one o'clock. Time to go here. My first slide is Aristotle. I'm just kidding. I thought it would be kind of humorous to show a busy slide and say one word and go on. I'm a Monty Python moment. At any rate, I wanted to make a couple points about my viewpoint of science and human knowledge. It's experiential. Experiential knowledge has become more in the forefront, I think, since around 1975 and the 1980s. My son went to a very nice college in North Carolina called Elon, which experiential knowledge or experiential learning tops with him and hands-on involvement, engagement, not just passive lecturing and that sort of thing. But a couple points I'd make about Aristotle is he encouraged observation. He noted that the mast, the top of the mast, was the last thing seen on ships and used that to argue that the world is round, which I don't think he was the originator of that idea, but he was using observation for his arguments in contrast to Socrates. Socrates was more of a in-the-gut, feel-it-in-your-gut type guy who would make arguments based on pure philosophy and devoid of experience. And another experiment that Aristotle encouraged or did, I guess, was hens laying eggs. And he actually took the eggs on different days out from under the hens. And opened them up and saw how the chick developed in the egg white feeding off the yolk. And it was imagine trying to explain how chicks develop in an egg by pure philosophy without observation or experience. So one last point I'll make about Aristotle before we go on is that he died one year before his most famous student, who was Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great died in 321 before the Common Era. So I thought this was an interesting idea I wanted to emphasize. It's in human nature to explore and be curious, not just humans, I mean most any animals, you know, cats or primates, bears, any creature that moves about, they'll want to explore their environment and try to figure out what they're seeing. It needs to be kind of controlled. You can see in this collage that there's guidance indicated in this lower center where an adult is explaining a story with a book and with pictures and the children are just fascinated by it. And just above you see some of the dangers of curiosity and hazardous environments. Now I grew up somewhat feral and wandered about from age four on a 220 acre primitive farm and without supervision basically. If I wanted supervision I would go find someone, but I wasn't really watched over much. But I did a lot of exploration, which I think benefited me, but when I looked back on it I'm lucky I didn't get killed in a lot of ways. It's also once exploration and curiosity about their own physical makeup as with the little boy on the right looking down, what's that down in my pants? Is it still there? And the second question is does it still feel good? As I've heard people say before. Okay, I wanted to make a point that I think art is an incredibly important aspect of human talent and of the ability to document and the most striking and useful documentation of observations began with art. It requires knowledge of materials and you have to have a medium to represent like your stone wall and your pigments and a way of applying them whether you use your fingers or a stick or whatever. And it requires perception and internal validation of memory dexterity in order to carry out the depiction and convergent stereoscopic vision and being able to put that out through your thumb and fingers. It's really quite a remarkable thing that humans are able to do. Birds will gather up colorful things and decorate an area trying to attract a mate so I don't think that humans are sole providers of art in the world but at any rate I wanted to emphasize that I think it's really important to science. Now one of the things I wanted to talk about how science even happened I think it depended on population growth. With population growth you get growth of language and first verbal and language with gestures that mean something. As you may or may not know you can point to a certain area with various animals and some will know what your point that you're pointing at something to look for and most of them will just say what's in your hand. But the ability to share ideas depends on social interaction and that involves language and you have to admit that being able to write required art. The character is a drawing, the character for letters and I thought this was a brilliant cartoon to illustrate that. This is from Wiley Miller, a non sequitur. It's a wonderful imaginative cartoon and so further how did it take what did it take for science to happen? Britain language had to develop progressively. I think it developed as a spinoff of art and manual dexterity and so much of the motor cortex of the brain is involved with control of the hands and if you look at a homunculus which is a picture that's projected on the cortex the amount of cortex for control of the hands is pretty remarkable. The amount for control of the tongue and vocal tract is also pretty remarkable. So we need critical thinkers. I have some side notes here I'm looking here to see okay. You know science began there I don't want to go into great detail about ancient history. There are biblical descriptions in the Old Testament of experiments that were conducted and descriptions of experiments conducted by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon and it basically happened all over the world I think in large part but then you had with higher population and subspecialization in population centers you had the emergence of situations in which people that were very gifted could contribute more and Avesina was Persian polymath that was a good example of this who was in the golden age of Persia and this is an example of some of his output from what was called canon of medicine it was a drawing of viscera it's sort of a primitive drawing but the things I'd ask you to look at is well you can see it's it's like a drawing of a homunculus like it was mentioning that's used in medicine to describe neurological projections but this shows mostly vestularity and probably heart and lungs and the digestive tract is shown in kind of a simple form right from the tongue debung as they say in medicine and one of the points I would make about this is imagine to reproduce this science to develop required communication between people and to have books they had to be hand copied and the pictures had to be hand copied yes I was trying to indicate that I think India and China and I mean scientific activities were being conducted by modern man all around the world and it's not just Eurocentric my knowledge of it is mostly from the culture in which I grew up and so one of the points I want to make is if you had to just copy if you were trying to make copied manuscripts to share with other scholars or individuals to share your information you can make a few drawings a day and maybe a few pages of hand copied manuscripts but it would be very limiting well things things sped up around 1440 with the production of Gutenberg's screw press it was derived they think from the wine press and he advanced the ideas and figured out a way to put movable type on and in the height of the renaissance the a single printing press could produce 3,600 pages 3,600 pages or so a day of printed material and if they did hand printing like with a plate or wood blocks or anything like that it would maybe 40 pages a day would be the most they could do so this increased the availability of information and dissemination of information when it is brought about is really important and I think science was really limited to verbal and visual learning in direct contact with a source until this came along of course you had the development of communications by letters I'll just tell a quick story the main markets or that you had if you had some something that looked promising then you might get the patronage of a nobleman with great wealth because of land or of the church the Catholic church was interested in the printing press because indulgences they could sell indulgences which they can be bought in a Roman Catholic church to forgive a person for their sins on earth or to forgive someone that's already died to help help a friend who's passed away who's to get out of purgatory and all that sort of things so there was a market there for that but mostly Gutenberg printed Bibles let's see yeah okay I'm in the room okay well who invented data data that's kind of an interesting point oh I wanted to say one last thing about Gutenberg uh he got sued he he ran out of money he couldn't he couldn't make money fast enough to pay for his needs and one of the creditors named Foust forced him to give up his printing press his type and his ink so he gave him up to Foust to get out of his debt so like Prometheus in my vision he found himself chained to the rocks by debt his liver ripped out by creditors ain't it a nice world I did restore his position and made another press and did go on to print more Bibles in his life and that sort of thing but data comes from a Latin word meaning fact given or granted from 1897 on it's basically been seen as numerical facts collected for future reference the origins of data really relate to human society and population densities where there was wealth and concentrations of wealth and people wanted to know how many people they controlled and how much they were worth and what they could get out of them and so census data was taken in back China 2300 BCE and 3050 BCE ancient Egyptians did it the Greeks and the Romans and a lot of the beginnings of well day boy that's brilliant Gutenberg he's just he should have invented counterfeiting the only trouble I think back in those days all the money was metal and it was essentially worth the metal that it contained metal coinage if they had coins any rate statistics was born of actuarial information and census data like actuarial meaning by insurance companies and in the 16th century probability theory was first investigated by an Italian looking at games of chance and then 100 years later for Matt and Pascal corresponded and started to work on how to how to regard problems with figuring your odds of getting a certain outcome with dice one thing I'd like to say is Galileo is considered the father of experimental science but Francis Bacon is usually granted the and most of the things you read the position of having prescribed the structural approach to modern scientific method now Bacon is an interesting guy in that he was not a math guy he was more of a lawyer he was a word sky and he had administrative responsibilities in England and he was a procedural sort of person and he had curiosity and so he figured out a way to explore curiosity in kind of a formalistic way and that's what was the beginning of the scientific method so my point here is that I think it's kind of interesting that a guy that was not mathematical as Galileo was was seen to be the founder of the scientific method the although experimental science was first done in a really sophisticated way by Galileo once you had printing and communications and you had better communication between groups that could form like societies that would be interested talking about ira militias or men of letters which is paternalistic that is from the Latin men of letters which is a major way that scientific communications were carried out up into the Renaissance really up to the 17th century in large extent and you had the emergence of journals and the first academic journal was in this mid 17th century and out of this little country in Europe so I think it's called France and you've probably heard of it and and then you had others follow and the let's say I guess it's on the next slide yes first peer reviewed journal was out of Scotland and medical essays and observations 1733 and I couldn't help but throw in that the Lancet which is an important historic and still existing medical journal was founded in 1823 it's getting to where it's not so long ago so at any rate standards emerged and peer review is an important definition of it back then it would be different from it what it is today I'm sure and they very well might have known who was sending in the ideas that modern peer review is blind where the reviewers don't know the individuals that are sending