And the latest greatest part of all of it is Jordan pool got paid got the bag as the kids say the biggest takeaway from all of that Chandler is what I think it's that they don't want to they want to extend this era of their dominance they they are just they kind of pick their guide they they they didn't great guys. You know gerand trees when that was floating around there seem like they're playing long game this is this isn't a bulls last dance thing where they're winning it and tearing it all down. They want to continue. And this kind of shows their, you know, they're they're they're hedging their bed a little bit with plays injuries and having Jordan pull this young aggressive score is very entertaining and just kind of to me putting the drama of last week with him and you know in the past and the only uncertainty now is I don't know what this means for great money. Well yeah we're gonna have to get to all that and funny because we don't mention clay as much as dream on and what the future holds for both of them but Eddie I want to ask you do you think this extension would be as as lovely as it has turned out to be if it had not been for the punch around the world last week. Well, Jordan earned that it stands in on the court, the actual game court not the practice court but yeah I mean it makes it makes the time and a little funny but you got him under the max for what he would have got he's played better than just by everybody in this drive class, you have to resign him he's the future of that team in many ways, even Steve Kerr was talking this week about how he wants him to focus on the defensive in as well, because he wants to play him 3035 minutes a game when he wants to win. So I think he's getting that bag either way but yeah if I'm his agent I'm at the table saying how about an extra two million for our troubles. For his troubles, for my troubles. Shoms look these contract extensions these negotiations they are big big things there's a lot of money a lot of agents a lot of lawyers involved how far back has this been in the works it's been a minute. It's it's gone on a while I mean the fact that Jordan pull Andrew Wiggins have the same representation that made it easier for the warriors in a lot of ways to get a deal done. But I would just look at it like this like bigger picture this results business I think it's easy to say now that this could be the end of the way that I've heard it is if Draymond Green does have a big year this year and if you do win it's going to make for a very tough decision and Wiggins signed a very team friendly contract that the four years 109 million deal he could have made in excess of 35 million on the open market is what executives were telling me so he signs for just over $27 million a year that is in a lot of executives eyes a very tradeable deal and so he took a pay cut to stay there's no question and there is some value in Andrew Wiggins staying with the Warriors he could have gone to probably other teams that aren't as successful bad teams next off season but he ended up staying with the Warriors he likes what they built. But listen if the Warriors struggle this year and the production isn't there from Draymond Green I would expect Bob Myers Draymond Green's agent Rich Paul to start working to see if there is a trade avenue possible but until then I think is this going to be about how this team looks it's it's going to be results business if they win it again. I do think Joe Lake I was going to try to keep Draymond Green Steph Curry Clay Thompson around but we'll see because I can't imagine Draymond would want to leave and I don't know unless things go completely awry because that punch was obviously a moment I know both sides have said they're over at Jordan pool has finally addressed it publicly said he apologized now we were just all about winning championships but really the more I think about being punched in the face the more I realize that's not something I don't think I could ever get over are they really over at Chandler I mean can they be I mean listen I think it's one thing if the video didn't come out but I think that's something now that just just overall embarrassment that comes with that you got to see this guy every single day you're going to be heckled by every single road every single road game moving forward it was embarrassing and it is what it is but I think they're you know they lessen the blow a little bit by giving them $140 million and considering a huge but yeah I don't I don't get over that so quickly I really don't. So they've we've heard both sides now from retired guys from active guys either this happens all the time or it does not happen at all so from your personal experience have you ever seen a moment like that in practice anywhere. I've seen some mix ups you know some some you know talking and some pushing and one time I saw a fight where there are actual punches thrown and this in this case I don't know exactly what was said I wasn't there I don't know the build up but I've never seen a dude just drop a dude like that now. No do drop in another dude is probably not best for team morale but a guy that's we look to to lead everybody and who's been sort of quiet as far as we're concerned but that's because this is monopolized everything is stuff. So Shams what has his role been in all of this drama preseason. Steph Curry has been in the middle of everything when you when you look at the Jordan pool situation. His communication with Jordan pool from I'm told Steph Curry was really a guy that was consoling Jordan pool during that situation. Telling him we have your back. This was not acceptable behavior by Jemma Green and I think Steph Curry has had Jemma Green's back always whenever there's been any issue that's arisen whether it's his situation with Steve Kerr several years ago. His issue with Kevin Durant. You know those those two guys are attached at the hip. Jemma Green is a vocal leader. Steph Curry is through the face of the franchise. But I think Steph Curry really had to play overtime and he he mended a lot of relationships and now we'll see if this team can can re energize themselves or refocus and really focus on the court and not on kind of off the court stuff. All right. Time to put ourselves in in the positions of Bob Meyer and everybody else there. Bob Myers of course being in charge of everybody. Dreymond or pool Eddie who is more important to the team. I think going forward you have to look at the age and the gap there. How could you not pick Jordan pool in that sense. Yes Dreymond Green is integral to everything they've done the last decade but they're looking at the next decade. Steph is 33. You know they have to plan for after that. And yeah he's still one of the best players in the league. But they want to continue to keep winning. They don't want this to end as Steph ages and they want to pass that baton. So right now it's Jordan pool at that price with Dreymond looking at a new contract soon as well. You have to gauge exactly what you're going to pay him. He has an option of twenty seven million dollars for next year. Another thing you have to gauge and their massive tax bill. They have to put all that together. That's why the point about Andrew Wiggins being so tradable is very interesting because there's no shortage of teams that are going to want a big wing who can defend everybody in the league and who can give you 25 points when needed in a finals game. So to me that might be the more tradable piece than anything. But if you're picking poor Dreymond. Yeah you got to go with Jordan pool right now. So Dreymond's learning what every woman in television knows that there's always someone younger and hotter. It's just coming right behind you. And it's not a great feeling. I get it. So Chandler do you agree. Is his hands down. It's Jordan pool at this point. Yeah. I mean if you look over the years though that Warriors team they struggle without Dreymond Green and he has been a critical critical piece. He brings a lot of things. I do think he's been blessed with the perfect situation playing with those guys the last 10 years. But yeah moving forward with the with the history of claims injuries with steps injuries and stuff getting older. I think you got to go with the younger scoring guard that's you know going to put up those 30 40 point games in the playoffs and kind of turn into that go to guy when those other two guys are finally done. OK Shams you mentioned the possibility of a trade and that obviously opens up rumors galore. One of those was Dreymond heading south to the Lakers. Any validity to that. I mean the Lakers will have 35 million caps face next summer. So Dreymond Green does out. They've come home. I don't tell. I think there's always been you know Bron James. We know the relationship. What I would look at is Dreymond Green. I think he's getting a lot of slack right now. But I don't know. I don't. That worries him doesn't win last year without him. And I know he didn't have an amazing season but he did play well in a couple of those playoff games he guarded Nikola Yolkic in the first round really better than anyone. So there's a lot of value. There's a lot of stuff that goes outside of just the stat sheet with Dreymond Green and so only time will tell. This is a results business. And if Dreymond Green is struggling this year if the team is struggling then that is something that we're going to be talking about moving forward. The drama. This is going to be must watch every night.


