Hey, this is Brett, and this 2018 Subaru Forester is stock number 13483Z. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, you're new and used SUV headquarters. This 2018 Subaru Forester has the 2.5 liter four cylinder engine, puts out 170 horsepower, it's combined with the CVT transmission, it's going to get you 32 miles per gallon highway, 26 city. This Subaru has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off, and it is 100% ready to go, it has four brand new tires as well. I'm going to go all the way around in this video inside, start it up, take a look under the hood and give you the most accurate representation of the vehicle that I can. Black crystal is the color and I shoot all my videos in 4K, so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, I recommend turning it on now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition options, and cleanliness of the vehicle before seen in person. Going down to the driver's side here, the doors look really good, I didn't see any major dents or dings on there. Front fender is in nice shape as well, paint is very glossy. If you like the video, you can subscribe to my YouTube channel, which is youtube.com slash Summit Auto. Click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit. Comes with the painted and polished aluminum 17-inch wheels, and it has brand new Yokohama Avid S33 225 65R 17 tires. You can still see the little wear knobs on there, we put those on in our safety inspection, and all four tires are brand new. Coming around to the front bumper here, no major dents, dings, cracks, or scuffs on there, looks really good, headlight lenses are nice and clear, the grille looks really good, and I didn't see any major dents or dings on the hood. Passengers side front fender looks really good as well, and the passenger side front wheel, no major scuffs or scrapes on there. Black crystal has just a little bit of metal flake to it, it's got a lot of blues and purples, even some yellows in there. Really a cool color. As you go down this side of this 2018 Subaru Forester, take note of how clean that body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. I take these HD videos so if you are far away or eating if you're close by, just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the vehicle, hear the vehicle, and have confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at, or just make the decision to come take a look at the vehicle that's not going to be all messed up.  Back tires are brand new as well. And coming around to the back of the vehicle, rear bumper is in really nice shape, does come with a receiver hitch, and the rear gate is in really nice condition as well. That is locked. I'll have to unlock it. Give me one second. Take a look at the back here. See those shocks are doing a nice job holding that rear gate up. Back storage area, get a nice weather tech all-weather floor mat back here. This is, I think it's a sunshade for the front windshield. I think get a nice storage area back here. And this one does come with a spare tire and jack tools, but a very nice and clean back here. You also get a sunshade, which is nice, keeps your groceries out of the sun, also valuables out of sight. Those seats do fold on. I'll show you how that works in just a second. And this is a manual close gate, shuts nice and solidly. For full disclosure, this back wheel is just as nice as the rest. I didn't see any scuffs or scrapes on there. Once again, down the rest of this side, doors look good. Didn't see any dents on there. You do get power mirrors inside. The Forester package gives you the black cloth interior. No rips or tears on the seat. Smells very clean inside this vehicle. This is a one owner clean title history out of Illinois. Factory formats, stability control, power windows, locks and mirrors. Everything is very clean in this vehicle.  You do get the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have. Honestly, these seats and floor mats and carpeting all look brand new. These seats do fold down like so and they go up nice and easy. Good child safety locks on the back doors and the insides and bottoms of the doors all look very good on this Forester. We'll hop inside, check out the mileage, radio and everything that this one has to offer on the interior. You can see that this one has 75,771 miles on it. You have a trip display on there as well and Spring Cluster is very nice and clean. It does give you Bluetooth and information center and audio controls on the left and cruise controls on the right. This one does have the AM FM receiver on here. You also have Bluetooth capabilities, CD player and then you have all your different apps and Pandora, Subaru, Starlink as well. I think you can do it with Android Auto and iPhone on there too. That's a pretty cool system. This is also where your backup camera shows up and you can see that that is working nicely. You get your climate controls right there, automatic CVT transmission, past new side floor mat and seat are in fantastic condition. No rips or tears on there and the headliner is in very nice condition on this vehicle. You do get map lights right there. Oh, you also have a miles per gallon and outside temperature display up there. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you've been able to verify the quality condition options and of course cleanliness of this vehicle all the way around inside out. Headlight lenses are working nicely and under the hood you get the 2.5 liter four cylinder engine and the base very clean, runs very smooth. Once again 170 horsepower, 32 miles per gallon, highway 26 city. Once again this vehicle has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change all the foods have been checked and topped off. It has four brand new tires and this Subaru is 100% ready to go. I would highly recommend this vehicle from a quality and condition standpoint considering the age of miles on it and see more pictures of this Subaru A4ster or one of our other 550 new and used cars, trucks, SCVs, minivans, wranglers, half tons, three-quarter tons, one tons, you name it. We got to go to that website right there is summonauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summonauto.com. If you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summonauto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there click the bell notifications and you'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. Back in a second you'll see links to subscribe to my YouTube channel in the upper left. A link to more Forrester videos I've done in the upper right. A link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those, check us out. We're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2018 Subaru Forrester four-wheel drive in crystal black metallic. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on the YouTube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again.


Hey, Psych2Goers, and welcome back to another Psych2Go video. One of you requested a video on the different types of empaths. So, here it is. Do you know what it means to be an empath? Did you know that there are different types of empaths as well? Psychology defines an empath as a highly sensitive individual with a keen ability to sense the thoughts and feelings of those around them. Their compassion, sensitivity, and emotionally open and insightful nature make them great listeners and effective communicators. If this sounds like you, and you want to know more about what kind of empath you are, here is a brief description of each to help you better identify which of the six major categories you fall into. Number one, emotional empath. Whether it's a loved one or a stranger, do you find it easy to read their emotions and form a connection with them? The most common type of empath is the emotional empath. This is what most people think of when you ask them to define what an empath is. An emotional empath is someone who can easily pick up on the feelings of others and may even mimic or absorb them. They are easily influenced by the moods of those around them and as a result, they come across as sensitive, erratic and finicky with their emotions. Number two, physical empath. Have you ever felt tired because you were watching someone else overexert themselves? Do you feel like throwing up whenever you see someone else throw up? Or immediately feel unwell when those around you begin to experience symptoms of sickness? If you answered yes, then you might be what is known as a physical empath, also sometimes known as medical empaths. Physical empaths are just as in tune with the physical conditions of others as well as their own. As a result, they can easily pick up on someone else's sickness, pain, tension, discomfort and overall sense of wellbeing. This goes beyond naturally communicable gestures as well, such as yawning or laughing. Number three, intuitive empath. The next star, intuitive empaths. A rare and unique gift. Intuitive empathy or Claire Cognizance, as it's sometimes known, is all about reading and sensing a person's energy. By turning inward and listening to their subconscious, they're able to better understand and perceive everything around them. Simply put, they're able to use their intuition to look at and understand other people beyond what they reveal to them. Unlike emotional empaths, intuitive empaths tend to focus more on the reasons behind a person's feelings rather than the experience of those feelings. As a result, other people may see them as incredibly insightful, perceptive and wise beyond their years. Number four, dream empath. Do you know what a dream empath is? Another lesser known type of empath and arguably the rarest of all is the dream empath. They are people who receive intuitive information about others through their dreams. And as you might expect, most of them tend to be lucid dreamers who retain a lot of clarity, awareness and control over themselves even while asleep. They can easily recall their dreams and have a natural talent for interpreting and understanding the hidden meaning behind its symbols, themes and motif. Number five, plant empaths. More than just a green thumb, a plant empath refers to someone who feels deeply connected to plants, trees and mother nature as a whole. Since they're able to just instinctively know what is and isn't good for a plant, they excel at tending to gardens or landscaping beautiful greenery. This connection with plants also gives them a strong sense of contentment and peace of mind. This is why they're at their happiest and most relaxed when they're caring for house plants, shrubs and other natural greenery. And number six, animal empath. Do you feel deeply connected with your pets? Animal empaths are people who feel a strong sense of connection and understanding towards animals. More than just your average pet lover, an animal empath is great at picking up on the subtle signs on what their animal may need or what they might be trying to say with their body language and sounds. As a result of their fascination and joy of animals, you'll often find them taking care of, spending their time with and learning about animals. What kind of empath do you think you are? Let us know in the comments below. If you found this video helpful, be sure to like, subscribe and share this video with those who might benefit from it. And don't forget to hit the notification bell icon to get notified whenever Psych2Go posts a new video. The references and studies used in this video are added in the description below. Thanks for watching and we'll see you in our next video.


