Well good afternoon everyone my name is Heather Conley I'm senior vice president here at the Center for Strategic and International Studies with the the wonderful title of Europe Eurasia and the Arctic. I expressly wanted the Arctic in my title because it's one of the most interesting and dynamic areas of research here at the Center. We we are so delighted that you brave the cold when I woke up this morning I looked outside at my the temperature at the thermometer and it said 15 degrees and I thought this is a perfect day to talk about the Arctic so thank you for being with us. We are absolutely delighted to welcome Foreign Minister Borger Brinde to join us today for what I what I'm saying is really our kickoff for the Center's Arctic activities and research as we gear up for the US chairmanship of the Arctic Council and I see before us and we're so delighted to have Admiral Robert Papp US special representative for the Arctic region here and he is looking at his watch going only two more months to the Arctic Council Ministerial where we from our Canadian colleagues take over the chairmanship so I thought minister perfect timing for your visit here. We're very delighted that this conversation that begins our research into the US chairmanship is done in cooperation with the Norwegian Foreign Ministry through a very generous grant. We'll be doing a two-year study on the US chairmanship with our sister think tank Institute the Institute for Defense Studies in Oslo so this really launches us in a new and a very exciting research project. So if we have perfect weather and perfect timing clearly we have the perfect speaker to discuss the balance between Arctic economic opportunities and environmental stewardship. Prior to becoming Norwegian Foreign Minister in October of 2013 Minister Brinde served as Minister of the Environment from 2001 to 2004 and then he served as the Minister of Trade and Industry from 2004 and 2005. His professional experience is achieving this balance between environmental stewardship and trade and investment. So Norway's economy has been very much in the news of late as Arctic economics in general as the news of significantly lower global energy and commodity prices seem to challenge some of the fundamentals of business development in the Arctic. So we look forward to your remarks Minister Brinde and our subsequent discussion on the Arctic. So if this is perfect weather perfect time perfect speaker a perfect moment to welcome Foreign Minister Brinde please join me in welcoming him. Thank you very much. Thank you very much for that kind introduction. I definitely feel like home in this weather. I was also in DC last week with even colder weather that was so cold that it was even a bit cold for Norwegian but it says something about the changing weather patterns. Admiral Papp my friend and also close advisor of another friend Secretary Kerry that cares a lot about the Arctic Council chairmanship of the US. Their friends of the Arctic Excellencies ladies and gentlemen is a good opportunity this afternoon to discuss the challenges and opportunities that we do see in the Arctic and coming out of meetings on different topics this morning I just have to admit that we are living in a rapidly changing world. As the geopolitical map is shifting the international community is increasingly looking to the east and to the south and I would also maybe add the Middle East in that respect. At the same time natural resources new trade routes and increased human activity have provided new opportunities in the north a new focus on the north. This has led to increased international interest in the region. In this rapidly changing world our ability to respond adequately is tested time and again. However what should not change are our common values and principles. I think last year really showed us that these values should also in the continuation be our stable guiding light in this unstable world. They have guided us towards greater progress and justice in our search for security prosperity and development. Let us continue to uphold these values democracy, human rights, the rule of law, trade and cooperation and this also applies for the Arctic. It is crucial that we make sure that they continue to do so these values will be the guiding principles for Arctic cooperation. The overall goal for Norwegian Arctic policy is to ensure that the Arctic remains an area of peace, stability and international cooperation. No gold rush it should be these principles that do guide us. And for Norway the Arctic is of great importance. I don't need to even underline that as many of you know 10% of Norway's population lives north of the Arctic Circle. 80% of our sea areas are located north of the Arctic Circle, 80%. As a nation of seafarers and fishermen, Norwegians have always lived off the sea. Polar exploration is an integral part of our national identity. I'm just coming from Sydney, Australia where our King, His Majesty King Harold had the first state visit to Australia and we have not only explored in the Arctic but also you know Urual Amundsen, the first man to the South Pole in 1911. So Antarctica is also part of the Norwegian identity. 80% of Arctic maritime traffic passes through Norwegian waters. Almost 90% of the Norwegian export revenues come from economic activity and resources in our sea areas. Our long coastline, traditions and innovation go hand in hand. The US is also a leading Arctic nation with vital interests in the region's development, ranging from national security to economic development and environmental protection. The Arctic is not only relevant for Alaska but also for other US states. I'm not stating the obvious to you but it's in my manuscript. Fisheries are important for the state of Washington. There is important maritime activity in Maine and there is crucial Arctic research that are world leading in the state of New Hampshire. Weather patterns, as we are seeing, are originating in the Arctic region affect all states without exception. For Norway, the High North remains a key foreign policy priority of obvious reasons. Peace, stability and international cooperation are needed to ensure value creation and sustainable development in the Arctic. Successful international cooperation depends on a robust and predictable legal and institutional framework. This is clearly in place in the Arctic and is part of the reason why it has not turned into a gold rush. The law of the sea, UNCLOS, provides a legal framework for the sea areas with the firm bases in the UN. Although the US is not a signatory yet, it both respects and upholds the law of the sea. The Arctic Council, which has been strengthened over the last few years, is in this respect also crucial. The Arctic Council is producing groundbreaking reports about the Arctic. Its extensive work on climate change in the Arctic has been extremely important. The Arctic Council's reports have proven beyond doubt that climate change is taking place at a fast rate with serious and far-reaching consequences. New challenges have been met through the conclusion of legally binding agreements between the Arctic states. In these agreements, we have addressed important issues such as search and rescue. This has to be dealt with in a very foresighted way in this very vulnerable environmental area. And marine oil pollution in the Arctic is another challenge that we know too well, also in the US. We welcome the US priorities for the forthcoming chairmanship period, outlined so eloquently by Secretary Kerry at different occasions, but also by Admiral Papp that joined us at the Arctic Frontiers Conference that we had in Oslo in January. I know that we share the same interest and enthusiasm for the Arctic. We adhere to the same values and principles, the US and Norway. I can assure you that we will do our part to make the next chairmanship period a success. The Arctic Council is an excellent example of regional cooperation. The Arctic states have shown that they are able to find new solutions in response to new challenges. This also goes for Norway's neighbor, Russia. We have a long history of constructive neighborly cooperation. Russia's violations of international law in Ukraine have, however, affected our relations. Norway has implemented the same sanctions against Russia as the EU and also the US has done its part. We have also suspended our military cooperation in a number of areas. Nevertheless, it is important for us to continue to cooperate with Russia on important issues such as search and rescue, the management of fish stocks, environmental protection, nuclear safety, maritime safety, and coast guard and border guard activities. We are neighbors and sharing the Boren Sea. So this is quite obvious. It is of great benefit to the Arctic states that non-artic states are also showing increased interest in the region. Norway welcomed the decision to admit new observers to the Arctic Council at 2013 ministerial at which the Arctic family was extended to include Asian countries. The Arctic has become an arena for cooperation between Europe, North America, and Asia. This is a new and very interesting development. It presents us with new opportunities. In order to meet the increased international interest in the Arctic, we need robust regional development in the north based on knowledge and innovation. The Arctic is not the homogeneous region because of the North Atlantic current, temperature and ice conditions in the mostly ice-free Norwegian part of the Arctic are vastly different from other parts of the Arctic. Climatic conditions and amount of human activity vary greatly across the region. Norway is mostly ice-free and this is due to the Atlantic current. At the same time, the Arctic states also share many of the same challenges, even if there are differences. And this reinforces the need for cooperation and knowledge sharing between peoples of the North. The Norwegian Arctic is experiencing a higher level of economic growth than the rest of Norway. That may be come as a surprise, but this region is expecting a 6-7% economic growth in the coming year and Norway on average more like 3%. The Norwegian government aims to promote sustainable business development in the North. The region has always been a stronghold of traditional knowledge gained from indigenous peoples' experience of living close to the nature and all the fishermen and also seafarers that do live in this very active part of our country. What it is different from many other parts of the Arctic is that we have a long history in the Arctic of people living out of the sea and also utilizing the marine resources. This is part of our history, but it is also a very important part of the identity of the people in the northern part of Norway. We want to build on existing experience and expertise when developing scientific institutions and cooperation in North Norway. The number of doctorates completed in the Arctic and focusing on the Arctic has doubled in recent years. We have strengthened our higher education institutions in the North and also the Arctic University of Tromsø has developed in a very productive way. The Arctic Council should also in the years to come cooperate with the business sector. We warmly welcome the establishment of the Arctic Economic Council that sets also some standards for business in the North. In order to secure sustainable economic growth in the North, responsible resource management is key. We must make sure that both new and traditional industries can live side by side. In other words, the fisheries sector and oil and gas activities must be able to coexist. I understand that this discussion is also very relevant for Alaska. Norway takes an ecosystem and science-based approach to resource management in the Arctic. It is interesting to see that this kind of co-abesion, this co- existing businesses of fisheries and oil and gas and other activities in the North have been possible. Back in the 70s it was said that oil and gas activities would be devastating for the marine harvesting and the fisheries sector. We have tried to prove differently by setting the highest standards environmentally for oil and gas activities and I have to admit that I think