in the article or what institution they are affiliated with or often don't now I used to do peer review for the laryngoscope which is the journal of the Trilogic Society which I joined in 1995 after I did a thesis that took me for years to write but most most of my real understanding of scientific method in pragmatic terms is based on medical background so this is a an image I got from Shantung I guess or or a Jess that was put on my abstract in the website so I used it in the talk it's quite nice the the scientific method as I learned about it when I was young was really rigid and very linear and if you become an elite scientist or a professional science person where you're publishing you have to really look at the format by which things are published by which things are done and there is a parallel usually in the format of the structure of or layout of your ideas starting with abstract and then an introduction as to what you're studying and why and then methods and materials and findings and then conclusions and there are often other aspects of it but that would be sort of typical for medical journals in any case what I just described there per second I was looking here since I've got both slides the board to the right looks the same as the slide I thought I had double vision for a second this has progressed to a more organic concept of science where you're making observations and really should be making observations all the time you develop questions when you wonder about why did that happen or what would happen if you did something different or that sort of thing and you can figure out maybe proposed answer based on what you think you know about it and then figure a way to test it science that can't be tested is is pretty close to science fiction that's debatable and when you get into theoretical physics and modern physics some you can't experiment and study things without changing what you're studying and as in quantum theory and you end up talking about things you can't get a handle on like string theory or whatever it it really gets extraordinarily abstract and mathematical medical research tends to not be some mathematical they rate you look at all your data the the information you've gathered and try to make assessments of it I'm meant to say something about statistics the original term statistics was first used by a German scholar Gadafried Aachenwald in the middle of the 18th century and it was in 10 it was entirely focused on statecraft and collection of and management of data for use by the state now in English it was first used by Sir John Sinclair who was a Highlander Scotland a man of Scotland and wrote a 21 volume statistical account of Scotland which was largely agricultural agriculture was considered the basis of wealth of a nation that was a big part of Adam Smith's the wealth of nations in 1776 he saw agriculture as the primary determinant of wealth and so that was the focus of 18th century economics in particular and I don't know I like Sir John Sinclair and reading about him he's a very interesting guy and he was wealthy and didn't need to work he had a legal background and he was really not a mathematics kind of guy either but he was using his abilities for something useful and impactful rather than just acquiescing to the life of the useless rich or the idle rich to any rate I thought the beginning of the very word statistics that dates to the end of the 1700s 1797 it was used in encyclopedia Britannica and in let's see oh Sinclair traveled in northern Europe and that's where he picked up on it the idea of the word statistics instead of using an English word in his writings now once you get into statistics you got a lot of data that you can accumulate easily you start off with qualitative measurement in human history we're based on the senses and eventually you start measuring off your thumb or your foot or a measuring rod or you develop instruments for measurement and then you start gathering up numbers or some representation of numbers and then you got to figure out what do you do with this one of the major things is to look for central tendencies so I wanted to get just in part one idea I've talked to a number of people that were educated and they did not have a clear idea of the difference between precision and accuracy and I want audience participation in this reading the definition there if you have say a marksman and he's got his sights off as telescope on his rifles off and he shoots and he gets a good clustering of of his holes and the target he's pretty precise but if they're off skewed then that's not accurate accuracy implies that there is a like the x files there the truth is out there and so you look for something representative of a valid number that represents reality so I've got a couple questions this image right here would you say it's accurate precise both or neither answers okay one says both to say both one says bot I am not a bot and one says precise definitely is precise because you have every shot is right on top of the other think of Robin Hood he was precise and accurate he hit the bull's eye and then he split his arrow okay it's both accurate and precise so now Robin Hood had his arrows off to the upper right and then he split his arrow that he'd already shot he's got maybe something about his vision or his technique or the wind or something that's making us an error maybe it's a systematic error or whatever and the more samples you get the more you could be sure but he would be precise but not accurate so let's look at another sample is this accurate precise both or neither precise precise but not accurate that's right and I note I left the definition above so that people could refer to it because I'd really like for everyone here to hold on to this and carry it away with them today if they don't already know it so it's precise but inaccurate because they're they missed it they missed the bull's eye can't say that's accurate the bull's eye exists they missed it but their data which is where they hit looks like well there's a those are my numbers that looks like that's pretty good tight measuring so well it just shows you you never know how here we are this this is the same one I made a little larger it's neither accurate I'm sorry it's not accurate but it is precise so does that make sense but data can data by itself cannot tell you for sure if you're accurate you got to be careful about that how about this one is it accurate precise both or neither well it certainly isn't precise because the hits are pretty spread out but you you know you don't have to do statistics a statistic is a piece of data a factoid and you take them together and you look for some parameter that represents all that data and measurements of central tendency like average is um that's statistics and you can look at this and see the statistic the statistics of these hits would be average out about in the center so this one is accurate but not precise so that makes sense I think that's maybe the trickiest to finally how about this one is this accurate precise both or neither yes you can you can eyeball these distribution of the data and see where the center is and you can also get that arithmetically so and part of having good number sense which is what developed in science is being able to look at things and look at the data and look at the graphs and the pictorial representations the art that is created from the data and see if your mathematics fits well this one is neither precise nor accurate it's certainly off center and it's pretty widespread they're just kind of sprayed bullets they happen to be up there in the right hand if they were it'd be easier I think if a bullet hole was off on the other side somewhere but you know a few more shots and you probably would have one so to summarize those are the ways you look at it the accurate and precise precise but not accurate in the second from the left and centering geometric center is on the bull's eye so that's accurate but it's kind of spread out a wide distribution wide standard deviation so it's not so precise and the final diagram is intended to show neither situation well that's the trouble in this you can see where the bull's eye is in science much of the time the bull's eye is not seen now I want to tell you one quick vision I have I want to move toward wrapping this up and going to our experiment I kind of see science having developed imagine someone sitting a long time and their legs go to sleep and your right foot is your qualitative foot and your left foot your quantitative foot and your shoelaces are tied together you first get up you can't feel your legs your right foot doesn't know what your left foot is doing so you can make your steps little steps you can't make big steps without being able to manage the data well and you can't tell us where well where you're going and your legs wake up and every time a new mathematical technique is arrived at you are able to spread your feet stretch the strings that are tying your your shoes together better and you're able to take longer and longer steps so you're taking qualitative steps and mathematical steps that are quantitative and pull quantitative science out of your observations and I think that my point is that I think that science grew with the aid of and limited by mathematical development mathematics has its own history and much of its the discoveries have been spurned on by scientific need but not all of them and often a mathematics has led the way especially in the recent centuries like Riemann's geometry becoming useful to Einstein so okay I wanted to mention medical research we talk about clinical trials of like taking a drug and trying to figure out if it's useful for human disease and we have phase one phase two and phase three and there is a concept of a phase four trial that's a better scientific study than an observational trial but medicine has been really hampered by if you you can't treat human beings like experimental subjects without regard for their their rights and not letting them know what was going on as was not so unusual traditionally but the physicians who were doing research or observations they knew what they were looking for and they believed that they the observations had to be made and sorted by someone who understood the field but that of course would introduce observational bias you have bias that you have to deal with in finding your way in all of this one way you can have single blind studies where you have the patients not knowing if they're getting a placebo or getting the real deal and that tends to remove things that would they do that would or their reports that would bias the study this especially is important in psychology or you know studies of human behavior people know their behaviors being observed then you get a lot of difference double blind studies the researcher doesn't know which group they're observing at any one time or which if any participant of either group or measurement of either group is they so you don't get observational bias and the person that analyzes this the you can be a statistician often science has grown to the point that it requires a lot of self subspecialization and support from multidisciplinary approaches and if statistics blows you away then don't sweat it get a statistician it's a huge huge field but the statistician is more easily trusted if they don't know the differences or what's being looked at in if they get raw data without knowing what it's representing then they won't try to spin it one of the problems is that that using normative type distributions for instance you throw at you you have justification to throw out outliers but you can have rare events that are seem statistically insignificant but are significant as with uh medicine if somebody gets um transverse myelitis of the spine from a vaccine it's a rare event but if you say well it's an outlier and you just ignore it you may end up exposing a lot of people to problems when the vaccine becomes generally available so open trials on the bottom there that's uh where everybody knows what's going on and it really um laden with bias and people avoid those as much as they can wanted to say just generally science is a culture if you think of medicine think of music and how big it is you may be just appreciate music you want to ask where do I fit in