Hello and welcome back to Art of Awakening, giving a jump start to your spiritual genius so that you can leave those dark nights of the soul behind and create your own bright day of the soul. And today we have a special guest on today and I would like to give a really warm welcome to today's guest, Von Galt, aside from being a quantum healing hypnosis technique practitioner. Von holds the unusual distinction of also being an IT professional who holds an MBA in e-business. And with this dual background, Von is in a unique position to bridge the gap between two very different worldviews that have been very separate until now. And Von is a published author who is currently working on a new book on information about star seeds, indigos, awakening and the ascension of earth and its people. And this is information that her clients keep bringing through in sessions. But the interesting thing is that most of these people have never heard of these topics before in their lives. So welcome, Von, that we are so glad to have you. Yes, I'm really excited to be here and provide this information to your audience. Yes, and I think it's just the perfect topic to kick off 2020 and this whole decade that would come before us, because I think this is really going to be a harbinger of what we're going to be seeing in these next few years. So, yeah. So Von, can you, before we dive in, can you tell us just a little bit about your background and what it is that you do, the QHTT work? Yeah. And your other background too. Yeah. So basically, I am a normal working mom. Okay, so I have to balance having a full-time job in the IT field here in Seattle, Washington, as well as juggling my responsibilities as a mom. On the side, I also have a private practice as a hypnosis practitioner through the Dolores Canon method of hypnosis, which is quantum healing hypnosis technique. QHTT is what it's commonly known for. And, you know, as a book writer, I'm always looking for new ways to get interesting content to write books about. Based off whatever is inspiring to me and whatever I am interested in. And my background that brought me to Dolores Canon's method of hypnosis is that I have over 40 years of experience being raised in Tibetan Buddhism. And I'm Laotian, and Buddhism is very part of the fabric of my upbringing. And a lot of these quantum mystic studies in reincarnation, the real Dharma, soul groups, old souls, awakening and living your highest frequency reality through, you know, tackling the issues with the dark night of your soul. Those are very common topics in Tibetan Buddhism. And as I started to get into the research on consciousness and mindfulness studies that many Buddhist monks were volunteering to do through a lot of academic research, like the Dalai Lama was a very prominent part of encouraging, you know, on bridging the left brain and the right brain and the hemisphere, bridging the connection between the metaphysical and the mainstream. And so I followed those research and it was very fascinating with it, going into mindfulness and consciousness and trying to bring that into the fold into a lot of different facets of society. That it ended up bringing me to Dolores Canon's work, who I found that she was 45 years of hypnosis and uncovering fascinating information. And so as a writer myself, a lot of the content that she was bringing forth, I'm already familiar with from my Tibetan Buddhist background and my Buddhist background. So it was just like walking into something I already know. And it was a great method to bring really rich content for my creative writing. As a result, I also help people heal themselves, help facilitate their healing and help them find closure and answers to questions and challenges that they have been working on for most of their lives, trying to get too awakened or trying to address the soul. Okay, so what types of people are you working with? Because you had mentioned that when you were speaking to me, that you're in Seattle, right? I'm in Seattle, so the very interesting thing is, and Seattle is very unique in that, you know, I met, we're very close to where I live. There's a city engineer named Chuck Petty's, and he went in his working city planning days. He actually worked with a couple of city planners back in 1987. And they decided, you know what, we really want to infuse our love for metaphysics into city planning. And we want to design the space in a way that we would track higher frequency individuals and raise the consciousness of our city. Because we want our city to prosper. Yeah. So what Chuck Petty's and his team did as city engineers is, again, a great example of infusing that left brain and the right brain and just connecting the dots there. But they mapped the lay lines of Seattle. And Seattle being over water, all sacred space is over water. The PG Sound is underneath the city and the area. So they mapped all the lay lines, and then they built very tall kind of stonehenge type of architecture that is like half the size of skyscrapers in these points and lay lines and put power plants in the points and lay lines all over Seattle. And chills. I just chills right now. It's fascinating. And he actually worked with Buckminster Fuller in his, his early scholarly days. But anyway, so Seattle is been designed around sacred space. And I actually work in a building in Seattle. That has a stonehenge structure half the size of the skyscraper and not far away or three, you know, floor height level Tesla sculptures. So it's really, it's really kind of iconic and kind of mirroring the inspiration. But I don't necessarily know if it works. But as a result, they connected it to Portland. They connected Lailine project to San Francisco and the in an effort to try to attract higher frequency individuals in the West Coast is technological and it is very progressive in moving forward into kind of a more awakened and more higher frequency state. By point in bringing that up is as a QHHT practitioner looking for rich material to write books about, I keep getting these high frequency people who in the Loris Cannon's words are indigo or star seas. In Buddhism, they were called them the Toku Children. What does that mean? So the Toku Children in Buddhism is they're really old souls that have information about metaphysics in that tradition, it will be information about Buddhism, the ancient mystic parts of it. And they have been born into this world to bring the metaphysical knowledge and share it with everyone else to help raise the frequency. So like whenever they're looking for a new Dalai Lama, for example, the monks would meditate and they would do through remote viewing, try to locate the Toku child that would help will help their tribe prosper and, you know, kind of shepherd the tribe into the next, you know, phase of that Dalai Lama's life. But Toku Children have been around in Asia for a very, very long time. They crop up all over the world and they're just high frequency old souls.  They have come in with old knowledge and they're bringing it forth. And one of the things that I keep getting in my sessions are people wanting to know what their purpose is, they want to know how they can, you know, kind of help their awakening. They want to raise their frequency so they can ascend to higher levels of consciousness. And I keep getting information about the Great Library in the spirit world. Okay. But these are people from, like they're from the IT world, right, pretty much? Well, in Seattle, I get a unique batch and every single QHT practitioner who comes into this work gets a different set of clients, okay? And the types of clients that I get are typically just coming here because they are going through their awakening or they've had their awakening. They're going through the dark night or so or they've had the dark night episode. And so they don't want to be a celebrity. They don't want, you know, be in the public eye. They just want to live their best life. They want to infuse their interest in metaphysics and their awakening into the careers. They want to, they're coming here because they're working out some issues in their personal life that they want. They're tired of spinning their wheels and they want to go straight to source and talk to their subconscious and understand why in the wheel of Dharma, this incarnation. Do I continually manifest this type of people at this type of situation? And oftentimes when I regress them into a QHT session, three lifetimes come up and there's a theme and then they see why they're doing what they do. And so a light bulb comes on that they know what they need to address and work on on a personal level so they can get to the good part. They're like self aware of how they create and manifest in this holographic reality. That's their awakening. That's the light bulb moment is that the user within the hologram realizes that it's just responding to their commands. And so instead of manifesting the same old story over again, they can use QHT as a cheat code and just cut right through to the good stuff and stop repeating the stuff that's not taking them anywhere in their life. So running the wrong program or something, right? Yeah, there's a bug in their life and they just need to turn that bug off or be IT. They need a virus scan to just get rid of that part. Okay, so got a little bit interrupted because of bandwidth and I'm just going to turn my video off and so fun. Where were we? You were talking about the clients that you just wanted to be normal everyday people but actually bring their spirituality into their work and their lives in a way that was meaningful. And I think that is probably a common theme for many, many of us and I think an increasing number of us. Let's get it off the meditation and into life. Yes, yes. So a lot of the clients that I get, like I said, they just, they're coming through and they want to get some questions answered and some clarity on some of the challenges that they're dealing with in their life. And then they just want to learn how can I be a better doctor and infuse my interest of energy healing into my profession? You know, how can I as a scientist working on, you know, some, some equipment infuse my interest of metaphysis is that or if they're working on something and just can't figure it out. They know to come to a QHT session just to be able to have a conversation with their subconscious, or otherwise known as the over so hi. I'm sorry, I'm just laughing something does not want this message out there so we're just going to push through with this. We're going to push. So what I'm going to suggest is you turn off your video to and at this point I will just put on the, what do you call the thumbnail, the thing, and we'll just do like a podcast. Okay, so is that that good. Yeah, so so yeah more technical difficulties we're just going to turn off the audio all together, but it's so fascinating that you, you were saying there was this message this universal message that was coming through with when you took all these experiences collectively. Yeah, so the universal message again, being here in Seattle area I get a lot of engineers I get doctors I get hotel owners. I get professional chefs. It kind of runs the gamut but everybody that I get is a very highly evolved soul, and they are here for the awakening they are here to raise consciousness. Through the people in their lives and through possibly affecting other people around them. And the thing that I get over and over again in my sessions that I'm putting in my book is that wherever you are in the world and whatever incarnation you came in through all these different elements that make up who you are such as your race your religion, your culture, the country you're in etc. If you're male female doesn't really matter these are all elements of what make you who you are and they're part of your story. And the over so other so everyone subconscious keeps saying over and over again that these are part of your story and these are challenges that you have, and it is your challenge to integrate all the different elements of who you are and work with other people keep an open mind and work with other people to bring in the new earth or to bring in a higher reality full of highly enlightened people with a higher level consciousness. And the thing that I always get when I regress my clients further past their earthly or other lifetime incarnations as aliens or elementals or whatever it they are it doesn't really matter that is all of that is the magic of the universe that just appeals to the awe in each child so everyone loves that kind of that galactic image of different planets, different universes, even being a spirit guy that incarnate, carnation as a as an earth being. That's just the magic of the universe but the real work that keeps coming up over and over again. The real work, the adult work is the awakening. It is you realizing that you are the one manifesting and attracting your own reality. And in order for you to change your reality. You have to realize and come to awakening that you are spirit having human being who is realize that you live in a holographic reality that is responding to the man, the, the commands of his user. So what you are you manifest what comes to your to you is what you are what you create is what you work on.  And so if you want to change the outer exterior, you have to change the person inside. And so there's really nothing else to do besides work on the dark night and the soul that you're going through work on the issues that you've been dealing with your whole life work on that childhood trauma that you're trying to overcome that is coming in in all facets of your life in your career and how you look at yourself. And all these different things. These inner self help type of things is what is going to change your reality. I know in my spiritual background of Tibetan Buddhism. The, the forming which we change our reality is through the four noble truths and the eight fold path, which is the basic fundamental of Buddhism matter of the form. And the four noble truths is, you know, life is suffering. Two is attachment causes suffering. Three is inside to move suffering and four is living the eight fold path and suffering and the eight fold path is very logical. It's correct thoughts speech action livelihood understanding effort concentration and mindfulness. So there's really nothing religious about the Buddhist tradition is actually very methodical in taking the eight fold path and looking at your issues that you're working with and addressing them one by one. And by addressing your inner demons by addressing your challenges in your life and overcoming them. You change your energetic, genetic level in your body. And when you raise your consciousness level and you raise your energetic frequency because these things no longer weigh you down. You attract a parallel reality that is in line with what you radiate at. And you attract the things to you that work in perfect synchronicity.  