Okay, it looks like everybody's got a seat at this point pretty much And I wanted to let you guys know that I will be putting the code on Github that goes along with the presentation that I'm giving so if any of you are new to Data analysis and want some code to get started with that will be available on Github and My talk Will be a combination of different ways to explore. Oh, sorry about that.  I'm not gonna cover everything because that could take weeks but just a couple of graphs to get everyone started and thinking about Why we do exploratory analysis why it's important and What happens if you don't do it? So the biggest problem that I have seen with machine learning is Not that we don't have enough algorithms to use or that we don't have enough techniques It's that people don't want to start with the basics. They want to jump right to the exciting stuff Oh, let's throw a neural net at it. I go that'll fix it Rather than just looking at the basics of the problem Kind of like eating your vegetables people aren't super excited about vegetables generally, but they help make you stronger and healthy and Exploratory analysis can also help you make your data healthier So some examples of why you want to do exploratory analysis or even just sort of think about what you're doing with your data Because this Article as an example They were trying to identify Criminals based on facial recognition not a specific criminal just criminals in general I that doesn't really sound like a great idea if you think about it Especially when you realize that oh, hey, they weren't even comparing pictures from the same source They were comparing mugshots to Photos that they found on the internet of smiling people So yeah, I think most of you are probably familiar enough with data science to realize why that's a problem But it's easy to just get so involved in what you're doing that you don't stop and think about is this actually a good idea? what I'm about to do and another example is This one. I'm not as sure about I think it's an interesting example Because there are some diseases that have hyphens in the name and it turns out having a bunch of hyphens in the title of your article Has a negative correlation with how many citations your paper has Well this could be a thing or It could just be that longer titles generally have more hyphens and also are a more specialized article So then it's going to be cited less because you're talking about a niche within medical Research so maybe maybe not a Lot of interesting correlations out there something that I Think needs to be looked into more, but just an example of Why we need exploratory analysis. We need to figure out what's actually there what might not be important and The good news is that there's all sorts of Python packages out there to help you with your data and I'm gonna go through a couple of my favorites and Show you guys some examples of what you can do with them so I'm not going to cover a lot about feature extraction just because it's very specific to The kind of data you have For my dissertation research. I used inertial sensors So I dealt a lot with time series data. That is completely different from language processing So how you extract features from your data? Look within whatever area of research you're doing but also other areas that might have similar data When I did my research I used a lot of papers that were from the aviation industry Because it turns out it's a lot more important to keep a plane up right while it's flying through the air Then it is to make sure that you know the exact position of grandma's ankle when she's walking around the house So there's been a lot more research For aviation applications. So had I just looked in medical journals I would have missed a lot of valuable information about how to deal with the data from these sensors So just something to keep in mind that you don't have to stick to exactly the application that you're using something for And another thing to keep in mind with feature extraction So for categorical data There's really two different kinds of categorical data some of it is an order some of it not really so much and I've seen these mixed up and people will try and turn nominal data into Numerical data It can work if you look at it and you see if there's some sort of correlation put it in a specific order I mean, there's always Exceptions it is specific to the data you use but in general if you haven't explored your data You probably don't want to take something like colors like what someone's favorite color and just randomly say Oh zero is going to be blue and one is going to be red Without looking at your data first and another thing that I just want to mention was binning Because I've seen that done a Variety of different ways When something is not continuously distributed, it's probably worth looking at your data before you make your bends I'm going to use an example of the Titanic data set From Kaggle just because there's so many different Options out there for code to analyze it already once you get familiar with that particular Data set then looking at the different ways. It's been Re-analyzed is a good way to get started with visualization. I think that's how I Decided to get started looking into different kinds of visualization. So I'm going to use the same Example here except for a couple of different graphs that don't really lend themselves well to The data from the Titanic data set so the first thing that I usually do is just use describe and That will work on your numerical data sets Good way to get started find out how many things there are some Standard information very easy to do Worthwhile information the next thing is Pandas profiling If you haven't heard of pandas profiling, it's really great Please use it It gives you so much information it can be overwhelming if you're not used to doing data analysis But it's a great place to get started you get a bunch of different graphs with distributions of The different features that you have It will give you warnings I've put an example up on the screen of what happens when you run pandas profiling on the Titanic data set So definitely pandas profiling great way to get started It won't necessarily tell you everything you need to know about your data though So that shouldn't be the only thing you do it just sort of gives you a direction To figure out what you might want to explore further So the cons of pandas profiling The outputs HTML I Normally use spider The spider is not super happy about HTML files You can save it to a file That's pretty much your only option with spider if you use it with jupyter notebooks, then it's going to be a lot easier but Definitely worth using I'll even open up jupyter notebooks even though it's not what I usually use just to Look at something in pandas profiling real quick before I get started so once you use pandas profiling get a Idea of what might be interesting Then if you have time series data It's good to start with just a simple graph like this graph is from the data analysis that I did as part of the data science boot camp that I went to and And I realized part way through my project at the data science boot camp that oh, hey I was classifying data That had come from two different wards of a hospital and I realized I'm pretty sure that They had two different kinds of sensors on the patients and the two different wards and That was kind of a problem because I was classifying based on What sensor they were using instead of if the patient was actually in the cardiac ward of the hospital or not? so that was Unfortunate for my project, but at least I didn't think that I actually had something that was Super exciting and useful and then it turns out. Oh, hey, I was just classifying an artifact of the different machines that were used to collect the data So yeah, I'm telling all of you guys about my very embarrassing story just so that you know that Everyone has these stories if they say they don't they're lying So yeah, if I had started with doing some of these graphs just a simple graph of the data from the two different groups that I was trying to classify I could have saved myself a lot of time and Then it would have been early enough into the boot camp that I could have picked a different project and Not had to tell potential employers that oh, hey, here's this analysis. I did I think it might actually just be a giant steaming pile But it's what I did because I figured it out too late to start a new project So Heatmaps Everyone loves heatmaps. I like using them to help show data to people that are not Necessarily data scientists It can be a good way to see what might be interesting and correlated, but Also, it's easy for someone that's not super technical to understand So I am a fan of heatmaps. I realize that not everyone might be But I do find value in them And it's also part of pandas profiling. So you get one of those without having to really Do any extra analysis? Well, that's not great. Okay But another thing that I like is violin plots Especially if you have a binary Classification because then you can put your two classes on either side and see if they are similarly distributed So this example is from the Titanic data set and you can see that Okay, this data is definitely dependent upon age Which makes sense They put all the children on the lifeboats first. Well Especially the male children it looks like But yeah, if you look back at the heat map Between survival and age, there's not really much of a correlation But then if you start breaking it out Into different ages versus just Age then you can see oh, hey, I Might should make my bins According to where these probabilities are So that's what I was talking about with looking at your data first before you decide to bin it Because this one if you had just taken the youngest and the oldest and divided into a certain number of groups you might have not had the Best classification based on the probabilities that are in there. So I Prefer to look at data before