Thank you very much both for your warm words and, you know, don't exaggerate. I've been there just for 11 weeks and, well, you know dear friend, if you start in a new job, everything looks like roses, but eventually we all discover the thorns as well. But nevertheless, thank you very much for inviting me here. Thank you to the Institute of International and European Affairs for this invitation and the invitation to present some of the key findings of the IAEA World Energy Outlook and I have to say to such a distinguished audience. And in the time available I intend to look at some global trends, but also I would like to focus on issues affecting the outlook for Europe and of course there will be a number of references to the situation in Ireland. Now, let's have a look at what happens. Can everybody see the slide because if you can't see them, you move your chair. Because I can see somebody over there who's looking like this and you'll get a pain in your neck if you continue to do that for the next half an hour. Well, over the past 12 months we have seen some fresh challenges being added to an already complex picture in the energy sector. And first there was this persistent economic concerns and this persistent economic concerns have divert the attention of governments away from energy policy and limited the means of intervention. But as we all know, the financial crisis as we have now, it's very difficult and it's terrible, but we will overcome that. History has told us that it's possible to overcome these kind of troubles. But these climate problems and the questions of energy supply and energy demand will still be there with or without financial crisis. And that's something that, well, sometimes I get an idea, I get a feeling that not everybody is aware of. The second challenge is Fukushima because Fukushima raised questions about the future of nuclear power and some countries have already announced plans to move away from nuclear while others are reassessing its place in the energy mix. And I know Ireland doesn't have a nuclear power plant, but you import, you import from the UK and part of that comes from a nuclear power plant. So you are in it as well, although you don't produce, although you don't have a nuclear power plant. Then third, there's the turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa and this raised questions about oil and gas investments in this region and any shortfall would have significant impacts as the region is crucial to meet future demand, future demand growth. And in addition to these new challenges, there are some key trends that point also in a worrying direction. And let me mention three, in 2010 energy demand rebounded following the global recession and pushing CO2 emissions to a record high and the energy efficiency of the global economy worsened for the second straight year. And for many countries, spending on oil markets or spending on oil imports is close to record highs due to persistently rising oil prices with implications for their economic recovery efforts. But despite all this uncertainty, one thing is sure. Economic growth and rising population will push energy demand higher. And this is shown by our new policy scenario. It's a central scenario of the WIO 2011 which takes into account recently announced commitments and plans even if they are yet to be formally adopted and implemented. And we project global energy demand to rise by over one-third by 2010 and 2035. And this will be increasingly dominated and determined by countries outside the OECD. And the emerging countries account for more than 90% of the growth. Well, the biggest contributors to global economic growth are China and India so they lead the way and they represent half of the growth in demand. And China alone represents almost one-third of the growth. Even though by 2035 its per capita energy consumption is still less than half the level in the United States. Well, and then you can see this thin green line at the bottom representing OECD countries and in the OECD, energy demand increases a limited amount as the population growth is stable and economic growth is moderate. Now, primary energy demand in the EU levels off after the mid-2010s and the EU does see no new high record over the projection period with declining trends of oil and gas. Oil slips from the largest energy sales around 2025 and the reduction rate is the second fastest next to Japan and half of the reduction comes from the transport sector due to improvements of fuel efficiency and wider use of biofuels. Coal. Coal demand almost halves and the reduction is as much as oil and almost all comes from the power generation sector and it contributes to the climate change issue, but its small share, small coal share, 8% in the primary energy mix is lower than even in Russia may rise questions on energy security. I come back to coal later. Natural gas, its increases in both power generation and final energy sector. Biomass, see the largest increase among energy sources followed by other renewables such as wind and solar PV. And on nuclear, although the installed capacity declines towards 2035, higher capacity factor contributes pushes up slightly the electricity generated by nuclear. So which fuels are going to meet all this demand? Well, dear friends looking forward, the age of fossil fuels is far from over. But there are some important shifts taking place in the overall energy mixed with renewables and natural gas set to experience the largest growth. Output from renewable energy, it will rise by 85% in the wind and hydro power for electricity generation. Demand for natural gas rises by 45% and it's the only fossil fuel to increase its share of the energy mix. And increases in coal demand are held back by policies aimed at fuel diversification in China and by that decreased coal use in the OECD. The growth in oil comes entirely from the transport sector in non-OECD countries. And I'll tell you why that is because there will be the economic growth, there will be the growth in population, and there will be the growth in prosperity. And what do people want the moment they get money enough to buy it? It's a car. It's as simple as that. And we expect that by 2020 more cars are built and sold in non-OECD countries than in the OECD. One example, I'm going to do that later because it's not in... Yes, it's here, it's in that slide. Let me give you just one example about China. In China at this moment there are 33 zero vehicles per person and we expect it to be 300 per thousand in 2035. And in Europe for comparison we have 500 vehicles per thousand people. So growth in oil demand will be driven by this vehicle ownership as in total the passenger fleet, the passenger vehicle fleet will double to 1.7 million by 2035. Now, does this mean an equivalent rise in oil demand? No. No, because there are factors such as improved fuel economy and alternative fuel vehicles and they will moderate the increase. But as I told by 2020 more cars are built and sold in non-OECD countries than in the OECD. And this means that the key to global oil demand becomes transportation policies in non-OECD countries both in terms of efficiency but also deployment of electric vehicles, hybrids and other alternative fuel vehicles. So this leadership in this area is quite well known. Now let's have a look at the changing oil imports and what kinds of shift we do expect. Europe's importance in global oil trade does not diminish. By 2015 oil imports to the European Union are set to overtake those of the United States, currently the world's large oil import. The US imports requirement is falling. And why is it falling? Because efficiency gains reduce demand and new supplies such as light, tight oil are developed domestically. By 2020 China. China becomes the largest single global importer and you can see that by 2035 imports to China are over 12 million barrels a day and that's far above those of any other importing country or region. Now what do these patterns of global trade imply? They imply a geographical and political shift in concerns about the costs of import and supply security away from Washington, towards Brussels and then Beijing and New Delhi. And against this background, I imagine that European and global oil security will become an increasingly important point for the discussions around this table.  