we have been relatively successful in this respect and you can't fool the numbers. In 2013 the COD quota in the barren sea was at a record high of one million tons with an export value of more than US dollars one billion. From 2013 to 2014 the export value of Norwegian COD and COD species increased by 20%. We've never been in a situation where we could have harvested so much Arctic COD out of the barren sea than we do last year and I think also this year. This was also quite a tough fight for the one of us that already were active in politics in the 80s. There were demonstrations and very very tough arguments from the fishermen in the North saying that the politicians were listening more to the scientists than the real people of the North but we did comply every year with advice from the scientists and today you can find no fishermen in the North in the North saying that this was not the wise decision. As long as you base it on the scientific advice you will also in the future be much better off and sometimes in politics being a politician means that you have to say no because you know that that is the right thing and maybe you will not have see the yield in the first year second year maybe you will see it in a decade or two but that is what leadership is about not buying into all short-term interests. That doesn't only apply for the Arctic. So coming back to the quote of COD wasn't it? Why it has developed so well is due to the sound management of fish stocks in the Barents Sea then turning into oil and gas. It has previously been estimated that about 20% of the world's undiscovered oil and gas resources are to be found in the Arctic. According to the International Energy Agency that you are all well aware of the global demand for energy will increase by 35 to 40% over the next 20 years. As other parts of the Arctic become more accessible we will be able to produce more energy also from the region and how are we going to deal with this. Oil and gas will continue to be significant in the global energy mix and the share of renewable energy is set to increase. We need to move from a fossil-based society into a low-carbon society but as a bridge there I believe that natural gas can play a major role especially in a situation where we see the amount of coal being consumed in the world is increasing and natural gas emitting half of what coal resources do. There have been oil and gas activities in the Norwegian Arctic for decades. The Norwegian oil and gas sector sets the strictest environmental and security standards in the world and it is increasing its activities in the Barents Sea. At the same time the Arctic is severely affected by climate change so there are dilemmas also in politics as we know. In the long term the fate of the Arctic environment and the pace of global climate change depend on our collective efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Over the last hundred years temperatures in the Arctic have been rising twice as fast as the global average. In September 2012 the extent of the Arctic sea rise was at a record low. The Arctic Ocean will probably become virtually ice-free in this century. Over the last two decades the Arctic ice sheets have been losing mass. Almost all glaciers worldwide have continued to shrink according to IPCC's fifth assessment report. We know that what happens in the Arctic will not stay in the Arctic. The global effects of the climate change observed in the Arctic are serious. As the Arctic warms monsoon weather patterns will probably change. The melting of polar ice will cause rising sea levels. Globally an accelerate global warming. The changes taking place in the Arctic are a call for action. They should give momentum to the international negotiations. Ladies and gentlemen I'm proud of the fact that the Arctic states have risen to the new challenges in the region and have increased their cooperation. We have worked together in areas such as resource management, climate change and the environment. We will continue to work together. We look forward to strengthening our cooperation with the US both within the Arctic Council and bilaterally. As we move forward in the Arctic we must be guided by knowledge, responsibility, international cooperation and respect for universal values and principles. Thank you. Mr. Minister thank you very much. That was a great tour de force and that's a lot of cod. That's all I can say. It's a congratulations. And I was sticking to the time. You were perfectly timed. I had to cut off the manuscript. A speechwriter is very sad somewhere. But what I thought we do we have about 35 minutes. We will I thought we'd moderate have a little discussion here for a few minutes. Let our audience begin to gather their questions and then unleash them. I will warn you that CSIS audiences are very good and they ask very tough questions. So I will get you ready for that. You want to expose me for that? I do. I do. You're gonna be working pretty hard the next 35 minutes. I have a couple of questions. The first one and thank you for your comments on Russia. Today Russian Defense Minister Shoigu had the following quote. He said threats to our national security are being formed now in the Arctic. We must develop our military infrastructure to defend our priorities. That's not necessarily that statement conducive with high north low tensions. We've seen an extraordinary amount of new military modernization focusing on Russia's northern fleet. The strategic nuclear deterrent as well as there what they need to do for the Coast Guard and their search and rescue centers along the northern sea route. Are you growing concerned that we're seeing a new situation developing? What should we look out for? It's a very good question. Thanks. As I said there is a new security environment in Europe. Who would have believed a year ago that one European country should just then take a piece of another European country where there had no have been no border disputes. It's not like Russia for two decades have claimed that part of Ukraine was Russian. Quite the country through the Budapest memorandum they just approved of the borders of Ukraine. We cannot be naive about this and that's why also we have all agreed on the sanctions. We need to respond to this blatant breach of international law. Then there is a fact that in the last four years Russia has increased its defense expenditures with more than 60 percent in four years. NATO has in the last five years reduced its budget with 20 percent. That delta is not sustainable and cannot continue. We need to have military that is adequately prepared for a new security situation. That's why we are increasing our budgets. Norway, Turkey and Poland is only three native countries that have not been cutting our defense budget the last five years. We will make major investments and more than 20 percent of our budget to defense is also allocated to investments. We know that the Russians are now allocating I think 60 percent of their I just have to check using the right numbers 60 percent of their budget to investments. It is a striking number. We have also seen that there is a new kind of in this new security landscape we see this notion of hybrid warfare asymmetric warfare. So we have also to prepare ourselves for a different security landscape in the sense that we just have to be aware that it is not necessarily traditional military activity but there can be propaganda there can also be incidents that are being developed. I will not go more into the details here but we can just imagine what we're seeing in Donbass now if that took place another place. How are we ready to cope with that? Have we mentally prepared ourselves for that? In the Baltic Sea we have seen increased military activity from the Russians and this has to be taken seriously. So far in the Boren Sea and in the Arctic we have not seen this increased tension so far. The capability of increasing activities in the north is there hence the increased budget and military capabilities. So we hope that it will not see we will not be witnessing deterioration in the Arctic that's what we also urge the Russians. That's why the collaboration in the Arctic Council also under US leadership note is so crucial. The rare force is saying that oh we should also expel or not have the Russians part of the Arctic Council. My response to that was that would be a very silly idea. Russia is 60 percent of the Arctic. We should engage Russia. We should use that opportunity to be clear about breaking international law and all this but I'm glad that the US is also clear on integrating and having Russia as a part of the Arctic. Sorry for a very long answer but it is one of the crucial questions now moving forward. No I'm so glad thank you. It's a great great and comprehensive response. I'm wondering should we see increased activities security related activities in the Arctic. Admiral Stavides wrote an article in foreign policy the other day suggesting he was suggesting that perhaps an Arctic treaty was required. I think I'd love your thought on that since that issue was put to rest in 2008 the Ulysses declaration but do you see a need for enhanced confidence building measures in the Arctic. He suggests a code of conduct that if we do see I mean quite frankly there are there's some concern about air sovereignty. We just had two Russian fighters near Iceland Norway Norwegian coast has experienced quite a bit of additional air challenges if you will air sovereignty challenges. Do you think we should start thinking about strengthening confidence building in the Arctic. Or complying with the current treaties and natural law would be a good start but when it comes to the law of the sea my experience is that this is also in the interest of Russia to comply with that the law of the sea is instrumental when it comes to the Arctic so continuation in complying with that is crucial and for Norway's part we have a long experience with handling Russia as our neighbor during also the Cold War but we always had the basis in NATO since 1949 and we always done what we think is right for our country and for our sovereignty in close collaboration with our allies and we will continue to do so. So I have to admit that I'm not I'm not very I'm not very concerned about the Arctic and Norwegian sovereignty in the north but I'm not naive about it in the sense that we also need to have a strong military presence and the best investment in security and peace in the future is that we can match what we're seeing from the east and Norway has not a contracting economy of four to five percent. We are fortunately not in a situation where there is zero FTI coming in. We are not fortunately in this situation where all investments and capital flows out of Norway and nothing is being invested in Norway so I'm pretty sure that with our great friends here great friend our closest ally here in in DC with no quite a robust economic development if what is asked for is a military build-up that we have not asked for and we have no we don't want this we don't want this but I can guarantee our Russian friends and I also told my colleague Seger Lavrov if that is the case we will we will match it. Let me turn to another emerging power in the Arctic China and you mentioned in your remarks China is now coming up on two years of being an observer in the Arctic Council just completing its second icebreaker non-nuclear icebreaker its second scientific center in the Arctic after its center in Svalbard in northern Iceland. Beijing-Oslo relations have been very difficult. How is the bilateral relationship and how are you finding China through the Arctic Council mechanisms? I just love your your expand your thoughts a little bit on China's emerging role in the Arctic. So what kind of bilateral relations no it it is a fact that since the noble committee in 2010 decided on Lishabao as a noble laureate the bilateral relations between China and Norway has been in the French or has been very limited. Not from our side we we we want to normalize our relationship and I I'm pretty sure that will also take place in the future but that it will happen but Norway will always in our foreign policy base it on our values and