with science what can I do with science well like you enjoy music you can be a science enthusiast or appreciate it if you have enough drive and curiosity and you can do some exploration start playing guitar play violin if you're naturally driven and creative and maybe like um uh fair day uh there's been lots of important amateur scientists and mathematicians too you can be like these guys these two lads in the upper right hand corner there uh John Lennon Paul McCartney uh who just saw it just write some songs change the world uh if you're more trained uh you can be an elite musician like um Philip Glass or Leonard Bernstein at the top or even here's another Robert Johnson there and came out of the uh Delta uh untrained some said he was trained by the devil he went down the crossroads anyway there's all kinds of ways to fit in and think of it like music you can appreciate and love music and get a lot out of it uh and contribute to it by supporting it or by producing it so I thought it was a nice metaphor I wanted to share it with you and one of my favorites up in the left left hand corner Marian Anderson that's Marian Anderson singing uh at the um Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC to an open open-air audience after the um uh Daughters of the American Revolution uh refused to let her sing for them and uh Eleanor Roosevelt arranged for her to perform and she had a marvelous voice and that down in the lower right below a picture of me playing violin and my son playing guitar myself playing guitar on the left that's uh Camus Chuchon Camus Chuchon um like Carnival of the Animals and Don's Macabre and such anyway just for your information data science huge cool field that uh deals with big data it pays great what is it it's a buzzword it deals with all kinds of stuff um domain experience is a word that comes up and that's knowledge and understanding of of specific field of inquiry and great depth programming skills are good and knowledge of mathematics and statistics if you want to get involved in science or you have a family or a member or a friend or someone you're mentoring get them to go volunteer in the laboratory and to work with someone who's doing research and to try to keep their eyes open and learn everything they can in a vertical sense about um what's being done in the lab and what it takes to be able to set up a lab um trying to go it alone and doing serious sciences almost impossible and just again just for uh your information uh if you want to know what to look at uh and try to learn about or at least be aware of uh for background in data science operations research which deals with optimization problems linear algebra um multivariate calculus function theory statistics and probabilities the top thing and discrete mathematics has a role in this too that's all i'm going to say about that there's also this uh you should know in 1935 this book was published by um the design of experiments that changed all of experimental science by ronald fischer he's an englishman and you can have that as a free download um of google books and he had a famous experiment about a lady tasting tea so i want to encourage you maybe to explore that book please know about uh ronald a fischer um and um he was so nearsighted he was nearly blind but uh he was an absolute genius fascinating individual and then the idea of the null hypothesis where you think oh i think something works this way when you say let's say it doesn't work this way and you do an experiment uh with two groups and you have ways of testing to see if those two groups come from different populations and when he joined it was his contribution to england really arose from working in agriculture and trying to figure out how to produce food the best for um great britain and um he had all kinds of data that went back to 1840 and so he developed an ova or analysis of variations to be able to look at three or more populations and see if they were from the same um population or not and by saying that they were to see what the probability of them being from the same population would be okay failings in science well there's fallacies of logic we've all seen these and i just found this was a kind of an interesting one there's failure to plan ahead one way i would emphasize one thing it's not uncommon and people that come into a field and then they start doing research in something but they really don't master all the past literature and they end up reinventing the wheel and reinventing terms and uh i saw this some when i was doing of literature and i had a chairman at the university of pennsylvania and he was just brutal to people who would get up at a conference and they'd gotten in and um you know have to go through a little bit of a gauntlet to get to present and they would present this stuff and he would get up and point out to them how this had been done and how the terms were just a little different and they hadn't done their homework so planning ahead and having a good basis for what you're doing is really important there are conflicts and from the beginning like gallileo being taken over to look at the machines of torture to see if he wanted to read recant his scientific theories because it was embarrassing to theologists who wanted to extend their religious authority to physical universe or overextend so um i thought this was a brilliant uh wiley miller uh caricature about uh an inherent difficulty it depends on what culture you're in and it's not just the theologians but also just the public with their dog dogmatic point of view at times can be disruptive and who is paying for the research is important being transparent about it and you know and um i can't think of the guy's name right now but he determined the age of the earth but he also determined that lead from leaded gasoline was poisoning the world and the industry took him on and they cut off his research funds and he went on to keep studying but they he did a um yeah claire paterson um from iowa i think um and um the first person he let know who how old the world was uh 4.5 billion years or 4.3 billion years he went and told his mother so she was the first other person in the world to get to know that um 4.55 right thank you expand correct it but yeah you you need to be objective and you shouldn't contrive your research to fit a conclusion one of the problems with proprietary research is um um they will hold back information if it hurts them hurts their bottom line so um one thing about science we got to be careful we don't lose our audience somehow we got to make it uh accessible and a fun part of the culture and uh people get discouraged just like people can get discouraged about uh voting and um by disruptive society uh or a disruptive uh situation in government and people think well my vote's not going to matter or they're just making it too hard uh people looking at the uh newscasts or the popular literature they will usurp and take some spectacular sounding article and make a big deal out of it and it hasn't even really been uh made the rounds with other scientists to see if it's uh uh uh reproducible and uh also you gotta realize that uh research can seem pretty primitive at first and uh uh the techniques and such can be pretty pretty um unimpressive but if you keep working at it you can find uh reindeer that fly i suppose according to this picture okay one last one is uh i used it was a i met this man once is uh proxmire senator proxmire of uh of uh wisconsin and he would give the golden fleece award for uh it was it was kind of a uh political spectacular thing that would make it in the news about some useless research and i thought it was often unfair this is this cartoon seems a little bit hostile towards science but uh some of it is going to be useless but so are kids you know fair day had this generator even do is a demonstration and or i guess an electric motor i believe uh at uh uh christmas demonstration and some lady said sir what earthly use is that and he said madam of what earthly use is a newborn baby so you gotta you know just doing something you'll develop things to observe in new directions okay let's see i think i'm ready for my this is going to be quick it's almost miller time except we're going to do poly girl i had a couple of uh potential um experiments like i noticed spinners i had a little cup of water and a cutting of a plant and i was trying to get it to root and had spinners we got mosquitoes in the house from opening the door and they laid eggs uh in the water and then we had mosquitoes developing in a cup of water and there's really that's the sort of situation where you make the observation you see these little spinners you could do a lot of uh studies of that but the study i thought i would do is this some years ago i i had a warm beer i i can't drink beer now because i can't tolerate wheat uh i've discovered but uh explained a lot of things but um at any rate i took it and put it in the freezer because i like it cold i don't actually like warm beer and i took it out uh it had uh not frozen but uh i let it thaw a little bit and it was slushy and uh i enjoyed it although it had a kind of a chunk of ice in the center it had to thaw and it wasn't quite right so i did it again and uh did it for a shorter time and uh i ended up getting a beer one time and i was kind of casually looking at the clock and i popped the lid off the um or the cap off the bottle and it was liquid at first and fresh out of the freezer and it suddenly turned to slush it just had crystallization crystallization take place and in a large part of it and i drank it and it was absolutely wonderful and just between you and me if you want to try this i do i did i i prefer dark german beer um the uh i found in my particular freezer just open it put one bottle in and close um because if you open the freezer a lot you'll have the temperature change and if you put more than one bottle in you'll have two warm things to cool see uh just one bottle 13 minutes and it would turn to this wonderful slushy beer it was really a treat what kind of experiments that's a and that's an observation this beer turned to slush from a liquid in an instant so yeah there's theories when the can draw on what sort of um uh hypothesis can you make about what happened there that's what i thought too vick i thought that the carbon dioxide in the beer some of it was released it it depresses the freezing point and and when you pop the cap off um it uh um would lose some of the carbon dioxide and the freezing point would go up above um i'm i'm sorry the yeah the freezing point would go up above the temperature at which it was and so it would suddenly have precipitous formation of these crystals um and uh i think the bottle was strong enough that it could tolerate uh the freezing and a little bit of expansion one it's a good question why it didn't explode but uh how could you test that let's take that as your you know the thing you want to test that uh say you think it's the carbon dioxide that uh made the difference any ideas how one would test that simple experiment you could freeze flat beer could freeze a water bottle yeah this wine has a lot of solute too but it wouldn't be and that would wine would uh help separate the idea of it being the carbon dioxide versus uh the solute and you could use a sparkling wine versus uh yes a regular wine wine and each as you go along you can make observations you could also do experiments to see how long the beer was left in the freezer and what the changes were that's interesting jamming a cork into a champagne bottle i have always had to trim the cork with a sharp knife if i wanted to re cork a champagne or um you're supposed to just drink it and what happens happens so any other ideas about that leftover champagne there you go not a concept that's not going to happen right so my point in this slide is that i i thought back on my own experience in day to day life and i thought that was kind of one of one that was neat and reproducible i could reproduce those conditions and i had something that was sort of standard these kinds of bottles of beer that one could get and experiment with it and i did that and i drank slushy beer i developed a procedure for producing it based on you know kind of trial and error experimentation that was sort of organic following this um uh cycle on the scientific