Ladies and gentlemen, please stand for the arrival of the official party and remain standing as honors are rendered and for the invocation offered by Chaplain Colonel David Kelly, the Director of Strategic Religious Affairs. Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome the reviewing official, General Mark A. Milley, the 20th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, accompanied by General Charles Q. Brown, Jr., the 22nd Chief of Staff of the Air Force, and the host for today's ceremony, the Honorable Lloyd J. Austin III, 28th Secretary of Defense. Ladies and gentlemen, the Vice President of the United States. Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States. Ladies and gentlemen, Chaplain Kelly. Let us pray, Almighty God, we seek Your presence in this honored ceremony today as our military and nation honor General Mark Milley upon his retirement after four decades of impeccable service in uniform, and as we celebrate General Charles Brown, Jr., becoming the 21st Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. General Brown and Ms. Shireen have gone the extra mile, pushed beyond where others have only gazed, and climbed to the top of our military all the while, showing responsibility few will ever know. As he leads, I ask you to guide his steps with godly wisdom, direct his path with your holy light, and keep him strong with divine fortitude. Lord, you have expressed in your word that a life lived in service to others is a life well lived. General Milley has lived such a life. Today he adds his name to an elite list of military leaders, including Bradley, Powell, Mullen, Myers, and Dunford, to name a select few. Lord, as General Milley prepares for life beyond the military, I ask you to bless him, Ms. Hollyanne and his family, according to their sacrifice of service. Reward him according to his impeccable character, and bestow upon him the thankfulness of a grateful nation, only and singularly exemplified by the single word honor. Truly this valiant officer's relentless pursuit of service to country over decades bespeaks the right and privilege to dawn for all time, a mantle woven and bound together by unbreakable and courageous strands of honor. In your holy name I pray, Amen. Please be seated. It's the United States Army Band, Pershing's Own. The United States Army Band is under the direction of Colonel Bruce Poehler and led by John Major Rob Moore. Next on line are soldiers from the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment, the Old Guard, commanded by Lieutenant Jacob Trollstra, and led by Staff Sergeant Rashad Kelly. Next are Marines from Marine Barracks, Washington, A.T.I., commanded by Captain Greg Jones, and led by Staff Sergeant Tyler Tolman. In the center of our formation is the Joint Armed Forces Color Guard, led by Sergeant First Class Ryan Morse. Next on line is sailors of the United States Navy Ceremonial Guard, commanded by Lieutenant Stephen Acevedo, and led by AT-2 Matthew Coriano. Next are airmen and guardians from the United States Air Force Honor Guard, commanded by First Lieutenant Jacob Hale, and led by Technical Sergeant Matthew Cox. Next on line are guardsmen from the Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard, commanded by Lieutenant Cody Mitchell, and led by Petty Officer First Class Troy Lupamak. The last element on line, dressed in the Continental Musicians' uniform, is the United States Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps. The Corps is led today by Drum Major John Parks. To the right is the Presidential Salute Battery, commanded by Captain Nicholas Lamey, and led by Sergeant First Class Alan Karo. Next to the rear of the formation are the 56 state and territorial flags of the United States of America. They are commanded by Lieutenant Thomas Mech, and led by Sergeant First Class Mark Franz. Ladies and gentlemen, please stand for the advancing of the colors, and remain standing for the playing of the United States National Anthem. Please be seated. Ready to do this, General? I am. Please raise your right hand, or repeat after me. Aye. State your full name. Aye. John Jr. Having been appointed the Chairman of the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff, having been appointed the Chairman of the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff, do solemnly swear, do solemnly swear, that I will support and defend, the Constitution of the United States of America, against all enemies, against all enemies, foreign and domestic, and that you will bear true faith and allegiance to the same. you take this obligation freely without mental reservation or purpose of evasion and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office upon which I am about to enter. So help me God. So help me God. Congratulations Chairman. Thank you Chairman. Secretary Austin and Mrs. Austin are now moving to the field to honor General Milley and Mrs. Milley. Prior to today's ceremony, General Milley was presented the Distinguished Service Medal from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Space Force and Coast Guard. He was also presented the Defense Distinguished Service Medal by Secretary of Defense Austin. Headquarters, Department of the Army Special Orders. By order of the Secretary of the Army, the following General Officer is retired. General Mark A. Milley, the Secretary of Defense has awarded the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service to Mrs. Holly Ann H. Milley. Mrs. Holly Ann H. Milley is recognized for Distinguished Public Service in support of members of the United States Armed Forces from October 2019 to July 2023. As a devoted ambassador of Goodwill and a model example for the spouses of all soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, guardians and Coast Guardsmen, Mrs. Milley was an untiring advocate for the improvement of the quality of life of our men and women in uniform. For more than 38 years, she was a fervent ambassador for the needs of the military community. At every level of command, Mrs. Milley served as a family readiness group leader with a mission to listen to and advocate for military spouses. A career nurse with multiple military moves, she was a passionate supporter of military spouse employment opportunities, licensure reciprocity, health care quality and availability and mental health education for service members and their families. Mrs. Milley's presence on numerous trips to visit both stateside bases and overseas areas served as a constant reminder of her steadfast commitment to our military personnel and reflected a total devotion and unconditional commitment to the values cherished within the military community. This dedication was further displayed in her support of the Red Cross Service to the Armed Forces, Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors, Easter Seals and United Through Reading. Mrs. Milley gave freely of her time to many other worthy community causes that significantly benefited our military members. The distinctive accomplishments of Mrs. Milley reflect great credit upon herself and the Department of Defense, signed Lloyd J. Austin III, Secretary of Defense. On the occasion of retirement of this distinguished soldier, we also recognize the outstanding service of his wife, Holly Ann, who was presented with the Department of the Army Certificate of Appreciation for her faithful and devoted service. It is her dedicated support which made possible such a lasting contribution to our nation. By order of the Secretary of the Army, signed General James C. McConville, Chief of Staff, United States Army. At this time, a bouquet of red roses is being presented to Mrs. Milley on behalf of General Milley, signifying his love and her unwavering support for over 40 years of military service. Also at this time, a bouquet of flowers is being presented to General Milley's daughter Mary, and a gift is being presented to his son Peter. A bouquet of yellow roses is also being presented to Mrs. Brown. We are proud to recognize General Milley's devotion to our country, and we wish him happiness and prosperity in his well-earned retirement. Ladies and gentlemen, please remain standing for the posting of the colors. Please be seated. Ladies and gentlemen, the honorable Lloyd Austin. Troops and the band, you look magnificent this morning. Thanks for what you continue to do for our country. Good morning, everyone. President Biden, Vice President Harris, it is an absolute honor to have both of you here with us today. And we also thank the members of Congress, ambassadors, and foreign leaders who are joining us, as well as the former senior military leaders and former secretaries of defense. I'm glad to be here with so many of our senior leaders at the department, including our service secretaries, our service chiefs, the joint staff, and our combatant commanders. And again, thanks to you all for joining us today as we salute General Mark Milley for his distinguished tenure as the 20th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. And I'm absolutely honored to welcome General Charles Q. Brown Jr. as the 21st Chairman. Now, the service members on the field today represent our joint force, the troops who General Milley led with such passion and skill as chairman. Every day, that force defends our country and supports our allies and partners, advances our interests, and upholds our founding values. So today is a celebration of every American who volunteers to wear the cloth of our nation, and it's a celebration of the distinguished career of General Mark Milley. Now you may not know this, but he grew up in Boston. It's a little-known fact, unless you've ever met the guy. He calls Boston the Holy Land. So to him, Bobby Orr of the Boston Bruins is a patron saint. And Bobby Orr once said that hockey teams win because of hard work and sacrifice. Without that, he said, skill is just potential. But General Milley has never let his skill languish as just potential. He's always been eager to get into the fight. And I've seen that firsthand over our long history of working together, including one time when he got me blown up, literally. You see, during the Iraq War, I was commanding the 10th Mountain Division, and he was one of my brigade commanders. And during one of my visits, one of his troops was wounded. And Mark said, hey, sir, let's go into town to the hospital to see our soldier. We'll do it at night when it's easier and there's not much activity. And so as we prepare to depart following detailed rehearsals, I said to General Milley, you know, Mark, this just doesn't feel right. But Mark said, hey, don't worry, sir, we do this all the time. So we took route Irish in Baghdad, which was known as the most dangerous road in the world. And we promptly got hit by an IED. It hit my door and shredded the tires on our Humvee. And it was pitch black and smoky. And Mark said, hey, sir, are you OK? I said, Mark, we've just been hit. I'm angry because we can't return fire because the guy ran away. The vehicle is damaged.  