also on Norwegian principles and I'm pretty sure that China is is doing the same. We do have a collaboration with with China when it comes to science also there are a lot of Norwegian investments in China and Chinese investments in Norway but on the political level it has been extremely limited since 2010. We voted in favor supported a Chinese status of being an observatory to the Arctic Council and I think that shows the Norwegian spirit. We have no grudges and I think China will play an important role in the Arctic in the years to come. There are other observers that are knocking on the door in fact at the Arctic Council Ministerial in April. There'll be other members Switzerland, Mongolia, Turkey. What are your thoughts is this Arctic Council table continues to expand? What are your thoughts on that? We did a major enlargement when it comes to observers just recently as you're underlined so let us now reflect on how much the Arctic Council can chew at the same time and see if the time is right now to also admit additional observers. I think we need to have some time discussing this. We should not lose the picture of the most pressing issues or what I outlined in my speech and we just have to find the right policy to this. So the answer to this is that we are we are reflecting on this. Wonderful. One last question and then I'll turn to our audience. I wonder if you believe this statement is true. I am detecting that we are developing an Arctic diplomacy so I'm seeing Arctic states at the International Maritime Organization. I'm hearing about meetings on the margins of the Paris COP 21 that there's a sense of there's an Arctic diplomacy where we need to push in other multilateral fora. Arctic states are taking positions and is this a trend or are we seeing something new here and I welcome your thoughts on watching how Arctic states and those who support the vision interacting in other multilateral organizations to benefit the Arctic. No it's a very good observation and I believe there is a potential both in the run-up to COP 21 in Paris also in IMO for example for when we discussed the polar code for the maritime sector we cannot accept any kind of vessel floating around in the Arctic with devastating results if there is is an accident we can just look to Alaska and see what that can lead to and I hope that what we're seeing of increased tension between the east and the west will not be brought into the Arctic so we can find common ground on issues that brings us together and maybe that can also be then followed up in other international for us and also in the multilateral setting. This will be very interesting to absorb in Iqaluit in a couple of months to see if that spirit of cooperation can be maintained in the Arctic Council and from Norway side that is our clear objective. Wonderful all right I'm sure I've given you a lot of time to think up some good questions what I'd like you to do we're going to bundle some questions minister if that's okay if you could identify yourself your affiliation we like our comments short and our questions crisp so with that I see lots of hands in the center Chloe there we go Chloe we'll start there please and then we'll just pass it across thank you. Thank you minister Brenda my name is Jerry Leep I'm chair of the board of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition which represents all of the global NGOs that work on Antarctic issues but we're also concerned about the Arctic and we wanted to thank you for your comments and your continued and Norway's continued support of science and conservation in the in the Arctic and especially important as the US is looking forward to its chairmanship of the Arctic Council but we also wanted to appreciate your Norway's continued commitment to the Antarctic through the most recent visit of the King to Antarctica which we were quite gratified to see and look forward to the continued support of Norway for the MPA proposals in the Antarctic in the Ross Sea and also the East Antarctic and so um but also your leadership in the krill fishery where where one of your companies has been a real leader in prosecution of it my question here is you've been thinking as we all have a lot about China and Russia and I was wondering if you had any insights as to whether we could anticipate any change in their from their position of opposition to these proposals from last year when the when the Antarctic treaties meet this fall thank you thank you I'll just take that microphone right across the way thank you thank you minister for your comments Jill Blakus I'm with the nature conservancy a large environmental non-profit and I have two questions specific to Norwegians while Norway's great leadership globally in particular on climate change not just in terms of massive funding that we've seen for red the reduced emissions in deforestation and and also of support for the Green Climate Fund and support in leadership most recently is as mentioned in the white paper announcement in early February when Prime Minister Solberg put forth the new emission reductions looking at at least 40 by 2030 which was a more ambitious target than even the extremely ambitious target how does that hit down in the Arctic is the first question the second referring to your comments on exemplary conduct in oil and gas work in in the Arctic in particular I know for a fact that Norway's had a very strong oil for development program and training in Stavanger and other places hosted through NORAD and energy departments so there is cooperation elsewhere could there potentially be cooperation through the Arctic Council for showing best code of conduct to best practice particularly with oil and gas development vis-a-vis fisheries and other resource management thank you. Do you want to take those two? Thank you I'm impressed by all the detailed knowledge about also our positions and policies very impressive on climate change this is one of our five main priorities in our foreign policy and development policy being responsible for the development policy of Norway as the foreign minister we like to focus on all the different mechanisms that you also mentioned stopping deforestation when it comes to rainforests, lowest hanging fruit very cost effective important but also important for biodiversity the climate fund but also being part of the EU bubble but with the aim of reducing with 40% all this also applies for our activities in the Arctic and we will not make compromises when it comes to the highest environmental standards when it comes to the Arctic that also applies for the oil and gas sector this is crucial it is very crucial oil for development as you mentioned is the program that we have developed where we do capacity building in developing countries that are starting to develop oil and gas especially offshore we collaborate with Mozambique Tanzania also with countries like Angola that as is more developed it's not only on environmental standards but it's also related to garments making sure that the governmental rent goes to the people and not to those that are not supposed to have access to these funding. On Antarctica I can also share with you that we will present the first white paper to the parliament in the course of the spring I will present this hopefully in in May June we are supportive of maritime protected areas in Antarctica as you mentioned and we will continue to do so we also very focused on the fact that marine resources in Antarctica needs to be based on scientific advice and scientific recommendations when it comes to krill that is very important that we get more knowledge about the situation on for the krill we don't have as much update on the reason recently on the amount of krill in Antarctica and if we're going to harvest krill that I'm in favor of it has to be done in a way that we know it's sustainable and we are not repeating mistakes in that region from previous times for example when it comes to to to whaling when it comes then to China and Russia and how they will deal with Antarctica in the future we just hope my my hope is that they will be constructive partners in making sure that Antarctica and their areas around will be the best concerned wilderness area in the world onshore if you can talk about onshore it is onshore but you know it's a lot of ice there too fortunately it needs we hope that everyone will comply with the Antarctic treaty peaceful no use and extraction of minerals onshore in Antarctica for the coming decades this is a unique treaty that we would like to preserve but utilizing the marine resources around in a sustainable way certainly one of I think one of the most ambitious elements of the US agenda for the Arctic Council is the creation of marine protected areas and perhaps even going so far as a regional seas agreement for the Arctic we see some parallels obviously with the NPA in the Ross Sea area what do you think that's something that can be achieved in the next two years I mean the groundwork is being laid but what are your thoughts on that ambition of particularly a regional seas agreement I I'm I want to go back to my my speech where I also said that there are the Arctic is not homogeneous if you look to Iceland we have the former prime minister and ambassador here you know that the Icelandic people 250 300 000 oh that's 330 000 rely on the sea and the marine resources as I said in Norway 10 percent of our population is about the Arctic circle and utilizing and living out of the sea is not something that we started with 100 years ago this is the history of Norway you know the the word Norway is the way north that is the meaning of the whole country the name of the country so for us saying that oh we should know establish an area that we will protect protect because is someone waving with a flag in somewhere in France or something that's not our approach our approach is that it should be ecosystem based and you have to look at the different activities and see if it adds up to something that is sustainable we will continue with fisheries we will continue to also have activities in the north we have indigenous peoples that have been relying on reindeer and harvesting for thousands of years so this is part of our history so we can also and we have established areas where we have protected called coral reefs for example as minister of environment I was the first one that ever initiated protection of called coral reefs that was a sound thing to do but seeing an area of vast area close to where people have their living protected and they cannot utilize the resources is not the Norwegian angle the Norwegian angle is sustainable development based on the highest environmental standard so maybe we'll have interesting discussions on this moving forward but I like to be candid about it no I'm so grateful thank you I think we take a few more questions but yes we have one in the back so there's a microphone right behind you thank you yes please hi Sean Carberry Freelance journalist based in DC can you talk about the status of territorial claims in the Arctic and how that process is going what you feel are the the concerns of that process and is the Arctic Council able to play any role in in mediating the territorial claims I'm so glad you asked that that's probably the one question as an analyst I get the most when Canada submits a claim Russia submits a claim Denmark is submitting a claim over the Le Mansov oh my goodness what does this mean so I'm delighted that you're going to answer this question for us you're going to bundle them you said well I wasn't going to bundle but this was so good take it away I'm just kidding no bundling go for it so as I also addressed in my in my speech we have been in the lucky unfortunate situation in the Arctic that also territorial claims will be based on the law of the sea and this should also be the guiding principle moving forward you know that Norway and Russia had quite a vast area where we had a dispute going on for decades the gray zone and we were able to find a solution back in 2010 and this was inspired by also the spirit of the law of the sea so I'm quite optimistic that in the years to come also will find solutions to this different territorial