So, hello. Thank you for coming.  That's Corona, Intrigeri, and I'm biting bird. What? Is that normal? So, we are all Tails contributors in different fields. I don't do technical things. Intrigeri is one of the oldest Tails contributors, and Corona contributes in some years now. Yeah, two years. So, Tails is the acronym of the Amnesic Incognito Live System. And here is a nice URL where you can have all the information. So, it's a live operating system. It works on almost any computer, except ARM. And it boots off a DVD or a USB stick. And theoretically from SD card too, but it doesn't work very well. So, the focus of our distribution is privacy and anonymity. So, it allows the user to use the Internet anonymously, and also when there are censorship to circumvent it. So, all the connections to the Internet go through TOR, which is an anonymization network. So, that's the first big feature of Tails. And the second one is that there's no trace on the computer you're using, so that after you use it, nobody can see that you've used the computer. So, if somebody were to grab your computer and search for it, they would not know what you have done. Yeah, unless you ask for it explicitly, staging and more. And we have also a lot of desktop and data-producing tools, because some people, some users use it to write books, news articles, video and such things. And they want to be able to create such documents without being traced. So, does it work? So, we have a very good report, not from our user actually, from our, you know, the people we are supposed to protect against.  And so, when the NSA says you're making their life harder, somehow you're doing something right. And I guess you can imagine who the famous Tails user who gave us access to the documents where they say that. And there's also Bruce Schneier, who says he uses Tails. So, not bad. So, what are our goals? We took a stance in the beginning of Tails that it was not really common back then to have usability as a security fixture, because Uber geeks were already able to have secure communications. And the thing is privacy is not an individual matter. It's a collective matter. Everybody needs to have privacy. And new users and non-geek users had no way of having access to those, because the tools existed, but they had no user interface or they were really hard to configure. So, we designed a system that gives a quite good level of security with a quite good level of usability. And lots of the time people ask us why we don't include more security features and we have to make a balance between security and usability, because if it's really secure but nobody can use it, then it doesn't bring anything. So, it makes security accessible for most people. Another important point in our project is to have a very small delta to our upstream, so our main upstream being Debian, and we try to not diverge too much from it. So, because the more you do things differently, the more work you have to maintain. The work is not the work of implementing something once. It's the work of maintaining on the long term. And there were a lot and a lot of other security distribution and there are still a few others, but most of them have a very short lifespan, because it's a distribution and we're not a very tiny team compared to Debian, but we're a team. And lots of other privacy distribution were either one person or very tiny, tiny teams, and that didn't make outreach to be joined by more people. Most other privacy distribution didn't take into account the maintenance work and the user support, because even if we try to make it usable, there's a lot of work to teach the users how to use it and to document how to use it. Also, if you want to start such a project, you need to have a long term commitment and to remember to avoid the symptom of not invented here. It's quite common to try to do something that does exactly what you want, but it's best to find an existing software that does something close enough and to make the new features you want in it or use it as it is. So we're trying to do most of our work, well, at least a good part of our work upstream. So we did Aparmo, in Debian specifically there's an Aparmo team, an anonymity tools team and an OTR team who work on things that we use in Tails. LibVirt, Seahorse, Tor and Puppet, our other projects we contributed to in order to, instead of implementing what we needed in Tails, we did it upstream and it took longer and it took longer to fall down to us, but so it's maintainable. When we finally have the new features, we have no work of keeping the new features. So as a result, we have really little Tails-specific code. We mostly do glue work between the code we take from our upstreams and we do a lot of social work. We talk to upstream, we spread the word, we say, oh, that would be great if somebody were to work on that. And we find the people that have the right skills to do the work where it should be done when it's not in Tails. We have a very slow rhythm because we work in Debian, so we have to wait until the next Debian version is released to see the work we've done in Tails. For example, the apartment I mentioned earlier, we did it in Debian, so for two years, there was work going on in Debian that was not visible in Tails. But we finally have it. And Tails is still alive because it's maintainable. So implementation details. So that's where I give my quote. So talking about the implementation, we have to say that Tails is like an implementation or at least the furthest implementation of the sign that we have called privacy-enhancing live distribution. We can use it in that link. The idea with that document was to define like a set of features that any distribution that we like to enforce security and privacy and anonymity for the user will have to have. As I said, Tails is the furthest implementation of this document. Of course, as you know, maybe this is based on Debian. Now currently, it works over Debian VC. And now we are migrating to GC and we try to do in the next months. So what's the main software that runs on Tails? Of course, we use Tor. The Tor browser and Genome. Tor, as probably you know, this anonymity tool that allows the people to connect to the internet to regulate the traffic between different servers in an encrypted way. So it allows to stay or to hide your location. And the Tor browser is this tool that allows to use Tor in an easy way, in a very convenient way. Only you have to install the browser and the seats. So talking about the features of Tails, we said before that the idea is to use the internet anonymously. So the idea is that for all the software that we have installed in Tails, we block all the connections that are not going through Tor. Everything that tries to reach the internet that has not been by Tor is blocked. And we try to have a very good configuration for the tools that we ship so they can connect to the Tor network and it's almost invisible for the user. So the user doesn't have to care about who is going to the internet. He can be sure that everything is going to Tor and so he's protected. We have an alternative to Tor that is called I2P, which does something similar with different technologies, different architecture. This is not enabled by default. The user wants to use it. He has to enable. And we have a user case that sometimes the user is, let's say, in a hotel or in a metro station and he wants to connect the internet but he cannot use Tor immediately and he has to connect to a captive portal. Then we have a safe browser that allows the user to connect directly to the internet but it has a lot of sign-ups and labels to say that you are not secure in that way. So the process of installation of Tails was done before, in a very manually way. We have a lot of documentation about it but now we have a TenZ installer that currently is working only inside Tails but we are working to create a different version for several systems. For example, we are almost done with the Debian version but we also want to have an Ubuntu version, even a Windows version so it gets very easy to install Tails. We are trying to convert this software, which is writing in Python to use GTK3 and UDIS2. So another important feature of Tails that was commented before is that we don't want to leave any trace in the computer so basically we don't write anything in the hard drive in the disks at least in the non-removable disk. Yes, when the Tails is running and it is shut down or the USB stick where it is installed, that is most of the case, is taken out of the computer so the idea is that we whip the memory and erase everything that is there like keys or whatever sensitive information that is in there, we try to delete it but we use, for that we are using this package that is in Debian, the secure delete and more specifically the tool that is called SDMem. So the idea is that we don't want to leave any trace in the computer but sometimes the user needs to store some information and if they are using Tails inside a USB stick, so we are providing the possibility to store some information inside the USB stick in one partition. We are using for that looks and we are using an encrypted GPT partition that we call TasteData. Yeah, the idea is that we are storing there some information that is important for the user like the keys for the email client or things like that. We are using the DMCrit for that and we are using for the file system X4. Yeah, then the backend is implemented in Live Boot and the good part of the tool is written in pair. It's using GTK3 at the moment. So even if we are running a live distribution and when it is running from the USB stick, we would like to provide incremental upgrades so when there are security updates or even features upgrades that we want to provide to the user, it is possible for Hino for her to do it. There is, you can see in the link, there is a design document for that. Yeah, again, only possible when the user is in the USB stick. We are using an incremental upgrade kit and when we try to resolve like the overlapping file system stuff, we are using a squash FS stocking to resolve these upgrades. So this is maybe one of the areas that we need to work more in is the application isolation. For the moment, we choose up armor which is like the most maintaining and the best supported in Deviant. But for the moment, we are only supporting file access isolation because there are some patches that we need and they are not yet there in the kernel. We have to make like some hacks to make it work with the live distribution. For the moment, we are providing isolation with the armor for several tools in tails. For example, the Tor Bursar which is maybe the Tor Bursar and Tor which have the biggest surface of attack. We really try to do a good work protecting only in this moment for file access but also we are providing isolation for PG, Bins, Totem, Vidalia and others. So for the build and the test system, we have the GIF repo that you can access in the link. Take a look. For the building test, we are using Baygrant. We have now automated build and tests which the user can do in their own computer but we also have these set of servers in our infrastructure that we are using to make it automatically because every time more and more we have more often release of new versions so we have to do it in an automatic way. For that, we are using several tools. For example, Sikuli, Libby and Cucumber. If you want to see this working, don't miss the demo on the next Friday that Intriguery is going to show. So for Guadalajara, we have explained, we have several challenges, especially this thing of talents and popularity because this last year we maybe have reached the hype for several reasons, several media news or things like that. So now we are trying to release every six weeks. So it's really a lot of work for the people that we have and we are not having like 14,000 boots every day which is almost three times more than two years ago. And of course for this task and maintaining an operation system is something which requires a lot of work. So we have limited resources and time and we have a really small team compared with the amount of work we have to make. For example, we have done like 3,500 commits but more than 15 people in the last six months. It's really a lot of work and we need more people working with us. So that's it for myself. So I'm going to talk a bit about what you are going to do in the next two years. This is a quite fresh roadmap. We had a previous one for the last two years that we mostly completed. So last month a bunch of tennis contributors met for a week and we had a look and tried to see what was most important for us to do in the next years. So first of all we want to complete the port of taste to DebianJC of course. The ETA currently is early 2016. As always it's been almost done for month in month but between almost done and ready to ship in production for actual users there are sometimes a little bit of difference. We have quite a few ambitions in terms of hardening. That is we want to protect our users better against attacks be them targeted or not targeted. The thing is the more tales is being used