On business news now, the Director-General, National Identity Management Commission, Aliyu Aziz, said the agency has enrolled 56 million Nigerians so far. At the unveiling of a national policy on virtual engagement meeting, the Minister of Communication and Digital Economy, Dr. Issa Pantami, said enrollment increases by 2 million monthly. Dr. Pantami added that Nigeria now has a total of 23 emergency communication centres. He also inaugurated a project at the Digital Economy Complex, Mbora Abuja, asserting that 13 more emergency communication centres will be built before the end of 2022.


Let's talk about color for a second. Did you know that the color of lights has an effect on the human body? Start with green, the color of nature. Green light therapy stimulates the creation of growth hormones and strengthens muscles, bones, and other tissues. It can also boost your body's immune system. Red is a warm color linked to the kidneys, backbone, and sense of smell. This color gives more energy and is ideal for people who are often overtired. Active people can use red light therapy to combat muscle and joint stiffness.  Blue is the counterpart of red. It can be used to lower high blood pressure or calm people down. Blue light can also help in the treatment of migraines.


So what we did actually, so first, what is wujud? Wujud is a large corpus, about half million tokens, when annotated with misted name entities, misted. So when we say Edouard Said Foundation, Edouard Said Foundation is an organization and Edouard Said which is a sub-text is considered person, so that's wujud. So we went another living, basically, and we did it with finding more. So again, again, this is, you can scan this, in all my presentations, I showed this to show you where it's in the resources, where you can find it, and you can try download all open source. So extended wujud, we call it wujud fine. So wujud fine is an extension to wujud. So what we did, we say a sub-text. So I don't want to say, for example, Birzat University is an organization. No, I need to know what type of organization it is. So this is some examples. Nayami is a capital of Nigeria. So in wujud, we say this is GBE, GBE means geopolitical entity. Okay? And also to align with the Algerians' priorities in the region. So we also call it GBE. So now we came to say, okay, but this is a country, Nigeria is a country. So we want to know not only that it is geopolitical entity, we want to know that it's a country, and that this is actually, it's also GBE, but it's an organization. Here we are talking Nigeria, the government, not Nigeria, the country. So this is example. Another example is a picture of some patients at Al-Shifa Hospital. So it's an organization. Al-Shifa Hospital is an organization, or you can call it also a facility, but here, so what we did, we say it is the facility of the organization, basically. Another example, I live northeast of Gaza City. So this is, please notice that Gaza City itself is a GBE. Northwest of Gaza City is a location together. So now with the wujud fine, what we did, we say, okay, that one is town. This one is a region general, and so on. Another, this is another example. Birzette University announces scholarships for PhD students. So Birzette, by the way, Birzette is a town in Palestine, if you don't know, very nice town. So Birzette is a GBE, but it's also a town. Birzette University is an organization that is also an education. Okay, I will come to this, but so this is the tree we did. We took only four types of name entities, and we classify them into more types of entities. By the way, these entities are from the ACE Corpus, developed by LDC, but we enhanced it. We think we made some change. So coming back, so before annotating with subtypes, we had to change the wujud guidelines because to make it combatable. By the way, just to open the bracket, forget my presentation. I can see a research problem, a nice research problem in the name entity recognition area, which is compatibility of guidelines. This is a data engineering problem, not a natural language processing problem, but it should be really solved because all guidelines are not combatable, but that's another thing. Now, so these are statistics about the number of entities we revised before annotating with subtypes. Okay, these are the guidelines of the subtypes. You can look at the paper, and then we trend a model. We trend actually three, first week. I wasn't planning to be early, but it's okay. So we used different retrend models, but we first trend on flat without subtypes, without subtypes. Then we trend with misted, without subtypes. Then we trade misted and subtypes. And as you see here, so it's 88% accuracy, can I close the mouse? Oh, okay, 88.5% accuracy or if one score what we did. We did something actually a little more. We collected three domains out of, so we did an out-of-domain experiment, not seen at all this data. We collected just a small dataset for testing. We collected from Al Jazeera about bulletics and another science and finance. And you see the model actually, this is a limitation. The model is really has low numbers, especially in science domain. And I think this is a problem in most of the, all of this deep learning models, just to show it. Again, you can try download and see all subtypes and everything from this link. And so in GitHub and hugging face, all models, everything we have is open. Thank you. Time for one question, please. Okay, just quickly. The CJK Dictionary Institute, we specialize in Chinese and Japanese entity recognition. And I wanna ask a question. What we found the most difficult of all was what's called POI, Points of Interest, not towns, but things like the names of squares, the names of hotels, the kind of things that a tourist would find on a map. We found it very difficult to identify them and to translate them into other languages. Have you had any issues with this with POI, do you? Is that one of your categories that has been included in your research? So I will generalize you the question if you allow me to say, what's the difference between entity recognition in English and in Arabic in this deep learning era? It's actually, I think in Arabic is more challenge. Because it's difficult because there is no capitalization, names can be adjectives and so on. I don't know in Chinese, I cannot answer you, but in Arabic and in English, so it's language is missing, I would say. That's all I can say. I cannot answer you regarding Chinese. All right, I think we should move to the next because we're really...


Have you been on the lookout for your one and only? Has your the one been a subject of your curiosity for long? You've seen it on TV and read all about the notion of love in the classic romance novels. Sweet love. Falling in love is not always easy for some. Enter Rachel and Ross. It's important to state that there is no right or wrong way of knowing whether you're in love or when you may have found the love of your life. Remember Monica and Chandler? So how do we truly know when we've found that special person whom we want to be with for the rest of our lives? With that in mind, here are 10 signs that may mean that you have found the love of your life. Number one. Your brain experiences changes. Yep, you heard that right. When you are in love and feel like you've found the love of your life, you'll experience biochemical reactions. A study carried out at New York Stony Brook University suggests that altered biochemical reactions take place in your brain when you experience real love and genuine attachment. Ready for some biology? When you think about the one, you will experience a surge of dopamine, the happy chemical of your brain. So if you're feeling a rush of happy hormones when you're thinking about or around your partner, then this could be a good indicator that you may have potentially found the one. Number two. Your pronouns may change. Ever been asked to attend an event or RSVP as a couple? How you respond makes a difference. Psychologists at the University of Texas found in their study that those who feel deeply connected to their significant other are more likely to use plural nouns such as us and we rather than singular me or I when in conversations or when responding to others. If you notice an increased use of these pronouns when referring to your potential, the one, this could indicate a deeper connection with your partner. Number three. They're willing to fight for your relationship. In the words of good old Shakespeare. The course of true love never did run smooth. Research psychologist Deb Orban observes that what sets the one apart from the rest is a willingness to fight for the success of the relationship. Relationships are rarely without their share of difficulties. However, if you can work through relationship issues and repair the cracks, this shows both maturity and willingness to develop the relationship. Your willingness to resolve differences among you can be a sign that you might just have found the one worth fighting for. Number four. They'll show a willingness to compromise in the relationship. Ever heard the saying struggle is the key to success? Well, in this case, it's more like sacrifice is the key to success. Just kidding. A study carried out by psychologists at Kobe University in Japan found that willingness to make certain sacrifices in the relationship was crucial for success. Relationships where this kind of behavior was absent or infrequent by either party were less likely to go the distance. If you find that you or your partner are happy to sacrifice and compromise to ensure a successful relationship without sacrificing your own morals or values, then this could mean that they are the one for you. Number five. They support you. According to psychological research, supporting each other's life dreams, including your long-term goals and ambitions, is a key component of a healthy and lasting relationship.  If your significant other demonstrates these factors, then they may well be the air quote, love of your life. Number six. They share a growth mindset. A growth relationship mindset includes beliefs and expectations that relationships develop, change, and grow over time. Research consistently finds that people who hold a growth mindset experience relationship benefits, including effective conflict management, constructive ways of dealing with relationship stressors, and can even buffer against relationship demise. Couples who grow together stay together. Number seven.  How connected do you feel to your significant other? This includes being fully present with that person in both body and mind. According to psychologists, just sitting next to your, the one, for 15 minutes is enough for you to both sync up. Whoa, connections are usually felt when you feel seen, heard, valued, respected, and cherished by your partner. So if you feel that these factors are being met, this may mean that you have found the one for you. Number eight. Your goals and values are aligned. Do you share similar tastes, values, and goals with your partner? It's important to state that we don't have to necessarily be the same as our significant other in every sense. If some goals or values are not completely aligned, this does not mean that your partner is not the one for you. If you feel that you're working towards the same thing and have open discussions about what is important to you both, then this can be an indicator that they are potentially the one for you. Number nine. You have strong physical chemistry. There is no denying that having a tangible physical connection with your partner can suggest that they are the love of your life.  In fact, it holds a couple together, especially in long-term relationships.  And number 10. They understand your love language. It's also important for you to know each other's love language. Doing so leads to increased feelings of love and greater relationship satisfaction. This gives you the ability to communicate to your partner how to meet your emotional needs as well as best meet theirs. If you feel that your partner has a good understanding of your love language and can meet your emotional and communication needs, then this could indicate a good match. So do you recognize any of these signs? If so, do you think this video helped you identify them? Feel free to leave a comment down below with your thoughts, experiences or suggestions. If you found this video helpful, be sure to hit the like button and share it with those out there looking for their one and only. Don't forget to subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification bell for more new videos. As always, thanks for watching and we'll see you next time.