just randomly assigning it to bins and another thing that I like pair plots and Pair plots are great because you can see how two variables are related This is not the best example of a pair plot But you can sometimes see Just okay, all it really takes is those two variables to separate out your classes If you're lucky that happened with the pair plot for my dissertation research, but unfortunately that one was really large and I Wanted to keep this consistent with showing you guys the same data but it's not necessarily that if you don't see a separation on a pair plot you won't be able to classify your data is Just if you see it that's good news for you I your life just got easier because you know that oh, hey these two variables definitely can show you something okay, and Here is a little more of me Showing you guys just how terrible my idea at the data science bootcamp was Because if I can't be an example, at least I can be a terrible warning for all of you So this drift feature that was the most important when I used a tree-based classifier That was when I did that midline So back oh, I should have put these two slides next to each other You Okay, so here when I did that midline correction so that Orange line I took that out and then you get the green one So that orange line the standard deviation of that line Was the most important feature that I found for my project the thing that I took out to try and make the Two different data sets the same Yeah, that was my most important feature Because one of the data sets had already been Normalized and had that midline correction and the other did not so Yeah, that was a frustrating Experience for me, but at least I found it out before I went any further with it So I can't really complain and I mean I did learn something from going to the data science bootcamp because Now I know the importance of doing much more EDA much earlier Before I have to commit to an idea so Yeah, that was my boot camp experience, I would say If you are thinking about going to a data science bootcamp, they might tell you not to pick a project before you go there Definitely find some data you're interested in and look into it a little bit first try to avoid doing what I did and Realizing your project is a steaming pile when it's too far into switch So yeah, that just my rant on data science boot camps, but Okay so this was another thing that I did while I was at the data science boot camp because I Needed to get results that didn't look too terrible So I just threw a bunch of classifiers at my data because I was running out of ideas I'm not saying that it's a bad idea to try a bunch of different classifiers, but at least Look at your data first So you don't end up in the same situation that I was in and in this case Yeah, there were a bunch of ones that were overfitting. I should have also used more data but It was a learning experience and here's another graph with me just Telling you guys how terrible my idea was So yeah, really high training accuracy really low test accuracy. I was overfitting and it was so bad but I at least was able to Look at false positives versus false negatives Since this was a medical application It's a little bit different than security for medicine. We really really don't want to miss anything Like saying that oh, hey someone that's having a cardiac event is fine is real bad Better to accidentally say oh, hey someone might be having a cardiac event when they aren't so This is a little bit different than security but Yeah, so Does anyone have any questions cuz I Could just keep on going but okay, I guess Yeah, so for that, there's a bunch of different techniques you can use You could do Um Dimensional reduction so combining those features seeing what features end up being combined But yeah, I was just showing some ways to get started Definitely just looking at two variables together is not the only thing you want to do If two variables is all you need to start getting it separated then that's really good But that's not how it usually works Um, sorry. Did I answer your question? Or there are a bunch of different techniques for that Principal component analysis lasso Sorry, I'm drawing a blank on all of them. But yes, there are definitely ways to do that and then again One option you can use is Running it through a tree base classifier that might not be why you end up using in the end, but It can show you if there are multiple variables that are important. So for this one it showed There wasn't just one or two standout variables that okay, that's the one that was really predicting what was going on So as far as if you want to visualize it that could be an option looking at that feature importance Oh, he was asking about when there would be more than two features that would be important so I Was just because I'd shown the pair plot which only shows two features combined with each other But a lot of the time you're going to have a combination of more than two features that will End up being what you use to predict Whatever it is that you're classifying so Yeah, there are other techniques beyond what I showed this was just more of a starting to think about your data and Please please think about what you're doing and if there's bias in your data before it was even collected like the example that I gave of my data science boot camp project where It turns out I was just checking to see which kind of sensor had been used to collect the data Versus what I was trying to do There's so much bias data out there and it's easy to Not really think about where the data came from Is this a good idea? and that sort of thing like the Sorry, I keep on coming back to this But it's just is so bad Like this like If they would have just thought about oh, hey, why am I trying to separate criminals from non criminals? I I feel like if they just spent a little more time thinking about that. Maybe they wouldn't have put that out there and Now everyone's seen it and sort of makes fun of it Okay. Oh, oh, yes it There are a lot of people I've seen that skip EDA because They either don't know how to do it or they just get really excited about their project and want to just go straight to classification So I think EDA is so easy that there's not really any excuse to skip it like You're never going to look back at a project and say I really wish I hadn't spent that hour or two Looking into my data to make sure that it's what I think it is But there are plenty of times like my bootcamp project where I look back and thought I Really wish I had spent more time looking into that project before I committed to it. Yeah, so that's sort of why I am now Very passionate about EDA because I don't want to have any more of those Experiences and I want to help prevent others from having that experience because it was fairly unpleasant for me I mean, also, I'm happy that I did discover it during the bootcamp and Not try and submit it and get a grant and then realize after I told even more people about it So but yeah, it would have been better if I found that earlier for sure Okay. Oh and your question so to be honest Most of my experiences with medical data where there's not really an issue of ever having too much data Because there's so much Regulation around medical data and rightly so we don't want medical records just being available freely on the internet So in medical research, it's more a problem of needing to get more data If you have tons and tons of data Then okay number one. I'm jealous. I want your data. I Want that problem? but also you can always take a subset of your data to Do some exploratory analysis with And then maybe do a couple of different comparisons to make sure that that subset you took is representative of the entire data set If you want to do something like pandas profiling running that on a very large data set is going to take quite a while So you could take a subset do a couple of basic comparisons to make sure that they are similar and then run that subset through your EDA To do more extensive analysis some of the things like the correlation coefficients can Take a while if you've got a very large data set But definitely taking that step to do that comparison of oh, hey is this subset? Comparative to the whole of the data set. That's valuable Okay Any other questions? Okay Sparsely populated features So for that probably the best way to deal with sparsely populated features is to look into how language processing is done because That is a common problem in language processing because they will vectorize word strings or Strings and then vectorize it so one hot encoding of each word that is in a sentence for example So there is a lot of very sparse data in nlp So I'm not super familiar with nlp. I don't want to tell you for sure I do this and that and but Even if you're not dealing with language data, I would say look at some of the different processes that are used for nlp and yeah one of the things that is Used for nlp is combining some of the fields so that then you don't have as Many different dimensions that are sparsely populated and there's a bunch of different ways to do that It's going to be specific to your data so Okay Well, I guess that's all the questions Thank you for Coming to my talk and Hopefully if I have even prevented one person from making the same mistake that I did then I am very happy Because it's really frustrating to get far into a project and then realize oh, hey, I missed a fundamental flaw in my data


