20 August 2021, Friday. Welcome to in the news analysis by Shankar I.S. Academy. The list of topics is displayed on the screen. We have wonderful collection of topics. We have a topic regarding smog. We have a topic regarding foundational learning. We have a topic regarding Abraham Accords. We have a topic regarding gender equality. And we have a topic regarding 3D printing. So wonderful collection of topics. Let us not waste any more time. Let us begin our discussion. Now take a look at this article. This article is regarding smog tower. See, according to this article, the Delhi government is going to inaugurate its first smog tower. So in this context, let us discuss about smog, smog towers and its uses. Very important topic from prisms as well as mains perspective. The relevant syllabus is displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can go through it. First, what is smog? To be precise, what is photochemical smog? See, as the term clearly indicates, smog is a combination of smoke and fog.  So we can define smog as air pollution, which is a mixture of smoke and fog that reduces visibility. This is the common definition of smog. Then what is photochemical smog? See, photochemical smog is a smog which is produced when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. This is the definition of photochemical smog. Sunlight, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, they react to create a smog-like situation. This is photochemical smog. Let me explain this mechanism. See, nitrogen oxides come from car exhaust, coal power plants and factory emissions. So it is present in our atmosphere. Similar to nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds are also released from gasoline, paints and cleaning solvents. So nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are present in the atmosphere. They react with sunlight. Chemical reaction takes place. As a product of this chemical reaction, ground-level ozone and airborne particles are released. Let me repeat. Sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds present in the atmosphere. It creates a chemical reaction. In that chemical reaction, ground-level ozone and airborne particles are released. The mechanism of photochemical fog is illustrated in the figure. We can see motor vehicles, power plants and industrial activities releasing nitrogen oxides. And we can see volatile organic compounds being released by these products. They both react in sunlight. They create ground-level ozone and fine particles. See, this ground-level ozone and fine particles create a smog-like situation. It reduces visibility. This is photochemical smog. I hope aspirants can follow. See, ground-level ozone is a dangerous product. It is released during this chemical reaction. Ground-level ozone can damage lung tissue. It can cause respiratory illness like asthma. It can also cause itchy and burning eyes. So it is not good for human health. See, ozone present in the atmosphere is good ozone. It protects us from UV rays. We can see from this figure. The sunlight is emitting UV rays and good ozone protects it. Whereas ground-level ozone, that is ozone which is present near the surface, is bad for human health. I hope aspirants can understand the difference. This ozone can affect our lungs. It can cause respiratory illness. It can affect our eyes. It can burn our eyes. It can cause itching sensation. So when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, it creates ground-level ozone and airborne particles. The airborne particles and ground-level ozone released by this chemical reaction creates a smog. It reduces visibility. It creates a smoky-foggy situation. This is photochemical smog. I hope the concept is clear. See, photochemical smog is harmful in many ways. It is unhealthy to humans and animals. It can kill plants. It can also cause premature deaths. So the consequences of photochemical smog are vast and dangerous. It reduces visibility. It is unhealthy to humans and animals. It can kill plants and it can cause premature deaths. Now coming to the issue. Now let us take Delhi. See, we all know that Delhi is suffering from severe air pollution. In recent times, the air pollution in Delhi has increased many folds and it is affecting health of people and environment. We all know this. See, this air pollution in Delhi is also causing photochemical smog. If you go to Delhi in winter time, you can observe this photochemical smog. It will reduce the visibility. It will cause a lot of harmful effects on humans, animals and plants. So, because of the increasing air pollution and photochemical smog, the Supreme Court of India intervened. It intervened and ordered the Delhi government to take several steps to mitigate air pollution. We all know this. So, now the Delhi government has taken one such step. It has created its first smog tower. The Delhi government has installed its first smog tower. What is a smog tower? See, smog towers are also called anti-smog towers or smog-free towers. See, as the name clearly says, it is a tower. Tower is a large structure and it performs the function of air cleaning. To put it in simple words, it is a big air purifier. You would have seen air purifier in rooms, right? Imagine the same air purifier for a city. That is, smog towers. It is a large-scale air cleaning system. It is a large-scale air purifier. Now, let me explain how it functions. See, the smog tower has a huge structure. Inside the structure, it has a lot of filters and fans. Okay? Using the fans inside the tower, the smog tower sucks in the polluted air. I hope aspirants can follow. This tower has a lot of fans and using the fans, the smog tower sucks in the polluted air. It sucks the polluted air from the top of the tower. Okay? So, from the top of the tower, the polluted air enters into the tower and it passes through the filter. As I already said, this tower has a lot of air filters. So, the fan sucks in the air and it passes the polluted air into the filters. After passing through the various filters, the air is cleaned and finally the cleaned air is released into the atmosphere from the bottom. This is the functioning of the tower, which is installed in Delhi. This approach is called downdraft approach. Since the air is sucked at the top and released at the bottom, this approach is called downdraft approach. Let me repeat it.  Then it passes the air into the filters. After passing through the filters, the clean air is released at the bottom. This is the tower installed in Delhi. This approach is called downdraft approach. Now, let me talk about the filters installed in the towers. See, the filters used in the towers are HEPA filters. They use air ionization technology. See, HEPA stands for I-Efficiency Particulate Air Filter, H-E-P-E. I-Efficiency Particulate Air Filter. These kind of filters are used in the Delhi Tower. As the name clearly says, this filter is highly efficient. It removes at least 99.97% of dust, pollen, mold, bacteria and airborne particles. So, it is highly efficient. And these kind of filters are used in the Delhi Tower. So, the keywords are anti-smoke towers, large-scale air purifier, multiple layer of air filters, downdraft approach, HEPA filters, air ionization technology. These are the important keywords regarding the Delhi Towers. This tower will be 24 meter in height. It has a lot of fans and air filters. So, this is how the Delhi Smoktower functions. See, as I already said, Delhi Tower uses downdraft approach. It sucks the polluted air from the top and releases the clean air at the bottom. There is also another approach. This is additional information which I am going to give. Similar to downdraft approach, there is also updraft approach, where the polluted air is sucked from the bottom and clean air is released from the top. China uses these kind of towers. It uses updraft approach. The basic methodology is the same. The entry and exit is different. The updraft approach of China Smoktowers is displayed in this figure. You can see the polluted air getting sucked at the bottom, travels up the tower, it passes through the filter and finally, clean air exits to the top of the tower. This is additional information. Now, coming to Delhi Tower. See, many experts are actually criticizing the idea of Smoktower in Delhi. This is because Smoktower are not efficient in cleaning outdoor airs. Because in outdoor air, there will be a lot of mixing. There will be a lot of air movements, dust particles from nearby towns, nearby states will come inside. So, the influence is maximum. Outside influence is maximum. So, Smoktowers are least efficient when it comes to outdoor environment. They are less efficient when cleaning indoor environment. Because in indoor environment, you can control the air flow, you can make it less ventilated and you can increase the efficiency of air purification. Whereas outdoor, it is not in your control. So, many experts are actually criticizing the idea of Smoktower in Delhi. This is because outside air environment cannot be controlled. The influences of air movements are maximum in outside environment. So, Delhi Smoktower has received some criticism from environmental experts. These are the important points regarding Smoktowers. Only with time we can say whether this idea is successful or it is just a waste of money. Let us hope it becomes successful and people of Delhi get some relief. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about Smok, we saw about photochemical Smok, we saw about Smoktower, the working of Smoktower, we saw about downdraft Smoktower, updraft Smoktower and the criticism regarding Smoktower. Very important topic from prelims as well as mains perspective. Please make use of it. Now, let us move on to the next discussion. Now, take a look at this editorial. This editorial is regarding foundational education. So, let us discuss the important points discussed in this editorial. Foundational education is an important topic from mains perspective. Let us begin this discussion. Now, we have a question. What is foundational education? See, from the name we can guess what is foundational education. See, foundational education is an education which is provided to the children at early stages of development. The initial days of schooling. Why this education is important? Why foundational education is important? See, according to medical experts, once we become an adult, it becomes tough to learn things. It is time consuming. Adults take more time to learn things. It is also tough for adults to unlearn and relearn something. Once we are fixed in our ways, it is tough to change. This is why foundational education is very important. Otherwise education becomes difficult and time consuming. This is what the author in this editorial stresses. The importance of foundational education. And according to the author of the editorial, India should focus on its foundational education to achieve the overall development. But there are a lot of problems. India is facing a lot of issues in the context of foundational learning. Let us discuss this major shortcomings one by one. You can use it as a value addition in your main answer. The first major shortcoming. See, the first and foremost comes the issue of nutrition. See, according to medical experts, children are expected to consume between 1000 to 3200 calories per