NL West by just a single game with just Ten games to go. All right rated number 17 prospect in the that fall league event Padres Tim Burke Tristan McKenzie to 499 refractor for Chris and Cleveland Matt Manning purple shimmer 250 for the Tigers That's gonna be for Mark in Detroit and our next autograph is Nick Frazzo 62 out of 250 purple chrome autograph for Toronto Alversorium with the bluebirds and pick your teammate. We got Alec bomb to 75 36 out of 75 For the fight and fills It's for last spot mojo. That is Tony. All right, and we'll do an autograph recap at the end of the break next box Here and pick your team eight That turnover Carolina recovered it. Wow lucky. I know this is a baseball break But we've got Thursday night football on right now Carolina at Houston Carolina's up seven nothing So far not a lot of the bounties being hit. I don't Davis Mills has not thrown a touchdown yet Davis Mills does not have 150 passing yards He only has 14 at the moment. He's only thrown the ball four times Sam Darnold Rushed for a touchdown, but we need him to throw for two touchdowns in this game Does Robbie Anderson have two or more catches? Robbie Anderson does not have a catch and the under is looking good If there's less than 38 points scored in the game $500 break credit if those requisite breaks sell out We still need to sell out a couple to unlock the promo officially, but but the under is looking pretty good I guess we were treated to put two pretty good week one and week two Thursday night games are pretty good I guess we had this I guess this was the clunker, right? It has to happen at some point. Oh, there's the autograph early Kevin made For the cubbies Jay Remington with the Cubs number 11 prospering that 2019 class and a guy Rosario Another Padre autograph for Ryan and the Friars so both autographs out early. There's Brian Reynolds To 250 purple chrome for the pirates. That's for Tim. I got a star on the nagular shimmer Mariners Capola Jose Bonilla angels Burke and a Jason Dominguez speckle That's 55 out of 299 for the Bronx bombers, Jr. With the Yankees kind of see the speckle right there Sort of hard to see with the pattern But it's there Yeah, it's pretty good. All right next box And I think that hockey did indeed sell out. Thanks everybody So now we're just one break away from unlocking the promo Think that certified football is pretty easy to fill and break Or the hit parade autograph baseballs would be pretty easy to Is he not is he not signing his redemptions? Someone's got to get into his ear. You're like, hey, you got to do this man. All right next box. Good luck Three boxes in this is our third of 12 Pick your teammate There's altube at a 50 and David Garcia for the Rangers And you know, that's going to be for Burke and the altube will go to Logan Smith and the Strauss There's Jeter Downs 299 former Dodgers prospect Going to Boston Alfred with the Red Sox Malcolm Nunez shimmer Cardinals that it's going to be for mark and the Redbirds mark are and Eduardo Garcia 125 out of 499 Refractor autograph for the brew crew Josh, right? Nolan Gorman to 499 refractor for the Cardinals Capri's walking off the field Davis Mills. Oh almost escaped that but Under still looking good ladies and gentlemen It's fourth and eight for the Texans now. I'm gonna give it back to the Panthers the Texans defense Has been doing okay, or maybe it's the Carolina offense really hasn't gotten really didn't get it hasn't gotten it going either way The under is looking good for our promo tonight If we fill one more break on that promo list you check the schedule Let's pin in the chat drop in the chat. Let's see all the details or you can go to gaspes case breaks calm And the first item on the website will be the details of tonight's promo. We got Gilberto Salastino For the twins that's gonna go to Steve Locke in Minnesota number 10 prospecting the twins organization according to fan graphs Green Christian Javier 25 out of 99 for Logan Smith and the Stroze. Oh Robbie Anderson could have had a catch right there Robbie Anderson two or more catches $100 bounty That was an easy one there. There's Garrett Mitchell to 99 green shimmer It's for the Brewers Josh and Starlin Aguilar Mariners I could pull it with Seattle got a Bryce Harbour to 299. He's making a really strong MVP push This is for Tony and the Phillies 159 out of 299. All right next box Good luck everybody. All right next one. Good luck in Shailen, Polanco He's one of the bigger names Bigger prospect names here Tim Burke with the Pirates Shimmers not numbered Looks like they're one one per box. They look nice though It's Max Scherzer. He was in the I feel like he was in the lead. Oh nice Nolan Gorman He was in the lead for NL Psy Young, but had a rough start today. So I don't know where that leaves The NL Psy Young battle 61 out of 100 a summer camp autograph Nolan Gorman Cardinals Mark are with that one Cardinals have been playing some hot baseball Lately did they play today? Yeah Cardinals one another one. They beat they beat the Brewers 8-5 they've won 12 in a row Yeah, Nolan Gorman's pretty strong, too This will you Rodriguez he's solid Hopefully a future star for the Mariners sky Coppola Problem and we got Dylan Carl's another Cardinal six out of 25 orange a couple nice