And we finally did. And afterwards I asked, hey, General, has this happened to you before? And Mark said, oh, yes, sir, I've been blown up about five times now. Like I said, he was always eager to get into the fight. And he's never hesitated to charge into danger for his troops or for his country. This goes back to his earliest days as an infantryman and a green beret, including his time commanding a battalion in the famed 506 Parachute Infantry Regiment. And during his brigade command, what I saw was what so many others have also seen, his vigor, his grit, and his tremendous leadership potential. So following brigade command, I encouraged him to serve on the joint staff. And there he learned a ton of skills that would help him later in his career. He continued to rapidly climb. And in 2015, he went on to spend four years for demanding years as the chief of staff of the Army. And he loved absolutely every minute of it. And then General Milley agreed to serve another four years in an even tougher job. Now think of everything that our military has done during his tenure as chairman. We've taken on the pacing challenge of the People's Republic of China, confronted a once-in-a-generation pandemic, and led the world to help Ukraine fight back after Russia's imperial invasion. General Milley has a deep sense of history. And he knows that future generations would judge us harshly if we fail to defend the post-war order built by American leadership. And so he hasn't just studied history. He has made history. Now his sense of calling grew out of the proud military family heritage of military service. And General Milley's own life of service would not have been possible without his outstanding family. His wife, Hollyanne, is an accomplished critical care nurse. And she is also the real deal. At a ceremony a few years ago at Arlington National Cemetery, someone collapsed in the crowd. And Hollyanne didn't hesitate. She started CPR and directed someone to call the paramedics. And after a couple of sets of chest compressions, the man finally took a deep breath. And that's not the first time that she saved a life at an event. One time in an Army gala, she performed CPR on someone else in trouble. While wearing an evening gown, and for too many times to count, she's been a lifesaver for Mark and their family. While he was away on deployments, Hollyanne cared for their beloved kids, Peter and Mary. In over the years, the Milley family has moved more than 20 times. Hollyanne has had to transfer her nursing license to nine different states. And she has helped countless military spouses to do the same. And that's made her a strong advocate for military families. So Hollyanne, thank you for your phenomenal service to our country. We're also grateful for Mark and Hollyanne's son, Peter, and his wife, Meredith. And for their daughter, Mary, and her husband, Andrew, and their kids, Alice, Ben, and Clark. And Andrew, thank you for your eight years of service in the US Army, including as a company commander and a troop commander in the 82nd Airborne Division. This is an extraordinary military family. Now, General Milley is a scholar and a warrior. We respect him for his wits, but we love him for his heart. And he's thrown his whole heart into leading this tremendous joint force of soldiers, sailors, airmen, marines, guardians. And in retirement, he'll have more time for his second favorite joint force. The Red Sox, Patriots, Celtics, and the Bruins. Mark, I know that most of all, you're looking forward to spending more time with your grandkids. After a lifetime devoted to the common defense, you have more than earned some time for the pursuit of happiness. So at this bittersweet moment, let me simply say thank you, General. Thank you for all that you have done and for all that you have given. We wish you Godspeed in the chapters still to come. Congratulations, soldier. Now, General Milley is a tough act to follow, but we are fortunate to have a tremendous leader in General Brown. He will guide our brave troops without fail and defend our democracy without flinching. And I'm honored to have the chance to say a few words about our great new chairman of the Joint Chiefs. But before I do, I want to mention some other outstanding American military leaders. I'm truly pleased that the United States Senate recently confirmed General Brown as our next chairman. I'm also glad to welcome General Randy George as our next chief of staff of the army. And General Eric Smith is our next coming out of the Marine Corps. But 367 of our outstanding general and flag officers are now grappling with the uncertainty of a blanket hold. So I urge the Senate to swiftly confirm all of our distinguished military nominees. And that brings me back to our next chairman. That brings me back to our next chairman. You know, I'm told that when General Brown meets with troops, he often asks them, what's your superpower? And that's because CQ knows that each of our service members has something exceptional to contribute. And General Brown is blessed with superpowers himself. I've seen his talents firsthand. When I was commander of Central Command, General Brown was the commander of my air component. And he led forces in combat during the air campaign against ISIS and rallied our allies and partners to help destroy its terrorist caliphate in Iraq and Syria. Now, General Brown also has a superpower for teaching. He did two stints at the fighter weapons school where he taught the air forces most elite airmen. And wherever he goes, he sets a powerful example with his quiet confidence and his deep integrity and his constant compassion. Now, General Brown would not be where he is today without his wife, Shereen, and their sons, Sean and Ross. Shereen has served right alongside CQ through 20 moves. She has helped shape DOD's exceptional family member program so that more families with special needs can get better resources and support. So to Shereen and the entire Brown family, thank you for all that you do to strengthen our military community and for supporting General Brown as he takes the helm of our joint force. General Brown, I know that you'll make us all proud as a chairman. And to our entire joint force, to our entire joint force, today and every day, America is counting on you. We're counting on you to deter aggression wherever we can, to stand ready to fight and to win wherever we must, and to work with our partners for a more secure and peaceful world, and to defend the republic that we love. The watch is changing, but the mission goes on. Thank you for your unwavering commitment to that mighty cause. May God bless you and your families, and may God continue to bless the United States of America. Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States. Thank you very much. Before I began, I want to say a brief word about Senator Iron Finestine who passed away this morning. She was a historic figure, a trailblazer for women and a great friend. Iron made her mark on everything from national security to the environment, gun safety to protecting civil liberties. The country is going to miss her dearly, and so will Jill and I. I have more to say about her later today. Vice President Harris, our second gentleman, Secretary Austin, members of Congress, leaders of the Department of Defense, both current and former friends and officials from around the world. Thank you for being here today to mark the change of responsibility and to celebrate the service of General Mark Milley.  From Panama to Haiti to Bosnia to Afghanistan to Iraq, with a chest full of medals to show for it. A leader who once ran across a bridge booby-trapped with mines to stop two battle tanks evacuating wounded troops from driving across it. A patriot uncompromising in his duty, unflinching in the face of danger, and unwavering in the service for the country. In Hollyanne, none of us can say as much enough about you. You served right alongside him every step of the way, and that's not hyperbole. You served alongside him every step of the way. You pulled double in triple duty to make sure you and Mark were always doing right by your family, supporting the military community while maintaining your own career as a nurse. It's incredible what you've achieved, Hollyanne. The work you've done to increase support for military spouse employment is going to keep improving the lives of military families for a long time. And Peter and Mary, thank you for sharing your dad with us. I know it wasn't easy. All those moves, all those schools, all those months when your dad was deployed, you couldn't be together. Thank you for all, all you've given to our country. And Mark, I know one of the best parts of your time of review is already mentioned by our secretary.  That's going to be fun, man. I'll tell you what, I love my kids. I'm crazy about my grandkids. My grandkids. Now, everyone who has spent time with Mark knows three things about him. Several were already mentioned. One, he's from Boston. He foxes con-cogerizers. He likes maps. And he loves the Constitution. But each of these three things points to something deeper about Mark's character. His Boston heritage isn't just about pride of place. It's pride in what shaped him, the values that have guided his whole life. It's about the father and mother, both veterans of World War II, who set the example of nobility, of the nobility, of serving your country. It's about knowing that his dad was among those who landed in Iwo Jima and that if those young men, his father served alongside, could raise a flag on Mount Surabachi then there's nothing, nothing, nothing America cannot accomplish when we work together. It's about how his parents strived to sacrifice so their children would have every opportunity to chart their own future. It's knowing that everyone who served under his command had their own story. And his view is just as important as his. And this, to this day, whenever Mark's attended events, I've watched him, we've attended many events together. I've watched him. He'll talk to every young person, every veteran, every gold star family who wants to speak to him no matter how long it takes so he can hear their story as well and show his respect. The Boston pride is about knowing where you come from. The maps are about knowing where you are and where you're going. Mark wants to make sure he has the necessary facts to inform his decisions as a leader and his advice to others. As commander-in-chief, I've relied on Mark's counsel because I know he always gives it to me straight no matter what. He always gives it to me straight. He's working with the best information possible and he doesn't hold anything back. During his tenure as chairman, Mark has been a steady hand guiding our military. As we navigate, what I would argue is one of the most complex security environments our world has faced in a long time. He's been critical to strengthening America's existing alliances from NATO to the Indo-Pacific to building new strategic partnerships like AUKUS and keeping our force at a cutting edge in the fields of cyber and space and in America's longest war and continuing to take terrorists off the battlefield. Standing with the brave people of Ukraine and making sure they have the equipment and support they need when they need it to defend their freedom and letting them know how much he respects them. Mark, your partnership has been invaluable to me and I've given my word to that and I think it's been invaluable to Secretary Austin as well. I want to thank you for always seeing, always sharing the whole map with me, the whole map. When we come to the Constitution, that is and always has been, Mark's North Star. I'm so damn proud to serve with him. He's made it the central image on his challenge coin. Those three little words that mean so much to every American but especially to those who stand in the service of our nation, the middle of his challenge coin says, we the people, we the people, to remind all of us what makes us a strong nation, who we are as a democracy and how the United States for more than two centuries has always managed to keep moving forward. Not field to any one person or to a political party but to the idea of America. Idea unlike any other in human history. The idea that we're all created equal. That is what the Constitution saved cards. That's what we swear an oath to and that is why generations of young women and men, Americans of every background and creed have stepped forward to be part of the greatest fighting force in the history of the world and that's not hyperbole. You're the greatest fighting force in the history of the world. I've seen you in Afghanistan, Iraq, but I don't want to get started. And our military is going to keep growing stronger, keep growing stronger with General C.Q. Brown, Charles Q. Brown Jr. as our 24th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Congratulations little buddy. As Mark will tell you, I'll be meeting a lot with you. That said, when I nominated General Brown as a seasoned warrior with deep combat experience, experienced commander of the Joint Force, top flight strategist, a leader known throughout the force for his unmatched judgment and unflappable demeanor. Like General Milley, General Brown is a patriot through and through sworn to uphold and defend the Constitution. He and his wife, Sherene, have dedicated themselves to keeping our military and their families healthy and vibrant. I thank you both and your sons, Sean and Ross, for everything you've given to our country over the years. I look forward to working even more closely with you, C.Q. as we take on the challenges ahead to ensure that our force can continue to deter and defeat any potential threat to the American people. As Secretary Austin noted, I'm glad that General Brown was confirmed by the Senate, along with the new Commandant of the Marine Corps and Army Chief of Staff. But I must be careful here how I say this, but it's thoroughly, totally unacceptable that more than 300 other highly qualified military members are still in limbo. I've been here a long time. I've never seen anything like this. It's outrageous and it must stop. Their promotions, their careers, their families, their future held hostage by the political agenda of one senator in a silence of another 47 of them. To drag on our force, it impacts everything from readiness, to morale, to retention, and to an insult, an insult to the officers, years of dedicated service. Our troops deserve so much better and the House fails to fulfill its most basic function that fails to fund government by tomorrow. We'll have failed all our troops.  