Welcome to the lecture series on process integration. This is module 4 lecture number 7. The topic of lecture is area targeting. In this lecture, we will see that how to find out the area targeting of a hen, when the hot and cold streams of the hen have unequal stream heat transfer coefficient. Area targeting is a vital component in the determination of the heat exchanger network capital cost. It plays an important role in capital energy trade of to determine the optimum delta P also. Basically, when we design a hen is in the pinch analysis for a given problem, then many heat exchanger networks can be created based on the value of delta T minimum. Then, a optimum delta T minimum is selected, which gives the tack of the hen as minimum. To do so, one should calculate the capital cost of the hen for each delta T minimum as well as the operating cost of the hen for each delta T minimum. The operating cost can be found out from the energy target and the capital cost can be found out from the area target, because once we know the area of the heat exchanger network, capital cost can easily be found out. Area targeting is done with the help of composite curves, which we have already seen how to generate a hot composite curve and how to generate a cold composite curve. Composite curves provide information about energy targets and also help in the prediction of heat transfer area of heat exchanger network. Now, in a heat exchanger network, we find different heat exchangers, some of which use to transfer heat from process hot to process cold, others are used to transfer heat from utilities. Hence, both type of heat exchangers should be included in the heat exchanger network. This can be done when utility streams forms a part of the composite curve before it is used for area target. Composite curves which include utility streams are called balanced composite curves. Utility demand for the balanced composite curve is 0, as the hot balance composite curve which is called HBCC is in heat balance with cold balance curve which is called CBCC. Now, the figure shows a composite or a balanced composite curve. The upper one shows a balanced hot composite curve, where this part of the hot composite curve shows the hot utility and this shows a balanced cold composite curve, where this part of the curve shows the cold utility. The balanced composite curve which is drawn between axis temperature and delta H, which is enthalpy can be divided into vertical enthalpy intervals from 1 to n. In the present case n is 5. Now, the first one is this, which is number 1 vertical enthalpy interval. Second is this, which contains hot composite curve up to this and cold composite curve up to this. And third one is this and so on so forth. The bounded section of hot and cold composite curves resemble with temperature profiles of a counter current heat transfer. If we see the part 1 of the vertical enthalpy interval, that is number 1 vertical enthalpy interval, this is the hot composite which moves from here to here and this is a cold composite whose temperature is the inlet temperature, this is the outlet temperature. This resembles the temperature profile of a counter current heat exchanger, if it is so and we know these two temperatures and we also know the overall heat transfer coefficient of this and we can know the delta H part, which is from here to here. So, delta H equal to Q is known. This four temperatures will give LMTD log mean temperature difference. So, Q is known, log mean temperature difference is known and if U is known, then area for this interval number 1 can be computed. Similarly, we can compute the area for interval number 2, interval number 3, interval number 4 and interval number 5. If we add these areas, then we find the overall area of the heat exchanger network. Further, if we see here, then we find that there are few points which are not available. Like if we see this number 3, that is third enthalpy interval, the temperature at A and temperature at C is known, sorry temperature at A and temperature at C are not known in the composite curve. So, these temperatures has to be found out before we go for area targeting. Similarly, here we see that where there is a change in the slope, from here we see there is a slope, there is a change in slope in this zone. So, this point is always known. Similarly, if we see the slope is changing at this point, so this temperature is known to us, but the slope is not changing from this point to this point. So, the corresponding temperature to this temperature D which is A here is not known. Similarly, there is a change in slope at B point, so B point temperature is known, but C point temperature is not known as there is no slope is changing. Unless, otherwise we know the temperature at A, D, B and C, we cannot find out the LMTD for this zone. Unless, otherwise we find out LMTD for this zone, we cannot find out the area of this zone. Even if the U is available with us. So, the first step in the balanced composite curve will be to know the temperature of those points in which temperature of either hot composite curve is not known or cold composite curve is not known. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of enthalpy interval i is U i, then area A i will be given by delta H i divided by U i delta T LM i. That means, the delta H of that interval i is delta H i, U i is the overall heat transfer coefficient of ith enthalpy interval delta T LM i is the log mean temperature difference of the ith interval. And area A i is the heat transfer area in the ith enthalpy interval for vertical heat transfer of H i amount. Here, we are presuming that vertical heat transfer is taking place in enthalpy intervals. Now, in such cases generally delta H i is known, U i is known because you for to calculate U i, we should know the individual heat transfer coefficient of the stream. Those informations are known to us and in the problem this information is tabulated. However, delta T LM i has to computed and for this purpose all the temperatures exit and inlet temperature of the interval should be known. Now, there are two type of algorithms which are available for area targeting. The first algorithm is area targeting with equal heat transfer coefficient which is comparatively simple and the second algorithm is area targeting with unequal heat transfer coefficient. The topic of this lecture is area targeting with unequal heat transfer coefficient. Let us see the algorithm of area targeting when the streams have unequal heat transfer coefficient. Based on the concepts which has been discussed earlier, the area computation algorithm can be generated based on vertical heat transfer. The total area of the network based on vertical heat transfer is A which is equal to summation i equal to 1 to n where there are n enthalpy intervals and A i is the area of the enthalpy interval i. This is equal to summation i to n delta h i divided by delta T LM i into u i. Now, if the heat transfer coefficient is constant then the u i will take the shape of u and it is constant. So, it can be taken out from the summation and the summation is equal to 1 by u summation i to n delta h i by delta T LM i. However, if the u i is not constant then this formula cannot be used. Let us see some other part of the algorithm of unequal heat transfer coefficient. In this hot and cold composite curves are drawn which contains necessary information required for computing network heat transfer area. The composite curves are basically BCC curves that is balanced composite curves. The balanced composite curves are divided into vertical enthalpy intervals. Within each enthalpy interval a network design is considered which can satisfy the vertical heat transfer. And to satisfy this vertical heat transfer some assumptions has to be taken or some manipulation needs to be carried out. What is that manipulation? Taking each hot stream into the same number of branches as the number of cold streams that is f in the ith interval number of cold streams is 3 and hot stream is 2 then each cold stream in this interval is treated into two hot streams. And each hot stream of this interval is treated into three hot streams as the number of the cold streams. In this way number of hot stream in this interval becomes 6 and also the number of cold streams in this interval becomes 6. Once the number of hot streams is equal to number of cold streams in a interval three hot stream is then matched with the every cold streams. By doing so we are able to do the vertical heat transfer. Now the figure shows balanced composite curves the first one is called BHCC balanced hot composite curve and the lower one which is in blue shows the balanced cold composite curve BCC. Here we see that the hot utility has been added to this and here the cold utilities have been added to this. In this BCC it is very clear that the heat available with the hot process streams along with the hot utility is equal to the heat required by the cold utility and cold composite streams. Hence it represents the complete heat exchanger network including heaters and coolers. So that means if we find out the area using a balanced composite curve which includes balanced hot composite curve and balanced cold composite curve then whatever area we will find out it will include the heaters and coolers and process heat exchangers. Now whatever we have seen in the algorithm we will see now here. So it shows you a ith interval in the balanced composite curve there are two hot streams available and three cold streams available. So each hot stream is divided into three parts or splitted into three parts and each cold stream is splitted into two parts and in this way the heat exchange takes place. That means the first part of the hot stream one exchanges heat to the first part of the cold stream three. So this forms a exchanger network in the ith interval and facilitates the vertical heat transfer. Here we see that the hot composite hot stream rises from this temperature to this temperature which is delta th and the cold stream rises from this temperature to this temperature which is delta t c. Now in this ith interval all the hot streams rise from this temperature to this temperature that is delta th which remains constant for all the hot streams and for the all the cold streams of ith interval the cold streams temperature rise from this point to this point which is delta t c. Now if I number them that means for this heat exchanger the area is one three because one is exchanging heat with the cold stream three that is why the area is one three and the q exchanged in this heat exchanger is q one three and the overall heat transfer coefficient is u one three and the delta t log mean temperature difference is delta t l m one three. Similarly for this heat exchanger which is between stream number two and cold stream number five this is area is two five heat transfer or the capacity of heat exchanger is q two five u overall heat transfer coefficient is u two five and delta t l m is delta t l m two five. Now if we adopt this nomenclature and we know that area is equal to q divided by u delta t l m when u is the overall heat transfer coefficient and delta t l m is the log mean temperature difference then the area calculated will be a i is equal to a one three a one four a one five a two three a two four and a two five because there are six heat exchangers in that ith interval and if I add up the areas of all the six heat exchangers which were a one three a one four a one five a two three a two four and a two five then this will give me the complete area of the enthalpy interval i. Now by substituting the values of a one three to a two five in terms of q u and delta t l m we can write down that a i is equal to q one three divided by delta t l m one three u one three plus q one four divided by delta t l m one four u one four plus that q one five divided by delta t l m one five u one five plus and so on so forth. This should be remembered that the values of t h i by t c o and t h o by t c i for all hot and cold stream in the interval will be the same therefore delta t l m should be the same for all heat exchangers in a particular interval so this shows how the delta t l m of the ith interval enthalpy interval can be computed. So, this is delta t h i minus t c o minus t h o minus t c i divided by this l n t h i minus t c o t h o minus t c i. Let us extend the algorithm of the unequal heat transfer coefficient for area targeting in the ith interval we have seen that the delta t l m that is log mean temperature difference of all streams in the ith interval are equal.  