by actual people the more it gets popular, the more it gets known and under the media spotlight and also the more it gets high profile users, let's put it this way then the more it becomes an interesting target for whoever would like to cause trouble to the people who are using Taze. So it's getting more and more important for us. I'm not going to go through every line on this line just we'll go through it quickly and give you an overview of the main fields and topics we want to work on. We have already a quite international audience which is good. The custom software and strings we ship in Taze is already translated like in 2015-20 languages which is very good but for in some situations it's not so good because for example if your internet connection is being censored or if you live in a place like some places in England or Germany or other countries where you cannot easily access Tor then you have to use pluggable transports or Tor bridges to be able to connect to Tor and for now for example you have to enter this information, the configuration each time you start Taze which is clearly a pain in the ass. So through this we want to allow users to save this configuration in a persistent manner so they don't have to enter it each time. Similarly our website is the dark corner right now of our localization efforts because it's only translated for languages including English which is not much and clearly not enough and for to solve this problem we are in the process of setting up web tools to make it easier for our translators to contribute as opposed to the current way of translating our website which is based on Git and Git is not the most user friendly tool for potential translators. As said previously one of our main focuses is to make Taze usable for as many people as possible. We're already doing a quite good job at that but there are still some what the user experience people call pain points that is even if the process is mostly easy it's enough that you have one pain point to block someone and if they are blocked they can go further and if the next steps would be easy in the end they won't be able to use Taze. So we are working with user experience experts and that Zach put us in touch with, thanks a lot and to identify these pain points and work on it and design new and better ways of getting started with Taze mainly because currently that's the main pain point. People just don't manage to install it in the first place quite often too often. Our user support team also has plans to make their life easier and as a consequence to improve the quality of how they deal with user requests. This implies some work on the infrastructure side this also implies some software development work because we are shipping a tool called Whisperback which is basically it's something like a report bag it gathers some logs, it gives the user a template to fill in some information what they are trying to do what they are expecting to see and what happened instead and then it sends this as an encrypted email to our user support team so there's a little bit of software development to be done there. Last month when we had a look at the current state of things what Taze looked like these days we had to make some kind of hard choice that is we could either decide it's more or less featureful and work on polishing it, making it more solid, more reliable or we could go into adding more and more and more features and trying to address more and more and more use cases. We decided to not go after feature bloat we decided to focus on our current design goals and so we listed a few things we want to do that we categorize as polishing making the whole thing a bit, I don't know, polished. In the last two years one our main focus was improving the project sustainability because of course it's no use of making a very good tool if it dies into years so we've put a lot of effort into writing automatic tests improving our processes, doing outreach, growing the team and so on and so on and we still have a bit of work to do in this area even if it's not our main focus anymore and to end with in this section we would like to improve a bit the way we deal with money that is we would like to depend a bit less on government grants yes we get money, we use money, we spend money and half of it this year comes from government grants this is something we are not totally satisfied with and would like to change and probably it will be an incremental change probably it will take time so better start early and this would also allow us more likely to have more reliable and steady sources of income that is not depending on whether you will get the next big grant or not that's all for what are our plans for the next two years if you want details we have more detailed documents with all the information I've put that includes links to the actual tickets in our test tracker and you can of course ask us details if you are interested in any specific part of it needless to say we might not be able to do all that with the current team in the next two years and it could be useful if more people came to help us now speaking about that at Debcon puts me in kind of an awkward place I mean I would not feel comfortable asking people to work on Taze if it implies they would put less time into Debian that's not what I'm asking so maybe for most people in the room you actually won't be able to contribute to Taze even if you would like very much which I'm sure because it would imply you would do less in Debian if Debian is in a worse position Taze users are in a worse position and the world is a worse place but maybe you know people or go to conferences or whatever who might be interested and might have spare time or might want to switch from the crappy project of something they are working in and do something else so I'm going to list the kind of skills we currently need the most that is basically everything to be honest for the software development part we are quite well staffed as many free software projects that the getting software developers on board is probably the easiest thing to do because the people create the project are software developers they know how to talk to software developers and so on so the skills we need the most are less different skills that may be technical or maybe not that may be social not, that may be creative or not and here's the list we have pretty good contributors documentation that allows people to find tasks that could achieve given their existing skills or the things they would like to learn they are selling there I'm going to wrap up because we don't have much time left with some contact information so this all was very fast and if you have more questions or whatever you can talk to us because we are here and some of us will be here for the entire depthconf and some more will join us in two days and of course we have the usual set of mailing list IRC website etc etc etc and the slides are already online thank you so thank you for your work on tails it's something that we use critically hi, thank you for your work on tails it's something that folks that I work with rely on heavily we would not be able to do our work without it so that's much appreciated I saw you said people who contribute to Debian maybe can't help because you don't want to divert work from Debian what are ways that Debian can help tails what can we do as an operating system to make the work on tails better, easier more effective okay so I actually gave a talk explicitly on this topic at the mini depthconf in Lyon a few months ago which was called how you can contribute to Debian you might want to refer to the slides for details but in short we have list of packages we rely a lot on and that need more hands be it basic building breaks of course like the kernel, xorg stuff, teams that are understaffed and have a hard time dealing with all the work they have to do like the GNOME team for example we also have a lot of work we do the back-porting work we do because when you implement stuff upstream first as it's been explained already you have to wait for it to land to Debian and maybe wait two more years so we ship a lot of back-ports so we maintain a lot of back-ports and we would not mind some help in that so we can focus on stuff that's more tail centric and less Debian centric and you know so if you're interested in doing some of this you can talk to me in the next few days I'll be happy to point you to all the things one short question you said you know about the daily users of the system how would you measure that without sending information through a public network disturbing the privacy of the user so that's the question we have every time we give a talk so that's kind of funny so since using an outdated system is really unsafe so we really want to make sure that the users have the up-to-date version for that at each boot when you boot tails it checks if there are upgrades and we so the statistics we have are the number of people that check for upgrades and no it doesn't reveal information about the user it just yeah so the check goes through talk and so it's like any connection to any other website you would do and so we only know one tails has booted and we don't know where they were what they're doing or anything we just know they boot they check for updates and that's it I know DKG already said that but I just wanted to thank you your work is really really important and it helps a lot of people and I just wanted to acknowledge that Does it ever occur that in a new version of software there are new features and some of those features fall on home because there was an incident recently the chromium browser would call home to google in a new version that was pushed as a stable security update it would phone home to google and some executable software for which there was no source code fortunately in Debian it didn't run this but that was a close call I wonder can this be detected easily with automated tools or does it involve like a manual source code audit to check that there's nothing new like this added in a new version of a piece of software Do you mean tail specifically or my engineer with Intel do you have tools to detect packages from home we don't wish the thing is that we ship relatively few software that talks to the network and these ones we configure quite carefully and accept that our browser basically they only get updated when every two years when we switch to the next version of Debian so the risks are relatively low the main potential offender would be the web browser of course but for this one we are just relying on the tremendous work done by the tor browser team okay thank you I have space for one more question I think maybe I should add tail is configured in a way when even if it was phoning home except if it was actively looking for user specific information in their configuration cache files history something basically all tail users would be looking the same to their online server that would be reporting back so the risk is not that high well the phoning home risk with some limited definition of phoning home is quite slow in tails or almost non-existing anything more deeper I would call malware instead of phoning home privacy leak and that's a different topic well it looks like everybody has their questions answered so thank you for being here and let's hope we'll talk to you in the next days thanks for your work in Debian


The debt toll from Tropical Cyclone Basiri in Madagascar has risen to 21 according to the country's disaster management agency. The National Bureau of Risk and Disaster Management said over 70,000 people have been displaced by the storm, which brought heavy rains and winds over the weekend. Details in this report. This is what is left of Seizi Kaj's home. Her town, Manangjar, was one of the worst affected when Cyclone Basiri slammed into Madagascar's east coast at the weekend. My house started to crack and we had to leave. All of a sudden it collapsed. My house is next to the public toilet. I cried. The storm brought heavy rain and winds of up to 100 miles an hour. Kaj says she and others sheltered in a school which had been designated as an evacuation centre. But then the roof blew off, leaving them exposed and in the open. We were in a bad situation. All the houses were destroyed. Water from the river and water from the sea rose. All the houses collapsed. They were really scared. For many, the only option now is to try to rebuild. The state disaster relief agency says over 14,000 households, accounting for over 70,000 people, have seen their homes damaged or destroyed. At least 21 people have died. Madagascar was already dealing with the aftermath of Cyclone Ana, which made landfall two weeks earlier. It killed 55 people and displaced 130,000. Basiri struck a different part of the island, further south, where a severe drought has already left the population in a precarious situation. The United Nations world food programme says crops that were close to being harvested have been destroyed, making a bad situation worse. Country director Pasqualeena Desirio described the impact as severe and harsh and said they are still counting the casualties.