They know. And they are diversifying their markets and China is paying. It's paying whatever it needs to pay because they need this oil, they are in need of this oil. And that means that the European Union with this kind of flat perspective for 2035 will have to be very, very careful to see that its needs, its demands are going to met and that we are looking that the European Union is going to look for alternatives when we are talking about oil. Now we also analyze in the World Energy Outlook the risk and implication of a shortfall investment in the Middle East and North Africa in the period to 2015. And well, that could be the case as a result of this turmoil and political changes in this region. And such a shortfall could result from an increased political risk or a change in government spending priorities as we can see at this moment. And the world relies heavily on this region, Middle East and North Africa, for the bulk of the growth in global oil output. So this would have significant consequences for supply and prices. And let me make this fairly clear. It's a scenario. It's not a prediction, it's a scenario. And the assumption of this scenario, the inverted investment scenario is that if investment falls one-third below the 100 billion that we think will be necessary each year, that would lead to a significant near-term rising price for consumers to 150 US dollars per barrel in today's money. But it's a scenario. Let me underpin that once more. Now, let's have a look at coal. And in some countries, coal is a little bit like a forgotten fuel because it's not necessary anymore there. And so it doesn't get a lot of attention in some countries. But when we look at coal, then we can see that coal has a crucial role over the past decade, meeting nearly half of growth in global energy demand. And all of this additional demand occurred in non-OECD countries and mainly in the power sector. Total non-coal and coal. And the use of coal has underpinned growth in many emerging economies over the period, including China, which now accounts for almost half of global demand for coal. And whether this trend alters and how quickly, well, it's among the most important questions for the future of the global energy economy, particularly in reference to achieving global climate change objectives. So how does this coal market develop? We project global coal use to rise for the next 10 years, 10 levels off to finish 25% above the levels of 2009. But prospects for coal might be much brighter than this, particularly if you see the environmental impacts mitigated by the uptake of more efficient power plants, the development of carbon capture and storage, and the use of biomass together with coal. And China accounts for over half of global demand to demand growth to 2035, India. India also plays an increasingly important role and displaces the United States as the world's second largest coal consumer, 2025, and becomes the largest coal importer in the 2020s. So the international coal market will become increasingly sensitive to developments in China. And its emergence, China's emergence, as a net coal importer in 2009 led to rising prices and new investments in exporting countries, including Australia, Indonesia, Russia, and Mongolia. What we project is that the main market for traded coal will continue to shift from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but the scale and the direction of international trade flows are highly uncertain, particularly after 2020. And it would take only a relatively small shift in domestic demand or supply for China to become a net exporter again, competing for markets against the countries that are now investing to supply its needs. So Asia will really be the arena of future coal trade. Then let's have a look at post-Fukushima. Fukushima has led some governments to question the long-term role of nuclear power, and in some case, notably Germany and Switzerland, to move away from nuclear power altogether. Now these decisions are incorporated into our central new policy scenarios, but the net effect of this on the global level is relatively small. We don't project the role of nuclear to be reduced significantly as a result. This is because the countries that are really driving the expansion of nuclear power that's China, India, Russia and Korea, they did not change their policies. But given the increased uncertainty, this could change. So we decided to look at what we call a low nuclear case in which nuclear additions are halved globally compared with our central scenario. Well, we found out that turning away from nuclear power on such a scale posed significant risks to energy security and to the environment. And yes, of course, there will be new opportunities for renewable energy sources. Yes, definitely. But there will also be a large increase in demand for fossils and increased emissions. And that will make it harder and more expensive to combat for climate change. And yes, that means that by 2035, compared with our new policy scenarios, there will be a cold demand increase comparable with twice Australia's team called exports, natural gas demand increase, two-thirds Russia's natural gas net exports. And in the power sector, we will see that CO2 emissions will increase by 6.2%. And of course, the biggest implications are for countries with limited energy sources that plan to rely on nuclear power. Let's have a look at gas. And we called this slide, the Golden Prospects for Natural Gas, but I'll make some comments on that. And there is much less uncertainty over the outlook for natural gas because factors both on the supply and demand sites point to a bright future, even a golden age for natural gas. And demand for all gas reaches that for CO2 by 2035 with 80% of the additional demand coming again from non-OCD countries. And when we have a look at the world's remaining resource of natural gas, yes, they can comfortably meet the projections of global demand to 2035 and well beyond. But our optimism about this ample availability of gas is based in part on an increasing share of unconventional gas in overall output which rises from 13% in 2009 to above 20% in 2035. And we do see some possibilities for unconventional gas production in Europe. I could mention Poland is the best example and this could change the energy landscape in individual countries. But looking at Europe as a whole, we do not see this having a transformative effect. Europe's gas imports requirement continues to rise by almost 200 billion cubic meters compared with today and increasing concerns about energy security will be part of that. Now let's have a look at Ireland. And this can again be the case of Ireland in particular given the current low level of storage relative to gas demand. And I know that you are working on a gas field and I know that on the deployment of a gas field I know that you are working on an LNG and I think all these things are quite important for energy security. Gas field in short and medium term and LNG in storage important for the longer term because now import comes from through the UK. So this is one source of supply. So it's I think it's quite important to diversify sources. And of course I knew about the concerns of unconventional gas and that's exactly why the IEA together with Poland and Ireland will be part of that as well are organizing a workshop on the implications of shale gas because there are quite some concerns about it and I think we think it's very important to address these concerns and we can do this now at this moment. So that is some activity that we are going to undertake in next year. Now let's have a look at Russia. Every year we have one special country that we give special attention to and this year it was Russia and Russia remains the global gas producer and the largest source of growth in gas supply. We looked in detail in this year's World Energy Outlook at the prospects of Russian energy and there were three key issues that we focus on was investment, efficiency and markets. Now Russia really faces a major investment challenge as it moves to develop the next generation of oil and gas supply