In the last lecture, we had introduced a concept called the displacement current. Just to recall, because it is a rather unusual idea, we had introduced, we had discussed the phenomena of charging of a capacitor. This is, for example, if I have a capacitor and I have a circuit, where there is a battery of course, and a key. Now, when I switch on the key, the charges move to this plate and it will charge this plate as positive, that plate as negative and there is a current which is flowing through the external wire during the process of charging. So, what we did is to say that since there is a current in the external circuit, the region around this current is a source of magnetic field. So, therefore, this is a region of magnetic field. So, as a result, if I considered a surface which is cutting this wire and find out what is the flux of the magnetic field through that surface, then of course, by the Ampere's law, it turns out that integral of B dot d l must be equal to mu 0 i, where because there is a current which is passing through that. So, therefore, the line integral of the magnetic field in any close loop will be given by mu 0 times i. However, there is a problem. The problem came up because we had said that this supposing I considered just a particular loop and this is the process of charging of current and we said that this loop in principle could be filled up by any surface. So, for example, if it is a circular loop, I could fill it up with a disk and in which case the net, since the current is not equal to 0, what I find is that the, your integral of B dot d l is equal to mu 0 times i. So, the point is that if you take this surface, it is mu 0 times i, but on the other hand, if I had the same loop, but I considered a surface like this, like a pot, then because there is no current which is flowing through this surface, then what I get is the integral of B dot d l will be equal to 0 through the second surface. Now, this of course tells me that there is an inconsistency in the way we interpret this law and so what we did or rather what Maxwell did was to suggest that the during the process of charging or discharging, whenever there is a changing current, the dial the charges that are there in the dielectric medium between the capacitors, they of course result in a motion of the charges and not like the motion of the charges outside, but it can be shown that it is equivalent to a current at least dimension wise and he gave it a name displacement current. The idea was that in the outside circuit, there is a real current, you can call it conduction current, but if you have taken a loop, which is through the outside contour, but on the other hand, surface is going through the capacitor plate, then of course that is not what happens. So, the question was how does one define this? So, we said that inside the capacitor, I have an electric field, whatever be the shape of the capacitor, I have an electric field and which is, let me take it as a dielectric medium. So, the surface integral of the vector D dot d s is the flux of the vector D. So, therefore the rate of change of this flux D phi by D t, which is equal to D by D t of D dot d s and you remember that since this is D dot d s by divergence theorem, I can write this as del dot of D d q r that is over the volume, but del dot of D is nothing, but the charge. So, I get D by D t of rho and D q r. So, in principle, this quantity has the dimension of charge, because integral rho D q r is the dimension of charge. So, D q by D t is the dimension of current, only its origin is different. This origin is the, there is really no charge current which is passing through, but there is a displacement of the charges in the dielectric and so this results in the rate of change of the electric flux being essentially having, being equivalent to a current. So, when you are inside, so therefore what you have done, Maxwell had done was to for various reasons, the word displacement is not particularly relevant, but he had defined the rate of change of electric flux as the displacement current. So, in other words, in the outside circuit there is a conduction current which is being supplied by the battery when the current thing is being charged. In the inside, the what we have is a rate of change of electric flux and that acts very similar to an external current. So, let us look at supposing I have a parallel plate capacitor. If I have parallel plate capacitor, then the flux of the electric field is integral E dot d a or E dot d s and I know that the electric field is uniform and so therefore, it is E times the area of the surface, capacitor plates and I know the strength of the electric field in a parallel plate capacitor is Q by epsilon 0 a that divide in multiplied by a that gives me Q by epsilon 0. So, therefore, the displacement current is given by 1 over epsilon 0 d Q by d t. So, this is what actually epsilon 0 the displacement current is actually d epsilon 0 d phi by d t. So, therefore, that takes care of this 1 over epsilon 0 there and I am left with d Q by d t. So, this is what we have been calling as the displacement current. So, in the region between the capacitor plate the electric field or electric flux changes with time and this has the same effect rewrite the integral of b dot d l now which was equal to mu 0 times I and plus I am now adding epsilon 0 d phi by d t which is equivalent to m. I could of course, convert this to a through the usual way of converting this to a differential form that is write b dot d l as equal to del cross b dot d s. So, I get del cross b dot d s and on that side I have current which is of course, j dot d s plus epsilon 0 and I have d by d t of flux is electric field dotted with d s. So, notice what I get is since this is arbitrary I can convert this into del cross b equal to mu 0 j plus mu 0 epsilon 0 d u by d t. So, this is the term which we have been calling as the displacement current, but let us look at what are the various contributors to this del cross of b. The any current whatever be the source of the current can go into this j we have already identified a few of such things. For example, we know that I we have of course, the free current that is the charge current. So, then we have also seen that there could be bound currents if I am looking at magnetized material and we had obtained that bound current is given by del cross of m. The other possibility is that if there is a time variation in the polarization d p by d t which essentially gives me some sort of polarization current if you like you can check that we have the right dimension. So, therefore, my total current which contributes to the first term in this equation is mu 0 j free that is the usual charge current plus magnetizing current del cross m plus d p by d t that is which I have called as and of course, mu 0 epsilon 0 d e by d t which is my displacement current. So, I have all sorts of currents there. So, these three things taken together is what I have been writing as j. So, let us rewrite this in a slightly different fashion. So, we have said that now del cross of b is mu 0 j free plus del cross m this is the bound current plus d p by d t plus mu 0 epsilon 0 d e by d t will write in a slightly compact fashion. Now, I could bring that magnetization term outside and divide all over by mu 0. So, I get b by mu 0 mu 0 is a constant minus m. So, that takes care of this term as well as that term is equal to j free because I have already divided by mu 0. So, there is nothing else and I have left here with epsilon 0 d e by d t plus d p by d t which gives me j free plus d by d t of epsilon 0 e plus p. You of course, recognize that this is nothing but our definition of the vector d. So, this was then this will become j free plus d d by d t. This quantity here b by mu 0 minus m were defined as the magnetic field h. As we told said earlier that traditionally it is the h field which has been called as the magnetic field and the b field has been having different type of names like field of magnetic flux density magnetic field of induction. But of course, we have been using them interchangeably assuming that there is no confusion. So, the this equation then has given me del cross of h is equal to j free which is the form we had before we introduce the displacement field plus d d by d t. With this we complete our last of the equations which is the amperes Maxwell's modification to the amperes law. This is a good time to collect all the Maxwell's equations together. So, firstly of course, we had del dot of e is given by rho by epsilon 0 del dot of b is equal to 0. These were the two static relationship which I have not really changed. Notice that this pair are electrostatics and the magneto statics and the sources are the same. No magnetic monopoles as a result del dot of b is 0. Electric charges exist. So, del dot of e is rho by epsilon 0. Then we had del cross e which in static case was 0 is now given by Faraday's law as minus d b by d t. Del cross of h is equal to j free plus d d by d t. So, we would also write this equation as the del dot of d is equal to free charges. So, these are my four Maxwell's equations which will form the basis of discussion in the remaining part of the course. But these, so these are four equations in six quantities. The six quantities are the three components of electric field namely e x, e y, e z and b x, b y, b z the magnetic field. You must supplement these set of equations with a what is known as a constitutive relation and this constitutive relations is the relationship between d electric field e and the polarization vector p. d is equal to epsilon 0 e plus p and h which is given by b by mu 0 minus m. Frequently for convenience we will be dealing with what are known as linear materials and for linear material, linear electric or magnetic material for which the relationship between b and h or that between d and e will be linear. So, therefore the d is written as a quantity called epsilon the permittivity times the electric field epsilon 0 was the permittivity of the free space. This is just the permittivity of the medium and the magnetic field b or the magnetic flux density b is given by the permeability of the medium times h. Once again mu 0 was permeability of vacuum. So, these if we are dealing with linear magnetic material these would be the supplementary relationship. At this stage what we are going to do is to bring the potentials back and see whether we get some advantage by writing these equations in terms of the potentials. If you recall we had defined two potentials one corresponding to the electric field and one corresponding to the magnetic field of course, later under certain situations we had seen that even for a magnetic field we could define a magnetic scalar potential, but we will be dealing here with electric field being written as minus gradient of the potential v and the magnetic field b is the curl of the vector potential a. So, let us look at the two curl equations and see how what happens to them. So, we had an equation which is del cross of e the Faraday's law is equal to minus d b by d t. So, notice that since b is equal to curl a I can write this as d by d t of del cross a by taking the terms to the left side and writing. So, this can be del cross e is minus grad v and plus del cross a. So, this is what will this is equal to 0 I am sorry this is d by d t of d a by d t let me rewrite it I get del cross minus grad v plus d a by d t. Now, look at this that if I have del cross if I have del cross e plus d a by d t equal to 0 I should be able to define this was actually electrostatics. Now, if I look at this equation I find that this is a more proper equation when I am dealing with the time varying phenomena because this is questionable law. So, therefore, if del cross of e plus d a by d t equal to 0 remember in electrostatics I had in electrostatics I had del cross of e equal to 0 that is what gave me the definition that e could be written as minus gradient of e, but now del cross of e is not equal to 0. So, as a result it is this quantity which can be expressed as a gradient of a scalar potential. So, therefore, what I do is instead of this I define that e is equal to minus well e plus d a by d t is minus grad v. So, as a result e should be written as minus grad v minus d a by d t instead of just minus grad v. So, this is the way we get express electric field in terms of a potential v and a vector potential a. Now, if I am in vacuum I know that del dot of e is equal to rho by epsilon 0. So, del dot of e I will rewrite in terms of the potential I am trying to express everything in terms of potential. So, this was Faraday's law and I am now combining it with the Gauss's law of electrostatics. So, del dot of e is the same as minus del square v minus d by d t of del dot of a. So, therefore, I can write this as del square v plus d by d t of del dot of a is equal to minus rho by epsilon. So, this is essentially contains the pair of equations namely the electrostatics Gauss's law and the Faraday's law. Now, let us repeat that job for the other pair of law