Nice to welcome Shailesh Agaskar, who's a lead architect with Capgemini Cloud and Digital Practice with over two decades of rich and diverse experience in information technology, business consulting, and leadership. He has expertise in architecting large complex software systems, software products, solution conceptualization, digital transformation assessments, and end-to-end solution delivery to conform adherence to business outcomes. In this session, Shailesh will cover how enterprises have leveraged emerging technologies, the power of AI and machine learning, to IoT Edge and mature cloud platforms to implement a flavor of digital twins called the digital factories. So a warm welcome from the open group please for Shailesh Agaskar. Over to you, Shailesh. Thank you so much, Steve. And thanks for that introduction. I hope I'm audible to everyone. Yes, you are. Well, certainly to me. Thank you so much. So yeah. I think you covered my introduction. So in today's session, what we're trying to kind of, this is a typical agenda that I'm going to cover today. So we're going to talk about how the industry 4.0 is maturing as we see digital factories turning into realities from just being concepts. The section will cover how the adoption of digital manufacturing has matured over years. The drivers for digital manufacturing and the business benefits that enterprises can realize specifically in today's times where a new normal of remote working is being defined. With that context and that kind of a base setup, we will then move on to more of how to implement that kind of a platform, more on to the architectural realms and what is needed and how that kind of a model look like. And we will then end up with a case study where we have kind of gone ahead and implemented for one of our esteemed customers and the benefits that the customer has taken up and how that has turned into a platform which could be further reused for any of similar case studies. So with that kind of a backdrop, I just want to kind of recap the concept of digital factory, smart factory. I know there are esteemed panels over here and the audience is so great and really fabulous. And I think this is not something that I should be recapping, but still for the benefit of the audience. Digital factories typically, we also call it as smart factories, are those which are kind of bringing in automation, leveraging digital technologies like IOT Cloud and these factories have real-time data. They are connected, then the data that it's got is kind of passed through high compute platforms like the Edge and the Cloud Power. Those information and the kind of process information is further processed with insights to AI and ML to kind of drive some process improvements, taking real-time decisions against factory problems. So that's what a digital factory are now getting more and more intelligent. So we call it as an intelligent or a smart factory is what it is all about. With that, we kind of jump into an area where we see as to what as a factory, most of the factories today look like in the era of industry 4.0. Most of them have either onboarded onto a digital transformation journey or they are kind of already adopting to digital technologies, but still today if you look at it, a typical factory would have an MEI system with the base level controls and the factory equipment etc and the kind of the actuators or sensors, all that the base level stuff, fundamental stuff that generates a lot of data and that data is being kind of captured as part of the next level and then that is fed into a typical ERP. So that is the level of automation that a typical factory has. So at the end of the day, it is the ERP sitting in the factory that has got all the data and then the factory SMEs, the factory workers on the day-to-day aspect of their job, they generally kind of go into creating either homegrown small tools or they might just stick back to the basic Excel-based tools to kind of capture their data, the metrics etc. So typically it is more of a manual entry with some kind of automation, that is what we see and these MEIs or these systems would have additional capabilities at the most like resource management scheduling and so on and so forth. So the question is, is that enough? Is that the kind of setup that would solve the problem of today's new normal or the remote working and the remote operations that we're talking about? With having said that, what are the challenges that we also see in addition to the existing system of the factory? So the challenge is that most of the enterprise on these digital journeys look at, are basically around, is this just having an MES system sitting in a factory enough? Are the silos really giving you all the required information? Are these systems fit for the new normal? Do the SMEs who are working with the factory, do they have the right tools? Do they have the data to kind of leverage that to improvising and measuring the KPIs and generating the metrics? Can they really take that particular proactive maintenance bit and ensure that the problems don't occur? Is there a possibility of an