A garage burns a wide view of a large cloud of smoke with a fire blazing answering top five questions. You've survived the wildfire, but now there's a lot of important questions. Where do you start? How long is this going to take? And how do I work with my insurance company? Don't be afraid to speak up. Don't be afraid to ask questions. We tackle the five most frequently asked questions asked by wildfire survivors. But I'm still a little unclear. And get you answers from the experts. That's all coming up next on this special how to disaster recovery show. Cal OES logo. Governors office of emergency services. Wildfires contained. Now with top five questions. Hi, thanks for joining us. I'm Brian May in the Cal OES newsroom. It is a question we hear in every disaster. Now what? And if you're a survivor, it's an important one. There's a lot of things you need to know to begin the recovery process. And there's a lot of information to consider. In this show, we've put together five of the most frequently asked questions. And we've reached out to the experts to get you the answers. Where do I go to get help? For many, the first question is really the first step. Where do I start? Where do I go to get help? For the two largest and most damaging wildfires, the Mendocino complex fire and the car fire, those impacted should start at what's called a disaster recovery center. Sometimes you may also hear it referred to as a local assistance center. And these centers are a one-stop shop where local, state and federal agencies come together specifically to help you with information and services. The Disaster Recovery Center for Lake County is located at 9460 Main Street in Upper Lake. It's open Monday through Saturday from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. closed on Sundays. And for residents of Shasta County, the Disaster Recovery Center is located in the former Kmart building at 2685 Hilltop Drive in Reading. It is also open Monday through Saturday from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. closed on Sundays. If anyone has suffered any damages, any losses, please let us know. You need any type of assistance at all. What we're here at the DRC Disaster Recovery Center is to put a face-to-face to your recovery needs. So anything that you may need, register with FEMA. You don't have to come into the Disaster Recovery Center. You can register by calling 1-800-621-3362 or our website, www.disasterassistance.gov. You can make all of your preparation, all your registrations right there. For more information on either of the Disaster Recovery Centers, you can go to wildfirerecovery.org. You can also find links to your local city or county website with specific information about the disasters. What else is out there? So now that you know about the Disaster Recovery Centers, the next question is, what else is available? Often there's rumors and misinformation that may lead you to believe that you're only qualified for limited assistance, or worse, none at all because of your unique circumstances. Well, the experts we talked to say it's important to explore all of the possibilities and don't make assumptions. Don't rule yourself out for federal assistance. A lot of times folks do. They think, well, I'm not going to qualify. I had a pretty good insurance policy. Maybe my home wasn't completely destroyed. You've got to get yourself registered. You know, one of the things that's really interesting about the car fire in particular is we've got a lot of folks that suffered significant wind damage, but their home wasn't destroyed by fire. Those folks are still potentially eligible for federal assistance. You know, we've got faith-based organizations that help folks sift through the debris and find artifacts, family heirlooms, other cherished items that may have survived the fire. We've got the American Red Cross that oftentimes has financial donations that they can make available to individuals. You know, and oftentimes there's tremendous charitable contributions happening through local nonprofits and other foundations that are set up that have funding or other resources available to help address needs that government or your insurance may not be able to address. If you're looking for a way to make sure you're getting the most help available, ask this simple question, what else is available for me? Often we find that special programs and services like those offered by community-based organizations are announced at local community meetings or town halls. They're not just an update on the disaster recovery process by local officials. They're a great way to find out what else may be available for you. How long is this going to take? This is the one everyone wants to know, especially if you've suffered a major loss. How long is this going to take? And every disaster survivor we've met wants to get back to normal as quickly as possible. So this is an important question and often one of the hardest to answer. There's perhaps no one better to ask this question to than someone who's been through it. Paul Lowenthal is one of the nearly 9,000 residents who lost their homes in the devastating October 2017 wildfires here in California. His perspective though is a unique one. He's not only a survivor but a first responder, a firefighter who left his home to help save others and in the process he lost everything. From the initial onset, people are always eager to get ahead. They're eager to start moving forward with the recovery process. They get edgy, they get nervous because they don't see a lot of activity. They're not sure with what the city, the county, the state or the federal government are doing. People also need to understand that there's decisions that they can make really early on that can help them move forward quickly. There was a group of about 12 neighbors that all came together and met pretty quickly after the fire and started talking about contractors and architects. And that's a prime example of how neighborhoods immediately came together and recognized that there's going to be needs that we're all going to have and how can we work together to help us collectively move forward. Lowenthal says the journey to full recovery can be a long one. Although there's no set timeline for how long it will take, he recommends being patient, take your time and most importantly, talking with others who have been through it. It shouldn't be a journey you take alone. Am I getting the most from my insurance provider? You're likely familiar with the piece of mind that comes with being insured. It's something that you have, but hope you'll never use. Many homeowners and renters policies cover wildfire damage, so contacting your insurance company should be one of your first steps. But how do you make sure you're getting the most from your policy? The California Department of Insurance provides special assistance to those recovering from wildfires. I think people immediately assume that they're in an adversarial relationship with their insurance company, and they may ultimately be. But the first thing you need to do is to call your insurance agent, call your insurance company and ask for a copy of your policy. That is, once you've secured your safety and the safety of your loved ones and you've stabilized your living situation, call the insurance company, call the insurance agent, ask for a copy of the policy, have them walk through the contents of the policy with you. Second, most homeowners' insurance policies have coverage for your out-of-pocket expenses when you've been evacuated. Even if your home hasn't been touched by the fire or the disaster, you can still be entitled to get your lodging costs, your transportation costs, your food costs. Anything associated with your living expenses while you were evacuated outside the home might be covered. There's a lot to consider, and often a lot you may not know. The California Department of Insurance has posted helpful resources on their website, including the top 10 tips for wildfire claimants. It's a checklist everyone should go through when considering making an insurance claim. It's even helpful for those who haven't been affected by wildfires. Commissioner Jones says if you're not certain you're getting what you need from your insurance company, you can contact his office, and they are happy to help you. You can call them at 1-800-927-4357. And you can find that top 10 checklist at insurance.ca.gov. Is there anything I'm missing? What else do I need to know? So we've covered a lot already, but before we go, you may at some point ask yourself, is there anything I'm missing? And the simple answer is yes. Often survivors are overwhelmed by the daunting task of recovery, and it can be an emotional journey. So it's understandable that you just can't know it all. Perhaps the better question is, what else do I need to know? Here's two experts with some answers. That you're not in it on your own. There's a lot of people that want to be able to help you.  When Cal OES works to help communities recover, we work with a whole community of partners from the federal government, local nonprofits, the Red Cross, faith-based organizations. And similarly for the individual, they need to realize that there's a multitude of organizations out there to help you, but you're your own best advocate in finding those organizations and reaching out to those. Don't be afraid to speak up. Don't be afraid to ask questions. By not asking those questions, it's just you're left with that unknown. There's a lot of agencies that are directly involved with the recovery operations that have, whether it's a hotline, whether it's a person that you can physically talk to and email. They're all resources that are available for people to reach out and get those questions answered. So let's condense all this information you've just heard into five simple but important tips for those affected by the wildfires. First, make sure you register with FEMA. Even if you don't think you're eligible for federal assistance, that should be step one in your recovery process. Next, make sure that you visit your local disaster recovery center or local assistance center. Again, we've got all the information and location of those centers on our website, wildfirerecovery.org. Get a copy of your insurance policy and have your agent go over that policy with you. Document everything, every conversation with your insurance company and your contractor, really anyone that you talk to about rebuilding. Remember, this is going to be a long process and the more you document, the better off you'll be down the road. And finally, as you heard, if you have questions and you will, ask them. Be your own advocate and make sure that you get the answers you're looking for. Oftentimes, additional help is available. All you have to do is ask. For more survivor information for the Car Fire, you can go to the Shasta County website and Mendocino County has a website for survivors of the Mendocino Complex Fire. You can also visit the recovery website for the state of California. That again is wildfirerecovery.org. For all of us at Cal OES, I'm Brian May. Thanks for watching.