When you start following, you know, those insights and keeping yourself open to working with your guides and your, your angels and all the people in the spirit side nudging you along but they're not going to what I find out is in my sessions that they're not going to tell you what to do or how to do it.  And I always regress my clients into the spirit world. Many of them want to go there because they have a lot of questions about their life.  And that gets addressed as well. But when they go to the spirit world what consistently comes through in all my sessions which again would be a great read, maybe in a future sci fi book I write great library. And no matter the person because I get a lot of people who come from very, very strict religious backgrounds or atheists or no background at all. And they all go to the great library and the great library that comes through in each one of my sessions is this huge light library it's just magnificent. And it just goes on and on and on up and down. And when you go into a library, it has what the Westerners called the Akashic records of everyone. So everyone who is incarnating is their own author, they are writing their own book, they're writing their own song, they're writing their own album of music. And when you awaken to the greater reality that you manifest your own parallel reality, you move yourself from a 3D self into a 5D self. And when you start infusing the work that you were working on in the spirit world, and that you wanted to bring to share in the earth world as in your earthly incarnation. What you're doing is you're infusing your metaphysical work into your incarnation. And that's what literally everybody is trying to get to. And so when everybody who comes to me and or any QHC practitioner to find their purpose and what their roadblocks are and trying to get past that so they can live their best life. Anyone was the best engineer, the best doctor, the best cook, you know, and they infuse a little bit of that spirit knowledge into their work. Then everybody all over the world will radiate a higher frequency and we will change our reality and make positive changes in all areas of our culture and in all areas of how we interact and manifest this reality that we share. And that's really what keeps coming through in every single session. We're just here to raise consciousness and that's how we do it is by focusing on your inner work so that you could be the best version of you. Right. And that is that magical shift, right? Because like, when we start to awaken, that's the starting point, but there's, for a lot of us, we have that dark night of the soul, but it's like, that's, it's sort of like taking an airplane up through the turbulence to get to those bright, clear skies above all those clouds. That's where a lot of us is starting to like hit that point. It's like, wow, it's so empowering because it's like, oh my gosh, I can actually, I'm like this creator and I can, I can really create my own reality. You do and everybody and that's what keeps coming back through. I mean, I've had clients that have regressed to the spirit wall to talk to their DC's loved ones who've told them the same thing. I've had them talk to or channel in their master teachers, Jesus, Kwan Yen, anybody, it doesn't really matter. Anybody from different dimensions, I've had them all channel in their councils. It doesn't really matter. It's all the same information. The thing is, is that we are here to experience the best version of the incarnation that we have because it's part of our archaic records. It's part of the book that we're writing and that book is going to go into the great library and when other souls decide to have an incarnation for their own personal growth, they're going to go through these records and they're going to read everybody's lifetimes and they're going to pull content to form the kind of life that they want to have in whatever reality that they want to incarnate into. So what QHHT does is as a modality, it's great for writers and artists like me to get content from. But on a personal level, it does do help facilitate some healings for many of my clients, but for the most part it helps them address the issues that they have been working on for a very long time. And the common issue that holds them back from really getting to their awakening and really getting into the ascension process of elevating their consciousness is that childhood trauma, that mommy, daddy issue that they just cannot get over on their own. And so when they come in for a session and they see that they've been doing the same arguments and type of issues with the same soul group, it really turns a light bulb in their world and they know exactly what to do to get this so that they can get to the good part which is working on manifesting their best life. And manifesting your best life, you raise the consciousness of the earth and you raise the earth and the people into a 5D reality. Because one of the things that all constantly come up, especially with Dolores Cannon's work because she always talks about Indigo and the new earth is one of the things that continue to come up with the over so with my sessions is people need to realize, what do you think a 5D new earth going to age reality whatever your tradition describes it heaven on earth whatever. What do you think that looks like in medicine is it was more energy healing and kind of incorporated. What do you think that looks like an engineering, you know, what do you, what do you think that looks like in in in construction what does that look like in education, you know, you have to ask yourself these questions. How does this reality look like in these different areas of your lives. So that is where the work is needs to be done and that's what people need to bridge the gap between being left brain and right brain and just infusing the some of the knowledge that they have brought with them from the spirit world in their careers into their life. So if your job is to be a parent and raise higher consciousness children, then how can you with what you have available to you raise higher consciousness children, you know, so that they can do what they came here to do. Right. And that's really what it's all about because there's, there's, you know, in the greater reality, nothing is really real with just souls having, you know, a holographic experience. And so if, and they say this in, in, in quantum physics as well and actually the 1979 Nobel Prize winner, Dr. Steven Weinberg, who won Nobel Peace Prize on multiverses and proving mathematically that multiverses exist. And there's a lot of this information already coming into mainstream like the D wave computer, which is a quantum computer. The fascinating thing about the D wave computer and in it is they, it proves that what scientists know which two atoms can exist at the same time in two different places. The parallel atoms, how can they exist at the same time in different places. Well, the D wave computer in it that is working right now for the US military proves that you can have parallel realities and basically what it does is a typical computer is a two bit state where it's just ones and zeros is here or there. Okay, but the thing with a D wave computer in it is they function in qubits, which means that it can run in two places at the same time, just like Adam. And so what they found in the research that they're having talking circuits in academia about is the D wave computer is printing out solutions that doesn't exist in our reality. Interesting. Wow. So even our technology is receiving an upgrade right now. Our technology is saying that there are other parallel realities and so the military is pumping in, you know, information to find out how to solve different things that we have. And it's getting information about people and solutions that doesn't even exist in our reality. Okay, so we need to get over, get over the fear of being metaphysical because it's already coming into the mainstream in other people's work. And what I find is the people that come to me for a session, they are the most courageous people because they want to look their dark night of the soul straight in the eye, and they want to overcome it because they want to get past it. And so or they coming in with some questions about things that they're working on in the career, the life, and they want to get, you know, a quick answer so it really functions as a cheat code.  And yeah, and the subconscious the same one in everyone I've had, I've had sessions with a subconscious is talking to me and saying, I can answer the same question over and over again and I say it's for the client. That's hilarious. So fun. Well, how do people find out more about what you're doing your, your practice your qht work and your books. Well, um, they can go to my website Merkaba chakras calm. And I think out this it'll be in the description of these videos as well. And in there is where they can find all my old blog articles that I've written about academic research into metaphysics in all areas whether it's about the vesica Pisces, whether it's about consciousness mindfulness meditation, you name it any kind of fringe topic that people in the past were interested in in looking up. We already have academic research that has proven it to be somewhat correct or kind of in in the right area so a lot of consciousness and mindfulness research has been done in these in these areas and so it's coming more into the fold and so that material it's on my website Merkaba chakras calm. So that's really good for given links so people can actually go to your website and find out a lot of this information. Oh, yes, all that you can tell that. Wow. It's on the blog page and they can find and there's a great thing about buggy and everything all these topics. They're all in mainstream academia already. That's a treasure, because I think for there's a lot of a lot of people who are, you know, in this awakening process and they're feeling it but they're, they're feeling stymied because they don't feel like they can even talk about it to their co workers to their extended family and so forth. And I think for a lot of people if they can go and find that scientific information. It allows them to introduce this material in a way that people will actually listen to. Beautiful. Yeah. And it's always there and actually I'm working. I'm working on because those articles are seven or eight years old. And some of the links have some of the links have maybe not work anymore or a lot of the people that I saw as they moved on to create their own foundations websites, etc. So they've got a lot of grants and funding for their work. It's getting more into the food. So I'm working on updating a lot of those blog articles and putting it into a book which I hope to put out the next couple months but I also I also write books and other topics which you can find off my author's page on Amazon. Yeah, and we'll put the link to that below them as well. Yeah, yeah. And I like right now I'm actually working on two books which I'm hoping to publish in the next month. And it is a it's a business books on how you know, really in business people, people think that they can check out a spirituality but the whole thing is spiritual. And when you're buying and selling product we're making product in the business world. Since nothing really is real and quantum physics where I proven it's just energy in a certain form. What we are trading is we're trading love energy. Okay, so it's nothing is real. So what what somebody's buying from you is your expression of love. And that's what you're trading is expressions of love energy. And so when something doesn't work like it's promise. That's why it hurts us in the heart. That's beautiful and I think I think if a lot of the listeners out there if they're considering maybe starting a business or actually are starting a practice in the healing or any business. It doesn't matter what. And there's a lot of light workers who want to be in business who have a real hard time charging for their. But if you think of that as I'm accepting love and return for the services that I'm getting which is love if you think of it as exchange of love it takes the toxicity out of the whole money. Yeah, it's true. And it's just it's just like this is not there's no way to consider it.  I want money lots and lots of money. I want to find the sky. Anyways, um, you know what, a lot of people who make and I get clients who make a lot of money. And they're still not happy with themselves. And the reason why is that, you know, money is love. I want love lots and lots of love. I can't get enough of it. But the reason why it doesn't feel that void inside no matter how much love you get or you know money you earn.  And so if you, like I say, just go get it QHHT session, get past the stuff that that that you've been working on for a very long time and get you the good stuff. And then and then you'll see and feel more gratitude for your life. Right. Yeah.  Thank you so, so much for joining us today. And despite all the IT issues. It's been a real pleasure and you know what you're offering is so valuable. So, so I hope people do check out your website. And we'd love to hear your comments, your likes and shares too. If you feel that this has been valuable to you, please do share it. There's other people that will find it valuable as well. Yes, I will definitely share it on my YouTube channel and other places as well. Yeah, audience too. So, so, yeah, thank you so much and and just you have a wonderful new year fun. And everybody who's tuning in as well. I wish you a very, very happy and joyous and exciting new decade that we're moving into it's going to be a wonderful decade. Yes, thank you everyone.