Further the overall heat transfer coefficients which were u one three u one four u one five u two three u two four and u two five can be now expressed in terms of the individual heat transfer coefficient of the streams. For example in this we see that the stream one this part of the stream one is exchanging heat with this part of the stream three and if the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger is one u one three then one by u one three is equal to one by h one plus one by h three because this has two streams this heat exchanger stream one and stream three. Even if we split a stream into many parts the heat transfer coefficient of the stream does not change that means for stream one if this part has got h one heat transfer coefficient this part will also have h one heat transfer coefficient and this part will have also h one heat transfer coefficient. Similarly for cold stream three if this part has got heat transfer coefficient h three this part will be also have heat transfer coefficient h three. So, I can write down one by u one three is equal to one by h one plus one by h three similarly one by u one four is equal to one by h one plus one by h four and so on so forth I can express all the overall heat transfer coefficient in this manner where h one and h two are film side heat transfer coefficient for hot stream one and two h three h four h five are the heat transfer coefficient of the cold stream three four and five respectively. Now, if I take the delta T l m i common so one by delta T l m i will be equal to q one three by h one plus q one three by h three plus q one four by h one plus q one four by h four q sorry q one four by h four similarly I can express this then finally I can find out by solving these equations that the total heat transfer area of the ith interval will be given by one by delta T l m i summation j one two m q j by h j of i. Now, here the i stands for number of enthalpy intervals and j stands for the number of streams hot stream cold streams and utility streams in the ith enthalpy interval. There are n number of enthalpy intervals and there are m number of streams in an enthalpy interval the value of m will change with i and delta T l m i is the l m T d for the ith interval and q j is the enthalpy change for the j th stream in the ith interval h j is the heat transfer coefficient of the j th stream in the ith interval. Now, the summation j q j by h j can be written by summation q j h q by h j h plus summation on cold streams number of cold streams j c q by h j c that means I am now separating the hot streams and cold streams and doing summation individually for hot streams changing the heat of hot streams and change in the heat divided by the heat transfer coefficient for the cold streams. So, q j by h j can be written in this fashion when integrations are done for the number of hot streams and number of cold streams separately. Now, we know that the q can be expressed in terms of the formula q equal to m c p delta T. Now, in a ith interval the delta h for all the hot streams are equal similarly delta c for the old all the cold streams are equal hence q j by h j summation j can be written as delta T h for ith interval summation j h that means I am summing over the number of hot streams m c p divided by h for g h plus delta T c for ith enthalpy interval into summation over the cold streams j c m c p by h j c. Within an enthalpy interval all hot streams undergo the same temperature difference that is delta T h and all the cold streams also go undergo the same temperature difference that is delta T c. Now, if we put this into the equation then all the above equations which has been discussed up till now will form a algorithm in which I have considered the different heat transfer coefficient that means the algorithm is applicable to find out the area target under a condition when the stream heat transfer coefficients are different. To illustrate the algorithm let us take up a problem the stream data of the problem is given here you will notice that with the stream data we have added a new column which shows the stream heat transfer coefficient of utilities as well as process streams like for h 1 stream the heat transfer coefficient is 0.01 for h 2 stream its heat transfer coefficient is 0.04 for h 3 stream it is 0.5 and for st which stands for steam its heat transfer coefficient is 0.05 and for cold water its heat transfer coefficient is 0 2 for this problem we have taken delta T minimum is equal to 10 degree centigrade. Now, our requirement is to find out the minimum heat transfer area please note this I am going to calculate the minimum heat transfer area not maximum heat transfer area of the hen considering unequal heat transfer coefficient using bath algorithm. So, whatever the algorithm we have shown you it is called bath algorithm. Now, once the stream table is available we can go for problem table algorithm PTA to find out minimum hot and cold utilities. If we do this we find that the minimum hot utility requirement is 1064.5 to kilowatt minimum cold utility requirement is 855.84 kilowatt. Now, based on these values of hot and cold utilities we will try to find out what will be the value of Cp capital Cp for cold utility as well as hot utility. So, the Cp of cold utility will be Q Cu minimum that is the amount of cold utility requirement divided by T out minus T in of the cold utility and this will give rise to 855.84 divided by 60 minus 20 and thus the Cp of the cold utility comes to be 21.396 kilowatt per degree centigrade. For hot utilities specially when we are using steam we have to find out what is the temperature of the input stream and what is the temperature of the out. We know that steam condenses at a certain temperature and is a isothermal condensation, but however if you see practically steam has to move from one point to another point that means there is a temperature or there is a pressure gradient which will allow the steam to flow from one point to another point. This clearly indicates that the steam will not condense at a constant pressure, but it will condense at a differential pressure that differential pressure may be very less. So, here we assume that the temperature of the steam input steam is 300 as given in the table, but the T out of the steam is 299 which is 1 degree less than the T in. When we are doing this we are not committing any mistake because we are in thermal balance and the Cp of the hot utility which we calculate will take care of this. In this case the Cp of the hot utility calculate is 1064.52 kilowatt. Once the Cps of this are known we can plot the hot and cold temperatures in ascending order. So, we are going to compute the balance hot composite curve and that is why we will only take the data from the steam table which is related to the hot streams that is h 1, h 2 and h 3 and the steam which is the hot utility. So, when we consider the supply and target temperature of the streams we find that 77 is the minimum temperature of the hot streams including hot utility and 343 is the highest temperature. Now, we write down the corresponding Cp values for the hot streams and hot utility according to the temperature intervals. So, h 1 stream moves from 159 degree centigrade to 77 degree centigrade and its Cp value is 22.85. Hot stream h 2 moves from 267 to 80 degree centigrade its Cp value is 2.04 and h 3 which is the hot stream 3 is moving from 243 to degree centigrade to 90 degree centigrade and its Cp value is 5.38 and the steam which is from 300 to 290 degree centigrade 99 degree centigrade its Cp value is 1064.52. Now, we will compute the cumulative Cp values in different temperature intervals. Now, in this temperature interval 80 to 77 degree only h 1 is present and the Cp value of h 1 is 22.85 and that is why in this temperature interval the cumulative Cp value is 22.85. However, from 90 to 80 degree temperature interval there are two streams h 1 and h 2 and the Cp value the summation of the Cp value will be 22.85 plus 2.04. So, it becomes 24.89. Similarly, in this interval 90 to 159 there are three hot streams present. So, the summation Cp h b will be the summation of all these three quantities. So, we see here Cp value is 30.27 here from 267 to 159 only two hot streams are available. So, summation Cp will be 2.04 plus 5.38 which comes out to be 7.42 and this temperature interval only h 3 is working. So, Cp value will be 5.38 and this temperature interval h 3 plus this steam is working. So, the Cp value will be combination of these two figures comes out to be 1069.9. In this temperature interval 343 to 300 only one stream is working h 3 and hence its Cp value is 5.38. Then after computing this we will find out the heat required for each interval q h b which is equal to delta T into summation of the Cp values. So, this will be delta T here 80 and 77 it is 3 into 22.85. So, this is equal to 80 minus 77 into 22.85 is 68.55. So, this goes here similarly we can fill up the heat required for each interval and we should remember this is all we are doing for hot stream and hot utility and we are computing data for BHCC and once this data is ready we will plot balanced hot composite curve. Now, we plot the cumulative heat required for each interval. So, the first interval will be 68.55 the second interval will be this plus this and for the third interval this will be this plus this plus this. So, we have filled up the cumulative heat required for each interval. Now, we will see how to compute the data for balanced cold composite curve. For balanced cold composite curve we will select from the stream table the data for cold streams that is C1 and C2 and cold utility. The temperature levels are written here as from 20, 26, 60, 118, 127 and 265 in the increasing order. The cold utility CW goes from 20 degree centigrade to 60 degree centigrade it is Cp capital Cp is 21.396 C1 moves from 26 to 127 degree centigrade it is MCP value is 9.33 and the C2 goes from 60 degree to 265 it is MCP value is 60 to 265. Now, we compute this summation of Cp values in different temperature intervals. Now, in the first interval it is 26 to 20 and only the cold utility is working. So, here 21.396 will be written. So, it is 29, 1.396. However, for this 60 to 26 temperature interval two streams are working C1 and CW. So, this value will be a summation of this and this value. Similarly, in the third temperature interval this is 118 to 60 two cold streams are working. So, here the value will be summation of this and this and for the last temperature interval this is 19.61 as only this stream is working. So, once this is available to us we can compute Qcb which is delta T into summation of the Cp's of the interval. Here the summation is 21.396 the temperature difference is 6 degree that is 26 minus 20. So, 6 into 21.396 will give you 128.376. Similarly, for this temperature levels interval from 60 to 26. So, delta T is 60 minus 26 into this Cp value 30.726 this comes out to be 104.684. Similarly, we have filled up this. Now, we will fill up the cumulative Cb values this is the for the first interval this value is 128.376 for the second interval this is the summation of this value and this value which is 1173.06 for this interval this is the summation of this value this value and this value. So, it comes out to be 1714.2. So, similarly we fill up this column also. Now, the data is ready for balanced composite curve we have created data for the cold balanced cold composite curve as well as balanced hot composite curve. So, this is the hot composite curve data and this is the cold composite curve data this is available for us. Now, we can blot them. So, this is my cold composite curve balanced cold composite curve this is my balanced hot composite curve. Now, these are the points where this line is changing slope here the line is changing slope here the line is of the