of the main building. 4 p.m. tomorrow, our terrace of the main building. What's the main building? Yeah, this is the main building. We are in the main building, yeah. And if you still want to print your poster today, the last chance to do so, please put your name on a sheet of paper outside this room. And there are also instructions how to do so. And with this, we start our first session. Chairman will announce the speaker. OK, so let's start the first session today on iron-based superconductors two optics. So we have two Raman experiment talks. The first one will be given by Professor Gersh Brunberg from Rutgers University. And he's talking about nematicity and superconductivity in multi-band iron-based superconductors as seen by Wright's scattering spectroscopy. Please. First of all, I would like to thank organizers. It's a pleasure to get back, always a pleasure to get back to Trieste. I'm going to skip the Pierce photo shoot maybe for next week since Pierce is not here. And go directly to the scientific part of the talk. So this work is done in broad collaboration. And the important people here are sample providers. Atena Savad provided most of the one to two samples. And Penjendai provided one, one, one systems. Awaj Chairman and Professor Matsuda iron-cellenites. There's a list of preprints and publications. So those are the references where the figures in this talk are taken from. And I always acknowledge the funding agency. So the motivation. So I will concentrate today on nematicity. And the question is what is special about iron-based systems, both arsenites and selenites, why we have this multipolar or the multipolar fluctuation? Why don't we see it in other systems? It's known to be in F-electron systems, in heavy fermion systems, the quadrapleodes are quite common. It's quite unusual to have them in 3D-based systems. So part of the study is to find out why we have these strong fluctuations. And the second task is to understand if they have an influence on the superconductivity. So this phase diagram is taken from our Chairman review paper. Is the nematicity universal? Essentially, the answer is that it's universal for these materials, all show nematic susceptibility, all Curie-Weiss-like. So they are mean field. There is a very large temperature range where the fluctuations are strong. And I give some my understanding of the situation. I think the important part is these 3D-based iron orbitals, which lead to three low-lying states where the Fermi pockets are made of from these orbitals and by symmetry of the iron side. These two orbitals, xz and yz, are degenerate. They are degenerate by definition. The band is narrow, they're made out of these orbitals, and they are not completely filled. They are half filled or partially filled. So they form both electron and hole pockets, but those are partially filled pockets and out of degenerate orbitals. So I think this is an important notion in that. And well, this is the pockets that have been discussed already on Monday extensively. So I'm not going to repeat those. The very common phase diagram is that there is a high-temperature diagonal phase, regime of fluctuations. Then it's a heteromic distortion, often a gap between heteromic distortion and long-range spin density wave order. So this blue part is magnetically ordered state. This red part is stayed between the broken C4 symmetry and magnetically ordered state. And the superconductivity arises here. And quite universally, the maximum Tc is where these lines come down to 0. So this is just an experimental observation. So the magnetic order parameter can be written down as a difference between the occupation of xz and yz orbitals. This is because when the symmetry is broken, C4 symmetry is broken, the splitting of this xz and yz orbital is required so that the degeneracy is removed. So these pockets get distorted. As a result, the occupancy on these orbitals is changing. Now in magnetically the material that order parameter strongly couples to magnetic order parameter, and it's in the same symmetry channel. And it also strongly couples to lattice. So the lattice itself gets distorted from square we get rhombus and the coupling between electronic and lattice degrees of freedom, I believe are essential here for this. But I'm going to skip in my talk that I hope that Indranil will talk about some of this on Friday. So I will just refer to the future talk. So this is how I see the fluctuating order parameter above the transition. So those arsenide sites, they are above and below iron plane. Those iron and what's shown here in red and green are xz and yz orbitals. Then the lattice is being distorted. The occupancy of these orbitals is fluctuating. And simultaneously with that, the pocket of Fermi surface gets also distorted. So this kind of Pomeranchic-like fluctuations arise. And the frequency of this oscillator in principle sets up energy scale for these fluctuations. I'm going to show that this energy scale is temperature dependent. Eventually it condenses, forming either ordered state or remains in the system as a fluctuation. Now, how one can probe that? This is a quadruple excitation. And very few probes can really access that symmetry channel directly. So there are four probes that I know of. This is the walk that was pioneered by Stanford group. And here what people do, they tickle the lattice, they apply strain field on the lattice, and they measure electronic response. They measure electrical conductivity or electrical resistivity. From that, they extract the response function, static susceptibility. But again, this static susceptibility is derived from tickling the lattice degrees of freedom and measuring the electronic degrees of freedom. And this is essentially static probe. This is either very, very low frequency probe or static. The next one is looking for lattice directly, either young modulus or speed of sound. And these probes basically tickle the lattice and measure the lattice. And because this lattice is coupled to electronic degrees of freedom, they extract information about also electronic part of this stability. But it's measured directly the lattice. This walk is pioneered by Karlsruhe group and has been now extensively expanded in many, many papers. There is a third probe that is NQR. So it can measure the charge susceptibility, quadruple charge susceptibility, but a very low frequency is kilohertz by looking at 1 over T1T relaxation. It can only be done for nucleus that has the quadruple moment. So selenium, for example, doesn't qualify for that. And it's quite tricky walk to extract the quadruple part because it's strongly, there's a contribution for also spin part in 1 over T1T. So those two degrees of freedom have to be separated. So it's not very convenient probe. And in my view, the probe that's made for these studies is Raman spectroscopy, which is a two-photon probe. So it directly acts as delta L2 channel, which is quadruple channel. It can measure the response function in wide frequency range. And what universally is observed is a relatively strong signal in x, y symmetry that has been noticed by many papers. And then if one does crumb as chronic out of the dynamic susceptibility, static susceptibility can be extracted. From that, one can see the curie temperature. And curie constant, the curie constant would be related to the amplitude of quadruple moment, square of angle of quadruple moment, essentially this constant C. So there's a lot of information that can be extracted. So this is 1 over chi shown here, which would look to the critical point. So very briefly, Raman spectroscopy. It's a photon in photon out probe. Electronic Raman spectroscopy generally very low signals. But once this can be done, it gives a lot of information, the particular symmetry information. And what we are going to discuss today is mainly the signal in this symmetry channel where the incoming light is parallel to this direction. So this is the shortest iron-iron bond. So this is one iron unit cell along A, sorry, this is two iron unit cell along the A axis of two iron unit cell. And the scattered light is perpendicular to that. There is another quadruple probe. If we rotate this by 45 degrees, we access orthogonal quadruple. And I will argue that there is no signal in orthogonal quadruple in the systems. And there are a few other possibilities to measure. So I'm going to skip that. And I get to the point. So the most kind of surprising thing that's seen in the system are that example is 1 to 2 here with structural transition 135 happens somewhere here. In this channel, small x, y, it's essentially no signal. So this is the second quadruple that I mentioned when the light is along the iron-iron bond. There is essentially no signal. This is non-interesting phonon. We rotate the light vectors by 45 degrees. So rotate the sample really in experiment by 45 degrees. We see a presence of very strong signal. And well, the first question is, why we see this signal? Why the light even couples to that signal? Then what can be done with that signal? What we can do? We can do chromis-chronic. We can extract from that the static susceptibility. The static susceptibility has to revise. This is 1 over chi. This extrapolated temperature, theta is the curie temperature. And the slope, which is related to A, tells us about quadruple moments in the system. To show you that this is universal, here's another sample called 2 to 2. This is the European 1 to 2. They all show the same behavior. So there is a strong signal building up towards the structural transition. And then this is suppressed. This is a phonon that appears due to broken symmetry. Sometimes we can also see an amplitude mode in the ordered phase. So that's by itself is impressive. Same analysis, same result. So it's very universe. What I'm showing here is a phase diagram of sodium 111. This is doping. This is temperature. This is structural transition. This is spin density wave transition in this material. This is separated from structural transition. And the color coded is the intensity of static susceptibility. We can see that the intensity is building up towards the transition. Then it gets reduced. And this line here is the curie temperature line extracted from the high temperature phase, from symmetric phase of the data. And it's clearly seen that the critical point of this line is roughly where the Tc, the superconducting transition, which is 20 plus in the systems, is the highest. So and there's the arguments, at least in a number of papers where people discuss that this quantum criticality could boost the Tc of the system. We went out and tried to do a check on quite unique system. This is a gold dope bar in 1-2-2. And the beauty of that system is that the superconducting dome in that system is extremely small. It really appears only here. And Tc is very low. Otherwise, the diagram is similar. There's splitting of the structural transition and magnetic transition. So we repeated the experiment, at least for a few doping. We extracted this is the line of the theta temperature. And indeed, it definitely looks that the point is here. It's just an experimental observation. So it's obviously important. Then the next question is what drives the nematic order? Why this occurs for this? And again, there are a lot of literature and many arguments. I think we came across a very interesting system which may give some resolution to that question. And the system is so-called 1144. It's a close brother of calcium 1-2-2 system. I showed some data of that earlier. This system has a body-centered unit