method that you see to the right so um uh i hope that um you'll keep your eyes open for unusual things that may come up and in your own day to day life and explore them and for many things you don't have to have a mass spectrometer or you know a chemistry lab to do a lot of basic qualitative experiments particularly or simple experiments for where you can things like weights and uh or sampling how you would sample giving it to different people to see if they like it there's a lot of ways you could create experiments and results that you could describe to somebody then probably get their attention if you showed them a bottle of polygurl because i bet everybody woke up when i showed this okay one last look i want you to remember accurate precise versus not accurate not precise and accurate not precise and not accurate precise not in that order i went out of order there but uh i want you to remember that concept i think it'd be a good fundamental concept for everybody interested in science that no citizen science i think it's great it needs to one one concern in citizen science you can end up with pseudoscience and um it uh it can go astray more readily i think in professional science with it it you have this organic scientific method often going on but in the presentation of it in journals it's presented as though it were a more rigid uh exploration and handling of the data and such as though you had a perfect uh hypothesis at first and but often that's taken from a larger body of experience that's one reason why some of the most productive labs are exploring a topic and they'll come up with lots of projects in that topic just like industry with a product will come up with a lot of discoveries and exploration related to that so any other comments questions you know i would be interesting to know what the structure of them or the orientation of the molecules in beer are because i don't know that they would be like water you can't assume it i don't think at any rate that concludes my talk i left out a lot of things but it's a huge subject and i'm only six minutes past that's the best i've done thank you right it's so much ground to cover i thought that if i could in stimulate thought about it uh that would be that would be cool i'll thank uh synergy uh wants me to analyze my talks well i did practice it synergy and you had suggested i do that earlier on oh i just got a message that someone has experimented on beer and cocktail crystallization interesting i'll have to look at that vick sent me a message about that well this was a talk for all ages so it's a good point cb i think it's not just understanding the scientific method but i wish that they were receptive to it but you have so many gestalts and belief systems where people think that they're preconceived notions or their dogma to which they intend to adhere are going to be challenged and so they start out a priori rejecting science i think science is going to have to do a better job of selling itself and reaching people it's become it's extraordinary what it can achieve but it's even for people that are in science i i i have a pretty good understanding of mathematics i feel like in uh like from the data science list and there's a lot of things i can read where i wonder really what in the hell are they talking about the science of the mathematics they're using it can be so arcane but i don't know how we can compete with people that are towing people simple stories that they want to believe but we're going to have to figure out a way yes sciencia sciencia means knowing from latin i don't know peerless is sort of like the number one it's the loneliest number you know thank you day thank you for coming thank you nicky appreciate it vick and thank you shilo i guess i'll turn my microphone off i really appreciate everyone's attendance and interest and i hope everyone has a great weekend thanks santa id


Despite armed security men guarding the routes leading to the State Independent National Electoral Commission office, the protesters broke through calling for a review of the results and immediate removal of the wreck. Now the All Progressive Congress in Cannell State earlier protested the governorship election result demanding the immediate removal of the State Resident Electoral Commissioner. The essence of this letter centrally is that we are calling, we are demanding for immediate removal of the Cannell State Resident Electoral Commissioner, taking it and to review whatever transferred on the day of the election and on the day the coalition was met and on the day the return and declaration was met. That is simply what is content. And all the attachments, all the attachments in respect of the earlier letters sent to the National are here by, are here with attached with these menlet. You have now presented your grievances which we will collect and definitely we will forward as you join. So thank you very much for presenting your grievances and I assure you all necessary actions will be taken. Don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Usually when I title a video with something like what is such-and-such, it's geared in a manner that tells you about a game that you may not have heard of because it wasn't released in North America or it's not in English or something along those lines. But in this case I'm literally asking what is Space Station Silicon Valley? What is going on here? What's with the title and the strange cover art? How does this game have to cult audience? Why isn't it more popular? Well the start with this game was developed for Nintendo 64 by DMA Design, otherwise known as the people behind the Grand Theft Auto series. So while this may be Rockstar North, this isn't exactly a Grand Theft Auto game, but it does feature one of the most bizarre premises for a game I've heard of. The story takes place in the distant future of 2001, where a Space Station housing all sorts of different animals was launched into orbit to be used as some kind of space zoo or something I guess? Only for it to disappear without a trace minutes later. We fast forward to the year 3000, when the station suddenly reappears out of nowhere and is hurtling out of control toward Earth. So who else but danger Dan and his robot sidekick Evo to fly out to space and meet it head on and rescue civilization? And of course they crash, Dan gets stuck in the spaceship and Evo is all but destroyed except for one crawling microchip. But not all is lost because in the past 999 years, while the station was in purgatory, the animals have somehow evolved to incorporate some of the station's technology in their own biological makeup. This of course is very convenient for our hero because it now has the means to possess many of the animals on board.  So yes, Space Station Silicon Valley is a third person platformer where the character you control varies not only from level to level but from moment to moment. This is one of those Kirby style games where you have different abilities and limitations depending on what animal you're possessing. Some animals fit some sections of the game better than others, and it's up to the player to figure out how to navigate their way through the station across 35 stages and 4 worlds, finding pieces of Evo's busted up robot body along the way in the hopes of putting it back together. Many of the differences are obvious, like the mouse being very fast but also very small and can't take much damage. Other animals are big and strong but slow and can't reach certain areas and so on. Each animal has at least a couple of abilities it can use, and again in some cases their usefulness is obvious, like the dog's biting attack, but in other instances you'll have to figure out what to do with this ability. For example, the dog can bark. Now what am I supposed to do with that? Well, one puzzle has you directing sheep into a pen. And how do you do that? You have Evo possess the dog and round them up with your bark. It's kinda cool. The game is full of puzzles like that that plays off of each animal's unique traits and abilities. I don't want to spoil any other puzzles but I will say there's one involving a hyena laughing that is really cleverly done. But yeah, most of the puzzle objectives here are just about activating switches and unlocking new areas, and there's at least 40 different animals you can take control of. Penguins, bears, chameleons, camels, and some even have their own spin like this walrus with a motorized propeller. There's all sorts of stuff here. On the surface, Space Station Silicon Valley looks like a pretty generic early 3D platformer. This game isn't the best looking but to the game's credit it tries to implement a particular kind of visual style to its characters but everything ends up looking a bit muddled. So as a result the game blends in visually with a lot of other early 3D games of its time. But the thing is, I'm not sure any other game of the era can match the variety of gameplay that this game can offer. There's racing segments, flying segments, you can control a tank and blow stuff up, you can box as a kangaroo. Space Station Silicon Valley is so ambitious yet it doesn't ever feel like it's spread too thin. The controls throughout all the varieties of gameplay all feel consistent. The one flaw with this title is that apparently there's a bug involving collecting souvenirs that prevents you from seeing the game's proper ending so that's kind of a bummer. It's worth mentioning that this title also received ports on Game Boy Color which sees it reimagined as a 2D platformer which is pretty interesting. There's also a PlayStation port under the title Evo's Space Adventures. I haven't played it but the reviews suggest that the original development team barely had anything to do with it and it was a total half-assed port. So yeah stick with the N64 version of Space Station Silicon Valley it may not look like much and the soundtrack while good kind of blends into the background but this is a very inspired game with tons upon tons of substance. They cramped so much stuff into this title and it all works. Even the camera which always seems to be an issue in these kinds of games that behaves well enough here and doesn't cause very many problems. Space Station Silicon Valley overcomes the limitations of the early 3D era with the sheer force of creativity and imagination both in the game's premise and execution. Highest recommendation for this game.


Fisher Price is recalling more than 10 million children's products. One of the biggest recalls 7 million involves these trikes and tough trikes. The problem here is the key that protrudes. Kids are falling against them. In fact, there have been 10 injuries reported. Six had to be medically treated, including things like genital bleeding. Take this away from your child. Get a new key from Fisher Price. It's flat. It'll eliminate the hazard. These activity centers, nearly 3 million are being recalled, 7 different models. The hazard here is the ball. The valve here can come out. There have been incidents of kids having these in their mouths, the valve, and nearly choking. Take that ball away. Get a new one from Fisher Price. Also three models of these height chairs being recalled. The issue with these height chairs is these pegs on the back. Children can fall against them and get cut. Children have had to have stitches because they have been falling against the pegs and there was one tooth injury. Look at the covers that Fisher Price is making available. The Little People Rampway by Fisher Price. This is a fun little rampway for kids. But the wheels on these cars are coming off of the green and purple ones. So get new cars from Fisher Price. Check to see if your models are included in this recall at our website, cpsc.gov. Link up for email where it's about all the recalls that CPSC announces. You can also follow us on Twitter and YouTube.


Not for all the tea in China emphasizing that you would not do something no matter what I Wouldn't do that girl's job not for all the tea in China


Puraneta by Benjamin Baxiera is a paradox of pure truth and pure fiction. Set in the San Fran Frisco Mission Vario, Puraneta explores the creative struggle of homeboys and homegirls fighting against gentrification, police brutality, racism and economic and educational injustice. I write what I live and I live what I write.