So, here's just the blank start page for the valve interface. I found it easier when I was searching for possible inflation deflation events to start with seismic data. So, you click this little thing here and you can choose which station you want to search for. And I'm going to use station STC and the short period data from that station. I'm going to leave everything else over here alone. To make the exact plot that I made, these are the time periods. It starts from 2009, March 17th, and I ended on 2009, March 23rd, then I click submit.  The X axis of this plot is days, and HST stands for Hawaii Standard Time. It doesn't say what year, but we know what year it is because we typed 2009 in right here. And then over here is basically a sort of arbitrary amplitude scale. So what this plot is showing you is recordings of the background seismic amplitude. So this is different from a normal seismogram where you would actually see waveforms of individual events. This is just kind of telling you what the background level of chatter is. You can think of it that way. So the background level is basically like nothing. And then there's the occasional big excursion, but that's probably, it could be anything cultural noise or a sudden windstorm or a helicopter landing nearby, things like that. And you can ignore those because they don't really have anything to do with the volcano. When you see a sustained higher amplitude thing in the data, then you might start to think that something actually is going on with the volcano. And so it's a good idea maybe to narrow in on this little event and then check the tilt date and the GPS data to see if there is a real event happening there, recorded by those instruments too.


A fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a high, high old silver! The Lone Ranger! General Mills, makers of Cheerios, the ready-to-eat oat cereal that gives you go-power, and Wheaties, the breakfast of champions, present by special recording, The Lone Ranger! All over the country in every direction, All you're doing is a question, And here's what the happy people have to say, Wheaties, all of the Wheaties, That we do, do, do, do, and okay, okay. Hi there, this is the Lone Ranger speaking. Out here in the west, we have a couple of champions who are really doing okay. Champion Bob Maynard. He can grab a thousand-pound steer by the horns and toss it to the ground like it was a three-day-old calf. And Bronk busting champ Bob Burroughs. The way he can stick on a mean, side-winding bronk, you'd think he was glued to the saddle. They're both great rodeo champions, and both eat Wheaties. Have been ever since they were youngsters. That's a good example to follow. Keep bowing through your Wheaties, and you'll be do, do, do, and okay, okay. With his faithful Indian companion, Toto, the daring and resourceful mass writer of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse, Silver. The Lone Ranger rides again. Come on, Silver. Let's go, Big Tom. I'm Silver! In the town of Orville, Tom Turner's general store served as the community post office. The weekly mail had arrived that day, and a number of men, including the Marshall, were reading letters. Toto, who had ridden from the Lone Rangers camp to buy supplies, stood near the counter awaiting his turn. The young man ahead of him said, Tom, is there any mail in the flaking web pigeonhole? Yes. Your boss is at the best. Get a heap of mail. Here it is, though. Thanks. Now, Indian. Hi, sir. What's this? Well, look who's here, old Mo's McCartney. Hi, Mo's. Where have you been keeping yourself, Mo's? In the sack near the war-bundered pack. Well, listen to me, you old deadbeat. Your credit? No good. You've owed me $100 for two years. Yes, hey, the word, Tom. Now running the bummer out of town. Now, take your hands off of me, Marshall Crane. I'm here to pay that debt. Here to pay? I don't believe it. There's your money. Look at that. Five W's. Well, be so good. Show you work for the bank. Tell me if these coins are genuine. Well, let me see. They sure are, Tom. Mo's, who'd you rob? I didn't rob anyone. I sold a mine. What? You sold a mine? Now I've heard everything. It's called the Grove Mine. It's just an old, worked-out tunnel. I want it years ago in the poker game. Two greenhorns gave me $1,000 for it. You were swindled over? I didn't. I told them there was no gold left in the... Then why'd they buy it? How do I know? They said they were going back east. And they made me promise I'd clear out of the territory, too. Why'd they want you to clear out? Stand ready, Marshal. I don't know. I was glad to get the cash. But now that my debt is paid, I'm clearing out. Sounds like a mighty odd deal. Well, it's good enough for me, and so's this money. I'll stand free for all you ten. You better stay here, and I'll be back in a minute. He won't. Come on, boys. Follow me to the back room. Just a minute, Mo's. Come on, Mo's. Might as well have a free drink. He'll be there, Marshal. I want to talk to him for a minute. Well, make it fast. Don't say that was the globe, Marshal. Yeah, it's a war-bounded pass. What are the names of the men who bought it? Well, they call themselves Brown and Smith. One is a tall lean gent with gray hair and side whiskers. Yes. The other is short and chunky. That's all I know about them. Now let's go to the back room. You go ahead, Mo's. I have to hurry back to the bank. Well, suit yourself. Don't you want to join us in the back room, ingenious? Thanks. Yes. That night, Sam Blake and Zach Webb who had opened their bank in Orville during the past year conferred in the bank office. Blake was a tall lean man with side whiskers and cold eyes. He frowned when his short, heavily-built partners and Sam, that man who sold us the globe mine was in town today. Well, Mo's, he agreed to leave the territory. Well, he's gone by this time, but he stopped in town to pay a grocery bill. While he was in the store, Marshall Crane saw him talking to our teller, Joe Daly. That may account for Daly's actions after he returned with the mail, huh? What'd he do? When he thought I wasn't observing him, he went through the loan and mortgage records. Well, those records are all in order, Sam. They convinced the bank examiners that everything was all right. The bank examiners in this territory aren't very smart, but if Daly examined the papers on the globe mine... If he did, he knows we loaned a lot of money to the new owners. But Sam, he wouldn't know we bought the mine, loaned the cash to ourselves, and kept it. He'll suspect as much if Mo's described the buyers. And even if he doesn't suspect we're the buyers, he'll wonder why we made a large loan on worthless property.  Why Mo's had to come to town to pay that grocery bill? We didn't anticipate that, Jack. Now we must face the issue. Daly is suspicious, I'm sure of that. He asked for tomorrow off. Said he wanted to go hunting. I think he plans to ride the war-bonded pass to examine the globe. Well, let's take what cash there is and clear up. No, Jack. It's a good thing here. Let's work it for all it's worth. What, Joe Daly? Dispose of him. Huh? You know how to use your gun. Aye, sir. Follow him tomorrow. If he goes to the globe mine, shoot him. While the bankers concur, the Lone Ranger and Toto camped in the hills beyond the edge of town, also discussed the sale of the globe mine. When Toto finished telling what he'd heard in the store, the masked man said, Mo's thought those men were green-horned. Ah. And I doubt that. What do you think, Timo Tubby? Either they have information that the globe is valuable, or they wanted the title of the property so they can sell worthless stocks. We may know more after we see the mine. Timo Tubby? Yeah. You mean no way to war-bond a pass? They'll go there tomorrow. The next day, shortly after noon, the Lone Ranger and Toto reached the top of the hill, overlooking the valley called War-Bond a Pass, and halted their horses. They saw the ramshackle hoist and tumbledown toolhouse of the abandoned mine near the foot of the hill. Not a man of the shed. Ah, me see him. Him look like one of me see in town. Him work in bank. You mean Joe Daly? That's right. I wonder what he's doing at the mine. On him shot? Someone fired from behind that pile of rocks over there in the valley. Ah, me see gun smoke. And there, man. Him aim gun. The Lone Ranger's quick shot made the gunman duck behind the pile of rocks for cover. Keep him down while we ride to the wounded man. Mo's in! The gunman's victim staggered a couple of steps and dropped behind the shed. While the Lone Ranger and Toto dashing down hill, maintained gunfire at the distant rock pile. Their bullets gave the unknown ambusher little opportunity to return the fire with accuracy. When they grew rain and dismounted beside the fallen man, the shed cut off the view of the rock pile and the dry goucher. See what you can do for that man, Toto. I'll take care of the other. Ah, me savvy. Holding his guns in readiness, the masked man stepped into the open, but held his fire when he saw the distant gunman riding away. He had a horse with him behind the rocks. He's too far away. I didn't go for now. We'll attend to this man. He's old daily. He's regaining consciousness. He's on sight ahead. Seems to be no more than a flesh wound. Ah, right. Steady. You'll be all right. You're masked. And you indeed. I've seen you before. Ah, me in store yesterday when you talked to Mo's. I remember. Masked man, Lone Ranger. Lone Ranger, huh? Then you didn't shoot me. No, you were shot from ambush by a short, heavily built man. He rode away. Zach Webb. He must be the one. Who is Zach Webb? He and Blake operate the bank and all of them. I work for them.  Well, I... not my guess. Tell me if our tonneau dresses you wound. Tonneau told me about the sale of the globe mine. He heard Old Mo describe the buyers of the worthless property. Tell me the rest. Well, the descriptions fit in my employers. Then I remembered that Blake and Webb had made a big loan to the buyers, referred to as Brown and Smith, and had taken a mortgage on the globe of security. I wanted to find out if the mine is as worthless as Mo's thought. So I took today off and came here. Is the property worthless? Yes. And I know Blake and Webb were not accepted as security for a mortgage unless they kept the depositors money. I'm sure that's what they did. We'll continue our Lone Ranger adventure in just a moment. Diving Doris is 13, and she is a diving queen. She can do a flip because she knows she's got gold power from Cheerios. Yes, she's got gold power. There she goes. She's feeling her Cheerios. Cheerios. Cheerios. That's a mighty good idea for you. Just make sure you eat a big bowl of Cheerios and milk every breakfast and you'll get gold power too. Because a Cheerios breakfast is loaded with proteins, vitamins, and minerals. The very things that help build healthy bodies, strong bones, good red blood, and muscles. Why they'd be the sort of breakfast you'd go for even if they didn't taste so good. And they do taste delicious.  