day for overall development. The number of calories varies based on their age and gender. But the general number is children should consume between 1000 to 3200 calories per day. But the problem is many children in India do not take this number of calories. They are malnourished. They are underfed. For example, take India's midday meal scheme. India's midday meal scheme is poor in nutrition. It does not satisfy this calorie requirements. So because of this shortcoming children do not receive the required number of calories for overall development. They struggle in education. Their brain development is slow compared to the children of other countries. So this is the first major shortcoming. Issue of nutrition. Now let us move on to the next major shortcoming. The issue of classroom instruction. See, as the name clearly says, classroom instruction is the instruction which a student receives in the classroom from teacher. In India, most of the classroom instruction are based on textbooks. We rely on wrought learning. We are relying on memorizing and also the curriculum in India is very ambitious. It is heavy and overloaded. So because of this outdated classroom instruction, many students lacked the competence to cope up with the classroom instruction. They struggle to follow the instruction in the classroom to put it in simple words. See, the issue of classroom instruction was also highlighted by a report. The name of the report is Human Development Report of 2019. You can use this report as value addition in your main sensor. According to this report, many students in India are struggling to follow classroom instruction because of ambitious curriculum and overloading of textbooks. Okay, this is the second major issue of classroom instruction. Now let us move on to the next issue. See, the next issue is regarding the automatic promotion in government schools. See, in many government schools, students are automatically promoted to the next grade without testing their foundational skills. This is a major problem. Without any testing of required foundational skills, students are automatically promoted to the next grade. So, according to the author, this is another reason why many people in India lack the foundational education. So, this is another major shortcoming, automatic promotion to the next grade. Now, let us discuss about the next issue. See, the next issue discussed by the author is about National Education Policy 2020. See, according to the author, the National Education Policy 2020 is also content-a-v curriculum. This is the keyword. It is also ambitious. It is also content-a-v curriculum. So, we haven't learned anything from the past mistakes. We are still doing the same mistakes of the past. See, why content-a-v curriculum is a problem. See, if the syllabus is content-a-v, then there won't be much time to do constructive learning. Teacher will be hard pressed for time. They can't do anything innovative. They only aim will be to finish the syllabus, not teach the students properly. Many of us have experienced this issue right? We know teachers borrowing PT periods, games periods to finish the syllabus. So, this kind of mistake will keep on repeating. So, this is another major issue discussed by the author. National Education Policy 2020 content-a-v curriculum. See, if the syllabus is ambitious or the curriculum is content-a-v, then the students knowledge will be limited to the books. They will lack creative and practical skills. This is why syllabus should be more oriented towards innovative, creative and practical learning. Let me repeat the issues we have discussed so far. Issue of nutrition, issue of classroom instruction, issue of automatic promotion to the state, and content-a-v curriculum of National Education Policy 2020. Now, let us move on to the next issue. See, the next issue is regarding the skill level of teachers. See, according to the author, our Indian education system lacks skilled teachers. Only if the teachers are skilled, then they can teach properly in the class. They can do some innovative, constructive and practical learning in the class. If the teacher itself lack the teaching skills, then how can we expect the students to progress? So, this is another major issue discussed by the author of this editorial. Lack of skills among Indian teachers. Now, let us move on to the next issue. See, the next issue is regarding the urban-rural divide. When we are talking about education in India, rural education is far worse than urban education. This is because rural areas lack adequate resources. They lack time and they lack personal support. Because of these issues, rural education is far worse than urban education. So, these are the major shortcomings discussed by the author of the editorial. Let me repeat it one more time. Issue of nutrition, issue of classroom instruction, issue of automatic promotion, content every curriculum of national education policy 2020, and issue of lack of skill among Indian teachers, urban-rural divide in Indian education. So, these are the major issues discussed by this editorial. Now, let us see the way forward. See, let me give you a trick. Whenever you are writing solution in the main's answer, think about the problems. Then, think the solutions for the problems. You will get many points. So, we have already discussed about the major shortcomings. Discuss the solution for this major shortcomings. You will get the way forward. This is how you write your main's answer. You will get points from 360-degree perspective. But, since we are discussing about this editorial, the author of this editorial has discussed only few solutions. Let us see about it. The first solution is regarding mobilization of students in higher education. See, according to the author of the editorial, government through various schemes should mobilize students in higher education to educate the children and teachers in remote and underdeveloped areas. The author believes that this solution will bridge the urban and rural education divide. I hope aspirants can follow. Mobilization of students in higher education to educate children and teachers in remote and underdeveloped areas. Now, moving on to the next solution. The next solution is regarding private companies. See, according to the editorial, private companies should be made to sponsor mentorship programs. Through these mentorship programs, the private companies should send their employees a month on the field. They should move to the rural areas and underdeveloped areas and they should teach them. They should guide them. This is another solution given by the editorial. Private companies sponsorship of mentorship programs. See, the first solution is regarding mobilization of students in higher education. The second solution is regarding private companies. Now, let us come to the most important point in this editorial. This point is about a report. See, reports are great value addition to your main sensor. So, whenever you come across it, try to make a note of it. This report was published by Lego Foundation. This foundation is Denmark. See, we all know about Legos, right? The bricks, plastic bricks which you build houses. These are Legos. The headquarters of Lego is in Denmark. This company establishes a foundation for education. That foundation is called Lego Foundation. It has published a report. According to this report, students have better foundational learning if they have good peer interactions, good teachers, fun learning content and experimentation in knowledge. These are the key points. Peer interactions, good teachers, fun learning content and experimental knowledge. If education has all these qualities, then the students have better foundational learning. So, according to the editorial, India should also try to implement these qualities in their education. This is why this point is very important. When you are writing your answer, if you include a report to support these points, it will get more credibility. It will boost up your score. So, make a note of this report. Report by Lego Foundation in Denmark. So, with this we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we discussed about foundational learning. We discussed why foundation learning is very important and we discussed about the problems in India with respect to foundational learning. And finally, we discussed about the way forward. In the way forward, we discussed about a report published by Lego Foundation in Denmark. These are the important points discussed in this article analysis. Now, let us move on to the next topic. Now, take a look at this editorial. See, as I already said, whenever you are reading an editorial, try to understand the context behind it. Know why that editorial has been written. Now, let us discuss the context behind this editorial. See, in the past few years, India is getting closer with Israel. The Israeli-Indian relationship is getting stronger. For example, Indian Air Force Chief, Air Chief Marshal R.K. Baduria recently visited Israel. Also, Indian Air Force will visit Israel in October to take part in multilateral military exercise. So, we can see both the countries are getting closer. Their bonds are getting stronger. Now, let us come to the topic discussed in this editorial. Abraham Accord Steel. See, according to the book of the editorial, since India is getting closer to Israel, India should take advantage of the Abraham Accord Steel. This is the gist of this editorial. We are getting closer to Israel, so we should take advantage of the Abraham Accord Steel. By taking advantage of this accord, we will get more access to West Asia. India's interest in West Asia will be satisfied by this accord. This is what the author is trying to convey in this way. So, with this knowledge in mind, let us now discuss about Abraham Accords, its objectives and its significance. First, what is Abraham Accords? See, Abraham Accords is a peace agreement. It is a peace agreement signed between Israel, UAE and Bahrain. This is the most important point. This accord was mediated by USA. So, let me repeat, Israel, UAE and Bahrain are the signatory of these agreements. This agreement was or this accord was mediated by USA. See, the Abraham Accords was signed at White House last year, September. That is September 2020. Donald Trump was the president of the US at the time. He mediated this accord. Now, we have a question. Why this accord is so significant? Why it is very important? See, the Abraham Accord is the first Arab Israeli peace deal signed in past 26 years. This is why this agreement is very important. See, as we already know, Israel is a predominantly Jewish country. Arab nations are predominantly Muslim countries. So, there have been historical tensions between Israel and Arab nations. This is why this agreement is very important. It is the first Arab Israeli peace deal in the past 26 years. So, we can see Israel and Arab nations of UAE and Bahrain are getting closer. They are cooperating. The tensions are going down. This is why this agreement is very important. The main objective of the agreement is to pursue a vision of peace, security and prosperity in the Middle East. See, Middle East and West Asia means the same region. India calls this region as West Asia in its foreign policy, whereas other countries call it Middle East. It consists of countries like Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, UAE, Iraq, that region. This region is very important. It occupies a strategic position. It is very important for India because a lot of important water bodies surrounds this region. And India also has a lot of citizens in this region. So, the peace, security and prosperity in the Middle East or West Asia is important to India and this Abraham Accord is a right step in this direction. Also, according to this agreement, UAE, Bahrain and Israel will work together in sectors like tourism, trade, healthcare and security. So, this agreement can lead to the prosperity of Middle East. It can ensure peace, security and prosperity in Middle East or West Asia. See, there is another reason why this agreement is very important. Take Israel. As I already said, Israel is a predominantly Jewish country. But Israel has a lot of Islamic pilgrimage sites. Because of the historical tensions between the Israel and Arab nations, these sites were not given access to the Muslim population of the world. But with this Accord, the Muslims around the world are given access to the historic sites in Israel. For example, take Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem. It is the third holiest site in Islam. This site is located in Israel and it was not given access to the Muslims of the world because of the tensions between the Israel and Arab nations. But after this Accord, this site has been granted access for the Muslims all around the world. So, this is why this agreement is very important. It is breaking the countries of Israel and Arab nations of UAE and Bahrain closer. It is also de-escalating the tensions between Jews and Muslims. This can ensure peace, security and prosperity in the Middle East or West Asia. Which is very important to India. I hope aspirants can follow this information. So far we have discussed about Abraham Accounts, its objectives and significance. Now, coming to India Since we are studying for civil service exam, we have to approach everything from India's perspective. So, coming to India See, in the past few decades, India is deepening its ties with West Asia or Middle East. As I already said, West Asia and Middle East means the same region. So, in the past few decades, India has been growing its cooperation with the West Asian nations. We have been conducting a lot of naval exercises. For example, Take Zayed Talwar. It was a naval exercise with UAE. It was conducted near the coast of Abu Dhabi. So, this exercise increased the ties with West Asia. It enhanced the relationship between India and UAE. We are getting closer and closer to West Asia. Let me explain this point with another deal. See, India signed an agreement with Oman. Oman is a country in West Asia. According to this agreement, India was given access to the facility of Dukam Port. This port occupies a strategic position in Middle East and India was given access to this port. So, we can see India is getting closer to West Asia. It is increasing its ties with West Asia. The strategic and military cooperation between India and West Asia is developing at a fast pace. We are increasing our interest in West Asia. So, this is why the Abraham Accord is very important. See, previously, when India was approaching West Asia, it has to approach Israel separately. It has to approach Arab nations separately because they had historic tensions. So, we have to be conscious in our relationship. We have to get closer to Israel. We have to get closer to Arab nations. But, at the same time, we should not antagonize any of the nations. It is like playing a chess game. We have to be careful.   So, we were playing like a chess game. We were conscious in pursuing relationship with West Asia. But, after the signing of Abraham Accords, this obstacle has been removed. Since Israel and Arab nations are getting closer, India does not have to be conscious. It can have a common policy with West Asia. This is what the author is trying to convey. And according to the author, we should take full advantage of this Accord. We should increase our tie with the nations of West Asia. But, there is a problem. What are the problems? See, not all Arab states have accepted this agreement. This is the biggest problem. For example, take Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has maintained a distance from this agreement. Saudi Arabia is a key player in West Asia. And, it has maintained a distance from this agreement. This decision by Saudi Arabia may affect India's interest to a certain extent. It may create problem. Now, moving on to the next big obstacle. Take Iran. Iran is another important key player in West Asia. India has a strong strategic cooperation with Iran. Even Iran has not agreed to the terms of Abraham Accords. It has not welcomed the agreement. So, this is another major problem. See, both Saudi Arabia and Iran are important allies of India in West Asia. We import almost 80% of our annual oil requirements from Iran and Saudi Arabia. So, they are important allies. And, they have not agreed to this agreement. They have not accepted the Abraham Accords. So, we have to be careful. According to the author, we have to take advantage of Abraham Accords. But, at the same time, we have to balance the relationship between India and Saudi Arabia and India and Iran. And, if possible, in future, we can pursue Saudi Arabia and Iran to join this agreement. This is the way forward. I hope aspirants can follow. The main obstacles are Saudi Arabia and Iran. Since India has strong relationship with both Saudi Arabia and Iran and they have not agreed to the terms of Abraham Accords, we have to be careful in pursuing the Abraham Accords. We should take advantage of this opportunity. At the same time, we should be careful to maintain the strong relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran. This is the gist of this editorial. So, in this editorial, we should be careful about Abraham Accords, its objectives, its significance, why India should take advantage of the Abraham Accords and what are the obstacles in pursuing that goal. These are the important points we have discussed in this editorial. See, West Asia is an important strategic region of the world. India's economic growth depends on the peace, security and prosperity of West Asia. So, we have to associate with West Asia. Only by associating with West Asia, we can achieve the full potential of our country's growth. Using our interest in West Asia, we can also occupy an important place in the global order. But, we have to balance the intricate dynamics of this region. For example, we have to balance our relationship with Saudi Arabia and as well as Iran. So, these are the important points mentioned in this editorial. Now, let us move on to the next discussion. Now, take a look at this article. This article is regarding 3D printing technology. See, according to this article, Art Valve was recently manufactured using 3D printing technology. See, Art Valve is an important organ in human body. Human beings have four Art Valves. These Art Valves allow blood flow in only one direction and prevent backward flow of blood. They form an important part of human art and this organ was manufactured using 3D printing technology. According to this article, experts have used specialized biopolymers to manufacture Art Valve using 3D printing. These biopolymers are similar to human tissue and they were used to manufacture the Valve. These are the important points given in this article. So, in this context, let us discuss some details about 3D printing. Now, what is 3D printing? See, 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing. See, additive manufacturing is the process of making an object by depositing material layer by layer. So, we can say 3D printers use layering method to create the desired object. These printers work from the ground up and pile layer after layer until the object looks exactly like the desired product. This is additive manufacturing. Let me explain this with an example. Imagine you want to manufacture a water bottle with 3D printing. The 3D printer will start the manufacturing from the bottom. First it will deposit the lower layer, then it will go to the upper layer, then it will go to another layer. So, from the bottom it will go up. It will keep on depositing the material. And finally, it will come to the bottle cap. This is additive manufacturing process. See, the usage of 3D printing for manufacturing is extremely advantageous. This is because 3D printers are flexible. They can print or manufacture any kind of objects. Rigid objects, flexible objects, strong industrial products, any kind of objects can be printed using 3D printing. To manufacture strong industrial products, 3D printers use carbon fiber and metallic powders as raw material. Using this raw material, 3D printing can manufacture strong industrial products. When it comes to rigid objects, 3D printers use plastics to manufacture them. For example, take sunglasses. 3D printers can manufacture sunglasses using plastic as raw material. Again, it will use layering method. From the bottom it will keep on depositing the material until sunglasses formed. When it comes to flexible objects, 3D printers use hybrid rubber or plastic powder to manufacture flexible objects. For example, phone cases, by candles, these kind of flexible objects can be manufactured using 3D printing. So this is the technique behind 3D printing. It use layering method and it is extremely flexible. It can print or manufacture any kind of objects. Rigid, flexible, strong, any kind of objects can be printed using or manufactured using 3D printing. Now moving on to the working of a 3D printer. See as I already said, 3D printing uses additive manufacturing technology. It deposits material layer by layer. This method was used in traditional ancient printer also. But the traditional printers printed the object in two dimension whereas 3D printers will manufacture object in three dimension. This is the major difference. The methodology and technique used behind the 3D printers are the same. The dimension differs in 2D in 3D. That is the major difference. The printer we use to print documents prints in two dimension whereas 3D printers manufactures the object in three dimension. Now coming to the components of 3D printers. See 3D printers has three components software, raw material and tools. So the printing starts with the software. In using this software will create a 3D blueprint of the object which we want to manufacture. Again will take water bottle. In order to manufacture water bottle first will create a 3D blueprint of this water bottle using this computer aided design software CAD. Okay. After creating the 3D blueprint we will prepare the printer. We will fill the raw materials and after that will start the manufacturing. Once the manufacturing started the precision tools will take the control. It will build the desired object by depositing layer after layer. This is the working of 3D printers. Software raw materials, tools okay three components of 3D printers. See the manufacturing using 3D printing is very advantageous. This is because we can manufacture even complex shapes using 3D printing. Another important advantage is 3D printing is easy. It is simple and it is quick and we also use less materials in manufacturing a product. This is why many industries and companies are now prefer 3D printing. They can print complex shapes. 