And my name is Jiang Zhang and I am the chair of this session. Here we have four talks. The first one is more efficient universal security constructions by Daniel Ganser, Anthony Smith, Thomas Sleitman, and the other names will give us a talk. Thank you very much for the introduction. So today, so my name is Agnes, as mentioned, and I'm from Cleveland, Amsterdam. This is joint work with Daniel Gunther, who is sitting here, and my advisor Thomas Sleitman. I'm going to talk about more efficient universal circuit constructions and the way we took another step on this theory practice lying forward. So universal circuits were proposed by Leslie Boney until 1976. The definition, so how he defined it, is that there exists a Boolean circuit that has size order of N, for which it holds that any Boolean function of at most size N, the UC can be made to compute. So we can compute any functionality with this universal circuit. So what does it mean that we can make it compute the functionality? It means that there exists a set of programming bits, such that we can input these programming bits into the circuit as an additional input, and it will compute our functionality on the original input, as shown here. Applications of universal circuits, there are a couple of more theoretical applications where it's used in some protocols to make it more generic or more universal. It can be used for obfuscation or some attribute-based encryption protocols. It can also be used for batch execution, secure computation, when we actually want to compute multiple functionalities faster. And it can be that if we want to compute it many, many times, then with batch execution and secure computation of universal circuits, we may be able to be more efficient. The most prominent application is private function evaluation, and I would like to go a little bit into detail about this. So first of all, we are in the secure multi-party computation session. So what is actually secure function evaluation or secure computation, or in my case, secure two-party computation? We have Alice on one side and Bob on the other, and they would like to get to know who of them is richer. This is the famous linearized problem, and there exist interactive protocols in which they can do it without the use of the trusted third party. Some of these protocols use Boolean circuits, and the two most famous ones are Yoast Galbert circuit protocol and the GMW protocol. And private function evaluation extends this portion a little bit. So now, on one hand, we have Bob, who became an insurance like the employee of an insurance company, and Alice would like to buy a car. So she also would want to know if Bob's insurance company gives her insurance for this car or that. So Bob would like to check if Alice is like if he can give insurance to her or not. So Alice provides all her sensitive information for this, and Bob provides this functionality, which is to be also kept private, since insurance company does not want to reveal it to Alice. And then we want some protocol like this, and this is called private function evaluation, that is similar to secure computation, but it also hides the function on one side. Okay, how can we do this? First of all, Bob should represent his functionality as a Boolean circuit, and then we can just use universal circuit and secure computation to compute this, because the universal circuit is a big entity for which we only need to reveal the maximum size of Bob's functionality, and then we can use it with the two inputs. So Bob now represents his functionality as a data, and then he can just input it into the universal circuit, and then we can get the result using secure computation. So what do we expect from a universal circuit construction in general? We expect that for an input circuit C, which has size N, which is the sum of its inputs, outputs, and gains, it gives us two things. First of all, it gives us the universal circuit itself, which can be generated by anyone. This is only dependent on the size of the circuit, and it also gives us the programming width, which actually depends on the input circuit. So this is the only part that depends on the input circuit. Okay, so where are we when it comes to universal circuit constructions right now? So as I mentioned, Valiant was the first to give the idea and prove the existence of such universal circuits, and he has given two constructions already in 1976. Both are recursive constructions, and they are based on, so one of them is based on a two-way recursive structure, so when we use two sub-structures within the structure, and the other one on a four-way structure. And this means, so the two-way construction has a slightly larger size than the four-way construction, but it has a better depth. So in some scenarios maybe we would want to use that, but in general, we like to optimize for the size, so the four-way construction is a little bit better. Then for 32 years, there was silence when it comes to use the research, and in 2008, Kalesi Promen-Schneider proposed another universal circuit construction, which also, they have been implemented, they have implemented, and this has an asymptotically larger size and also depth, unfortunately, but this was the first universal circuit construction that has been brought to practice. Then in, so last year, two concurrent and independent works have studied Valiant's two-way U.C. construction and managed to bring it into practice. So we were one of the works, it was published in Eurocrypt 2016, and we looked into the actual programming protocol of Valiant's two-way construction and brought it into practice. Our code is also available for this construction. And then also, the other work from Litma-Mohassem-Zalagian proposed the generalization of Valiant's construction to a K-way construction, so we can now have any number of recursion, so the recursive structure can use any number of substructures within it. Then in this work, we first of all look into bringing the four-way split construction into practice, and second of all, we also provide a hybrid construction which will achieve only a slightly better concrete size than of Valiant's four-way construction, but asymptotically, it will have the same size. Okay, so Valiant's U.C. construction is in a very brief manner, so we have the input circuit, which has at most size n, and we can generate its graph at the first step. So this means that for every input output and gate, we generate a node, so there is a node, and for every buyer between them, we have an edge. This is quite intuitive, and they call this the graph of the circuit. Then we can generate, even n, the so-called universal graph, and then we need to embed the graph of the circuit into this universal graph. Now I want to tell you what embedding actually means in this sense. So we have a universal graph, and the property of this graph is that you can have any combination, so you can go from any special nodes to any other special nodes in this graph, and you can have any combinations that is valid in this graph to circuit. And the embedding means that we want to find this joint path within this universal graph for every single edge in the original graph of the circuit. So this is a small example for what embedding means, so we can see that this is the path we found for this edge, and this is another path we found for this other edge. Okay, so after this, we can just output the universal circuit and the programming bits as well. So the programming bits depend on this embedding. So our contributions, the first one is looking into the programming algorithm of the four-way construction and making it a little bit more modular so we can then bring it into practice. So the modular... So the construction itself, as I mentioned, has a four-way recursive structure. This means that we have an internal skeleton which is then created for end nodes and then we create four smaller skeletons for end-over-four nodes. And this skeleton consists of many blocks that repeat so that are repeatedly. And then these nodes, so these blocks look like the one on the left, on the right side, left side for you. And they have some special nodes on top and on the bottom we will call them input and output nodes in this case. And then they have special nodes in between, the green ones, and they are the ones that correspond to the original graph of the circuit actually. And what happens is that we want to... So the structure enables any single input nodes to go into any special node. And from any special node, we can also go into any of the output nodes. And this will help us later. And this... So this task of going from any... So from the particular nodes we need to go to to the special nodes and from the special nodes to the output nodes, is called globe embedding. And this is the first task. This is the easier one because we are dealing with only small blocks. And then these... So this skeleton itself is interconnected with the sub-structures through these input and output nodes basically. So we have one interconnection to every single smaller sub-graph and they are not interconnected with each other. So the smaller graphs are totally dependent of each other. And so the other task we have is to define what programming needs to be done in the blocks. So what do we actually want to lead where and where from do we want to lead what within the blocks? That's the first task. And the second task is to give information to all these recursion points as well in order to be able to to go one step further down. So this is basically the recursion point and the leaping point. So just a very brief idea of how we actually do this recursion point and we already know from the two-way split construction so from the programming of the two-way split construction that we can generate three for the graph itself, so the graph of the circuit itself which corresponds to the universal graph and this we generate by merging every two neighbors at every step so this is how we get smaller graphs and then we split them in two with some caloric algorithm so that we have graphs with the same property as before. So we have a graph here with a certain property and then we have split it and then we merge it again and then split it again and so on and so forth. Okay. So this was used so when we looked at where a certain edge goes within this path so we have an edge in the original graph and then it goes in a way in the smaller graphs as well and this defined how we actually so which sub-graphs we need to use in the universal graph itself. So now in the four-way split