cold balanced cold composite curve is changing slope here the balance hot composite curve is changing slope here the balanced cold is changing the slope so on so forth. Now, what we see that though the temperature here is known the corresponding temperature at the cold balanced cold composite curve is not known. Similarly, here the temperature of the balanced cold composite is known but corresponding temperature at the hot balanced composite curve which is this point is not known. Now, if I consider this to be enthalpy intervals and I want to find out the area of this enthalpy interval I should know all the four temperatures out of these four temperatures only two temperatures are known and rest two are not known. However, one thing we get it here it is a straight line relationship. So, we can use the technique of linear interpolation to find out the temperature here. So, we will see that that how this technique should be used here we see that this can be divided into 11 enthalpy intervals and here we see there are some temperature which is not known like T C 12 is not known T C 10 which is corresponding to this is not known T C 9 is also not known but we know the C P summation C P value of this interval. So, based on the C P values we can calculate the temperatures using the linear interpolation method. So, these values are not known. So, we have to compute these values cumulative Q H P and cumulative Q C B are massed by omitting cumulative enthalpies common to both values and the entries are then stored in ascending order this identifies all the points where composite curve has a vertex. Now, from these two tables of which one is for balanced hot composite curve and this is for balanced cold composite curve we will note down the enthalpy cumulative Q H B and Q C B values. So, these value and these values are massed together and they are sorted in ascending order if two values match we take one out of it we have already computed all the data required for the plotting of balanced hot composite curve and cold composite curve. Now, the job left is to find out the temperatures of those areas or those points where for balanced hot composite curve the temperature is not known and those areas where the for the balanced composite curve for cold the temperatures are not known we will see here. Now, here it is T H I is given and we clearly see there are some enthalpy intervals where temperatures are not known for hot similarly for cold there are some intervals where cold temperature is not known. Now, we will fill up the summation of C P H B and or summation of C P cold in those areas where either its value is available for hot or its value is available for cold like for example, at 80 degree centigrade of hot steam temperature the value of C summation of this C P H B is available which has been taken from here. Similarly, for 26 degree centigrade of the cold the value of summation C P C B is taken here as 21.396 that means wherever the temperatures are available we have taken the values of the summation of C P H B or C P C B wherever possible. Now, let us see that what are the temperature which are not available to us like this temperature for the hot is unknown this temperature for the hot is unknown this temperature of the hot is unknown this temperature is unknown however, these temperatures are available similarly for the balanced cold composite curve this temperature is unknown this temperature is unknown and these are the temperature which are unknown. So, now our job is to find out these unknown temperatures and the method which we will be employing for finding out the unknown temperatures is the linear interpolation because the segments of the balanced hot composite curve or the balanced cold composite curves are straight lines and hence we can very effectively use the linear interpolation technique to find out the temperatures. Now, the temperature which are not known are given in this color for the hot similarly we will find out the temperature which are not known given in the balanced cold composite curve in the green color. So, let us see how to find it out now this is the equation using which we will be finding out the unknown temperatures the explanation is given here, but it is better to go through the method to understand it. Now, to start with we will try to find out the unknown temperature here which is T H 3. Now, T H 3 is given by using these temperatures and cumulative enthalpies and summation of delta C p values. Now, this shows that I want these temperatures. So, the below temperature is given which is 90 I have written it 90 then corresponding to this temperature the cumulative Q is 317.45 taken 317.45 and we have deducted this value here 128.376 then we have divided this with the summation C p values which is available here. So, it gives 82.40 as the unknown value. So, this moves to unknown value here. Now similarly another temperature which is T H 5 is also not known. So, we calculate T H 5 here. So, if you see the T H 5 then we will be using this 4 values to compute T H 5. Now, if you see if you want to find out this temperature the next unknown temperature is this 159 because these two temperatures are also unknown. So, there is no information available about the temperature in this two temperature intervals. So, the known temperature is here 159. So, we take 159 minus the enthalpy here is 2406.08 we have taken this then minus the enthalpy which is known here is this the unknown level is this. So, we have taken this then divided by the M C p value summation M C p value which is available here on this row. So, this is 118.27. So, moves to that and fills it up 118.27. Similarly, these two unknown values are also computed based on linear interpolation technique. Now, we have completed the unknown temperature values for the computation of area target for hot balanced hot composite curve. The same thing has to be repeated for the balanced cold composite curve. So, the same type of equation is used here to compute the unknown temperatures of the balanced cold composite curve this is a unknown temperature which is T C 2 unknown temperature T C 4 unknown temperature T C 8, T C 9, T C 10 and T C 11. So, the first attempt will be taken to compute the T C 2 value. So, T C 2 is equal to 26 minus. So, these are the temperatures cumulative enthalpy and summation C p values which will be using. So, this is equal to 26 because this is the unknown value next value is 26. So, 26 minus this value 128.376 minus this value divided by the summation of C p values available here. So, it is 23.20. So, it moves to this place and it becomes 23.20 value. Similarly, the unknown values here are computed and transferred. So, the second so these are the values which will be used now 60 minus we are computing this value unknown value that is T C 4. So, this is 60 minus this cumulative value then minus this value then divided by in this row the value of summation C p. So, the calculated temperature is 32.15 it moves to here. Similarly, these 4 values are also computed and filled up. Now, we are able to compute all the unknown temperatures of the balanced hot composite curve and all the corresponding temperatures in the balanced cold composite curve and this is required to find out the LMTD for all the enthalpy intervals of the balanced composite curve. So, this work is now finished. So, we will go for computation of area. So, this values are filled up here and we will use this table to compute the area target. Now, for computation of the area target we will have summation C p divided by H values for hot and summation C p by H cold values for cold. Now, these are our streams and these are the heat transfer coefficient available for different streams like for H 1 the heat transfer coefficient is 0.1 for H 2 it is 0.04 for H 3 it is 0.5 and for the steam it is 0.05 for cold water this is 0.2 and so on so forth. So, we have to fill up these two columns. Now, if I see for this interval only one hot stream is working that is H 1. So, the summation C p divided by H can be computed as for interval 1 C p H for interval 1 is this value. Now, divided by the H that is heat transfer coefficient of this stream H 1 which is 0.01. So, we divide this by 0.01 and find out the value 228.5. Now, for the second this goes to here 225 228.5 and for this interval we have two streams which are working. So, we have already computed for this stream. So, we will use this result and then we will newly calculated for these streams that means 2.04 divided by 0.04 and we then add them up this with the value which we compute for this stream the total will be written here. So, let us see for stream interval 2 for enthalpy interval 2 this value will be summation of this value will be equal to we plus it this value divided by the heat transfer coefficient of the second stream and we add this two we get this two 79.5. So, that moves here similarly for this three here we have two streams working for this fourth we have three hot streams working here and for here we have two hot streams that means one hot streams H 3 and the utility stream is working. So, we can find out the summation C P by H values for hot in those intervals and we can fill it up. Similarly, we can go for the cold one if I see the interval number 1 then only the cold water stream is working its C P value is 21.396 and the H value is 0.2. So, this value becomes 106.98 which is 21.396 divided by 0.2. So, this value I get now in the second interval the same cold water stream is there that is cold utility stream. So, the value is the same 106.98 because it is not changing whereas in the third interval there are two cold streams. So, my value will be 21.396 divided by 0.2 plus 9.93 divided by 0.01 when I add them together I get a value 1039.98. So, similarly this column has been filled. Now, we are interested in finding out what is the Q by H value because Q by H value is needed for the computation of H. So, Q by H is computed as the differential in temperature. Now, what it is there it is 80 minus 77 these two 80 minus 77 into the value 228 which is this plus then 23.204 minus 20 this is these are delta t values into summation C P values. So, this is multiplied 106.98 and when we add these two terms we get 1028264 in this Q by H term the Q for the cold as well as Q for the hot is considered and that is why we are multiple adding two terms. So, this result goes here similarly for the next we can compute and we can fill up this Q by H values. Now, the next is to compute LMTD because we know the temperatures the extreme temperatures extreme mean and extreme out temperatures. So, four temperatures are needed to compute LMTD value. So, we see that we find out the LMTD value for interval 1. So, for this the LMTD value is this this is 77 minus 20 77 minus 20 then 80 minus 23.2 then ln this divided by this which comes out to be 56.90. So, we are using this four values to compute this LMTD similarly for this we can use this and this and this and this values to compute LMTD and we can fill it the LMTD values here. Then area can be calculated because area is summation Q by H divided by the LMTD for each interval. So, for interval 1 we have Q by H values for this and LMTD value for this. So, we can divide this value 1028.264 divided by 56.90. So, we get this value 18.07. So, we similarly we fill it this column and when we add this I get the area because now I have calculated the area of each interval and when I add this all I get the total area of the heat exchanger network which includes heaters and coolers. So, my final result is total area which is 4154.659 meter square. Now, this area is the minimum area after this lectures we will take the area targeting part 2 in which we will discuss if the heat transfer coefficient of all the streams are same then how to compute the minimum area using the bath algorithm and then we will discuss that in which condition bath algorithm will give minimum area and in which condition there will be a departure of minimum area that means it will not give minimum area and it will give more area and then we will discuss what are the other alternatives available for area targeting which will lead to minimum area. These are the references and thank you.