3D printing is easy simple and quick. They also use less materials compared to traditional manufacturing methods. So so far we have discussed about 3D printing. The methodology behind 3D printing. How it works advantages of 3D printing. Now let us move on to its applications. See as I already said 3D printing has got application in almost every industry. This is because 3D printing has great accuracy and speed. So it is used in almost all manufacturing sectors. Using 3D printing many manufacturing sector produces finished products. In addition to producing finished products they also use it to produce prototypes. See prototyping is a important part of manufacturing process. What is a prototype? See prototype is a preliminary version of a device. Creating a prototype is the first step in manufacturing. And 3D printing technology is used for rapid prototyping. You can create prototypes in a simple quick fast manner. See why prototyping is important. See if you want to manufacture a water bottle. First you will manufacture the prototype. The preliminary version. After creating the prototype you will show it to the management. You will show it to the experts. You will find the flaws. You will find the defects. Then you will recreate your design. This is why prototype is very important. Traditionally creating a prototype will take a lot of time because we will use traditional manufacturing methods. Whereas in 3D printing technology you can create a prototype in a quick fast efficient manner. Within seconds you can create a prototype. Within seconds you can make changes to the prototype. For example if the bottle cap is defective you can change the dimension in the software within seconds and you can manufacture another prototype. So this is why 3D printing is the future tool of the world. We can create rapid prototypes using 3D printing. So in manufacturing it is used to create finished products and rapid prototypes. In aerospace and defense sector 3D printing is used to create small parts and components. It is also used in prototyping in aerospace and defense sector. It is also used to create earring aids. So physically challenged people can benefit from 3D printing technology. 3D printed models are also used in classrooms for learning. For example if the teacher is teaching about solar system you can create a solar system by 3D printing technology. You can enhance visual learning. So in many western countries 3D printers are used in classroom learning. If they are teaching about some object or some planet you can manufacture it using 3D printing. Now even common consumers are using 3D printing to create small objects like ornaments toys etc. So its potential is vast. So these are the important points regarding 3D printing. With this we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion we saw about 3D printing the technology behind 3D printing steps involved in 3D printing advantages of 3D printing and the applications of 3D printing. Very important topic from Prelims perspective. Please make use of it. See now let us take up this editorial for discussion. As I already said when we are discussing editorial we should know the context behind the editorial. Why the editorial has been written. Now let us discuss the context behind this editorial. See recently the judicial system of India has passed an interim order. Interim order means temporary order. This order was regarding national defence academy entrance exam. This exam is scheduled to be conducted on September 5th and our judicial system has passed an interim order regarding this exam. What is the order? See before the interim order women were not allowed to appear for this exam. They were not allowed to write national defence academy entrance exam. But with the passing of interim order now women are allowed to appear for national defence academy entrance exam. So finally women are given the equal opportunity to appear for this exam. This is the context behind this editorial. This editorial is written in this backdrop. I hope aspirants can follow. Now let us discuss some important points discussed in this editorial. See first this editorial talks about an important case. The name of the case is Secretary of Ministry of Defence Vs. Babita Pune. This case was held on February 2020. See this case is very important because as a result of this case Supreme Court passed many landmark judgments. What are the landmark judgments? Let us see them one by one. First the Supreme Court asked the government to grant permanent commission to women in the short service commission. See short service commission means limited period career. For example 10 years. Supreme Court asked the government to give permanent commission to women in short service commission. To put it simple, Supreme Court asked the government to give permanent job for women in short service commission. Previously they weren't given permanent commission. Now because of the Supreme Court order, government should give permanent commission. Okay, I hope aspirants can follow. In addition to this, the Supreme Court of India asked the government to give command postings to women in all services other than combat. This is the another important order passed by the Supreme Court of India because of this case. Permanent commission to women in the short service commission, commanding postings to women in all services other than combat. See these orders are very important because it establishes equality of women in armed forces. This is why this case is seen as landmark judgment. Secretary of Ministry of Defense versus Babitta Punea. You can use it as value addition in your mains answer. See according to the author of the editorial irrespective of positive judgments like this, there is still gender inequality in armed forces. See previously women could join army through Indian military academy and officer straining academy. Only these two avenues were available for women to join Indian army. As I already said, they were not allowed to write national defense academy entrance exam. Only by approaching the court and getting an interim order, they are now able to write this exam. They have another opportunity to enter Indian army. Previously only two avenues were available. Now they have another avenue. This example shows gender inequality still prevails in our armed forces. They have to go to the court and still get their equal rights. They have to fight for it. It is not being given to them. See women have been fighting a tough battle for equal opportunities in the Indian army. See women were inducted into Indian army in 1992 and they have played a significant role in our army. They have contributed very well. In spite of those contributions and achievements, they are not given equal opportunities in Indian army. As I already said, they were not allowed to write the entrance exam. So these kind of discrimination still prevails for women in Indian army.  See, not giving equal opportunity to women in Indian army is violated of many constitutional articles. It violates many constitutional rights. For example, take article 14, 15, and 19. These articles talk about equality. It talks about equal opportunities at work. So by denying them this opportunity, by denying them this chance, we are violating these articles. We are violating their constitutional rights. So it is unjustified. So according to the author of the editorial, we should take all necessary steps to establish gender equality in armed forces, especially Indian army. Only by giving women equal opportunity, we can achieve overall development. See, we are taking some steps in this direction. For example, take this Independence Day. During this Independence Day, our Prime Minister made an announcement. According to that announcement, girls will be granted admission in signic schools. So this is a welcome. It will prepare women for equal role and life in military. So such kind of steps are welcome, but more such initiatives are needed from government armed forces. This is the gist of this editorial. So with this, we have come to the end of the discussion. Now let's move on to practice problems question. Practice problems question. Now take a look at this question. This question was asked in the year 2018. So it is a past question. 3D printing as application in which of the following. One preparation of confectionary items. Two manufacture of bionic years. Three automotive industry. Four reconstructive surgeries. Five data processing technologies. Select the correct answer using the code given below. A13 and 4 only B23 and 5 only C1 and 4 only D1234 and 5. See, as I already said, we can use 3D printing to create a lot of complex objects. Now let us take first statement. Preparation of confectionary items. See confectionary item means chocolates and candies. Yes, we can use 3D printing to create confectionary items. For example, there's a shop in United States of America. It uses 3D printer to create customized candies to customers. So it will have a lot of models regarding the chocolates. The customer can select the required model for the chocolate and they will use the 3D printer to create the chocolate. So first statement is correct. Moving on to the second one, manufacture of bionic years. This is also correct. See a researcher named Michael McAlpine as created bionic year using 3D printing. He printed artificial year using 3D printer, used specialized biopolymers and he created an artificial year. After creating the artificial year using 3D printer, he attached antenna and he created a bionic year. So it is a combination of tissue and electronics and it was created using 3D printer. The name of the researcher is Michael McAlpine. So second is also correct. 3D printer can be used to create bionic year. Moving on to the third statement, automotive industry. See this is an easy statement as I already said it can create a lot of complex objects. So in automotive industry there are a lot of screws, bolts, steering wheels, seats, car seats, seat belt. So all these products can be easily manufactured with 3D printing. So this is an easy statement. Third statement is correct. Now moving on to the fourth one, reconstructive surgeries. Yes, 3D printing has application in reconstructive surgeries. For example, if you are going for reconstructive surgery for your face to put it in simple words, if you are going for plastic surgery for your face, the surgeon will create a 3D model of your skull. You will know the specification, you will know the required changes and after constructing the 3D model of the skull, he will perform the surgery. He will create a prototype of your skull, how to adjust it, how to make changes, then he will go for the reconstructive surgery. So it has application in reconstructive surgery. So fourth statement is also correct. Now moving on to the fifth statement, data processing technologies. Yes, 3D printing has application in data processing technologies. For example, take big data. We know in big data there are huge volumes of data. Now, many experts are using 3D printers to visualize the huge volume of data in big data. They are infusing the big data and 3D printer and 3D printer creates a visual objects of the data presented in those technologies. So 3D printer has application in data processing technologies. So the answer is D1234 3D printer has application in all the following. It can create confectionary items, it can manufacture bionic years, it is used in automotive industry, it is used in reconstructive surgeries, it is also used with data processing technologies. As I already said, technology in the news is very important from prelims perspective. So when you come across some new technology in the newspaper, please make sure you learn about it. It has high chance of being asked. 2018, there was a question about 3D printing in 2020, there was a question regarding drone technology. So technologies are petty areas of UPSC. Make sure you give priority to such areas. Now moving on to main question. See, today's main question are displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post in the comment section below. With this, we have come to the end of the news analysis. If you like the video, click like, post a comment below and subscribe to Shankar IS Academy channel. Thank you, have a good day.