Hey there friends. Thanks for checking in at the range now today. We are revisiting the SAR USA SAR 9 full-size handgun. I've had it for a couple years now. I really enjoy it Let's go ahead and take a few shots, and then we'll talk more about There it is the SAR 9 imported by SAR USA this is what I consider a Cross between an HK lower and a Glock upper. You can see it's squared off much like a Glock It does have front serrations there comes with two magazines 17 round mags 4.4 inch barrel and check out that grip doesn't that remind you of the P30 series with HK It does come with three additional back straps and grip panels to custom fit The hand size of the shooter a little bit of a beveled mag well there and I already mentioned 17 round magazines a Very nice gun and many people take one look at that and they say well That's a you know a mating session between Glock and HK and I could not Agree more shoots outstanding very happy with it since day one and this has been Attested and used throughout militaries in Europe and it's a Turkish made gun And it's a very nice gun. I've had it for a while as I mentioned now the trigger is A one-piece trigger. It does have a trigger bar safety in there. I'm measuring it at five and a half pounds and Then there is the reset. It has this red piece right in there Hope that can pick up and then when that is no longer visible Is right when it breaks three dot sights and Pick rail right there disassemble Similar to Glax, you know and so many others these days just like that You can see it has a dual recoil spring and of course the polymer lower SAR USA, you know, they they actually make some Impressive models I set my spinners back up. Those are actually very small targets five inches wide But the star nine has an MSRP of 422 on average mid 300s it's what you can pick this up for and Prior to all this not sets going on to the gun world and the mid 200s is what this was selling for that is a steel For such a nice pistol with a great reputation by the way Especially overseas. Let's try some one-handed here and see yeah, if I take my time Instead of rushing through the shots I do much better with those spinners. I Spent about a half hour on the phone today with a rep from SAR USA and we spoke about the SAR 9x It is a an updated version of this. It is seracoded in platinum It has lightning cuts on the slide. It comes with a light. It's a beautiful looking handgun a 17 and 19 round magazine and it very much models this but it's updated and it offers more capacity And it comes with the light and some other things that I'm not mentioning But I really want to get that one in my hands. I think that would be something Very interesting. So if it It has an MSRP of 555 chances are right in the mid 400s is what it would sell for and I would love to Review that but there is the SAR 9 a beautiful Shooting handgun very smooth. It's a NATO gun primarily 124 grain 9 millimeter is what it's suited for the SAR 9x comes with a holster a mag holster a Light and is optic ready. It's set to cut an RMR the SAR 9 here has a loaded weight just under 35 ounces and Unloaded just under 28 ounces. Let's take a few shots and you can check out the lack of recoil Let's check out the SAR 9 reliability with a lip risk test Nice it passed So there it is the SAR USA SAR 9 it's an impressive gun especially in that budget price range I needed to get it back out to the range and check it out it's been a little while and I Leave today as impressed as I was when I received it and all the other times that I've taken it to the range It's a nice gun very happy with it And I really want to get that SAR 9x in my hands because I think they have a real winner Yeah, if you like videos like this, please subscribe and sure I always appreciate thumbs up button. Thanks for watching and you guys be safe


Ssssssssssss, drunk. Sometimes I get comments on this channel that ask, How do you find these games? Well, to be honest, sometimes I just go to the Wikipedia page listing every Super Nintendo game and I notice a title I don't really recognize or don't really remember and I ask, What the heck is Frantic Flea?  But I guess part of this channel's purpose is to go over bad games like this so you don't have to, unless someone out there find this game in the wild and think it's an ultra rare hidden gem or whatever. Frantic Flee is one of those games that sounds made up right up there with radical wrecks and power pigs of the dark age, but it exists all right and it only exists to torment anyone who plays it. The gameplay is simple enough. You have to wander around each level rescuing baby fleas and you lead them to the exit. All you have to do is walk past them and they start following you. There's six worlds divided up into three stages each and you get three lives and no continues with a password to complete this one and seriously, I dare anyone to sit down and try and finish this game. It's one of the most irritating experiences I can remember. The big problem with Frantic Flee is that the speed and timing of everything is just off. Your character moves too fast, enemies move too fast and constantly respawn. Your attack sucks, traps like this lightning bolt have this odd ball timing about them and every time you take damage, the fleas you've collected scatter all over the level and you have to start over and collect them again. Frantic Flee was released in April 1996 developed by House Technica and I could barely find any information about them because apparently this is the only game they ever made. Probably for good reason because, man, this game is bad. You have to hit these enemies like five times to get rid of them and since you have a melee attack, you have to be right up close to do damage and the hit detection is awful. You're gonna take damage more than the enemies do and really, enemies don't seem to respond to your attacks and they respawn the split second you leave the area.  Baby fleas will regularly jump over you, seemingly refusing to be rescued.  Check out this part here.  Let's put an enemy right frickin' here, zooming around with no discernible pattern or timing. Ah, it's just the worst.  I mean, look at this part here. This jump just won't land and I know it can because I've done it before and then the second it lands, here comes some random enemy that just respawned. Ah, jeez. The default control layout should tell you enough about Frantic Flea.  Do you expect me to curl my index finger around? I really should have just titled this video is Frantic Flea worth mangling your hand for? Is carpal tunnel worth getting today? You can at least change the controls on the options menu so you can change it to something more sensible. This is usually the part of the video where I try and find something positive about the game and I just can't. Frantic Flea is one of the most aggravating experiences I've ever had playing a game. It's laid out in a way where you're expected to explore so you can lead your flea buddies to the exit but exploring is incredibly annoying and tedious because you're just holding down the X button, bouncing off enemies and flailing around all over the place, getting zapped, losing all your fleas and having to collect them all over again and run through the exact same aggravation once more. Like, geez man, like who thinks this is fun? Wait, I found the one thing I liked about this game. The bass line here sounds like something out of a Viagra Boys song. I keep expecting some drunk guy to start shouting about sports. Speaking of sports, and I really can't believe I'm saying this, it hurts to say but I'd seriously rather play Bill Lambier's Combat Basketball than this game. It's that bad. I'm in awe that Frantic Flea came out in 1996. I'm stunned by its awfulness. You could be playing, I don't know, Breath of Fire 2 or Final Fight 3 or whatever else came out around that time and picking Frantic Flea over titles of that caliber is like drafting Ryan Leaf over Peyton Manning. What's really incredible about this game is that it doubles down on its awfulness. It gets so much worse in the later levels.   So yeah, believe it or not, I do not think Frantic Flea is worth playing today. I don't think it's worth playing tomorrow. It's not worth playing yesterday. It's not worth playing with a box. It's not worth playing with a fox. It's not worth playing here or there. It's not worth playing anywhere. It's truly a miserable experience. You know a game is bad when not a single person has posted a walkthrough or a fact in the 25 years that Game Facts has been around. Playing this game felt like I was sentenced to do community service like I had to make this video to make sure nobody else plays it. So please, help me feel like I didn't waste my time here and avoid this game. All right, I wanna thank you for watching and I hope you have a great rest of your day.