immediate action against a possible failure? How do they kind of ensure that the downtime is less? Do the key decision makers have information at their fingertips to kind of take actions against the process improvement or the bringing in the operational efficiency? All these are the drivers or all these are the challenges, I would say. We need to be resolved in order to have that end-to-end digital manufacturing and the industry 4.0 promise to be realized. With the advent of the new technologies and the incoming new realms of the 5G network backbone that is coming in, providing us the hope of a more stronger, high bandwidth kind of a data flow with a stronger pipe, the extrapolation of an industrial-grade IoT-based sensors which kind of are becoming now more and more intelligent and the edge is becoming the new processing power in addition to the cloud. Augmented by the convergence of AI and the IoT so that the AI algorithms and processing happens at the edge. With the other technologies like blockchain and co-bots coming into picture, the digital factory end-to-end or the smart factory end-to-end proposition is becoming a reality. And these are the technologies that are going to solve the challenges that we mentioned earlier in an effective way. And you need not wait for these technologies to come in. The existing ones where the high compute power processing, the IoT and the real-time data ingestion are good enough to kind of at least get an enterprise started and leverage the benefits of the digital strategy which has to be end-to-end. On this particular context being said, does that mean that the current systems or the enterprises who have kind of onboarded onto these digital transformations don't have enough modernization? They do. So we could kind of look at these two different variants. One is where an enterprise is already invested heavily into an NES and it is costly for sure, the entire setup. So generally these enterprises, they kind of supplement their NES by kind of sending data up through sensors and IoT-based augmentation to the cloud-based databases or systems where the data is collected and then in terms of batch processing and then processed in a big data kind of an environment. And that generates visualizations, dashboards for people to kind of then take decisions and act on. The second variant is that people who have not invested or the enterprises have not invested in the NES and they have kind of bypassed it and then straight away gone to the cloud, leverages for high computing power, leverages the services available like the big data and set up their ERPs on the cloud and use data management platforms to kind of enable the similar kind of an experience. But in both the scenarios, if you look at it, the insights that are driven by the data are primarily more of a afterthought or maybe post facto. It is not real time. It is something that you had a data, you have invested data, you're now mining it and then you're kind of trying to get the visualizations and then make sense out of it. So what we're saying is that, although this is good, but it is not the end state. So the end state is where you are looking at more real time insights coming in and that's where we want to be as a base level digital factory. So having looked at all these areas, we now go into looking at whether the drivers for the digital factory kind of a model being implemented. So the drivers, if you look at it, is A, first of all, give the SMEs on the factory floor the right tools and access to the data so that they can work more effectively, more efficiently and kind of help them to kind of realize their day-to-day work in a more automated fashion. Let's not get them into kind of creating silos or doing manual stuff. So that's where the power of some of these modern tools and platforms where mobile devices and bring your own devices and giving that access to the data comes into picture. The next one is how do you kind of look at bringing in the process efficiency? How do we kind of look at optimizing the operations? How do you kind of ensure that the downtime is less as compared to what happens typically in your factory? How do you kind of look at more of bringing in the predictive aspect of it? How can you do forecasting? All these are also tied back to how do you engage the customer preferences? How do you bring in the customer engagement, its preferences, its experience as an input to drive your digital experience in the manufacturing aspect of it? With all these three, the customer engagement, the employee empowerment, enablement and the operational efficiency that you could bring in. All these three once you have, that leads to a culture of innovation where you could start innovating based on these data. You can look at different perspectives. You can look at what is the different offerings that you can bring in and how innovatively you could do the manufacturing aspect of it in a more end-to-end way. With these digital factory drivers, let's look at what is the business value that an overall digital factory would bring in to the table. In today's time, we all know