claims based on the principles in the law of the sea I'd like to pull you mentioned the Arctic Economic Council and this is a very new innovation under the Canadian chairmanship it's just getting started but what are your aspirations for the Arctic Economic Council and and how do you think it will relate in a larger measure to the Arctic Council as a foreign minister how would you how will you use the Arctic Economic Council as a tool for your own understanding of Arctic development in a larger way this is also up to the business sector to use this Arctic Economic Council for the purposes they feel is useful and and it is a coordination forum for business development in the Arctic but it potentially also can set some standards that the businesses and the companies can agree on for themselves we have seen in in this business sector that companies and the private sector also on environmental issues but corporate social responsibility has been really pushing the envelope globally sometimes the private sector has been pushing the politicians and not the opposite we know that on climate change we know that from G8 what I feel is the potential of this Arctic Business Council is that you will have increased collaboration between companies that are major operators in the Arctic and it can create new jobs it can also create new bounds and opportunities in this part of the world it's certainly an exciting development we'll look forward to watching that as we go I I have one more question I have to ask but I want to just scan the horizon here to make sure we have any more questions so my my final question before we close out we will do some events and have some conversations as we get closer and closer to a Caliwit to the Arctic Council Ministerial what what what are you hoping comes out of the Caliwit ministerial and if you could project what would you like to see coming out of the U.S. chairmanship as we conclude in 2017 can I defer to Admiral... No you may not we'll have him back he can ask that question I'll ask him the same question You're a great emcee Oh sorry no no no no no no so it's a great question I have high hopes for the U.S. chairmanship I know that Secretary Kerry is really personally involved in this I will see him tomorrow and part of our conversation will be about the U.S. chairmanship I know he cares a lot about climate and the environment he is the ocean guy he is the ocean guy and we have some of the cleanest and most resource we have the cleanest and also oceans with a lot of resources intact in the Arctic and that should also be the aspiration moving forward I know that the U.S. has been focusing a lot of on the challenges of acidification this is something that we are extremely concerned about what are the medium long-term impact for the oceans due to the acidification these are marine the marine resources are vast incredible staggering and we don't know the impacts of climate change on these resources we we know them for polar bears and etc they are devastating but I think we're also seeing great challenges to these rich oceans short lived climate gases is something that I know is on the agenda on the U.S. site that's also has the full priority from my side when we talk about climate change as maybe the most challenging issue of this century we also need to really go for the lovest hanging fruits where we can have impact immediately that's why we've been so engaged in the rainforest as if we can stop the illegal logging and the logging of the rainforest that has a lot to say for in a situation where we have to build this bridge I was talking about from a fossil fuel based society to a low carbon society but that the short lived climate emission climate gases is also part of that that equation then keeping the Arctic as a peaceful place for collaboration will be something very important and I look forward to U.S. diplomacy in making sure that we are not then making the Arctic Council into the same kind of of a place where aggression and differences coming out of other places will will then have a negative influence that will be part of diplomacy I know Admiral Papp went to Moscow did a great job there so these are some of the aspirations and and and some of the challenges in the preparation for for economy that is a great way to to conclude with those those aspirations I think they're important where is the opportunity that we speak with such a senior official where we can go from the Arctic to the Antarctic to Russia to China we have been around the world a couple of times and it's been a very informed and intellectually rich conversation please join me in thanking for Mr. Thank you.


In this demo, I'm going to talk about how the basics of permissions work in the Linux operating system. So that is who gets permission to read, write and execute files and directories. In this demo, I'm initially logged in as my normal user, S Gordon. So we see in the command prompt, it shows us the name of the user that's currently logged in and executing the shell. In this case, S Gordon. The prompt also shows us the name of the computer, in this case, Netlab01 for this demo. And then it shows the current working directory we're in, which is our home directory, which is given by the Tilda character there. So I've set up this computer to have multiple users running on the system. So we'll look at how different users can access other users' files and directories. And how the different permissions impact upon the access. LS, of course, lists the set of files in our directory. But to see some more information, we use LS minus L to give a long output. Without going through all the details of the output, if we look at the first line here, we see there are a number of columns. The first column of these 10 characters to do with the permissions of that file or directory. So we're going to explain what they mean, those D, R, W and X. The other thing that's important, of course, to the rightmost column, we have the file or directory name. And each file has an owner in terms of the user and an owner group. So this column here, the third column shows the owner of that file or directory, the user that's the owner. In this case, S Gordon is the owner, me. The next column shows the group owner. So we have two different levels so far. We have users and groups where users can be part of groups. In fact, can be part of one primary group and multiple other groups. So a user can be part of many groups in the system. How to set up the users and the groups and the membership of groups is another topic. We won't go through that in this demo. So from the first line, we see that there's this file or directory CSS322, owned by the user S Gordon, and by the group CSS322. And we see in this set of files and directories, there are eight of them in this current directory, all owned by the user S Gordon, me, but they are owned by different groups. CSS322, faculty, and ITS413. I've set up these files just for this demo to illustrate some different capabilities we have, depending upon the permissions. The thing we want to look at is this first column and what all those different characters mean. And I've summarized that in the permissions file here. There are 10 characters there. The first character indicates whether this is a file or a directory. If the D is there, then it's a directory. And if there's no D there, that is the directory option is not set, you see a dash, then it means it's a file. So we can see in this set of eight files, there are four directories and four files. In the terminal here, it gives us some color coded output as well. We see the blue ones are the directories. So the directories are color coded blue in this case. But in some cases, you will not see that color coding. So looking at the first character in the permissions, you know whether it's a file or a directory. The next nine characters indicate the permissions that a user, a group and other set of users have on that file or directory. So we can see there's nine characters and they're separated into groups of three. So the next three characters, RWX, are about the permissions for the owner of that file, the user. So the user for the, in fact it's, the directory CSS322 is S Gordon, as given by the column here. And these three letters, RWX, indicate the permissions that S Gordon has on that directory. The R means it's readable, W means writable, and X executable. In terms of a directory, you can think of executable as being that you can enter that directory. Readable means you can see the contents of that directory. And writable means that you can modify the contents of that directory. For example, create and delete files in that directory. So in this example, I'm the user S Gordon and I can look at the files in the directory CSS322. I can, I have write permission so I can edit and create files in that directory. And I can enter that directory because I have execute permissions. That's for the user, the owner of that directory. The next three characters indicate the permissions for the users that are within the group owner. That is we know that the directory CSS322 is owned by the group also called CSS322. It doesn't have to be the same name there, it just is in this example. We'll see some different ones later. Anyone within that group has the permissions indicated by these three characters, R-X. Again, the characters mean the same as before, readable, writable, or executable. In this example, anyone within the CSS322 group can read the directory. They cannot write to the directory because we see that the middle character there is a dash. That is the W is not present, so they don't have write permissions. And then the next character, the X, the users in the CSS322 group can execute on the directory CSS322. The final set of three characters indicate the permissions for other users. That is users on the system that are not part of the group and are not the owner. So that users that are on the system that are not S Gordon and that are not within the group CSS322. In this example we see that those other users have no permissions on that directory. They cannot read, write, or execute the directory. And that's the same for all the other files in this directory. If we take the next line, the example.txt file, we know it's a file because the first character is not set to D. It's a dash. It's either a file or a directory. The next three characters, R-W-dash, means that the user S Gordon can read and write that file. They cannot execute the file. Executing a directory means you can enter in that directory. Executing a file means, as you expect, you can run that file if it's an executable program. The next three characters, R-dash, indicate the permissions for the users within the faculty group. So we see the group owner in this case is faculty. So anyone within that group can read the file, but as opposed to the S Gordon user, they cannot write that file. Writing the file means editing the file and deleting the file. And then other users, users on the system that are not S Gordon and that are not within the faculty group, also have read permissions on that file. They don't have write or execute permissions. So in summary, we can distinguish between a file or a directory using the first character here. The D indicates that this is a directory. The dash, that is the D directory option, is not set, indicates it's a file. Then we classify into the user, the group and other users, where each set has three different levels of permissions, read, write or execute. So the characters highlighted indicate the user permissions, where the user is given in the third column of the output of LS minus L. The next three characters indicate the group permission, which indicate for all the users within the group indicated by the fourth column in the output, CSS322 as an example, have the permissions indicated by these three characters. And then the other users, the users that are not the owner and are not within the group, have the permissions indicated by the last three characters. In this example, they have no permissions. In the next demo, we'll give some examples where different users view and try to execute, read and write to different files.