pitals and I feel that some people around this table just They don't live in so they don't understand it. Um, this resolution would have been okay but I mean if If the title would remove if it would stop at On uvm's progress towards housing undergraduates period and if The reference to Trinity campus online 59 just be made to develop student housing, which is a challenge if mutual concerns, etc Were there Were also if that reference to always trinity campus was removed Because then it would be a generic honest resolution talking about housing That needs to happen somewhere in burlington without focusing on trinity campus I'm not suggesting that line 22 be removed because that's factual um I don't know what to say about lines 24 through 26 because That's information. I'm not privy to I'm sure that a Would have been informed about trinity campus and would have said sure that could be a place that could support student housing but once again, it's funneling the focus on trinity campus and I think that's unfortunate. I think it's unfortunate when when I feel that I've lived in board one Since 1968 and I know it well. I lived on western street I lived on colchester avenue and I now live on east avenue I've lived in ward one longer than some of you have been alive And so I know each aspect of the ward pretty well And I know who I represent and I know that I'm trying to provide them relief And so what I'd like to do is ask that if the makers of the motion would be willing to remove the trinity campus From the title and Support what I suggested and I can go through that again if there's any willingness I will make that as a proposed amendment if there isn't I won't waste people's time, but That's how I feel. Thank you Councillor pusher is amending because you are not I'm asking if there's an openness to the to me proposing an amendment. I if there isn't I'm not going to waste people's time Okay Councillor paul. Thank you very much There's always a willingness if you but but I but I will say that I I sort of need you to go over that one more time because I You jumped around and so I I didn't catch all of them. I understand what you said about that. I'm sorry um Perhaps president right those those amendments could be repeated and perhaps we could do it all at one time Um, if that's possible. Thank you, councillor poly. Thank you. There is a willingness councillor pusher So if you'd like to make the amendment, please do so I propose to amend the resolution as follows By changing the title to be reports and ongoing communication on uvm's progress towards housing undergraduates On campus. Let's just put on campus. That's consistent to also Excuse me Amend line 59 to read Made to develop student housing Which is a challenge of mutual concern so to remove Be it on the trinity campus and or other sites Is that the entire amendment? That is the entire amendment. Okay, councillor pusher has an amendment on the floor. Is there a second to the amendment? Second by councillor poly discussion on the amendment Councillor mason. So since we're wordsmithing on on the fly here, which we try not to do Is the intention really to leave it student housing? That's it So that would permit are you fine with off-campus housing? I mean because there's no reference Oh, it says now made to develop student housing, which is a challenge of mutual concern So I want to be clear that this is supposed to be on campus housing. So I think we need to add something in that would say So I would make I need one person speaking at a time I will clarify to make a motion to the amendment or make an amendment to the amendment that says on line 59 Made to develop student housing. I would add the two words on campus That's my acceptable councillor. Councillor pusher. The amendment will be changed The words are added on campus But but eliminating the same words that you suggested and the change in the title councillor pine Mr. President my concern is that we've had I think Several years of discussion and now we have Champlain College's Building that is not on campus, but that serves as student housing. So would this be No, okay. You don't see this somehow saying We're only focused with on-campus student housing because I think that's what it's Councilor mason. So my reading of this is we're asking for information We're not giving a directional. We're just asking for information. So thanks for the clarification From my perspective, we're not telling them what to do. We're just saying give us your information as you're moving forward Are we ready for the vote? All those in favor of the amendment Please say aye Any opposed The amendment passes you Council Plano you're voting no Council Plano votes no. So it is a vote of 11 to 1 in favor Back to the now amended resolution. Are we ready for and we're not councillor Hanson I'm wondering and I'm sure this would be at your discretion council president, but we do have representatives from uvm and they've gotten to hear a lot of conversation and concerns and I don't know if they want to speak but I Was wondering if we could open it up for them to speak if if they wanted to thank councillor Hanson The representatives from uvm have any interest in saying anything You don't have to and please identify yourselves for the record Sure. Joe spedella work in university relations. Hi, I'm Lisa Kingsbury. I'm from campus planning services And please make sure to pull the microphone right So thanks for having us here tonight. Thank you councillor Powell and councillor shannon for your resolution We are certainly happy Partners with the city. We've been working with you all for a long time on housing As is noted in the resolution. We've made a lot of progress over the last 10 years And we're happy to continue partnering happy to Work with the city to provide the quarterly reports that you're looking for Just to give you a little bit of an update on the housing master plan We have been work.  It's a firm from washington dc They came at the time did really extensive Conversations with actually many of you who are here in the room tonight At the npa's with many neighbors really got to understand burlington And came up with a set of recommendations. Some of our things have changed since then So we've brought them back and they're doing an update to that plan. So We are expecting To have them back At some point in july i'm looking at the Week of the 22nd as a tentative date for them to come and give us their recommendations After having some focus groups and surveys with students and conversations with us as well. So We're very we would be pleased to to give a report to you after that Okay, thanks Appreciate it. Thank you Well, we're not going to turn this into a full-blown answer in question. Do you councillor jane? You have something that you need to ask? Maybe it's more appropriate for the mayor, but they can they could speak to it too. Go ahead councillor jane All right. Thank you for being here and I think the question is for the mayor, but you're more than welcome to respond Based on my understanding the city of burlington has housing agreement with uvm Is that correct? Right and what this resolution? How does it fit in that already existing housing agreement how does this, you know Add more substance to it or does it act to it or diminish to it? That's what I want to understand How this resolution fit with the existing partnership that we have with uvm around household? Yeah, I guess I would just say, you know, what this resolution does is Essentially what councillor mason, you know stated earlier this resolution talks about information So this is going to be about When we have completed the housing Study, we'll be able to determine where on campus how many beds those kinds of things, you know, those are the kinds of things that you've really got to pull the microphone way in You got to be right on the microphone. Okay. Um, it's kind of like a trick chord too because it's not Um So that's, you know, it's this is going to be about information to begin with, you know, and Uh, and then we will see like how many beds, you know, where you know, how many students are interested all those things You know the thing about this housing is the same as any housing In burlington, you know, we're going to have to look at things like cost and amenities and, uh, you know Juniors and seniors are the folks that we're looking at in graduate students and You know grad students are telling us pretty clearly that they don't have a lot of money Um, they a lot of them are on stipends. So, um, we're going to have to look at cost as well And we're going to have to look at, you know, working probably with third party providers because we don't have debt capacity to do this on our own So there's a lot of questions that are going to be, you know, up in the air We we feel like we've been good partners in this process over the years with the city and we appreciate the city You know working with us on housing issues. So This resolution strengthens and maybe makes more formal that that process, but I feel like, you know, we have Uh, you know, done a lot of good work together already. So I think that's where that's where we are Thank you councillor jane anything mr. Mayor. Did you need to say anything on that? um, I don't have a a lot to add personal right, but I I think, uh I think joe summarized it well new information Will be generated in the in the months to come and reported back and the hope certainly of the administration and I think of uvm is that this process will inform a update to the housing agreement, which I think is ready for some Significant reform after a period in which it's really just been Uh, there's been sort of extensions of what the status quo is There is uh, I it's certainly my hope that um, we Can find some areas of mutual interest to work towards the other that will generate additional homes, which will Sort of uvm student body better and will address our overall Acute housing shortage. Thank you. Mr. Mayor Councillor busher for a brief remark I just wanted to ask a really quick question Do you still offer married student housing and if so, is it still at the um, Ethan Allen? No, the housing at Fort Ethan Allen was um, sold a few years ago to uh, there's there were two portions of that housing One portion of that was sold to champlain housing trust and the other um was sold to redstone and So Redstone has been partners with us with our Redstone lofts and redstone apartments housing. So there were some protections in place for students that were already there And they certainly are understand the needs of