the kind of the situation we are in. That's where the new normal as we all call it is being defined where the remote aspect becomes more important. We are working with the most digital tools and people have gone digital. They are working remotely. They're using the power of cloud. So remote operations and monitoring and also execution becomes the next new normal or the manufacturing industry will have to look at or they are already looking at it and that's where the industry 4.0 is becoming more a realistic dream or it's being completed. Better forecasting capability and production related to production taking you to a more enhanced connected supply chain. Automation of the mundane task so that the SMEs spend more time on value-added work and last but not the least, we also see around how this would lead to bringing down the cost, reducing the downtime, doing more of predictive maintenance. So with all this context set, so we looked at what is the current state? We looked at what are the drivers? We looked at the business value. This is all great. But how do you do it? Is it very difficult? Is it very, I would not say that it's easy, but is there a very foundational strategy over there? Yes, and that takes us to a very base level foundational element where we see how do we do it? So that takes us to the next level where we will talk more on to the architecture aspect of it. In a very simplistic manner, if I put it, we are leveraging the power of cloud we are looking at investing data in real time and we don't want something to happen or we don't want the insights which are post facto. We want the real-time insights. So if you look at it, it all boils down to a most fundamental element of two phase or two-point processing of data. One is as we call it as the cold path and the other is the hot path. So the cold path is more of a batch-based processing and the hot path is the real-time streaming. And then both of these processing layers at the end kind of give you that particular view which is a batch view and real-time view. Together you can have visualizations created and that could kind of give you more of a real-time aspect of it. So that's basically our good old NAMDA architecture that is the foundational for any of these kind of digital manufacturing and real-time insights kind of architectures. With that, let us delve more into how this is kind of, when we kind of put this across to more of a physical architecture side of things. So this is a kind of a reference architecture that we put together for our own some of the offerings, etc. Where basically what we're talking about, we talked about the cold path, we talked about the hot path of real-time versus the batch. Then there is another element which is the middle way which is around the warm path. So if you look at it, we're getting the data from left to right and if you from the IoT edge local compute devices and it is kind of ingested back through real-time data platforms like streaming platforms, I would call it, like Kafka or your stream analytics, you may say, which are scalable and then that real-time streams are further kind of put into your data lakes or your time series kind of databases or it is a real-time inflow going into your cognitive models. And these three parts referring back to what we saw in our Lambda architecture slide, these three parts then can be collated together to provide you a real-time view, a batch view or a combination of both. And remember that the raw factory data that is coming in from these devices is at the end of the day augmented by a lot of metadata which is there from the factory. So while the streaming comes in, you're also augmenting and enriching the data to take into the next level, aggregating it and putting into the next processing layer or the mining layer of it. So here the key is that when you could see here the two aspects of it, the OT part and the IT part, they're conversing together and the data is streamed real-time to provide actionable insights. So that's the key element of how we kind of take this forward. With this, let's go into the next set which is how we kind of did this for one of our customers. So that's where it takes you into the case study part of it. So the customer, so all the challenges that we talked about till now, the customer had a similar kind of an ambition and they had seen a similar kind of problem statements around silos, people working and doing their own things and this was at a very large scale. They're talking about around 300 factories that they were looking at to kind of consolidate and have a single platform to kind of help them on managing monitoring and remotely doing these things. And to do that, now what we'll do is we'll go into a more specifics of this particular architecture for the case study. So if you look at it, this was kind of implemented using the Azure Cloud Platform. But if you look at on the left-hand side, you have more of the factory systems, the sensors, the ERPs and all that is happening at the factory level. And then on the right-hand side, you come into the crowd realms where you have data