So that's for you. Swell-tasting Cheerios and milk for gold power. Eat them every morning and you'll hear... She's feeling her Cheerios. All to continue. Joe Daly's statement that his employers were involved in a crooked scheme made the Lone Ranger realize that there would probably be another attempt at murder. He said, Now what are your plans? I don't know.  His partner may have seen me looking at the records and realized that I was checking up. He might have sent Webb to get me. Is there a lawman in town? No. Well, there's Marshall Crane, but he's more like a private watchman. He's paid by public subscription and the bank contributes most of his salary. Otto, there's a federal marshal in Red Rock. You better go there and tell him that Joe Daly has something to report. What do you think I should do in the meantime? Return to work tomorrow as if nothing had happened. Watch for the chance to take the globe papers from the file and hide them, so they can't be destroyed. The following morning, before the bank opened for business and before Joe Daly arrived, Sam Blake entered his office. When he saw that Zach Webb had already arrived, he spoke angrily in a low voice. Zach, you lied to me last night. I lied. Yes.  I did. I aimed straight at his head and he dropped. Well, I just had coffee with him in the restaurant. His head is damaged, but he's coming to work as usual. I shot him. Why didn't you make sure he was dead? I couldn't. Just after I shot a masked man in a red skin, came down the hill firing at me. I had to clear out. What did Daly say about his head? He saw the mind, Sam. He knows it's worthless. You'll make trouble for him. You might make a lot of trouble. What do you think the masked man is? I don't know. Maybe a crook, a private detective for the insurance company. See, Zach, did he ride a white horse? Yeah, the Indian with him rode a paint. That masked man might be the lone ranger. What? It's possible that he and Daly are waiting for us to make an incriminating move. We'll take over the bank's money. And, Zach, we'll let them think that's just what we're doing. We'll see that Daly over here is just planning to leave town on the train tonight. Taking the bank's money with us. Are we really going to take the money? Of course not. But Daly, you think we are? He'll tip off the masked man who tried to catch us with a stolen money in our position. I don't say that. We'll tell Marshall Crane we're taking a business trip. And that we have reason to believe a masked man intends to rob us. We'll ask Crane to follow us until we're safely aboard the train. Then he sees the masked man's stuffies. Now I said it. What about the Indian and Daly? We'll take care of them, lady. I heard the front door. I think Daly's right. We'll start beating the death trap for the masked man. Early that evening, Joe Daly went to the Lone Rangers' camp and reported on Blake and Webb. Those crooks know I'm wise to their game. What's more, they suspect that you're the Lone Ranger. They do? Yes. So they're going to clear out of town tonight on the midnight train. Before they go to the station, they'll stop at the bank and fill their carpet bags with money. Are you sure? Yes, I overheard them talking. Joe, did you get the globe records out of the pile? Sure thing. I have them hidden in a safe place, but it'll take a lot of investigation to make a case against Blake and Webb. Yes, I know it. Simplify things if we can catch them with stolen cash. What are you going to do? I'm going to make sure that Blake and Webb don't leave town with stolen money. As midnight approached, Sam Blake and Zach Webb, each carrying a bulging carpet bag, mounted the steps to the deserted platform in front of the Orville Depot. The only light came from a smoky oil lantern hanging from a bracket on the Depot wall. Marshall Crane's keeping out of sight, too. So is the masked man. I'm wondering if he's going to take our bait. I'm sure Joe Daly heard what we wanted into here. He probably did, but we don't know that he took. Zach. Yeah, I see him. He's coming this way. I want to talk to you, too. I'm asked of law. Don't shoot, mister.  Take what you want to spare our lives. Relax, I haven't run a gun.  You, ask your hands, you're covered. Marshall Crane. I've been following you, gents, but staying out of sight in the darkness. Keep your hands up, mister. She's a killer. I'm not a killer, Blake. You are, too. You were about to murder us. Take it easy, gents.  Stand against the depot. Keep your hands high. Mister Webb, you'd better take his gun. Yes, I'll sure not do that. I've got his gun. Crane, you're holding your gun on the wrong man. Shoot the masked man, Crane. He's a notorious outlaw. He's one that did her a lie. Blake got the lie. Half Blake's telling the truth, Crane. You're in line for a big reward. Shoot the masked crook. Don't take chances on his getting away. You know, gone. Why are you gentle? He could have me shoot a man in cold blood. He's a thief. A killer. He was about to rob and murder us. He didn't look that way to me. Confound you, Crane. Do as we say. We pay your salary. I admit you pay most of it, Mr. Blake.  Good for you, Crane. You'd make a first-rate marshal. I am marshal. That case, I'll tell you why I'm here. And why I approach Blake and Webb. Don't listen, Crane.  He'll convince you he's not an outlaw. He might even try to tell you he's especially taking you for the lone ranger. Do talk, Mr. Blake. But I... Then give the mass man a turn.  But remember, I'm holding a gun on you. Crane, I have reason to believe Blake and Webb are upscanning with the bank's money. Well, of all things. Even if we were doing that, what's it to you? I'm a friend of Joe Daly. He'll share his interest in the welfare of the bank and the depositors. Her likely story? Blake, are you and Webb willing to empty your carpet bags so the marshal may see the contents? It would be a simple way to prove that you're not leaving town with the bank's money. Very well. I'll dump this bag. And here goes mine. The contents of the carpet bags spill to the station platform and in the light of the lantern hanging on the wall over his head. The lone ranger could see that much to his surprise there had been no money in the bag. See for yourself, Crane. We have nothing but clothing. You're right, Mr. Blake. Do you want us to turn our pockets inside out? No, no, Mr. Webb. I reckon you couldn't carry the bank's money in your pocket. I'm surprised that you have the intelligence to realize that, Crane. Now, what do you say, Mr? Very nice. Still insist that Blake and Webb have stolen money from the bank. Investigation will show how they've made big glones on worthless mines. Loans to non-existent people. More or less. Joe Daly knows about their operations. That's why they tried yesterday to murder Daly. No, he's accusing us of being murderers. Potential murderers, Blake. I'd like to know who you are, Mr. And I'll tell you, I'm known as the lone ranger. I told you he'd make that claim, Marshal. My horse is on the other side of the depot. He's snow-white and his name is Silver. You'll find Silver bullets in those guns Webb took from me. Fine, Juniper, if that's the case... It is. Open one of those guns, Mr. Webb. Take out a car. I'll do it, Webb. Give me one of the guns. All right, Blake. Cover the mask, man. I'll cover Crane. What? Stop your gun, Crane. Stop it! That's still, Mr. I'm covering you now and I'll shoot faster than Crane would have. Webb, Blake, what's this mean? It means, Crane, that you're useful, Mr. She's ended. It means that the potential killers are about to become killers, in fact. You should have shot that masked man when I told you to.  But then they are crooks. Yes, and now they... you know what?   But they'll not get away with it. You see, they overlooked one thing. Oh, they did, huh? What did we overlook? The fact that standing here as I am, I can reach this lantern. As he spoke, the masked man pulled the lantern from the wall and threw it at Zack, who fired wildly as he tried to dodge. That's him, Crane! At the same instance, a lone ranger leaped forward, grasped the gun, Blake held, and brought a hard fist to the banker's chin. I take it! Help me in! I'll fix you! The lantern had gone out, but Crane didn't need light to deal with Webb. He closed in, knocked aside the gun, then put all of his pent-up hatred for outlaws into one mighty blow with his right fist. Webb dropped like a log and lay motionless on the platform. Crane turned quickly. Oh, for God's sake! Oh, I see you've taken care of Sam, Blake. Yes, Crane. You regain consciousness soon. I'll try the two of them. I'll pick up my gun. Is there a jail in Orville? Yes, and it'll hold these critters. Who's that? My friend. Here, Tonto, the station platform. Tonto, I've heard of him, things have heard of you. Someone's riding with him. I think Tonto's bringing the federal marshal. Oh, come on, come on! Come on, come on! Get out of here! Here, marshal. Good. You've got two summer. Marshal Crane's already placed him under arrest. Yeah, but I'm not a regular lawman. I reckon the real marshal better take over. Crane, you'll be a real marshal someday. Will he make a good one? Yes, marshal. I'm care of it. Tonto, I'll go get the silver and meet you in camp. Our job's finished. Oh, wait, Mr. You... I'm here, Crane. It's a job for you too, lawman. Lawman! Gosh, Mr. Marshal. Do you know who that mass man is? Yes. You? Yes, sir. And I'm mighty proud of the fact that I've fought hand-to-hand against a couple of crooks with the Lone Ranger. I'll do the fight! The righted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated is produced by Trendl Campbell Muir Incorporated. The part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beemer, your announcer, Fred Boy. Listen to the Lone Ranger brought to you by special recording Mondays through Fridays at this same time.