that we have. So, this is one equation which we keep aside for future. I have del cross of b which we discussed just now is mu 0 j plus the displacement current term mu 0 epsilon 0 d by d t. And b will be written now as del cross of a and e by whatever we had just now talked about namely minus gradient of v minus d by d t. So, b is del cross del cross a which I know is del of del dot of a minus del square a is equal to mu 0 j I do not do anything to that term plus mu 0 epsilon 0 d by d t. And the idea is to remove the direct reference to the fields and replace them in terms of the potential. So, which is equal to mu 0 j plus mu 0 epsilon 0 d by d t of minus gradient of v minus d a by d t. So, let us combine these two by writing you recognize that mu 0 epsilon 0 is 1 over c square c is the velocity of light in vacuum. So, what I will do is I will write this equation by first writing a term which we will later on we will see that looks like a wave equation form. So, del square a I take to that side I get del square a minus 1 over c square that is the mu 0 epsilon 0 d a by d t d square a by d t square plus or rather minus a gradient of. So, I have brought this gradient term to that side that is del dot of a and the other gradient term is here. So, I get I have 1 over c square this minus because of this common minus is going away and I am left with d v by d t this is equal to 0 rather clumsy equation, but let us look at this equation. So, let me write down this pair of equations in one place. So, that we can discuss it reasonably. So, I have an equation which is del square v plus d by d t of del dot of a equal to minus rho by epsilon 0 and a second equation which is del square a minus 1 over c square d square a over d t square minus a gradient term which is gradient of del dot of a plus 1 over c square d v by d t this is equal to 0. So, what have we achieved? This equation is equivalent to 2 curl equations that we have written down. Now, the 2 equations of magnetism that we have written down this equation came from Faraday's law and the Gauss's electrostatics. So, this is now what do you want to do is this? Notice one thing that these equations are not decoupled the this is this contains both v and a and this also contains both v and a. So, what is the advantage that we have got? The advantage that we have received so far is instead of equations 4 equations in 6 quantities I have 2 equations in 4 quantities I have vector potential which is a vector. So, I have 3 quantities there I have a potential v which is a scalar. So, there is one quantity there. So, I have got 4, but of course, the equations are coupled. Now, so what we will do is this that we will try to do what is known as a gauge transformation. Now, notice one thing that we know that there is an indetermination with respect to definition of the vector potential that is I can always let a go to a prime which is equal to a plus a gradient of a scalar function. And similarly with respect to the scalar potential I can always add a constant. So, you notice that my electric field E was minus grad v minus d A by d t. Suppose I let v going to v prime equal to v minus d psi by d t, then if I put in a condition that del dot of a plus 1 over c square d v by d t equal to 0. Suppose this quantity is put to be equal to 0, then these 2 equations will be decoupled. The reason why it will be decoupled you can see it. If del dot of a plus 1 over c square d v by d t is 0, then in this equation I can substitute for del dot of a minus 1 over c square d v by d t.  There is one d v by d t here, there is a d by d t there. So, that quantity will be equal to minus rho by epsilon 0. And if this quantity equal to 0, this equation already gets decoupled namely del square a minus 1 over c square d square a by d t square equal to 0, equal to minus mu 0 j. I should have written it as 0, it is equal to minus mu 0 j. So, if this condition is satisfied, I get a pair of decoupled equation for my potential. And this condition is what is known as Lorentz gauge. So, del square del dot of a plus 1 over c square d v by d t become equal to 0 is what is called as the Lorentz gauge. So, in Lorentz gauge my equations for the potentials are decoupled. The question is can I always ensure that such a condition is satisfied, the answer is yes. The suppose for some reason I have got an a and a v which for which this equation is not satisfied. So, let me say del dot of a plus 1 over c square d v by d t. Supposing this is equal to some function of position and time and this is not equal to 0. Now, in this case what I can do is to do a gauge transformation that is let a go to a prime which is equal to a plus grad psi and let v go to v prime which is equal to v minus d psi by d t. Now, what you do is now you return back to me original equation del square a minus 1 over c square etcetera and write this equation this form. So, what I get is del dot of a which is a prime minus grad psi plus 1 over c square d v prime by d t plus 1 over c square d square psi over d t square is equal to f of r t because this quantity this equation is the same equation as this equation. I have simply said instead of a I have written in terms of a prime and this and if I am saying now that my new a prime and v prime should satisfy the Lorentz gauge equation this simply requires that my psi must satisfy this equation del square psi minus 1 over c square d square psi by d t square equal to minus f of r t. This is an equation which always has a solution. So, therefore, if to begin with I do not have Lorentz gauge condition satisfied I can always make a gauge transformation by which I can insist on that. Incidentally if you recall we had talked earlier about the Coulomb gauge. Now what happens in Coulomb gauge is a the two equations there will be two equations still, but the mathematics is a little more complicated. So, I will just leave it for the moment and we will return back to a discussion of the Coulomb gauge later. A rather important theorem which I want to talk about today is what is known as the energy density to calculate the energy density of the magnetic and the electric field and talk about a theorem which is known as the pointing theorem. So, firstly we all know let us have a collection of charge continuous collection of charge the electric energy is simply given by half of d cube x rho x this is the charge density times phi of x and what we do is this we write this rho of x as del dot of d. So, this is equal to half of d cube x phi of x del dot of d. Now what I will do is I will change this equation using the fact that del dot of a scalar phi times vector d can be written as phi times del dot of d what is what I have here plus grad phi dotted with d and this term when I integrate over the entire volume since it is a divergence term I can always convert this into a surface integral and since the potential and the fields must go to go to 0 at infinity. So, the surface term will drop out. So, I will be left then with a minus half integral d cube x d dot grad phi minus grad phi nothing but the electric field. So, therefore this is half integral d dot e d cube x. So, therefore, it tells me my volume has an electric energy density which is u let me call it u electric that is simply given by d dot e by 2. We can do a similar job for the magnetic energy density and we had already seen last time that the magnetic energy of a collection of currents is given by half of volume integral of a dot j. I use the fact that j can be written as del cross h. So, I write this as a dot del cross h d cube x and then I use the relationship of dot and cross product to interchange them. So, I will write this as d cube x h dot del cross a d cube x and del cross a is b. So, this is half h dot b or b dot h. So, there is an energy density due to the magnetic field which is simply given by b dot h by 2. Now, for the next few time we will be dealing with linear magnetic material which tells me b and h are related. So, therefore, this is written as b square by 2 mu and like that electric thing which was written as e dot d by 2 will be written as epsilon by 2 absolute b square. So, total energy density is given by epsilon by 2 e square. This is for linear magnetic and electric material plus 1 over 2 mu b square. This is for a linear medium. The total energy in the medium is obviously an integral over this quantity. Now, let us now as suppose in a volume in a closed volume I have both electric and the magnetic field. So, that I have got an amount of energy which we have just now calculated. Now, this closed volume can lose the energy in two ways. One is the mechanical way. This is simply the joule loss and the other one is physical radiation from that volume. Now, the mechanical loss I can calculate. So, my mechanical loss is simply power which is f dot v within that volume. This is the rate at which I am losing energy d cube x and I know that the force is on the charge is given by rho e plus v cross b Lorentz v cross b Lorentz force dot v d cube x v cross b dot v is 0. So, I am left with integral e dot rho times v is j. So, therefore, this is e dot j d cube x. Now, this of course, you recognize as the standard joule expression. The other part is this. How do I calculate the radiation part? Now, for that what I do is this. I differentiate find out the rate of change of the change in the total magnetic energy that we have talked about. Remember u energy density which is epsilon by 2 e square plus b square by 2 mu. So, therefore, if I take a d by dt of integral of this quantity, I get e square. So, I get well 1 by 2 I have already written outside e square. So, I get 2 e dot d e by dt. So, I have got 2 epsilon e dot d e by dt plus I have got 2 by mu b dot d b by dt. This is integrated over the whole volume is the rate of change of energy in that volume. Now, what I will now do is this. Remember that I have two equations d v by dt I will replace from Faraday's law that is minus del cross e and d e by dt I will replace from the ampere Maxwell's law. So, let us do that that is. So, half and 2 will go away I will be left with epsilon e dotted with 1 over epsilon del cross h minus 1 over epsilon j. This is because of my displacement of I had del cross h equal to j plus epsilon d e by dt. So, therefore, d e by dt is given by this plus 2 by mu I will write this as mu h and the d e by dt term as minus del cross e and of course, d cube x will be there. So, notice I have got 2 expressions which are del cross term epsilon will go away. So, I will be left with e dot del cross h minus h dot del cross e. There is a term here which is minus e dot j of course, d cube x should be there. You can use the vector identity. So, this is also volumetric to convert this into a del dot of e cross h term and of course, minus actually it is minus minus e dot j d cube x and this term then del dot e dot e cross h d cube x. I convert this into a surface integral of e cross h dot d s. So, this quantity e cross h is flowing out of the surface of the closed volume that we have talked about. So, if you combine this now and because of the fact that this equation is valid for an arbitrary volume. So, instead of just d w by dt becoming equal to this I can write this equation as d u by dt plus del dot s equal to minus e dot j. This we had seen is nothing but the loss of mechanical power because of joule heat and things like that. So, therefore, this del dot of s represents the physical movement of energy across the surface of the closed volume that we are talking about. The s is given a name s is equal to e cross h. This is known as a pointing vector. So, basically what we have done is to say that if I have an electric and magnetic field in a closed volume I have calculated what is the total energy. There is a contribution from the electric field which is basically e dot d by 2 d cube x. There is a contribution due to magnetic field which is h dot b by 2. We considered a linear medium for convenience and found out that the rate of change of the total energy has two parts. One part due to joule heating which is basically the Lorentz forces which are acting on the charges they are doing some work. So, certain amount of energy is getting lost and the physical transfer of power through the surface of the volume and that is what is known. This statement is what is known as the pointing theorem. It is possible to obtain a similar relationship on the momentum of the field. As we know that with an electromagnetic field we not only associate an energy, but we can also associate momentum. Just as we had seen that there are two parts to the total energy one mechanical energy transport and another radiative transport. The radiative transport is what we called as the pointing vector transport. We will see that a similar relationship is applicable for the case of momentum associated with electromagnetic field as well. So, in the next lecture we will be talking about that and we will be returning back briefly to discuss the Coulomb gauge and what is its influence on the potential formulation of the Maxwell's equations that we did today.