our students. We don't have any formal married student housing I would say married students and Graduate students do have the option of living in redstone apartments or redstone lofts And centennial court is also can also be an option as well So the point of that housing was really for married students with families. Yeah with children, etc But I just didn't know if that still existed. I didn't think it did. Thank you Thank you. Councillor busher any further discussion Hearing none all those in favor of the resolution. Please say I Any opposed Councillor Freeman you're saying you're voting out Okay, so it passes by a vote of 11 to 1. Thank you Now we are moving back to item 5.15 resolution Updating and improving city policies related to food trucks Who is councillor roof I move that we rave the reading and and doubt the resolution Happy to speak to it. There's any questions, but I think that the Seconded by councillor book. You're seconding something council bush seconded by councillor bush or councillor roof. You have the floor back Happy to answer any questions if there are some Well, could you give us a give us a brief description of what this is for the public so the public don't Long and short of this one is that the resolution will will establish A committee to look at how we Manage and and regulate food trucks within our city limits We'll look at it from a position of Creating a level playing field for folks who operate food food trucks as well as food carts on and off church street Within the central peddling district and outside of the central peddling district Also with a focus on on safety right now. We do not have for example fire safety regulations As part of our food truck ordinance and so they'll be looking at that as well So we are forming a committee many of which will be appointed by the license committee Okay, Councillor busher. I asked to remove it because first of all I thought it was significant that we are going to actually do a very extensive look at where we currently have food trucks and and um vendor carts and and I thought it's long overdue And I went to the license committee's work session and it was incredible. What a great committee Um and had a lot of good feedback So the reason I thought it was important for the public to know but I also had a question for the President right if I could ask you It's line 76 which says that The community members interested in serving shall inform the license committee No later than july 2nd. I wasn't quite sure if that would give people enough time So I wasn't I wondered if the license committee would consider extending that deadline just a little bit So that more people Potentially sometimes people are gone around the 4th of july and right starting now So I just wanted to make sure we captured those who really were interested Councilor rift could you speak to the deadline? um, yeah, it was Was not scientifically determined to be july 2nd. So I'm happy to shift that back later if If other committee members are okay with that bump Is there a date in mind council butcher? Would extending it one week do the job Okay, so I'll make an amendment to the resolution striking july Second on line 76 and chaining it to july 9th Council roof is amending it to july 9th second by Councilor tracy All those any discussion on that all those in favor of the amendment police a i this extends the date by one week Any all those in favor, please say aye any opposed We have extended by one week any further discussion or comments Hearing councilor hanser Thank you, um In in our point of order Point of order council roof like the vote to extend. What is your point of order? We are at the witching hour like to vote to extend our to extend our meeting time and Just to finish this item Yes, we will need to do that. So just to finish the item all those in favor of the extent of Suspension of rules to finish this item. Please say aye Any opposed One no vote it passes by a vote of 11 to 1 and so we are now finishing this item Councilor Whoever speaking Councilor, we're sure you do have the floor Councilor hanser Thank you, and he has it back Thank you. Um In our licensed committee meeting we Had discussed and I thought we had unanimously agreed on An amendment to this resolution to include representation from a member of the public um To represent kind of you know the consumer and and someone who would be impacted Just living and and consuming um in in the downtown district So I I'd be curious to hear where that went and and if if necessary, I'll definitely add that in again, but I don't know if councilor roof would want to speak to what what happened there. I thought we had unanimous agreement on that We did answer council roof. Yep. Thank you. We we did and Believe that I I must have sent we went through it. We wrote the line out. I must have sent the wrong piece so I will own that And I believe that the resolute that the agreement was too. So I'm going to make an amendment here and clean this up To add one member of the general public To be selected by a vote of the licensed committee We can insert that after line 60 in the last of the bullets making up the committee. What line was that again? It is Line 61 And that the words that you're adding again and the words that you're adding after line 61 in line 61 are one member of the general public to be selected by a vote of the Licensed committee Okay, it has been amended to add those Words to line 61. Is there a second to that? seconded by councilor tracy Further discussion councilor hans I would just amend that amendment we what one thing that we had discussed about with that role is just That they wouldn't be affiliated and we had written up the specific language Um But that they would not be I'm going to take a recess Councilor roof and councilor hanson take a couple of minutes to figure this out Thank you We now know what we're doing and council roof Here is the precise language for the amendment One member a point one member who is a berniexon resident Who does not own or work in a business in the central petal in the central business district to be selected by a vote of the licensed Councilor tracy seconds Okay Are we ready any discussion on the can you repeat that council roof? Sure that one member Who is a berniexon resident who does not own or work in a business in the central Business district to be selected by a vote of the licensed committee any further discussion on the amendment Hearing none all those in favor of the amendment. Please say I Any opposed? That passes unanimously Councilor mason. Thank you president right. I would propose another amendment to line 48 I'm concerned this this ask for a council member to be selected by a vote of the licensed committee Our historical practice has been we've empowered the council president to make these sort of designations and i'm concerned This is not the first time it's come up. So I would propose amending Which I think the chair is fine with to be selected not by a vote of the licensed committee Be designated by the council president councillor mason has Proposed an amendment to change to the council president makes those council Roof is seconding sure council roof seconds any discussion Hearing none all those in favor. Please say I any opposed that To the blazer hands of the no votes councillor tracy councillor Freeman and councillor hank hansen it passes by a vote of nine to three Um Are we ready to vote mr. Mayor? Um, thank you president right. Um, i'm just Noticing there's no There's no member of the administration on on this committee and given the administration I think it's going to be expected to kind of implement these new licensing procedures I think it'd be well we might as well change it again. I mean what the heck I'm sure the clerk's office must just about be ready to pull their hair out now, but council roof It was it's in here saying Uh To work in partnership. Yeah, that's that's another member here one member as appointed by the mayor How about that with that suffice? Yes, where does that get added just the way clear Let's put it at line 61 at the end of the bullets of the growing membership of this committee line 61 a member to be added from the administration Is that correct? Seconded by councillor mason any discussion Hearing none all those in favor. Please say aye any opposed opposed by councillor freeman and councillor tracy and councillor hank hansen again passes by a vote of nine to three and Does the clerk's office have any idea what we're doing at this point? Councilor shannon is gone. So it's actually a vote of eight to three. You're correct. It's a vote council, please Passes by a vote of eight to three. Are we ready to vote? All those in favor of the amended amended amended and amended again resolution Please say aye Any opposed It passes unanimously. I think Our motion to adjourn so moved Second moved by councillor roof seconded by councillor tracy all those in favor. Please say aye Any opposed we are adjourned


Hello, my name is Brad Snyder. I'm a formerly a lieutenant in the Navy. I was an EOD officer for approximately six years. I was injured in September of 2011 and during my recovery had the opportunity to participate in the Paralympics in London in 2012 Resulting in two gold medals and a silver. Now I'm currently awaiting my transition out of active duty status and into the civilian world. I'm working as an intern with a small software company as well as an ambassador for a nonprofit called the Commit Foundation. I had a lot of opportunities to kind of test my mental endurance. There's a lot of situations that are very stressful or really you have to keep a can-do attitude through some austere circumstances, whether it is patrolling in Afghanistan or it's deciding to jump out of a perfectly good airplane. You know those sorts of situations in the Navy prepared me well for situations of adversity. When I first started out in the Navy, I was terrified of public speaking. I was terrified of standing in front of people and having to make impactful decisions. I was terrified of being wrong or making a mistake. But my experiences in the Navy have really eroded at that that thought or that fear and I'm now able to move into each environment with a lot of confidence, a lot of a lot of leadership ability in tough environments, and that's something that sets apart veterans. My goal with all of my actions is to inspire that person who's been dealt a difficult hand and they're laying in a hospital bed and they're not sure what's next. Hopefully they'll see my story and say, you know, I can go out and do that.