and is often in quite challenging and remote areas like the Arctic or Sakhalin and so on to replace their aging energy infrastructure. And investment and energy pricing is also the key to increase energy efficiency and there the potential in Russia is huge. Within Russia there is also still much to do to create functioning competitive markets so we look at a way that international markets for Russian export are set to change and in our projections the bulk of Russia's fossil fuel exports continue to flow to markets in Europe but there will be a shift, a shift towards Asia and the shift gathers momentum and it provides Russia with greater diversity of export markets and it will also bring them higher export revenues and of course we have an assumption and the assumption is that there will be pipelines to the east, pipelines to China that's the assumption that brings me back to the investments that are necessary to really see that this picture is going to be turned into reality and Russia remains an important supplier of gas to the European market over the coming decades continuing to provide around a third of the EU's gas imports but as Russia develops a greater degree in choice of gas export so Europe too should ensure that it has options and an integrated competitive European gas markets with new links to external suppliers via pipelines, LNG as well as some production of unconventional gas can deliver the choices that Europe really needs let's have a look at electricity in the electricity sector Europe is the leader in green technologies followed by China and we expected this to continue in the future it's the European Union and China that make the largest contribution to a shift towards lower carbon sources of power generation at global level, generation from renewables excluding hydropower increases from 3% of the total in 2009 to over 15% in 2035 but it's driven by something it's driven by government policies and continuing subsidies and in our projections the share of low carbon technologies within the European Union electricity generation rises to two thirds in 2035 with Germany playing an important role and of course, yes this higher level of renewable energy deployment delivers lasting benefits a more diverse electricity mix a reduction in CO2 emissions, yes and the fuel and operational costs are in many cases close to zero however, new renewables capacity is often capital intensive for the world as a whole it represents 60% of power sector investment 30% of additional generation now let's have a look at Ireland when we see Ireland in 2009 electricity about 60% from gas that's about 12% from wind and of the increase there will be an enormous increase in wind onshore wind and I think this is very important to bear in mind when we are talking about Ireland then about the subsidies for many regions and technologies this energy derived from renewable sources is and is projected to remain for decades to come more costly than energy from fossil fuels and well designed subsidies for renewables yes, they will be vital they will be vital to see to it that at the end the renewables will be cost effective and in our analysis the required support for each unit of renewable energy is set to decline over time yes, because cost reductions are achieved and end user energy prices will rise but the global cost of subsidies to buy fuels and renewable energy electricity generation is set to expand with their increasing supply from 66 billion US dollars in 2010 to 250 billion US dollars in 2035 and in the European Union subsidies to renewables they will peak in 2020s somewhere in 2020s at just over 50 billion US dollars in today's money as wind power, again wind power becomes increasingly competitive and we projected onshore winds will become competitive without subsidies in many parts of Europe from around 2020 these costs I have to admit do not include integration costs and these integration costs we estimate can range between 5 and 25 dollars per megawatt hour and these costs will likely increase electricity costs although in some countries like the recent Irish experience they will be counter balanced by reduced generating costs so this again shows that we have to look at the picture as a whole and not just have a look at part of the picture so what does this increasing energy use mean for climate change now over the past century the carbon emissions from the western industrialized world are far out based those from other countries but now let's have a look forward and when we look forward it's China again China that's poised to emit more CO2 emissions than the United States and the European Union combined over the period to 2035 and that is as its per capita emissions increase to the average level for the OECD and its cumulative emissions overtake those of the European Union and this shows that the solution to have a society with less CO2 emissions has not only to be found in the OECD countries but has to be found in the emerging countries as well and there I would like to add one remark we have always this learning curve and it's not necessary for somebody for countries that are emerging now to start at the learning curve that the OECD countries once did let's help them to make a start with the present state of our technology because that will help everybody well what does this simply this whole story mean for the goal to reach this two degree Celsius targets well all the results that I've presented so far are from the new policy scenarios and that's our central scenario and these projections put us on track a dangerous level of climate change inducing a global average temperature increase of more than three and a half degrees Celsius and without these policies current trends put us on an even more variant track for the temperature rise of 6% now in the world energy outlook 2011 we also present what we call a 450 scenario and that sets out what it would take to reach the international goal of limiting the long term increase to 2 degrees Celsius but this year we also did something else we made a picture or you might call it a snapshot of all the existing capital stock power plants, buildings and factories because you know as well as I do they have a lifetime for 30, 40, 50 years so we made a snapshot and then we discovered that 80% 80% of the total CO2 emissions permissible by 2035 are already locked in by our existing capital stock and without serious new efforts by 2015 the energy related infrastructure in place will generate more than 90% of the allowed emissions by 2035 well and you can see what will be the next one if we delay action until 2017 we will be totally locked in and this means that in order to achieve these 2 degrees Celsius all additional energy related infrastructure built from that point forward would have to be zero carbon now the question is should we accept this? of course not because we have things that we can do and that brings me to my next slide how can we achieve the 450 scenario now our analysis shows that at EU level 50% cuts in emissions compared to 1990 levels will be needed in 2030 and those results are in line with the 2050 roadmap and the most important contribution comes from the energy that we do not consume energy efficiency energy efficiency accounts for more than half of the reduction in emissions compared to our central scenario and then there are renewables we have carbon capture and storage we have nuclear power we have biofuels and we have to put a price on carbon to redirect investments so there are a number of things we can do to prevent that the situation I showed you in the previous slide will come to reality to conclude at global level there are few signs that the urgently needed shift in energy trends is under way or forthcoming and global energy is set to continue its increase with rising prosperity and population and the EU is the largest import market for natural gas and it will for some 10 years after 2015 in our projections also be the largest importer of oil yes and the EU is already the leading edge of the international debate and climate change and it will also be in the front line when it comes to energy security we do see a strong shift towards renewable energy sources led by European Union and China and yes renewables are set to come of age and promise a more sustainable energy pathway but these will require further subsidies in some cases for an extended period and getting the design of this support right is critically important because of course we have to see to it that there is a decline in this support as the renewable energy sources come of age and the costs go down further and while some steps are being taken in the right direction it's clear that the door to the 2°C scenario is closing but we can't keep the door open and we can open it even more wider if our governments have the political will and courage to do so Mr. Chairman I hope that this brief presentation has provided some point for discussion and I would like to hand over the World Energy Outlook not to you but to the Director General and to you, to the two of you because I've got two of you