cell. So those sites are equivalent. They are both the whole calcium sites, blue. What's in this system is it's a layered system where every second layer of calcium is replaced by potassium. So these sites are not equivalent anymore. The unit cell is not body-centered. As a result of that, this plane, so the irons are exactly in this system, half distance between these calcium layers, this plate shifts. So it shifts up and down in this new unit cell. And as a result of that, the site symmetry of iron is reduced. So it has the S4 axis. So it's a C4 with inversion invariant in this system. This symmetry is broken in this system. So as a result of that broken symmetry, this xz and yz orbitals are not degenerate anymore. So the degeneracy is lifted. And when we look in the spectrum of that system, so red is in the superconducting state and superconducting transition in the system is high, 35 degrees, we do not see. And that's the first system we studied and observed that we don't see huge difference between this x, y, b2g channel and the orthogonal b1g channel. They are both very weak. They don't show any pneumatic enhancement. Red shown in the superconducting state, this has to do with the gap, pair breaking excitation across the gap. But above the superconducting transition in pneumatic phase, there is no anisotropy between those steps. And the argument that I have here is that because the site symmetry is broken on the iron side, the orbitals are lifted. And we can't do this anymore because the sample, by the way, remains the diagonal, all of us, it's an entirely tetragonal sample. But these two sites altered. So here, the occupancy of xz orbital is larger. Here is yz orbital of larger. But on the same site, there is a gap. So those are split. And therefore, this type of fluctuation costs energy. So this is strongly suppressed. So maybe that is an indication, or at least strong indication that the generality of partially occupied degenerate orbitals is essential for these pneumatic fluctuations. Now, I want to flash a few slides what happens in the superconducting state. So I'm talking about sodium 1011 sample. This is the sample that does have this pneumatic fluctuation. I showed you the phase diagram. So the low frequency response in that interesting B2G channel appears, builds up towards the superconducting transition. But there is a signal. It's a relatively strong signal. But it's a very broad feature. So if I do a Fourier transform in time domain, look on that, what excitation is in time domain. It's just a relaxation behavior. So it should relax on sub picosecond scale if we would do pump probe experiment and try to look for this excitation. So it's a broad feature. It's a relaxation feature about this transition. But what is interesting, what happens if we cool the sample below the transition, below superconducting transition. Now the gap opens up here. And we get where we had this relaxation behavior. We get a beautiful mode. This mode is very, very strong. It's a collective mode inside the superconducting gap. The dotted line is a superconducting gap, as it's seen from one particle spectroscopy. And of course, this is a very well-defined mode. So in time domain, it would have many oscillations. Beautiful mode. So what is it? It's kind of indication of that pulmonary type of oscillation. When it was over-damped here, we saw essentially only very broad blah. But now when we remove the damping, it's ringing. And this is true observation of pulmonary type oscillation of the Fermi surface. So in B2G channel. Now I should remark that this happens only in the sample where the low temperature phase is tetragonal. So we didn't break the C for symmetry. So this is only the fluctuating regime. C4 is not broken even in the superconducting phase. That was a question. And well, if we go to high doping in that system, if you increase the doping from that critical point up here, then this mode gets weaker and weaker. And the reason for that is that it gets more and more lower than with doping. We looked also whether this is universal for the entire phase diagram. Again, back the phase diagram from our chairman's review paper. Five minutes. Good. This collective mode is now shown in potassium doped samples. So it's on whole doped parts. So it's similar. If we go to phosphorous doped sample, and this is isovalent substitution, this mode can be seen. And this is a different mode of different origin in the symmetry broken state, in C2 symmetry state on this side. And with doping towards the critical point, the energy of this mode softens. This is the gap roughly as function of doping. This is the energy it condenses. But the mode is there. The remaining five minutes I'll concentrate on iron solenoid, because this probably is the most interesting part. This has been discussed on Monday. This generally has been also discussed on Monday. So important thing I emphasize here is that it's a consensus between model calculation and ARPES that in broken symmetry phase in TS, there are two pockets, and they all they are talking to each other. So there is an elongation of the large pocket around gamma point in one direction. Here it's in opposite 90 degrees rotated in this case. Phase diagram from Chairman's paper, pneumatic susceptibility, very strong observation. This is, again, this theta line. This is Tc, in this case, quite flat. This is the structural transition line. And if we do Raman, again, like in all the systems, in this geometry, we see very low signal. In this geometry, we see strong signal. If we get close to pneumatic transition, we get very strong low frequency response. And the focus of my remaining three minutes is going to be this feature, which is a gap that develops in the spectra in the pneumatic phase. So this gap develops in XY channel. So it's in a quadruple channel and cannot be seen in other experiments. So this is the spectra above the transition. And this is spectra at 205 degrees. If I pull the sample towards the transition, I can clearly see two features. There is the slow frequency feature, and that's kind of our friend that I discussed before. There is another feature here. Just above the transition, this feature sharpens. I'm talking about pristine iron salamide in this case. And there is another feature here. We can see it's an overdone feature. Now I pull the sample below the transition, rapidly develops suppression in this green response. You can see that there is some remanescence of this feature here. And this is suppressed. It's completely suppressed already at 20 degrees. This data can be decomposed into components. This reddish line is our friend, cause elastic response, everything I spoke before. The blue line is if I subtract the reddish line from my data, I get this response. So the shaded blue line is this. This is still above the transition. Then the gap develops, this suppression. And I was wondering what the origin of this gap is, whether it can be seen somewhere else. This is data from Sergei Bereisenko's paper, EDC, around eight point. This is splitting of these XYZ orbitals that is required below the transition. Temperature dependence, they're splitting. But look on that. This is very broad feature above the transition. Very sharp quasi-particle peaks, at least up to this energy scale. This energy scale is here. It's a quarter of, it's 25 milliolectron volt. So at 25 milliolectron volt, quasi-particle peaks are sharp. There is a strong suppression in Raman response. What happens if we go to hide X value on this phase diagram via the diagonal phase, where there is no broken C4 symmetry? Everything is very similar. We can see, we can decompose into components. The drastic difference is that in this X equals zero point, a nice gap develops in tool for dope case where there is no broken symmetry. There's still strong building up quasi-elastic peaks so the matic fluctuations are getting stronger and stronger up to zero temperature. Not surprisingly, but also in this feature there is no gap like suppression. So there is a big difference in this bluish in the low frequency part. So how one can explain that? If one remembers that there are actually two pockets in this system, then there could be a two type of fluctuations. One is in phase between gamma and n point. Another will be out of phase. And we are told, we can't determine it from Raman, but we are told by Arpus that this one is favored because the XZ and YZ orbitals flip when Arpus looks for the bands around this point and this point. One of them, one of these fluctuations could be much slower than other. So there are two competing order parameters and this seems to be the favorite. So this is the slow degree of freedom. This is the fast. Ginsburg potential just plotted here along two combination of order parameter and they contribute to these two features above their transition. So if we now cool the system below transition, then we condense in one of the states. Well, that would be the consistency with Arpus. This is the degree of freedom. So because of that, the quasi-particle scattering apparently goes away, gap develops. So we have still this oscillator. This oscillator is now gone. Instead of that, we can have a collective mode here, amplitude collective mode. That would be the oscillation in the border with this potential. This is a summary paper, a summary slide. Yes. Let me go through the summary and I'll get that because this is a really nice slide. What's shown here is phase diagram. This is temperature. This is frequency. Raman shift. This energy scale roughly this 400 corresponds to 25 millivolts. There is a suppression in the enigmatic phase. This is being seen for all doping up to the critical doping and not seen beyond the critical doping. It arises from strong feature that is roughly peaked at 500 millivolts, 500 wave numbers, I'm sorry. Now, these fluctuations are suppressed when the symmetry is broken, when C4 is broken, and a gap develops. Interestingly, the magnitude of this gap, this gap, it gets smaller and smaller with doping and all can be scaled on a universal plot. So what's plotted here, T in units of TS, gap in units of KBT, KBTS. So the gap is mean field for 4-ish ratio. And the solid line is delta of T, which is A minus B over IA plus B, just the tetragonality order parameter. So it all comes together on one plot with the exceptions of interesting things that happen below TS, TC, I'm sorry, superconducting transition. And what really happens below superconducting transition, this is now pristine sample in the gap, develops a collective mode, not very strong because the old signals are here very low, but there is definitely a collective mode. And now this mode, unlike in that data that I showed for sodium 111, arises in the superconducting state with broken C for symmetry in C2 state. So it must have an amplitude mode origin, which again can couple now, that's for you Lara, couple to superconducting amplitude mode and interesting things can come out from that. OK, so I'm done and I'll take the question. Thank you. Thank you very much. Good questions.


We call it the antidote to the busyness of life, effectively. It's like a little bit of slow down medicine, but a medicine that's really lovely to take. We believe in a small little way, we're able to provide a location that people can come, where it's all right, we just do nothing. When you find that space, you find the ability to also connect with the community and the beautiful makers and growers that are within our region. It's that from check in to check out experience, where local is key.