ones from Mark And a redemption behind you Darvish There's the crone zone to 299 that's for Nick or sorry check that Ryan and the Padres and the redemption behind you Darvish a 40-man futures insert autograph of C Chicago I Cincinnati Austin Hendrick Reds That'll be for you. That's you Chris Maxwell. There you go Chris Thanks for getting in Rex. What's going on? The under still looking good in the promo The Panthers are punting. All right, let's see what Davis Mills can do with a minute 37 left in the first half there's the oh No worries Chris. Thanks for getting in Davis Mills throws a touchdown in the game. We're adding $200 nice relic there To the pot and that could help his 150 yards or more passing yards as well. There's Jagger Haynes Padres Ryan with the Friars There's Cabrion Hayes to 150 blue chrome That's for the Pirates Tim Burke to message Nick. Yes Contact us through support And I think he also has his own personal Instagram Which might be Nick Jaspy at Nick Jaspy, maybe eight out of 25 orange shimmer and it's all hobby related stuff there, too You can try to message him there Jordan Hicks flashbacks relic, but I don't know how he is about about replying Unless that's something to do with selling some awesome cards to him if they're graded but even then We usually travel so much that We really don't need to solicit for cards Sean Roby Giants David big boys 007 and the Ian Anderson refractor will go to Carlos What a throw and catch to Brandon cooks halfway through this full case break not about another 25 or so minutes to go. Oh, that's what you messaged him about Yeah, I think he probably gets the kids dozens of those messages all the time but What do you have Rex? Oh that mantle. I think he's I think you were mostly looking for Mostly looking for like graded cars. I want to say most of the time rookies graded PSA 9s and 10s mostly 10s Davis Mills passing touchdown prop is a possibility here and No Brandon cooks got to like the three yard line Got to spike it. Oh, you guys have timeouts All right next box. Good luck. It's KC mice. It looks like a refractor, but it's not Anyway, that's for the Tigers Mark and we got a Miguel police 332 out of 499 refractor autograph for Alfred and the Red Sox. Wow, there it is To Anthony Miller. Oh that KC mice was an image variation. Nice Thanks, Vince. There's the Joe Adele to 299 This is an image variation There you go. Nice one Tigers mark Yeah, Sean might be more interested in that in that hachimura. There's Alexander Ramirez Magenta shimmered a one-eyed magenta fuchsia pink That's for the Mets. That'll be for Carlos and Armando Cruz Taylor with the Nats It's the Armando Cruz autograph Number five international prospect. It's pretty good. There's the regular KC mice There's Ronnie Maurizio to 1 at 99 Tyler Soderstam. This is another met parallel for Carlos For the purposes of the promo tonight, Davis Mills did throw a touchdown in the game So the first on the break credit list is $200. All right next box Hey, what up? Did they mix miss the extra point? I guess the Joey the Joe sly revenge game is is not in effect He was a former kicker for Carolina. He missed the extra point Come on, man. That was a decent drive by Davis Mills. Are we are we all in on Davis Mills now? But by low sell high on Davis Mills. Could this be the emergence of Chuba Hubbard? He just caught a pass for First down He's in the slot right now the new Christian Catherine Chuba oh fumble who had I think darnold fell back on it stays with Carolina stripped There's Max Meyer to 499 And kale emshoff 297 to 499 Kansas City that's gonna be for Chris Maxwell. Chris says he's all in on Davis Mills Remember what happened with the Chargers last year to Rod Taylor injury? Well, not it wasn't his fault He the staff member punctured his medical staff punctured his lung, but that led the way to Justin Herbert Max Meyer goes to EA in the Marlins. So could a could a similar thing happen here? Maybe poor to Rod Taylor. This is a one-per-case a case it if you will Bowman ascensions insert Jason Dominguez And that is for Who's got the Yankees junior with the Yankees? You got Miguel Amaya shimmer Jose Ramirez to 499 That's for Cleveland that's gonna be for Chris and there's Carlos's brother JC Correa also a shortstop That's gonna be for Logan Smith and the Astros I wonder Carlos crazy hitting free agency this year Could another Correa be taking that shortstop spot? If Carlos Correa ends up signing with another team, there's Tristan houses To 99 and that will be for Alfred and the Red Sox 8799 out of 99 on that green chrome passes another box and then we just have We have one two three four more to go Houston's getting to the second half. Oh you did do it. We need an autograph We need an auto Chris Did we have a Cleveland auto? I Don't think we did and remember we will do an autograph recap at the end use a genuine Suarez to 499 and Christian Santana for the Tigers mark Mark the set with Detroit and we're on Cincinnati Chris With the Reds Casey Meyers the 250 purple chrome another tiger from Mark B. Jazz Chisholm reveals an Austin Hendrick Purple shimmer to 250 and a Tucker Bradley atomic autograph for Kansas City 40 out of 100 That's gonna be for Chris Maxwell. Nice Those atomic refractors look really sharp Riley Green