Hey everyone, thank you for turning to talk about surviving 51% attacks in blockchain. My name is Yaz, I'm a developer at CLABS, and this talk for DEFCON for the blockchain village is about what happened during 51% attacks and how to mitigate, how to minimize their impact and how to handle them in general. And yeah, let's get started. So, my name is Yaz, I'm a developer relation, been working in crypto for a while in crypto community since 2018, and I've been a community member within Ethereum was when I first got attracted to crypto back in 2016. And my background had been in software and hardware engineering. I've worked on Ethereum Classic, I've worked with the Ethereum community, and with Hyper Ledger and the EEA, and currently I work on Selo, and I really love the EVM, the Ethereum first world machine, so run EVM. And yeah, so let's get started with the talk. So for the agenda for today is we're going to first, we're going to, this is all about 51% attack and how to like handle 51% attack in blockchain. First we're going to cover what is Nakamoto consensus. Nakamoto consensus is super important, even if you understand it to some degree, to try to like define what are 51% attack and how do you occur. Then we're going to talk about blockchain reorgs and 51% attacks. Then we're going to give a recap of the first 51% attack on ETC summer of 2020. Then we're going to give a brief recap of the following two 51% attacks on ETC. We're also going to cover the impact of the 51% attacks on blockchain in general by the analysis done on ETC. We're going to talk about all the solutions that have been proposed on Shane last year and continue to do so, and also all the solutions proposed off Shane. Finally, we're going to talk briefly about, we org attacks now with MEB, which stands for minor extractable value. We're going to cover the first section. Let's try to understand what 51% attacks are before we talk about ETC. What is Nakamoto consensus? From a high level, Nakamoto consensus is a solution to the Byzantine general's problem. The Byzantine general's problem is a famous problem in computer science. Basically, from a high level, you're trying to answer the question, if you have an environment where you have multiple independent nodes, how do you create consensus around the majority of those nodes so that they all can reach agreement? Because you're presuming that some of those nodes are going to be faulty and stuff, but in that situation, you still want to start to solve the situation to get the majority of the nodes to agree on consensus. Nakamoto consensus is a solution to that problem. Nakamoto consensus also requires proof of work. So proof of work from the context of mining is basically independent computer that are competing with each other to solve cryptographic problems that are computationally heavy, and that is the proof of work from a high level. Also Nakamoto consensus requires that the longest Shane is the most valid Shane. So what is the longest? It's not the longest Shane if it has more blocks than another Shane necessarily. It's the longest Shane if it's the one with the heaviest amount of work. So the heaviest amount of work would consider it the longest Shane. So the consensus mechanism that is Nakamoto consensus solved the Byzantine general's problem up to 51% of the network, which is measured in hash rate. So in other words, if you define the entire spread of the network in hash rate, like hash rate, which is how the miners are mining and the rate of mining and producing hash is what we consider the hash rate. So the consensus mechanism solved the Byzantine general problem up to 51% of the network. So up to 51% of the network can be honest and anything higher it can start to impact the network. And if you read the Bitcoin white paper, Nakamoto consensus essentially is the most important innovation in the Bitcoin white paper. So let's touch up on uncle blocks before we go into reorg and stuff. Uncle blocks are happened when you have two blocks that are produced at the same time by two independent miners. So let's take a look here before we describe it more. So if you look at block 10, which is like the last block and then you have block 11, the one after it, and then block 12. Let's assume on block 13, two miners at the same time discover block. So what's going to happen is this temporarily split the network into two, into two chains. And all the miners will either mine on either chain at the same time. And once the next block is produced on one of the chain, in this case, the top chain produced found block 14 before the lower chain, then the lower chain would be like the block in the lower chain would be considered an uncle. So that's how the uncle gets produced. Yeah, so in Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, due to faster block generation, uncle block generation is much higher because blocks are being produced every 10, between 12 to 15 seconds. And because of the rate of production for blocks, chances are another miner is going to find immediately a block and uncle block weight is being generated higher than in like compared to Bitcoin, which is a 10 minute block window. Miners here can include uncle block up to six block headers from the chain head. So let's assume block 14, like let's assume it's a block number 19 or 20. So you can go up to six block headers. That's when you can extract the uncle and get the uncle reward up to six block. After that, it becomes a, there's no reason like it can be extracted and like there's no rewards there. Like so for every block that try to get the uncle block up to six blocks, the reward keep on decreasing on the uncle rewards. Now let's talk about reorgs. We are an event where a block that was part of the chain that was a canonical and it's children blocked or replaced by another chain that has more work generated in their force and you're longer chain. Let's talk about this a little bit more by talking, looking at the diagram. So I realized that the diagram first is talking about an attacker chain, but before we even think about attacks, right? Let's think about how would this situation happen in a normal environment or stuff. It's very rare for this to happen, especially with long blocks. We are, but let's assume there's a chance that it can happen non maliciously. So let's assume a block number 10, there's an internet outage in China or there's a firewall in China that doesn't allow the Chinese, like internet in China to communicate with the rest of the world. We know that currently Bitcoin migration is leaving China, you know, going to North America, but let's assume that's not the case for that. So assuming the Bitcoin mining operation in China is much heavier, like a hash rate related compared to like the rest of the world. So with this, let's say at block number 10, there's that internet disruption, like or disconnection between the internet in China and the rest of the world. So what's going to happen? If you look at the top one, let's assume this is not the attacker chain, let's assume this is the heavier chain because of the chain with mining pulled in China. So that's going to keep on mining locally in China. It's going to be disconnected geographically from another network than the other chain, like the global chain. And the global chain going to continue mining without including blocks from China or hash rate from China. But let's assume this only happens momentarily, like there's an internet outed in China that probably like 10 minutes or something and then it would covers. So because China has a higher hash rate in this example, what's going to happen is by block number 16 or like whenever like the internet comes back on or like it doesn't get firewalled or whatever, the geographical rest of the network is going to see this incoming block from China and realize it has a heavier amount of work than what's currently on chain. So it's going to invalidate the canonical shame and it's going to include all the blocks coming from China. So blocks 11, 12, 13, 14, that happen the moment there is an internet outed will get included in this stuff on all their transactions. So what happened to the transaction inside the canonical block or the canonical block is more if you're attacking, but like a definition if you're attacking, but let's assume this is let's call it the geographical shame, all the transaction in it will get removed and because the block is being reordered, they're going to go back to the transaction pool and they'll be waiting to be re-included back into the network, into the blocks. So this is the very rare event. However, it can be done maliciously. So malicious reords are when or 51 percent of tax is when assuming this instead of an internet outed, the attackers on purpose not connecting or peering with the rest of the network and not broadcasting their blocks and they do this because they have a higher amount of hash rate than the rest of the network and then when they feel like they have enough block depth, the broadcaster blocks to the rest of the network and that would we are different. So we're going to cover later double spend, but normally what happened in the attacker chain, it's not going to have a lot of transaction because it's not really an honest chain. It might have one or two transactions for the double spend attacks while all the transaction in the canonical honest chain will get removed and go back to the transaction pool and waiting to be re-added to a newer block. So if a block depth is one or even like two blocks, that's really normal because of latency delays, because this is a geographically distributed network. Someone who discovered a higher, like a block with a higher work than was already included in the chain, there might be a brief delay and then that gets added. When a 51% attacker or when a miner can control more than 51% of the entire half and it allows them to rewrite the chain history. So now that we covered what 51% of tax are, let's do an overview of PTC 51% of tax. So I like to call this event from like the summer 2020, the hot 51% attack summer. So 3 at 51% attack in late summer 2020 happened on Ethereum Classic. ETC experienced before that a 51% attack in early 2019 before, like in January 2019 there was an ETC 51% attack. But the one that we're going to cover for this talk is the one that happened in summer 2020 and late summer 2020. All the attack resulted in double spend, but the last one is not really clear. Like the third 51% attack of the summer is not clear or the amount that's been double spent. And the block depth kept on increasing with each following attack. The victim were mostly centralized exchanges and the losses were in the millions in USD. The mining pool that got reorg also lost under a block reward. So that was really interesting as a situation because a lot of people who are believing that the motor consensus philosophically don't really consider the impact it had on minor, especially if the block, we are depth is really super high and stuff. And what ended up being a situation mining pool were complaining. They're really suffering because all their block reward had been removed. And yeah, it really impacted the miners. So let's do a breakdown of the first 51% attack. So I've been woken up at 4am on a Saturday night by Hudson Jamison. He called me Hudson, one of the community managers in Ethereum. He did an amazing job. He called me at 4am. I was like sleeping on a Saturday night, August 1st. And he told me about the network like, you know, ETC being 51% attack. So woke up network would be 51% attack started talking to some of the engineer working at open relay who detected that attack and doing an analysis. So we started doing analysis to get it early in the morning. So we realized the block depth for this attack with 3594 blocks from blocks 1090, 4146 to 1090, 7746. So the offending minor is 0x75d is what we call him for now. But the more interesting issue on top of the 51% attack was ETC as a network was split into two networks. Like for a long time they were not like, you know, adjusting this. And the reason for this is what we call a real cap. So what is a real cap, right? So in you, like, when you think about immutability as a philosophy and a concept in network as a specification. Immutability is like, you know, data cannot be changed for like, you know, probabilistically for a long time forever. And Bitcoin, you know, immutability argument in Ethereum and like Ethereum classic, specifically, it's all about immutability. The problem with immutability as a specification, it doesn't really reflect the reality from a node and client, like Ethereum client behavior. The reason for that is because clients need to have a specific amount of reward. Limit. The reason for that is because clients need to have a specific amount of reward limit that they can include within their software. And the reason for that is because of like memory requirement performance requirement and stuff. Like if you include more than that limit, it really degrade performance. So what we discovered was and in this scenario, two different Ethereum clients had two different, we are cap. So open Ethereum, which used to be called parity, had a 3000 blocked up, which is different than get this we are cap of 90,000. Now, this is a consensus inconsistency. And that's the problem that still exists today in Ethereum clients. Luckily in Ethereum is super expensive, expensive to get over to 3000 blocked up. However, an ATC you'd really cheap at the time. Now, if you remember the real cap for parity, like open Ethereum is 3000 blocks.  