Hello, everyone. I'm Sanjay Gupta. I welcome you on Sanjay Gupta Tech School. In this video, I'm going to discuss about interview questions and answers related to Apex programming language. So, if you're giving any interview and interviewer asks like, what is Apex? So, you can just say Apex is object-oriented programming language, which is used in Salesforce. It is strongly typed as it validates references to objects at compile time integrated with the database. So, with the help of Apex, you can interact with the S objects. So, we have SOQL, SOSL, and DML for that purpose. Then, it enables developers to add business logic. And we can call Apex through WAP service requests and triggers on objects. What all data types available in Apex? It can be another question. So, you can say like we have primitive, which have integer, double string, long date, ID, Boolean, and more. Then we have S object. So, either as a generic S object or as a specific S object, for example, account. Then we have three collection, which is list, set, and map. So, these three you can use as a data type in Apex. So, if you want to store values in a collection, in a group. So, for that purpose, you can use list, set, and map. Then, we have enum. Then we have user defined Apex classes and system supplied Apex classes. So, Apex classes are also of two types like if Salesforce already providing you any Apex class. So, you can say system supplied, if you are creating, so it will be user defined. And Apex class will also become a data type. So, if you want to create its instance, so that is also possible. So, as a fresher, if you given the interview, so there can be another question like what collections are available in Apex. So, we have three types of collections, list, set, and map. Now, what is list? It can be another question. So, it is an ordered collection of elements. Each element of list has an index for identification. Index position of first element is always zero. List can be nested and even multi-dimensional. And elements can be of any data type. It can be primitive, collections, S objects, user defined types, built-in types. So, if you are creating any list, so data type can be anything, right? So, for example, if you want to store five account records together, so you can create list of account. If you want to store five integers, so you can create list of integer like that. So, if interviewer asked like, can you quote some examples? So, here you can see some examples are available. So, list of string name is my list and we are initializing it. So, here in this list, we can store string values. Then second is list of account which can store collection of account records, then list of integer. And if you want to add some values into list, you can use add method. If you want to get particular value that is stored at particular index, so you can use get method and you need to pass the index value. If you want to add some value at particular index, you can use add method. And with two parameters, first represents index and second represents value. And if you apply SQL like you are querying some data from S object and you want to store that into a list, so this way you can write it. Next collection is set. So, set is basically unordered collection of elements. So, list is ordered whereas set is unordered. It doesn't contain duplicate elements where in case of list you can store duplicates as well. Sets can contain collections that can be nested within one another. So, we can create nested sets. It is similar to list like in list also we can create nested list. Elements of set can be of any type like primitive, collection, S object, user defined types or built in types. So, here user defined types and built in types means apex classes, right? So, here you can see some examples of set. So, first is set of string, second is set of ID. So, generally we prefer set of ID because if you create list of ID, so that list can store duplicate IDs. But in case of set, IDs will be unique. So, generally for ID we prefer set then set of integer. So, here you can see we are adding values through add method. We are removing value through remove method. Then contains method will check whether particular value is available in set or not. So, it returns true or false that you can store in a Boolean variable. Then if you want to check the size, so we have size method. If you want to check whether set is empty or not, so we have is empty method. So, this way various methods you can apply with set as well as with list. Next collection is map. So, what is map in apex? So, map is also a collection of but it is key value pair. So, keys are always unique having a value associated. So, one pair will be having both like one is key and one is value. Values can be duplicate. Adding a map entry with an existing key overrides the existing entry with new. So, if particular key is already available if you store same key. So, previous keys value will be replaced with the new one. Map key and values can contain any collection and can contain nested collections. Keys and values can be of any data type. So, it can be of primitive collection, S object, user defined type or built in type. So, here you can see some examples. So, in first example, map of string comma string is created. So, first string will be key and second string will be value. Then second example is for integer and string. So, integer will be key and string will be values and how we can put. So, throughput method we can store the values like one comma first. So, one will become the key and first will become the value. Then two comma second, then here we have contains key. So, contains key check whether particular key is available or not. So, it returns Boolean value which we can store in a Boolean variable. Then if you want to get value associated with a key. So, if I am passing to in get method, so it will return the value associated with it. So, in our example, it will return second and that will be stored in value variable. Then if you want to fetch all the keys, those are available in the map. So, you can use key set. Then we have map of ID comma count. So, keys will be IDs and value will be a count record. Then we have list of account where we are querying some data. And in number five point you can see I am passing that list into map. So, that list will be converted into map. So, the list will be containing account records. So, account records ID will be the key and account record will become the value automatically. And last point you can see we are having map of account comma list of content. So, keys are account records and values will be list of content. So, this is also possible. Now, what is the difference between for loop and for each loop? So, for loop, like we can write it like this. We need to initialize then we need to put condition. We need to put increment and decrement. And inside braces we can write some code. Whereas for each loop basically is implemented for iterating collections. So, if you have to add some data from your S object and it is stored in a list. And if you want to iterate on that list. So, in that case you can use for each loop like this. So, we are iterating on ACS list in this example. And one by one each account record will be stored in ACC variable. And inside the braces you can write some piece of code. Now, this is interesting question. What is SOQL? So, SOQL stands for Salesforce object query language. It reads records from Salesforce. Similar to the standard SQL, but it is customized for the lighting platform. SOQL can be embedded in Apex port. So, if you're writing any Apex port, so inside that you can write SOQL. So, here is the example. Select ID from account limit five. So, select is for querying some data. Then we need to put the field APIs. If you have multiple field APIs, so you can put them comma separated. Then from and then S object API. And then you can apply some clauses like limit, where, etc. And the return result you can store in a collection. So, here we have collection of type list of account. Then similar to SOQL, next we have SOSL. So, Salesforce object search language. So, this is the full form of SOSL. It is used to perform text search and records. Use SOSL to search fields across multiple S object records. Use SOQL to retrieve records for a single object. Whereas use SOSL to search fields across multiple objects. So, here's the syntax. So, you need to write find and search query. Then you can write search group and then returning objects and fields. Now, what is developer console? So, developer console is an integrated development environment. Here you can create and edit Apex classes, trigger, Aura components, VF pages, etc. You can generate logs for debugging and analyzing them. You can create test classes. So, you can test Apex code to ensure that it is error free. So, after implementing test classes, you can run those as well and you can see the code coverage for your Apex code. Then write or execute SOQL and SOSL queries to find, create, and update the records in the org. So, these are the things you can do with the help of developer console. What is query editor in developer console? So, it helps to execute SOQL and SOSL. What is execute anonymous window? So, it helps to execute Apex code without creating any class. You can execute all lines of code altogether or you can select particular lines for execution as well. You also get an option to open logs just after completion of execution. You cannot save code through anonymous window. So, this is an option which is available in developer console that you can use to run Apex code. What is system.debug? So, display results in the log. Use system.debug in the code for debugging purpose. Once your code is tested and error free, then remove all the system.debug as part of the aspectus. So, here is the example. So, whatever you write in the system debug, so, it will be available in the logs. So, sometimes for debugging purpose, we use system.debug. What is DML? So, DML is used to insert, update, delete and undelete records. You can use absurd to either insert or update a record. So, if you are inserting some record and you are updating some records together. So, instead of writing two separate DMLs, like one is insert or another is update, you can club them and you can use absurd DML. Use merge when duplicate leads, context and accounts are there into one record. Others are deleted and related records are reparented. And always perform DML in bulk. So, this is important because we have governed a limit for DML that is 150. So, in a single transaction, if you have more than 150 DMLs, so, that will be an error and your code will break. So, instead of applying DML on separate records, you can store those records in a collection and then you can apply that DML. What is governor limit? So, as Apex runs in a multi-tenant environment. So, Apex runtime engine strictly enforces limits. So, multi-tenant environment means like more than one or users are using shared resources, right? So, this is because runaway Apex code or processes don't monopolize shared resources. If some Apex code exceeds a limit, then associated governor issues a runtime exception that cannot be handled. These limits count for each Apex transaction. For batch Apex, these limits are reset for each execution of a batch of records in the execute method. So, these are some points that you need to remember about governor limits. And here you can see we have some governor limits that you can remember for interview preparation purpose because an interview like some interviewer asked this question. So, randomly, they can ask like, what is like total number of SOQL queries limit? So, for synchronous, that is 100. For asynchronous, that is 200. Then total number of records retrieved by SOQL queries. So, for synchronous, 50,000 and same for async. Then total number of SOSL query issued is also same for both 20. Total number of records retrieved by a single SOQL query is also same, 2000. Total number of DML statements should 150, 150, same for both. Total stack depth for any Apex invocation that recursively fires triggered due to insert, update or delete statements, 16 each. Total number of callouts can be at HTTP request or web services calls in a transaction. So, both have 100. Then we have some more limits like maximum cumulative timeout for all callouts. It can be HTTP request or web service calls in a transaction. So, 120 seconds. Then maximum number of methods with a future annotation allowed per Apex invocation. So, in sync, it is 50. In async, it is zero in batch and future context and one in queueable context. Maximum number of Apex jobs added to the queue with system.encu job. So, sync, it is 50. For async, it is 1. Total heap size, 6 MB, 12 MB, respectively. Maximum CPU time on the Salesforce servers. So, for sync, it is 10,000 milliseconds. For async, it is 60,000 milliseconds. Maximum execution time for each Apex