Is it true that alternate-day calorie restriction prolongs life? Doctors have anecdotally attributed improvements in a variety of disease states to alternate-day fasting, including asthma, seasonal allergies, autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, infectious diseases like toenail fungus, periodontal disease, and viral upper respiratory tract infections, neurological conditions like Tourette syndrome and Mnere's disease, atrial fibrillation, and menopause-related hot flashes. The actual effect on chronic disease, however, remains unclear. Often today, fasting has been put to the test for asthma in overweight adults. Asthma-related symptoms and control significantly improved, as did their quality of life, including objective measurements of lung function and inflammation, significant improvements in peak airflow, significant improvements in mood and energy, but their weight improved too, about a 19-pound drop in 8 weeks, so it's hard to tease out effects specific to the fasting beyond the benefits we might expect from weight loss by any means. For the most remarkable study on alternate-day fasting, you have to go back more than a half century. The 2017 cholesterol findings were the most concerning data I could find on alternate-day fasting. The most enticing was published in Spain 61 years earlier in 1956. The title of the study translates as The Hunger Diet on Alternate Days in the Nutrition of the Aged. Inspired by the data being published on Life Extension with calorie restriction on lab rats, researchers split 120 residents of an old-age home in Madrid into two groups. 60 residents continued to eat their regular diet, and the other 60 were put on alternate-day modified fast. On the odd days of the month, they ate a 2,300-calorie regular diet, and on the even days were given only a pound of fresh fruit and a liter of milk, estimated to add up to about 900 calories. This continued for three years. So what happened? Over the duration of the study, 13 died in the control group compared to only 6 in the intermittent fasting group, but those numbers were too small to be statistically significant. What was highly significant was the number of days spent hospitalized. Residents in the control group spent a total of 219 days in the infirmary, whereas the alternate-day fasting group only chalked up 123 days. This has held up solid evidence that alternate-day fasting may improve one's health span and potentially even one's lifespan. But a few caveats must be considered. It's not clear how the residents were allocated to their respective groups. If instead of being randomized, healthier individuals were inadvertently placed in the intermittent fasting group, that could skew the results in their favor. Also, it appears that the director of the study was also in charge of medical decisions at the home. In that role, he could have unconsciously been biased towards hospitalizing more folks in the control group. Given the progress that has been made regulating human experimentation, it's hard to imagine such a trial being run today, and so we may actually never know if such impressive findings can be replicated.


A fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hearty hyosilver, the Lone Ranger. With his faithful Indian companion, Toto, the daring and resourceful massed rider of the planes led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse, Silver. The Lone Ranger rides again. Come on, Silver. Let's go, big foe. Are you Silver? When Flint Foster, a bandit serving life for robbery and murder, broke out of state's prison, the Lone Ranger and Toto took up his trail. But it was a cold trail because they learned of the escape a week after it happened. They had to depend on information they picked up in towns and cow camps, all seeming to lead in one general direction. But then one morning, Toto rolled into camp with an unexpected bit of information. Oh, scum, hope I like. Hope I like. Easy scum. You must have learned something, Toto. You were riding fast. Ah, me learned plenty, Kimusabe. Oh? Man looked like Flint Foster. Stop at cow camp north of here yesterday. Cowboys say him ask many questions. He asks about another man named Foster. Want to know where him live. Did he get the information from the men in the cow camp? No. Cowboys say them not no man he asks about. I think I know the man he's trying to find. You know him? Yes. It's his brother, Roy. Oh. Now him bandit too? No. Roy's a law abiding citizen. He runs a small ranch a few miles from the town of Gasterville. And out of leave, Flint Foster's trying to find him. Oh, why Flint not know about where brother live? Roy Foster's had nothing to do with his brother, Flint, for several years. In fact, Toto, very few people know their brothers. Ah. And what we do now? If Flint Foster doesn't know exactly where his brother lives, it may take him a short time to find him. That may give us time to get to Roy's ranch first. Here's a map, Roy. He's in the cell room. I brought him a saddle. Flint must have good reasons for going to see his brother, or whatever they are, not going to benefit Roy, easy fellow. When we get near Gasterville, you ride in the town and tell the sheriff what you know. It's surprising to be on the lookout. You do it. I'll ride to Roy's ranch and tell him his brother's escaped from prison and is looking for him. Easy, silly fellow. Well, let him up strong. Meanwhile, at the Foster ranch near Gasterville, Roy entered the kitchen and found his wife, Edith, stirring a cake. My, but that looks good. It should be good, Roy. I used a dozen eggs, a pound of butter, and three cups of sugar. What's the occasion? I know it's not my birthday or yours. Today's a big day in our lives. Oh, yes. Now I get it. Today we pay off the mortgage to Old Skinner. And I hope that'll be the last we ever see of him. Did you draw out the money to pay him when he comes? Yes, every cent. It is... Gold money? I never saw so much. A thousand dollars makes quite a pile, even in gold money. I'll be so happy to have that mortgage paid off and to be rid of Old Skinner.  I'll be grudged if you do. Say, how long do you have to beat a cake like that? Oh, I'm through now. It's ready to go into the pan. There it is at the end of the table. Roy, will you pass it to me? Here you are. Thought I heard someone riding up. Yes, I did too. If it's Old Skinner, I'll tell him the note isn't due until noon. He'd have a lot of nerve coming out here. Roy. Look through the window with the mask, man. Well, I'll be... Where's my gun? He's coming in here. You took your gun to be repaired. Yes, I forgot. Quick, Edie, get that money out of sight. He must have learned I drew it out of the bank. What'll I do with it? Oh, Roy, you'll take it. I know. We'll put it in the cake pan. There. Now pour that dough into the pan quick. All right. There it is. Now put it in the oven. You'll never find it here. There, it's in. But, Roy, what'll you tell him? I'll handle him, Edie. But don't let on at anything I say. No, I won't. What do you want? I don't be alarmed. I'm not abandoned. And why are you wearing that mask? I have personal reasons for that. I'll bet you have. Now state your business and get out of here. There's a man in the next room and he has you covered. We saw you ride up. There's a man in the next room covering me? Yes, there is. And he'll shoot if you put a foot inside this house. If it's your brother who did that. You'd better get going, Mr. If you know what's good for you. Why doesn't the man in the next room show himself? He's in there.   Very well. How do you all suppose to? I guess I made that yarn up plenty fast. And he sure fell for it, didn't he? But, Roy, he called you by name. Yeah. Yeah, he did it that. I wonder how he knew me. Perhaps. Perhaps what? Do you suppose your brother Flint told him to come here? Flint? I haven't seen him in five years and he's in state's prison. I know that, but this masked man may have escaped from prison. Perhaps he knew Flint and Flint told him you'd hide him out. Edie, you may have something there. And yet, if that was the case, why didn't he mention Flint's name or something? Oh, that's easy. You told him somebody was in the next room. Maybe he was afraid to mention it. Yes, could be that. Well, Flint thinks he can send his outlaw friends here for protection. He's wrong. This is our home and not a banded hideout. And I'll give him all to understand that. My cake. Oh, it'll be ruined. You better get it out of that hut of him before it starts to rise. Oh, just look at it. Take it out quick. It's too late. I can't take it out. Just look at it, Roy. It started to rise. Then shut the oven door and let it rise. But it's got our money in it. And it was to be our celebration cake.  