Thousands of Defense Department civilians and civilian servants will be sent home. And the longer they shut down last, the harder it will be to become, the harder it will become for military families to pay their bills. We can't be playing politics while our troops stand in the breach. It's an absolute dereliction of duty. As leaders, we must never lose sight of the direct impacts of the decisions we make and the impact they have on the lives and families around the world. General Milley, General Brown, Secretary Austin, and all the many great leaders across every branch of our military, you've got to where you are by demonstrating extraordinary care and concern for the troops you command. It's a lived leadership of being in the field alongside your troops, sharing their hardships, holding each other together when times are hard, never forgetting the humanity beneath the uniform. It's an enormous credit to each of them personally and an enormous asset for our country. Secretary Austin told the story of how he and General Milley got blown up together by an IED in Iraq. But the part of the story that stands out to me is the reason they were on root Irish that night to begin with, the reason they were there. They were going to see these soldiers who had been wounded. In fact, during that tour in Iraq you'd often find then Colonel Milley down at that hospital sitting with the wounded so they wouldn't be alone rounding up his troops for an impromptu blood drive if the docks let him know they were running low on units. Putting an arm around his team, gathering them together, seeing to their injuries both physical and mental when war extracts the greatest of tolls. That's leadership. That's patriotism. That's strength. That's Mark Milley. Mark, you know how strongly I feel about you. You've given remarkable service to our country. You've done honor, you've done honor to the uniform of our nation. You upheld your oath. Thank you. Thank you, my friend. Thank you for being my friend. May God bless you all and may God protect our troops. Ladies and gentlemen, General Brown to our congressional leaders our Department of Defense leadership both past and present. Our many distinguished guests, family, friends, joint teammates, allies and partners, service members and families of the United States Armed Forces. Good morning. Before going any further Shree and I would like to express our gratitude to the many that have played a role in our journey thus far. To the Air Force leadership Airmen and families we had the opportunity to work with and for the past three years with the opportunity to continue serving and to go all we had a role in making today possible. We very much appreciate all of you done and will continue to do and we're grateful for your presence to witness today's ceremony with each leadership opportunity I've had during my career I've been honored, blessed and focused on the task ahead. Today is no exception. President Biden Vice President Harris thank you for your trust and confidence that you placed in me and for your leadership and commitment to our service members and their families. Secretary Austin thank you for your guidance your mentorship and your faith in my abilities. Mr. President and Vice President, Mr. Secretary I'm honored to have the opportunity to continue serving our nation to the millies more in the end thank you for your years of dedication for an exceptional job well done and thank you for your leadership it's an honor for me and Sherene to follow in your footsteps and the footsteps of all the chairman and spouses before us God has smiled on me one more time and blessed me with another opportunity well beyond my own expectations I'm blessed with a tremendous family my commissioning officer and my most influential mentor my father Charles he told me in high school that four years in the military wouldn't hurt me my mother Kay who didn't object to the idea has been my most vocal supporter all along the way I'm blessed by the unwavering support and the influence and memory of my younger brother Kevin I owe my success to the sacrifice, love and support of Sherene and our sons, Sean and Ross Sherene has not only committed so much to our family but she has become such a strong advocate for our military families as a result of her commitment and advocacy Sean and Ross are both accomplished in their own right Sherene, Sean and Ross are both globally signing my permission slip each morning pending it to my backpack and allow me to report for duty the three of you never raised your right hand to take an oath but I know your sacrifice is well beyond what I might appreciate your encouragement, love and support for me and each other has been the cornerstone of our family finally I've been blessed by my own brothers who didn't object as far as I know when I asked Sherene to marry me I'm blessed by the aunts, uncles, cousins close friends and mentors many who are here today who have supported me and played a role in my development to make me a better person a better officer and a better leader as we step out together in today's uncertain security landscape honing our war fighting skills as primacy in all we do we must focus on integrating our military power within our services across the joint force and with our allies and partners to deter aggression to fight when called upon and to decisively fulfill our war we must focus on modernizing and aggressively meeting with new concepts and approaches finally trust is the foundation of our profession as chairman every day I will focus on strengthening the bonds of trust across our force ensuring the American people know their military and its service members active, guard, reserve and civilian only as the unwavering defenders of the Constitution and servants of our nation in closing when I became the chief of staff of the Air Force three years ago I expressed a need to accelerate change my conviction to the United States of America the journey of change must continue to strengthen our national security tremendous privilege to serve as the 21st chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff focused on sharpening our war fighting prowess in defense of our national interest thank you for joining us for today's ceremony God bless our service members and their families and God bless the United States of America thank you Mr. General Milley well thank you all for being here and this is the last time you'll ever hear me in uniform so that alone is cause for applause Mr. President Madam Vice President Secretary Austin Distinguished guests and family and friends good morning and thank you all for being here today Mr. President thank you for your unwavering leadership guiding our great nation and the trust when you were inaugurated you didn't have to do that but you did and I appreciate it your steadfast commitment to our troops and their families has strengthened our military making us stronger and more capable than ever before and I've seen you in the breach I've seen you on the watch and I know firsthand that you're a man of incredible integrity so thank you for your leadership and Secretary Austin thank you for leading our department with character and courage and also incredible integrity you served our nation consistently for nearly five decades now in and out of uniform a silver star recipient a man of enormous courage both moral and physical I am personally thankful for your guidance and your vision over the last 30 years that you and I have served together in peace and war the members of Congress I want to take a moment and just acknowledge the tremendous service of Senator Feinstein and may she rest in peace in the eternal embrace of God's comfort and to all of her colleagues on the Hill the Senate and the House and all the elected officials that are here today and those that are not you collectively demonstrate the American will and we are viewed as either unified or divisive that is your choice but everybody watches we in uniform appreciate your current support and we count on your future support and to our allies and partners your presence demonstrates our shared interests and common values and our robust network of allies and partners is a key source of our collective strength since the American Revolution the United States of America has never fought alone I'd also like to thank all the former secretaries of defense and the secretaries of the services and former secretaries of the services that are here today along with the current Joint Chiefs the former Joint Chiefs the current combatant commanders the former combatant commanders and all the generals and dignitaries that are here a special thanks goes to my joint staff and my front office who gave a robust clap out when I left yesterday had double meaning they were exceptional under intense pressure in a fast-paced environment where the costs were high over the last 40 plus years my thanks also goes to all my former commanding officers and non-commissioned officers many of whom are here today my teammates a platoon and company battalion brigade division corps and beyond way too many to mention my name but each of you in your own way provided me with the advice mentorship and support and I am eternally grateful there's also three groups of people here today who deserve special recognition and who represent the very best of our nation we have here today several Medal of Honor recipients who serve with uncommon valor beyond the call of duty they are the epitome of courage in the face of death and second is our wounded warriors who are here today one of whom you saw earlier seeing God bless America they represent the thousands of those wounded in action who sacrifice so much in the defense of liberty and third are gold star families many of them are here today they carry on the legacy of those in uniform who gave the last full measure of devotion so that our nation would remain free the soldiers sailors airmen and coast guards many of whom are standing watch at this very moment and are represented in the field before you thank you thank you for your service thank you for your sacrifice you are in fact the most capable and lethal military force in the world today and in all of human history and let me thank my family my family and friends that are here conclude my classmates from Princeton so maybe we could hear you shout that was pretty weak actually so not sure what to make of that but I was made an honorary member of the class of 1980 from West Point so all the West Point classmates maybe we could hear from you oh that's even weaker let me go back to Princeton that's all the result of last night so and of course my actual family deserves my greatest and deepest gratitude I was blessed with great parents who taught me what it meant to serve and how lucky we were to be born in America in a country where you will rise or fall based on your merit and where you're going to be judged by the content of your character my mother was a navy wave in a military hospital in Seattle taking care of the wounded returning from the Central Pacific during World War II while my father served with the 4th Marine Division as a navy corpsman in the Central Pacific making the assault landings at Kowajilin Saipan Tinian and Iwo Jima neither