construction we can use every second graph that was generated before so we don't need to find a new algorithm we can just take the previous embedding like the defining of the embedding and then skip every second step and then we can find these four graphs of each step. We need a small trick, a small modification but I don't go into details about that. Then we looked into the size of the UCs and proposed a new hybrid method so Lickma et al in the last year has shown that there is this K-way construction and we can actually have any K for the valiant UC and we looked into the actual number actual asymptotic complexities that we would get and we have seen that the best is actually the four-way and the two-way is the construction what valiant has already proposed so we cannot find anything better. First it seems that the three-way construction will be actually better but unfortunately there was a small trick that valiant has used for one of the building blocks that he used before somewhere and that same trick didn't apply in our case and we have to have another node which makes it actually bigger than the two-way and four-way split construction. Okay so then we looked into the concrete sizes just to give a few examples so this is for a circuit that has at most size around 40,000 it can also evaluate AS it would have around 2.4 million NPHs in the resulting universal circuit and it is usually better with the four-way construction but sometimes for small circuit instances it is better with the two-way construction. So then we look into how and how so what's the difference between the two-way and the four-way split construction. On the x-axis we have the two-way split construction so that's 0% improvement over two-way split and then the disfractuating thing is the improvement of the four-way split you see over the two-way split you see. So we can see that for small circuits actually most of the times the two-way split construction performs better. So then we thought okay but we need a lot of these small UCs within the big UC right so we have in the end a lot of these usually we want to have big circuits we have a lot of smaller circuits inside so why aren't we doing something smarter why are we combining the two so that we can get better concrete complexities. So then we decided okay at every we create a dynamic programming algorithm and see at every single step is it better to create four skeletons for the four-way split or is it better to create two skeletons for the two-way split and whichever is better we go for that one at each step. And this actually results in a nicer graph in the end so the green line is now the improvement of the hybrid you see over the two-way split you see and this fluctuates in the beginning as well but it's always at least zero and then it becomes much more consistent by the end and it will stay always around 3.6 4% improvement for the two-way split construction. And basically so this fluctuation is due to the parity and the modulo 4 properties of the size of the circuit actually so just to give an intuition not if we are yet but if you are interested come to me afterwards so the concrete size has also become better in every example that we have then we also implemented this universal circuit construction so we verified that we really did it correctly so the implementation uses the first step from the existing UC implementation from 2016 and so we generate the graph of the circuit based on the input circuit as I mentioned before and then for the size of the circuit we generate the universal graph which now looks very different from the 4-way construction and not the 2-way construction and then we embed this graph of the circuit into the universal graph and out to the UCM programming and this we call a 4-way UC compiler and I have some good news here we have code so you can go and you can find it open source online and if you want you can play around with it you can ask questions later come to us if there is something that you are interested in using this for some experimental results so it does take some seconds to compute the universal circuits for fairly large input circuits however we can see that so for example as a need for an AS circuit it would take around 7 seconds with the faster construction and 8 with the 4-way circuit construction and for a very large circuit like SHA-256 with 200,000 kts we would get around a minute's run time however this is only pre-computation time when it comes to highly functional evaluation so this is only done on the side of the function holder only he needs to do it he doesn't need to even know Alice at the moment when he computes this this universal circuit and we see that actually we get better run times when we go to larger and larger circuits and that's due to the fact that the universal circuit will also be smaller so we have less programming when we go out first so one last comparison so there exist special purpose protocols for private function evaluation they are solid based on oblivious transfers and they have better computation complexity so they have a smaller number of symmetric key operations the public key operations are the same they depend only on the security parameter but they have a better number of symmetric key operation so this particular protocol we compared to was proposed by myself again four years ago and so this is the very fixed there so the improvement is only based on the constant factor before the end of the game and then we have so we look into the communication of the protocols and actually we've seen that we have better communication and that's due to the fact that not every optimization and improvement for secure computation actually applies directly to the other protocols but it applies directly to our protocols so we can get better communication complexities than them so there was one work this year that improved over the Mohan Saszakian work which then improved in one of the optimizations that exist in secure computation for current functional variations so other contributions were we actually looked into the algorithm for embedding the graph into the four ways of construction then looked into the size and size of the circuit and proposed a new hybrid method and then implemented it and have a new use in compiler so we have taken some step forwards mainly towards practice and so thank you very much for your attention and if you have any questions I'm very happy to answer them or comments can you go back and look at the slide when you're talking about hybrid the universal circuit the performance yeah so from the value to say the performance yeah so can you explain why the hybrid comes from from the previous slide trying to combine trying to use either two ways or two four ways but where does the benefit of the green part come from so the green line is actually the improvement of the hybrid over the the two ways over the four ways of construction you're right so the whole graph would show the improvement over the two ways but if since I didn't color the parts that are below the blue but not but above the red line it is actually so the green colored parts show the improvement of the hybrid over the four ways of construction so because of the time we have low time for more questions and let's send the speaker back


Welcome back to the breakfast on a plus to the Africa now Let's move to off the press where we have a quick review of the major stories making headlines across Nigeria today We're starting with the punch newspapers should be in your screen in just a few seconds And of course, I will be introducing our guest to the color only once again the big one on the Pontius morning It's speaking concern in the ransom payment. It says that Kaduna bandits collect 50 million Naira ransom Hold back 87 students and that's a Baptist school students 28 students released proprietor says bandits to free others in batches Ninja pupils spend 54 days in captivity FGC carry students 40 days Also federal government extends and I n sim linkage to October 59.8 million enrolled Also this morning Bakari lampoon's unnamed official says change of button imminent Beans tomatoes rice record 253 percent 123 percent and 50 or 51 percent price hike experts worry as 221 inbound passengers test positive in three weeks Also in the Pontius morning PDP governors meets today on the defections electoral act amendment and others Fiscally challenged girl threatened suicide says parents and cleric call me demon possessed Also APC Claire's chairmanship seats in Ogun last year holds a Lagos results 15 corpses recovered for missing as flood washes away stock boss And the last one on the Pontius morning Buhari's gag order on terror on terror reporting illegal Serap tells court Away from the Pontius go to the nation Newspapers this morning Federal government demands nothing short of Igbo Ho's extradition Nigeria set for diplomatic showdown if Benna Republic declines Also jam remits 2 billion naira to the federal government North lacks leadership says Matawale and also APC sweeps Lagos and Ogun council polls NCDC 69 die of COVID-19 in 11 weeks still on the nation Nigerians economic outlook still slippery and Reps issue bench warrants on the mafia and carry a few others on the nation newspapers this morning resumed Kano trial raises Anxiety Nabooja and 28 freed Kadena Pupils reunites with parents Kinsmen to testify against ex-jam boss a jerry-n-day in 5.2 billion naira fraud trial Away from the nation now Let's go to the daily trust and see what we can quickly also throw in there kidnappers in FCT begin collection of ransom through banks How we're made to make our deposits and that's from victims relatives Banks not helping matters as victims and of course. So what the government is doing also? 25 die in Kano about she road crashes been in court or been a court I beg your pardon decides Igbo host fates today as Kano appears in abuja court counter-insurgency 265 policemen killed in burner an Asu threatened strike over federal government's failure to