Hey everyone, welcome back to another lesson in this video. I want to share with you how to set up a short strangle on Tastyworks. So we're looking at a chart of XLE, which is the spider select energy ETF. And so what we want to look at here is you've got the IV rank is 34.8. So not bad IV percentile, which is not displayed here is actually much higher in the 80s. Good underlying to look at, it's got high IV. And so let's go through the motions of setting up a short strangle. First thing we're going to do is go to the trade tab. And it'll pull up the option chain when you're clicked on the table view here. If you minimize this, you can see, you know, the April at this time of the recording has 38 days to expiration. That's the one we want right between 30 and 60 days. And you can see the monthlies are noted because they are a darker white and the weeklies are noted with the W or the key with the quarterlies, but they're a little bit grayed out. So we want to stick to the monthlies. In this case, the April 20 options, 38 days to expire. Let's open those up. And there's a couple of different ways to enter a short strangle. One of the easiest ways is just simply select your delta, figure out which delta you want. Select going to be in that 15 to 25 ish. So let's look at the 18. So we can just simply click on the bid, go down the bid line, click on the bid and it'll populate and you'll see that it's kind of highlighted outlined in red. That means we're selling that option. Go over to the put side, do the same thing. Look for about the 18 delta there. Sell the, just click on the bid and that'll sell it there. And boom, it is set up and ready to go. So that's a very easy way to do it if you want to piece it together. The other way you could do it, let's clear that one off. The other way is all the strategies are up here in this drop down. So you can simply say you're going to short or sell, click the drop down, look for strangle, hit go and it automatically pops up on your screen. So then what you can do is just simply click and drag it. So let's drag it back to that 18 delta on both sides and there you have it. It's all set up and ready to go. Now the other thing that you'll notice here is there's some statistics down below. This shows that there's a 69% probability of profit if we held it all the way to expiration. But the other cool feature here is the P50. So this shows us the probability of this trade making 50% of max profit. In this case, we've got an 86% chance, shows you the delta, the theta, max profit.   What I like to do because I'm a visual trader is I like to go ahead and take it over to the analysis mode. So what you do is just simply click on curve and then make sure the analysis box is also checked. And that'll bring it up on your screen as the visual graph where you can kind of scroll around and see what your P&L and probabilities are by looking in this little flag here. So with one contract, we've got a max profit at expiration of $85. Of course, you can kick that up a few contracts if you like by just tapping on the quantity. Let's just go ahead and kick that up to 10 contracts. Now you can see max profit $850. Now this profit line here, obviously we haven't entered the trade, so it's simply sitting here at zero, but what if we wanted to take a look at a theoretical movement in the stock so we can look at the date, today's the 13th of March, 2018, but if we just click on this to move it through time, look what happens to our profit line. You can see it's going up, up, up as we move through time. Click back to today. The other thing you can look at is implied volatility. So you just look at the same options that we have on the screen, which are the April 20th, 38 days to expiration, and you can play with the volatility. So if volatility increased, you can see our profit goes down. When we sell a strangle, we want volatility to contract. So if we show that contracting, you'll see that the profit line continues to increase as well. And you can play around with these to get an idea of a theoretical situation of how long it might take before you take the profits off and any other type of theoretical situation you might imagine. So you close that, and again, looking at the statistics stay here, both from the trade tab and through the analyze modes, you see that the probabilities are the same. Max profit, 850, probability of reaching 50%, 84%, theta, max profit, max loss.  You don't have to go all the way back to the table view and mess with it there. You can do it straight from the analysis, from the curve mode, and you can simply just click and drag. So let's say we wanted to get this a little bit tighter, a little bit closer to price. Just click and drag, click and drag this one, and just bring it in. And now you can look at your statistics. Probability of profit of 65%, probability of 50% of 85%, you've got the max profit now of 1,020, you can see your theta's adjusted, max profit, max loss, all set up and ready to go. And so when you're ready, just simply hit review and send, kick it off to your broker and get it filled. I hope that was helpful in showing you how to trade a short strangle in tasty works. See you in the next lesson.


So today you're all here to hear Dr. Maya R. Cummings and James Dale talk about the late Elijah Cummings book were better than this my fight for future of our democracy. So we thank them so much for being here. And like I said just some brief library announcements. We want to welcome Chanel Miller as our 16th one city one book Chanel's book is about her experience with sexual assault on the Stanford campus and the subsequent judicial system and the court process and her survival and her resilience and her beautiful art and how she's done. And this book is just heavy, but it's so approachable. I encourage you all to pick it up today from your library, your favorite local bookstore or the friends of the library bookstore, and join us March 16 for an event with Chanel Miller and conversation with Robin Takayama at the from the SF Arts Commission. And welcome you to the unseated land of the aloney tribal people and acknowledge the many raw mutish aloney tribal groups and families as the rightful stewards in the lands in which we live and work in the Bay Area. We are committed to uplifting the names of these lands and community members from these nations with whom we live together. SFPL encourages you to learn more about first person cult first person culture and land rights and are committed to hosting events and providing educational resources on these topics. I also want to let you know that SFPL is not a neutral institution and stand in solidarity with the black lives matter movement and support collective action to end structural systemic and institutional racism in our house and in our community, and nationwide starts as a library we're here to help our community by providing useful and factual information, hosting events, providing reading lists and reading lists and reading lists would get we got you covered on reading. So all of those great resources are in that chat link that I put in the box, and you can check that out. And we are celebrating just one PSA there which is all those books you go pick up to go. Make sure you wear your mask and protect my library family out there working on the front lines and all of our amazing folks in San Francisco working the frontline serving us. We are still in a pandemic, wear your mask. And this beautiful art is by Samuel Rodriguez you can see his art on Instagram. Coming up just some quick things, partnership with the McAvoy Foundation for the Arts. Isaac Julian has a exhibition about Frederick Douglass and he'll be talking to Celeste Marie Bernere and Judith Butler the amazing Judith Butler about the women in Frederick Douglass's life. And I booked the gorilla girls I can't even wait so come check all this stuff out. These are in partnership with one city one book. We're highlighting today borderland books and Marcus books, the nation's oldest black owned independent bookstore. So please pick up today's book were better than this from one of these two bookstores, or your favorite local independent bookshop. We love bookstores.  This is part of our more than a month events. We celebrate Black History Month from January to February and all year round, but definitely have some highlights going this time around, and still have a week and a half of amazing events lined up. This is our Effie Lee Morris lecture and something we've been hosting for many, many years, and this is going to feature Jason Reynolds, who will be talking about transformative power of reading and writing. So join us for that. And authors, and historians, and today's event. We have Dr Maya, Dr Maya are Cummings and James Dale, who will be discussing Elijah Cummings book were better than this. Dr Maya Rocky more Cummings is an American political science scientist policy wonk writer and public speaker based in Washington DC. Maya was married to the late Congressman Elijah Cummings. This is the first time I've got to introduce a policy wonk to I'm so excited. James Dale, who collaborated on a number of books, including the topic of sports business medicine and life lessons. His work includes the power of nice. Just show up with half with hall of fame baseball player Cal Ripken and the Q factor. So without further ado, let us turn it over to Dr Maya and Jim Dale. Maya, you're muted. Okay. Thank you and this unhappy black history month I've got to say that I love the fact that your institution is not neutral, because not being neutral in today's age means that you recognize the common humanity and everyone. But you're not willing to use politics in order to, you know, marginalized population groups. That is absolutely the direction that we need to go. It's the value system in which Elijah of course built his career. Yeah, you know, you know, my late husband was a wonderful man. About eight years ago, I started encouraging him to write his book and tried to help out for a while. And, you know, finally things came together when I was at lunch one day with a friend and said, you know, I'm trying to find someone to help Elijah write his book, and she said I have just the man for you. And she introduced me to Jim Dale, who is a