4 Benefits of Using Technology in the Classroom In an era where technology is prevalent and has become a big part of our culture, it is beneficial to incorporate it in the classroom. Technology in the education system is one of the greatest changes we have witnessed over the years. The paradigm has shifted immensely to a point where we no longer must sit in a classroom to learn. Being being taught in the classroom can now be taught online in the comfort of your own space and at a time convenient to you. Like all other things, technology has its fair share of pros and cons, but the cons are outweighed by the pros. Technology is greater than the idea of using digital devices in the classroom, it is more about facilitating and increasing the interaction between students and teachers. classroom interaction and engagement is relatively less teachers are now competing against diversions that come from technological devices. So, why not change the delivery of the lesson incorporate technology? Increases experimentation and interaction. Digital education allows teachers to experiment in pedagogy and get instant feedback. It creates an environment for more active learning, as participation is increased. Technology facilitates quizzes during the lesson with instantaneous results. Technology helps to engage students who are shy and would not normally raise their hand in class to answer a question. Through online engagement systems, teachers can check in with these students especially and receive feedback on course materials, assignments and, also with the progress in the class. Reduces costs and increases access to learning materials. Computer applications such as Google Drive, Dropbox and eBooks help to reduce the expenses to parents and enhance children learning experience. Parents are now presented with the option of sourcing books and other materials their children need online, most of which are downloadable instead of buying the physical books. Teachers and teachers are now able to reduce the amount they spend printing course materials for students, instead course materials are uploaded to Google Drive or Dropbox where they can be retrieved by students at any time. Not only is this method cheaper but it prevents students from permanently losing important documents. This also means constant access to your materials as long as you have internet access and no more carrying heavy textbooks which may result in back aches in the future. Boost the effectiveness of education Over the years, we have seen the transition from blackboard to whiteboard, to overhead projector and to video projector. Now we are seeing tablets being introduced in education systems worldwide. We are at a stage where online teaching and learning in a digital ecosystem is becoming the norm. This boosts the effectiveness of our education system, especially since it helps to administer aspects of the curriculum. This device monitors and reports activities to foster an evaluation of its usage. The results are then presented to the school boards and other executive members in order to provide an independent and balanced assessment of the tablet's efficiency. Keeps pace with contemporary teaching practices. It can be seen that teachers are moving away from the traditional way of teaching to letting students have fun and learn while they play interactive games. In recent years, we have seen how children went from playing with dolls and action figures to playing online games and video games. Children are being raised with the latest electronic games and as such they require fun and excitement in the classroom before they can view it as appealing. Teachers are now including a wide range of games into the lessons such as hangman and pictionary to help develop skill sets such as a language, problem solving and critical thinking. In conclusion, technology is changing and will continue to do so for several years as new ideas are always emerging. It is essential for teachers to stay up to date and informed about the changes in order to find ways to integrate them into the education system for the fullest potential and benefit the students. Are you ready to teach English abroad? Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.


It contains a large number of adipose-derived stem cells, which have been shown to be capable of differentiating into multiple types of cells, including adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocyte. These cells have been found to possess the ability to repair damaged tissues and organs, making them ideal candidates for use in regenerative medicine. This article was authored by Lindsay Alejandra Quintero Sierra, Rhea Tupana-Bisfas, Anita Conti, and others.


Did you ever know that even animals are racist?  This is a typical example of a racist giraffe. I love Maya.


Optimism is a blockchain scaling solution that aims to improve the scalability and efficiency of Ethereum. Born out of the necessity to keep up with the fast-paced advancements in digital technology, Optimism is a beacon of hope for the future of blockchain technology. As we delve deeper into the virtual world, more and more systems are adopting decentralized methods of operation, which is where blockchain technology plays a pivotal role. Ethereum, being one of the major blockchain platforms, is not immune to the challenges posed by this rapid growth. With an increasing number of decentralized applications, popularly known as DApps, and a surge in user interactions, Ethereum has faced bottlenecks in terms of transaction speed and cost. At this juncture, Optimism steps in, proposing a solution to these hurdles. By essentially creating a second layer on top of the Ethereum blockchain, it aims to dramatically increase transaction speeds while significantly reducing the transaction costs. This technology, known as Rollup, works by taking most of the transactional computation off-chain, while still maintaining the security and decentralization of the Ethereum network. Optimism, therefore, is more than just a technological innovation. It's a paradigm shift in the way we understand and utilize blockchain technology. It's a testament to the human spirit's ability to innovate and adapt in the face of adversity. With the increasing popularity of decentralized applications and the growing demand for faster and cheaper transactions, Optimism provides a promising solution. One of the key features of Optimism is its use of optimistic rollups. This pioneering technology is designed to revolutionize how transactions are processed on the Ethereum network. At its core, it focuses on executing smart contracts off-chain, which has extensive implications for the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the network. Problem with traditional on-chain transactions is that they significantly burden the Ethereum network. Each transaction takes up valuable space that could be better utilized for more complex operations. This is where Optimism comes in. By moving these transactions off-chain, it lightens the load on the Ethereum network, providing a much-needed boost to its capacity and speed. The result is a significant increase in transaction throughput, but how does Optimism achieve this increased throughput? The answer lies in the innovative method of bundling multiple transactions together, rather than processing each