Hi, I'm Dr. Gene Pruice. This lecture we're going to look at the Civil War, the rise of the cattle culture in cowboys and the Indian Wars. So this is going to be a long lecture and we're covering a lot of time in this. But what we want to understand is the role of the West on sectionalism and then to the Civil War, the role the cattle industry and settlement had on the American West and the factors that led to the end of Native American resistance in the West. So we'll start with the sectionalism of 1854 as it turned out in the Kansas and Nebraska Territory of the West. In a search for a route for the transcontinental railroad to go across the Utah Territory into Nebraska, somewhere in there, there were several options open. There's Stephen Douglas of Illinois drafted a bill to organize the Nebraska Territory and the Kansas Territory separately and to allow popular sovereignty into this part of the formerly unorganized territory. And in doing so, he called for a repeal of the compromise line, the Missouri compromise line, which you can see there above the Indian Territory, Texas line at 3630, said that there would be no slavery above this line. And what popular sovereignty said is let the people decide, let the people who live in that territory decide on what was going to happen. And this set up a tremendous influx of people rushing both Northerners and Southerners supported by organizations either opposed to or in favor of slavery in those territories in order to vote. In Kansas, you had two governments that were competing with each other. The pro-slavery government at Lake Compton and the anti-slavery government at Topeka. And you had a lot of people coming in here causing violence and seeking to disrupt the elections and these are called border ruffians. And the violence continued in both Washington DC and back in Kansas. Charles Sumner, a senator from Massachusetts, was attacked on the floor of the Senate. He had made this speech called the crime on Kansas and talking about the border ruffians and the violence that was going on in the territories. And he insulted Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina, said he was in bed with that harlot slavery, and this caused a lot of disruptions. The violence in Kansas escalated, 800 pro-slavery people attacked Lawrence, Kansas. And on the banks of the Potawatomi Creek in Kansas, John Brown, a New England abolitionist and kind of a millennialist, kind of an eccentric, attacked and killed people. And this led to more and more violence throughout this civil war that was happening in Kansas. And John Brown escaped, however. Another incident from the West was in the Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sanford. Dred Scott was the servant of an army doctor, he was a slave. The army doctor himself was an abolitionist, and they wanted to start a test case. If you took slaves into Northern Territory, which was considered free territory, were they still a slave or not? And so it was on this basis that Dred Scott sued for freedom. When this case reached the Supreme Court, it just started off in St. Louis, Missouri and that's where it first came. When it reached the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice Roger Taney said that, there's a couple of things, slaves could not sue in the Supreme Court, he said. They had no rights to which the white man is bound to respect. And he also said that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, that slaves were property and you cannot remove people's property without due process, he said. So this threw a wrench in a popular sovereignty ideology. And how would it play out? Back in LaCompton, Kansas submitted a pro-slavery constitution. And the President of the United States, James Buchanan, supported it. And he made this an issue for party loyalty. And this caused a split in the Democrats and Stephen Douglas left the President's side and did not support the President in this initiative. The House denied Kansas statehood and the whole thing caused a rift in the Democratic Party itself. In 1858, the next year, Abraham Lincoln, a congressman from Illinois, challenged Stephen Douglas to debates. And at this, Lincoln attacked the idea of popular sovereignty. He said, you know, a House divided itself against itself cannot stand. While Douglas continued to support popular sovereignty and issued the free poor doctrine, which said that territories could prohibit slavery simply by not passing laws favoring it. Now the debates made Lincoln popular, but he didn't win the election and Douglas was really vilified by the South after this. In October of 1859, John Brown reemerges and he launches attack on the federal armory just outside Washington, D.C. at Harper's Ferry in the hopes of formenting a slave revolt. So this was the context of the time, by the time the 1860 election rolls around, the Democrats are split between North and South and you have a constitutional union party which just wants to preserve the union and Abraham Lincoln is nominated by the Republicans. And when the election occurs, you see that it's along sectional lines. The North overwhelmingly in California, Oregon, Washington overwhelmingly voted for Lincoln. However, the South overwhelmingly voted for the Southern Democrats. And this vote and the way it turned out, although Lincoln only got 39% of the popular vote, he won the electoral vote overwhelmingly and became the next president of the United States. As a result of this election, many people in the South feared Lincoln would threaten slavery. There was an attempt at a compromise to protect slavery below the Missouri Compromise Line 3630, but it didn't work out. And in December of that year, South Carolina took the first steps and succeeded from the union. The next year, secession continued, other states fell in line in the South and the Confederate states of America was formed and Jefferson Davis was elected their president. Lincoln for his part wanted to preserve the union, but on April the 12th, 1861, the Civil War began when Confederates fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina's harbor. In the West, you see very few battles. There were some battles in the New Mexico Territory, but California remained in the union. Texas did have some attempts to capture Galveston and along the coast areas as part of the North's Anaconda plan to squeeze the South by limiting their ability to trade cotton. And this became very important because Texas was able to ship cotton over the Rio Grande and then allow it to sail to Europe on Mexican ships. However, there was a French invasion of Mexico in order to collect some debts. And so the French had the throne in Mexico from 1861 past the end of the war and this caused some trade disruption as well. The cattle empire after the war began developing. Now much of the Midwest was called the Great American Desert and this had been established back in the 1820s that this wasn't really fit land for settlement, but there were a lot of buffalo and there were a lot of cattle out there. And so after the Civil War, the cattle were rounded up in South Texas and driven north along several trails and you see that here, the Good Night Loving Trail, the Western Trail, the Chisholm Trail. What they were trying to do was get those cattle to those railroads coming out of Kansas and Omaha and to the rail lines there, to the traffic routes that were there, the settlement routes along the Oregon Trail and to move cattle north. And then from the railroad it could be shipped east and also brought up to provide settlers in the north with cattle of their own. The cattle industry created several boom towns along that rail line, Abilene, Kansas, Wichita, Kansas, Ellsworth, Dodge City. And it kept moving west as the railroad moved west because there was a lot of animosity against Texas cattle. For one thing, they were blamed for fevers caused by ticks and it was influencing other cattle and so there were laws passed against Texas cattle passing through various towns and so that's why the trails kept moving further and further west. Part of the culture of the cowboy, mostly cowboys were young men. There's a lot of myths because of Hollywoodization in the movies. They're often portrayed as middle-aged or older men. But in reality, cowboy was worked for the young people. It paid very low. There were a lot of African-American, there were a lot of Mexican-American and Chinese and others who were involved in all the cattle trails and they were employed to drive cattle and it was very rough work and so it was for the young. And a lot of cowboy culture was influenced by Spanish and Mexican influences. We also see, just like in mining, the rise of cattle barons, that it doesn't stay just a person who's driving a head of cattle up the trail. It became big business and big business on an international level. A lot of the cattle barons who came in and claimed hundreds and thousands of acres of what they call bonanza farms were not even Americans. The English, Irish and other Europeans had invested in American land and cattle business. The government provided free land, they just simply came in and took advantage of it. In 1883, there is a strike as this continues because cowboys at one point early on by the early 1860s were seen as kind of being independent and commanded much more money. Twenty years later, by the 1880s, that had ended because it was overrun, there was a lot of cattle in other places, not just in Texas anymore. The great trail drives weren't as necessary. There was people who didn't want cattle trampling over their farms. And so pay went down, especially with foreign owners of land. And so in 1883, there was a two and a half month cowboy strike. It was largely unsuccessful for a variety of reasons, but it was an attempt to kind of organize the cowboys in this latched effort to preserve that way of life. The cattle empire declined largely because, however, of some severe winters and droughts in the summers, most especially 1885, 1886. Another example is the children's winter in 1888. Over 200, between 200 and 500 people were killed when the temperatures dropped rapidly, and a lot of these were children walking home from school. There was more and more people moving into the West because of the railroads. The railroads were bringing people in, and so this ended the free range cattle markets. And so there weren't, there was more fencing and barbed wire, and so cattle couldn't just roam freely anymore, and the trail drives became obsolete. The barbed wire also increased the chance of fence wars, as people did try to get their cattle to market by driving them across ranges and running into people who had fences up. There was competition from the sheep industry for grazing.  