professional book collaborator. And we had a great conversation and then I introduced him to Elijah and so with that, from all the feedback that we're getting, we recently received two in double ACP image award nominations for this book and we're very happy and excited about that. But, you know, also a lot of people who knew Elijah who's read the book, I'll say that you know it's like he's talking to me it's like he's telling me these stories. That means that Jim has captured Elijah's voice perfectly. And so I am just delighted to introduce you to James Dale. Thank you very much, Maya. It's been this whole collaboration has been quite meaningful to all of us, and I owe the genesis of it certainly to my getting together with with Maya. And I'd like to just give you a little bit of background as Maya said, and as the as a nieces and these have said, I've been writing books like this collaborating co authoring with someone to help tell their story for many, many years. I don't know about any hesitation that personally this book, this particular project of work in collaboration was without question the most meaningful and indelible experience of my writing life it had more personal impact on me than any other book that I have been a part of. That was the opportunity to work with Elijah Cummings on an almost daily basis to talk to him certainly daily or sometimes at night sometimes late at night, but we had really session after session, where he related stories to me. During those sessions, I began to formulate a structure for the book, which ended up being sort of what we called a quilted interweaving of the formative moments from it from his past from Elijah's past from his youth from his growing up as a child of sharecroppers living in segregated neighborhoods struggling in school and forming eventually forming the fabric of everything he was able to do in later life in Washington in Congress with presidents. It was quite literally a case of the past informing the present very very early in our writing sessions. I asked Elijah. If there was one story in his past that rose above the rest and if you think about your own life it's very hard. It's I said I referred to as an unfair question to put one above all. But I said is there one that that really stands out as being the most formative in your life. And without any hesitation, he recounted the following experience and I'm going to read an excerpt from that experience. When I was no more than 11 years old. My life was forever altered. I certainly didn't realize at the time. I knew something important was happening, but it took a long while before the impact really hit me. We had a neighborhood community playground center where the kids would gather in the summer, the small waiting pool and some recreation counselors to watch over us. Our little waiting pool was no more than a few feet across very shallow, maybe up to your knees and filled with kids side by side. You had to take turns in the waiting pool and a half an hour maybe at a time. And after the third group, the water was pretty dirty.  One day in late August, a lady came and asked us kids, how would you like to go to a real swimming pool, one with a diving board and an Olympic size pool. Well, we all thought that would be great. But how was that going to happen. She said there was a pool like that only a few blocks away from where we were in Riverside Park, and that we deserve to go there. And she was going to take us. She said, quote, you can swim to your heart's delight. Those were her words almost 50 years ago to your heart's delight. Her name was Juanita Jackson Mitchell. And to us she was just the nice lady was going to take us to a real swimming pool. We didn't realize until later that she was a civil rights pioneer from a family of civil rights pioneers, the first African American woman to practice law in Maryland. Juanita Jackson Mitchell's mother was the inspirational Dr. Lily Jackson who descended from a signer of the Declaration of Independence, but still had to attend the segregated colored high school. She rose to president of the Baltimore branch of the NAACP became an early leader in nonviolent protests, and was known as the mother of freedom. Her daughter Juanita was then was married to Clarence Mitchell junior, a national leader in civil rights and lobbyists for the NAACP, and they were parents of two state senators Michael and Clarence the third civil rights was practically the family business. What Mrs Mitchell did not tell us that day about the nice pool she was taking us to was that it was totally segregated. No blacks allowed. Our colleagues at the rec center, Jim Smith and Walter black were leading us on an integration march.  After day Juanita and Jim and Walter led about 30 of us walking 10 or 15 blocks, while an angry mom, not of other kids, but have grown white adults yell names of us told us to go home and through rocks and bricks at little kids. One of those rocks struck me in the forehead and caused a scar that I carry to this day.  We could we kids would swim in the Riverside Park pool each day, and then leave with the quote unquote neighbors yelling racial epithets and throwing debris and bottles and white kids pushing black kids in the pool. The neighbors ironically. Yes, we all lived within blocks of each other, but they were hardly neighborly. They were the opposite. People trying to keep us out of their neighborhood. Tensions were high. After taking Sunday off. They let us all back again on Monday Labor Day. Today, someone called Walters associate Lyle Roberts a nigger, the hostility escalating. About that time though, the Riverside Park citizens clinging to their segregated white enclave must have realized that we were all going to just keep coming back, because they stopped coming to their doorways and out into the streets, shouting and throwing just as Juanita Mitchell promised, we all got to go to a real pool. And as she said, we swam to our hearts to light. Even as little children, we had a sense of victory, victory and fear. We'd gone off to play every day where we ended up making history. This was in the early 1960s and old rules and practices and even prejudices began slowly but steadily to change. Baltimore State largely segregated for the next 10 years, but it was the beginning, the root of what would evolve into a massive upheaval and social norms change. For me, that was the beginning of wanting to become somebody who could make things change. And at Mitchell and the other people who made integration happen were lawyers. So I wanted to be a lawyer. These lawyers were young men and women who had the courage to walk up the street, have people yell at them and be unafraid to have little kids following them trusting and believing in them to make change happen. I'm not sure what a lawyer was what their job was, but I saw what they could accomplish.  The chance to swim in a pool, the chance to go to a good school or live in a nice neighborhood, or see a better world. I wanted to be part of that change. And I have endeavored to do so ever since, and I've pursued it ever since. As for progress and achieving change. Here's a fitting postscript. 30 years later, a man came up and identify himself as one of those in the angry mob, and told me he was sorry. What is the right response to justice acknowledged, but so long delayed. I did not applaud his admission. Nor did I spurn it. I said, apology accepted. Elijah said to me, as we worked further that he never forgot the swimming pool incident. It was formative. He said he often called upon the memory to fuel his actions in Washington. When he conducted hearings on the Trump immigration policies separating mothers and children, putting them in cages telling them to go back where they came from. When Trump launched his Twitter attack on Cummings beloved hometown as a quote, disgusting rat and rodent in fact infested mess. He answered ABC's George Stephanopoulos's question. Yes, Trump is a racist, no doubt about it. When Elijah walked the streets of Baltimore to calm his city after the senseless death of young Freddie Gray. At Freddy's funeral. When he asked those watching and listening. Did you see him. Did you really see him. Did you see the casket and you see him on the news, but when he walked to school, when he played ball on his neighborhood team, when he sang in the choir. Did you see him. Elijah Cummings decried the invisible black lives so often lost, never really seen. His stories like this as the fabric that were the fabric that interwoven his life and mission. His wife and partner who wrote the last chapter of the book after Elijah's death will talk about that final chapter of his life and also bring us up to date on all that has occurred since Maya. Thank you, Jim. I've got to tell you that that formative event in Elijah's life. Elijah served as a catalyst for him to actually see the power of people in our democracy. How our form of government actually allows people's voices to be heard and to actually change laws in a way that makes a trans formative difference in the lives of many. And so it was through that experience that he was transformed if you will from a young man born into Jim Crow south as an African American being marginalized into someone who was the biggest defender of our nation's democracy. And so with that I'm going to read from the last chapter of the book which was my afterward that discusses Elijah's final days and then what happened afterwards. After the Democrats regain the majority in the midterms. Elijah was the chairman of the committee on oversight and reform. He was finally in a position to lead in this investigations and to set the agenda for hearings. But he was sober about the realities of the threats he and his committee would face from the Trump administration and congressional Republicans. Despite his pain, he threw himself into his work. Then in late summer, just before his speech at the National Press Club, he took yet another bad turn and was readmitted to Johns Hopkins. The underlying suspicion was that the cancer had come back. Elijah was weaker than I'd seen him in years. A day before he was to give the speech, I asked if he still intended to do it. He said, Maya, I'll be there if I have to crawl. Elijah was so drained that when his aids maneuvered him to the podium pale and unsteady, I thought he might drop. Then he looked at the crowd four or five times the size of what had been expected before his investigations into the administration before the shootings and Dayton and El Paso and before Trump's Twitter attack on Baltimore and Elijah. He looked at the crowd and you could literally see him become energized. He exhorted the audience to listen and more important to take action. He was passionate as only Elijah Cummings could be. The gathering of usually callous Washington media cheered and gave him a standing ovation exhausted and barely able to keep going. He went straight back to the hospital. During the next few weeks, he managed to continue vital work. He was on the phone with Nancy Pelosi, Adam Schiff, Jerry Nadler and his staff. He read testimony. He reviewed the impeachment updates. He signed subpoenas. So many times I said Elijah, that's enough for today. Okay, I'll stop soon, he'd say. Doctors at Hopkins and NIH monitored his cancer. It was obviously recurring. The question was, could