Okay, I'm going to introduce you to your new best friend, adenosine triphosphate. You do not have to know, you don't have to reproduce this picture. I'm going to break it down for you and we're going to make it diagrammatic, but I always find it interesting to actually be able to visualize the atoms that are involved. ATP, adenosine triphosphate is a nucleotide. So it's in the category of biomolecules of nucleic acids. And it consists of three parts. If we were going to break down the name of adenosine triphosphate, we have an adenosine piece, and I don't know if you remember this, but the nucleotide consists of a sugar, which is in this case, it's ribose. And a nitrogen base in this case is adenine. So that adenine plus ribose sugar makes a part of this molecule that we call adenosine. And then you tell me, what are we seeing in pink if the other part of the name is triphosphate? Well, we have three phosphate groups, phosphate ion groups that are connected to each other and then connected to the adenosine. Because I like seeing the detail to remind us that, okay, this is just a thing made of atoms, but I also like simplifying it so that we see the important parts. And I have this drawn in a more diagrammatic way so that you can see the important parts. And notice, there are a couple of things to notice here. We have three phosphate molecules. They are bound to each other with chemical bonds. Do you see the chemical bond here, here and here? And then we have our adenosine. The question that we're going to ask, these bonds are not the same. These chemical bonds are not the same as each other and the colors indicate that. So let's look at how this ATP molecule is gonna work. Our question that's gonna guide this process is how does ATP provide energy for cellular processes? A common question that you will see in biology tests is what is ATP? And often folks say, oh, it's the energy currency of the cell, it's like energy money. And our intention here is to go, well, how? How does it provide energy? Like, great, it's energy money, but how does it actually do that? And it has to do with breaking and forming bonds. So the thing that we're gonna look at is actually a chemical reaction between ATP and water. Is there any water in your cell?  So everywhere that ATP is, it is basically surrounded by water. And I've illustrated that water here. Water combining with ATP, adenosine triphosphate, this is the reaction. It combines to form water with a phosphate attached and ADP, adenosine diphosphate. And I've drawn that all out here for you so you can see it. That's the reaction. Now, you should still be going, dude, this tells me nothing rigs. Where does the energy come from? And we're gonna have to answer another question in order to get here. Well, okay, we're gonna answer two questions. And it's energy related and we just talked about it. So this shouldn't be difficult. Question one, what happens when a chemical bond forms? And question two, what happens when a chemical bond breaks? What are the most important words in these questions? Like what are the key things that make these two questions different? Cause almost all the words are identical in the two questions. We're focusing in on chemical bonds forming and chemical bonds breaking. Maybe at this point you're like, I know the answer. I know the answer. Write it down, get it out there, answer those two questions. If you're still going like, wait a minute, what are we even talking about? These are your two options. When chemical bonds form and when chemical bonds break, there is some sort of energy consequence. One of them requires energy and one of them releases energy. Which one's which? Throw it in there.  When chemical bonds form, and here I am again with my magnets, when the chemical bonds form, energy is released. When the chemical bonds break, energy is required. That's huge, don't forget that. Now that we have that established, now we're gonna remind ourselves that we're breaking and forming chemical bonds around water and with this ATP molecule. So let's take a look at how we're gonna keep track. So I set up an energy scorecard.  And let's see what is going to win in this energy battle. We know that if we are going to release energy, a bond has to form. And we know that if we're going to break a bond, then that's gonna require energy. And then we're gonna add it up to see what the net outcome is. Some chemical reactions require energy. You have to put more energy in in order to make them happen. And then you will get out in the long run. And some are the opposite, some of them release a lot of energy. I bet you can anticipate that somehow this ATP situation is gonna somehow release energy so that we can use it for cell work. Okay, we're gonna break a chemical bond. The first thing that has to happen is we have to break one of the chemical bonds. And the one we're gonna break, it's called the terminal bond. It's the terminal phosphate bond. And I colored it yellow because it's different than the other ones. It's actually a really weak bond. It's unstable, which means it's really easy to break. If I break it, look, did you see that? Watch, I broke the bond. The bond is gone. Once that bond is gone, we have to decide how much energy did it take to break that bond? So let's throw a number in there. And I'm just, these are made-up numbers. This is a made-up scoreboard. I just threw the number five in there. We'll say it took five units of energy to break off that terminal bond.  Overall, this whole system so far cost us five units of energy. So so far we put energy in. We haven't gotten any energy out. How are we gonna get energy out? We're gonna have to form a bond, right? Like that's the only way to get energy out of the system to release energy. We have to form some kind of chemical bond. We've already seen who we're gonna form the chemical bond with. Who do we form it with? Oh, you know it's true. We're getting closer. We're forming a bond between that phosphate and the water molecule. And watch. Whoa! That was a strong. It's like, this is the phosphate and this is the water and they're all the way across the room from each other. And even being all the way across the room from each other, they zoom. The magnets are so strong that they zoom together and a doodoo load of energy is released. If we captured that zooming and connecting we could get do a lot of work. We have to fit, look, I did finish. I went ahead and said, how much energy is that that was released? And I said, it's a hundred. Another completely made up number, but illustrates the fact that if we started with five to break that chemical bond, our net outcome, we got a hundred when we formed the new chemical bond and the outcome is definitely in the energy released category. We released 95 units of energy. Again, totally random numbers made up. Now, just as a little like thinking ahead, hopefully this illustrates for you how chemical bonds are related to energy use in cells. That little ADP and P attached to a water molecule, those guys are like Legos. And if we put energy in, right, we could pull that phosphate off of the water. It would require 95, oh, it would require a hundred units of energy to pull them apart, but we could break that bond and then stick it back onto the ADP. It would release five extra energies when we put that phosphate back onto the ADP. And that net reaction going the other direction is going to cost energy. Think about that for a minute, but super interesting and cool, we can reverse that reaction. It is possible, but the energy consequences are totally different. If we're using up ATP and turning it into ADP plus P, energy is released. In order to make more ATP, we're gonna have to pull that phosphate back off of the water molecule. That's gonna require energy to do and then rebuild our ATP molecule. If that feels like, what? Watch this again and know that we're gonna talk about ATP in the next two lectures. We're going to be producing it and seeing how it gets produced. Okay, so next up, we're gonna look at the big picture. ATP is one example of chemical energy.  But I have to find my stop button. Okay, bye.


Everybody Matt here for late in sports cards ripping 2023 tops chrome baseball hobby 12 box full case break number 31 pick your team We have Anthony P. Giants Brad R Dodgers Mets Cameron C. Cubs Chris F. Yankees Astros Cardinals Dustin M. Royals Edgar B. Marlins Eric S. Reds Irvin S. Rockies Francis H. Tigers Frank M. Padres Gary A. Pirates young men why Mariners Jeffrey H. Braves Rangers Jim D. Red Sox John K. Guardians Joshua H. Brewers Ken K. Angels Kyle M. Twins Max T. Orioles and D. Bax Michael T. Rays Mitch D. A's Ray G. Phillies Ryan B. White Sox Samuel S. Blue Jays and Shawna E. Nationals. All right. Here we go. I got another camera and see There's a Matt Chapman. There's a Jordan tops in Technicolor. Nola Gorman rookie Brett Bady rookie Paul Goldschmidt Kunja. There's a Kunja Titans and Jamal Indez rookie. I'm sorry refractor Jordan Groeschens rookie refractor Garrett Mitchell rookie prism refractor Oswald Parasa rookie 88 Porto Josh Smith rookie refractor Louis Ortiz rookie prism refractor Anthony Volpe rookie refractor Sam got number four Jeremy Pena future stars Peter Lonzo 88 Masataki Yoshida rookie Maras Clayton Kershaw refractor That is Nola Gorman rookie negative refractor Thomas and Arias Michael Harris rookie future stars Katel Marte Magenta refractor 399 Corbin Carroll rookie refractor Ken Smith and Jigba Dansby prism refractor Gabriel Moreno rookie 88 Oscar Koloss Yeah, yeah, I saw that. That's unfortunate. This is pirates rookie blue ray wave auto to 150 Travis Swaggerty Go Pittsburgh Shatton Alcantra Vlad refractor Bubba Ramon Loreano prism refractor Trey refractor Chateau trade Turner when you're in Sosa Austin Riley 88 Jordan Andre Simeone's refractor Francisco Alvarez rookie future stars and Taylor Ward magenta refractor Michael Harris rookie J. J. Bladay rookie refractor Panic Jeremy Pena Prism Xander Adley rookie Muto Mikey Stremski refractor and Smith and Jigba Ezekiel Tovar rookie prism refractor Nelson Velazquez Mackenzie Gore refractor Royce Lewis future stars Josh Young 88 rookie Mike trout Titans rookie refractor Riley Greene John Gray negative refractor Hunter Greene refractor Nolan Gorman rookie prism refractor Vlad 88 Vlad and James Altman. That's a guardians rookie auto Oscar Gonzalez. Oh Do you agree? Paul Gulchman refractor Garrow our pooholst prism refractor Jordan Prado rookie refractor Nolan Gorman rookie rookie 88 Christopher Morell Juan Soto Titans. Let's call Mike trout refractor Who Jinami that is purple speckle Hermon Marquez Josh Young rookie Brang Ezekiel Doran rookie refractor Mazatake Yoshida Francisco Indoor prism refractor Tristan Casas rookie 88 Marlins rookie purple refractor auto to 250 Jordan Groeschens go Miami on the board