After months of hard work and fierce competition, Millard Middle School received the first state dance championship in the county's history. As a result of their win, Mountaintop spoke with students and school staff about their victory. It's an awesome feeling. I knew these girls could do it. I've taken a group of girls that had never stepped inside a studio, never had a first dance class, and brought them up to this level where they compete with other children who have grown up in a studio their entire life. So this is actually mine and Sierra's, the one holding the trophies first like year. And this is like really exciting for us. So it's very heartwarming to know that I've been able to do this for these kids. This school holds a special place in my heart. And I hope this is just the first of many. At Pikeville Medical Center, we believe that together we can make a difference in the fight against cancer. We are proud to have patients who have experienced successful outcomes over many years. As always, we believe in the power of faith. Pikeville Medical Center, where cancer can be defeated. With nearly 10 competitions and six county tournament wins under the school's belt, students say it was a challenge to get where they are as COVID-19 and injuries created obstacles along the way. Just over all the years, we've gone through so many competitions to get to this point, and we are so proud to say that we are the state champions. So basically, we trained for a couple of weeks to go to the site competition. And we left Friday night and we had this big send off at school.  And we went down there and we competed in both our teams. And then we were sitting there waiting for awards. And they called our name, we got first place, we were super excited. We all started crying, it was so crazy. I'm really very proud of my team because we've worked very hard for this. Over the four years I've been on the team. All the girls that's been on the team have worked very hard. Especially this year, we've worked hardest that we have over all the years. And while students celebrate their win, Techit says they face schools with thousands of students, adding that with the school of just over 500, they were considered underdogs going into the championship. Principal Riddle says she is happy to provide experience such as this to its students. You know, a lot of students in rural areas don't necessarily get to travel outside. So allowing students to perform at a state level, getting to see their surrounding counties, getting to see all the things that is out there, just opens their eyes up to what their future could be. You know, introducing even into the college conversation and maybe, you know, what they might do in college. So this is just a major experience. So it's more than just a trophy, it's about their hard work, it's about the dedication, about teaching values. So it provides so much. We're excited about this trophy and their state championship, but even more about what it teaches them. For Mountain Top News, I'm Joel Korjol.


which is structuring a property deal. And we're gonna get to that just in a second. Remember, as it is a Tuesday, you can look forward to Malino bringing you the farming podcast later on this evening. I'm quite excited about the topic that she'll be covering later on this show and seeing her posting on her social media platforms as well as of course, private properties social media platforms. So do look forward to that at 8 p.m. And of course, tomorrow evening, at the same time, you can catch S.T. Carson on the first-time home buyers show, which he's always in conversation with people who have walked that first time home buying journey and have gone on to grow their property portfolios from straight to straight. Before we get started with our conversation this evening, remember, we are running our competition where you stand a chance of walking away with 500 rands of cash every single evening. It has been rolling over for a few days. Sitting at 2,000 rands. And I do hope whoever we're going to be calling out this evening is watching us live and is going to claim that money. I know a lot of you at home, especially on our Facebook page, wants that money and I've been seeing you posting. I think yesterday, somebody was even saying that they are cousins, they're twin with the person who had won yesterday. But this evening, we're gonna see if our lucky winner is watching us live to claim their prize. And if you at home want to stand a chance of walking away with that cash, make sure that you interact with the pinned post on our Facebook page. Well, let's get right into this evening's conversation. I know that the tech gremlins have eaten away at our time. We're looking at structuring a property deal. This is structuring a property deal, one-on-one for beginners. For me, this is one of my all-time favorite topics because if anything, it cuts through just about everything you need to know when it comes to property because you really do need to understand various layers and various facets when you're structuring a property deal. And sometimes even if you've got one financier and that one financier could easily be the financial institution, you still need to understand what the fundamentals are when it comes to a property deal. What do you need to be looking out for? What are some mistakes you need to watch out for? And how can you best even position your value proposition when you're going to be approaching private individuals or company to fund your property ambitions or property deal? And that's exactly what we're going to be looking at this evening. I'm joined by Grant Smear, who's a director at Only Realty Group. Grant, good evening, and thank you so much for joining us this evening. Hi, I'm Yvonne, thanks for having me again. And then for the viewers at home, I want to find out from you, have you ever had to put together a property deal? And what did that process teach you? I'm going to share it on the show, some of what I've learned when it comes to putting together a property deal. And really one of those things that I still carry with me to date, but I want to find out from you at home, have you put together a property deal? What did you learn? What did you discover along the way as you're putting that deal together? Do you share some of those insights with us down here below? Now, Grant, I think at a high level, when we're looking at structuring a deal, and I think this is one of those things that can be very fun for, especially the finance guys, I always say to people, I'm not particularly a finance person when it comes to the fine detail, but I'm very good at understanding some of the fundamentals. And we always talk about understanding, particularly your financial fundamentals. What would you say are some key financial fundamentals when it comes to structuring a property deal, especially for beginners at home? Yeah, so I think the good thing you need to consider when you look at a property deal is really what outcome are you trying to achieve. So if you're looking to flip a property, there are certain things you need to look at. If you're looking to buy and hold the property for the long term or medium term, there's other sort of elements you need to look at. So if you're looking to flip the deal, what is the cost of going into the deal? What's the cost of the manual, the finance that you are making use of? And then what's the cost of going out to the deal? So estate agent fees, capital gains tax, or trading income or income tax against that property deal. Then if you're looking to buy and hold, again, it's the cost of buying the property, renovating, and then the cost of holding, you know, levies. And we've had this conversation before, looking at the cost of levies, looking at the cost of rates in taxes. And then again, and even potentially the cost of ongoing maintenance and your management fees. And, you know, again, the cost of the money to hold that property. So, and ultimately on both instances, we're looking with your buy and hold or looking to flip a property, it really comes down to the return on investment. How much money are you putting in and what return are you getting on that money? I know a lot of people, particularly finance guys, like you say, will get into much more complicated and complex calculations and do all these sorts of things. And ultimately what I have found over the last sort of 17 years, it really comes down to return investment. How much money am I putting in? How much money am I getting out towards that return? And I think one of the things with working with finance guys is, and I've spoken about this on the show quite a bit, is they want to look at the granular details. They want to understand what the cost per square meter is, what the return per square meter is. And more often than not, when you're starting out, you're certainly not looking at any property investment or property deal, you know, at sort of that granular level and even understand sort of every 1,000 rounds or every 100 rounds that's going into a particular property. Of course, the bigger the property, the bigger the numbers, they'll look at the scale of it. But I think at a beginner level, it's so important to not get swept away with I think the excitement of owning a property or the excitement of having a tenant who is making their rent on time and you thinking, well, I'm collecting this rental, but ultimately not understanding, you know, the full on costs that come with that property. Because I think we often make that mistakes. I know one of the mistakes that I certainly made fairly on in my own property investment journey was not factoring in the upfront costs, as you were saying, right? So as much as we talk about your budget for the transfer fees, the attorney fees, if you're going to have any transfer duty budget for that, when we then run our numbers in as far as our return on investment, we no longer factor those costs. It's almost as though we forget, we made all these payments upfront and we're not only looking at the monthly running costs of the property, you're looking at the bond payments, the levies, if it's an intersectional type of community, or if you're paying an HOA and of course the rates and taxes, but you no longer actually factor in even the cost of that facility. Because I think this is also one of those costs that we tend to not factor in when we're looking at a deal that we're running. When we then look at some of the mistakes, because I think that would probably be mistake number one, right? Not looking at the overall costs of going into a deal. And this one I want us to look at exiting and exit strategy. I found, I'm not particularly too great on the exit side of a deal, very great at an entry level and optimizing my returns throughout the journey, but the sale signed, haven't quite mastered that side, but we'll deal with that later on the show. When we look at some of the common mistakes, Grant, that you'd see people making, what would you say they are, especially in the context of people who are buying multilates, because I'm seeing a lot of people wanting to go the multilate strategy or house hacking, as some people call it, because the finding that look, the returns there are great. You know that you've spread your risk quite well. What are some common mistakes that you're seeing people making when they're building their property portfolio by buying multilates in particular? So I mean, the first one is being the eternal optimist. I think a lot of people go into the space just assuming the best and not making provision for the worst. So not making provision for voice, not making provision for maintenance, you know, multilates or these communes are really, you know, hard-wearing properties. You know, you've got a lot more tenants in it than the property was bought for. Tenants do, or the amounts of tenants does take its toll on the property and it's not a large sort of allocation for maintenance during the period as well. And