It's all right. In fact, it's better it turned out this way. Better? Sure, honey. We'll surprise old Skinner when he comes out to collect his money. We'll josh him along. When he walks in and demands his money, we'll offer him a slice of cake instead. I can hear the old miser yell his head off now. And then we'll cut it open and there'll be his money. Well, it should make him ashamed of himself for the way he's hounded us to pay up. But I guess we should be thankful that Bandit didn't learn we had money in the house.  He didn't waste any time getting away from here. Yes, that's right. I could see him through the window as he left. He was putting plenty of distance between House and himself. The sheriff in Gasterville was a friend of longstanding of the Lone Ranger and Toto. He was therefore willing and eager to listen to Toto when the Indian told about the Lone Ranger's belief that Flint Foster was in the vicinity and looking for his brother's ranch. Don't do it. Where's your man's friend now? The Lone Ranger goes to Roy Foster's home. Warn him about brother. Are you meeting him there? That's right, Sheriff. Well, then I think I'll ride out there with you. What I've heard, Flint Foster's a mighty dangerous man. The last man might not be able to handle him alone. Well, if Flint Foster show up, Lone Ranger, get him. Well, you never can tell. Anyway, I'm going up with you. So let's get to our horses, then. Our horses hitched outside at rank.  There comes a sheriff in Toto now. Steady big fella. Well, howdy. Good morning, Sheriff. Good to see you again after all this time. I might say the same to you. Toto told me you were in the neighborhood. How have you been? First-rate thanks. That's good. I didn't expect to meet you riding into town. I was going after you. Toto told you about Flint Foster's escape and my belief that he was headed for his brother's ranch. Yes, he told me all about it. I think he's in the ranch house right now. I was riding into town to get you. What makes you think he's at the ranch? Well, I'll tell you what happened a short time ago. The lone ranger quickly related his reception by Roy Foster and his wife, and how Roy had told him of an armed man in the next room. I decided discretion was a better part of Valor for the time being. There's no doubt he would have shot me had I tried to enter the house. You're right about that. But, T, why didn't you tell him what you'd come for and made a go of that? If Flint Foster was concealed in the parlor, they knew it. I'd be telling them nothing they didn't know. Yes, of course. They thought I was a bandit, and I'd let it go at that until I could get in touch with you. I'm surprised at Roy. I never thought he'd protect the criminal, even his own brother. He may have acted under duress. Now we must go back there and get Flint Foster. Maybe I'd better go back to town for some deputies. We're having time and it shouldn't be necessary. The three of us should be able to take him. I'll let's go. Come on to the ranch house. Roy, what time do you expect old Mr. Skinner to come for his money? Any time between now and later this afternoon. Don't worry, Edie. He'll be here in the old Skin Flint. Doesn't that cake smell good? It sure does. When are you going to take it out of the oven? In a few minutes. It should be done shortly. If someone's at the door, I didn't hear anyone right in. I'll let your new hat, it's old Skinner. He's so tight he wouldn't hire a rig to drive out here. I can't wait to see his face when we offer him a cake instead of his money. Quiet now and don't let on.  Hey, where'd you come from? Hello, Roy. You weren't expecting me, were you? Of course not. It's your brother, Flint. Hello, Edie. Aren't you going to invite me in? Come on in, Flint.  Why'd you come sneaking up on us like this? Oh, you never can tell you might have company. I left my horse in the draw about a quarter of a mile west of here. Mind if I sit down? Close to the window? Safer. What are you sitting there for? Waiting for that masked friend of yours to show up again? And I don't like the idea of you sending your bandit friends here, Flint. I'm not running a hideout for our hoots. What are you talking about? You know what we're talking about. The critter who came riding up expecting us to welcome him with open arms. I sent him packing. He'd better not show up around here again unless he wants his hide punctured. Did you say a mask, man? Yes, and he was riding a big white horse. Now don't say you don't know him, Flint Foster. Yeah, I know him, but I didn't send him here. Now look, here he comes now. And he's got the sheriff and an Indian with him. Now listen, you two. A gun. It's the idea of drawing a gun on us. Edie, sit down at the chair in the corner. I'll not do it. I think you will. Don't shoot me.  I will, and I'll kill you too, Roy, if you don't do as I say. They're after me, and I'm not going to be caught alive. Now I'm going into the next room, and Roy... Yes? Get them away from here. I don't care how you do it, but do it.  I'll have her covered. You're murdering Kylo. How about it, Roy? All right, I'll get rid of her. Good. I thought you would. But don't forget I've got a bead on Edie. And if she gets up out of that chair, I'm pulling the trigger. The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments to continue our story. Drawing up at a safe distance from the house, the Lone Ranger, Toto and the sheriff dismounted. The mask man gave orders.  Let me do it. Sheriff, you and I will go to the kitchen door. But keep out of range of that window. Yes, I will. Now get your gun handy. I'm aiming to bust in that kitchen door with my boot. All right, I'll cover you. You open the door. Morning, Sheriff. What's coming in? Well, we was aiming to, only I didn't expect to get invited in. Well, who's this mask critter? I ran him off once this morning. Hey, I don't see him. Do you mask man? Oh, good morning, Edith. Good morning, Sheriff. What in the world is the matter with you coming in here with guns drawn? Roy, where is he? Where's who? The man who was concealed in here when I was here before. Yes, him. Where is he? What are you laughing at? It's not funny. Oh, but, Sheriff, there was no one here. I only told him that. Why? Why do you think? We're decent law abiding people. We thought you were abandoned. That's why Roy told you what he did. And there wasn't nobody here but you and Roy? Of course not. And anyway, Sheriff, just who is this masked man you're riding? Well, he's no bandit. I can assure you that. He's a friend of the law. My purpose in coming here was to tell you that your brother might be dropping in on you. Flint? Yes. My Indian friend and I have been trailing him since he broke out of prison a week ago. I have reasons to believe he's looking for you. I thought he was the one concealed in here. So that's why you came here, huh? That's different. I'm sorry I treated you the way I did. I'd have explained at the time, but you said I was covered with a gun. Well, now I can understand how it was. I can be on the lookout if that no good brother of mine does come snooping around here. We're certainly glad to know about it now. See, something's burning in here. I can smell it. My cake. Oh, it's burning. Sit down, Edith. But it'll be ruined. I'll get it. Go out. Burn my hand. Hurry, Roy. It'll be ruined. Here, I'll use my glove. Let me get it out. Oh, just put it on the table there. It'll be all right. Oh, that hurts. My fingers are blistered. There. Hey, it's not ruined at all. Looks mighty nice to me, eh? Is it a pound cake? Oh, no, it's devil's food. The heaviest cake I've ever lifted. I eat, he puts lots of eggs and things in her cakes. They're always heavy like that. Yes, that's right. If there's anything I like to eat, it's fresh cooked cake.  