aggregation and it passes through the overall three layers of the cold path, the hot path and the warm path. And then finally, it goes into the visualization part of it. And that is kind of supported by bringing in that agility and that particular element of deploying fast and having those new features going into the next environments, promoting it. That is kind of further augmented or supported by monitoring services and the DevOps and the DevSecOps gamut of it. One thing that I want to call, which we didn't see over here, is the security aspect of it. The security aspect and the overall, what you call it, the firmness around that security is maintained as part of the beginning design, the architecture design. So it is not an afterthought, it is part of the design, it is part of the architecture. So if you look at it, the factory systems have their own firewalls and the DMGs, et cetera, and the same gets replicated to the cloud aspect of it. So that's the key. And one of the most important challenges are the issues that you must have seen in today's time when you go for a digital implementation or a digital manufacturing kind of scenarios where sensors are involved, IoT is involved, is the cybersecurity aspect of it. So that's where your security architecture and the concept of the zero trust security architectures, et cetera, that is very important to come in. And I can't stress more on it, but that is a whole session on its own, which I don't think we can cover in such a short period of time. But that's very important to look at. With this, I think we move on to what are the key takeaways? So whatever we saw and whatever we went through, key takeaways over here is that for any successful digital manufacturing to become a reality, it has to have an end-to-end digital strategy. It cannot only run on static data being ingested and visualized to you need the real-time ingestion. And that is where your industrial IoT and connectivity and strong backbone of bandwidth becomes very important. Then comes the next part, which is basically where all this data has to be kind of passed through the modern AI and ML kind of technologies, create those models, train them, and pass your data, keep retraining, let the models be self-learning, and the maturity that comes in with the various models being trained for the more accuracy being brought in to the data AI models. Last but not the least, again, the edge computing power and the actions that could be taken on the edge are equally crucial because that will help you to kind of take immediate decisions based on any failures and plug that into your main system. So that's the kind of strategy that our enterprise should have is what our experience is with most of our customers tell us. And this is not limited to only consumer products manufacturing but it also goes into automotive and other domains and other sectors as well. So with that, I will pause here and if there are any questions, happy to take it. Thank you, Shailesh. Thank you very much for your presentation and a big virtual round of applause for you. We are up against a break, so I will be brief, but we did have a question that came in very early in your, or fairly early in your presentation and that's your, you mentioned co-box. Can you explain what these are and the relevance to digital factories, please? Sure. I mean, that's a very valid question and that's something that we would see coming in. So co-box basically are, you know, as we call it as the robots which are augmenting or helping humans to kind of collaborate with them to achieve their task, right? So that's something that you would see coming in more often and as they mature, you would see them coming in on the factory floors as well. Or to enable your digital manufacturing. Okay. And I can talk more on that, but yeah, it's again the time constraint. Yes. That's kind of tries us, yeah. No, no, I appreciate that. Thank you very much and we are, we're going to have to end it there so that we can squeeze a five minute break in for people.


In outside of Africa, Pakistan's Navy and Pakistan Maritime Security Agency have conducted a joint operation, SARS of Karachi, to rescue the crew of a sunken cargo ship. PMSA commander Issa Farid Ahmed told the news conference that 15 out of 18 crew members had been rescued and such operations were run away to find the three other members. Ahmed said the sheep was carrying cargo from India to Somalia, and its crew members were from Syria.