one of them ever went to college but they knew what this country was about they were working class Americans who taught me and my siblings the values that truly make this country great my father taught me that you have to plant the flag on Sarabachi that was a lesson he took from Iwo Jima he meant that no matter the challenge no matter how difficult it is no matter the cost you must accomplish your mission you have to drive on you have to be resilient you have to keep moving forward until you complete your mission there is no quitting like most kids we owe our parents everything I also want to recognize my cousins who are here the McCalls and the Murphy's and so many others that are with us today and my older brother Sandy is here with his wife and sons and our sister Mary Catherine who recently passed but I know she along with our parents are here in spirit but most importantly I want to say thanks to my wife for 38 years Hollyanne you have been the anchor of our family essentially a single mom to two wonderful kids during two decades of war like so many other spouses of those of us in uniform you buried our dead you comforted the families in their grief you cared for our wounded in ways not seen by most you were always there for our military families with love and compassion in the darkest of moments I know you never expected the heavy burden of being married to someone like me but the good Lord blessed me to have you walk this path of struggle for the last 40 years I love you more than words can ever express and to Mary and Peter the sacrifice of those of us in the military is always felt by our families but most of all most heavily the burden falls on our children you attended 11 different schools and 24 moves Mary you were just born when I went into Panama and you were 12 and Peter was 10 when terrorists attacked this country on 9-1-1 and you watched your dad deploy year in and year out for the next decade and a half you dealt with struggles that children should never have to be burdened with the fear that your father would never come home some of the fathers and mothers of your friends were in fact killed in action and others were wounded and you saw that trauma you saw that pain you saw that agony through the eyes of a child and you like the children of every soldier sacrifice more than most in this crowd will ever know but through it all you have persevered and you've grown into incredible adults with families of your own you make me and mom so proud of everything you've done and everything you will do I could not have made it through four and a half decades of military service without each of you I'm deeply honored to have worn the cloth of this nation for 43 and a half years and I'm humbled to have served as the 20th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Force as I said is the most lethal and capable military in the world and our enemies know it we are currently standing watch on Freedom Frontier with a a quarter of a million troops deployed in 150 countries in the last four years we've executed countless operations exercises and training around the world we've destroyed ISIS and served justice to beg daddy we've supported Ukraine in their fight for freedom against Putin's war of aggression and strengthened the NATO alliance we maintained stability in Asia we fought terrorists in Africa and the Middle East we defended the homeland provided support and countless disasters protected the American people during COVID and more than 800,000 of us served in Afghanistan and to each of you be proud that you protected this country for 20 consecutive years at great cost with 2,326 killed in action and 20,713 of us wounded alongside your brave colleagues from CIA and FBI and Department of State and USCID and many others from our government and our allies and partners hold your head high you served you did what your country asked and each of you served with honor, courage, skill and dignity and never forget that today our joint force is ready right now as we are here at Fort Mayer on this field there are 60 to 100 United States Navy warships sailing the seven seas to ensure freedom of navigation and our Coast Guard has saved countless lives at sea right now in the last 24 hours we flew over 5,000 sorties and we do that every day to protect our homeland support our allies and keep the skies safe our space force is rapidly expanding into that new domain and our Army and Marines are currently forward deployed to maintain peace and stability throughout the world and simultaneously this joint force is preparing for the future we're investing in capabilities to sustain our military overmatch and modernize the force and our pace forward will not stop General C.Q. Brown is the right leader to accelerate change he's the right man at the right time to carry on the mission of this great military C.Q. knows how to lead a global fighting force he will build combat readiness and there's no doubt you'll meet the challenges of tomorrow and beside him is his wife Serene and their sons who have been pillars of support throughout this journey congratulations to you and your family and C.Q. we look forward to your leadership over the next four years you're a man of character and integrity and that is your most important quality so thank you C.Q. for what you're about to do but today it's not about anyone up here on this stage it's not about the president the secretary of defense me, C.Q. it's not about us it's about something much larger than all of us it's about our democracy it's about our republic it's about the colors that are posted behind me it's about the ideas and the values that make up this great experiment in liberty those values and ideas are contained within the Constitution of the United States of America which is the moral north star for all of us who have the privilege of wearing the cloth of our nation it is that document the idea that is America it is that document that gives purpose to our service it is that document that gives purpose to our lives it is that document that all of us in uniform swear to protect and defend against all enemies foreign and domestic that has been true across generations and we in uniform are willing to die to pass that document off to the next generation so it is that document that gives ultimate purpose to our death the motto of our country is from the many come one we are one nation under God we are indivisible with liberty for all and the motto of our army for over 200 years since 14 June 1775 when a company of Pennsylvania riflemen formed it the motto has been this will defend and that this refers to the Constitution the Constitution of the United States that we the people in order to form a more perfect union to protect the liberty of this country you see we in uniform are unique we are unique among the world's armies we are unique among the world's militaries we don't take an oath to a country we don't take an oath to a tribe we don't take an oath to a religion we don't take an oath to a king or a queen or a tyrant or a dictator and we don't take an oath to a wannabe dictator we don't take an oath to an individual we take an oath to the Constitution and we take an oath to the idea that is America and we are willing to die to protect it every soldier, sailor, airman marine, guardian and coast guardman each of us commits our very life to protect and defend that document regardless of personal price and we are not easily intimidated more than 1.1 million in uniform have paid the supreme sacrifice to include the 400,000 that rest in eternal peace at all international cemeteries those who sacrifice themselves on the altar of freedom in the last two and a half centuries of this country must not have done so in vain the millions wounded in our nation's wars did not sacrifice their limbs and shed their blood to see this great experiment in democracy perished from this earth no we in the United States military will always be true to those that came before us we will never under any circumstances turn our back on our duty Thomas Paine famously wrote in his pamphlet the crisis these are the times that try men's souls the summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in this crisis shrink from the service of their country but he that stands by it now deserves the love and thanks of man and women and tyranny like hell is not easily conquered from the earliest days before we were even a nation our military stood there stood on the wall stood in the breach and suffered the crucible of combat and stood the watch and defended liberty for all Americans each of us signs a blank check to this country to protect our freedom the blood we spill pays for our freedom of speech our blood pays for the right to assemble the press, our right to vote and all the other rights and privileges that come with being an American it is the blood of our fallen it is the blood of our wounded that sustains our freedom and we should always be inspired by them we should never forget them and we should always honor them that is why my father's uncle fought and was wounded at the Musargon in 1918 that's why his other uncle fought and was hurt happily in 1916 that's why my uncle my father's brother was at Normandy and while my mother's brother was in the Philippines that is why he had another uncle fought in Korea and my cousins fought in Vietnam that is why my mother treated those returning from the Pacific and that is why my father hit the beach at Ibu Jima so that we the people of our perfect union may enjoy the fruits of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness we the American people we the American military must never turn our back on those that came before us and we will never turn our back on the Constitution that is our North Star that is who we are and that is why we fight thank you and may God bless our military and may God bless the United States of America 44 years this soldier stood and watched while many of us were in our bunk at night this husband stood and watched of us that were in school were in our trade this father stood and watched yes the before us were in this world this army captain stood and watched while the storm war grew back on the horizon of history this green beret stood and watched many times he was deployed to the front of land he cast an eye across the ocean to see Kalyan Lampy Peter and his grandchildren standing on the shore leaving his love, comfort and a hand to hold during those tough times but he still stood the watch for 44 years he stood the watch to ensure our Constitution could be safely passed to the next generation and so his fellow Americans could toil to form a more perfect union and sleep soundly each and every night knowing that warriors like him stood and watched today we are here to say General the watch stands relieved relieved by those you've trained relieved by those you've mentored and relieved by those you have led for 44 years General Mark A. Millan you stand relieved we have the watch standing for the playing of the songs of the armed services the United States Coast Guard please remain in place until the departure of the presidential motorcade