Oh, I'm sorry, Sheriff. But it's a present I made for Mr. Skinner. Old Skinner? You mean you made a cake for that ordinary old critter? Yes, as a present it's his birthday. Well, that's more than I'd ever do for him. He's the tightest old-skinned flint in Gasterville. Sheriff, you just don't understand, Mr. Skinner. He's all right when you get to know him. I've known the old coup for 20 years. He's just as mean as ever. Well, my friend, I reckon we might as well be getting on. I suppose so, Sheriff. Thanks for telling me about my brother. I'll be on the lookout for him. You're so long, Roy. Goodbye, Edith. Goodbye, Sheriff. All right, Flint, you can come out. I'm coming. You handle that situation right well, Roy. We'll make it up to you now. How do you mean?  You're in favor of that, I guess. You mean you know the mask man? Yeah, I know who he is. He's the Lone Ranger. The Lone Ranger? The Sheriff hadn't been with him, and his Indian pal, Tonto, hadn't been at the front door waiting for me. I'd have shot him. That's the only reason I didn't. The Sheriff or the Indian would have got me if I had. The Lone Ranger? And you'd have killed him. If he's on your trail, you're through, Flint. Just a matter of time, that's all. He won't follow where I'm going. I'm heading for the border, and when I cross it, I'm safe. Then you better get going. I will as soon as I get what I came after. What's that? Money. I'll need about $500. We haven't any money. It's all we can do to hang on to this little spread. Yeah? And what were you doing in the bank this morning? I happened to be eating breakfast in a cafe across the street. Yes, I was in the bank. I don't tonight. I went in to get my mortgage renewed because I can't pay it off.  I tell you, I haven't got a cent. I'll find out. I'm going to search this house from one end to the other. Go ahead and search it. You won't find any money. In the meantime, Edie, when that cake cools, I'm having a big slice of it. I'm hungry. Meanwhile, the Lone Ranger and Tuttle rode with the Sheriff until they were out of sight of the ranch house. Suddenly, the masked man signaled a halt. What are you stopping here for? Look up the trail. Someone's coming. Ah, you see him. I'm right in you. That's not Flint Foster. I didn't say it was. I thought perhaps you might not want to be seen riding with a masked man, Sheriff. Well, I reckon it wouldn't be a good idea. That fella coming, he'd spit it all over town. You know him? Sure, I know the ordinary critter. It's old Skinner. He holds a mortgage on Roy's ranch. Rides out here all the time, and pisters Roy and Edith about paying up. Then, Tuttle and I'll turn off the trail. All right, Mr. He might be a good idea. Will you contact you later? That? Let's go, Tuttle. I won't tell him I'm scouting. Ah, shut up, Skinner. That's only the Sheriff. Hello there, Skinner. Oh, howdy, Sheriff. Hello there, Skinner. Happy birthday, Skinner. Birthday? What intonation nonsense is there, Sheriff? Isn't it your birthday? Of course not. My birthday's the same as General Grant's.  Roy and Edith said it was your birthday. Oh, those rattled brain fosters. No telling what they'll make up next. Just the same. Edith baked a cake for him. Cake? Yes, sir, and it's a beauty. I was there when she took it out of the oven less than ten minutes ago. Well, I'm glad I run into you, Sheriff. I'm glad I did. How do you mean, Skinner? Well, they're going to try to soft-soak me out to serve them four closure papers on them. That's what they are. That's why Edith baked that cake. Well, what's that got to do with me? Just this. I brought along four closure papers. If they don't pay up their mortgage today, these papers are to be served. And the law says it's up to the Sheriff to serve them. You didn't find anything, did you, Flint? No, I didn't. I looked everywhere, too. We knew you wouldn't find anything. It's a pity you couldn't take your own brother's word. I don't trust even my brother. Well, Edie, you can cut me a nice big slice of that cake now. I'll not do it. That's a present for Mr. Skinner. Who is this Skinner you keep talking about? He holds the mortgage on this place. I thought you said the bank held the mortgage. Yes, yes I did, but Mr. Skinner holds a second mortgage.  Listen, somebody's riding up outside. See who it is, Edie. All right. It's him now. Who? Mr. Skinner, and he's got the Sheriff with him. He must have met the Sheriff on the trail to town. All right, I'm getting back to the parlor. Don't forget I'll have you covered all the time. One false movement, I gun the Sheriff. I've seen too much of him already. We didn't expect to see you back so soon, Sheriff. Mayor Skinner insisted I come along with him, Edith. I didn't want to. What's this about me having a birthday today? Why, didn't you tell us it was your birthday? Of course I didn't, and you know it, Roy Fawcett. Today means only one thing to me. I get my thousand dollars or I foreclose.  I want my money now. Well, I've had a lot of company today, Mr. Skinner. The Sheriff and some others were here. I didn't have time to go into the bank.  Don't tell me that. You were in the bank early this morning. The cash you told me you were.  Roy and I'll go into town and see about the money tomorrow. Here. Now, Dad Blasted, I don't want a cake. I want my money. But it's a nice cake, Mr. Skinner. Edith baked it herself. It's got lots of good stuff in it. Now take it and go on. You better take it, Skinner. It's your favorite cake. Or it should be. What do you mean by that, Sheriff? Well, it's called Devil's Food. Why are you insinuating, old buzzard? Here, give me a cake. Oh, no, don't, Mr. Skinner.  Money, gold, lots of it. We tried to tell you to take it. It's gold, gold. You did it. What, team Sunday? You mean the money was inside the cake? Oh, I'd get your hands up all year. Hey, who are you? Jim, Flynn Foster, the outlaw. Yes, Sheriff, they're right. One move out of you and I'll blow your head out. We tried to save you, Sheriff. He's been in there all the time. But he had us covered with a gun.  So you didn't have any money, huh, Roy? I got to hand it to you. You almost got away with it stuffing it in that cake.  I'd start raking it up off the floor and put it back in that cake pan. You can't have it. It's my money.  I'll put a bullet through you. As old Skinner, the moneylender, moaned in despair, Roy and Edith picked up the golden coins from the floor and put them in the cake pan. Then, picking it up, Clint Foster back toward the door, his right hand holding a gun and the left reaching for the knob on the door. Now, Sheriff... Yeah, what? You can tell that mask ombre who's been trailing me that I'm sorry I didn't meet up with him again. Mighty sorry. He missed his last chance to ever get me. Are you sure about that? I'll show you. You don't... Take his gun, fellow. Let me get it. Let me shoot you. Oh, Sheriff. I hit him before he had time to. The shot went wild. Well, I'll pick up the money. That's what I will. There's my money. And when you get it, you'll discharge the mortgage. Roy and I'll help you, Mr. Skinner. Then you'll be paid in full. There's just one thing I want to know. Yes? How come you returned to this cabin? When Donald and I turned off the trail, we ran into Clint Foster's horse tied up in the drawer. Yeah? It struck me before that Roy and his wife were acting under a strain of some kind. When we found the horse, I concluded that Clint was in the house, forcing them to act as they did. That's exactly what he was doing. Well, Sheriff, Donald and I will be on our way now. You're going to handle Clint Foster? Yeah. You'll find his horse in the drawer. Well, thanks, my friend. You certainly helped me out today. I'll never forget it. Adios. Adios to you. Goodbye, mister. All right there, Skinner. Yeah. If you're ready, you can ride along to town with me in this critter. I guess two poor cats don't smell no worse than one. I'm not riding along with you unless you put handcuffs on that masked fellow, too. Oh, you old fool, he's gone. Anyway, he's no alhoot. He's not? And why is he wearing a mask? He's the Lone Ranger. This is a feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated, created and produced by George W. Trendle, directed by Charles D. Livingston, and edited by Fran Stryker. The part of the Lone Ranger is played by Brace Beamer.