transaction individually. Optimism combines several transactions into a single batch. This single batch is then submitted to the Ethereum network for validation. What does this mean for users? Essentially, it means faster transactions. With fewer individual transactions to validate, the Ethereum network can process more data in less time. Furthermore, by bundling transactions, Optimism reduces the cost per transaction since the network fees are shared across multiple transactions. This makes the whole process more cost-effective for users. The potential of this technology is immense. By reducing the burden on the Ethereum network and increasing transaction throughput, Optimism is paving the way for a more streamlined, efficient, and cost-effective blockchain experience. By bundling multiple transactions together and submitting them as a single batch, Optimism can achieve faster and more cost-effective transactions. In addition to scalability, Optimism also focuses on reducing gas fees. This feature is at the heart of their vision to create a more accessible and fair blockchain network. Gas fees, for those unfamiliar, are essentially transaction fees that users have to pay in order to perform actions on the Ethereum network. These fees are part of the network's design to prevent spam attacks, but they have also become a significant burden for regular users, especially during periods of high network congestion, these fees tend to skyrocket, making transactions incredibly expensive. This has been a major point of contention in the blockchain community and a big issue for the user experience of Ethereum. The unpredictable and high cost of gas fees has on more than one occasion hindered the network's potential for broader adoption and usage. It's an issue that's been hindering the growth and accessibility of the Ethereum network, discouraging potential new users and causing existing ones to look for aims to address this issue through an innovative solution. They use an advanced Layer 2 scaling solution called Optimistic Rollup. This technology effectively batches multiple transactions into a single one, reducing the amount of data that needs to be stored and processed on the Ethereum network. This in turn minimizes gas fees and makes transactions more affordable for users without sacrificing security or decentralization. Optimism solution promises to alleviate the gas fee problem while retaining all the benefits of the Ethereum network. This makes it a promising development for the future of blockchain technology. Optimism aims to address this issue by leveraging its Optimistic Rollup technology to minimize gas fees and make transactions more affordable for users. Another important aspect of Optimism is its compatibility with existing Ethereum applications. This feature of Optimism is instrumental in its value proposition offering unparalleled synergies with pre-existing Ethereum applications, a popular platform for decentralized applications or DApps. These DApps, which are an integral part of the blockchain ecosystem, are often hampered by scalability issues. One of the most significant challenges faced by developers in this space is how to scale there without compromising on speed or security. That's where Optimism comes into the picture, offering a solution that addresses these concerns. It is designed with an inherent capability to facilitate seamless integration with these Ethereum apps, making the process simple, straightforward and efficient for developers. This means developers can continue building and expanding their apps without worrying about the potential roadblocks of scalability and astronomical costs. Additionally, Optimism's compatibility doesn't demand substantial alterations to the existing codebase. This is a massive advantage for developers as it virtually eliminates the need to overhaul their entire application architecture, thereby saving time and resources. It's a win-win scenario for all involved parties. Developers gain the ability to scale their applications while benefiting from cost savings and users enjoy enhanced app performance and functionality. Developers can easily integrate their decentralized applications with Optimism, allowing them to take advantage of its scalability and cost efficiency benefits without having to make significant changes to their codebase. The future of Optimism looks promising. This pioneering software solution is not just another contestant in the blockchain field. It's a game changer, famous for its innovative approach to scaling Ethereum. Optimism is a beacon of potential for revolutionizing the entire blockchain industry. It stands as a testament to what technology can accomplish when it is fostered in an environment of creativity and vision. This environment is defined by a commitment to developing solutions that directly tackle issues of scalability and cost in the blockchain sector. The results from this are astonishing. Optimism has the power to provide more than just a scaling solution for Ethereum. It can completely transform the way transactions are processed on the blockchain, offering accelerated transaction throughput and a dramatic reduction in gas fees. Moreover, the adoption of Optimism is on a steady rise. As more and more developers and users join the community, they contribute to the evolution of Optimism. They become part of a movement that is reshaping the blockchain industry, making it more accessible and efficient for users all over the world. This large-scale adoption translates into better transaction speeds, reduced costs, and a seamless user experience that is unmatched by any other platform. This is just the beginning. As Optimism continues to evolve and mature, we can look forward to a future where blockchain technology is not only efficient, but also user-friendly and accessible to all. The future of Optimism looks promising. 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Okay, this is a series there should be an annotation on the screen to the playlist if you haven't watched the rest of the videos already I recommend it. Okay, we've been working with This text file, which just has a bunch of random words numbers special characters and punctuation I put together for this tutorial now. We've been using said like so and we could say said And we're going to pass it that file. So we're saying said substitute Something with something else and do it globally means every instance of it inside this file. So again, we can say Find the letter t and replay every capital t and replace it with a lowercase t and there we Went from capital this and capital that to lowercase this and lowercase that Now there is any other command for said if you look in the That man page called dash and that's kind of a silent mode. It doesn't display anything In this particular case, it's kind of stupid, but there are uses for it And I'm going to show you one here Because right here we're not modifying the file and we're not displaying anything the screen So really it's doing all the work, but not giving us any type of output whether saved or to the screen But again, there are uses for it and one of them would be to do P P means print matches. So we're saying don't show us anything. That's what this is saying Don't show us anything, but the P is saying except for the matches So we're going to hit that and it does do that it displays the P It displays every line that has a match And but in this case, it's only replacing the first See you can see it's gonna replace this t or this t or this t because it's not the first on the line Well, we can still pass it the G so we can say PG or GP I don't think it matters and hit enter there And we have replaced every capital T with a lowercase t and we're only showing the lines that there are matches for You can see this line and this line didn't show up because there's no t's in those lines but now let's say We don't want to change anything Well, there's a few things you do. I guess you could just go replace all lowercase t's with lowercase t's Upset nope. Oh, there are no Lowercase t's you can say replace all capital T's with capital T's and and it finds that Okay, and we can say oh, I only want to find lines to have the word that the capital T