Coronavirus. Karen's are on the loose and a pastor gets arrested because he put on a church service. Let's talk about it Hey guys, what's going on? My name is Isaac David and if you're new to this channel This is the daily disciple where I help you follow Jesus daily first off I just want to give a huge shout outs to my patrons on patreon at this point during the Coronavirus, I'm not able to use do my normal job So that means I'm kind of full-time content creation and my patrons on patreon are a huge blessing So if you'd like to support me on patreon head on over to patreon.com slash daily underscore disciple to give monthly to the work and ministry that I'm doing also subscribe to the channel because I'm Putting out new videos all the time. So here we are in the state of Coronavirus and just dealing with this new reality that we're all living in and so some a number of videos have surfaced And how do we respond as Christians? What is the take on this? Let's talk about all that and you know along with this conversation I think we got to come in with a lot of just a wisdom and discernment and this idea of just nuance because You know as much as we just want to throw each other into maybe camps or try to put labels on each other Or or call each other names even in the Christian community based on our perspectives on this stuff I think it's really important to come in with a lot of grace and understanding for one another as we're trying to discern You know, what's wise in this situation? So to give you a little bit of backstory at least on me. I'm 21 years old I live in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and in Canada here at least in my city Every non-essential business has been shut down. So government mandate is shut down. So that included Churches so at this point churches are not able to meet Physically in their church building that they have and this has caused a lot of people Across the world because this has happened across the world in the United States to just begin to wrestle with you know Hey, the government's telling us to shut down. Should we do that? What what is wise here? What what is our calling as Christians? We know the Bible says hey Don't forsake the assembling of the saints, but at the same time we're supposed to love our neighbor and care for them So what is the wisest thing to do in this situation? So I have a couple just random thoughts that I've been writing down and as you can tell from my hair I've just been you know in quarantine mode haven't left the house I've just been writing and my head's a little bit in shambles. Maybe you could say but anyway I have a couple thoughts on this number one is look the fact that government is telling churches They have to close down. We shouldn't be celebrating that we shouldn't be rejoicing in that That that's that's not a great thing For churches for government to kind of step over over their jurisdiction into the church and start ordering around the church Like that's not something we were happy about or or we should be happy about As Christians we want to fellowship. We desire to fellowship with one another digital fellowship is not is not an appropriate Substitute for that. It's less than it is not ideal There's this idea that's been going around this idea that the cure should not be worse than the disease As I've been wrestling with this and I have to say I'm not gonna come in this video with a super hot take because I'm Still processing this but but also this idea. Okay, the cure shouldn't be worse than the disease Part of the problem is that we don't have enough information to really make those judgments at this point Okay, just to get this out of the way, you know Some people are shutting down their churches and other people are not and some people that are not are saying that the people that are are you know Not keeping this this this calling to you know the assembly of the saints and they're submitting to the government and They're giving the government too much power over them and other people that are Continuing or shutting down their services or saying this other said hey look you're putting your neighbors at rescue You know we got to be wise in this and and you know, it's all about safety this kind of idea So I understand I really do understand both sides of the argument But as we're kind of processing this I think there's definitely a message that we should be getting behind in terms of the Christian Perspective on the coronavirus and a lot of these videos that I'm gonna show you here They're they're putting forth a really dangerous message that I think as Christians that nobody should be on the side of this Let me show you what I mean by watching these videos I asked you about your decision to go to church to be inside that building.  I'm in Walmart. I'm deep.   I'm a Christian. So I can't get sick This is very different than saying something like oh, I'm gonna continue to go to church because it's you know It's Jesus it God's calling on the believer to continue to meet with the with the Saints I don't want to neglect that and I don't want to give the government jurisdiction over the church I can understand that kind of argument But this idea that hey, I'm not gonna get sick anywhere Anyway, or nobody else is gonna get sick because I'm a Christian is very misguided and I'll tell you why but first Let's watch this video of this Florida pastor to give you a little bit of a background on this There's a there's particular prominent Florida pastor that continue to hell hold billion big services even in amidst kind of a Law that went by That said don't you know don't leave your house basically don't don't have these big events But the pastor went on and did it and this was kind of his Argument to why he did it's troubling stuff teen machines that basically killed every virus in the place Pastor Rodney Howard Brown defending his decision to stay open in this video posted to his YouTube channel if they sneeze it It shoots it down like a hundred miles an hour. It'll it'll neutralize it in split second So this Florida pastor was saying hey look we got these zappers that whenever you come into the church or whatever We got these things that take away, you know the coronavirus isn't isn't here on that kind of thing and so Not only has there been no kind of verification behind those claims, which just seemed totally absurd and And very strange honestly But there is this common idea and we can can we can begin to talk about it a little bit now Of some of these churches that are continuing to meet meet that because they're Christians They can't get sick. I think this kind of belief system that hey look, you know, we're Christians We're not gonna get sick here, you know It kind of stems from this kind of prosperity gospel movement this neighborhood and claimant Movement where people believe that Jesus when they become a Christian that Jesus is gonna make them healthy wealthy and Comfortable this idea that okay. Hey look, you know what once we're Christians, you know God's got our backs So nothing nothing troubling or difficult or or any time it's the kind of suffering is gonna happen to us Because because we're Christians whether you're continuing to meet as a church or not I don't think anybody From the Christian community or the body of Christ should be saying hey look we're meeting because nobody's gonna get Sick like to me that is that is a complete misunderstanding of of the Christian life We are gonna encounter difficulty. We are like partaking in the suffering of this fallen world If you've been a Christian for any length of time you realize that your brokenness is still very apparent Physically emotionally and when we talk about mental health these issues are still there There's still we're still battling with Christians deal with suffering Christians get the coronavirus Christians will get sick non Christians will get sick But our goal here is to speak into the situation with the Biblically oriented perspective Okay, I want to read here from Romans 826 and I think these verses are really relevant to what we're talking about now in terms of Just gotta allow sickness. What what is God God's purpose in this and this is likewise a spirit helps us in our weakness For we do not know what to pray as we ought but the spirit himself Intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words and he who searches hearts knows what is in the mind of the Spirit Because the Spirit intercedes for the Saints according to the will of God and we know that for those who love God all things work together For good for those who are called according to his purpose Okay, I want to talk about that last verse and this is for all things work together for good for those who are called according to his Purpose, okay, what does it mean when it says all things? Okay, does that include the coronavirus? I think so I don't see any reason not to include that when it says all things work together The difficulty the struggle the sickness the suffering all things work together for good. What does it mean by good?  That means I'll never encounter suffering. I'll always be happy comfortable and wealthy No, what what is this idea of good then? Well, I think the Bible continually points to something more than just worldly success or worldly comfort or worldly wealth It's something transcendent. It's transcendent meaning and purpose that gives God glory this idea of good all things work together for good I just have to believe that that is pointing towards God. That is leading us towards God The ultimate good is God so it's not leading us toward happiness or working things out So we can be happy or comfortable or or wealthy, but it's leading us to God in this these greater meaningful Purposeful thing. Does that mean we understand God's purposes like even in the corona virus? Whether you're attending church or not kind of shifting from that at this point, but okay, but what is what are God's purposes in this? This is a scary thing. This is a we have lots of anxiety does God have control over that what's going on here What's God's purpose in this and and I have to believe in my heart What what I've read in the scripture is that if we understood God's purposes fully then we wouldn't need to trust him we wouldn't need to have faith in him and that that would take away a whole aspect of of of our growth and our Relationship with God because ultimately we need to trust him. We need to have faith in him That is going to be the game changer. It's not about trying to figure out. Oh, what is God? You know, what is God doing here? What's going on here? But it's God I don't necessarily want to know what's going on and the suffering is hard and and life is hard But I trust you I trust you and ultimately that is what God is asking from you He's not asking you to have everything figured out. He's not asking you to know exactly what he's doing He's not asking you to have a perfect response to this Because ultimately we're all flawed. We're just trying to figure that this out We're trying to be discerning and that's why I say have so much grace for people as they're trying to work through What this life this reality looks like for them how to best honor God in it? And and you know what we're called to trust him in the anxiety in the uncertainty He is trustworthy. So that is my encouragement for you today I hope you enjoyed this video and ultimately I would say, you know, if you're seeing people say this stuff in terms of Oh, you know what? I'm a Christian. I can't get the coronavirus. I'll just point them to the fact Hey, look, you know what we still partake in suffering on this earth But ultimately our calling and our hope is for Eternity and and living for eternal things and yes, we will have suffering on this earth Paul suffered greatly But there was a deeper purpose and a deeper meaning that he found in Christ And that is what we're looking for that is what we ought to be pointing people Thank you so much for watching guys It is a pleasure to be able to talk to you guys and chat with you online This is my dream come true is to be able to speak to you guys and just communicate the gospel think biblically about current events And that is my passion. So thank you so much for supporting me on patreon once again It is huge blessing subscribe to the channel if you haven't done it before and you know share a video with your friends If you find them helpful, thanks so much for watching guys, and I'll see you next time. God bless


Let us see about two cognitive biases in research that is anchoring bias and framing effect. Anchoring bias is people's tendency to fix on the first piece of information they receive, especially when it concerns numbers. Most commonly in investments are purchases. To avoid this anchoring bias, we need to critically appraise the actual value of the product and we need to compare it with the actual market price before making into any conclusions. On the other hand, framing effect is due to our tendency to decide based on how the information is presented to us. For example, in this case, the label of yogurt contains that there is a presence of 20% fat. The chance of we choosing that yogurt label will be less when compared to the label where it is written 80% fat free. So, we tend to choose where the labels give positive and happy effects. We need to avoid this anchoring bias and framing effect not only in the research and also in real-life situations.