transaction, 10 minutes each. And total number of send email methods allowed 10 each. Now, next question is what is database class? So, Apex contains the build-in database class. Database class provides methods which can perform DML operation. So, now we have two things here like DML, insert, update, delete, absurd, like that. And along with that, we have a separate class which is known as database class. So, if you want to use it. So, here you can see the list of methods available. So, these methods are static and you can call them through the name of the class. So, database.insert, update, absurd, delete, undelete, merge. And if you want to learn like how we can implement these. So, I already recorded some detailed videos. So, you can visit studiesalesforce.com and there you will find detailed videos having explanation on each topic. More on database class. So, database class methods have an optional all or none parameter. This parameter allows you to specify whether the operation should partially succeed. When this parameter is set to false, if error occurs on a partial set of reports, then the successful reports will be committed and errors will be returned for the failed statement. So, this is important. So, in DML, it doesn't happen. In DML, like if one record is failing, so all other records will also fail. No exceptions are thrown with the partial success option. This feature is not allowed with DML statement. The database methods return result objects containing success or failure information of each record. So, here is the example like if you have a list, let's suppose record list and optional parameter, it is second, which is false, which is like all or none parameter. So, we are passing false here. So, now from context, sorry, from record list, if some records are successful and some are failing. So, those which are successful, they will be inserted because we are using database.insert and failure will be failed only and all success and failure information will be available in this results array, which is of type database.save result. Now, if you want to compare, so this is the question like if you are giving an interview as a fresher, then also this question can be asked and if you are giving interview as like two, three years experience candidate, so like interviewer can ask like what is the difference between DML versus database class. So, you can use DML statements if you want to throw error through Apex exception and handle them with try and catch plot. Then use database methods if you want to allow partial success of a bulk operation. In this way, successful records will be committed and errors will be returned for the failed records. Database methods can also throw exception similar to DML statements. So, it depends on that all or none parameter. What is exception? So, exception is basically runtime error. So, examples like DML statement exceptions. So, if a DML operation fails, it returns an exception of type DML exception. So, how you can control that? So, we can catch exceptions in our port to handle error condition. So, wherever you see like exceptions can be generated. So, that piece of code you can enclose in try block like this. So, we are trying to create account record and we are inserting it. So, here like on account creation, name field is required and we are not populating a value in it. So, when this code will execute, so it will fail. So, this piece of code, these two lines are enclosed in try and followed by catch block which is catching DML exception. So, here we are showing some debug statement like a DML exception has occurred and through e.getMessage, we are getting the error message. So, if this code breaks, your rest of the code will run finally and this piece of code will be handled. So, if you don't want to convert your whole code as a fault or failure. So, you can apply try and catch block in between the code. Now, what is parent to child SQL? So, this is also important for fresher as well as for experience candidate. So, it is a query which is applied on parent record which queries related child records as well. So, if you want to query parent and child records together so that SQL we can see like it is parent to child SQL. Example is, so we are trying to query accounts along with related context. So, select ID comma name comma and then we have inner query. Select ID comma first name from context and this context is a child relationship name. Then inner query closed here then from account and limit is five. So, this way parent to child SQL is applied. So, here context is a child relationship name which you can find on the lookup field or master detail field that is created on the child object. So, if relationship field is a custom field with which two objects are linked then we have to append underscore underscore r as well with the child relationship name. So, these things you need to remember if you want to answer this question. Next, we have child to parent SQL. So, in this query is applied on child object which queries parent details as well. So, example says like select ID first name. So, ID first name these fields are related to contact then account dot name. So, this contact is related to account. So, account is parent and contact is child. So, account dot name and maybe this contact is related to employee object as well. So, we are fetching employee underscore underscore r dot salary underscore underscore c. So, this is a custom relationship field that is why we are appending underscore underscore r and it is having a custom field. So, we are having underscore underscore c. So, here account is representing standard relationship whereas employee is representing representing custom relationship. So, in custom relationship append underscore underscore r. Now, what is debug look? So, a debug log can record operations system processes and errors that occur when executing a transaction or running unit tests. Debug logs can contain information about database changes, STTP call outs, Apex errors, resources used by Apex, automated workflow processes. So, if you want to store these information so you can use debug logs. So, this is all about like Apex questions and answers. If you want to learn these concepts in details so you can visit study salesforce.com there you will find all the detailed videos based on Apex programming language. So, I hope these questions will help you to clear your interview based on Salesforce.


into normal investments typically mutual funds but under the umbrella of a retirement structure such as a 401k plan or in this case an IRA when you put the money in the question is do you get a tax benefit when you put the money in such as reducing your income or taking a deduction and then when the money grows over time hopefully it will grow in the form of dividends interest capital gains do you have to pay taxes at that time and then when you take the money out is that a tax triggering event when you take the money out and or could it also trigger the penalties those are the questions that we have now we're looking at the point in time of these investment tools when we put the money into the the account and that of course is when we're asking the question do we get to reduce income at the point in time that we put the money in now notice that if it was a 401k plan or a 403b something through your employer you would get a benefit of not having to include it in income and exclusion but it would be reflected on the form w2 and therefore the employer will already have done it for you and you just have to enter the w2 information and everything should be correct because box one will be reduced properly hopefully by that amount and it might differ then what's on box five and box three which are all income line items if on the other hand you do an an IRA deduction that means it's not being taken out of your wages typically by an employer therefore it's not going to be reflected in your w2 income has to be somewhere else such as the adjustments to income so for IRA purposes earned income includes alimony and separate maintenance payments reported on schedule one line to a so if you were a member of the armed forces earned income includes any non-taxable combat pay you received if you were self-employed earned income is generally your net earnings from self-employment if your personal savings were a material income producing factor so for more details you can see publication 590 a a statement should be sent to you by May 31st 2024 that shows all the contributions to your traditional IRA for 2023 so we're going to use the IRA deduction worksheet to figure the amount if any of your IRA deduction but read the following list before you fill in the worksheet so you you can figure that basically IRA deductions now with the IRA deductions there's going to be a cap in terms of how much that you can put into an IRA it's usually going to be significantly less than like a 401k plan or a 403 b plan that's why it's usually way better off if you have the ability to put money into a 401k or 403 b it's usually that's usually the first place to go because you can put more money in and you might get a a matching kind of benefit with it as well that's also why when people don't have access to a 401k or 403 b possibly because they're sole proprietors and they have a schedule c business they might want to set up their own 401k or possibly a more simple plan that we talked about before like an IRA i mean a simple which is a simple type of retirement plan or a Roth IRA those are going to give you more ability than just a normal individual IRA for a sole proprietor we touched on that before as well when we put money also just note that when you put money into a normal IRA it can be a little bit complex if someone does have access to a 401k plan such as you or say your spouse then the question is well can i still put money into an IRA and that that gets complex it'll depend on different factors fortunately however it is something that that can be done kind of as a last minute tax planning because with the IRA oftentimes you don't have to actually put the money in the IRA in the tax year so if we're talking about tax year 2023 for example you can do the tax return and then possibly be able to do the last minute tax planning move of putting as much money as you can given your tax situation at that time into an IRA so that's often the the last kind of move that you that you can make for tax planning which can happen actually after the the year has ended so that's one something we want to keep in mind when doing tax preparation we'd also like to have some cash on hand in order to take advantage of being able to do that when we file the tax return okay so number one you can't deduct contributions to a Roth IRA but you may be able to take the retirement savings contributions credit savers credit see the instructions for schedule three line four now the Roth IRA is kind of the inverse of a normal IRA so the idea of an IRA would be I want to take the deduction now this would typically be ideal in a situation where you have the max amount of money that you think you're going to make in your lifetime so if I'm making more money then I'm spending right now I'm probably in a higher tax bracket than I will be in the future when I retire because when I retire I'm only going to be taxed on the money I take out


Lee, mate, you have had a lovely excursion today, tell us about this year.  She went around the corner, but way too hot, hit a water table on the outside, whacked the back right wheel, stuffed that, and that whipped the car around. The right front wheel went into the bank, that stuffed the right front, but it flicked the car right around, and as you can see from this shot, we're actually going horizontal, levitated about one and a half meters off the ground, still going down the road in the right direction now, but sideways at probably about 40 mile an hour at this point. Unfortunately, when it came down on the back left wheel, that stuffed the back left, and then it finished off in the bank again with the front left, and that stuffed that as well. Don't prolong the agony, show us the rest of it. Oh, mate, look, well, here's some shots, that's just after the first hit, and then she went to that, and then as it came back down again, that's all the digging the tar seal out with the, so it stuffed all the rims, bit further on, and that's pretty much where it lay to rest. Anyone for a second hand car? Yeah, well, she certainly needs a transplant now, she's been board-bellied and rolled plenty of times, I think it could do with a new shell. It's tweaked my right kidney a little bit, and it got a bit of a whack on the left knee, and Simon felt it through his spine a little bit, but hey, we're all good, we're all good, no problem. Yeah, well, you're well harnessed in there, and it's very well protected. So that's you going?  I'd like, mate. Yeah, well, that's motor racing in it.