implement agreement I Think we can have just a few in the daily son newspapers this morning. I neck NSA army and others and seven six billion naira illegal loan scandal Auditor-general's report exposes how agencies borrowed money from government accounts without repayment Tension as Kano's trial begins in abuja lawyers warn against stopping supporters from attending proceedings Igbo host trial Lou Bardon sends delegation to court or new and also Kadena parents of kidnapped schoolchildren narrate or deals on as a flares IPO be IPO is a tack on Edwin Clark. I think we'll stop there and quickly say good morning to our guest Tunde color. Well a good morning. Thanks for joining us Absolutely, there's a very interesting stories. I think we can start from the issue with In Kaduna state where 28 freed students have reunited with their parents There is of course some celebration. But at the same time, there's you know, also a Deadlock with regards that one as some of the students 87 of them are still being held in captivity Honest speaking my brother As I'm looking at the front pages of all the papers Seem the condition in which all those students who have been released are And also the glassing of teeth from the parent Irrelations and the authorities of the school where this hearing has been kidnapped My heart has been bleeding Like I've always said and I will continue to say There's no justification whatsoever for any of our children Not to be able to go to school Without the sale of being kidnapped The technologies are there For us to be able to protect these children furthermore The Nigerian security forces have demonstrated in the recent times That they have the capacity to unravel very noisy security issues Such as we have seen in the kidnap on a medicano the training of person they go all the way to Kotonu and the continuous training of video switch One of the leaders of the Entras movement It is just that the authorities don't appear to be too interested in making this incident kidnapping of our children in the respective schools in the board More indictments should equal or should go to the governor of Kaduna state Madam Naseel Rufai If we as a government say we are not going to be paying ransom for the release of anybody kidnapped in this state then you must have a master plan on gun to ensure that nobody is kidnapped And that if anybody is kidnapped you have a rescue team to be able to bring back whoever may be kidnapped and also bring their kidnappers to justice Madam Naseel Rufai doesn't have any of this and if he insists that the government will not pay ransom we are in a column room I have very some suspicion that this kidnapping is no longer just business enterprise as people have been painting it I strongly suspect that it is the Islamic fundamentalist that behind these kidnappers a way of raising money to buy arms and ammunition and also to enforce their desire their decision and their determination that children will not get from other Nigeria will not get from our education because they have always believed that Western education is around, it's forbidden and shouldn't be tolerated we as Nigerians now all all our children we are duty to put pressure on the Cardinal's government and the federal government to do the needful of life and property of our children we are amazed so that they will not be kidnapped because what is at stake today it is the future of the nation all these children that have been kidnapped that have been traumatized are the ones that are expected to be leaders of tomorrow so if they are not educated I would be able to take on leadership in the future and traumatize what attitude would they have to light if at the very beginning in which they are they see people being killed what attitude would they have to human life when they do growth the country is in a very serious conundrum and the earlier we as a people find solutions to these tragedies the better for us all let's move away from that of course we will have a conversation about that later there is also other stories the price of food items beans, tomatoes and rice record 253% 123% and 51% price hike how are Nigerians dealing with this new increment in food prices well from our partner Syrian I would want to say there was a time in the second republic in which the opposition party which was the unity party of Nigeria cried out that Nigerians were starving and that the economy of the nation was about to hit the rock and that the MP and the national party of Nigeria headed by Alaji Shevshagari I had to do something about all of those things especially to provide food security for our people and I remember Alaji Umar Ujiku one of the strong men of the national party of Nigeria at that period of time and the minister saying that how could anyone have said that when Nigerians have not begun to eat from the dustbin I remember the same old women children rummaging through the dustbin in front of my house on the daily basis to scavenge for what they would eat and I am sure these old people these children are doing this because they can no longer afford to go to the market and buy the staple food that they used to buy or the local prices of gari are almost the prices of gari have almost increased a thousand falls even locally made rice is more expensive now than the imported ones personally I do not remember when last I had bin because we discovered that the prices of bin have dramatically come up The nation that is unable to provide food for itself is sitting on the keg of gunpowder. Because food security is even more important than any other security that you may talk about. Because once the people are hungry, they will be angry. And once they are angry, they are likely to be unruly. And once they are unruly, they might be taking lots into their hands and negating self-harm and criminality. And that is the reason why we must also see a kind of connection, a kind of corollary relationship between the aid security that we have all over the country today and the food insecurity that is prevalent all over Nigeria. And it is a tragedy that a country that is arable, that almost 100% of its land you can use for agriculture that people can still begin to suffer this kind of food security. It's unfortunate. And you could almost expect you could see it coming. When farmers can no longer go to the farm. When farmers have to allow the security people that they want to go and plant. When farmers have to pay taxes to bandits and to Islamic fundamentalists that have littered their place. The truth of the matter is that this government is incompetent. It no longer has the justification to remain in power for any day long. Because according to the Constitution, any government that cannot protect the lives of its citizens and their property, which is the primary responsibility of government has no business and governance. All right. Let's move over to the controversy concerning Sunday Igboho. The nation reports this one and the federal government demands nothing short of Igboho's extradition. And it says the possibility of diplomatic showdown if Benna Republic declines. How do you see this playing out? Well, it's a continuation of the domestic infinity. There we used to see at all that the government in power now wants to take across the border to a foreign nation. Benna Republic may be a tiny country, but I also know that there are countries that are well organized and that have some semblance of respect for the rule of law. The thinking of the Nigerian authorities that immediately Sunday Igboho was arrested in the airport and stopped by the immigration people. The immigration people and the police just deliver him to the Nigerian authorities. Who already put an elbow down gun to fly him back to Nigeria? But the people are saying no. Let's follow the due process of the law. Let's hear his own explanation for coming into our country or for trying to run away to Germany. And that is the basic principle of the airing. And the Nigerian authorities, if they have a case Sunday Igboho, they will go to the peninios court and make their own case. Sunday Igboho will make their own case. And they don't give a ruling whether to extradition back to Nigeria or to align to continue running all the way to Germany. But it's true that they have to admit that they are not ready to do this. I won't be surprised if the Nigerian authorities do the kind of thing that they did when Amrubas allegedly attacked the Yabba of Asrindor and sold some of the when Yabba of Asrindor was in Nigeria. And I think it was the same thing. To remember a passenger immediately closed the boundary between Nigeria and the Republic and some of these other countries and others. And refused to allow most of the things that these people come to Nigeria to buy to go out across the border. A kind of attempt to suffocate them economically. And it was when the suffocation was getting out of hand the man who was mostly responsible for the cross-border Amrubis who comes all the way from the Republic to Europe in Nigeria and take the vehicle back to the Republic who was surrendered to the Nigerian authority. And then without him trying, the man was done in kilikili prison. I don't know what has become me on his face now. Maybe he's here alive or he's dead. So in the very near future, in the few weeks, he might be seen high-handed action on the part of the Nigerian authority to put pressure on the Republican government to surrender from the go-go without following the due process of the law. But you see, I must also say, I am not too happy with the deposition of the Yoruba leaders, with the deposition of the freedom fighters and with the deposition of the Yoruba people in the Republic because I am told 30% of the people in the Republic are Yoruba. The attitudes to this illegal and unlawful detention of people is not too pleasing to me. Alright, Mr. Kolauli, let's take a... Let's put a pause there. Let's put a pause there, Mr. Kolauli. Can you hear me? Yes, I'm hearing you now. Okay, okay. Let's put a