All right. I just want to welcome you, everybody, back. I literally haven't seen this group for a long time. It has been great to see so many familiar faces. And this community has been growing so much, so we're really proud to be here. We actually had to switch rooms, because so many actually signed up. So welcome. And we'll have a lot to cover. Ivorish, do you want to introduce yourself? Does this work? OK. Hello. Hi. Hi, everyone. I'm Ivoraj. I've been working with the CAPI community for about a year. I work at VMware. Yep. And I'm Vince. I also work at VMware. And I've been with Cluster API since APOC. And this project has seen a lot of iterations. So let's start with what is Cluster API? Does anyone here already know what Cluster API is? I see some maintainers over here raising their hands. All right. So Kubernetes is hard. But managing Kubernetes is even harder. Changing and understanding the Kubernetes APIs, it's a steep learning curve. And you get into a lot of these reactions. It's like, I'm going to make a meme out of it, because that's what I'm going to do. We're trying to solve the cluster lifecycle part of it. So this is the definition that we usually give. So we have Cluster API running on Kubernetes, using Kubernetes itself to run other Kubernetes clusters. Take that in for a second. Now, we want to focus on the creation, configuration, and management. On a wider level, we want to make this whole operation boring.  You just type a website in, and it just loads. I would like to have the same experience, or close enough, at least, to that experience. But there's a lot of stuff that runs under the hood when you do that in your browser. And Cluster API is really complex as well. We have a few key principles. Extensibility is one of them. We want to make sure that whenever we provide defaults, you can actually swap them. That is one of our key principles. So when we design our APIs, we always adhere to these things. And your version is going to go into a lot of these later on through the demo. The other key principle that we have is to focus on the 80%. What that means is we usually try to collect as many requirements and use cases as possible to really understand what the problem we're solving is. Because without knowing that, we don't know what to do. So whenever we create a new field, we create a new CRD, a customer source definition, and we give it out, we make sure to collect and just spread out to the mailing list, Slack channels, whenever we can to get more and more use cases. So if you haven't done so already, please reach out. So at the end of last year, in October, Cluster API became production ready. This was a major milestone for this team. It took five years to get here. We publish a blog post with CNCF, and I'll go into some of the quotes. But I want to stop here for a second. Our best feature is actually the community that's behind it.  This is the blog post. Please check it out.  The reason I'm focusing on this right now is that we have so many end users that use Cluster API in production today. So for example, Twilio has a whole team building on Cluster API. I won't go into all the quotes. They're on the website if you want to do that later. But they run 100 plus production clusters. Giant Swarm, they went all in on Cluster API like a few years back, and they were back in the community as well. Spectro Cloud, heavy user of Cluster API. Towel Systems, they have a custom bootstrap provider for Cluster API. That's where the battery is included, but it's wappable. We have QBDM entry, but they built their own provider. So we literally also are welcoming in our APIs in some ways. New Relic has a whole team dedicated to Cluster API. They're using and building on top of it internally. Red Hat, same thing. They use a bunch of the APIs that we have today, and we expose. Dutch Telecom, it's a huge, huge company that's using Cluster API. They have done a demo a year or so ago on how their deployments. Really complex. It's on our YouTube channel. Please go check it out. It's really, really cool. The US Army software factory is using Cluster API in production today. That's something. The US Army is using Cluster API. I didn't know that until we actually published the one point of release. Azure is deeply, deeply involved. We have the CAP-Z Cluster API Azure provider that focuses on providing a great experience for Cluster API for all their customers. Amazon EKS anywhere is also built on top of Cluster API. D2IQ, Samsung, SDS uses Cluster API in their production clusters. SK Telecom uses Cluster API as well. And they're a hybrid cloud company, and they have like a massive deployment of Cluster API. Mercedes-Benz, you probably have seen the talk, like about the 700 cluster that were moved. We have a few people here, actually, from Mercedes. You've seen probably in the keynote. They're also using Cluster API, and it has been like a great experience. At the end, also VMware is using Cluster API. As you might all know, look, we have a great team focused on building the best we can. There is a few links here, like all the talks about Cluster API. The notes will be published online later, so please check them out. They're really great talks. I think the other one was actually overflowing. So definitely check out the video later. Yuvarash? Hi. So we've seen how good Cluster API is and how the community is growing. So let's take a closer look at how does it work? How does Cluster API work? While it looks like Cluster API is doing magic, let's go under the hood and actually see how that magic happens. So in Cluster API, we have this concept of a management cluster, which is responsible for creating and operating a fleet of workload clusters. So workload clusters is where we will deploy our workloads, like our Kubernetes workloads. And the management cluster can be any Kubernetes cluster, as long as it is conforming. So it could be your local kind cluster. It could be a cluster on any of the managed services, like AKS, EKS, or it could be another Cluster API created cluster. And the important thing to note here is that the same management cluster is creating and operating clusters across clouds and across various providers at the same time. So you can have an AWS cluster, a GCP cluster, an Azure cluster, all managed by a single point, the management cluster. So the users have to only interact with the management cluster, of course, through YAML because Kubernetes. And you can have a fleet of clusters managed by a single point. So let's take a closer look at what is inside the management cluster, what makes up the management cluster. So you heard the word providers a few times right now. So in Cluster API, we have four kinds of providers, the core provider, the infrastructure provider, the control plane provider, and the bootstrap provider. And these providers extend the Kubernetes API using custom resource definitions, commonly referred to as CRDs. And they come with their own CRD definitions and also controllers. So the reconcilers, as you probably already know, are responsible for maintaining the state between what's actually present and what is the desired state. So the core providers, as part of the core providers, we ship some definitions like the cluster definition, the machine deployment definition, the machine set, and machines. The infrastructure provider is the connector in between that is responsible for interacting with the cloud. So for example, if you have an AWS provider, it'll know how to interact with the AWS APIs for us to be able to do cluster API things. And then we have a control plane provider, which is responsible for initializing our control plane, bringing up bootstrapping and all of those things. And then we have a bootstrap provider, which is responsible for bootstrapping other worker nodes into our Kubernetes cluster. So let's take a closer look at how all of these CRDs are working relation with each other so that we get a better idea of how cluster API operates on some of these new types. So this is a rough tree on the dependencies between the objects that we just saw, the CRDs that we just saw. So at the top left, you can see the cluster definition. So that's the kind of the root of the whole idea. And the cluster definition generally holds specification that are environment agnostic. And it is responsible for maintaining the cluster's lifecycle. So environment agnostic configurations like the pod and the service site and the DNS domains, those go into the cluster definition. Some of you might have observed the topology section with a comment saying this is an alpha feature. We'll go more into that in a bit. It's really interesting, so keep that in mind. Next, followed by that is the infrastructure cluster. So examples for infrastructure cluster involve the AWS cluster, the Azure cluster, the GCP cluster. You can have bare metal cluster instances and so on. So these generally contain the specification involved for the specific cloud providers. So for example, the AWS cluster will have configurations on which region you want your cluster to spin up in. What SSH key should it use and so on? Then comes the control plane. The most common control plane, at least the one that we ship with CAPI, is the Cubadium-based control plane. So in the spec, you will see that the Cubadium configuration is part of the spec, like the init configuration, the init configuration, the join configuration, and so on. And in the control plane spec, you will also see that there is a reference to the machine spec which is used to define how the underlying machine for those control planes is supposed to look like. And it also has a replicas so that we can scale up and scale on our control planes and also the Kubernetes version that we care about. Next is the machine deployment. So now that we have our control plane defined, we need something to define our machine deployments, which basically make up our work onwards. So a machine deployment to machines is very similar to the Kubernetes deployment to pods. A deployment in Kubernetes represents a collection of pods that are all kind of similar. And a machine deployment is exactly the same. A machine deployment represents a collection of machines that are exactly similar, that you can scale up, scale down, and you have a version that you can specify. The Kubernetes version that you can specify, which makes up the Kubernetes version of the eventual target workload cluster. So with that, let's check out what's new in the project right now. So as Vins mentioned, we just hit the V1 milestone release. And with that, we shipped our V1 beta 1 APIs, which is huge and special thanks to all the contributors who helped us get to this big milestone. Next, we have a huge UX improvement