Realistic Gaming here. Today we are back at Roblox and we are back with some scary stories. Now it's been a long time since we joined the scary story game because I just can't find any. If you guys know of any cool unique scary story games, let me know in the comments below or comment me the link. That would be awesome. Alright, so today we are here in the haunted spook house. My god, we got two skeletons out here. Alright, I'm getting this spooky vibe feeling from this. Oh, what is that? Like a creepy girl? Dude, her face is blurry. Oh my god. Alright, let's keep on moving guys. This is definitely getting a little scary this way. My god, you guys hear that menacing music? Oh my god, yo, is that Charlie? Oh my god, he disappeared. Alright, let's keep on going. Oh, what is that?  Alright, so it's like more of a haunted house or something. Oh, it's a haunted house. Oh, there's something here. Oh, what is it? Dude, it was SCP and like his body parts were separated. Oh my god. Oh, it's like a making with an axe. Yo, alright, this is pretty scary man. Alright, let's keep on moving fellas. My god, what is that thing down here? What is it?  It's like some sort of weird animal skull. I think it's so freaky man, let's keep on going. Oh, what is that? My god, there's so many people here. Oh, wait, I think there's something in it. It's Samara. Alright, so it seems like this house is just full with a lot of killers that we're very familiar with. It's just pretty freaky.  That is a cool clown flight. Alright, let's keep going this way. No, you, look at this guy, he's very terrified. We got Pennywise here. Yo, this is a trippy room.  My god, that is one weird looking clown. Oh, it is like the marionette face from FNAF. That is so strange. My god, look at this Pennywise. Yo, it looks weird. Okay, so this is not the end. Let's keep on going. Let's go see more of these freaky rooms. Oh my god, the door closed on us. So there's no turning back from here on forth. Oh, oh gosh, what is this? Wait, who is that? Oh, it's an SCP, I forgot the number though. I know it's an SCP. Now it seems like this is maybe the SCP way. Oh my god, what is that? Hold on, we gotta go back. Hold on, we can't miss it. Oh, it's moving in there, oh my god. I look like the camping monster from every 51. I don't know if you guys remember that one. Here is Chainsaw. Is that Annabelle? Oh my god, I think it is Annabelle. Uh-oh, more clowns up ahead. Oh, it's Jason. It's Chainsaw and Jason. Oh my god. All right, let's keep on going. Dude, this place is insane. It's a mad house in here. Look at this. There is a floating devil. All right, man, let's keep on going. Dude, oh my god, it's Jeff the Killer that we got. That kind of look like a Slendy Tubby. We got the Exorcist Doodle. Oh my god, what is that?  She needs some milk, definitely, man.  Oh, hey, stop staring at me, buddy. Dude, that guy is scary. Right, oh my god. Right, so like the scenery for this game is pretty scary. I like how they kind of went out of their way and did like this unique stuff in here. Like for this bridge on fire, for example. Pretty darn amazing this way. All right, you know what? I think I'm tired of following the green hairy arm. It just seems to be leading me to more crazy stuff. Oh my god, we're at a cemetery now. Just when you thought this couldn't get any more awesome, right? Ooh, there's a ghoul over there. Oh, can we go to him? Oh, we can. Ooh, I see you, Mr. Ghoul. Give me a hug, man. Oh my god, he's hugging me. He wants a hug. All right, let's keep on moving over here. Oh, look, there's like a little skeleton man coming out of here. Scotty boy! This skeleton boy is tired of being on the ground. I feel you, man. Look at his eyes. All right, ooh. Is that supposed to be like Slenderina? It's more like a ghost girl or something. All right, so this is pretty amazing. Let's keep on going this way. Oh my god. Wow, that looks amazing. I'm actually getting pretty fascinated by this creepy, this creepy, oh my god. What is that noise? It keeps cutting me out of these creepy spines as we keep crossing.  It's like green moss or something. This is getting weirder, I love unlikeness. Hey, look, there's my twin right there. I hear Jason again. Oh, Jason is. Okay, so now we're like in some sort of asylum with all the colors we got Jason in there. That's what you get, dude, he broke off his chains. My god, oh, what's going on over here? Yo, look at this dude. Okay, look. Oh my god, all right. That guy is pretty darn insane if you ask me. Oh my god, this place is something else. All right, what's in here? Excuse me, Mr. Egghead, I can't see. Yo, move your egghead out of the way, please. All right, you know what, let's go look over here. We'll come back to that one. Ooh. It's like a ghost girl. She's locked up in a wheelchair so it can restrain her down. But I mean, if she's a ghost, she can just like, it's a good dattle. What? Dude, this guy looks freaky. My god, why does he keep saying yes? All right, let's check out these other ones. Pig killer from Saul? I think it might be. Well, let's check out this one over here. Oh, I think it is like from Saul. It's like a bunny? It has no body.  That is kind of strange. All right, let's check these out.  It makes them look a little more freaky. Oh, look at this dude. Oh my god, what was that? I heard a weird noise down here. The ghost girl's out here. My god, this toucher. Oh, we can't touch the ghost girl. Oh my god. Oh, it's not going to end well for that guy. Dude, there's a girl up there. That is so freaky. Oh my god, all right. Hey, get down from there. What if we just throw a shoe at her like she falls down from the corner? Where are we at now?  