and That and replace it with that and that works But another way if you remember an earlier tutorial, we use the ampersand to say replace Whatever the find wherever the matches and whatever the ampersand is is the match So we can do this. It's basically doing this is basically the same thing as doing that except for a little bit shorter Especially if you're trying to match a longer string. Well, let's say I wanted to find Any line that said tiny toes. I wouldn't have to type tiny toes twice I only have to type it once and the ampersand will basically replace it with itself This is similar to grep. I think I might have done a tutorial on this a while back But if for summary, I mean, I doubt you're gonna be on a system where you have said and you don't have grep But if for some reason you want to use said instead of grep Maybe you're gonna be passing it a few commands like we did an earlier tutorial like, you know, something like this You know, maybe you don't want to start up another process you can do a search with this in fact, I'm not sure I Know they see that one display that so that that's a bad example Because we have our silent in there. I could put a P at the end of that Anyway, I'm sure there's an instance where you would want to use said instead of grep for some reason but if you needed to and there it is and That's it for the tutorial. So I showed you how to you know display only lines of the ones you're trying to Do replacements on and I also showed you how or reviewed on how to replace the matched with itself And show you that there is maybe a reason that you wanted to do that anyway I thank you for watching. Please visit films by chris.com. That's chris of the K link in the description And I hope that you have a great day. I'll be sure to like this video and subscribe Of course have a great day


Did you see the check, the questions in the chat? In the chat? Um, oh, okay. So, what is LPTA? LPTA. A week. There you go. Oh, look. Zuma just responded. LPTA. She learned it yesterday from Maria. But I was new to me, too. Ah, you see? See, Maria? Yeah. It's a heartbreak. That's what it is. Not all the time. My first two contracts were LPTA in a way. So this last year I won two out of three. This year I lost two. Wow. So you actually have a question about that, because we've been losing some, too. But the last one we lost, it was weird because the person that won it was from Atlanta. But actually the last two we lost are from outside the state companies. And they won it for the price, they won it for lower than the price that our self gave us. And they're in Atlanta. So how does, like, how can they even make that work? Or are they just, you know.  They'll lose money. That's how it works. I mean, it's just the reality. You know, in your area, we work with Doyin. Have you ever heard of Doyin? I've talked about them before.  They were kicked off New London. They're going to be kicked off the Coast Guard.  So if you're from Atlanta and you're trying to bid up in Boston area, the rates are totally different. It's just, I mean, it's not even comparable. How do you get kicked off a job and still have the ability to bid? I thought that turns out to be like a negative aspect where no one will work with you in the future. Yeah, they don't, they don't really put you on a blacklist.  Cancel for cause. Yeah. They don't really blacklist you unless you did something to harm, right? Like you crashed into a building, money laundering. They just, I mean, look, for them to do that requires some more steps in the process. And people just don't want to do paperwork, right? And if you, you know, I, I could say this. I had a friend of mine who, he had some government contracts where he didn't get kicked off, but he didn't perform and they, like, agreed to separate, like to walk away mutually. But then I've also had situations where during the bidding process, he literally, hold on a second, he, like, took his subs, number and doubled it, like a million dollars, like, doubled it, and they caught him, and they're like, hey, you're trying to defraud the government, and they were pissed, and like nothing happened. Does he still get paid for work completed until he got kicked off? Or does he just forfeit? You always get paid for work completed in the government. Yeah, they always pay you what you've completed, what they've inspected and completed, yeah. But what I, when I spoke to the SBA about it, and I asked, well, how come, you know, they allow him to keep making mistakes? Their answer to me, and this is like the executive director, was if we allow the, like someone in a small business sector market to, like, say we allow the government to do harm to a small business, then it becomes political. And then people say, well, this is why we don't need small business programs, because look at the kind of things that they do, and they really, so they think like that, that they're trying to protect the interests of the small business program, and somehow, like the SBA, since they're so ingrained in that, they do a lot to try and protect us.  Yeah, true. Chris, you know, like, look, since I've been on YouTube, I know several people have emailed me that couldn't do their contracts. Like, I probably could say like two dozen who got the contracts and didn't have the money, couldn't do it, and they had to return it back. So if that happened, if I'm, if they, people reached out to me, I could imagine people reached out to the SBA and Amphus Man and all that kind of stuff. So I think it really does, at some levels, become political. So that's why they kind of like protect us. So they just kind of sweep it under the rug to benefit everybody as a whole then. Yeah, because think about it, right? If they start, okay, so then what will happen is, right, the large companies say, see, this is why we don't need small business programs, because they don't know what they're doing. Look at the mistakes they make. Look at how, look at the kind of stuff that they do. And then, but at the same time, you know, what about Boeing lying and not telling people about the defaulting jets? Yeah. But then we'll also say the case is we as a small business can't make jets and planes. So that's why we have to use Boeing. So in a lot of ways, I believe that it really becomes political. And I'm not saying for you guys to go out and do wrong stuff. I'm not saying that. But someone just asked a question, why did nothing really happen? In a lot of regards, I think they're just really saying, hey, people make mistakes, small businesses, large businesses. And that's why we try to do the best we can by, you know, looking at past performance, getting references, you know, doing all the due diligence to ensure to prevent that from happening. As opposed to like blacklisting us, because we made a mistake. I think probably every large federal contractor has made a ton of mistakes. I've seen reports for Boeing overcharging the government for staffing.  And she said that her company was building the federal government or building the state government for certain nurses while they were sitting in the hotels. And they were charging them, just for them being like, for the number of nurses in the full hours, even though people are sitting in hotels and they got caught. So I mean, it's just, it's just, it's how this is, I don't think there's nothing to work, I don't think it's no, it's nothing to make issues out. And that's okay. So what we've done is we've taken and helped curate a lot of our GovCon giants community questions and answers and we're putting them in these sections here on members only page within YouTube. So if you'd like more information on how to become a fan of the channel that you already know, like and trust, click the join button now to find out about all the different membership options. You can start off as a fan supporter and move your way all the way up to GovCon Insider. By the way, for all those who may be thinking, Eric, what about your regular content? I'm still going to be pushing out and publishing regular content. But this is a different level where we're actually going to be just grabbing the Q&A sections that we're doing and sharing them with everybody. Thank you so much for watching.