called cluster class and managed topologies. We'll talk about that in a bit. It is designed to improve how our end user interacts with cluster API. As you just saw, we have to deal with the tree of objects right now to interact with cluster API and manage your target cluster. So with cluster class and managed topologies, that improves. And you don't have to deal with a big surface as before. So we'll take a closer look at that. And we also introduce ignition support for bootstrapping and also flat car OS. Cluster Cuttle, which is our CLI that is used to interact with and bootstrap our cluster API, is now available on Windows. And we also have arm support for it. And our provider community is growing by a lot. These are just some of the new providers that join at the moment. I think we have around 30 plus provider support for cluster API. So that's a huge community right now. Cluster class and managed topologies. So eventually, our goal is to create the tree that we see on the right. But cluster class has this idea that we just want to define the structure of a cluster, the topology of our cluster once, and just reuse it across multiple clusters so that we just have one object called the cluster object in which we'll have a topology section, which can then be used to stamp out clusters that look the same multiple times. So that would look something like this. So we just have a cluster object at that point, which all references the same cluster class. And then by changing the values in the managed topology, you can spin out multiple clusters, which kind of look same, but are different in their own way. Let's take a look at the cluster class and managed topologies demo to better understand it. Let's see. So I have a kind cluster in my local. I have a kind cluster in my local. I'm going to use this as my management cluster. It's already been initialized so that it becomes the management cluster. And as you can see, we have the different kinds of providers already installed on this kind cluster. So we have the core provider. We have a control plane provider. We have a bootstrap provider. And we have two infrastructure providers. I also have two cluster classes installed here right now. So one is called the Docker demo class. And one's called AWS demo class. I know very interesting names. So let's just take a look at the Docker demo class right now. If you look at the Docker demo class, it has a section for how the control plane is supposed to look like. And it just references some control plane templates, like the QBDM control plane template. It has a section for how the underlying infrastructure cluster is supposed to look like. And it has sections on how the worker deployments should look like. And all the templates that are referenced in cluster class are also defined within the same YAML file. So cluster class is just a collection of templates. It doesn't do anything by itself. And now let's take a look at a cluster object that is using this cluster class. So if you look at a cluster object, I have a Docker cluster object here. You can see that it has the topology section that we saw before in which it specifies, OK, I want to use, I want to create a cluster that is based out of the Docker demo cluster class. So the Docker demo cluster class already has information on how the underlying infrastructure is supposed to look like. Like what templates am I supposed to use while creating the underlying infrastructure? So we just have additional configuration on top of it that most users will care about, which is how many replicas of the control plane do I want? What labels do I want to apply on my control plane machines? Similarly, how many replicas of my worker machines do I want? And what labels do I want to apply and stuff like that? And the most important thing, we just have one place where we can define the Kubernetes version. So just define it there. And you can guarantee that cluster API will propagate the version across. And you can relax and don't have to worry about upgrades. In fact, we'll actually try to do an upgrade and see how that works. So for the purposes of this demo, I'll be creating target clusters which are based on Docker so that they are quicker. So let's just create one. So I just created a Docker cluster. So if you look at it, so we have the Docker cluster created, the cluster object created. We have the Docker cluster created. We have the control plane object created. And we have the machine deployments created. So you can see. So I have three watches here right now. The first one is watching the control plane so that they can see that it's actually rolling out. The second one is a watcher on the machine deployments. And I also have a section for the Kubernetes version just so that we can actually use that while we do an upgrade. And the third one is just a watcher on the machines. And perfect timing. So the first machine is trying to come up, which will be part of our control plane. And as soon as the control planes machines come up, the control plane is then considered ready. And once that is done, the machine deployments, machines are going to come up. And then the machine deployments will also join the control plane. And then the cluster should be ready at that point. So the machine deployments, machines are also coming up. And I'm cheating a little bit here. There is something called cluster resource definition within cluster API. You can look it up later. I'm just using that to install the CNI so that I don't have to install it by hand right now. So as I was saying, so while this is getting created, I can show you that we also have a second cluster definition, which is called the second cluster 2 fancy name, which is using the same class as we saw before. But right now, it's changing the topology of the target cluster a little. So it introduces a control plane with the same version, but it now has a second machine deployment section, which has additional labels that you can use on your target clusters, which could be important. Like, for example, you want a GPU marker to identify the machines that have GPU support and so on.  So our KCP is ready, our machine deployments are ready, so everything's ready. Now let's try and actually upgrade the cluster. So we are on version 123.4. Now let's upgrade it to 123.3. Let's upgrade it to 123.4. So as we mentioned before, the goal with the SIG is to make cluster lifecycle management as boring as possible. And what could be more boring than editing a Cliamel file? So this is the cluster definition for the Docker cluster that we just created. So if you just change the version here, and that is it. So we just triggered an upgrade for our cluster. You can see that the control plane has picked up the new version, the 123.4. And it started reconciling so that the control plane machines now switch over to 123.4. So the first machine for the control plane at version 123.4 is being created. And once that is provisioned, the machine that's already at 123.3 will go down. And then the process will start with the machine deployments. Right now, this upgrade is phased. What that means is only after the control plane is successfully upgraded, will it start phasing down the upgrades to the machine deployments. And if you have multiple machine deployments, it will do it one at a time. And that's the demo for now. What's next? All right, wasn't that awesome, though? So if you look at the 2019 deep dive and this one, they're completely different. Like the user experience and user views, that's what we're focusing on today. And we will keep doing that in the future. One of our goals is to make sure that cluster API is as accessible as possible, that you can use it in a number of places.  But what if I want to do that in a UI? What if I want to do that easily through a CI deployment? We need, for example, better GitOps integration. And that's what we'll be working on for the next year or so. The next level that we want to integrate with is operating systems and bootstrapping integration. We have seen batteries included, as in, like, we ship cluster API with Qubidium. We want to go even further and make sure that Qubidium is exposed in the machine in the fullness of time. We'll have the whole configuration in there so that you can change it. And potentially also deploy those changes on the fly. But I'll get to that in a second. And on the OS level, we want to understand how better integrate cluster API with the operating system. So something that we cannot do today unless you build your own images is upgrade the operating system. This is a hot topic. We have heard, like, so much feedback for bare metal and edge. Folks want to run Kubernetes, both on bare metal and edge. And they share a lot of commonalities. Edge, like, you can just see it as a shrink down version, a more limited version of bare metal at the end of the day. We're not there yet. We have some bare metal providers. We need to do better. And the edge, it's like a tough story to sell. So we want to do better in these areas. And I urge you to look at some of the proposals that will be coming up. And there are already up in the cluster API ecosystem. There is some proposal that are already up, runtime SDK, add-on management. Add-on management is kind of needed soon that the CPI, CSI integrations are getting out of Kubernetes. Cluster API is kind of going to do the bulk of the work to make sure that, like, one, we will have a smooth migration. But also, we'll keep upgrading those components when we upgrade Kubernetes itself. The other one is then extended integration with managed Kubernetes, so EKS, AKS, GKE, and so on. The auto-scaling folks from Red Hat have been working on the from and to zero proposal so that you can auto-scale your pools of nodes automatically. And then certificate rotation. This is something that has been on the roadmap for a while. But it's 100% needed to make sure that, like, your worker nodes, so your cubelets, and the API server will keep working.  