then I think the second one, so it's being the eternal optimist, not catching a hidden cost, I suppose. And the other one then is just look at the cost of money. Multilates are notorious for being difficult to finance. Banks aren't that excited about them, although they really should be. And it's sort of a big trick that the banks have and will continue to miss for whatever reason, maybe it's just not understanding that space. But, you know, they are difficult to finance and traditionally you'll go into the private finance sector to try and get finance for these. But then you look down the, you look at the gift horse in the mouth and you don't want to take financing from an investor who's willing to give you something at 12 or 13% although sometimes these things are returning 20, 25%. So just, you know, you don't want to walk away from a good deal because of the cost of finance. You can always, you know, once the deal's in place and it's working and you can go improve the financials, you can go and get further finance and cheaper finance but don't look at the gift horse in the mouth if it is finance available. Mm-mm. If you have just been asked this evening, I'm in conversation with Grant Smear who's a director at Only Realty Group. We're looking at structuring your property portfolio, structuring your property portfolio one-on-one especially for those who are still relatively new, the property game thing will do a massive version, right? A slightly more advanced version of this because they're different ways to structure a property deal that are very creative and innovative and using a combination of different kinds of finance. So I think more often than not, we're very used to using one kind of finance for a property deal as opposed to, you know, using and playing around with different variations and we'll definitely do an advanced version of this. But this is at a beginner level. If you're looking at structuring a property deal, this is some of what you need to look out for. I want us to go for a quick break and see who the potential winner for this evening's 2,000 rand cash prize is. And when we come back, Grant, I want us to look at how can viewers at home, you know, position themselves when it comes to raising private capital. Because as you were saying, more often than not, when we deal with the multi-lites, banks tend to be very reluctant to fund them. And we're increasingly seeing a lot of, you know, up and coming in young property entrepreneurs and investors wanting to go into that space and seeing a gap in the various communities that they're operating in or want to penetrate and want to raise capital. And sometimes there are some of us who have the capital to kind of play around with and looking at different deals to go into. On the one hand, how do you structure a deal to make it advertising for various private backers who may have some funds to put in your deal? And also then on the other side, how can the private backers, because I'm also not taking it that every private backer has expertise, but how can they also best adequately vet the people approaching them for this capital and for them to also be clear on what their exit strategy and how they're going to make returns on a particular deal. Let's go for that quick break and see who the lucky winner is of the 2,000 rounds that is in the money bag. And this evening's winner for that 2,000 rounds that is in the money bag is Megan Matthews. Megan Matthews, if you are watching you and this evening's lucky winner of the 2,000 rounds for our competition, remember you have to drop us a text before the end of the show to claim that 2,000 rounds cash prize. I know many people at home are counting on this rolling over and rolling over and rolling over. We're going to see if Megan Matthews is indeed watching us and will claim that prize. And I already see some of the numbers that we're getting on our Facebook page. Abeta Albertine Geraldine Carolus, Queen Tarko, as well as Unonim Uta watching us on our Facebook page. Do you keep that love coming up? And of course I also want to find out from you at home as we're looking at structuring a property deal and certainly looking at it from a beginner's perspective, some of the fundamentals that you need to be aware of, some of the mistakes you want to make sure that you watch out for. And how you can approach private investors and best positioning yourself for those private investors.  And what were some of the lessons that you learned even as you try to raise capital for your property venture? We've got on our Facebook page, one of our top fan gang members, Howard McIntyne, saying, please do structure your deal from negotiating, the purchase, ensuring you're buying slightly below market to negotiating your interest rates for as long as you get the lowest and most importantly, do apply the registration for a higher bond. And I absolutely love that one, right? Granton, you'll talk a little bit about that, especially for those who are looking at sort of single units, registering a higher bond and in as much as we access the money, you know that let's say you register 1.5 and the bank also agrees that you can register 1.5, but you know that you've only asked for a million rands from the bank. And so you've got that half a million rands buffer should you need it in the future. We'll talk a little bit about that. We've got Matesh Shannang is saying, I watch with admiration those who get into deals with big property developers would be interested in knowing how that works. And Granton can speak a little bit about it. I mean, we've spoken to Grant about it when we looked at buying into a new development, firstly as an individual basis, but also as an investor, how oftentimes you are able to make quite a good return when you get in very early with a developer and the various ways that people are doing so. I think, Grant, let's start with Matesh one because I think this is an easy low hanging fruit. Getting into a deal with developers very early on. So more often than not, it's even before they break ground, how can people get a sense of which developer they can even approach to be able to get into that kind of relationship with them. Yes, I mean, this is one of those contentious spaces where buying early into development, you get big returns, particularly phase one. The developers early on are not trying to prove to the banks or their finances that they can sell the development. So they're very keen to get offers to purchase signers as quickly as possible and get guarantees in place. So you can, if you're going to go into developments and my first suggestion is look at developers with a proven track record. I mean, it's vitally important, either proven track record or management team with a proven track record. It's almost when you're investing into the development, you're actually investing into the development company when you're getting in early because there's no actual assets underpinning your purchase. So look at the development team, understand their background, do search on social media and the instance and amazing thing, you can find a lot of detail about people these days, particularly where they've done things with shortcuts. So I would check out the development company and there are some big guys at the moment that are charging a premium, not gonna name any ones that I shouldn't, but they are guys maybe you shouldn't look at, but be careful when you go into developments, there are issues around buying too large developments where there's a tenant focus. My suggestion is look at ones where there's a much higher percentage of owners, owner occupiers, and those are generally better looked after and gain better capital value in the medium term. And just again, look at the existing demand around those areas, particularly areas that are booming at the moment, you don't necessarily want to buy into larger development because your competition is going to be meant for the next sort of five to seven years. And when we look at Howard's point around registering that higher bond, I think this is one of those strategies that a lot of newbies and even people who've been doing this a little bit tend to not know upfront, the ability to register that higher bond just take us through how somebody at home would use that strategy and the benefit of using that strategy, especially when it comes to unlocking some capital few years down the line. Yeah, so essentially I mean it's a cost saving method and sort of just simplifies the process for you to access capital that you've created within your property. So using your numbers, you register 1.5 billion round bond against a million, a purchase of property, you only need a million round bond from the bank and you'll be paying your repayments on that million basis. But if you then want to access at a later stage, the 500,000 range, you can do that quite easily without getting that second set of attorneys involved and the transferring attorneys and you approach the bank to access that. They'll generally send out a value to just ensure that their money is protected, but you won't have to reach the additional bond element or a secondary bond against their property which sometimes the banks don't like doing. So it's a much easier way just to access finance of the property, particularly we've bought the property under value. It's a really good strategy to create future finance opportunity. And again, probably the cheapest form of finance you'll get is bond finance. I think if anything, it's probably such a great time especially right now where the cost of that credit facility is so low. If you know that even when interest rates go up which we know that they're going to go up, you're able to find a really great property and really push down that purchase price as low as possible. And the value, you're still going to get away with being able to register that higher bond just based on the value of that property. It's probably a really great way to secure your ability to access that capital at a later stage. Now, granted, one of the big things is then for visa home who are looking to not only go the bank route or perhaps not even go the bank route at all. So if you're looking at target your private financiers particularly those, cause I'm seeing this quite a bit those who've got the capital, they're looking at financing a deal and would sometimes say, let's say in the next two or three years these are the kinds of returns that I'm looking to have. How can you then at home sort of best position that deal for people who have the funds to be able to finance that deal especially when you're not going to be using any ex-aspect of the bank's financing? Yeah, so I mean, the first thing and the easiest access is the bank of mom and dad. Those are the people who should trust you the most who should give you the most access to financing but ultimately no matter who it is whether it's your parents or friends or family or sort of colleagues, there's two elements to any investor and what they want is they want returns on their money and part two is security or de-risking their money. So they'll understand what the risk is and what the security and depending that asset is. So whenever you're going to put a proposal together with us or really things you need to address is what returns you can provide them on their funding considering the deal in place and then how do you de-risk that investments or how do they know they're not going to lose their money. Now the easy thing in property is that any finance is underpinned by a property which is sort of a big advantage here and why generally even financing from bank is provided at a much lower rate than for example credit cards or loans because there is an asset back, so that's useful but what you need to do is then figure out which some of you mentioned earlier how do you get that investor's money back to them. So if you're looking to do a flip deal it's a much easier sort of conversation to have and we're looking to