Everyone, I am Nathan DeRoflejansi, editor in chief of ZeldaInformer.com. Suppose you guys all know that. This week on Zelda Inqueries, I am joined by Commonwealth Rome. Unfortunately, we don't have a third person on this week. We had a couple of people that had some last minute stuff come up in their lives, so, you know, lives happen. But we're here anyways, and we're gonna get this kicked off and going right. Now, from here on out with Zelda Inqueries, we will be releasing them in 20 minute segments instead of releasing the full hour to two hour cast in one segment. We find it's a lot easier to digest and frankly, it's just a lot easier for you in general. However, I am looking into releasing the full audio recording on its own in a podcast format. So stay tuned for that. I haven't made any final decisions on how we're gonna be delivering that. That being said, we're gonna get right into questions. With only two of us, it should be a pretty quick week, but we'll see what questions you got. As always, we do not look at your questions before we record, so it's all a surprise. Let's start out with, here's a fresh question this week from Christopher Trest from our Facebook page. They ask, how can the Master Sword be upgraded by regular blacksmiths? I'm assuming they're talking about, like I don't wanna link between worlds, the blacksmith. Does the upgrades. Well, I guess most swords in general can be crafted and upgraded by upgrading the edges or adding specific sections. But I think it's more about magic and fusing them or adding some specific properties to them compared to what you would usually see. So, well, it's difficult to explain. I think it's more about the gameplay as a part of the gameplay in each of the game to upgrade your sword. Because in real life, you wouldn't be able to upgrade too much apart from maybe just exchanging the blade or enhancing the edges. That's probably what you'll be able to do with a real sword. Yeah, it's interesting. Usually if there's any blacksmith upgrading such as in a link between worlds, it tends to be the only blacksmith there is. And blacksmiths, they're usually ones like craft swords and work on weapons and stuff like that. So it's natural that they would be the one that could do the upgrading. Obviously, there's a lot of magical elements involved. I know in Skyward Sword, I will leave the sword as upgrades automatically when you get the right stuff for it. At least I think so. Or did you have to take that to the Smith? I couldn't remember. It was the flames of the neighboring furor. Yeah, yeah, yeah. They just flew into the sword. So blacksmiths aren't even a common thing necessarily the series uses to upgrade your master sword. And the master sword sometimes doesn't get upgraded. Sometimes it's just the master sword and it just is what it is and all you're doing is just collecting pieces of the triforce for yourself. So it's really interesting.  And you see there's a lot that goes into blacksmithing. And when you have a product that's already made, there's still a lot they can do with it because they can deconstruct it and remake certain parts of it. Obviously the most common thing that people would take a sword to a blacksmith for, usually a quick cleanup where they resharpen the edges. Sometimes they reinforce it with new alloy but that's really expensive. So people don't do that too often but that was popular back with nobles back in the Midoo villages. They'd reforged their blades a lot and reinforced them. But it's one of those things that, it's just gameplay related, kind of as Commonwealth Rome said. It's got really nothing to do with logic. We're dealing with a video game. So to think that like a normal blacksmith in the real world will be able to take like magical items and infuse them in. That's magical items don't exist in the real world as far as we're aware. So I mean, you might believe in them, that's fine. But I haven't seen any actual evidence that they exist in the world we live in. So basically it's a video game and video games do what video games do. Sometimes there's no logical explanation for it. So thanks for your question Christopher Dress. Sorry if you, I don't know, if there's a different angle you want us to take on the next time, feel free to ask. You know, we're always willing to re-answer questions if there's more clarification. Let me see here. This next question also comes from our Facebook page. This is from Howard Harler. He asks, how old is Lincoln Ocarina of Time when he's an adult? And who is older, Link or Zelda? Well, I could take and answer that question because there are two different answers. According to me a motor he's 10 years old according to the official player's guide published by the Nintendo Power, he's nine. So if you take seven years, he would be either 16 or 17 as adult, Link. Yeah, and for Zelda, we don't know exactly, but it's presumed that they're around the same age, if not exactly the same. It's one of those that there's no official references or hints to how old she is, but they're both kids and they're both adults at the same time. And their heights are pretty close together, which height isn't necessarily even an indicator of age. So I would say that there is no answer on who's older. I'm sure definitively there's someone who's older because their birthdays probably aren't the same day. They probably weren't born at the same time. But yeah, I really can't even speculate on it so the game kind of acts like they're around the same age. In my opinion, anyways. Thanks, thanks for your question, Howard. You know, but I always like some of these shorter and sweeter questions at times that have more definitive answers outside of the fact that we have no idea who's older. And this one comes with our Facebook page. This is from Austin Connorsik. Again, as always, I apologize if I totally butcher your names. What would be the best direction for Zelda to head after Zelda U finally comes out? Furthermore, in your opinions, should more experimental Zelda games like Triforce Heroes and Hyrule Warriors be made? All right, so let's break this down. Let's first let's tackle the first question. The big one was Zelda U. Commonwealth realm, what do you think the best direction for this series is the head after? Well, it depends what Zelda U will be. According to what we have seen so far, it will most likely be a fully open Zelda adventure, something we have never seen to this point. Wherever you want to go, when you want to go, you'll be able to go. So that is a completely new approach for the series, not seen since the original Legend of Zelda. But what I think Zelda needs to do after Zelda U is just seeing what is the best for a franchise and we'll see what timeline, if it's fitting for the future of Zelda or not, since we don't want Zelda to be constrained by anything. We want it to evolve, we want it to improve. And I think that you could try out some new components, such as an online experience, a shared experience in Zelda, but only in a limited manner, just like you had in a Link Between Worlds with the Shadow Link battles. But in terms of Zelda, I think we should be looking at bigger, better open worlds with probably deeper stories. Yeah, the big thing is what is Zelda U going to be? The only thing we know based on Nintendo's own words is that it's open world. A.G. Aonomo actually had something interesting to say. I believe it was a week or two ago. He was doing some Twilight Princess HD interviews. I think it was the Shaq News. I apologize if it wasn't the Shaq News interview. I don't know, they did one and one other side did one. And in there, he mentioned something about