This is the Big Picture, an official television report of the United States Army, produced for the armed forces and the American people. Now to show you part of the Big Picture, here is Master Sergeant Stuart Quain. Today, the young man of America must face up to this fact. When he is 18, he can be drafted. More and more he is coming to realize the value of planning ahead to fulfill his military obligations. To do this, to plan ahead intelligently and advantageously, he should understand his rights and privileges under the Reserve Forces Act. One of the best sources of information for practical, personal advice on the choices open to young men is the local Army Reserve Training Center. Let's go along with the father and son as they visit the local armory in a Connecticut town, before making a decision on how the boy will fulfill his military obligations. They have an appointment to meet the father's friend and former Army buddy. Major Jim Wright, unit advisor to the local Reserve unit. Hey, Dad, this is a pretty big place. Yeah, bigger than I expected, too. I told the Major we'd meet him near the entrance. We're a little early. The Major should be here pretty soon. Hey, John. Hi. Hey, the first guy's assistant manager at the supermarket. The other fellow's a clerk at the bank. Nice bunch of men. Hello, Bill. Jim, glad to see you. My son, John. Glad to see you, John. How do you do? You don't look a bit like the photograph I saw you. Bill, it was during the battle of the bulls that you got sentimental. It was winter, mind you. And your dad insisted upon showing your picture to everybody he could get to stand still for a minute. Seems you had just entered kindergarten. Big deal. Come on into the office. Make yourself at home, Bill. Sit right here, John. Evening, Sergeant. Evening, sir. Is this man waiting to see me? Yes, sir. He wants information about Army Reserve enlistment programs. Well, come on over. Get another chair, Sergeant. Yes, sir. I'm Major Wright. Fred Stevens, sir. Meet John Peterson. Hi. And John's father. Glad to meet you, sir. Fred, how are you? Sit down, Fred. Sergeant, tell Captain Murray that I'll sit in on his demonstration tonight. Yes, sir. No reason why I can't talk to both of you young men together. How old are you, Fred? Just going on 21. And you, John? 17. You're still in high school? Yes, sir. I graduate in June. I'll be almost 18 then. Captain Murray gave a talk at your school a couple of weeks ago explaining the Reserve Forces Act. Were you present, John? Yes, sir. Did you get a pretty good idea of the choices you have for fulfilling your military obligation? Well, pretty good. I don't think I could pass an examination in the subject, though. Do you plan to go to college? Well, that's what I'm not sure about. I'd kind of like to start earning money as soon as I can, and also fulfill my military obligation as quickly as possible. Whether I go to college or not. Okay. We'll come back to that. Fred, are you working? Yes, sir. Good job. Yes, sir. Well, I mean, do you see a future in it? Well, that's just it. It's got a good future, and I don't want to lose it. I got a raise yesterday, and the boss asked me how I stood with my military obligation. I told him I stood nowhere. So we talked about the reserve, and he agreed to give me a six-month leave of absence if I joined. That's why I'm here. Good enough. Your problem's comparatively simple, Fred. You have what I call a straight-line problem. If you should be drafted, the advancement in your career will be interrupted for two years, which is something you want to avoid. Fortunately, you're in a position to choose an alternative method of discharging your military obligations. Men in the age bracket from 18 and a half to 26 can join the Army Reserve and fulfill all their obligations by serving six months of active duty for training and five and a half years in the ready reserve. You serve the six months of active duty, training at a camp in the United States. You return to your own hometown, attend training sessions one evening a week for five and a half years. And during these five and a half years that you're in the ready reserve, you go to a summer camp once a year for two weeks of field exercises. That's it. Well, how long at evening sessions, sir? Two hours. Two hours once a week. And two weeks at summer camp. Five. One more point, Fred. You can sign up immediately, but you don't have to begin your active duty training for four months in case it's inconvenient for your boss to let you go right away. I'll tell him that. Furthermore, any time you put in here before you go on active duty will be credited to your ready reserve service. Great. You understand, of course, that as soon as you complete six months of active duty training your draft board suspends all its actions concerning you as long as your record in the ready reserve continues to be satisfactory. Yes, sir. I like it this way.  Bill, do you think we know what he means? I don't think it's very hard to figure out what he means. What I like is the fact that he means it. John, most of what we've been talking about applies to your problem as well as to Fred's. Now, let's analyze. You're 17. You're graduating from high school next June, and you're still undecided whether or not you're going to college next fall, right? Yes, sir. John, there's no two ways about it. You fellows between 17 and 18 and a half get a very good deal. You do the same six months of active duty training, but you serve in the ready reserve for only three years. You are obligated to only three years of weekly training sessions and summer field exercises. And after that, you're in the standby reserve for four and a half years, which calls for no drills. Another thing, John, a high school student has the privilege of joining the reserves and beginning his weekly training sessions one full year before he graduates and goes on to his six months active duty. Well, what would be the advantage in that? There would be two advantages. First, the know-how which you would acquire in this period would almost certainly facilitate your promotions during your three years of ready reserve service. And second, this pre-active duty time would be deducted from the four and a half years of your standby time. Something to think about. Jim, could you kind of give us a picture of what this active duty training would be like? Sure. Let's start from scratch. When a man enrolls, the first thing we do is give him a general physical examination right here. Our doctor checks his blood pressure, heart and lungs and so forth, just to make sure he has no disabilities. Then every man is issued a basic uniform. Enough to get him to camp or he'll get his full issue. Active duty training programs begin at stated intervals throughout the year. The men who have enrolled at the various reserve centers are sent to the camp nearest their homes for their basic training. Buses take you from the railroad station right to your company area in the camp. You will find everybody friendly and business-like. The first three days in camp are taken up with what we call processing.  Well, in a way you are. But you're also an individual. Everything that's done to you is really being done for you. Immunization shots safeguard you against contagious diseases. More physical examinations. But these are for the record. Your permanent record. You'll get a chest x-ray. And anything that needs correction like teeth, for instance, will be done for you. You'll get your full issue of clothing now. And every item will be individually fitted. Shoes are fitted with special care. You're expected to present a smart, soldierly appearance at all times. So you get to wear with all. Step by step you get briefed on all the things you need to know. The importance of the company bulletin board, for example. What we call housekeeping gets a lot of attention. You're given precise instructions on how your book should be made up and how the articles in your foot lockers should be placed. You might get a sour impression of army discipline when the sergeant tells you it's got to be done exactly this way and no other. But after you've soldiered a while, you'll find out there's a good reason for these regulations. Orderliness maintains cleanliness. And cleanliness is a basic ingredient not only of health, but of good morale. A fighting outfit with good morale will never lose a battle that can be won. Meanwhile, of course, you've been eating. The chances are you're a little surprised how good the chow is. And it's certainly plentiful. Meals are based on master menus which are made up each month for the whole army by professional dietitians. You get a balanced diet, period. When the processing is completed, the rest of your first week at camp is taken up mainly with information sessions on specific subjects. We call this orientation. It means setting you right. For example, an officer from the Judge Advocate General's office gives you a talk on military justice. Informing you of the fundamental principles of military law. At another period, you're given a talk on military courtesy with demonstrations. The chaplain gives you a friendly talk. It's not a sermon. It's a down-to-earth, man-to-man talk. And he lets you know that he or the chaplain of your faith is available for individual interviews whenever you have any personal or family