And so the cattle couldn't compete with the sheep. They were also reason for fencing the sheep in, and so this combination of factors led to a lot of problems with the cattle industry. And there was violence, no doubt. You did have some lawlessness in some of these cattle towns, and this gave rise to vigilance committees, vigilantes who came in and formed their own law enforcement branch to cut down on a lot of the violence from young men off the cattle drive who were drinking and causing trouble. You also had cattlemen's associations, and they're passing laws and regulations to limit rustling and people stealing cattle. There were new opportunities for settlers as well, and a lot of these were as a result of the Homestead Act of 1862. Some 400,000 homesteaders moved into the West, took advantage of the land, and became land owners. And when the land, of course, in the West wasn't as wet, wasn't as fitted for growing crops, and so more and more land was added to the amount of land you could claim. And so there was the Timber Culture Act, the Desert Land Act, and the Timber and Stone Act, which increased the amount of land you could get because of these types of products on the land. Finally, I want to mention about the African Americans who were moving West, taking advantage of free land through the Homestead Act. These were called exodusters, and their leader and the advocate for this movement was a man named Benjamin Pap Singleton, and he said that African Americans should go West, get away from the segregated South, and own their own land. Railroads were important in the Western development as well. There were more than two million acres of land making railroads the largest land owners in the American West next to the federal government. They were given land to help allow them to raise their own money by selling that land to prospective settlers, and that land was given out in a checkerboard square fashion, and the railroads own alternating sections. And so they would, of course, sell their land for us to raise money. The money they sold for the government land wasn't theirs to keep, so they weren't as incentivized to sell that land. The vision for a transcontinental railroad was finally brought into being on May 10, 1869, when the two railroad companies, the Southern Pacific and the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific met at Promontory Point in Utah just north of Salt Lake City, but soon before the end of the decade, five other transcontinental lines were established, bringing up farmers and ranchers and other settlers to the West. Railroads therefore became the principal colonizers of the West as a result of this. For the Native Americans, a lot of this new settlement, the railroads, the cattle meant an end to their way of life. And we're talking a lot of Indians were living in the West. Now, some of these had been Native Americans from the East pushed West, but there were people like the Pueblo who lived in settled settlements. They were agricultural people, growing crops, raising animals. You had, of course, the Apache Navajo, the semi-nomadic agricultural Indians, and then Native Americans living on the plains. These are the ones that you see in the movies most, the plains Indians. They were very nomadic. They excelled at the horse. And we think of the Comanche and the Lakota as being two good examples of these plain Indians. A lot of them are kind of romanticized in movies. But it is true that the buffalo was very important to their life and they lived and fed off buffalo and the buffalo hunt. And much of their life and culture was tied around the buffalo. Just a recap of US Indian policy. There had been a policy of removing Indians from the West and putting them on reservations. And this increased in the years before and after the Civil War. Problems with the Indians led President Grant, following the Civil War, to try to develop a peace commission to quote civilize the Indians, what this really meant was to Americanize the Indians, to assimilate them into American culture. And this is called civilizing them. And the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the organization was set up to administer this. And one example of this is the Medicine Lodge Treaty, which required a lot of Native American tribes to sign to, saying that they would return to the reservations and allow themselves to be taken care of by the government. Now there were examples of attacks on Native Americans. I mentioned that Californians had put bounties out on Native American heads. There were other examples, the Sand Creek Massacre in Colorado. The Wachita massacre in Oklahoma. The Marias massacre in Montana. And the Camp Grant massacre in Arizona. All of these are examples of where white troops attacked Native Americans. Either in retaliation or just out of attempts to red Native Americans from the property. And there was retaliation, of course. From 1875 to 1877, the so-called Sioux Wars are part of the Native American wars, the Indian wars, that ran from the end of the Civil War to about 1890. So this involves two major chiefs sitting bull in crazy horse. The most blatant example of Indian on white violence was on June 25th, 1876, in Montana along the Wyoming border, the Battle of the Little Bighorn, where General George Armstrong Custer and the 7th Cavalry were defeated and killed by Native Americans. But this was very rare. Most Indians didn't set up camp in that large of a camp. These Native Americans have left the reservation. The army was harassing them, trying to get them to go back on the reservation. And Custer just bit off more than he could chew and his soldiers and he paid the price. Americans learned of the disaster at Little Bighorn. While they were celebrating, a few weeks later, their 100th anniversary of the nation in 1776 to 1876. So this really caused the Native Americans to be put under intense pressure from the army, who wanted to make sure this didn't happen again.  Another famous incident is the Nez Perce War. The Nez Pierce Indians, Nez Perce, they resisted moving. And so Chief Joseph and about 500 others left and were trying to meet up with Sitting Bull, who was up in Canada at this time. And they made their way, and they were about 40 miles short of the border, when they had to give up. And that's when Joseph made his famous statement that he would fight no more forever. The final resistance and what some of the worst fighting was the Apache resistance. This was the 1860s throughout the 1880s. In this Cochise, the leader finally agreed to settle down on a reservation. However, there were others like Geronimo, who refused to capitulate. And he continued to fight well almost up until 1890 before he finally surrendered and was taken to Florida and then finally released. The Comanche Wars of 1871 and 1875 were largely in retaliation against Buffalo hunters. The Warren Wagon train massacre was an incident that happened up northwest of Fort Worth. And in fact, it's interesting because William Sheridan, General Sheridan, was sent down to investigate rumors of Native American problems. And they landed at Brownsville. He and some Buffalo soldiers as guards traveled up from Brownsville, up to the various forts in Texas to inspect and to ascertain the Indian attacks that were reported to be going on. And he reported nothing had happened. And he had a few hours after he got to Fort Griffith up northwest of Fort Worth, a wagon train was attacked and Henry Warren and others were murdered. And what had happened, the Native Americans later said, was that they had seen Sheridan and his men and chosen to let them pass. But then they promised to attack the next group, which was this wagon train. And so Sheridan calls for all out warfare as a result. In 1874, because of increased Buffalo hunting, Native Americans under Kwana Parker attacked Adobe Walls and later on in the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon, up in just south of Amarillo. Kwana Parker finally surrendered the next year. Finally, the ghost dance. This was a religious ceremony meant to protect Native Americans, to invoke the spirits of their dead ancestors. And Wavoka, who was a Paiute prophet, began spreading this religious practice and belief. This frightened a lot of people who were reservation agents, and they called in the army to help put down the ghost dancers. And this included members of the Seventh Cavalry, who at Wounded Knees, South Dakota, destroyed members of the ghost dance religion, who had left the Badlands of the Dakotas. And so they were cut down by the Seventh Cavalry, kind of in retaliation for the losses the Seventh Cavalry had faced as well. By 1887, the policy of the United States was to turn Indians into American farmers. And they began dividing up the tribal land on reservations and any land that was not given to a Native American family would then be available for buying or purchasing or leasing by whites. And so this really took a lot of Native American land out of their hands. There was also an Indian industrial school at Carlisle, Pennsylvania that was established, and the attempt there, according to the director, Captain Richard Henry Pratt, was to kill the Indian to save the white man. In other words, they wanted to assimilate Native Americans, turn them into Americans and cut their hair. They wouldn't speak the language anymore and they would dress like Americans. And it's an attempt to get them into the mainstream culture. Now, there were some attempts on the reservations, however, to preserve Native American culture. Many of these were continued by Native Americans themselves, from holding rodeos and herding sheep and hunting. All of these things were done to maintain their culture from a people who were obviously seeing much of their world that they knew erode. And so if we look at the West and we understand the role that sectionalism played is that although few battles happened during the Civil War in the West, it was the West and the contest over whether or not slavery would extend was one of the reasons why the Civil War happened in the first place. There were a lot of volunteers, although few battles, a lot of volunteers in the West went east to fight. The role of cattlemen and the settlement on the American West, well, after the Civil War, the beef industry did expand and it caused conflict between ranchers and farmers and other new settlers. And of course, the buffalo. The cattle were very susceptible to the winters and to overproduction and eventually the cattle industry declined. What led to the end of Native Americans' resistance in the West? Well, army pressure, the destruction of the buffalo herds, increased Western settlement, the advent of the railroads, disease and attempts to Americanize Native American Indians. All of this led to reduce their resistance and at the same time, cause their numbers to dwindle. Thank you very much for paying attention and we'll see you soon.