how, up to this point, Ocarina of Time has sort of been the template for how they built Zelda games. Everything just kinda, it started with Ocarina of Time and then what could they do? In addition to whatever formula Ocarina of Time set up. And A.G. Aonomo mentioned specifically that he thinks Zelda U is going to be like Ocarina of Time in that sense, that it's going to be the new template moving forward. And obviously he is the current lead man of the Zelda series, so he can say something like that. Because he does control the future of the Zelda series right now until he gets replaced someday, which we have no idea if we're even close to that time yet. We might be, we might not be. So, you know, what I can say for the best direction is really, really based so much on not just what Zelda U does, but how successfully Zelda U does it. If Zelda U comes out and it's a genre defining game like Ocarina of Time was, or the Legend of Zelda on the NES. If it comes out and it just redefines what a Zelda game is. It takes everything that it's been and it does so much different. It sets new boundaries and new, you know, new peaks to reach for in development. And that's popular enough that people actually buy the game. Because remember, people have to show up and buy Zelda U. And the Wii U install base, you know, it probably about 13 or 14 million by the time Zelda U comes out. And you know, maybe it's coming to the NX that might increase its sales. I don't know, but all we know is that Zelda U has to sell well. It's one of their highest budgeted games that the teams that were made. If not the highest, Skyward Sword was the previous high. And it's one of those things where Ocarina of Time, I think became the template because of how popular it was. And I hate saying that popularity kind of controls the future of a series, but it really does. You know, a link to the past came out and was a decently popular experience. So it set the new standard for what Zelda was gonna be moving forward that Ocarina of Time came on, built on top of it and created the 3D game template of what a link to the past was trying to do. So really a link to the past is the template we're still building off of today.  That all started with Ocarina of Time. And I think that it really just comes down to how successful Zelda U is.  And I'd have to say that's a pretty big success if it's a Wii U only game. Because the best selling games period on the Wii U sell four million. So if it can get to that plateau, then you're talking about the best direction for the series is to build off of what Zelda U establishes. It's all the U tanks and it does under two million in sales overall. The best direction is probably not to continue what Zelda U did. It's to go back and beat the dead horse, go after and create another Twilight Princess slash Ocarina of Time type of game. You know, change the visual style back to, you know, the more realistic, as they say, style. And it's hard because the best direction to me at least is about combining what the game actually is with what your personal desires for the game to be are. I really, really like linear Zelda games, which is why Skyward Sword is one of my favorite games. And I understand that that's not a popular notion among some fans. They would rather have an open world game. And to be fair, we haven't really had an open world Zelda game in my opinion, like truly open world since the Legend of Zelda NES. So it's hard for me to be like, man, I really prefer open worlds other games. We've only had one. You know, so I would love to say that's what I want the future of the series to be, but I need to see that they can even do open worlds other games well. The only major time we've seen Zelda U's world, no, granted, this is a year and a half ago now, was at the Game Awards, back, the very first showing of it back in 2014, when we got to see, you know, Anumo running through the fields on, you know, what Miyamoto called Epona. And there was like nothing going on. There was very few enemies, very few things looking like you could discover. There was a couple enemies at one point. It was, it wasn't, it wasn't really what I think people expected from the game. The idea of big empty open fields, that was true in Ocarina of Time. It was true in Twilight Princess. If that's true again in an open world Zelda, then it almost defeats the purpose of the open world. You're just traversing empty space to get to the next objective. And that's not fun in my opinion. So I have to see what Zelda U is before I can really tell you what the best direction is going to be, because the best direction is going to be based on how successful or not successful Zelda U is at what it does. And if people, even if it is really successful, like say the people that play it, think it's like the greatest Zelda game ever, are people going to buy it? Are they going to be interested in the game enough to even give it that chance? I'd like to say that yes they will. But as we've seen with like Triforce Heroes, even Hyrule Warriors Legends to an extent, even a Link Between Worlds, Link Between Worlds had a lot of positive reception, but it didn't really sell a whole lot. And that was on a more popular platform. So it'll be interesting to see what Zelda U can do for the future of the series. Because certainly, Aegean Noma believes it will be the new trendsetter. So yeah, that's kind of where I stand. I'm kind of an, I don't know until we see a heck of a lot more about this game. Because I plan, we really don't know much right now. We're grasping at straws. Yeah, I will mostly agree with you in terms of this evolution, which Zelda is going through, the experience of Zelda Wii U will be crucial in this context. And I think Zelda really needs to step up their overworlds especially since they have been barren, empty and been really bound compared to the unbound experience, which we probably will be getting with Zelda Wii U. And I hope this is a way to catch up to the other Western RPGs since Anuma was talking about a transition from Japanese food to Western-style food. And this might be an example of it, going from a more bound, story-driven experience to an open and freedom-based experience for us players. So it'll be interesting how Zelda could work this way in the 21st century. And I think that the next Zelda should probably build on this, but of course add some more elements because you will be able to improve on each upcoming installment. So I think that Zelda Wii U should be the trendsetter, just as Anuma is mentioning it. But the successors to Zelda Wii U should build on the legacy of the trendsetter, but at the same time, not be afraid to be individual installments. So we avoid another Twyra Princess situation where a game is a little bit too similar to the game is looking up to. It's, as I said, I agree a lot with what you're saying. To me, it still just really matters how well Zelda U does it. Cause if Zelda U, it feels like it has this grand planned idea for what they want Zelda to be now. And if they don't execute it, then it's gonna be irrelevant in my book. It could just be another game they throw out as we tried, it didn't work out, going back to what we know. And I hope that's not the case cause I think Zelda could definitely use a fresh perspective on what it does. So I hope everything you say is spot on, that they nail this and they build off it moving forward. And not build off it necessarily by making the same experience again. Although I will say I am totally fine if they do like a quick turnaround direct sequel to it. I'm cool with that. But that's just me hoping I don't have to wait five years for the next game.