Freeman Christian Yelich refractor you Darvish prism Hunter Brown rookie refractor Stowers Brea Bryce Harper Technicolor Bellinger Jose Ramirez 88 Garrett Mitchell and Jordan Walker rookie TKO Ramirez It's a Bryce Harper Titans Varshio this is Aqualava to 199 Marcus Simeon Shane McClanahan refractor Yvonne Herrera rookie Brett Beatty rookie Joe Ryan prism refractor Pugna Aaron Judd JD8 Oscar Gonzalez Seya Suzuki future stars have Logan Ohapi and Buxton Corvin Carroll rookie Max Scherzer Refractor Anthony Volpe rookie Tyler Stephenson prism number four T's Max Meyer rookie refractor Parazza and Hall Andrew Benintendi Prism. Yeah, I think so. Yeah, they're always like Minus one year on the top scrum Platinum anniversary This is E. Kieltovar rookie refractor. I say always they were last year and then Tendi Maggie Coloss Adley rookie Titans Alex Kahl rookie refractor, O'Neill Cruz future stars Ryan Nelson rookie magenta Aranda Albert Pujols refractor Regman Luis Arias Prism refractor Kacchan and Ramirez Louise Castillo Correa I actually haven't seen a crazy number of his autos, I don't think Must be saving them for Sam and Kyle and force Drew waters. That's A's rookie refractor auto to 499 Dermis Garcia Oakland on the board Harper Shintaro Fujinami rookie refractor Francisco Lindor purple speckled to 299 bone you Darvish refractor Strowman Alex Thomas prism Zeke Kieltovar rookie 88 Eaton Stephen Kwan future stars Stevenson of a sale Garcia refractor Michael Grove Ryan Mountcastle prism refractor Kodai Senga rookie Tyler Stevenson in Carnation Michael Harris technicolor rookie Alex Braggman 88 Max Scherzer Titans It's it for box for Time to 14 on optic football retail 12 box number one random teams 14 to go. It's a 74 99 a spot There's a link. That's our only break to fill up today and our only Monday football break. In fact, that's our only football break Until National Treasures football release day on Wednesday Can't tell Marta refractor Gunner Henderson rookie Seager Ryan Nelson rookie prism refractor Tristan Kossus rookie Salvador Perez Logan Ohapi rookie tops in technicolor nailer Goldie 88 James Altman rookie Aminesis Brett Bady rookie Joe Ryan refractor Cunha max-free Negative Lewis Marcus Simeon refractor Riley Green rookie Corbyn Carroll rookie George Springer prism refractor Anthony Volpe rookie Oswell Praza rookie 88 Ronald Cunha Titans Francisco Lindor refractor Simeon Woods Richardson rookie prism refractor Ron Curnacion rookie refractor Stowers future stars MJ Melendez Javier Asad and Hoskins Walda Chuck Peter Lonzo Jordan Walker rookie Austin Hayes Ramirez Miguel Vargas Asataka Yoshida rookie Stephen Kwan Refractor Max Meyer This is rookie orange refractor to 25 Josh Smith go Rangers Not the Josh you're looking for but still nice Josh Smith Rookie orange. There's Josh young Kodai Senga rookie refractor Raphael Devers prism Gabriel Moreno rookie 88. This is Cubs rookie Otto Jared Young Chicago Logan Ohapi Schwabber Jeremy Pena refractor mini Pascuantino Jared Walsh prism refractor Nate Eaton rookie refractor Ozzy Alves me one second Michael Harris rookie Christopher Morell rookie 88 Stefanik Juan Soto Titans Drew Rasmussen refractor Jayrod future stars And Ezekiel Doran rookie purple speckled to 299 Rangers Kevin Galsman refractor Trevor Storey prism refractor Coloss and Lodolo Figaro Tristan Kossus rookie 88 Laska's and A's that is rookie blue refractor Otto to 150 Jonah Bride blue refractor Otto So we have 14 spots left on 2022 Donneress optic football retail 12 box random team style break 14 to go Excuse me everything else is sold out for the day That's our only football break until Wednesday morning for NT football release day breaks Linion Sosa, Willi Adamas Prism What's up aviation? How's it going? Michael Grove rookie refractor Nolan Gorman rookie Raphael Devers Ramirez 88 Bryce Harper Titans. All right. Where does Ramirez versus Anderson rank in the all-time baseball brawls? Nolan Gorman rookie refractor. We have a super coming. All right one-of-one super fractor See what we have That is Carlos Correa one-of-one super fractor minnesota twins Congrats minnesota m. There you go First super of the day Let's make it the first of many I got one for you. I know right Adley rookie Cal Stephenson rookie refractor Romuto Ryan McMahon prism Aaron judge 88 there's uh Glass Joe Alex Thomas box number seven E brian haze will we sorties Ward Nolan gorman rookie 88 Alonzo bobechette titans Mark Bento San Logan Ohapi Which one was that Mookie refractor starling marté And green wave to 99 randio rosa rena and swanson. Oh, did he that's awesome Corbyn burns Refractor Ramon Laureano Nolan Gorman Shohei Otani Prism refractor drew rasmussen. Oh, did you nice Kyle Tucker 88. All right We need some bold predictions like that today What's up anchor? How's it going? How have you been? CJ crone and cubs. That's rookie purple speckle auto to 299 Nelson Velazquez Max Meyer rookie. Um, is anybody else having issues with the audio? Gabriel Moreno rookie refractor Yeah, man doing all right here Spencer steer Marcus Simeon prism You're also here in the audio thing. There's josh young. Oh, okay.  All right good josh bell Riley green rookie all right cool JJ Blede one soto technicolor Riley green rookie 88 Ezekiel Durand Clayton Kershaw Titans Nick Prado Javier Baez refractor and Gunner Henderson rookie clan hand And blue sonar to 125 Robbie ray mariners color match Zach Wheeler And Tristan Casas rookie Oh, okay, cool. Yeah, you bet Lou Bob refractor Laureano Justin Verlander prism Jordan Walker rookie Javier Asad Springer Mitchell It's a future stars rookie Michael Harris Romareno and Miguel Vargas Josh Bell Tyler O'Neill refractor and base Salvador Perez prism Which holiday is it, Timmy?  We saw the uh There's an Adley Rochman rookie image variation That is a short print Nice one Baltimore Gratsos Hunter Green Ethan Small Colas Pillar in the breaking community Is that what I would be? There's Miggy Michael Bro and Titans rookie Adley Kodaisenga rookie Garrett Mitchell rookie refractor I don't think that's what it's called That's Braves rookie blue refractor to 150 Vaughn Grissom Nice one Atlanta Mount Castle Pedalanzo refractor Cavalli Carlos Perez rookie prism Moreno and Vargas Luis Castillo Bone and Reds rookie Otto Spencer Stier Strowman Jordan Walker rookie refractor Kodaisenga rookie prism refractor Cal Mitchell rookie Chapman Wilson Contreras refractor Sammy Sosa Ultraviolet All-Stars Nice one Cubs First time I've seen this Sosa First time I've pulled one anyway Gonzalez and Rodriguez Pedalanzo 88 Tucker Jose Ramirez Titans Kyle Stowers rookie refractor Yeah that is rookie magenta refractor to 399 Riley Green St. Tigers Altman Brett Bady rookie Kebrian Hayes Max Meyer Ronald Acunha Tyler Freeman rookie prism refractor Lewis Gerardo Moreno rookie 88 Corbin Carroll rookie and Cardinals rookie refractor Otto to 499 Matthew Libritor St. Louis on the board Anthony Volpe Osvaldo Cabrera rookie refractor looking like Libritor is going to be staying in the starting lineup for us this season and they're finally ready to see what they have with him Cal Stevenson rookie prism refractor Josh Young rookie Miranda Guerrero Juan Soto prism refractor Ohapi Oswald Praza rookie 88 Vientos Future Stars CJ Abrams Rhys Hoskins rookie prism refractor Michael Grove Taylor Ward refractor Jordan Walker rookie Adonis Ronald Acunha tops in Technicolor Clemens and rookie Matthew Libritor Walsh Paul Goldschmidt Simeon Woods Richardson Ronald Acunha Titans Kyle Nelson I'm sorry Ryan Nelson Javier Asad rookie refractor Garrett Mitchell and Anthony Rendon Ryan Mountcastle aqua refractor to 199 there's an Adley rookie Mc Prado rookie refractor Mike Trout Technicolor there's Nolan Gorman rookie Alex Pregman 88 Max Scherzer Titans Mike Trout refractor Max Meyer rookie Spencer Torpelson Future Stars Manny Machado Magenta refractor Ozzie Kildoran rookie refractor Bobby Witt prism I don't know about that camera Ziko Tovar rookie 88 I hadn't heard of him Michael Harris rookie what's in them and what's the configuration like C. Yellich the Grom Evan Longoria prism Trey Turner refractor Charlie Blackman Seya Suzuki Future Stars Miggy 88 John Nindia Adley rookie Titans Alaska's Andre Semenas refractor Riley Greene rookie negative refractor JJ Bleday rookie refractor up after this we have top scrum hobby and Jumbo eight box mixer then we have a top's finest full case random divisions heritage baseball full case picker teams those are all sold out we just have 14 to go on Donner's Optic Football Retail 14 to go on Donner's Optic Retail Football 74.99 a spot that's our only football break of the next two days Tray Turner Jose Ramirez prism Bale Doran Castillo Well and Jim how's it going? Prado and Guardians rookie Otto Will Brennan Oh yeah I'm sure we will Strimski Linion Sosa rookie prism Yes happy Monday how was your weekend? I appreciate it Timmy JJ Bleday Oscar Gonzalez rookie refractor Alec Bohm prism refractor Doran Von Grissom rookie refractor Yeah what is what is the Canadian holiday today? Hunter Brown Josh Young rookie 88 Mike Trout Titans Jay Rod refractor Riley Greene Future Stars rookie insert and Jeter Downs rookie gold wave to 50 for the Nationals Gunner Henderson rookie Civic Hall of A drove Honda Civic Francisco Alvarez rookie refractor Tristan Casas rookie Yeah I just got my second Honda in a row a few months ago there's Josh Bell Jazz Chisholm prism Haven't driven a Civic but I had an HRV and now I have the uh Accord the uh sport hybrid who's Vlad This is Pirates rookie Aqua Wave Otto to 199 Cannon Smith and Jigba and go Pittsburgh James Altman rookie Mccastianos refractor you're not you don't wave at every other Civic when you drive by just keep doing this while you're driving or no that's Jeeps right that's Ketel Marte orange refractor to 25 D-backs with the orange Paraza I'm gonna start doing that for Honda Accord drivers wait just wave it all of them act like we're in a club India Corbin Burns they give me an Accord fanny pack Lee Overpearo Alexis Diaz prism someone stole it in total oh geez Alaska's Bogarts if you had a Civic knife George Kirby Future Stars Oscar Coloss rookie Martinez Byron Buxton refractor Marcus Strowman prism refractor that's refractor Shohei Otani Gunner Henderson Technicolor rookie Riley Green rookie two-card pack Michael Harris and Austin Riley Ray Tchak Garrett Cole and Ryan Nelson rookie Magenta to 299 two-card pack again Jeep is less aerodynamic than a barn I've only driven one Jeep in the last 20 years and it was a terrible drive I mean I drove it once I didn't own one Miguel Cabrera yeah Hummers kind of had their time and they've kind of gone Alonzo Xander prism cheater downs rookie refractor I think they needed to bring back the old like Ford Escorts like load them up with all today's technology full of hatchbacks Starling