get into the property another property within a year but if it's a longer term holding strategy you're going to have to be quite clear on how you pay that money back whether it's a refinancing process and over a period of time or whether you may be going to pay them back on a repayment basis during that period or for over a longer term. But generally speaking you're going to approach investors who are looking to do two to three years very rarely I think you're going to get somebody that's willing to park the money with your tenures and then you'd need to have an extra strategy and be very clear on how you can get the money back to them. And I think Grant when you look at it is a strategy I want us to look a little bit on some of the people I know are looking at potentially financing people's deals I mean I get approached with this quite a lot some people say that I've been approached and I've got a bit of money lying around how can I best assess whether this is a good deal or not and almost a question around I think beyond the good deal is how can I also make sure that I'm able to exit and for a financier so your private financier you may have some money a bit and you have the friends of the family reaching out to back their property deal how do you also sort of best make sure that you're able to firstly understand have a very clear exit strategy because I think one of the key things that a lot of people seem to struggle with both from the person raising that capital but sometimes also for newbies who are looking at finance and people's projects is having a very clear exit strategy so there isn't a clear path of okay I'm getting in with half a million I want to be in for a period of time what would exiting look like for me and if I exited different stages of this deal what are some of the returns that I'm looking at to find that that tends to be lacking especially for sort of newbie players within the property space so how can then on the I'll say the investor side where you're the financier how can you almost have a clear view of your exit strategy because I think see through such an important thing that I think not a lot of us are able to have a good sense of Yes I mean again it's about understanding the strategy that the investors going into so while they're buying the property what's the purpose what's the term hold that they're going to hold it also comes down to then the agreement so my recommendation is they always need to be at least two extra strategies out of any deal and that's for the investor that's for the sort of private investor but that's also for the property investor buying the deal if you're going to buy a property for a flip and the deal doesn't work you need to be able to either raise it out put it into multi-lens you know, do something develop it there's got to be some other extra strategy and on the same vein the private investor needs to have more than one extra strategy whether that means sale of the property to come out of the deal other financing that comes from somebody else that can replace your finance you know refinancing with the banks there's got to be multiple options for that exit in the timelines part two is you need to work on best-case scenario and worst-case scenario so assume that going into for example the flip deal you're going to get your money back with your returns in six months but also maybe make the assumption that within a five-year period you might start getting a monthly return and cater for that you shouldn't really be investing private money with a property investor that you're going to need in 18 months time you know that money needs to be sitting somewhere that's parked and you need to understand that if you park it into a property a bricks and mortar is notoriously illiquid particularly if Mark turns against you which you have no control over so it's important that you do have multiple exits and multiple scenarios sort of catered for and that's not only in the conversations that you're having but also in the agreement that you put in place between yourselves and I think this is one if we talk about big mistakes that people make when they invest in property and in particular private finances is not having a very clear agreement in place and also not having the legal means to to go and enforce those agreements when they're done so my suggestion is certainly getting an attorney involved to make sure that you're interested and protected and that's both parties and not just the private investor and you know Grant I think one of the really big things and I want to echo to viewers at home especially right now as we're seeing a lot of people increasingly getting excited about investing in property and being able to see different opportunities in their respective communities and filling different gaps is that you still want the services of a professional always get an attorney involved the moment money's are going to be transferred it's not enough to say you know Zaman Dunwai you see her live every single evening and so even when you're dealing with somebody who is you know will say relatively known or you know them from somebody you know adequately doing your due diligence and of course getting an attorney involved in a property deal becomes such an important part because ultimately it's money that are getting involved you're not just buying a pair of jeans so you want to make sure that those basics are covered now I was saying to viewers at home that I will share a little bit about some of my own mistakes I think that I made very early on in my property general comes to structuring a deal and it's something that you know granted actually highlighted and that's being too optimistic I think more often than not when we look at the numbers you know you kind of have the high end of what the returns could potentially be and I think earlier on in my own journey I used to run the numbers more on the optimistic side and you know wasn't factoring vacancy rates and kind of assumed that I would get sort of the maximum for the respective properties as opposed to being slightly more prudent on the you know on the income that I was expecting or projecting for the property and buffering in maintenance I think I learned very early on having made this mistake early on that rather overestimate what you'll potentially spend on maintenance and budget that in and obviously the aim is not to reach that target than to underestimate your maintenance budget and then increasingly exceeded like those for me were the two things that I typically didn't look at and some of the earlier properties initially would need work and so also underestimating the costs of doing refurbishments which is partly why I've become really great at running numbers when it comes to refurbishments I think the last time we were even talking with Gondra saying how I'm a stickler for you know tiles I know what tiles cost I know how much cement costs because I buy tiles and cement you know that regularly and there's just certain items that one would need in a property that I buy fairly regularly and have a good understanding of what that cost is so rather overestimate those as much as possible and you know factor them into a deal and factor them into running your numbers then be prudent in them if anything if you want to be prudent be prudent on the income side I think you're more likely to be more successful if you do it that way I see more of the love that we're getting on our Facebook page Serifi and Washeng saying Megan had an extra time to make a claim for Lofelo who they're saying I really need it of course referring to that 2000 rand cash prize that is up four grams and we see that Megan Matthews unfortunately has not claimed the money she's got a few more you know minutes to potentially claim it I want to wrap up with you they'll grab this evening when we're looking at the newbie property investor right now what final tip would you give to them when it comes to structuring their property deal that they always need to pay in mind even as we'll cover intermediate and more advanced levels of structuring a deal in future episodes but certainly one of those common threads that are crucial regardless of which level you're in I mean structuring such a broad subject so we only had half an hour and we can speak ours about this so I think the most important thing for me is when you're getting to this property space we're talking big numbers even the smallest property in South Africa you're talking 400, 500,000 rand very few people can afford to lose that sort of money so I maybe just want to highlight the importance of professionals in the process I think professionals at every level there are very good bond originators there there are very good people that are invested in finance they're very good attorneys that do structuring and we talk about property deals that do instalments and agreements and standard agreements and private finance agreements and company loan agreements all those sorts of things so I think it's vitally important that at every stage you don't look at the cost of these people because they're actually ultimately protecting and saving you from losing a lot of money in the property space we're not talking again 1,000 or 2,000 rand we're talking a lot of money so the big thing for me in newbies that I see is that they try and do things via Google or Facebook Warriors take suggestions of Facebook groups and that sort of thing versus addressing and speaking to professionals that they are paying for their advice that have got a proven track record and the expertise in this space Thank you and I think that's actually just such a great news to leave it in, Gron that you want to work with professionals because ultimately what you're going to spend when it comes to property is probably going to be the most expensive thing that you'll ever spend on as Gron to say even the lower end property in South Africa is 400 even up to half a million the majority of South Africans don't even make that per annum so you really do want to make sure that from the get go you're working with professionals and you're not cutting corners because there's a way that cutting corners especially in the beginning part catches up with you in ways that ends up costing you quite a lot of money later on so rather be clear from the get go is particularly when you're structuring a deal I think don't skimp on the professional services very easy for us to think we can find a friend who can do it but you really do want to work with people who do this for a living and this is what they ultimately do to be able to help you structure your deal Gron, it's always such a pleasure to have a conversation with you on the show thank you so much for joining us thank you very much and that is Gron Sneo as a director at only Realty Group wrapping up the Tuesday edition of the private property part with myself, Ozaman, Dong-Wang, Kuma Lo unfortunately I can see Megan Matthews has not claimed that 2000 rand cash prizes in the money bag and so we are going to have a roll over tomorrow part of me is interested to see how far we're going to have this roll over for I think it would be quite interesting if you get to 10,000 rand I know many of you at home watching with baited breath how far we are going to go but we'll see who tomorrow evening's winner is and we'll continue engaging with that post on our Facebook page it's the pinned post where we're looking at having 20,000 comments on that post and that is how we wrap it up this evening on the private property part with myself, Ozaman, Dong-Wang, Kuma Lo I'll be back on your screens tomorrow evening at 7 p.m. You can look forward to bringing you the form in podcast at 8 p.m. Until then, hoping you're staying home and staying safe