I mentioned, like, the user experience. Something that we want to do, for example, with the get-up story and the bootstrapping story. We've seen that you've already had a cluster running, so he kind of cheated a little, and he admitted it too. If you look at our quick start, it's still hard to spin up Kubernetes clusters today. We want to go even further than that. We want to be able to, with one command, to just create a Kubernetes cluster to go from zero to Kubernetes. And then the upgrade story, that was simple. But we need to do also better than that, like, for example, when you upgrade in things don't go as smoothly as we saw before, you might need to back up and restore your cluster. What if there is a disaster recovery scenario? Like, we are thinking about, for example, should we snapshot clusters, the workload clusters, and how would we go about it restoring those clusters after a disaster recovery scenario has happened? So I mentioned before, too, that the best feature that we have is the community. And I would urge you to get involved. Any skills you have, it's OK. We'll have something to do for you. If you have writing skills, like our book, Quick Start, Architectural Diagrams, we'll need that for sure. Product skills, we need to get better at understanding for the user experience across many components. Coding skills, we have a lot of pull requests open right now that need to review. And a lot of things that are marked as either good first issues or help wanted. There's links in here, so you can just check them out. And reach out to us like in any of the Kubernetes Slack channels. We are very active, and we respond to questions like in a timely manner. The last thing, we have weekly community meetings. We're also like a look at the mailing list. So if you join the mailing list, you will also receive the invite for the Gloucester API meeting. I think we have a few minutes for demo. But this is Gloucester API. Thank you. We have any questions? Can I have one cluster using two different providers, like VMs and bare metal? Can you repeat the question for the lady? Yeah, one cluster using two different providers. No. I said it has been untested. If you try that, and it works, that's great. Technically, if you have network connectivity between the cluster, it could be possible. But it's definitely challenging. OK, I understand. Thank you. And one more thing. If, for example, I have Metalcube as a bare metal provider, can I use Qvert to create another layer of provider, like VMs, like stacked providers? I would say yes, you could. Qvert is still in early staging right now as our provider. I think some folks from Apple are actually pushing it. But they have a Slack channel as well, so I would reach out to them. Thank you. Hi. I have a question about multi-accounts. So if you support multiple providers, for example, GCP, but is it a problem to have clusters managed from one management cluster via in different AWS accounts? So for example, I don't know, 10 AWS accounts and one workload cluster in every AWS account? What is your question? Multiple AWS accounts, is that the question? It's 100% possible. You can pretty much push multiple credentials to the CAPA controller, the AWS provider. Or you can also make them assume roles. So as long as they have the ability to do so, you can 100% do that. I have a question. We are heavy users of spot instances at our company. So what's the current support for having queued some configurations for running worker nodes with the support instances? Is anybody from AWS here? Yes, yes, we do have support for it. I do remember seeing PRs like a while back. So it seems like that you can, in the AWS machine template, you should be able to set the spot price, if I remember correctly. Yes. Go to Richard for more AWS questions. Hello. So I have two questions. One, how do you handle node upgrades, like the version? Do you have some way to drain the nodes before rotating them? And the second question is, how do you handle drift? So if I make a change manually into a EKS configuration, how do you reconcile that? For node drains, yeah, we do have configurations that we can set up for node drain timeouts and so on. And sorry, what was the second question? How do you handle drift? So if you make a change manually, for example, in an EKS cluster, how do you import that change into cluster API if you want to? So it depends. For EKS specifically, if you do a change, cluster API thinks it's the ultimate authority. So it will override your change. A few more questions over here. Think of that in the back there. Mike's in the back. So I was wondering if you were thinking of having a provider for Terraform, the reason why I'm asking is because I feel like it would be easier for many people to migrate towards cluster API since it's kind of a use case to use Terraform in the first place to currently provision via. Secondly, as you mentioned, there are still some providers that you do not support yet. For example, someone from this provider that could already have integration in Terraform. So I feel like, first of all, it could automatically add towards the providers and also be ease of use when it comes to migration. Do you want to take that? Beautiful. So for cluster API, as we mentioned, it is most of the components except for the core cluster provider components are swappable. So it should be possible for you to write a provider for any of the scenario that you want. And we just had a talk before this on how you can write your own provider that works with cluster API. And the community of the providers that we have right now is growing. So if we don't have a provider support for infrastructure right now, it might be added by someone later. Or you are more than welcome to contribute. And the community is more than welcome to contribute and create a new provider that everyone would benefit from. One thing that I add for Terraform specifically or other infrastructure as code provides, it has come up before. It's like, hey, I want to manage my infrastructure with this other tool. But then I want cluster API to integrate with it. There are some talks about it right now. If you do have use cases, please do reach out. Because those are really good. It's like, we need those more. I think there were a few hands over here. I came in a little bit late, so I don't know if you covered this. But I see you have a rolling upgrade support already. And you can define the max search and have additional nodes available that way. Is there any plans for any in-place upgrade kind of things? Yes. It was in the plan to actually talk about it a little bit. But it's very early. We are exploring some ideas to do in-place upgrades. The problem is that right now, we just delete the machine and recreate it. But for example, for things like Edge, you can't delete an Edge node because that's the only node you have. So we are exploring a way to roll those upgrades in place by using some sort of node agent. But how that would work, it's still like exploring. OK. Thanks. I think that was a question. Hey, thank you for the talk. So I have just two questions. So is downgrade possible? No. OK. No downgrades. Right now, it's blocked by our webbook. So even if you try to downgrade, let's say we throw a warning saying downgrade is prohibited. And how rollback is handled? So if you have done an upgrade and there is workload on the clusters, but for some reason, the upgrade failed, so how is going to, how cluster API handles the rollback? I can give you the back. Yeah, so for a number of reasons, we don't do rollbacks. One of which is let's say that you upgrade the first control plane nodes. And that one fails. But some of the upgrade went through. So for example, if there is a new LCD version, SCD gets updated. And then you try to rollback, there will be the older APIs ever might expect something that SCD has changed. So for these reasons, we prefer usually to understand why the upgrade was blocked. And usually it's something like, I don't know, for example, network activity was lost. Or you just have to retry because the machine has gone bad. Or there is misconfiguration. In our experience, we try to make upgrades as safe as possible. So we don't proceed even with the first machine if all the set of health checks are OK. So we check at CD, it's all the member healthy. We check the API server, controller manager, all of those components of the API server before doing any action. I know it's not a great answer for rollbacks, but rollbacks, it just gets in too many use cases that we're just not ready to support. Are there any other couple of more hands? Is there a way to kind of specify versions for the cluster classes? Like, if I want to test some upgrade, is it possible to do that? Rebase, so question was, if you can version your cluster classes or if you can? Specify the version that you want to use when upgrading. I mean, if you want to roll out or just test a change in your cluster class, maybe you can try to, I mean, because if you upgrade the cluster class, that will actually upgrade all the clusters, so if it's possible to version. So if you want to, I think it was designed on purpose so that if you change the cluster class, changing one cluster class will have, as I said, ripple effects on a lot of clusters. So whoever is doing that has to really make sure that it doesn't ripple effect and create problems with the clusters. So cluster class right now doesn't support, we don't allow cluster class to define the Kubernetes version within it. That version needs to be specified within the cluster object, but if you are talking about other kinds of configurations like, let's say, the underlying machine type or something that needs to be changed across clusters, those can be defined in cluster class, but again, you have to be really careful when you are rolling out those kinds of changes. And to help with that, there is something called inline patches in cluster class, so you can still do small changes on top of your cluster, which are all sharing the same cluster class so that one cluster could use, let's say, an AWS machine small and the other cluster could use an AWS machine large, even though both of them are based on the same cluster class. So we don't have versions like for cluster class itself. You could copy the cluster class and then change the cluster class on a small set of clusters. So you could build on top of it to achieve that. Hello. Thank you, first. I would like to know the upgrades. Goes like one by one minor update by time. Yeah. Yes. Yes. Any other questions before? Last question. Good to have you. Hi. Thank you for the presentation. I have a question. We currently have our clusters deployed with Terraform and also some batch scripts. And we have achieved a point where we just write a Terraform test state with a URL to a Git repository for Flux. And we just run the Terraform. And it will also deploy Flux for us, and then Flux will deploy everything else. It's something like that possible with cluster API. So the question was, you have Terraform and Flux. And Terraform deploy Flux, and then deploy the cluster. Exactly. The short answer is I wouldn't suggest it today. Because we need to improve the GitOps experience. We have a lot of machinery inside of our CLI today that we need to move server side. But if you just stick to one version, it's technically possible to achieve what you just said. OK. Thank you. We're good. All right. Perfect. Thank you so much, folks.