they do anything to slow it down or limit it? We all did everything we could. There became I think the best word is an inevitability to it. He knew and I suspected we were coming to the end. It was coming as if you could see it like a train approaching in the distance. When you're not sure how far away it is, but you know it's steadily coming towards you. That's when he began to talk differently. He would say he was tired no matter how much rest he got just tired all the time. He complained of constant pain. It was clearly physical, but it was also emotional and spiritual. The inner Elijah was burning out. We talked about the past, what Elijah had done. And about the future and all that remained to be done. We did not use the word death. We just knew. As is said by his passing, events moved even faster in the days just after Elijah's death. On December 18, 2019, Speaker Nancy Pelosi banged the gavel and announced that the House of Representatives voted 230 to 197 strictly along party lines to impeach Donald J. Trump, the third president in the history of the United States to face impeachment charges. That evening during her press conference, she spoke about Elijah. She honored him as a key force in the inquiry, calling him our North Star. And she quoted him. When the history books are written about this tumultuous era, I want them to show that I was among those in the House of Representatives who stood up to lawlessness and tyranny. She added. She also said somewhat presciently, when we're dancing with angels, the question will be, what did you do to make sure we kept our democracy intact. We did all we could Elijah, we passed the two articles of impeachment, the president is impeached. When told people in the days after his death, Elijah's death wasn't just my loss. It was our loss as a nation. And we all have the responsibility to move his legacy forward. Because we know that with every transgression, every disregard for the Constitution, every attempt to act above the law, every denial of truth, our democracy is endangered. And that's why in the months and years ahead, we must continue to hear Elijah's voice. We're better than this. We're better than this. Yes, we are. We must be. Elijah, and if anybody's familiar with the Bible and in the Bible, Elijah is a prophet. And here Elijah's deeds and legacy were precious. Perhaps more so than what we would have wished perhaps, you know, since his passing there have been a lot of historic moments. What happened that historians will be writing about for 200 years from now. So from the first first impeachment charges to the partisan acquittal to the covert pandemic and Trump spot botched response which Elijah would not have been surprised about to the very ugly presidential campaign and thank God for the election of Joe Biden and Kamala Harris. And then to the stolen election claims by Trump and his loyalists all unfounded and their outrageous lawsuits frivolous lawsuits claiming voter fraud to the dismissal of all 50 plus of those suits to state election officials Republican officials denying President Trump's election lies in Georgia in particular, and even stalwarts like Bill Barr and Chris Christie rejecting the fraud claims. But there were still over 100 members of the US House of Representatives who voted to overturn the electoral college votes for a free and fair election in favor of Joe Biden and Kamala Harris. And then we saw of course Trump turn on Vice President Mike Pence. And then we also saw him incite a violent insurrection at the US Capitol. So you know the reality is is that a lot of people have asked me what would have Elijah thought what would he have done. And I've got to tell you he says it in his book and I'm just going to read this passage quickly and then I'll come to a close. He says democracy literally means a government run by the people. I don't always agree. But to get anywhere, especially in the polarizing arena of politics. We have to find common ground, something to build trust and respect on. You also have to teach people that you have boundaries, bottom lines, things you will not do behaviors you will not put up with places you will not go. In a democracy, having our own checks and balances teaches our friends, as well as our leaders, what we will accept and will not accept. So Elijah basically he always had this saying you've got to teach people how to treat you. And in our democracy we've got to teach irreverent autocratic leaders, how to treat our democracy. So it's not, I think a coincidence that we're having this conversation today on, I think one of the last days of the Senate trial, looking at Donald Trump second impeachment. And certainly Elijah would have been a champion for urging the senators to convict. And he would have done it to say that you do not want to invite this to happen to us ever again by allowing this man to get away Scott free. And so with that I think I'll stop there and I look forward to our conversation. Great. And these are some questions. Maybe not. Thank you for coming back on audience do you have any questions for our amazing panelists today and you can raise your hand, or you can put those in the q amp a function. And you don't need to be shy how about on YouTube Lisa do we have any questions out there. And we got to give it you know in the virtual and you got to give it that 10 seconds for people to. Okay, Susan, I am going to remove the mute and you may speak. Good afternoon my dear friend Maya rocking work comings and a wonderful hearing you Jim Dale. I love the book you know I loved Elijah I love you and I'm a born and raised Baltimore in and so much that I learned that I didn't know I've learned a lot since the riots occurred what was it like five years ago I've learned a lot by going and speaking to renowned, you know, professors from from from Howard from Hopkins and, and to hear this, as if, and it really is Jim. And I know was mentioned earlier Maya mentioned it that is if the way you wrote it was like hearing listening to makes me get tearful listening to Elijah speak. I know just as with the election that just occurred I know that Elijah and John, John Lewis and RBG and who else was it I can. Wasn't there a fourth. Well, I know that they're looking to I know that their wings are wrapped around all of us and democracy is going to prevail. I know Elijah, they're all going to be quite pleased. So, thank you for being on again, and miss you. Thank you. I think the fourth person you're thinking about if you're thinking about that picture is john McCain the late john McCain. Thank you. Okay, thank you. Appreciate it. Yeah, and thank you for reading the book and supporting Elijah and this project so I gave it as gifts as you know for the holidays to quite a few people. Thank you so much. All right, take care. Thank you. Wonderful and then I do have a question. People would like to know a little more about Mr. Cummings life and like his experiences. And you know they can check that book out or buy that book. Sure. I mean there's so many stories that the book is really a chronicle of his life. And as as Maya will often say, there are many more stories. I mean his his life was just sort of jam packed with these wonderful moments that were inspirational not all wonderful in the sense that they were inspirational some some were happy some were not happy but they were so meaningful. It's hard. It's hard to know where to start. There's, there's one note that I was thinking about actually last night that he talked about a couple of times and it was a lesson that he he extracted a lot of lessons from his parents when they would actually tell him something that would be a lesson and sometimes he would extract it just from observing what was going on in the household. And he talked about how his parents work so hard they work two jobs two and three jobs, in addition to to becoming preachers. His father had a job at a chemical plant, and it was a demeaning unpleasant job, working long hours, and often doing the work that many of the white employees wouldn't do. He would go to work every day and come home. Late in the afternoon or early evening, and I just said almost every day he had a car which was not so common not everybody had a car then, and especially in the neighborhood but he did, and he would pull back up in front of the house. And he wouldn't come in. He would sit in the car. And for Elijah said for long period of time as much as an hour, he would sit. And unlike today he wasn't texting or reading. He was sitting and Elijah eventually, and he and his siblings asked his father father what what are you what were you doing what do what do you do. He was saying that he was letting the days in dignities. Disappear, disappear, leave his body leave his mind, so that he could return to his family as a person as a human being as a loving father, and let that drain from him let that venom so to speak drain. And as Elijah told me the story I said I would imagine you've had days where you are in Congress and you're dealing with the most wrenching issues and perhaps with colleagues who are not very collegial. And you have to let that venom drain. And he said so often and so often he would think about his father. And he said, unfortunately, after Trump became President. That was a more and more frequent feeling that he had, but it was something he called on to it was a tool it was a great weapon, so to speak something to call on almost curative on a, on a daily basis to let your body recover and let your mind recover and your soul recover. And I think that that's indicative he grew up in a loving household I mean they were hard working even the kids. I mean Elijah had a couple of jobs his brothers and sisters had jobs. I mean he did papers I mean he I mean everybody hustled everybody. Both of his parents were preachers. And they were, they grew up in a Pentecostal household, which is if you know anything about the Christian faith, the Pentecostal sect is one is pretty strict.   His dad had a saying that if one of his kids miss school admit that they had died the night before. And of course, of course all of his kids live through adulthood so you know they always they all went to school and never missed a day. All of those lessons from his childhood in terms of how his parents reared them basically prepared him for his adult life. You know he was actually labeled special education as a kid to, and he had to come overcome all of those labels. In order to, you know, he was among the first cohort of African American students who integrated Baltimore City public schools in his during his junior high years. And then he went to Baltimore City College was a leader a student leader at that high school. Then he graduated from Howard University five beta Kappa went to the University of Maryland law school, graduating and then passing the bar on the time, you know, went on to be the very first speaker pro Tim of the Maryland House of Delegates before being elected to the US Congress in 2006 and rising to become one of the most powerful members of that body, as the chairman of the Republican Reform Committee which has jurisdiction over all of the government, including the White House. And so you know what the book does is it recounts his experiences with the Trump White House. In addition to the stories from his youth, and it talks about the investigations he led, and what his experience was with Donald Trump, and why ultimately, you know, even though he reached out to Donald Trump in the beginning. He had to conclude two things.  