Welcome to Affector from the Electronic Frontier Foundation. This is the audio edition of EFF's email newsletter geared towards keeping you on the bleeding edge of your digital rights. This is Affector of Volume 36, Issue 3, titled, Privacy Isn't Dead, Far From It. This issue was published in March 2024 and I'm your host, Membership Advocate Christian Romero. Let's start with our top feature. Privacy Isn't Dead, Far From It. Privacy is a process, not a single thing. We are always negotiating what levels of privacy we have. We might not always have the upper hand, but we are often able to negotiate. This is why we see some fictional dystopias and think, thank God that's not my life. As long as we can do this, we are winning. So don't give in to privacy nihilism. Instead, share and celebrate the ways we're winning. And now, let's roll through some EFF updates. First up, Season 5 of How to Fix the Internet is here. Open source beats authoritarianism with Audrey Tang. EFF's award-winning podcast is back and you won't want to miss this. What if we thought about democracy as a kind of open source social technology, in which everyone can see the how and why of policymaking, and everyone's concerns and preferences are elicited in a way that respects each person's community, dignity, and importance. This is what Audrey Tang has worked towards as Taiwan's first digital minister, a position the Free Software Programmer has held since 2016. She has taken the best of open source and open culture and successfully used them to reform her country's government. Tang speaks with EFF Cinecoen and Jason Kelly about how Taiwan has shown that openness not only works, but can outshine more authoritarian competition, wherein governments often lock up data. Next up, Don't Fall for the Latest Changes to the Dangerous Kids Online Safety Act. The authors of the Dangerous Kids Online Safety Act, also known as COSA, unveiled an amended version, but it's still an unconstitutional censorship bill that continues to empower state officials to target services and online content they do not like. We are asking everyone reading this to oppose this latest version and to demand that their representatives oppose it, even if you have already done so. Next up, EFF helps news organizations push back against legal bullying from cyber mercenary group. Recent months saw a campaign of bullying and censorship seeking to wipe out stories about the mercenary hacking campaigns of a company, app and technology in general, and the company's co-founder, Rajat Kher, in particular. These efforts follow a familiar pattern, obtain a court order and a friendly international jurisdiction and then misrepresent the force and substance of that order to bully publishers around the world to remove their stories. EFF is helping to push back on that effort, which seeks to transform a very limited and preliminary Indian court ruling into a global takedown order. Next up, is the Justice Department even following its own policy in cybercrime prosecution of a journalist? After the FBI raided his home last year, freelance journalist Tim Burke has been arrested and indicted, in connection with an investigation into leaks of unerred footage from Fox News. This raid raised questions about whether Burke was being investigated for First Amendment protected journalistic activities, and EFF joined a letter at the time calling on the Justice Department to explain whether and how it believed Burke had actually engaged in wrongdoing. The government has now charged Burke, but questions remain, including whether the prosecution is consistent with the DOJ's much-vaunted policy for charging criminal violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. And for our last update, we flew a plane over San Francisco to fight Proposition E. Here's why. Proposition E, which San Franciscans will be asked to vote on in the March 5th election, is so dangerous that last weekend we chartered a plane to inform our neighbors about what the ballot measure does and urge them to vote no on it. If you were in Dolores Park, Golden Gate Park, Chinatown, or anywhere in between on Saturday, there's a chance you saw it, with a huge banner flying through the sky. No surveillance state, vote no on Prop E. And now, we've got some announcements. First up, the climate fight is digital at Bioneers. Register now for the Bioneers 35th Anniversary Conference this March 28th through 30th in Berkeley, California, and get a 15% discount on registration by using the code Biospeaker at checkout.  EFF has helped environmental activists protect their emails from Chevron, express themselves in protest web pages and other digital actions, understand the surveillance they are under, and develop security self-defense practices to protect themselves. EFF Executive Director, Cindy Cohen, will keynote Bioneers on Thursday, March 28th, explaining these and other efforts, and also why EFF's push for open access to scientific information, sensible limitations on patents, FOIA work, and more are critical tools for the fight to prevent climate unraveling. Later that day, Cindy will moderate a panel on how to fight for fair and free digital landscape. Featuring EFF Senior Staff Technologist Cooper Quinton, Staff Attorney Mario Trujillo, Managing Director of Advocacy Nathan Nash Sheard, and Investigative Researcher Beryl Lipton. Next up, NSA spying shirts are back just in time to tell Congress to reform Section 702. Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act was supposed to enable overseas surveillance of specific targets, but has become a backdoor way of mass spying on the communications of people in the U.S. Now, Section 702 is up for renewal, so we decided our shirts should reflect the ongoing fight. For the first time in a decade, our popular NSA spying shirts are back with an updated EFF logo and design. The image of the NSA's glowering red-eyed eagle using his talents to tap into your data depicts the collaboration of telecommunication companies with the NSA, a reference to our HepticV AT&T, and JuulV NSA warrantless wiretapping cases. Every purchase helps EFF's lawyers and activists stop the spying and unplug Big Brother. And for our last announcement, EFF at Scale 21X. EFF is excited to be back in Pasadena, California, from March 15th through 17th for Scale 21X. Stop by the EFF booth to chat with some of our team to learn about the latest news in defending digital freedom for all. You can even pick up a special gift as a token of our thanks when you take advantage of our membership specials and donate. Plus, EFF members in the Pasadena area are invited to join us for a speakeasy meetup on March 15th. And now let's talk about a few job openings. First up, staff attorney, intellectual property. For this position, we're looking for candidates with experience litigating copyright issues. Experience with or a strong interest in patent law, artificial intelligence, unfair competition, and administrative or trade secret litigation is preferred but not required. The ideal candidate will have at least three years of litigation experience, though some qualified candidates may have more. That experience should include devising and carrying out case strategy and handling day-to-day projects and deadlines. Next up, we've got staff attorney, civil liberties. Responsibilities for this position include managing all aspects of litigation, developing and communicating EFF policy positions, counseling clients on non or pre litigation matters, communicating EFF positions to the public, and providing organizational, administrative, and other support. Requirements include a law degree, California bar admission, and at least three years of litigation experience and more. And now it's time to go through some mini-links. First up, from Mercury News. Opinion, gutting key internet law won't truly protect children online. Members of Congress on both sides of the aisle are talking about changing a key law that ensures every American is able to speak online. Bipartisan consensus is a rare thing in politics these days. Unfortunately, they're wrong. EFF's Aaron Mackie wrote. Next up, from PBS NewsHour. Supreme Court hears cases involving free speech rights on social media. I think we can all agree that content moderation as a process is really problematic. EFF's David Green said. I don't think the right solution is to give the government the ability to impose its own editorial viewpoints on private actors. I think that's a dangerous power to hand the government. Next up, from The Wall Street Journal. Forget passwords and badges. Your body is your new security key. Even the best technology makes mistakes. EFF's Haley Tugeyama said. If the software confuses someone's identity, it will be important that workers have the right to appeal. The stakes are particularly high with biometric data, she says. No one can issue me a new face. No one can issue me new fingerprints. And so, if that information is hacked, for example, and in a format where other people can use it, that's the whole game. Next up, from Cisco Series Defense in Depth Podcast. When is data an asset and when is it a liability? Collecting and retaining too much data is a big risk for both your organization and for the people to whom that data belongs. EFF's Mario Trujillo joined this podcast for chief information security officers to discuss embracing data minimization that doesn't clash with business needs. Next up, from Motherboard. Feds want to ban the world's cutest hacking device. Experts say it's a scapegoat. Banning Flipper Zero devices is a tantamount to banning a multi-tool because it can be used for vandalism. Or banning markers because they can be used for graffiti. EFF's Bill Buddington said, Moreover, tools like the Flipper Zero are used by security researchers involved in researching and hardening the security of systems like car fobs. Banning them will result in tangible harms. Our last mini-link comes from the markup. A virtual reality tour of the surveillance tech at the border. EFF's Dave Moss gave investigative reporter Monique O. Madan a virtual tour of surveillance technology along the U.S.-Mexico border from San Diego, California to Brownsville, Texas in just 90 minutes. And that's it. Thanks for listening. If you like what you're hearing, be sure to sign up for the email version of Effector, which includes links to in-depth coverage of these stories and more. See past issues and subscribe at EFF.org slash Effector. Before we end this issue of the newsletter, I want to let you know that EFF is a member supported non-profit organization, and you can help us protect digital privacy, security, and free expression for everyone. Donate to EFF today and even grab a bit of gear by heading over to EFF.org slash Effect. Thanks for your support, and I hope you'll join us for the next issue of Effector.