Marte Freddie Freeman Technicolor Riley Green rookie Riley Green rookie 88 Clayton Kershaw Titans Hanager Avon Herrera rookie refractor Ohapi CJ Krohn and Corey Seeger Green Sonar to 99 Rangers Sean Murphy refractor yeah I'm gonna get a flatbed El Camino Spencer Steer JP Crawford prism refractor that way anytime anybody like any friends ask me for a favor I can just be like no I got this flatbed George Springer actually no they didn't figure out a way to put that to use too Garrett Mitchell and Jordan Walker Bobby Witt refractor Bryce Harper prism refractor Shintaro Fujinami Francisco Alvarez and Christopher Morel rookie refractor Josh Young Vaughn Grissom and Gunner Henderson rookie future stars yeah Nolan Gorman rookie 88 I used to get kind of like I was about to use my truck when I had one but um there's no Tani a shed I wouldn't help them move though like firm rule I I hire people to move for me so if I want to do it for myself I'm not gonna do it for somebody else Josh Young rookie refractor Yachty Aqualavada 199 O'Neill Cruz refractor I don't know some people like it exactly exactly Cameron yeah it's cheaper for me just to like hire somebody to do it and not have like trip to urgent care or more Chris Sale prism Nolan Gorman rookie O'Neill Cruz Kyle Tucker 88 Christopher Morel rookie and White Sox rookie Otto Carlos Perez Joe Ryan and Francisco Lindor on the back all right all right negative refractor rookie Riley Greene Sammy Sosa ultraviolet all-stars Cubs Magenta refractors to 399 Padres Manny Machado D-Bax Cattel Marte Tigers rookie Riley Greene Angels Taylor Ward Magenta Speckle to 350 that's rookie Ryan Nelson D-Bax Magenta Speckle to 399 Rangers rookie is or I'm sorry to 299 Rangers rookie Ezekiel Durand Rockies Herman Marquez Purple refractor to 250 Blue Jays Vlad Jr. Aqua refractor to 199 Orioles Ryan Mount Castle and Aqua Lava to 199 Cardinals Yachty and Rangers Marcus Simeon Braves rookie blue refractor to 150 Von Grissom Mariners that's uh Blue Sonar to 125 Robbie Ray Rangers Green Sonar rookie to 99 Corey Seeger Rays Green Wave to 99 Randy Rosarana Nationals that's rookie Gold Wave to 50 Jeter Downs and then Oranger Fractors to 25 Rangers rookie Josh Smith and D-Bax Cattel Marte Autos These are all rookies we had White Sox Carlos Perez Guardians Will Brennan Red Spencer Steer Cubs Jared Young Guardians Oscar Gonzalez Cardinals Matthew Matthew Lieberthor excuse me A's rookie refractor Auto to 499 Dermis Garcia Cubs rookie Purple Speckle Auto to 299 Nelson Alaskas Marlins rookie purple refractor Auto to 250 Jordan Groeschens Pirates rookie Aqua Wave Auto to 199 Cannon Smith and Jigba A's rookie blue refractor Auto to 150 Jonah Bride Pirates rookie blue Ray Wave Auto to 150 Travis Swaggerty Orioles rookie Image Variations Short Print Adley-Ruchman and Twins one-of-one superfractor Carlos Correa That'll do it for the break Thank you everybody We have a top top scroll mixer Up next


Hola, bueno, buenas tardes. Voy a dar la charla en inglés porque puedo explicarme mejor, así. Pero si después tenéis algunas preguntas, estoy aquí. Bueno, my name is Jean Gallia. I come from Malta, which is the silent here. For those of you who don't know where it is, it's the small point right here below Italy. I'm a WordPress developer and also a blogger. Where do I blog? Basically on WPMare.com, which is the site I'll be speaking about today. So it's the site here. For those of you who haven't been on it yet. So basically what I blog about here is about plugins, themes. And also we have a section about WordPress news. And also some jobs, which we post under the jobs menu item. I'm going to talk today about, I'm going to divide the talk into two parts. The first part will be about the blogging aspect of WPMare. And the second part will be more about the technical aspect. So hopefully all of you who are here will take something out of it, either from the blogging aspect or from more developers or technical side. So starting from how I started off WPMare. So I've been working with WordPress for the last couple of years. But in 2010-10, I was really concentrating all my efforts on WordPress as in developing client sites. So I needed a place to post all the ideas and research which I was gaining by doing these projects. I was obviously seeing other websites such as WPcandy, WPrecipes and WPMu, which were posting very good articles. And I decided to build something similar. Of course, at the start it was just a place for me to store information that I could come across later. Since I wanted to focus on the content, I built a team using a ready-made team, which was the prototype team, which I got from Justin Tedlock's team hybrid club, which is an excellent place for anyone who wants to join a team club. You can also find a forum there which you can learn a lot from because you can also ask questions about WordPress in general. So as the months passed by, the site started growing, started getting more visitors. So I decided to get a bit more into it and put more effort. So I started learning about SEO techniques, like putting descriptions for each post, using tags, things like that. I also started to involve guest writers, as I wanted to make it more of a community blog. And also to gain more visibility, I started commenting on other blogs, some of the blogs I mentioned earlier and even others.  And having a blog such as this one really helps you to get to know other developers in the industry much more easily than if you had only your small site which doesn't deal with WordPress. So I recommend all of you to participate more in the community. Where do we get our visitors from? Well, the main source of visitors was Twitter. Obviously the social networks are essential when you have a blog. But Twitter was the one which got us the most visitors. Then came also Facebook and LinkedIn. Also something which is important I feel is RSS, the feeds via FeedBurner. A lot of people sign up using the email subscription button so they can receive our posts directly when they are published. Another thing which I use to get more visitors involved is competitions. Sometimes, especially when we do interviews, the developer usually offers us a few giveaways. So I'm using Graphilcopter which is a service which I like because we can attach actions for people to participate in a competition. For example, at the moment, if you go on wpmair.com, we have an article, an interview with Andrew Powers of PageLines and we're giving away one PageLines developer license. To enter the competition, the visitors must either tell us why they want to win it or also follow wpmair on Facebook or other similar actions. So Graphilcopter is a free service which lets you do this. Now, as all of you who are developers know, we're always looking for a way to make our site better, right? So for me, it's the same thing. With wpmair, I'm always thinking about how to improve it. What I would like to improve is branding. As you've seen, I've just used the normal default template. I haven't been doing any branding itself, like logos or a team, a custom team. So we're thinking about doing a responsive custom team and we also have a new logo which has been finished last week, actually. It's this one here. So we're also introducing more article styles, which means I will be writing more opinion-style posts which tend to get people more involved rather than just a plug-in or a team review. Also, I feel that the navigation needs to be improved. So there are so many articles now that sometimes it's difficult for people to find what they are looking for unless they are coming from Google directly onto one particular page. So that's something which I want to improve. Now another thing which you'll definitely find mentioned whenever you read about blogs is the importance of a mailing list, growing your mailing list and using the power of newsletters. As my friend Ben has mentioned earlier, there's excellent plug-in called Residia, which I plan to use for newsletters.  For growing your mailing list, you can have a subscribe form in your sidebar, for example, but I also plan to use a pop-up plug-in, such as Pippity, which I'll talk about a bit later. So what have I learned about blogging? Basically, the most important thing when you start a blog is to focus on content. As you've seen, I've just used a default template, very plain template. Why were the people coming to the blog? Because they were finding content which was helping them. They were researching about a plug-in or a team, and they found the content there. So they came. Social networks are essential, wherever. Even if you have your company websites, be sure to post on social networks. I have been using plugins that auto-post all the posts from my site on to the social networks. Think about ways of engaging your visitors. Like we've done competitions. There are many more ways of engaging your visitors. Try to think of something original. Branding, something which I haven't done yet, but I'm sure it's very important for blogging. Once you visit a website which has a particular design, particular color, particular logo, for example, again, I mentioned with Siege, which have a very nice logo, and the logo remains in your mind after visiting the site. It's easier to remember where you found that particular piece of information. Good navigation and, of course, innovate constantly. New content. Keep everything updated. Now, I'd like to talk about the technical aspect of WPMARE. So first of all, I'll be talking about teams. So the ideal team, if you want to start a blog like this. As someone already spoke earlier on this morning, the ideal team must have an appropriate design for your content. Not any generic team will do. If you have a photography blog, you need a certain type of team. If you have an informational blog, it's another team. The team should be well supported, which means that whoever developed the team, if it's not yourself, will keep on updating the team as WordPress itself decor updates and also can support you if you need to make any modifications, for example, or if you got stuck somewhere. Another important thing, even in terms of SEO, is that the code is clean and is in line with the WordPress best practices. For example, if you have a badly coded team, it's very difficult for us to modify. You cannot make sense of the code. If it's well-coded and clean, it's easy to jump in right there into the code and start modifying stuff.  