to 199 Three more boxes to go. We're looking at baseball wise here Naturally in the Reds 3-2 in the top of the ninth They're in Cincinnati in Philadelphia Phillies up 8-6 on the Pirates at the bottom of the 6th and Baltimore Orioles are up 3-0 on the Rangers top of the 8th Blue jays and twins are tied at 2 in the top of the 5th Blue jays trying to win that wild card spot White Sox beat the Indian 7-2 and clinched the AL central officially Cardinals won their 12th in a row 8-5 over the Brewers my Dodgers and extras beat the Rocky 7-5 And an extra is the Padres beat the Giants 7-6 So the Dodgers now one game behind the NLS lead Mariners edged out the A's 6-5 for a four game sweep They've got a they've got an outside shot at getting that a getting sneak into the wild card. Maybe dime backs beat the brave 6-4 What else? Oh, I guess there's another early game Indians beat the White Sox was doubleheader and I guess Astros At angels has not started just yet. See if Ohtani can keep Keep adding to his season-long resume. I think he should get the AL MVP, right? glad grow junior Playoff team, maybe It's gonna be a big difference maker of Astros angels past our bottom Scoreless no hits no runs and there's Shailen Polanco Bowman first autograph for the buckos Tim Burke with the Pirates number eight international prospect Third best outfield prospect per mlb.com Nice. It's a pot. It is a possible triple crown for Vlad There's Jordan Adams to 4.99 Refractor for the angels There's Zach Veen shimmer For the Rockies drew the rocks and Tyler Gentry Chris with the Royals couple Royals autographs Alejandro Kirk to 4.99 And that's for Toronto. That'll be for Oliver. All right two more boxes to go. Good luck I'm looking at the stats now yeah, Vlad Guerrero junior as of As of what ESPN is saying right now Vlad Guerrero junior is Leading the AL an average With a 323 batting average. Yuli Gurriel is behind number three at 319 Home runs he's tied with Salvador Perez at 46 Salvador Perez is 46. Vlad is 46 and Otani has 45 I think he's This is where he's behind um Salvador Perez is way ahead of him in rbi's He has 115. I don't think Vlad Vlad may have a hundred Vlad has 105. So he's 10 rbi's behind So he'd have to make up a lot this week if he wants to actually get it there Rex is saying you've heard from a few people that saying that prices for these bowman chrome box have already gone up Over 200 a case some breakers And card shots have raised them by by $30 a box already people saying this is going to be one of the biggest and best bowman chrome releases ever There's a lot of a lot of future star potentially in this bowman chrome There's malvin valdez refracted to 499 Another one for since natty and chris And there's bedra leon 003 at a 299 speckle autograph for logan smith and the astros I think this guy's supposed to be pretty good too. Yeah rated number one prospect in the international class By baseball america number seven according to mob.com It's a great hit And a super fractor rookie dane dunning one of one That's for berg thomas and the texas rangers Nice these super supers always look really sharp um berg All aboard the big hit express There's kevin made to 199 For the cubs that'll be for remington And there's leover piguetto for the pirates that's going to be for tim berg Burke thomas had a hit and now tim berg has the pirates number five pirates prospect There's a grady singer 212 out of 299 royals chris And the final box. All right. Good luck everybody Yeah, that box actually wasn't too bad right the two autos were two top prospects Pedro leon and piguetto and there was a super fractor a rookie super fractor The dane dunning Who has them upside too? These super acts just look nice in general I know I mean I saw some of the some of the bowman first for the dodger's edge just the base versions, but Let's see if we can find some ink maybe some parallels That's what I was keeping an eye out for See, I mean we've seen a couple of him He's one of the bigger names there redemption There's gabriel arias purple chrome to 250 The jeter downs shimmer. I thought we did it. Didn't we hit a christian hernandez earlier in this break? Was that a different christian? And there's victor acosta And that'll be for ryan and the padres Jared kelly to 150 And I don't know we're gonna do a recap in a second ryan. We're gonna see what we got here All right behind juan soto Is a bowman chrome prospect autograph purple refractor. It's to 250. I think m milwaukee minnesota Min minnesota, there's urbina Missa el urbina For the twin that's for steve lock I think he's one of the bigger names in this product too one of the bigger prospect names I mean, we'll see how any of these folks how they turn out in the end, but There you go All right, that's it. That was hobby picker team number eight which filled before some of the other breaks that are locked away in a filler But picker team eight in the books. Here's a quick little recap Pretty nice break ladies jump jc korea. There's the case hit There's a photo variation there I like the relic jordan hicks Some orange shimmer robert hassel Austin hendrick for the reds more orange nice, nolan gorman That shale and polanco autograph back there And there's the dain dunning Superfractor as well. There you go ladies and gentlemen, i'm joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