One, he wanted to make sure the kids saw that you know if he was able to overcome obstacles they could do it too. But two, he wanted to warn the American people about the danger of Donald Trump. And he viewed that danger as twofold. One, he viewed Donald Trump as a threat to our democracy. He saw up close and personal, how Donald Trump had no regard for the Constitution, had no regard for democratic norms. Basically dismissed subpoenas didn't respond, used the legal system to rope a dope to avoid accountability, and basically subverted the agencies of government to actually serve his own personal purposes and political purposes. And so, you know with that, you know, Elijah was absolutely right. January 6 I think was just only one indicator amongst many about the threat that Donald Trump presents, and just imagine if he would have gotten a second term. The devastation would have been just unfathomable. And then the second danger that Elijah thought Donald Trump represented to us was to our humanity. One of the investigations that Elijah oversaw was how those families were treated at the southern border. He basically got all up in the data and stories of how the kids were ripped apart from their families, some of whom have never been returned to their family members to this day, and you know how they were treated, sleeping on floors and cages, etc. And he was convinced that Donald Trump and his administration had a streak of cruelty.  And we've also seen the language of Donald Trump before in the world the dehumanizing language of Donald Trump used before, and I referenced the third Reich. When you start calling people and referring to them as insects, then for those who actually feel similarly, they feel no hesitation in terms of treating you mistreating you, or doing harm to you in major ways. And so Elijah foresaw a tragedy on a grand scale, if Donald Trump got a second term in office. And so he thought that Donald Trump was a threat to both our democracy and our humanity and he was desperate to make sure the American people were warned. Well, I don't know and they say if you have any if I have other questions we, we can tell stories of like this inspirational stories. But you perhaps you have another area, another maybe another question from one of the attendees. That was an amazing story Maya and just going deep into Elijah's thoughts about our current situation is also just so insightful. Thank you. Attendees, any more questions was, yeah. You see that one. Yes, I see it. You want to take it. Maybe Jim, you want to take it first was represented as a mentor. I want to find it. Where is it was a minute of Cummings a mentor. Oh my goodness. To say the least, there's so many this this is this will fill a couple hours. He, there he began a program of 20 plus years ago, the Elijah Cummings youth program that sent that finds kids in school, young kids in school, and sends them on a mentorship program and sends them to Israel, brings them back and then they speak and go spread the word about what they've learned about leadership. And he as Maya knows the great deal about the details of it but these are kids are very carefully selected very competitive to get this. They end up with it with a 100% graduation rate from high school and 95% graduation rate from college. And these are kids from all sorts of backgrounds from the city from the city of Baltimore, and they've gone on to some of the most distinguished careers imaginable including Victor Blackwell who is an anchor on CNN, who interestingly and and movingly delivered one of the great op ed pieces after Trump's attack on Baltimore the rodent infested attack. It was brilliant and emotional and he cried and everybody watched it right but and he was, he was one of the of Elijah's mentees. There are, there are, you know, there are countless others one of the other examples is how he Elijah liked to take in young members of Congress into his committees. Many members of Congress will say well I'll wait until so and so gets older gets wiser, well gets more experience gets you know a little gray hair. He, he said to Nancy Pelosi when he took the chair of the oversight and reform committee give me the young ones, give me the new ones give me the newly elected. And in particular he took a liking to well or the entire squad, including AOC and he, he reveled in that job and he said because he wasn't only mentoring them but they were teaching him. So he would stay in a sense stay current what are people thinking and feeling that I think that's a true mentor in my experience and and study and observation is a person who helps somebody but who actually garners as much from that experience as they give, and he was that. Absolutely. I'm glad that you know women were essential to Elijah's career, you know, the Juanita Jackson Mitchell, basically tipping him off to become a lawyer at the age of 11 that mean he was inspired by her. So, there was another woman named Lena Kay Lee that when he became a lawyer, he was he wasn't even thinking about politics frankly. He was out in the community. He ran a small law firm, but he also created this program to mentor African American lawyers and tutor them so that they could pass the bar like he did on the first time. So, you know, she reached out to him one day out of the blue. And she said, you know, I am looking I'm sick, and I, you know, I regretfully I'm going to leave the House of Delegates, you know, Marilyn House of Delegates, and I'm looking for an African American female attorney to replace me. And Elijah said, Well, I can help you find one. Delegately. And she said, Nope, you'll do. And she proceeded to take Elijah under her wing. She raised funds for him she introduced him to people she opened doors for him. And she was the wind beneath his wings that allowed him to have a successful run at the Marilyn House of Delegates. You know, when he came to Congress, you know, women encourage him to do that, but I've got it in by saying that your own Nancy Pelosi San Francisco. They were good friends. Elijah and Nancy Pelosi were great friends. And she and Elijah considered her his mentor. She, as you know, the speaker of the house several times, you know, she took Elijah under her wing. And she supported him. When he became chair of the Oversight and Reform Committee, he wasn't next in line. He was like the third person down. And it was through the support of Nancy Pelosi and of course others that he was able to actually jump three slots to take that position. And of course the rest is history. And I feel like I feel like we share Nancy Pelosi, the city of Baltimore in the city of San Francisco, because of her deep roots in Baltimore as well. Absolutely she was born and bred raised here before of course meeting her spouse and moving to San Francisco. She is beloved. That is true. Dr. Do you have anything coming up yourself we'd love to hear what's coming up next for Dr Maya Cummings. I know you had a book out the political action handbook which you know a little bit 2004 we're ready for another one. Tell us. One is called Rageism and it's coming out or Rutledge Press is the the publisher. And it's basically saying that structural discrimination is destroying the country and that we are best days are ahead of us. If we can dismantle structural discrimination and invest in all people so that the entire nation can benefit from the the brilliance and the talent that we currently leave on the table currently. And so it's, it's called Rageism, you know, racism and ageism. And when I talk about ageism is ageism over a lifetime that for people of color for groups that are discriminated against their lives, you know, from, you know, actually for pre birth are imperiled by the ways that we deliberately marginalized exclude and take punitive actions against communities of color, people of color LGBT communities. And so with that, you know, I'm offering remedies based on my 25 years plus experience with policy and politics. Thank you. That is amazing. We can't wait. And you're welcome to come back to SFPL when you have that book ready and we'll do another author talk. Speaking of that, there's a question about I mean you sound like an amazing moral compass but there is a question about who can we as a whole tribe of people look for as our next moral compass. I think that Jim mentioned earlier the squad. And I think that Elijah doesn't heart he hardly mentions anybody else in his book, but he several pages dedicates to the squad. Now, the little backstory on Jim's story is that none of the other chair people of the congressional committees when the squad came to Washington, none of them wanted them on their committees. Because they had seen the way they campaigned and basically we're willing to say anything and from their perspective and stand up boldly and get the you know the media attention and they frankly didn't want to deal with it. And I was like, give them to me. Are you kidding me I can use their energy I can use their brilliance I can use their talent. It's going to be important for us to drive our agenda.  And so with that you know I know that will put off some people, particularly those who are more centrist, but the reality is is that they stand and they speak their minds and you know for me on nine times out of 10 they are absolutely on target. He had a story that he told about where they, Alexandria, and the others wanted to go to the border to observe to be prepared for the hearings, the immigration hearings. And he advised he thought it was a great idea. And they first came to the committee and said well we, you know, will you send us and he said no. You should send your offices should send you so that you will be above reproach as far as going on behalf of the committee but instead going on behalf of Congress and your district. And then they went, and they tweeted from there and then came back and asked. Later when we talked about who asked the bed I said to him, when you had the hearings, what were the best questions, he said they were all asked by them, because they had seen the first hand said but but they also were so prepared, and he was so he was, he was beaming and with the with the way they handled it, and centrist leftist left right, they simply were informed and on top of. And they asked the best questions by far. Yeah, I think it was the GOC for president somebody say, I want to thank you both there's lots of love coming through and attendees this is your last chance to ask that question if you want to raise your hand, put it in the chat. YouTube love coming in. We'll give it this 10 seconds just you know, the virtual 10 seconds shyness. silent. It was such an honor to have you both here and I appreciate the work that you have done and going into the late Mr. Cummings work. Thank you so much for sharing your stories with us. Thank you so much. The San Francisco Public Library community in Anissa. Thank you. Thank you very much for having us. It was great. All right. We're going to call it. Thank you so much. You have a lovely weekend and we'll see you all soon. There's lots more more than a month coming up. Come with us this next week. Thank you.