Hello! In this lecture we will define form W4. According to fundamental accounting principles, Wilde 22nd edition, the definition of W4 is withholding allowance certificate filled out with the employer identifying the number of withholding allowances claimed. When we're thinking about the form W4, we're thinking about that form that we're going to have employees fill out at the time of employment or the form that we would fill out at the time of new employment. Reason being is that the employer is going to be in charge of or assigned the task by the government, the IRS, to withhold the federal income tax from the employee's wages and then remit that money to the IRS directly. Therefore, the employer needs some way to figure out how to calculate how much should be withheld from the paycheck. We can think about how that might be done. We know that at the end of the year we're going to calculate our tax liability on the form 1040, but the calculation is a bit complex because we do have a progressive tax system and we might have other types of wages in there other than the wages that we're reporting for this particular job. For example, our spouse might have wages. But one of the major things that are going to be a factor in terms of the taxes will be the exemptions and the other being, of course, the amount of income that we will have. The exemptions are not the exemptions being we get one for ourselves and our dependents. Those are the exemptions. Those can be thought of as similar to reporting the number of allowances, which is basically what we're doing on the W4. Not exactly the same because the number of allowances may be different than what we are reporting on the 1040, but they're similar in that those allowances are similar to the exemptions being a big factor determining what our tax will be. The more exemptions that we have, the lower our tax will be. In the same goes here, the more allowances that we claim in terms of the W4, the less money that our employer is going to take out of our wages and the greater the larger our check will be per check. However, at the end of the year, we may be more likely to have less of a refund or actually owe money at the end of the year. That's going to be the calculation of the W4. Now we do have a worksheet in order to help the calculation of the W4. This is going to be going through some steps to try to see what the number of exemptions should be. And again, it's a tough calculation because there are other factors. The spouse could have an impact in terms of the total income because the income is going to be combined with the employee's income. We could have other income from other sources. We could have a lot of deductions from other sources. So taking those into consideration to figure out the proper amount of allowances in order to get the proper amount withheld for our income is the purpose of the W4.


the range of the range of value of the results for the particular application for the method and also to different stakeholders but the validation of the method is differencing so who who will carry out the validation procedure validation is not that maybe it's only terminology in question I don't understand completely valid this validation indicates basically they want to know the reliability of the method so like this method can be used for soil that contain up to a certain amount of soil and then when we when we produced the SOPs we don't want to do the validation of the method as far as I know now yeah validation should be done in the lab yes please georgie so validation should be done in the lab so so each lab should validate this but we also should offer the validation initial a validation from the producers of the method no it would be for them to to refer to these validation results I don't know okay please maybe the others can comment but the ranges included in term the SOPs are very useful I agree with that I just don't know how we can do it define these ranges based on the rich validation method yeah they say yeah the same comment came from the colleagues from latzolan from latin america so they say okay this can be very useful but we are not sure if we can do it by ourselves we may establish like work on this together with the colleagues from other dealers of action of gsp from other from other experts because especially the next question that Progetz will will give you is about its research some kind of dependent these dependent instruments as it was mentioned in the chat and it's not that like a straightforward process in between these range values for sure they are useful but it's not easy to identify them for each SOP so we may so if I correctly got the comment it's like okay we we can think to work on it but let's think how and for some parameters we will not have range value so there are parameters where there's no range value so we just determined and that's it so it's not applicable so also I am reading in the chat there are methods with the stable range and also it depends on equipment and other factors it should be up to the lab itself and should be up to the validation or verification in the lab so indicating ranges it will just it's just good to to see the limitations of the methods for specific soils with specific content like organic carbon and some other stuff perhaps in a few years when we have each year the PT we would gather results from for different ranges especially for different values of soils so perhaps we can then expect with the ranges perhaps postpone these ranges because otherwise it would really someone would have to validate the methods in the upper and the lower range so if you agree like we can rely on what Luca mentioned in the screen so I think she collected your comments well and how about we narrow this down to soil types if the method it's reliable for acidic or more basic soils that will be easier to narrow down in the first stage than run full validation yes that's true it's anyway some of methods are so specific soil type specific anyway okay some are more universal so I think this is not only about the infrastructures or the physical conditions but also soil characteristics as noticed by the previous speaker for example in our country the soil organic method content is less than one person in most cases so I don't think a method you know which which is concerned as a high validity that say can be the case you know in our country so this question is really difficult to answer and it may take many years to reach to reliable results I think yes I need to think like I can see that the discussion the topic is very it's not easy so again this is just like a first step discussion because this topic will be discussed again at Gruslan meeting with all the colleagues from the different regions because we we ask this question to each regional network and and some of them say many of them agree with with your points that you're raising now this as a request that we receive for the people who make it who made it can be very easy to request but it is not actually in the lab from the lab perspective so we can keep this for discussing during Gruslan meeting and share the opinion of the different region and take into account all the things that you say we are noting them down so we can we can then discuss this again very very soon again the Gruslan meeting will take place in in in November so this will be again discussed there but I think we can I think we have to more discuss more about this uh let me share the presentation because I think you guys have issues so um let me go back where she was I'm here I'm here okay can you share again sorry I are you dusting my screen no I was I was about to sharing no thank you okay then the last last point for decision and now really we close with the governance is again about the reference value so in this case that they are requesting Gruslan to provide an indication on the status of soil for example from a certain value to a certain value the methods indicate the soils are poor in phosphorus or they have low medium content of phosphorus or medium content medium high and so on so again we have a poll for this but I don't know if you want to have a discussion instead maybe we can just to have an idea this is very specific I think and it can vary from place to place so even under more or less same soil climatic conditions there can be different values for example if we take like phosphorus for example yeah even the same method like Olsen which is quite widespread if you take different reference literatures and compare there can be different range values for like poor or rich soils and so on and it like many one of the opinion from the other region was that these involve a lot about research and compiling the literature that I was already producing in this regard so this is also something that we can coordinate if the network decide to do this with the other area of action of GSP like research for instance because it's really connected to the land use and to the other research data and literature that has been already produced but I see that Joao you have your answer yes I think this is an important issue but it's not a problem of the method and we are concerned about methodology the interpretation and the calibration of the method it's an agronomist problem and then environmental problem not a laboratory problem and I'm afraid that we are expending too much our ambitions and so I do not agree but it's only my opinion we are mainly concerned about methodology so I'm reading in the chat everybody agrees with Joao and also Georgie oh no we have a poll if you likely launched it but can we agree on no I think yes okay thank you this is poor experimental I think we should be done in the field experiment so very hard to define from the website okay thank you very very much now we go to the very very last presentation of this meeting that is about governance we will quickly go through it so as you know that the governance of Rosalind was defined at its first meeting in 2019 in that occasion it was decided to have one chair one vice chair and one working one the mandate for the position of chair and vice chair was two years and the terms of reference well are in an annex of the first Eurozalan meeting so in that occasion Georgie and Spela were elected the chair and vice chair of Eurozalan and unfortunately their mandate came to an end so I would like to thank them a lot on behalf of the Eurozalan and Eurozalan for their hard work for the network over the years so thank you thank you very much thank you thank you all for support if it was an in-person meeting there would be a big applause for you you know it's virtual I'm sorry many many thanks we really appreciate it now this is not a proposal for a vote because we hope you would agree but during these years we found out that there were some kind of issues in terms of communication especially with countries in Eurasia not because of the language barrier most of the laboratories in the Eurasian region speak Russian so we took some initiative and discussed the possibility to have a vice chair from Eurasia in Eurozalan Eurasian countries agreed on it to welcome this proposal and I hope you as Eurozalan would also welcome this proposal so that at the end we would have have one chair and two vice chairs one to represent Europe and one to represent Eurasia and really follow up with the laboratories in the sub-region in Russia I hope you agree if not please tell us in the chat so now I will move to another proposal that is that relies on the fact that in Latin America they have a bit different gloss governance that resulted to be very efficient so they have one chair one vice chair and one steering committee so my question to you is if you would like to have a steering committee to basically replace the working group you agreed to have at the first meeting but that ultimately never got to work and the steering committee should really be in charge of supporting the work of the chair and the two vice chairs so what they're doing in Latin America is basically that they are dividing countries so everyone