So the real, the 51% attack was higher than the real cap for parity. So parity, what happened in parity, open Ethereum saw the new incoming real that was higher than the real cap and it said, wait a second, I'm not supposed to be including you because you're higher than my we are cap. So I'm going to reject this we are. And we are like parity nodes, which are a minority on the network kept, you know, validating on the older chain. Get we org is 90,000. It's a huge number. So the majority of the network was using a forker gap called core gap. And they had the 90,000 we are cap. So they accepted that we are from the attacker. And it continued mining on the majority chain. This, from a coordination point of view, it wasn't like, it was kind of like really hard to kind of understand what was happening early on. And then it became very challenging to coordinate, but the coordination mechanism and how to fix it was basically doing an app. We kind of figure out everyone who was running an open Ethereum node and requesting that they start running core gap. Is that like what you did to get for it, because they're validating on the old chain, didn't know what the right chain was. And, you know, if you follow the majority chain, it was easier from a coordination point of view to direct people to run open Ethereum node under majority chain. Now it's like the other thing that happened with a double spend attack, which we're going to cover soon. But like, yeah, from a coordination point of view, it was easier to get open Ethereum to either re-sync the client because once you re-sync with the rest of the network, the reorg is only local information to the node, right? So if the node is re-syncing from scratch, it's not going to get any reorg information, it's just going to continue syncing with the majority chain. So that was another option. So let's cover double spend attacks. So if you remember this diagram from before about reorg, right? So let's say I'm an attacker and I start to like, on block number 11, I'm not broadcasting my blocks and I'm just like mining privately without broadcasting my blocks. So how would I attack the network through a double spend attack? On block 11 below, the one with DX, here's what they normally do. So basically the attacker deposits a large amount of Ethereum or Ethereum Classic in that case and exchange wallet. So the exchange wallet like Binance and stuff, Binance or like Coinbase and stuff, these are the, like an example of the centralized chains. Basically the block, like from the canonical on a screen, if you have a high value Ethereum or Ethereum Classic, you basically deposit it into the coin, into like a centralized exchange account. Now what you do after is you trade that deposit for something that is not related to that network, like let's say Bitcoin. So you put your Ethereum, you deposit it into Coinbase and you trade it for Bitcoin. Then you move your Bitcoin out of Coinbase or Binance. Now your Bitcoin is on your own, like privately owned, like externally owned account on the Bitcoin network. It's no longer part of the centralized exchange account. So what happens to the attacker while mining on like privately while they're doing this attack? So on block 11, remember on block 11, on the canonical chain, they moved their funds. So block 11 on the attacker chain, they can move their Ethereum to another Ethereum account and we'll go over a second why they do that. But yeah, so they do that and then, you know, they mine enough blocks to be heavier than the canonical chain and then they broadcast it.  So what happened in the reorg, the transaction that you, like the attacker did to send the money originally in the canonical chain to Coinbase. Here in this example, we'll get invalidated. And then we'll get pushed back to the transaction pool. Now, if it gets pushed back to the transaction pool and it gets we mined in a future block, it would still transfer that same transaction with the same account back to the Coinbase, back to Coinbase deposit and stuff. So you don't like, if you, the attacker doesn't want to do that. So by moving in block 11 on the attacker chain, by moving their Ethereum to another account, another Ethereum account, the transaction and the canonical chain, when it gets we mined, it will be invalid because there's no more money in that account. So that way that's how they double spend. They double spend by using that same account and trading it on the canonical chain for Bitcoin. So now they have Ethereum and an equal value with Ethereum and Bitcoin. So let's talk about the impact of the first 51% attack this summer. So because of this, there'd been a major migration away from open Ethereum as 3000 block, we are capped with 2 risky. So folks decided like this is 2 risky if you're ready to 51% attack with higher than the we are capped. So it was good to stay around. Clients like Ethereum is mostly adopted with core gap and hyperlegger based through core gap with the majority of the network and hyperlegger based through which is an Ethereum enterprise client. People started running that as well. Some people like we just discussed earlier shows to we start to open Ethereum node even though they were discovered and encourage more to support core gap and hyperlegger based through that would lead to a brief issue around centralization around core gap being the dominant node in the network and having one client development team building on that. But the tradeoffs were, you know, like compared to staying with open Ethereum was like it felt it was better just to move everyone to core gap. There's been a heavy increase in block confirmation depths on Coinbase. Other exchanges followed. We will cover that in a sec. And then there's risk of delisting ETC surface transfer. And then there's risk of delisting ETC surface transfer. And that's mostly from OK exchange. The first like OK exchange was as well. The victim of this attack and it resulted in 807,000 ETC stolen in that double spend attack. So that was like a number in a multi millions. So let's cover a brief summary of what happened for the two following attacks. So the first one started in like July 31st. And the second one is August 8th, 2020. The block we are here with 4,236 blocks. The one before that was about 3,500. The double spend amount was 465,000 ETC, about 3.3 million. So Bitfinex was one of the victims and not the only victim because the attacker started moving allocation of funds separately to some exchanges and to other accounts and stuff. And Bitfinex was one of the victims. Majority were geth nodes as network moved away from open Ethereum. So there was no another chain split because by then people were being directed away from open Ethereum to get. So the interesting thing about this where the attacker used stolen funds from the first attack to do the second one. And this is based on the analysis done by Bitquery, which also discovered Bitfinex with one of the victims. For the third attack, which followed on August 29th, 2020, the block we are here was 7,000 blocks deep. That was about two days worth of block reorgs. Nobody at that time did any double spend amount, like analysis and how much was double spent. By then it was a weird attack because there was very suspicious timing. It happened right when the community decided to have a call about mitigating those attacks and how to mitigate them. So it was a very suspicious timing. So here's a cool thing that, you know, most of the attack came from NiceHash. NiceHash would tell you that it doesn't come from them because they don't own any hash rate, but they're just the marketplace for hash rate providers looking to rent after hash rate and people looking to bid on rentable hash rate and stuff. But yet being the market maker and not doing any KYC, they should, you know, have some sort of blame for this, but that was like the gist of it. But like the attack came from NiceHash or from the rentable marketplace that they do a market making operations on, you can notice that the first attack happened around 1st of August. So the attacker rented hash rate on NiceHash, and that's how you see a spike. So the spike is basically the price of like, the price here for the rentable hash, for their ETH hash, which is like the hash and algorithm, it spiked up. What is spiked up means there's less amount, and so the price increases for the remaining amount. So that spike was used for the duration of the attack. The second attack, you can totally see the spike as well around the 6th of August is stuff and that was like that. And this diagram came from Bitquery, but like the image is actually like NiceHash dashboard. So let's talk about like what happened, the impact of those attacks and the mitigation strategies. So what is the impact of the 51% attack? So we've covered this briefly before, but centralized exchanges increased their block confirmation. Many have increased it to two weeks of blockchain confirmation, at least for the ETC, including especially Coinbase. Now, the reason you include your blockchain confirmation during the double spend, if you remember before, the attacker would have to like, you know, on the, on the honest chain, let's go back to this. Yeah. So the attacker on the honest chain would have to send their money to a centralized exchange and deposit it, and then they would have to convert it to Bitcoin to withdraw. By centralized exchanges, when they increase their confirmation, so the longer the confirmation is on the exchange, before somebody on that exchange can use that money, the harder or the more expensive it is for the attacker to pull up the attack. Because remember, at the same time, the attacker is mining on a private chain or like a hidden chain, and that costs the attacker money as well. So by increasing confirmation time for two weeks, that means the attacker would have to be mining for more than two weeks in order to pull up this attack, which is super expensive, even for Ethereum Classic. So yeah. So that was like the resulting mitigation strategy by exchanges, which was actually recommended to them by the Ethereum Classic community, like increase your blockchain confirmation. However, there's also philosophically, there might be better alternative that where you do it, depending on the transaction size. But yeah. Then there was a discussion about majority honest miners to fulfill Nakamoto consensus security assumptions. Now I understand this is a mouthful, but basically if you read the Bitcoin white paper, Satoshi Nakamoto talks about majority honest miners, like that's how you can fulfill the security assumption of Nakamoto consensus. You can only fill majority honest miner security assumption if you have, if you had a dominant network using that hashing algorithm. So this, in this case, Ethereum Classic was using ethash mining algorithm, but it was not a majority honest miner situation because ETC using ethash is also the same reality with Ethereum. Ethereum uses ethash and they're a majority net. So in this example, ETC is a minority chain. So a majority honest miner on Ethereum might not necessarily be honest miners on ETC because ETC is just like a smaller halfway compared to Ethereum in this case. The other thing that was being done with KYC on nice high-style order, which didn't work. Basically some folks on ETC Labs requested that nice half need to do KYC on all the buy orders to know. So once, if you do KYC, you can tell where the attacker is coming from because you know who the attacker is, but nice half didn't want to do that. So the ETC lab team worked with Cypher, Trace and legal work against nice half. The angle they had was that it's in violation of the CFAA, which stands for the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act because the argument was they're enabling selling hash power as a cover for money watching. And then chain analysis was consulted on cracking stolen fund. The problem with these analysis as well is the attacker can be using stolen identity or stolen account per exchanger in order to do this execute use attack. And the moment that the money transferred to other exchanger in different jurisdictions like Russia, it becomes super hard to crack down where the money going. And then the other impact which we covered before, honest mining for looser rewards and that was like very painful for them. And like it was something that was like, you know, it inspired like trying to figure out more solutions so that miners can continue honestly mining. Do it also we talked about delisting with like okay, change with the major one of them. And finally, like network stability is a big issue because in a way if the consensus are destabilization situation where the consensus is keep like getting reordered and stuff and for the average user it's