problems that you want advice on, or need assistance in handling. But even this first week, which we call zero week in the training program, is not devoted altogether to processing and orientation. Physical training begins. You get your first instruction in dismounted drill, the art of moving from place to place in orderly formations. The procedures of guard duty are explained to you and demonstrated. Your responsibilities when on guard duty are impressed upon you in no uncertain terms. The week is wound up with an inspection, personal appearance, the fit of your uniforms, the condition of your barracks, your foot locks. You've had a busy week, boys, but you really begin living the second week. The first phase of the active duty training program is called basic training. It lasts eight weeks. And it's the same for everybody, regardless of what branch of the service a man ultimately enters. Basic training is intended to make a soldier out of you, a rugged soldier, an alert soldier, an aggressive soldier, and marches get longer and longer. This basic training will introduce you to muscles you never knew you had and something else. Long about now, you begin to think like a professional, a soldier who knows how to take care of himself. You'll get up in the morning feeling like you could lick your weight in wildcats, but these eight weeks won't be all just strict discipline and grueling marches. We don't try to make a machine out of it. You'll have time for fun, a hot game of basketball, volleyball, and, of course, baseball. At the service club you can relax, play your favorite game, shoot the breeze, or have a sing-fest. There'll be Saturday night dances. You'll also find a hobby shop at the camp, open every evening and weekends, where you can make almost anything you've a mind to. Tools are supplied free. Power tools, hand tools, and the cost of materials is nominal. Church services for all faiths are available to everyone. At the conclusion of your eight weeks basic, you pass and review before the commanding officer and his staff. He and his staff, as well as all your instructors, have worked as hard as you have to make this a day to be proud of. Following this review, you will probably get a two-week furlough. The second phase of your active duty training is called advanced individual training. By now you have chosen the branch of the service which you prefer. Let's say just for example, you go into the armored branch. That means tanks. In the armored branch, you would spend ten weeks in advanced individual training, which is a somewhat longer time than any of the other combat branches take for this phase of the training. A tanker has a lot of technical stuff to get squared away on before he can get into tactical maneuvers. Site adjustment of the gun, for example, is done with precision instruments. It takes a lot of patient practice to become a good tank gunner. Cutaway training tanks are used to enable instructors to work with tank crews and units.  You fire these guns at first on a special range, using sub-caliber ammunition. Advanced target practice details of a tanker's training. But when you finish advanced individual training, you're ready for tactical unit training in the field. Here you practice maneuvers under simulated battle conditions. The tactics will vary, of course, according to what branch of the service you're in. But in any case, you live a whack in the field. Maintain all the security measures you would employ in an actual combat situation. The methods and procedures of supply service. Gas, oil, and ammunition. Night maneuvers are also conducted, where the problems of teamwork and security are, of course, more complex than daytime maneuvers. You get four weeks of this tactical unit training, learning the importance of teamwork in combat. It winds up your six months of active-duty training. One final week is taken up with graduation exercises, turning in equipment, processing out and so forth. It all adds up to exactly six months, including your furlough. Does that sound like something you couldn't take? You make it sound good, sir. Sounds good to me, too. You understand, of course, boys, that you can choose whatever branch of the army you prefer. Infantry, armor, field artillery, combat engineers, or one of the technical services, like signal corps, military police, medical corps. And there are other agencies that you can specialize in. Military intelligence, civil affairs and military government, psychological warfare, and so forth. There are 18 branches altogether. At this center, however, as of now, we have units in only seven branches. So you would have to choose one of these units if you wanted to do the remainder of your training in your hometown. Well, I'd like a branch where I could work with automotive electrical equipment, sir. That's ordinance, friend. Our maintenance units here are very popular. Count me in, sir. You want to join up this evening? Yes, sir. Good. What pay do these boys get, Jim? Oh, yes. But you get $78 a month during your active duty training. And a full day's pay for every evening is spent at the center. And of course, you get full pay for the two weeks of summer field exercise. The pay goes up, too, as you advance and rank. Now, here's a list of the units at our center. Now, you will notice that under each unit, there's a group of specialist courses listed. Now, each one has an MOS number. MOS means military occupational specialist. Within our seven units, we have 40 specialist courses to choose from. The one you've chosen, friend, is MOS 3912. Well, Jim, you sure made the picture clear to me. Do you have any questions, John? Well, suppose after I finish my six months active duty, I decide to go to college after all. But I go to a college away from home. Well, you simply do your once a week evening training in the area of your college. It's usually no problem. The reserves have training centers all over the country. I see. Well, Jim, I don't think we should take up any more of your time. John has my consent to join the reserves. But I'd like to tell my mother about it before I sign up, sir. Sure, John. As a matter of fact, we require the consent of both your parents since you're under 18. Thanks a lot, Jim. Now that you're stationed here, we got to see a little of each other. Positively. OK, John, give me a buzz when you get squared away. Nice to have met you, friend. Thank you, sir. I'm going to charge him alone. Yes, sir. It's in you, John. Sure thing. Fred Stevens wants to sign up now. Yes, sir. Come on over to my desk, Fred. Thank you, sir. Right. Let's see what they're doing in here. Looks like glass and electronics. Yeah. This is the farmer for Ohm's Law. Where R equals Ohms, I equals Ampheres, and E equals Volts. Any two knowns of Ohm's Law will give you the unknown. You know, Dad, Phil can learn a lot from some of these specialist classes. With over 40 to choose from, you ought to be able to pick one that would help you in civilian life. Please don't pace. OK, OK. Oh, come on, Bill. Don't keep me waiting. What did you find out at this reserve training center? Oh, we had a long talk with my old buddy Jim Wright. About John's military obligations. Yeah, we tried to get squared away on what's the best thing for him to do. Has John decided not to go to college? Practically. That is, he's about made up his mind to get his military service behind him and then make up his mind about college. How does that work out, Bill? Well, if he enrolls now in the Army Reserve, he can finish a full year's training before he graduates from high school. And this won't interfere with his taking a summer job or his studies at school. The training sessions at the reserve center are one evening a week. Then, come June, when he graduates, he can begin his six-month tour of active duty. After that, he can plan his future with a completely free mind, as far as his military obligation is concerned. There was something interesting in the paper this evening about the effect of military experience on young men. They took a poll of young Army veterans. Here it is. 78% felt that they'd become more considerate of others. 84% felt that the experience had increased their ability to work. 25% considered their education was much improved. And 96% said that military service had increased or maintained their faith in God. You know what figures match. Boys that age want to be men. They, you know, let me see that paper. I'm going to pick the signal core. It's one of the technical services.  You know, radar and stuff like that. That's one thing I forgot to ask the major. I'll have to check with him tomorrow and let you know. He did say, though, they sent you to the camp nearest your home. Oh, sure, I'll write to you. But don't expect any fancy letters or stuff like that, after all. Yeah? Uh-huh. I think you're okay, too. To the Reserve Forces Act, young men of America can fulfill their military obligations and help their careers at the same time. Coupled together, here are two reasons why more and more forward-looking youngsters are enrolling in the United States Army Reserve. Now there's a Sergeant Stewart Queen, your host for The Big Picture. The Big Picture is an official television report for the armed forces and the American people. Produced by the Army Pictorial Center. Presented by the United States Army in cooperation with this station.