Suspense! From the forces of the United Nations, we present one of America's top spine tanklers, a radio rebroadcast of a program dedicated to the mysterious, the unusual, and sometimes the supernatural. A program of Suspense! This is the truth.  The truth. It must be the truth. It has to be. I, Robert Wensley Graham, a doctor and psychiatrist by profession, do hereby at my own free will and volition. I'll be at your deepest regret. Make the following full and complete statement relative to that all but unbelievable series of events which has brought such disaster and misfortune to my house, particularly to my poor wife, Isabelle. It had its beginning, properly speaking, two months ago to be exact on the evening of July 25th. We were in the drawing room, Isabelle at the piano, practicing as she said. Her aunt Jane and I on the opposite sides of the room. Isabelle, what's the matter? I don't know. I can't seem to keep my mind on anything anymore, even my music. Nose. Nose. Isabelle. Yes, Robert? I don't wish to distress you, but it's been going on for quite a little while now. It's not getting any better. I know. Let's not discuss it, shall we? We should let me prescribe treatment for you. I could prescribe something for her. You can do remarkable things now with just the common old drugs and the proper control. Drugs. It's not drugs that she needs. It's to get out of this house for a while. It'll get back to the concert stage where she belongs. It's work. Hand Jane, please. I'm sorry. I don't believe in beating around the bush.  You've got talent. There's no sense in you're trying to subordinate yourself to somebody else. Hand Jane, that's enough. I'm not subordinating myself to anyone. Really, Aunt Jane?  Robert doesn't want me to go back on the stage. Darling, it isn't that I don't want you to go back. I'm proud of you. You know that. It's only because I think... because I know that going back to a professional career in your present mental condition would be terribly harmful. I know, Robert. I know you're right. After all, I'm a doctor. It's my business to know these things. I get it. Robert, the hospital... Hello. Hello. Yes, it's Dr. Graham. Oh, yes. It's what... Who? Well, when would you like to see me? All right. Fine. No, no, no. It's trouble at all. I... Very well. I'll be expecting you. Goodbye. He's a very good hand. Who do you suppose that was? Oh. Roger Holcomb. Do you remember the case? Roger Holcomb? I remember it. Of course you do. He was brought back from the dead, as the newspaper put it about a year ago. Oh, yes. You know, he really was dead for four full minutes, as far as medical science was concerned. Then Bates brought him around. It was nine days wonder at the time. Well, what does he want to see you about? I don't know. Something to do with his experience, obviously. He was in a terribly agitated state, further than walking up and down front of the house for an hour, trying to get up courage to ring the bell. Finally, phoned from the corner drugstore. Why the poor man? Why in the world should he do that? He hang sighed in Eurosis. They hounded him in an almost shocking way. He got out of the hospital. Preachers and spiritualists and movie agents, just plain fakers. People trying to find out if he remembered anything in those four minutes. He was supposed to be dead. People just trying to exploit him. Oh, must be Holcomb now. Take him into the office. Dr. Graham? Yes, your Roger Holcomb? Yes. Come in. Pleasure to meet you, Mr. Holcomb. You come this way, please, to my office. Now just sit down anywhere. Lie down on the couch if you like. You look tired. I am tired. Give me your hand, please. For heaven's sake, there's nothing wrong with my pulse. That's all you think it is. I'll go. Why did you come to me, Mr. Holcomb? Do you know my history? Yes, most medical men do. Up until your disappearance. Most medical men do, all right. Then they tell me I'm crazy. Do you think you are, Mr. Holcomb? I see. You like all the rest. Let go of me, please. Just a minute, Mr. Holcomb. You came to me for advice, treatment. I suggest you tell me your story.  Things that other men can't explain. And that's drawn away. You know what happened when I got out of the hospital? Yes. Followed me, questioned me, founded me day and night, trying to find out if I remembered anything, had experienced anything beyond the grave. Yes, I remember that. Well, then you remember that my answer was always the same, that I remembered nothing, that I knew nothing. I was wrong. Oh? What did you experience during those four minutes? I don't know. But it must have been something. Something I don't even dare to think about. How do you know this? Well, it happened the first time on a boat trip, which I'd taken to recover my health. I found myself chatting with a woman who was seated at my table in the dining saloon. She found occasion and such women often will to mention her age. She said, after all, I'm not yet 40. And then it happened. What happened? Well, from somewhere came crashing into my mind a certain knowledge of the exact day and year of that woman's birth. And with it, a compulsion to speak out, a compulsion which I could no more have resisted than I could have resisted breathing. I said, Madam, you were born in May, weren't you? May 30th. She looked at me and thought was astonishing. We'd never even seen each other before in our lives. And said, yes. And then I added the date, the year 1900. See, she was well over 40. She'd lied to me. Innocent enough thing, but I had known the truth. And I'd been forced to speak. And I have been ever since. This phenomenon has occurred often? More times than I can remember. Every time a direct lie, no matter how trivial, uttered in my presence, I suddenly know the answer to that lie. I know the truth. And I've compelled to speak it. And this condition has existed only since your... It's my four minutes beyond the great year. Quite. It is though, in that brief time, I glimpsed eternity. If I'd seen reveal all truth of all the ages, I'd never tell you how horrible that thing... I found men, even most honest of men, lived by lies. Tell me, you have a family, friends who are understanding? Oh, for heaven's sake, doctor, don't you understand what this has done to me? Yes, I had a family and friends. Girl, I was going to marry. But they aren't... I'm an outcast. A riot. I'm shunned. Fear, I... I hate it. Yes, hate it. Mr. Hulkin. Mr. Hulkin, I believe that this condition is very real to you. It crosses you very real anguish. I want to help you. Do you think you can? I'm confident that I can. Suppose you could arrange to stay with me here at my home for a matter of weeks or months, if necessary? Well, I'll do anything. Anything in the world would be a normal man again, but... But what? Dr. Graham, I... I can see that you still don't believe all now. I beg of you. You don't know the terrible responsibility I'd be to you. I'd be like a spy, like some inexorable prosecutor from another world. Mr. Hulkin, let me worry about that. All right. Is there anyone else in your household who might object? Oh, no, it's only my wife and her aunt. I have your own quarters. It'd be quite comfortable, I assure you. I'm sure I'd be. It's a lovely house, but I've seen a little bit. Yes, I'm rather lucky. I'm interested in research primarily. Not much money in that, you know, but... A couple of years ago, I came into quite a nice inheritance. Housewife, will it? What is it? What's the matter? The inheritance was not yours. It was your wife's. The house is your wife's. You were penniless. True. I don't know why I lied to you. Pride, I suppose. I'm sorry. I told you I couldn't help it. No, no. I'll go now. Please. Mr. Hulkin. My fault is a small matter. But you see now that I... I want to help you. Do you believe me now? I believe Mr. Hulkin. Either that you are far more ill than I realized, or that you didn't want to come. You and I must venture into a realm never before explored by mortal man. It was utterly fantastic. Yet it was true. I checked the facts again and again. He could not possibly have known it yet. He knew. Could you imagine what this meant to a man of science? If I could fathom the depths of Roger Hulkin's mind, I could make a contribution to the body of scientific knowledge absolutely without parallel in modern times. I'd be more famous in pastura, Ehrlich. To remain the problem of Isabel, I was aware of the danger of course, I was acutely aware of the peculiarly delicate balance of her mind at that time. The fact that the presence of a man like Roger Hulkin might be seriously detrimental to my rather well-conceived plans for Isabel. I believed I could control this situation. I determined to proceed. Actually, Hulkin's presence made itself felt almost immediately. The first incident came after he'd been with us. Isabel, please stop that playing and listen to me. And Jane, you know Robert has said I mustn't talk about it. That it's bad for me. I don't care what Robert says. But he's my doctor and my husband. And I'm not sure that he should be either. I don't know much about psychiatry, but I do know that making trouble between a husband and a wife. I'm not making anything that isn't there already. And you know it. Good heavens, girl. Look at yourself. Look what's happened to you since your marriage. I've been sick. He's made you sick.  Maybe it's just that he's afraid of losing you. Maybe he's even afraid of losing your money. But I'm absolutely convinced that whether he's meant to or not, he's made you believe there's something to matter with you that isn't. Pat, Jane, I simply forbid you to talk this way. This cycle path into a house. And don't bring Roger into it. He's Robert's patient. It's Robert's work and it's none of our business. What about your own work? It doesn't matter. It doesn't matter. Yes, Jane, you simply don't understand. Robert is my husband. I trust him and I love him. Nothing can ever come between us. I destroy anything.  Isabel. Isabel, do something before it's too late. Do what? Get away. Leave him. Ask him anything. I hope we're not interrupting. Of course not, darling. Hello, Roger. Hello, Isabel. Good afternoon. How are you feeling, Roger? I think it would be better if we didn't discuss our states of mind, Isabel. Of course, I'm sorry. Well, would you like me to play something for you? You know, I think I'm beginning to get the feel of it again. Really, I do. You're sure we haven't interrupted some conversation? Of course not. We were just discussing how helpful you've been in getting Isabel back to her work again. Roger. No. No, you were not. You were telling Isabel to divorce her husband. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. Roger, come back. Isabel, is that true?  Is that true? It doesn't matter, I suppose. You've known how I felt for a long time. Yes, I'm afraid I have. Robert, it was also silly. She didn't mean it. I did mean it. But I did mean it. I'm sorry, Isabel. But I've been under this roof too long, as it is. Oh, Jane, you're not leaving us. It's best, Isabel. Yes. Yes, I think it's unquestionably best. Best that you've got once. She left us, of course. I'd always believed that Jane exercised an unfortunate influence over Isabel. I did not dream it had reached such a point as this. Yet this incident gave me my first insight into the relationship which was destined to develop. Between Isabel, Roger, and myself. The first and most obvious result was that within a matter of weeks, Isabel was to lose every friend she had. We became further estranged as each day passed. It was difficult to speak of even the most casual things with this strangely terrifying specter of truth. What was our elbow? The situation reached its inevitable climax the evening that Leopold Sorinsky is a famous conductor of the Los Angeles symphony was to call on Isabel with a view to resumption of her professional career under his auspices. You give a great deal of thought to that evening. It had to be handled with a great... Robert, you will help me, won't you? Of course I will, darling. I don't know whether you realize how important it is to me. I have nothing but the music now. I've been working so hard. Playing sometimes half the night while you're asleep. I've heard you. Sometimes it seems that... with the pianos all that's helping me to keep my sanity. Darling, I want you to let me prescribe something for you. It's time we faced this thing, your trouble, I mean. Robert, does he have to have dinner with us tonight? Roger? Isabel, you know how I stand on that. Oh, yes, but just this one...  