In my experience, unfortunately, the free teams tend to be a bit limited. Yes, there are some good free teams, but premium teams are usually better in general always. Another trend is responsive, responsive teams. This means that your team will look great on whether you're on a laptop, on a big screen, or on a mobile phone. So it's a big thing. I recommend that if you start a new site, you always go for responsive teams. Some recommendations of teams I've used or tried out, there's page lines, which is a team builder. So it's actually more not a team in itself, but a drag and drop or it has a very good options interface where you can design your own team. It's probably the most advanced team builder at the moment. Then there's Genesis team, which is used by many big blocks, such as Yoast. And it's very good if you're a developer and want starting base to base your site on. As regards to team shops, there is new teams, which has been established for a couple of years now. They're selling very good quality teams. Elegant teams are also well known. And the team hybrid, which is where I got my current team from. And finally, team forests. Now, as you might know, team forests, there are like hundreds of teams, but the quality can vary quite a lot. You have to be careful of the quality when you're going on team forest. When it comes to hosting, usually all sites start with shared hosting, which is the cheapest and most accessible for us who are starting blocks. I've started WP mayor on a shared host. And then I moved over to managed hosting. In between those two, there's the VPS. Basically, if you're confident in setting up a server, it might be worthwhile to move to a VPS, which is a virtual private server. And you have more power than shared hosting. The most expensive is WordPress managed hosting. With managed hosting, basically what you get is sort of a VPS, but is managed by the company itself. You don't have to manage everything yourself. For example, I've just moved last month my site from host nine, which was my previous shared host, to WP Engine. You might have come across WP Engine as they're doing a big marketing effort at the moment. What do I gain from moving to WP Engine? Well, it's mostly about speed and the peace of mind that somebody is taking care of my blog in terms of security and backups mainly. What WP Engine offers, as well as other managed hosting services, they offer free backups, things like also content caching, for example. So your site is always very fast. And they also have a very cool staging area. What is the staging area? Basically, I have the live server, the live website, but I also have a staging area, which is a direct clone of my site. And when I want to install a new plugin or make any modifications, I can do that on the staging area. So if something breaks, it's not the live website that breaks, but the one hosted on the staging area. It's very good if you're doing constant changes and improving your blog. So I've listed here some recommended hosts for you who are maybe just starting out and would like some tips. These are all hosts which I've used along the years. When it comes to shared hosting, these three hosts, nine host gates and blue hosts have very good support and good uptime, which is what you should look for in a shared host. When it comes to VPSes, there's VPS.net, Linode and Slice host, which are the three leaders in this industry. And WordPress managed hosting, there's WP Engine, which I've just been mentioning and PageD. So now the final piece of the puzzle is plugins. Now plugins, there are thousands of plugins. How to choose the best plugins for your blog? That depends again on the type of blog you have. When it comes to plugins, some plugins can be badly coded again, similar to Teams, but they can sometimes really break your site if they are, for example, processing intensive. How do you make sure that a plugin is good? If you are code savvy, you can take a look at the code itself and see how it's made. Or else, another idea is to look into the plugins forum. You will find the feedback of other users. So if the feedback is generally negative, if there are a lot of negative comments, then it's something to keep in mind before installing that plugin. Another thing when it comes to speed, what you can do is measure the load time of your site before and after installing the plugin. If there's a big difference after installing the plugin, probably there's something wrong with the plugin or something you have to take care of. So these are, I'm going to go through some of the plugins, the main plugins I'm using on WPMayer and explaining a bit about each why I'm using it. So the first one is for SEO. It's WordPress SEO, which is coded by Joost Davalk, which is a Dutch WordPress SEO guru, and it's one of the best plugins when it comes to SEO, and it's also free. There's no reason not to have this installed on any WordPress site, really. When it comes to speed and caching, there's W3 Total Cache, which is also free. It's coded by another good company. And basically what this does is it implements caching on your website, which, if you're on a shared host, can drastically improve the loading time of your site. Sometimes it's even cut by a couple of seconds. When it comes to forms, most websites have some kind of form. Maybe it's a contact form, maybe it's a more complicated form, especially if you're using more complicated forms like if you want input from the user and then put that input into a custom post type, for example, you probably need something like gravity forms, which is a premium plugin. There's no free version, but it's all drag and drop, and very easy to use. Related content, related content, basically after each post I have a few links to related posts on my site, on WPMare, and I use this plugin called and relate. Before, I used to use YARP, yet another related post plugin. Maybe some of you use that one, which is also very popular. The issue with YARP is that it does all the processing for finding the linkages between posts on your server, whereas and relate takes all that load away from your server and does that on and relate servers. So basically this one is better for performance on your server. As I mentioned earlier, I want to implement pop-ups for capturing email addresses, and Pippity is one such plugin which helps to create forms. Again, it's drag and drop. You can create your own team for your plugin. And what you can do is decide when and where the pop-up will appear. For example, I can say through the plugins interface, I can decide that the pop-up should only show after a person reads the whole post. As soon as he scrolls down, the pop-up comes up. Or I can decide that the pop-up only comes up once a month for each user. There's email, for email newsletters, I'm using Visigia, which is a freemium plugin. I won't be going much into that, except saying that I've been really impressed by this plugin. It's a young plugin, only nine months old, but it really has a very good interface. I think it will be going places. As I said, there's a news page on our website where I get feeds from other websites, other WordPress-related websites. And to take care of all that, I'm using WP-RSS Aggregator. This is a plugin which I developed myself. Again, as I need to make this news page. What I want to say here about this plugin is that developing my own plugin really helped me learn a lot about WordPress. So for all of the developers here who have not yet made their own plugin available in the repository, I really encourage you to do so because the feedback you gain is really invaluable, as you're learning more about WordPress itself. Backups, a blog without backups is basically, I think it's destined for failure because losing everything is very easy nowadays. It can be hacking, it can be a problem with your hosts, it can be so many things. Please keep a backup of your blog. There are also some free plugins, but I've been using BackupBuddy for like two or three years now, and I'm finding it really easy to use. It does backups to other FTP servers, to Dropbox, and even to Amazon S3, so it's very convenient. For those of you who are publishing code on your website, you can use something like Syntax Highlighter Evolved. It's a free plugin. What it does is format your code. So you have the color coding, it's easy for users to copy and paste the code. It's a very handy tool to have. Analytics, I use Google Analytics, like probably most of you, so Google Analytics is a plugin that inserts the code into your site and also presents a graph directly into your dashboard. So you don't have to log in into Google Analytics. Now this is very handy for those of you who are developing client sites. WPTouch is used for presenting a mobile version of the site. At the moment, my team is not responsive, so I'm using WPTouch to automatically serve a mobile version. So WPTouch, when you download it, it has a team built in, so it's just plug and play. You install the plugin and it serves up a mobile team. For management, this is for those of you who are managing more than one website. Basically, manage work persists in service. It comes along with a plugin as well. What it does is say I have actually more than 10 client websites which I manage, apart from my own. So imagine having to go into each one of them, do the plugin updates, monitor the comments, maybe some spam comments, update the team, check SEO, everything. This is really inconvenient if you have more than two other websites. What manage WordPress does, it combines all those dashboards into one.  So it's really handy. Now finally I'm going to speak about WPML which I don't use on WPML but since we're at a multi-language conference, I thought I should mention it. Basically WPML is a multi-language plugin. It's really the leading multi-language plugin out there. It helps you keep separate versions of your content, one in each language. You can use any language you want and the plugin has also an built translation service by the company which is publishing this plugin. So you can get your content translated obviously at a fee but all through this plugin's interface. So that's all for my site. If you have any questions, now's the time. Thank you.


Studying William Shakespeare's play The Merchant at Venice? Here's how you can analyse the character of Antonio in Act 1, Scene 1. In Act 1, Scene 1 he's presented as really melancholic. He says in Soothe, I know no or I am so sad, it worries me, you see it worries you. Now bear in mind that these opening two lines are written in I am bit pentameter. The sibilance in Soothe so and sad establishes him as a really deep-thinking melancholic figure. The repetition of the word worries could also foreshadow when he loses his wealth. Antonio also confesses he doesn't know how he caught found or came by his sadness and the rule of three here establishes him almost as a tragic figure. He doesn't quite understand the nature of his sadness and this is emphasising the alliteration of W in what and whereof. He doesn't seem to understand his own feelings and he says that I have much adieu to know myself. Now the assonance of A in that have an adieu shows that he really doesn't understand himself very well.