Hey everybody, welcome back to the channel today. I'm going to be talking a little bit about Ubuntu 21.04 Now the reason why this video is being made is because today was the feature freeze for Ubuntu 21.04 Which means that there's going to be no new features put into this release They're just gonna be focusing and now I'm getting it to be stable and working out the kinks and all that stuff now We don't know for sure the exact feature set of 21 out of 4 Hasn't been announced. We won't know until it actually comes out now We do know several things that are going to be in there We know a few things that aren't going to be in there and we have some conjecture over some things that Ubuntu might do But maybe not so that's what today's video is going to be about first. I just want to apologize for Crazy video. I got a new camera and it's a little wonky on the colors And it's been flashing for some reason. I'm not sure why I'll figure it out For whatever reason it just does not want to stay a single color. So I just apologize as I also say this I've moved my old camera over to my first monitor looks. There's the video. There's the Crazy lighting again has something to do with the focus anyways I'm so used to looking this direction You know because this is where the only camera I used to have I probably you'll probably see me talking over here But the camera will be looking like this. It's gonna be really weird It'll take some getting used to so I just thought I'd throw that out there before we jumped in So let's go ahead and jump into the topic for today So the first thing is They might be using the dark theme by default now whether or not this is going to actually make it through or not It was just it was just one of those proposals that we the OMG Ubuntu kind of picked up on For me, I think that's cool because the dark theme is actually you know Much better than the light theme almost universally. I think but We'll see if that makes through now. There are a few other things That are mostly under the hood that we know we're probably going to get we're probably going to get Python 3.9 Colonel 5.11, although I have a feeling will probably it'll probably be stuck on 5.10 This article here says we're for sure gonna get 5.11. I'm not sure that that's true They'll be all the usual app updates and stuff in the new wallpapers and the interesting one here in this list here is GNOME shell enhancements Now the one thing we know for sure. We're not going to get is GNOME 40 and they've already said come out and said that we're not gonna get and it probably won't appear in Ubuntu until the fall and that's perfectly fine and we know why and in the cards above you'll see a video I made on why Not using GNOME 40 is the right choice But it'll be interesting to see because I feel that the amount of effort they put into GNOME shell this time will kind of prophesies they'll kind of Give us an idea of where they're gonna go with GNOME 40 because if they put a lot of effort into making the current GNOME shell a lot better like Really fast and maybe even a couple new features or whatever They mean that may say that they're not going to be making as nearly as many changes or inheriting as many changes from GNOME 40 as Maybe we'd want them to Because really the big question is how is Ubuntu going to Adopt those features of GNOME 40 or are they going to adopt them at all because I mean there's some big UI changes in GNOME 40 and well Those design changes are almost completely different than what Ubuntu has looked like since like 2007 or something I mean Ubuntu's look pretty much the same for the last I don't know 13 to 14 years That's right personally I think that they should adopt as much of GNOME 40 as possible because GNOME 40 at least while I may not agree with some of their design choices at least looks fresh now there's a whole slew of Hardware support fixes and features and stuff that we'll see in 21.04 These things are perfectly normal. Every release sees these, you know hardware Fixes and support changes and stuff. So we'll see USB 4 and Thunderbolt support some new things for Lenovo's and different Intel CPUs and stuff a lot of this stuff is either going to be coming through because of the kernel changes or stuff that Ubuntu has been able to work out through vendor partnerships and stuff so Really the biggest thing we're going to see on 21.04 is Waylon support. So We've already I've already made a video about this I've already talked about it I'm not sure for whether I know I've talked about it in this video because I've now tried to make this video like four or five times because of the video problems but Waylon support basically It's going to be set as a default for every user who's not using it and video card so if you haven't if the installation media Detects that you're using an Nvidia driver or you have an Nvidia Nvidia card dropped it, you know into your computer You'll be using x.org Anybody everybody else will be using Wayland We believe that that's the way it's going to work at least so That's very interesting because for the They've been trying to get Wayland up off the ground for a long time and it looks like finally We're at a point where it can actually be not only be completely usable, but also start being supported by the bigger districts So we've seen Fedora obviously use it because they're behind the Waylon project Now we're seeing Ubuntu use it by default Eventually we'll probably see Arch use it arch is a little bit different because they don't actually associate themselves with any desktop environment so Really once we get Ubuntu Inline it we're gonna start seeing the desktop environment start to slowly make it the default focus so like mate and plasma and obviously, you know, I'm already there and probably elementary's Pantheon will be there pretty soon So really once we get past this Ubuntu thing. It's really gonna be on the The desktop environment teams to go through and start supporting the stuff So that's the big one and probably the one that will notice the most because they've tried to go Wayland full-time before That did not work and they end up having to switch back to x.org Maybe Wayland is but is good enough now and we'll see Wayland support be default by You know for the rest of time But we'll see So the last thing I want to talk about is this private home thing so for the glass Ever since well, I guess ever since Ubuntu, you know was released for the first time the home directory has actually not been private so the permissions on the home director would actually allow anyone who had an account on the system to view other people's Home directory if they had I believe if they had root access Then that's a huge deal because especially if you're in a corporate environment where computers may have multiple Accounts on them Being able to view other people's files and stuff without much effort is a big deal And that's gonna change you 21 out of 4 from now on the home directory will be complete private as it should be so really That is Ubuntu 21.04 now get them. I haven't tried it yet and Really We don't know like as we don't don't know a whole list of all the official features We won't know that until we get to the change logs My guess is that this is gonna be a very very minor update even with that Wayland support They focus so much on Wayland the rest of the features have kind of fallen by the wayside We'll see most of the new features in this generation come from the desktop environments specifically plasma and probably mate and cinnamon and all those those desktop environments will actually go through and be the Catalyst to change and new features and stuff whereas Ubuntu has kind of gone through and Just worked on getting the kinks out and becoming the most Stable it can be Screw you camera stop changing like I Maybe I need a bigger light in here. I don't know. That's really weird because it's not when I move. I Mean, I guess it's a little when I move Just really weird It's a cheap camera. I mean it's not like I spent like a thousand dollars in the camera So it's like a 50 buck camera, but still I shouldn't be doing that nonsense. That's crazy. Anyways Thanks for watching. I have a couple new screens to show you so first make sure you follow us on Twitter Facebook and patreon You can support us by subscribing obviously follow us on Twitter at Twitter comm slash Linux cast Facebook comm slash Linux cast Sensing a pattern here. You can also support us on patreon at patreon comm slash Linux cast and that being said I'd like to thank our patrons Devon see and Marcus B for being our first supporters Thanks guys and thanks everyone for watching. I'll see you next time


CHAPTER XXIX Mantilish's garden in the highlands south of Sace had a certain renown all over the hub. It had been donated to the professor twenty-five years ago by the populace of another federation world. That populace had negligently permitted a hideous pestulence of some kind to be imported and had been saved in the nick of time by the appropriate pestulence killer hastily developed and forwarded to it by Mantilish. In return a lifetime ambition had been fulfilled for him, his own private botanical garden, plus an unlimited fund for stocking and upkeep. To one side of the big garden house where Mantilish stayed whenever he found the time to go puttering around among his specimens stood a giant sequoia, generally reputed to be the oldest living thing in the hub outside of the life-banks. It was certainly extremely old, even for a sequoia. For the last decade there had been considerable talk about the advisability of removing it before it collapsed and crushed the house and everyone in it, but it was one of the professor's great favourites and so far he had vetoed the suggestion. Elbow's prop on the broad white balustrade of the porch before her third-story bedroom Trigger was studying the sequoia's crown with a pair of field-glasses when Pilch arrived. She laid the glasses down and invited her guest to pull up a chair and help her admire the view. They admired the view for a little in silence. It certainly is a beautiful place, Pilch said then. She glanced down a professor Mantilish, a couple of hundred yards from the house, dressed in a pair of tanned shorts and busily grubbing away with a spade around some new sort of shrub he just planted and smiled. I took the first opportunity I've had to come see you, she said. Trigger looked at her and laughed. I thought you might. You weren't satisfied with the reports then? Pilch said, of course not. But it was obvious the emergency was over so I was whisk away to something else. She frowned slightly. Sometimes, she admitted, the service keeps me the least bit busier than I'd prefer to be. So now it's been six months. I would have come in for another interview if you'd called me, Trigger said. I know, said Pilch, but that would have made it official. I can keep this visit off the record. Her eyes met Triggers for a moment, and I have a feeling I will. Also, of course, I'm not pushing for any answers you mightn't care to give. Just push away, Trigger said agreeably. Well, we got the commissioner's call from his ship, a worried man he was, so it seems now that we've had one of the old galactics around for a while. When did you first find out about it? On the morning after our interview, right after I got up. How? Trigger laughed. I watched my weight. When I noticed I'd turned three and a half pounds heavier overnight than I'd averaged the past four years, I knew all right. Pilch smiled faintly. You weren't alarmed at all? I guess I'd been prepared just enough by that time. But then, you know, I forgot all about it again until Lyad and Flammed opened that purse, and he wasn't inside. Then I remembered, and after that I didn't forget again. No, of course. Pilch's slim fingers tapped the surface of the table between them. She said then, paying repulse of the highest compliment Pilch could give. Yes. He was a good therapist. After a moment she added, I had a talk with Commissioner Tate an hour or so ago. He's preparing to leave Macadone again, I understand. That's right. He's been organizing that big exploration trip of mantelishes the past couple of months. He'll be in charge of it when they take