Isabel, it might undo everything I've accomplished in weeks. Oh, of course. You're right. Roger, come in. Robert, I was wondering if I might be excused just tonight. You're having dinner with us, Roger? Must I? You know you must, Roger, and you know why. Why, Roger, don't you want to meet the great player, Paul Sorenski? He's really a wonderful person. Yes, indeed, I would very much... You know, I made my debut with him in 1934. I did a concert with him every year until my... until I... Isabel was very talented, you know. I was? I am. Oh, Roger, I'm going to play with him again. He wants me to open the season in November. Can you imagine what that means to me? I'm so glad, Isabel. And Robert has finally given his consent. Haven't you, dear? I'm sorry, what was it you said, Isabel? I said you'd given your consent to my playing with Sorenski. Well, Isabel, you know I don't want you to think that I'd ever stand in your way. I know, dear. Roger, I'll do the Emperor Concerto and you will come to hear me.  Please, Isabel, don't ask things of me that... What's the matter? What's the matter with both of you? You act as though you thought I wouldn't be able to appear. As though the whole idea were hopeless or something. Isabel, please. I am going to play. I'll be better than I ever was. You know I will, don't you? Don't you? Yes, of course, Isabel. You play wonderfully. Roger. No, Robert, you... You are very certain that Isabel will be prevented from ever playing again. By death. Death? Oh, Isabel, forgive me. Forgive me. By death? No. Oh, no. Please, Roger, it's not true. Tell me it isn't. Roger, answer me. Answer me. Roger, do you hear me? Answer me. Answer me. When Sorenski arrived, I told him it would be quite impossible for Isabel to leave her room. The concert was cancelled and, indeed, to my knowledge, she's never touched the piano since that day. By now, to even the most casual observer, it must appear only natural that Isabel had every motive for a desperate, almost paranoid hatred of Roger Holcomb. This much was clear to me. The rest, not yet. But one thing from any point of view was certain. I had to keep Roger and Isabel apart. Perhaps what I feared was indeed inevitable. I honestly did not think it so at the time. As a precautionary measure over, I prescribed a drug for Isabel, which she'd last consented to take. I gave her her own supply she'd administered to herself, as I had directed. Roger. Yes? It's Isabel. What do you want? Let me and see. No. Please, it's terribly important. Well, what's that about? I know. But he said it would be all right this time. Are you sure? Yes. Yes, please. I know. Now, what do you want? I want to talk to you, that's all. What about this? It's so important.  Can't you guess?  Isabel, I don't know what to think anymore. You do, don't you? I warned him. I told him it would happen. Now I'm going mad at him. I think of the anguish I've caused you. But Roger, I don't. You must believe me. I know what it's been like for you having me here in the room. Roger, you see, for the first time in my life, I think my husband is wrong about something. Wrong? Yes. Don't you see? He's been worried about both of us. And so this distrust has blown up between us. Well, I don't distrust you, Isabel. You've been more wonderful than I could tell you. But you're afraid of me. And that amounts to the same thing. And it's bad for the both of us. It's hurting both of us. Well, I often felt I wanted to talk to you, to beg your pardon. Oh, you don't have to do that. We're both sick. But I think if we saw each other sometimes, if we talked the whole thing out, it would help us both. Well, does Robert think so too? No. Then? Then he didn't tell you it was all right to see him. No. I lied to you. You what? I lied to you. You lied to me. And it didn't happen. Isabel, don't you see? I am getting well. It didn't happen. I know. I don't think it does happen anymore. Except for Robert. It's Robert. What makes you think it all right? I don't know. Something about the way he acts. The way he is. Oh, but it is very... He is curing me then. Perhaps you shouldn't have come up with it. No, no, don't you understand. We must see each other. We must talk. No, listen. Isabel. Something is happening. I must... He is completely overrode. Oh, but Robert, if you want... I must insist. Isabel, why did you do this? I'm sorry. I must set it right away. Isabel, get the bottle from your room. Mine? Yes, please, hurry. Hurry. Robert, she lied to me. Yes, yes, I know. But, Roger, I must absolutely forbid you to talk. Now, you must trust me. All right. Later, I want to have a long talk with you. Of course we shall. Of course we shall. Here it is. I thought I had to do it too. I'm glad you did. The other one's mislaced. Tell me, will you give it to him, please? I? I'm sorry, but this is upsetting. You're rather bad. And my hands are shaking. Robert, I'm terribly sorry. No matter. Now, give him a hypergenic. Me upper arm. That's right. Thank you. Leave us now, please, Isabel. All right. How are you feeling now, Roger? Well, I'm fine, Robert. I think I'm better than I've been in one. I know you're better. That's why I was so upset to see you. You're... You're fine, Robert. I can't tell you all my reasons now, but you must trust me and believe in me. Oh, I do. But... Only that I'm afraid.  Roger? No. You're afraid of murder. What? Murder. Roger, listen to me. Roger! Murder. Roger, what are you talking about? Roger! Roger! It was clear to me now. I knew I must take immediate action. I knew that the most terrible consequences might result if Isabel were alone with Roger, even for a moment. But he knew that he'd said so. There was no other explanation. I thought it through most carefully. And yet no plans are perfect. No man is infallible. Isabel! Robert! What are you doing? Nothing. Don't lie to me, Isabel. I'm not. You were coming from Roger's room. No. No, I swear I was. Isabel, don't you understand that you're sick? I've insisted on these things for your own good, and his. Talk to him, but I... No, Isabel. Why do you try to tell me that? But it's true, Robert. Really true. Is it? Roger! Roger! What's the matter? No, it couldn't. It is. He's dead. Dead? Hypodermic by his side. The drug, your drug, your hypodermic. But it's only his status here. But in large enough quantity, it's fatal you knew that. Robert, no, listen to me. Isabel, why? Why, I warned you. Robert, look at me. It's Isabel. It's your wife. I'm going to call the police. Perhaps the most terrible decision a man ever had to make, even though it did come not as a shock to me, even from my point of view as a scientist, was terrible enough. Yet it had to be done, and I had done it. I did not speak to her as we waited, and she made no further attempt to appeal to me. She seemed utterly stupefied, perhaps as a result of the drugs she herself had been taking. Perhaps because she suddenly realized she was hopelessly trapped. The police arrived, I told the story with the little... Friends, all right. I'm both the bottle... This would be my wife's, of course. They both belong to her. Is that true, Mrs. Graham? Yes. Dr. Graham, do I understand then that you are formally charging your wife with the murder of Roger Holcomb? Well, you could hardly expect me to do that, could you? Simply telling you the facts. You said she hated Holcomb, and you knew it. My wife has been mentally ill for some time, and many people contested by that. She would plead insanity, of course. Dr. Graham, I can't tell you how sorry I am, but the things you have told me add up to only one thing, and you yourself obviously recognize. Yes. Your wife, Isabelle Graham, murdered Roger Holcomb. What did you say? I said your wife, Isabelle Graham, murdered Roger Holcomb. I murdered him. Tried to make it appear that Isabelle had done it, but I killed him. No man is infallible. Yes, I killed Roger Holcomb. And he himself revealed the truth. I'd planned to dispose of Isabelle for many months. I'd never loved her. I'd loved only science. I wanted her money, and Holcomb found it out. That was the risk I ran. But any chance lie in his presence, either by Isabelle or myself. Bring out the truth, and it did. I had no alternative once he'd discovered that, but to kill him. Easy enough to throw the blame on Isabelle. I had not counted on that terrible compulsion for the truth.  It's a fascinating case. So closes Lazarus walks, starring Orson Welles, a nice tale of... suspense.


Welcome back to Kids Fun Science. My name is Ken. Today's experiment is fun with tonic water and a black light. As always adult supervision is required. What you need for this experiment is tonic water that has quinite in it, a clear cup, salt, and a black light. Some safety precautions before we start perform only under adult supervision. Do not stare at the black light as ultraviolet lights can be harmful to your eyes. Enjoy. To set up this experiment you just need a dark room, a little salt there, tonic water with quinite in it. Very important you have to have that. Make sure that's in there and a clear cup. And then you're going to turn off the light and the room and turn on the black light. And you're going to take your tonic water and add it into the cup. So let's go ahead and turn off the light and turn on the black light and we will pour it in. So here it is pretty cool. You know tonic water glows in the dark and I'll tell you the science behind this. Remember it is carbonated so it's almost spilled on me there. And go ahead and pour it and you get that cool poor look and you know it's really awesome. And so then we're going to do the experiment. So now what we're going to do is after we have that in we are going to put some salt inside the cup. And so we'll pour a little bit of salt. There's no exact measurement. Just put a little bit, wait a little bit, add a little bit more. And you will notice that the fluorescence of the tonic water is going away in the cup. And as you keep putting more salt in it will fizz too so you can't really see that right there. You see a little bit of a fizz and keep adding it in there and eventually it will not be fluorescent anymore. And I'll tell you the science why. So the science behind this is the tonic water contains quinine which was a requirement for this experiment. Which is highly fluorescent compound. The black light gives off ultraviolet light which is invisible to the human eye. The quinine has the ability to absorb ultraviolet light from the black light and convert it to a visible light. The substance that has this ability are termed fluorescent. The tonic water is especially beautiful under the black light while it's being poured as we witnessed. When the salt is added to the tonic water it clenches the fluorescence. The chloride ion in the salt reacts with the quinine molecule producing a product that is no longer fluorescent. I hope you enjoyed this video. Remember to click thumbs up and to subscribe. Thanks for watching.