so every person in the steering committee and also the chair and vice chair themselves take care of a few countries so they do a one-to-one interaction follow-ups and then they have regular meetings with staff make plans on how to address national and regional challenges we are informing you on these and proposing you to revise your governance because in Latin America it's extraordinary like they work super well super well organized so again we will open a pool about it if you welcome this idea Filippo and myself we drop the terms of references for the steering committee and then send it to you all for review so you will have a stay on their task so Filippo can you please launch the poll so the question is do you agree on establishing a steering committee in Eurosa? I am the full house we reach the majority and let me show the results say all of them say yes many thanks proposal and doors then I have another proposal Glozolan again building on the success of Lazzolan and their work and so would really like to strengthen the position of the chair and vice chairs of Eurozolan in order to allow them to do better follow-ups in each country and in the overall region this means that Glozolan would share information and the contact details of all laboratories in the network and you know like really inform better the chair and vice chairs that I have to admit so far we're not kept well informed from our side so I apologize for this and so they this also implied that they were not eventually very active to do follow-ups with each country we would like to to remediate this so our proposal is to review the terms of reference for the position of chair and vice chairs to to give them more information and power in the region and also to have common to Eurosa for these positions across all residents again we have a poll for this if you agree again we will draft the revised terms of reference for the position in this case of the Resolan chair and vice chairs and invite and send them to you all for review again we wait to reach majority okay endorsed thank you very much now we get to election that are not real elections because we have only one candidate for the position but still we hope that you would welcome them in in this role so we start from the position of Eurosa chair we have only one candidate for for you that is a very active member of Glossalon and Eurosa that's professor Maria Romic from Croatia and now I would give the give her the floor to briefly introduce herself Maria please hello thank you for this opportunity actually to to apply for for this position because I wrote here that I have three let's say some I start from the motivation because I already participate in in the Eurosa line of the very beginning so I would like let's say to moderate and foster this active participation of laboratories within the network to encourage the interaction between or among laboratory managers that are appointed to the working group and to contribute to the objectives to reach the the objectives of the Glossalon or let's say more specifically Eurosa land as far as my qualifications are concerned that I'm university professor I got my PhD in soil science and I have a pretty long experience in environmental chemistry almost 40 years and I'm actually a head of the analytical laboratory for soil sediments water plant material which are created according to ISO in 1725 and what I expect from this further activities is to maintain an active communication between Eurosa land and Glossalon and also I'm committed to the technical work team in creation and monitoring of priority activities for laboratories in Eurosa land so it's briefly what I what I see and how I see my position here and just as a member of a team which is very active and productive so far so thank you that's I would like to be very short not to take your time anymore many thanks Maya and I'm sorry for you know you are late so I hope you didn't feel any pressure in terms of time many thanks for volunteering to take this position I hope Eurosa land would welcome you as new chair of Eurosa land and we'll see otherwise please let us know so I can't see the chat anymore but Philippo is there any remark on this no comment so far okay so I would say congratulations it's a pleasure to have you as new chair of Eurosa land so now we get to the position of the vice chair so thank you starting from Europe again in this case we have one candidate Dr. Ogut and the tour guide from Turkey so Keana I would like to give you the floor to introduce yourself thank you Lucrecia so as you can see from my profile I spend lots of time in out of Turkey after completing my bachelor's and master's study I start traveling for academic purposes of course and spent four years in Japan and Indonesia because my phd study was about the effect of land use changes on soil biological characteristics so thanks to to this topic I have such a nice I had very nice opportunities to visit Indonesia and Japan including many different universities and laboratories as well so I've been in very well developed conditions and I've been in different labs with poor conditions as well and then I had some other opportunities to do my postdoc in Belgium Japan again and the United States again they were such amazing experience not only respect of scientific or professional development of myself but also notice that every laboratory is like a different world and there is a weak communication between different national or regional or global laboratories but we definitely I do I do believe that we definitely take a chance to have a certain language hugging all laboratories in a certain region or if it would great it will be great if it is a global so I that's why I would like to support a glossary and activities and actually I've been doing this since 2018 so my laboratory actually is a representative one and in the level of state universities in Turkey so we are a partly agitated and we are doing our best to improve our communications with other laboratories in Turkey at the same time I'm a member of a turkey science society meaning I have many good connections with different laboratories in Turkey and in neighboring countries as well that's why I will be happy to have this position and support Maria if I'm given this chance thank you so much sorry I had problems to unmute myself many thanks can again I hope you would welcome can as the new vice chair of for Europe if everybody agrees I would like to confirm the position so congratulations to can and we are very happy to have you on board you're sure you will you we will do a great job together thank you last but not least the proposal for the new vice chair of Eurasia also in this case we have only one candidate Dr Elena Shamrikova from the russian federation Elena I will give you the floor okay good morning dear colleagues let me introduce myself my name is Elena I'm from Russia in my opinion there are different reasons why I believe that I could be elected for the role of vice chair of Eurasia firstly I have great combination of my scientific competitions experiences and practices secondly I also have experience as a leader thirdly I already have quite bought experience of collaboration with gloss alum and divine supervision my team have became the national laboratory of Russia we harmonize the touring methods we for those of walkie black and dry combustion perfectly language knowledge advantage many laboratories in Eurasian countries working according to accordance with a russian school of soil science and use russian language of research activities and finally talking about my future plans I would like to create the russian network in addition I would like to focus on harmonization of methods in laboratories that we are working according to the russian school of soil science and the last idea so to mention is that I would like to concentrate on search for transfer functions for other methods and there's any support that is needed made it from my side or any use will be always provided thanks for your attention many thanks Elena it's great to to have you know as official vice chair for Eurasia because you have been doing so much for gloss on and also for for countries in your sub regions in Eurasia and as you said like you also translated a lot of material in russia and that's very much appreciated okay I'm sorry again we are late but I think it was very it was a very productive meeting I would like to congratulate to the new chair and vice chairs and in order to close the meeting I would like to give the word for the last time to Georgie and Spela for the closing remarks and maybe a reflection on their experience maybe Georgie you go first in general ladies go first but okay it's okay so once again I would like to say thank you to all members of Eurasia and for me it was really very nice experience to be in a leading position of this very very nice network with so many high quality staff and really good professionals and motivated people who really would like to support each other and share their knowledge so this is really very well seen during all this time and all communication so many thanks to all of you for establishment really of the network and now we see that it's really we have permanent very active members and it's growing and increasing and we are able to do more than two years or one year ago so this growth is really visible and I think we are all noting this so many thanks to Spela for her support permanent support I feel because it's maybe not very much work for us normally main work was done by GSP team and many thanks to them especially to Lucrezia and all staff who was always ready to support and push things forward but of course we tried so I myself I tried to do what I could and I hope that we now have very nice and more experienced chair I could say this longer experience and wider product experience in the field and I really I'm really happy that Maria will continue our work and expand it in a better way and I will be here to support as much as I can from my side and also congratulations to Elena we're a nice colleague from Russia and already we are friends also these all nice colleagues and also congratulations to Dr. Khan and wish you very successful work and the continuation of Rosalind activities thanks a lot and congratulations once more many thanks Georgie, Spela your turn I would also like to thank everyone for the support I'm not sure how much support I gave to Georgie but when she needed something I really helped him it was great to work in this group because it's really a group of experts who know what they're doing all with the same goal so I'm happy to stay in the group again from now on also I would also like to help to I'm grateful to the GSP, to Lucrezia, to Filippo, to everyone who supported us when we needed some help and I also congratulate Elena and to Mr. Khan for their new functions and also to Maria I know she will be great in this function because she also really has a lot of experience in the field and a lot of knowledge so thank you everyone many thanks Spela and again a big thanks to you and Georgie for your work and commitment to the network or this year we can still count on you so don't disappear okay so this was the closer of the meeting many thanks for having been with us as usual we will publish everything on the Orozolan web page as soon as possible Maria I saw that you unmuted yourself you wanted to say something yes I would like just to say thank you to all of you and I appreciate a lot the all the activities already done and I hope that we will continue in the same way and collaborate in the proper way identified today a few of very important issues that we have to to discuss more but I look very much forward for the future activities thank you very much thank you thank you very much and please don't forget to send me your ideas for TCP proposals if you want to apply for projects okay I'm here to help okay have a very good day and I hope to see you soon and see you all at the Glossalon meeting yeah don't forget to register bye bye thank you bye bye