off. You're not going along? Pilch asked. Trigger shook her head. Not this time. Ape and I—Captain Quillen and I, that is. I heard, Pilch said. She smiled. You picked a good one on the second try. Quillen's all right, Trigger agreed, if you watch him a little. Anyway, said Pilch, Commissioner Tate seemed to be just the least bit worried about you still. Trigger put a finger to her temple and made a small circling motion. A bit ta ta? Not exactly that, perhaps. But it seems, said Pilch, that you've told him a great deal about the history of the old galactics, including what ended them as a race 32,000 years ago. Trigger's face clouded a little. Yes, she said. She sat silent for a moment. Well, I got that from repulsive somewhere along the line, she said then. It didn't really come clear until some time after we'd got back, but it was there on those pictures in the interview. The giant stamping on the farm? Trigger nodded. And the fast clock and the slow one? He was trying to tell it then. The jesters, that's the giants, they're fast and tough like us. Apparently, Trigger said thoughtfully, they're a good deal like us in a lot of ways, but worse, much worse. And the old galactics were just slow. They thought slow. They moved slow. They did almost everything slow. That full-gallop old repulsive couldn't have kept up with a healthy snail. Besides, they just liked to grow things and tinker with things and so on. They didn't go in for fighting and they never got to be at all good at it, so they just got wiped out practically. The jesters were good at fighting, eh? Trigger nodded. Very good. Like us again. Where did they come from? Repulsive thought they were outsiders. He wasn't sure. He and that other OG were on the sidelines, running their protein collecting station, when the jesters arrived and it was all over and they were gone before he had learned much about it. From outside the galaxy, Pilch said thoughtfully. She cleared her throat. What's this business about they might be back again? Well, Trigger said, he thought they might be, just might. Actually, he believed the jesters got wiped out too. Eh? Pilch said. How's that? Quite a lot of the old galactics went along with them, like repulsive went along with me. And one of the things they did know, Trigger said, was how to spread diseases like nobody's business. About like we use weed killers, wholesale. They could clean out the average planet of any particular thing they didn't want there in about a week. So it's not really too likely the jesters will be back. Ah, said Pilch. But if they are coming, repulsive thought they'd be due in this area in about another eight centuries. That looked like a very short time to him, of course. He thought it would be best to pass on a warning. You know, Pilch said after a brief pause. I find myself agreeing with him there, Trigger. I might turn in a short report on this after all. I think you should really, Trigger said. She smiled suddenly. Of course, it might wind up with people thinking both of us are ta-ta. All risk that, said Pilch. It's been thought of me before. If they did come, Trigger said, I guess we'd take them anyway. We've taken everything else like that that came along. And besides—her voice trailed off thoughtfully—she studied the tabletop for a moment, then she looked up at Pilch. Well, she said, smiling. Any other questions? A few, said Pilch, passing up the and the sides. She considered. Did you ever actually see him make contact with you? No, Trigger said. I was always asleep, and I suppose he made sure I'd stay asleep. They're built sort of like a leech, you know. I guess he knew I wouldn't feel comfortable about having something like that go oozing into the side of my neck or start oozing out again. Anyway, he never did let me see it. Consider it, little fellow, said Pilch. She sighed. Well, everything came out very satisfactorily, much more so than anyone could have dared hope at one time. All that's left is a very intriguing mystery which the hub will be chatting about for years. What happened aboard Dr. Fail's vanishing ship that caused the King Plasmoid to awaken to awful life, she cried? What equally mysterious event brought about its death on that strangely hideous structure it had built in subspace? What was it planning to do there, etc.? She smiled at Trigger. Yes, very good. I saw they camouflaged out what was still visible of the original substation before they let in the news-viewer, as Trigger remarked. Bright idea somebody had there. Yes, it was I. And the DeVegas hierarchy is broken, and the airmentines run out of trannist. Two very bad spots, those were. I don't recall having heard what they did to your friend Pooley. I heard, Trigger said. He just got blacklisted by Grand Commerce finally and lost all his shipping concessions. However, his daughter is married to an up-and-coming young businessman who happened to be on hand and have the money and other qualifications to pick up those concessions. She laughed. It's the Inger lines now. They're smart characters, in a way. Yes, had Pilch in a way. Did you know Liat Ermentine put in for a voluntary rehabilitation with us, and then changed her mind and joined the service? I'd heard of it, Trigger hesitated. Did you know Liat paid me a short visit about an hour before you got here this morning? I thought she would, Pilch said. We came into Macadone together. Trigger had been a little startled when she answered the door-trium and saw Liat standing there. She invited the Ermentine in. I thought I'd thank you personally, Liat said casually, for a recording which was delivered to me some months ago. That's quite all right, Trigger said also casually. I was sure I wasn't going to have any use for it. Liat studied her face for a moment. To be honest about it, Trigger R.G., she said, I still don't feel entirely cordial toward you. However, I did appreciate the gesture of letting me have the recording. So I decided to drop by to tell you there isn't really too much left in the way of hard feelings on my part. She shook hands restrainedly and the Ermentine sauntered out again. The other reason she came here, Pilch said, is to take care of the financing of Mantelish's expedition. I didn't know that, Trigger said surprised. It's her way of making amends. Her legitimate hub-holdings are still enormous, of course. She can afford it. Well, Trigger said, that's one thing about Liat. She's wholehearted. She's that, said Pilch. Rarely have I seen anyone rip into total therapy with a verve displayed by the Ermentine. She mentioned on one occasion that there simply had to be some way of getting ahead of you again. Oh, said Trigger. Yes, said Pilch. By the way, what are your own plans nowadays aside from getting married?  No immediate plans, she said. I've resigned from pre-call, got a couple of checks from the Federation, one to cover my expenses on that plasmoid business, that was the Dawn City Fair mainly, and the other for the five week special duty they figured I was on for them. So I'm up to five thousand crowns again, and I thought I'd just loaf around and sort of think things over till Quillin gets back from his current assignment. I see. When is Major Quillin returning? In about a month. It's Captain Quillin at present, by the way. Oh, said Pilch. What happened? That unwarranted interference with a political situation business. They'd broadcast a warning against taking individual action of any kind against the plasmoid station, but when he got there and heard the commissioner was in a kind of coma, and I wasn't even on board, he lost his head and came charging into the station after me, flinging grenades and so on around. The plasmoids would have finished him off pretty quick, except most of them had started slowing down as soon as repulsive turned off the main one. The lunatic was lucky the termites didn't get to him before he even reached the station. Pilch said, termites? Trigger told her about the termites. Ah, said Pilch. I hadn't heard about those. So they broke him for that. It hardly seems right. Well, you have to have discipline, Trigger said tolerantly. Apes a bit short on that end, anyway. They'll be upgrading him again fairly soon, I imagine. I might just be going into space scout intelligence myself, by the way. They said they'd be glad to have me. Not at all, incidentally, remarked Pilch. My service also would be glad to have you. Would they? Trigger looked at her thoughtfully. That includes that total therapy process, doesn't it? Usually, said Pilch. Well, I might some day, but not just yet. She smiled. Let's let Laiad get a head start. Actually it's just I've found out there are so many interesting things going on all around that I'd like to look them over a bit before I go charging seriously into a career again. She reached across the table and tapped Pilch's wrist. And I'll show you one interesting thing that's going on right here. Take Mantelish's big tree out there. The sequoia? Yes. Now, just last year it was looking so bad they almost talked the professor into having it taken away, hardly a green branch left on it. Pilch shaded her eyes and looked at the sequoia's crown far above them. It looks, she observed refractively, in fairly good shape at the moment I'd say. Yes, and it's getting greener every week. Mantelish brags about a new solvent he's been dozing its roots with. You see that great big branch, like an L termed upward, just a little above the center? Pilch looked again. Yes, she said after a moment. I think so. Just before the L turns upward, there's a little cluster of green branches, Trigger said. I see those, yes. Trigger picked up the field glasses and handed them to her. Get those little branches in the glasses, she said. Pilch said presently, got them. Trigger stood up and faced up to the sequoia. She cupped her hands to her mouth, took a deep breath, and yelled, Yoo-hoo! Repulsive! Down in the garden, Mantelish straightened and looked about angrily. Then he saw Trigger and smiled. Yoo-hoo, yourself, Trigger! He shouted, and turned back to his spading. Trigger watched Pilch's face from the side. She saw her give a sudden start. Great galaxies, Pilch breathed. She kept on looking. That's one for the book, isn't it? Finally she put the glasses down. She appeared somewhat stunned. He really is a little green man. Only when he's trying to be. It's a sort of sign of friendliness. What's he doing up there? He moved over into the sequoia right after we got back, Trigger said. And that's where he'll probably stay indefinitely now. It's just the right kind of place for repulsive. Have you been doing any more, well, talking? No. You strenuous both ways. Until a few days before we got back here there wasn't even a sign from him. He just about knocked himself out on that big plasmoid. Who else knows about this, asked Pilch? Nobody. I would have told Holate, except he's still mad enough about having been put into a coma. He might go out and chop the sequoia down. Well, it won't go into the report, then, said Pilch. They just want to bother repulsive. I knew it would be all right to tell you. And here's something else very interesting that's going on at present. What's that? The real hush-hush reason for Mantelish's expedition, Trigger explained, is, of course, to scout around this whole area of space with planetary plasmoid detectors. They don't want anybody stumbling on another setup like Harvest Moon and accidentally activating another king plasmoid. Yes, Pilch said, I'd heard that. It was Mantelish's idea, said Trigger. Now Mantelish is very fond of that sequoia tree.  Oh, said Pilch. Repulsive's been up to his old trick, say. Sure, he's given Mantelish very exact instructions, so they're going to find one of those setups all right, and they won't come back with any plasmoids, but they will come back with something they don't know about. Pilch looked at her for a moment. You say it. Trigger's grin widened. A little green woman, she said. End of Chapter 29. End of Legacy by James Schmitz