and then we have the the include this page this page is we can give a basically overview so we can type in something you know thanks uh... for your business i'm just putting something in there so we can see it on the pdf and see what that page will do but you can give basically and an intro or you can not include this page if you so choose if another page that you can uh... format for it and then by default we have the profit and loss report and the balance sheet and those are our major financial statement reports of course and so then we can add another report here if we so choose and we can edit these reports as well edit the report title uh... uh... compared the previous year compared the previous period so we can actually do some default editing within here uh... on these uh... but we might want to make our own memorized reports and then pull them in here right is the general idea is what i'm thinking and then you have your end notes so and so to say and notes and then if we don't want this in the page for our closing comments we can mark off the thing as being included include uh... a breakdown of sub accounts so i'll leave that as the default let's go ahead and save it and then if i say that we want to then look at a preview so we have the cancel we have the print and preview we have the advanced items here and this gives us the the report this is telling us the report in date so that's that thing that's going to pull in the report in date when you see that there in company name is going to whenever it says company name it's going to pull in the standard company name of the company you might be able to change that here if you want something different than the standard company name you've got your header you've got your footer and then show only non-zero rose and columns i would rather adjust this part on the reports themselves and and customize the reports which i'll take a look at in a second so there's the advanced settings and then we could save it and then you've got the save as export the document send and so on let's go to the preview and take a look at it so now you get this nice little title page there's not a whole lot of change you can do to this but it looks a little a lot nicer than possibly just sending out an email with a bunch of uh... reports tied to it especially if there's a long list of them then we've got our table of contents and then we have this page which was an intro page which you don't necessarily have to put on there but if you want the intro page you could put a like a nice little introduction here then you've got your profit and loss you can see it's formatted a little bit differently uh... on the formatting uh... but it's pretty nice formatting and then we've got the balance sheet and then we've got the end notes which again this is a page that you can remove if you wanted to if you so choose now i'm actually going to change the report to uh... to a custom let's do our last i'm going for last year so let's do let's just see what happens with a custom report from oh one oh one two three twelve thirty one two three and so i'll run that one and save it and so now we have for the period into december thirty first so given that i'm going to close this out and i'm gonna imagine that we make uh... a few reports up top let's go back up to the balance sheet and will make our couple actually let's go back to the first tab go into our standard reports and i'm going to go into the summary the summary balance sheet summary uh... this one right click and duplicate or open and a new tab and i'm going to close this out let's just do our standard formatting here i'm gonna bring this back from oh one oh one two three twelve thirty one two three i'll run it to refresh it and then i would like to customize this report and go into the negative numbers bracketed and i'm gonna make it read without sense and then uh... the headers and footers i'm gonna take off the report time period and report basis and then i'm gonna run it and so there we have that and then i'm going to save customization and i'm calling it number one and i'm gonna put this into once again a new group which i'm gonna say is we did this last time that's why i'm doing this fast i'm gonna say this is going to be a group of month and reports and so i'm gonna add that that is now in the drop down and save it if i go back to the first time going to my customizations refresh then this one should show up there it is let's do a couple more just so we have some material to work with let's do our standard balance sheet now so we're gonna say the standard balance sheet customize it and i'm gonna say let's do our standard no pennies negative numbers bracketed red headers and footers get rid of the date time report basis run it and then i'm going to save customization and i'm gonna call this number two report number and then put it into our group month and reports save it so now over here all refresh it and there is our second report back to the right i'm going to do it again this time let's do a comparative report for the end of this so i'm gonna say eleven oh one two three uh... no let's do twelve oh one two three and then i'm going to compare it to the prior period