Hello everyone, I'm very happy to be here, to have an opportunity to chat with two of my favorite people on this universe. So the first one is Antonio Nieto, it's a great friend and also a strong volunteer for the Project Management Institute that will talk a little bit about how we can get the project environment ready for transformation. And the second one is Alex Osservauder that is accepted our invitation one more time, he's the chair of this conference at the Drucker Forum here in Vienna that will talk a little bit about his new book and the innovation. So thank you very much for being here and my first question, it's obvious the world is facing a massive transformation of organizations everywhere. So what do you think is the missing component today for organizations and for people really to bridge that gap between ideas and reality? I start, okay Ricardo, well a pleasure to be here with you, with Breiland, with Alex. For me there's two maybe two pieces missing, I think often transformation starts without a clear purpose, without a clear why. So yes there's the good intentions, the computation is starting so we need to do that, but then what's the purpose? Why are we doing? There's no reflection, there's no really assessment of is it the right time to do the transformation? No, it's just people don't think, so for me the why and the reflection is a piece which is missing. And the second big part is the tools, the tools have become extremely complicated. So you get lost, you don't know which hammer to use and I think Alex is the guru on the tools as well. So I think I love to hear your views, but the purpose, why and then how to do it with the tools should be much easier. The purpose aspect is extremely important and it's underestimated. It sounds simple but it's not. If you don't have a clear guidepost people are not going to do it. So that is number one. And then really walking the talk by changing the enablers and blockers, taking away anything that could block the transformation. Again that sounds trivial, of course we're going to do that, but that's actually not always the case.  So we need to take away these blockers and we need to put in place enablers. And what that means is you're basically designing the new culture that you want to see emerge. So you can't just let culture happen, for transformation to happen, you need to design and manage the culture. Incredibly important and possible, but it requires a completely different kind of commitment than when you're just creating a new product or a new service. It's a different ball game. One thing that for us is quite visible is that how do you engage? You said about creating a culture and this. Of course if we have a startup company, this is easier, right? It's the founder mentality and it's... But how do you transform, I would say, a 20,000 employee enterprise that is doing, I would say the same thing for the past 50 years. So how do you change and drive that culture in a very practical way? So to think more about projects, to think more about how to get things done or to innovate more. So what would be your advice on that? Well, building on what Alex is saying, I think what drives the engagement for me, it's really when you talk about the benefits of the transformation. It's not about the business case, it's not the financials. We're going to grow 20%. No, we're going to transform this business. We're going to transform the industry. This is what excites people. I think when you talk about the benefits and that's what I can't relate with what I like, my passion and then I will follow because I will do it voluntarily. We've seen research shows that the most engaged people are the ones which volunteer. How does transformation work in most companies? Alex, you're part of the transformation. Ricardo, why companies don't ask, who wants to join this transformation? So this is a big turning point for me. Yeah, just look at the statistics today. Seven out of ten people are not engaged at work. You look at the Gallup polls, right? So are you going to be able to get people on board for transformation when they're not even engaged? They don't want to be where they are. They don't want to do the work that they're doing. They're looking for a new job already. There's no way you can get them engaged. So first, start by putting the human, the people back at the center of your transformation strategy. Again, it sounds a bit trivial, but it's not, right? You really need to create a workplace where people can come, live their passion, do the work that they're good at and that they enjoy, and then you can start saying, okay, now let me take you on a journey. But if you don't have engaged people to start with, don't start the journey. There's no way you can do it. I don't believe in that anymore because I've seen too much failure. So we need to start with people and asking ourselves, do we have a great workplace where people will be excited to follow me on this journey? And that is a hard thing to do, but that's leadership by engagement. And that's how we're going to change this. It is a question for you. You have engaged as a volunteer for many years. You do a lot of work related to that. I want to know, okay, how do we engage people? So how do we do that? You are extremely down to earth from the practical. What can, if you can give an advice, to engage people? So for example, my company is being challenged everywhere for transformation. It's being disrupted. My team is not engaged. So how do you shift this perception? What would be some clear steps to do that if you have any advice? So I would start already with the decentralization of power. Give people autonomy to do the right work because we're increasingly in a world where, at the top, you don't know what the right thing is to do. All you can do as a leader is create the conditions for teams to succeed, for teams and people to succeed. So create those conditions. And that's what you need to start with. Autonomous teams that are excited about what they do. And we've heard this, right? Heyer moved in that direction, Tencent moved in that direction. That's how you get people engaged and you get them passionate. If you don't have that decentralization, I think it's going to be very hard. If you're going through a crisis, maybe sometimes, you know, centralized kind of wartime CEO as Ben Horowitz likes to say, that works. But I believe less and less than that. Today we need to have decentralized organizations that are agile and quick. I love what Alex is saying because I do believe in project-based organization, which is what you're saying is, we have an idea. Well, let's explore that. We give you a budget to try it out. And then if it works, we deliver a product, a business. And actually, guys, you're not done when the project is over, but you run the business. So you're looking for end-to-end engagement. You want people who be owning the idea, developing the product or the project or the business, and then running the business. So you will be much more excited if you see what you're going to be running and you run it. You're accountable not for the project, but for the outcome and running it. And I think we are not there yet when you talk about transformation. You see that you're saying pieces of silos in the project, but there's no end-to-end agile teams. What I would add to that is that's at the core, right? We've been talking about organizing around projects for a while. I think the component that's missing is you can say, you need to work on this project. Or you can create the conditions to say, we need to create value in this particular market. Go ahead, build the project. So you give them the legitimacy to act and to create projects. The project should not be started by mandate, but by autonomy. So I think that's the piece that we're missing a little bit to see real value creation emerge again in a world that's changing very rapidly. So I think that's a bit the missing component, right? That we need to infuse into the project-based organization. The value, maybe adding Ricardo Alex, the fearless. I think Ami is great at that. You can fail. You can fail, and failure will happen. And let's recognize the failure, let's reward failure like in some companies so that we get better and better and better. So I think that's when you look at traditional transformation, you don't hear about failure that much. You don't hear what Alex is talking about this ideal.


Because one trade is one thing, but when you do it over a course of years and you stay in the game. Well, good traders, Jill, we always say, you can't go broke taking a profit. That's an old saying, traders say. But the thing is, listen, it's never too late. You made money, that's the key part about it. So you can't argue about it, you take a loss. Listen, you can always buy it back. Most more times than others, you're better off taking the profit than holding on to it. It's great. And nobody could predict it. Listen, we all knew that they would have great earnings. We wouldn't be standing here today. We'd tell everybody. We'd be celebrating. We'd be celebrating. The big thing is, when you use that book viewer and you have that tool, you have that keep a platform out there, it lets you see more or less the future of seeing where those orders are out there. So it gives you more of a game plan of where is the street reacting to it. And that's what today's traders have to look at. And that's why it's so important to have it.


Welcome to ToffeeTV, this video was taken from the Daily Extra, the video where we delve behind the headlines on the Everton News Daily. To watch the full video, get over to patreon.com forward slash toffeeTV, EFC. We've got 10 exclusive videos on there every single week for our Patron subscribers. So get over there and see what we're doing. Welcome to ToffeeTV, it's the Daily Extra here on Patreon. We're here to talk all about jibes. Because you're jibes, so get lost. Basically now, we have a jarg all the chocolate, which is amazing. It is amazing. Also, we're here to talk about what you spoke about yesterday on the Everton News Daily, which is Martial not being retrospectively punished for his dive. Theatrical, theatrical kicks, two beach on the run. They've been done by theatrics. Now, I'm personally not that assed that, like, you know, he hasn't been done. I think if he had been done, it would have been a, it would have just confirmed what we already know. Which is that he did dive, essentially, and dive for the penalty. Although some people are still, people of authority or have authorities still disputing the fact that it's a clear dive. And it wasn't a penalty. But I just think the general whole thing about these people coming together on a Monday morning is just farcical. Now, it's been over a year and they've only caught two people. That's just nonsense, isn't it? That's just utter, utter nonsense that... I mean, what is it? Is it just a free lunch or a Monday morning or a Monday afternoon or something? Because does it even happen anymore? Does it happen? I don't know.  They're going to meet and blah, they were...  Even though the referee looked at it again and it was a penalty. That was just sweat to the side. And it was sweat to the side because Matty the Dike made a big fuss about it in the night. Share it and everyone else getting involved. And then there was more fuss on talks, but then all of a sudden it was getting looked at. And then he got banned then. You know, no appeal. Dan Lanzini got done a week later at Stoke. And then after that, nothing. Despite there being 20, 30 cases of waste. There'd already been a couple before, Bernardo. Silver had died two weeks before. There's been loads. And then since, you know, nothing's happened. It's gone. We've seen Salah and Crystal Palace the other week throwing themselves to the floor with no contract and getting a penalty. Liverpool and then fell over and Joan Fiend got the last sense of nothing said, you know, entitled to go down, came out again.  And so, you know, it seems to me that unless it's done against like the tops, you know, the top six sides do it. It's just blood under the card. I don't necessarily, I mean, because don't forget the two. Okay, the two that happened to the teams they were playing were necessarily big teams. So don't think it has to happen against them. But yeah, if it's one of them, it's not even going to be looked at. For me, you're right, though. It's about, it's about what's the story, where's the media, how much attention to the media put on it. I think when it is a big club, when it's not to perceive massive clubs, there's an equal footing. So it's like, there's almost like more outrage, because while those teams are on an equal footing, so it's terrible that one of them took an advantage over the other. But this particular one is a game of old Trafford. It's a tight game. And you're thinking it shouldn't matter if there's been no media outcry. I mean, first of all, I don't understand why there hasn't been any media outcry. Maybe, listen, maybe because of this weekend. It's man United. Well, I was just going to say maybe other things. Well, maybe, of course, that is that. But football still went on. So, but even in the game itself, the whole thing, it's like, I know this, this shouldn't, but like, an easy way to show how media works is, the Pogba penalty, right? Going on and on and on and on and on and on. That's how long his run up was, about the run up. And yet there was no, like, oh, brilliant from Pickford. Like, that's completely one side. It was how he made a mess of it and pick and then he gets the rebound. Oh, great. No, like, good save from Pickford again. Great stuff, blah, blah, blah. And it's the same with the penalty. It was like, they were too busy deciding whether it was a penalty or not, which it wasn't. I mean, that's clear this day. Player gets a touch on the ball and then that's it. There's no other contact, really. The contact is natural contact. There's no other contact. And he throws himself to the ground in an unnatural fashion.  It gets away from the narrative of, but it's not a penalty. And he dived. So why are we not talking about it? And that's bad on its own. But surely a panel of people shouldn't be dictated to by what's the story on a Monday morning. No, well, it's just like, it happens with lots of things. They have these rules. They have these things. We're going to clamp that. It was grappling the corners last year and for two weeks at hand.  And it goes, you know, it's like it's there. They quickly punish someone and then they leave it. And we were on the receiving end last week with Sahar. Sahar threw him. He's done it again this weekend. No, for me, he's the best in the Premier League by a mile, Sahar for throwing himself on the floor. But it's just like, kind of just get brushed under you. Right? It's irrelevant whether Marshall gets punished or not for us, because it's not going to affect it. In fact, all he does is weaken Man United against all the teams. So we're giving all the teams an advantage. Not us. It's gone now for us.