What's up everybody, JZ here from jazzycasebrakes.com 2021 Panini Obsidian Basketball just sold out. This is first off the line edition, one box break round in divisions number two. And again guys, a six spot break, all cart ship. Number each box contains two autos, two inserts or parallels. And each box also for first off the line exclusives, you get at least one electric etch blue, parallel number to 16 or base electric etch contra, number to three in every first off the line box. So good luck guys, here are the customer names, Steve down to Allen and of course, sorry, I'm supposed to pop in the divisions there, I put the names twice. Here are the divisions. Let's click dice roll and roll it and it's a two and a one three times. One, two and three. Three times, Allen down to Allen. One, two, three, boom. Central down to Northwest. Hi, Allen with the Central. Steve with Southwest, Allen with Pacific and Southeast, David Lee with Atlantic and Allen with Northwest. So let's alphabetize that. And a quick little trade window maybe, 15, 20 seconds. I won't give it as much time as I did the last one. I don't think anybody wants to anyways, but all right, TWC then guys. So I did number these boxes, it's kind of hard to see them, but we did box 11 on the last roll. That's one through six and then seven and then it's just missing number 11 there. So let's see which box we can do here for this round and out of the 12 possible numbers, nine. Let's go nine, so here we go. So that's seven, eight and that is nine. Not only nine, but it's a nine and here we go. Quick, quick break guys. Here we go, here we go. Ooh, very, very thin pack, I must say. Very, very thin. Robert Covington, we got the blue. And it's a rookie, Malachi Flynn for the Raptors. That is 10 of 16. The Toronto Raptors, that is Atlantic. Of course, Blazers will be Northwest. That's number 299. We got RJ Hampton rookie with a Jordan Clarkson, Anthony Davis. First auto here is PJ Tucker. PJ Tucker, that's from Malachi, 20 out of 50. Malachi, that is central. Isaiah Joe to 149, Onyx autographs for the 76ers. Philly's Atlantic division. So nothing super crazy out of the first two boxes, guys. I mean, obviously there is 12 boxes in here, but it is first off the line. And there could potentially used to be some really, really nice hits hiding. There you go, guys. Just a quick little one right there. So we got the blue we haven't hit a white con tree yet. Hopefully we do soon. Again, the number three is on the website. I believe I did post it, right? Let me see. No, I did not post it yet. All right, appreciate you guys. Jazzpiececasebrace.com, I'll post number three.


Hey, this is Brett, and this 2020 Porsche Panamera 4 Executive is stock number 12859ZA. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, you're new and used car headquarters. This 2020 Porsche Panamera 4 Executive has the 3.0-liter V6 turbocharged engine. It puts out 330 horsepower, 330 foot-pounds of torque, it's going to get you 26 miles per gallon on the highway. 19 city and 22 miles per gallon average. I'm going to go all the way around in this video inside, start it up, take a look under the hood, check out all the options. We're going to turn these lights on at the end of the video. Jet black metallic is the color, and I shoot all my videos in 4K, so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition options, and cleanliness of the vehicle before seeing it in person. And if you like the video and how I do things here at Summit Automotive, consider clicking the subscribe button to my YouTube channel, the lower right hand part of the screen, and then click the bell notification so you get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. This is officially the most expensive car that I have videoed, and it is also the, and I have the original window sticker, so we'll check that out in just a second. This is also the most expensive rim option that I've seen on a vehicle. These are 21 exclusive platinum, silver, and polished aluminum rims. So these rims were $4,210 on this vehicle. You can see that they are in very nice condition. On the front we have Pirelli Centurato P7 tires. These are 275, 35R21s. You can see the huge Porsche disc brakes in there. They look like they're in very nice shape. And these tires, I would say, have probably about 60 to 70% of the tread left on them. And so very good tread on those tires. The front fender is in very nice condition. These headlights are amazing. I'm going to turn these on at the end of the video, and they are so bright. It's the hands down, the brightest headlights I've ever seen from the factory on a vehicle. And you can see the headlight lenses are nice and clear. And the other thing that really caught my attention was the, of course, the Porsche logo being that gold, black, and red really sticks out. But when the light hits it, when the sun hits it, it is super reflective, and it's really neat to see in the daylight. The hood is in a very nice condition. I didn't see any major dents on there. Passenger side front fender is in fantastic condition as well. And the passenger side front rim, no major scuffs or scrapes on there. Jet black metallic's got a lot of metal flake in it, a lot of blues and purples. There we go. See all that metal flake in there, really a cool color. I like it. And as you go down this side of this 2020 Porsche Panamera 4 Executive, take note of how clean that body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. I take these HD videos so if you are far away, or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the car, hear the car, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you can get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesmen know that you saw the video, that it was helpful, and that bread sent you. Very nice on that side. This back room is just as nice as the front rims, and you can see you get a little bit smaller brakes in the back. However, you get bigger tires. You get 315, 30R21s, and check out how wide these tires in the back are. Pretty crazy, a lot of tire on the road there. You get the executive badge right there. So the executive gives you 6 inches of longer wheel base, which gives you more room for the back seats. And we're going to check those out. It's pretty crazy. All the room and options in the back seats. The only thing that's really missing right there is the steering wheel and pedals, otherwise you'd have all the stuff the front passengers do. Back storage area is very clean. You get a tire inflator kit back here. I'm guessing that's the Bose Subwoofer. This is a power rear gate. Press that button and it comes down. It's cool seeing just how nice and smooth and exact that works. Going down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger's side. And for full disclosure, this back rim is in nice shape as well. And the only thing I saw is one tiny little nick right there, but other than that, very, very nice. As you go down the rest of this side of the car, just as clean as that passenger's side, doors look really good. It does have the heated power mirrors, built in directional signals. I believe they power fold in, of course. Now inside the Panamera package, this one has the premium package plus. And we'll go over the original window sticker here and just show you exactly what that all entails. There are no rips or tears on the seats. Both of these seats are heated and cooled. You get the factory Porsche floor mats. You get the Panamera metal kick plate there. Power windows, power locks, power mirrors. You get this really cool marble looking wood grain trim. Bose sound system, of course, and memory driver's seat. We'll hop inside and check out the miles, the radio, and everything that this car has to offer on the interior. So you get this key right there. That's how you turn it on. Nice big instrument cluster. You can see that this one has 20,442 miles outside temperature display. Miles to empty over there. You get the time, the date, all that good stuff. Leather wrapped steering wheel. Big thumb pads. Of course, the beautiful Porsche logo. You get Bluetooth and information center controls on there. Paddle shifters. This one has the eight speed automatic transmission. Cruise controls down here. Auto headlamps. You get the 12.3 inch infotainment system with the factory navigation system, AM, FM, and Sirius XM radio capabilities on here. You have a jukebox, Augs, Bluetooth, all that good stuff. This is your command center, I guess you could say. Heated cooled seat buttons, stability control. You have your different drive modes. You have Sport, Sport Plus. Sorry about that. Sport, Sport Plus, and then just normal. Dual climate controls there so you can control everything down here. This is also a touch screen as well. You got to start the car for the backup camera to work, but you have a clock right there. You get that wood grain trim on the dash as well, wraps around nicely. This one does have the glass roof as you could have saw from the outside and then the second row. Fixed glass roof back there. Here's the original window sticker, so let's just take a look at this for a second. You can see that this one, 2020 Panamera 4 Executive, Jet Black. There are those 21 inch exclusive design wheels in Silver Platinum, $4,210. It does have the heated steering wheel, the power sun blinds for the rear compartment, interior trim and thrassite birch, park assist with surround view is $1,200. All season tires for 20 inch wheels is $470. The ambient lighting plus is $860. Air outlet grills painted $570. The premium package plus is $8,110. You get the four zone climate control, the Bose surround system and the seat ventilation heated and rear and then everything else is standard. So this car was originally $117,870. That is crazy, but once we take a look at the back you'll understand. I haven't really driven this car a lot, just around the lot a little bit, but I'm curious to take it on the highway and I might have a video not to go with this. And if I do, that'll be in the upper right hand part of the screen of a test drive. But we'll see if I have enough time. 26 highway, 19 city, 22 average. Alright, we'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll start it up and check out all those lights in the front. So what's really crazy about this car is that these back seats have just about as many options as the front seats and basically the only thing they're missing is the steering wheel and pedals. You get to adjust these, you can see the, I don't even know how that works. There it goes, goes in, back adjusts, lumbar support, just craziness. Factory formats back here, you get a memory rear passenger seat as well. You can see you get these sunshades there on the windows.  You can close the sunshade back here, you get a rear sunshade that you can put up. You can even see the nav and what's going on or you could do the nav back here I guess. Climate controls, control the media for back here. Just pretty crazy. You get a memory seat for the passenger there as well. And then you do get vanity mirrors for the back passengers as well. So just a lot of really high end stuff in here. Very nicely done, love the design. The back seats are ultra comfortable and adjustable. It's just a really cool car and plenty of room obviously. With the executive you get that extra six inches. And we'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that. It's just letting me know that my hood's open and my door's open. But I'll also do a final walk around on this car so you can see the taillights on this thing too. Because they are sweet as well. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. Hopefully from this HD video you've gotten a really good idea of the overall quality, condition, looks, styling and options on this car. Now I know you can't tell exactly how bright these are from the video. But just when they're on my wall over there and my door, they're way brighter than any other car that's in here. Under the hood we have the three liter V6 turbocharged engine. 330 horsepower, 330 foot-pounds of torque. Got a big plastic shroud on there so you can't really see much but runs very smooth. And it's very clean under here. The shocks are doing a nice job holding that hood up. See your emissions sticker right there. And once again this car has been fully safety and inspected by our shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this car is 100% ready to go. And I would highly recommend this car from a quality and condition and options and obviously looks standpoint. And to see more pictures of this car, one of brother 450 new and used cars, trucks, SCVs, minivans, Wranglers, sports cars, luxury cars, Ram TRXs, you name it we got to go to that website right there. www.summitauto.com, full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at www.summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to www.youtube.com. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. And I know I promised that I'd do this, this might be one of my favorite rear light setups that I've ever seen. Really good looking. Anyways, thanks for checking out the video. Hope you enjoyed it. And in fact you'll see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel on the upper left to link to more sports cars in the upper right. A link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those, check us out. And we're super excited to be offering this 2020 Porsche Panamera 4 Executive in Jet Black Metallic. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on my YouTube channel. And I really appreciate it. Thanks again.