pause there. Because of time, I want us to wrap up with talking about the APC sweeping Lagos and Lagoon states in the local government elections on Saturday. Some people, of course, would say congratulations to them, but would you also say same? My brother, the same charity begins at home. The same charity begins at home. I repeat, again, charities begin at home. You and I would know that the so-called Yoruba politicians and leaders have been the most run course on the call for true federalism, self-control, and what have you. In what way have we seen them repeat or do what they are asking the federal government to do with regards to the way of managing their own effective states and their own domestic affairs? Is this possible in any sense of society? For just one political party all the time to win all the local government elections in respect to the jurisdiction? You and I know that there are certain parts of Lagos that is usually the domain of the PPP, for example. If some law will show the area all the way to Lagos, First Arc, and what have you. And some parts of ecology and effect. So those people no longer have voters to vote for them in those places and all that. So the truth of the matter is that these people who are calling for true federalism, who are calling for true democracy, who are calling for the rule of law are themselves even more capable than the federal government. If it concerns the issue of free and fair elections, issue of devolution of power, issue of allowing the local government to function the way a manager should be functioned. Even the issue of allowing the judiciary, issue of allowing the legislator to function the way they should function and to have access to their money as the first line of that which has been squandered or manipulated or in any way squandered. Why does the executive power go in respect of some of these states? The Lagos local government election is even more tragic. Tragic in the sense that I don't know whether this person is still there. Like the local election authorities in Lagos is headed by a former Chief Judge of Lagos State. That is a thing that should be concerned about the rule of law, about fairness, about free and fair elections. So if under a jurisdiction the party in power in Lagos State still fits all the local government seats in Lagos, you will begin to imagine what kind of Chief Judge was this person when he was deciding over the Lagos State judiciary. What kind of attitude of this person have to a free and fair election? What kind of attitude does this person have to have here and here and here? So we're back to Squawang. This people are just not ready for democracy. They want to continue their kleptocasic preoccupation that they are perfected and legalized and are best protected by other parts of the country. I didn't bother to go out to vote because I saw this coming as just a waste of time. It's a full-time effort. Don't even do I monitor the election in some of these places. Nigeria is just more ready for democracy. Alright, so Nikola Wally, thank you so much for your time this Monday morning. Thanks for having me. Always enjoy your analysis and good morning to you. Hope you find yourself a company tomorrow. Hopefully. Alright. Take care of yourself. Stay with us and it's one of the things that we will be talking about today, the relevance of the local government. That comes up sometime during the breakfast this morning. How many people did get to vote over the weekend and what were your reasons for staying away from the electoral process? We'll have that conversation a lot later, but thanks to Nikola Wally. We'll take a short break. When we come back, what happened on this day, July 26th, many, many years ago. I'll be sharing with you.


Do you playing ever in Adam Field on amazing side of the Abbey? We're going to win! We're going to beat them! It's time to break the who-do! Oh Bobby! Oh Bobby! You want to go into the front of the house? Go on! Joel Matip, basically decided to cross the ball straight to them and let them score. And it's a decent finish, but Joel Matip has to take all of the blame. So lad, you drew against Liverpool, how can you top that? Well, I mean, this is what we come to expect from the press. We went to Adam Field and we got a very comfortable draw. In fact, disappointed not to win at Adam Field, but that's coming on, that game. Now we can concentrate on the rest of the season. We've got that game out of the way, it's just another game disappointed, as I said. And we focus on Wolves next and we try and get three points against Wolves. We're in a nice position and we'll look to get three points. Well Wolves are more your level, so what are you hoping to get from the game, really?  Can we have this fella review? Is there anyone else? Any other questions? How do you think you're going to go on? Listen, Wolves are going to come and make it difficult for us if you don't mind him. You know, the 16th, they've lost three to four games and life pets are set. We're going after the three points. We dropped three points last time, how we feel, and it's time for us to make it up. Is this clown still in here? Can we have someone getting him out? Where did he get the accreditation from? So here we go. Wolves away, need three points, don't we? Just got to pick up the wins. We've got to pick up the pressures on now. We've lost one, we've drawn one. We need to make sure we're winning games, and this is a big chance to get three points. They've only won one so far, so let's do it. C'mon. C'mon, when are you? I just want to have them, lads, I just want to have them all. C'mon, then. Big performance needed. C'mon. Go on, if you want to... Go on, then.  Go on, Bernard. Throw it in. Take it out. That was... That's a positive start. Positive. Remember to retreat yet. Well played. Only what you need them for. Yes. Oh, that's not a free kick. It's not a foul referee. It's a... It's absolutely foul. It's not inside the box, is it? That's a great tackle. Now I know how Cali Maguire feels. All massive. And you kicked the ball out of all that. He's a really good... I need to have two men on the line to get through. Wasn't a free kick. Wasn't a free kick. First shot to the bleeding game. Two men decided to go away. I'm going to have to do it. I'm going to have to do it. As always, it's a hard way. I'm going to have to do it. Football. I'm going to have to be a little bit clever how we get that ball in the box, because we're just throwing it in. We go. See you. Sorry. Go on, then. That's just a tactic. Dominated a possession yet. It reminds me of nearly every game we've played of having a derby. Loads of time left here. Six of seconds to score a goal. Oh, see, I didn't press the button to shoot. I was seeking it, really. Go on, Bas. I've done that. I've done very well. Go on. Time reached number four, Eddie. I've done it against West Ham, though. But we shouldn't be behind. I've turned it down and now we should not be behind. Big second half. Come on. The energy level is going to go up. That's going to go up in the whole room. Come on. Attack that space. If I make this run, attack the space. Go on above. Where to go, though? Where to go? All right. Come on. Let's create some chances. Go on. Go on.  Body's in there. A little one. This is what's required. Get in, Richie lad. Get in! Read the levels. Come on. Not the sharm levels, obviously. No, lower the sharm level. It's lower then. Let's attack these normally. See the movements. Just keep attacking that space. Just let me run. It's a great idea. Come on. Let's win this now. Of course we can. Yes, win it. Go on. Go on, Bars. Get that ball. Let for thee. Sign the fleet. That one. What's going on? What have you done? Just win it.  One more build-up. Win that. Go on. Get in. I need space. Play the ball. Richie's gone, Richie's gone, Richie's gone. You win it. And I'm here. Bust it. Wow. Injury time. There's a Walls fan with no shirt on. I don't know why. He just is. He's overcome. He's got a half and half scarf. Look at this. There's the ball. The Walls fans can't believe it. I don't know what they've gone mad.  Oh what. Double Brazilian. You pay extra for that. He certainly do. No one complains at a double Brazilian. Come on. Right, come on. Just stay back. Stay back. Don't go chasing the ball. Don't go chasing my heart. No. We've made the subject. Didn't we? Yes. Richie. Oh yes. So lads, you came from behind and you left your mark all over them. Is that the best position to be in? I'm very very comfortable now with having to deal with coming from behind. I think it just suits the way we play so much. Our players absolutely love the challenge of coming from behind as well. I'd say they appreciate coming from behind. We find ourselves in various positions and that's just the one we enjoy most. The release isn't it? That's what the players need. Once everything's out there and once it's out you can enjoy it more. That's it. So where they like it. Fantastic. Looker, Richieson's really focused on his finishing tonight all over. In the goal. What do you make of his performance? He's really got both goals. One in the 88th minute. That's the real money shot isn't it? That's the real money shot. 88th minute to come up with a goal like that. He's proven his worth. He's getting goals. We're playing them up front and two great goals tonight. We're overjoyed to have them. Do you reckon you can finish in top four? No, I don't think we can finish in the top four. Cos we're going to win it. We're taking the spoils. We're winning it. Thank you very much. This press conference is over. Goodbye. I think we can stay there. We've got to keep winning games. It's going to be difficult. I've asked a lot of pressure on us but we're there now. And like Pedd said, why can't we win it? I didn't say why can't we win it. I said we are going to win it. I didn't say why can't we win it. Listen to what I'm saying. We're going to win it. We're taking the glory. We're taking the spoils. And we're taking the red-shite with us.