like inconsistent user to network. So let's talk about the solution proposed on chain of stuff. So the most popular, like one of the most popular one is the hashing algorithm chain. So we covered before majority honest minor to fulfill Nakamoto consensus security assumptions. So the best way to like, you know, fulfill the security assumption of Nakamoto consensus is if you have a dominant hashing algorithm especially specifically for your network, that way you can create a new marketplace for this algorithm. Miners can build like ASIC if they desire and it becomes the majority chain that uses that mining algorithm. And that way you don't have to rely on e-tash in order with e-tash is more dominant on Ethereum. And that way ETC does not become a minority chain. One of the proposals was like KShack 256 which were shot three and that was the most popular one. So it's a popular story, but it hasn't been even a year later implemented. The other thing was mess. Mess stand for modified exponential, subjective scoring. It's been controversial, but it's been implemented on a node level. So in other words, it did not require a hard work. It was on the node level. So any get node can implement like toggle mess in order to mitigate or minimize the impact of 51% attack. Now, what does it do exactly? It basically mess at subjectivity to how node perceive new block that appear much later than what is considered cannot. So the longer it takes for a new block to appear that might attempt to reorg there's an exponential function there and it makes the node more subjective about how it perceives them. So it takes longer for it to appear with a new chain and stuff. It doesn't really mitigate 100%, 51% attack, but it heavily discusses it. Checkpointing was proposed by IOHK. It was not a very popular choice because it relied on an external node and it removed the need for Nakamoto consensus. So that has not been a very popular choice because in ETC, the community is very almost malicious about Nakamoto consensus. Merge mining with Bitcoin proposal from root stock would not popular either. So the problem with merge mining is you rely on the entire security of a larger network like Bitcoin, which might make sense, but like if you think about it, anytime anyone wants to sync up a node with Ethereum Classic or any other network that is smaller that is merged mine, they also need to sync up the larger network and that's like, that proved to be very from a user experience really bad. And at the same time, merge mining philosophically doesn't really fulfill like honest mining with proof of work and Nakamoto consensus because you rely on the security of another network. So the proof of proof from very block, it's not been very popular. It's been discussed, but it's like a solution that the best way to describe it, nobody wanted because it removed the need for proof of work because you're mining on another chain and stuff that is more according to their paper environmentally friendly. They even been proposed kind of proposed this on Bitcoin and it's not been popular. So there's a penalty system. There's multiple Pearl Guard which is enabled on Pearl and Callisto and it was inspired by the horizon network penalty system. Basically with this setup is on chain. If you have a VR depth of higher than 60 blocks, there's a penalty system involved and that penalty system would force you to pay the penalty in order to include your longer chain here. The problem with this approach is that introducing a new type of attack that can fragmentize and split the network cheaply and also eclipse attacks can happen with this model. So the solution proposed that have been off chain solution, one of them is defensive mining. So in defensive mining you have a collection of mining pool that are honest miners. In the event that a chain is getting reorg defensive mining can trigger and try to remind the whole chain from that block that got reorg and try to include all the transaction pool like the way it's been and stuff. The problem with defensive mining is it's going to be a net negative attack between the attacker and the defenders and the only one who wins it, the one who doesn't run out of money because it's become expensive and more expensive to reorg each other stuff on a longer chain. Other off chain proposed solutions are monitoring system. So nice hash monitoring, basically monitoring the order book for spikes. So anytime there's a spike in nice hash you get an alert and stuff. So that would one of the approaches. Poor quarks, which is my personal project is an example of that. So reorg monitoring, monitoring is basically when you monitor reorg and your alert participant when reorg and double spend happens. So immediately when there's a reorg you get notified right away and it can help like mitigate against who's getting reorg. Mining pool monitoring has allowed you to monitor pool for suspicious work that doesn't follow the chain header. So let's say I'm unmining with a pool and the pool previous block header doesn't match what is public on chain. That can indicate that they're mining offline away from the public network. And there might be some malicious reason for that. Pool detective is an example of that by MIT DCI and reorg monitor, which we covered. We are we are cracker is by Jane club. So then another approach to dynamic block depths for confirmation basically whenever an exchange. So an exchange doesn't have to have a hard cap value like two weeks worth of confirmation. It can have a confirmation number based on the value being deposited. So if somebody wants to deposit one E and stuff, it doesn't really justify doing a long block confirmation on the exchange but rather shorter one to reflect the amount. But if it's like millions of dollars, you're better off doing waiting a longer time for the block confirmation. Another approach has been would centralize it changes instead of doing longer block confirmations.  So you make sure that the attacker cannot withdraw after like, let's say they trade or Ethereum for Bitcoin. They can't withdraw it right away. So that way it minimized bad user experience and incentivizes more people to just continue like using their centralized exchanges. All right. So now that we covered this, let's talk about reorg and MEV briefly. So what is MEV? I'm going to brush over it really briefly. MEV is what we consider minor extractable value, which is a term coined by Phil Dan and blockchain transaction to design to be included in the network, even if not necessarily added to a block immediately because during the transaction but blockchain design never specified transaction ordering or how is a transaction ordered and a block. So MEV basically allowed minor to order transaction in the transaction pool in order to copy profitable like DeFi arbitrage transaction with front running, back running, and sandwich attack. So in a simpler terms, basically if I'm a minor, I look at the transaction pool, there's a lot of DeFi happening in Ethereum and there's like a transaction that would allow for a very profitable arbitrage. So me the minor even using flash loans and stuff, I can mimic that entire transaction with zero cost and put my transaction on top of the original transaction when I submit that block. What that means is that front running, by the way, what it means is it allows minors to front run the user transaction and take the profit for themselves and stuff. And for the for the rest of the PN they still can take the gas fees from the original transaction. So companies like FlashBot seek to minimize MEV by creating a blind auction for arbitrage or what they call searcher to bride minors to include a transaction in minimizing impact on the transaction pool. So let's cover MEV reorg attacks. So given what we know about MEV in general, how would you reorg attack happen? So and it can you attack vectors specifically to Ethereum just because of that you like did a high MEV found in the transaction pool. It's one of the latest areas of research into 51% attack vectors. It differs from other 51% attack that require a double spend due to a smaller block reorg steps. Basically it's minding pooled in theory. You can see a minor like a block that was published with high MEV and reorg the network one to two blocks deep to capture those transactions. So I'm a minor. I see the new block being submitted that's been published. That block has a lot of MEV value in it and it's like super profitable for me if I took that MEV instead and I reorg that network even though it's been published by another minor. So what I would do, 51% attack the network and try to take all those transactions and add them to my block instead. And that is like essentially what the attack is. It's a 51% attack that is one or two one to two blocks deep because you're taking a lot of extractable value of arbitrage opportunity that belong to user to our reminders. The problem with this attack is it causes a negative effect on the entire network and major consensus instability because let's say I'm a minor. I find an MEV that's been published and like high MEV block. I reorg it one block. I take that MEV to myself but there's nothing stopping another minor with the same amount of hash rate from capturing it back and different minor reorg in each other and like it comes down through like how much they want to reorg and stuff. And it's like this is like an important like point because this is going to be major consensus instability. So mining pool to have said that they want reorg the chain. Like they said they don't have intention of reorganization to extract MEV but that's still to be seen. So let's talk briefly about like finally about potential mitigation and minimization strategies. So one way is to increasing uncle block rewards. It doesn't really mitigate but it allows by large uncle inclusion reward when incentive by better mining. So more miners would mind under canonical chain try to include more of the uncle block just to get their reward. And if it's higher it's more incentive for people to get those uncle block rewards. Another way is include like include the uncle hash rate and longest chain calculation. So under canonical chain a minor is including an uncle block and uncle hash rate within the canonical chain would increase what's considered the heaviest chain and that way it's heavier than any private chain that find a reorg and stuff. And otherwise it's monitoring uncles and we used to find if any reorg MEV happened or for uncle block uncle bandit attacks. So we covered like monitoring system so very similar to what you would be able to do. So you can do this with a layer 2 or like uncle and stuff and allow you to steep any monitor up to any misbehavior. Layer 2 at Oracle to determine canon chain. So let's say if you're using optimism or arbitrum and you have an Oracle there to monitor the layer 1 solution like layer 1 network and you have some sort of solution always need to write back the layer 1. So if there's a reorg happening on layer 1 let's say a layer 2 saying oh reorg happening this is not the canonical chain. Me the attacker on layer 1 can reorg that transaction and exclude it. So that L2 becomes problematic because it's like a separate network that can got reorg and stuff. Timeliness detected by the Vitalik has been proposed in a blog post by the Vitalik and it's a very interesting one because it like allowed note to perceive time how time goes by and when a new block or a new chain emerges like it can be very like subjective based on the time that it appeared on. Another one is social pressure. So for mining pool that reorg the network it would in theory destroy their brands and allow miner be like hey I don't want to go to the mining pool and I would rather mine with an honest mining pool. And that happened well in Bitcoin before I forgot with mining pool but it almost had 51% of the network like in terms of pass rate and miner immediately started leaving that mining pool to go to other mining pool and that mining pool like became even like one of the smallest mining pool in terms of pass rate as a result. Finally another one is the network Ethereum and that mitigate the one that allows us to specify the parent block header so if I see the parent block header I submit a block I submit a transaction I say I want my transaction to tie into the current block header that I'm seeing right now so that gets added to the transaction pool if the reorg happened the reorg happening will tie it to a different transaction in ballot so that would be an interesting approach specifying an expiration date how many blocks deep like how long until the transaction gets added to the transaction from the transaction pool to the block and if it goes more than that how many blocks deep then it becomes invalid otherwise like if you know the specific mining pool that are misbehaving having a way to whitelist specific mining pool misbehaving that mining pool can be one way to mitigate against this so yeah thank you I hope you enjoyed this talk about how to survive 51% attack through analysis and stuff you can email me at yas.curieatgmail.com and you can find me on twitter at yasinator so thank you so much