A healthy plant can synthesize proteins in order to grow, absorb water and nutrients and translocate them to where they are needed, perform photosynthesis and lose byproducts through the roots and through transpiration, and reproduce in order to bear fruit or seeds. But just like humans and animals, plants can get sick and result in visible symptoms. Just like humans, plants can be attacked by insects and pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. Ill health can also be caused by deficiencies in nutrient ions which are vital for growth and development. Now we will look at some specific examples. Plants can suffer massive infestations. One insect example, the aphid, swamps a plant in vast numbers. Each aphid has piercing mouth parts that tap into the leaf so that they can feed on the sap. This results in a wilted or distorted leaf that cannot photosynthesize correctly. A byproduct of all this eating is a honeydew that they exude from their hind gut which often is collected by ant soldiers who guard over their flock. If this isn't bad enough for the plant, secondary infection can occur with aphids transferring viruses through their mouth parts and leaving holes in leaves for other pathogens to make use of. Another problem comes in the form of honeydew residues, which is the perfect source of food for fungal colonies such as black sooty mould. A classic virus is this tobacco mosaic virus or TMV. It has a rod-like structure consisting of a coat of proteins positioned helically around a single strand of RNA and was actually the first virus to be described by Adolf Meier. But can enter wound sites. Once it's in, TMV can hijack plant cells to aid its own replication. As the name suggests, the virus leaves a mosaic pattern on the leaves and also causes malting, cellular death, stunting and leaf curling. This virus can devastate tomato crops. An example of fungal infection in plants is black spot fungal disease. It can infect any plant with fleshy leaves and it's really common in roses. This is a big problem for ornamental growers where looks at everything, a spotty plant can affect its value. Sometimes, disease is not caused by an infection but by a nutrient deficiency. In fact, plants can be damaged by a range of iron deficiency conditions. For example, stunted growth caused by nitrogen deficiency. Nitrate ions are needed for protein synthesis and are therefore important for growth and repair as well as all of the plant's enzyme-controlled functions. Another example of nutrient deficiency is a change of leaf colour called chlorosis which is caused by magnesium deficiency. Magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll which is essential for photosynthesis and energy production. Many plant disease symptoms are nonspecific like spots on the leaves so it's not always easy to identify what's causing the symptoms. Identification can be made in a range of ways. For example, reference to a gardening manual or website. Taking infected plants or a sample of a plant to a laboratory or using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies work by binding to parts of the infected viruses, bacteria or fungus which is suspected of causing the infection. Sometimes plants do not show symptoms because they, like humans, have evolved a range of ways to avoid and fight infection. The first barrier to infection is the plant's preformed defences. These can be physical barriers like cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticles on leaves or layers of dead cells around stems which fall off like bark on trees. There may be mechanical adaptations such as thorns and hairs or leaves which droop or curl when touched, mimicry to trick animals. All the responses to infection can have a chemical basis such as antibacterial chemicals even weaker news. Symptoms like the toxins in nettles that cause us to come up in blisters and plant defence molecules that are produced as a response to attack. These chemicals can affect the pathogen or insect directly or induce cell death to stop the attacker in its tracks. Plants are so clever they can even send signals in the air to call on insect predators that will take out an attacker. In summary, plants have a range of physical and chemical barriers to prevent infection but they can become infected with bacterial, viral, fungal pathogens or insect pests. If this happens, the plant can produce chemicals in an attempt to limit the infection. Plants can also get sick if their soil is deficient in nutrients.


Hi and welcome to NewsClick. I'm Lenisa and here we give you a glimpse of some of the most important stories that made headlines today. The National Council of Education Research and Training, or NCERT, has dropped three chapters from its Class 9 history textbook, including one that illustrates caste conflict. This chapter was about the struggle of the lower caste Nadar women of Travancore who were forced to keep their upper bodies uncovered. This chapter also focused on the importance of the Swadeshi movement, explained how it influenced the politics of clothing and also talked about Mahatma Gandhi's experiments with clothing to show the changing attitude towards dressing in India. The decision to delete almost 70 pages from the textbook titled India and the Contemporary World One is part of the curriculum rationalization exercise initiated at HRD minister Prakash Javedekar's behest to reduce the burden on the students. This is the second textbook review undertaken under the incumbent government. The revised textbook will hit the shelves this month before the new academic session begins. This is not the first time that the right-wing BJP government is trying to alter history. In 2017, NCERT has made one thousand three hundred and thirty-four changes which included additions, corrections and data updating in 182 textbooks. The students of Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law Patiala continued their protest on Sunday as well against the suspension of six students. The protest has been going on from last Friday after six students were suspended for demonstrating against the quality of food in the hostile mess. A committee constituted of the administrative officer and other faculty took the decision to suspend the students. However, the suspension order was passed without a formal hearing and in the absence of VC students alleged. The students of National Law University have been complaining against unreasonable library timings, restrictions on the mobility of women and their in-timings, incompetent faculty and indifference to sexual harassment complaints for a long time. But the college administration has not acknowledged any one of the complaints. Students of the National Law School of India University, Bengaluru, have reportedly offered their support to the protesters. In our international segment, we are talking about Venezuela crisis. In a recent development over this weekend, a huge mobilization took place in front of the US embassies in the major parts of the world. The people in the March called out the US for its military intervention and for provoking destabilization in the southern American countries. The call for the mobilization came from the International People's Assembly in solidarity with the Bolivarian Revolution and against imperialism which took place in Caracas, Venezuela in the month of February. Across the world, the eight-star Venezuelan flag flew high with overwhelming support for the Venezuelan government and its people. The 500 delegates from 85 countries representing over 180 organizations left the assembly with the commitment to intensify the campaign of solidarity with Venezuela in their own countries. So that's all we have for you today. For more updates, please log into our website www.newslick.in and follow us on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.


We come in to the mouth of the Mediterranean, about five or ten miles out of the Waston land. There's a big explosion. We've never seen so many GIs in the water of all year life. And we went as fast as we could, and we picked up as many as we could. We headed for Oran Algiers in the Mediterranean. We got rid of all the Germans, I guess. And we headed back through Algiers, over the mountain, and we came down and we was in Tunisia. When units of the First Armored came ashore at Oran in northern Tunisia, November 8, 1942, to challenge the Nazis' hold on North Africa. The British were there first, and they cleaned the enemy out of Egypt and Libya. And here, both armies are fighting, and the Germans are in the middle. Our objective was to hold Castering Pass. There was two passes, five pass and Castering Pass. Well, they snuck around five pass and cut us down. We got chewed up pretty bad. We landed on Anzio Beach. And from what I've learned, we got within 15 miles of Rome before the Germans found out. And they shoved us back within, you know, 15 miles around from any corner of where the Anzio Beach was. Every major battle, we defeated the Germans and on up the boot, one of the majors hollered at me. He said, Jones, he said, we want you to get in that plane. You're going back to Naples. You're going home. And their mother guy says, hey, that's pretty good, Jones. He was in the Marines. And he's the one that never come back. He got killed on Okinawa because they were shooting at them this way and they come back. They come back around on the side and they had to reverse, they had to turn themselves. And what I understand is that the major said that your brother was shot twice in the neck, you know, two shells. He said, he never knew what hit him. And that makes me feel good.