Hashat audio presents inheritance how our genes change our lives how our lives change our genes written and read by Sharon Moalem MD PhD with Matthew D. Le plant for Shira introduction everything is about to change remember the seventh grade can you recall the faces of your fellow students can you summon the names of the teachers the secretary the principal can you hear the way the bell sounded how about the smell of the cafeteria on sloppy Joe day the ache of your first crush panic a finding yourself in the bathroom at the same time as a school bully maybe it's all strikingly clear or maybe over time your middle school years have been lost in the fog of so many other childhood memories either way you're carrying it all with you for a long time now we've understood that we shoulder our experiences in the knapsack of our psyche even things you cannot consciously recall or somewhere in there swimming around in your subliminal mind ready to emerge unexpectedly for good or ill but it's all much deeper than that because your body's in a constant state of transformation and regeneration and your experiences no matter how seemingly inconsequential from bullies to crushes to sloppy Joe's have all left an indelible mark within you and more importantly within your genome of course this isn't how most of us have been taught to think about the three billion letter equation that makes up a genetic inheritance ever since Gregor Mendel's mid 19th century investigations is the heritage traits of P plants were used to set the foundations for our understanding of genetics we've been taught that who we are is a resolutely predictable matter of the genes we've inherited from previous generations a little from mom a little from dad whip it up and there's you that calcified view of genetic inheritance is what students in middle school classrooms are still studying to this day when they map out pedigree charts in an effort to make sense of their fellow students eye color curly hair tongue rolling or hairy fingers and the lesson delivered as though on stone tablets from Mendel himself is that we don't have much of a choice in the matter of what we get or what we give because our genetic legacy was completely fixed when our parents conceived us but that's all wrong because right now whether you're seated at your desk sipping a coffee slumped into a recliner at home riding a stationary bike at the gym or orbiting the planet on the international space station your DNA is being constantly modified like thousands upon thousands of light switches some are turning on while others are turning off all in response to what you're doing and what you're seeing and what you're feeling this process is mediated and orchestrated by how you live where you live the sample complete ready to continue


India has always been the magnetic dreamland for our friends in Central Asia. Modern India, the world's largest democracy and industrial powerhouse leading the world in IT and advanced medical sciences, today India is considered a major economic engine of the world. The famous trading Silk Route facilitated commercial and cultural bonding between the two regions. These centuries-old relations are now developing and emerging into closer and deeper economic ties. In modern times, this region has gained a strategic importance on account of its geographic location, demographic potential and its growing economies, creating enormous scope for pragmatic and profitable cooperation with India. The end of the Soviet Union created a new political reality on the vast expanse of Eurasia. Five new Central Asian republics emerged, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. India was among the first countries to recognize the independence of these states. Exchange of high-level visits have indeed set the temple to chart out the scope and direction of cooperation. An observer to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, India participated for the first time in 2009 on the summit level. Blessed with mineral wealth and natural resources, the region is thought to contain key global energy reserves. Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan have large quantities of proven gas and oil reserves and Turkmenistan is also known for its vast quantities in gas reserves. Hydroelectric power can be attained from the enormous surplus hydro resources of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The potential lies for India to fulfill its energy requirements and in turn provide markets to these nations. Why will roots need to be chalked out? Accessing the oil and gas from this region remains a major obstacle due to the difficult terrain to traverse, prohibitive cost of transportation and logistical difficulties. There is great investment potential for India in pipeline construction, refineries, infrastructure building and hydroelectric power in this region. India and Central Asia complement each other in terms of manpower and markets. The region has a huge consumer market hungry for range of goods and services for which India has the potential to provide it already being accepted as a reliable partner. Recently, these five countries and India have taken an upsurge in bilateral cooperation. However, the flow of business has started and opportunities are being explored. ITPO regularly organizes exhibitions in these countries. We need to urgently work in this field to promote Indian products, fortunately well known in the local market. Indian medicines and healthcare products are exported to almost all Central Asian countries which collectively constitute a huge market. Trade is not the only thing. India can step into manufacturing and the other focus is on industrial activities as Central Asian states want value addition in their own countries. Uzbek entrepreneurs are keen to use considerable experience of Indian textile industry as it produces large quantities of cotton and silk. Indian manufacturing and investment companies are still apprehensive about entering new unfamiliar markets of some of the Central Asian countries. One of the main impediments is the non-availability of hard currency, lack of conversion facility services and delay in remittances. The communication links are also problematic. Under Indian technical and economic cooperation, several IT institutes have been established in Central Asian countries. The ITEC programs, particularly in HRD, have become the cornerstone of India's economic involvement in this region. As ITEC partner, students from these countries have been attending various training courses in India under slots allotted by a government of India. Indian Uzbek Indian IT Center was also established in 2006. Government of India has set up an industrial training center in Ashgabat under the ITEC program executed by HMT International Limited. In the educational sphere, our partnership is reaching greater heights. Several students from these states study in Indian universities to lead the dynamically growing countries. Together with the IGNO, we opened a new institute of distant education. Our students as a future diplomat, they are very interested in India. This is the basis for cooperation of our future young generation. The two regions have overlapping and often competing regional affiliations. Interactions in UN and other fora have been close and mutually supportive. Tourism is one of the aspects of our economic relations. There is great potential for India to build, develop and manage hotels and resorts in these countries. Cultural ties constitute an important pillar of our bilateral relations. Many people just know India from Soviet times and we were brought up on Indian films. Imparages for deeper cooperation and positive engagement in the economic realm are very important for both regions to prosper peacefully.