Hey, wait, no, they're pushing me. I want to look at this guy. Stop pushing me. Oh my god, it's like saw. He's a meal. It kind of looks crazy. It's not so actually.  My god. All right, let's just keep on moving, y'all. That is like the freakiest one we've seen so far. OK, so, oh great. Now there's just killers out and about. Just what we needed, right? Like some sort of devil looking guy. Oh my god, OK, this is pretty awesome.  Oh, oh, he turned them. Oh, you can push them? All right, let's push them to the corner. Let's push this guy away. Make him look at the wall for being so scary, man. Yeah, his head is shaking. It's more like we're going through a haunted house or something. Oh my gosh, you need a haircut. Yeah, we need a haircut. All right, let's go this way.  I have a toy and can play all day.  I'll come and play forever a day, forever and a day. What? I'll come and play forever and a day? What does that even mean? Like you'll play forever and a day. I don't know what it's supposed to be scary. Oh my god. Why do they have like two eyes? They have like glowing eyes and eyes.  Oh no, it's Blazer. He's dressed as Jason. All right, this way.  It's like Frankenstein. Frankenstein gone wrong or something. Oh my god. So we keep on going. When does this end?   What is wrong with that fella? He takes your soul. Uh-oh. Well, he can take the remaining of my soul. Oh, dude, that looks crazy. Kind of looks like the monster from what's that? Insidious movie? I don't know if the guys have seen that. It's a very terrifying movie, by the way.  That looks funny. That does not look scary at all.  Oh my god, yo, that is freaky. All right, so it seems like we keep going up and up. Oh, it's Ghostface. What's up, Ghostface? Oh man, this way. All right, let's see where this leads us. It lives here. Oh, great, does it really have to live here with this? My god, what's going on over here? Why is this guy twitching on the ground? What is wrong with him? Yo, oh, they're moving him. No, you're not supposed to move him, buddy. All right, whatever, let's keep on going. Hey, hey, hey, you doing the shoot over here? All right, sweet. All right, it seems like we might be coming to an end. Oh, look, SCP-87 girl. There's the girl version now. My god, there's a floating, there's an evil demonic guy over here. Right, this way. Oh yeah, oh, OK, I think we're finally getting to the ending. Oh, it's the Marinette. Oh my god, what is she doing here? All right, let's keep on going. Let's pretend like she's not here. Oh, to the lounge, right, so this is the end.  All right, oh, wow, when you look at this, even the lounge is outstanding. There's bats flying everywhere. Yo, this is well made. They definitely took their time to do all this.  Hey, what's up, man? He's the skeleton. Right, there you go, Stickman. Oh, right, we're going to have to save the Stickman for the next one, man. All right, well, we'll save the Stickman for next time because that one looks awesome. And this was the scary house in Roblox. If you guys enjoyed the video, make sure to slap the like button. If you're new to the channel, make sure to subscribe and turn that notification bell on and I will see you guys in the next one.


Let's talk about the circulation of the blood to the brain, because it's incredibly important. We have many cases of cerebral vascular accidents or strokes, and we have problems such as ischemic attacks, which are transitory. And so understanding the blood vessels that supply the inside of the brain is important because if you know what territory that vessel goes to, you can understand where and help to localize what part of the brain is involved. So we have two major blood supplies to the brain. First is the vertebral system. We call it the vertebral basilar system because the vertebral artery off the subclavian comes up through these foramina in the cervical vertebra and enters through the foramen magnum up into the cranial vault. The second major vessel is the internal carotid. This is the common carotid artery. This is the external carotid, which we're going to ignore, and this is the internal carotid, which is very, very important. And here where the two bifurcate at this junction is the carotid bifurcation easily involved in atherosclerosis and therefore an atherosclerotic plaque can embolize up and through the internal carotid artery. So it comes up through the base of the skull and enters through the cavernous sinus. So first let's look at the posterior circulation. Here are our two vertebral arteries coming up through the foramen magnum into the posterior fossa. The contents of the posterior fossa are the cerebellum and the three parts of the brain stem, medulla, pons, and midbrain and all the cranial nerves associated with it. So problems with the circulation coming off the vertebral system are very important. So the two vertebral arteries then fuse or join to form a midline basilar artery over the surface of the pons and then at the top of the basilar artery, the level of the midbrain, the posterior cerebral artery comes off and the superior cerebellar artery comes off. So that's the end of the basilar circulation. So recall then that one of the major of the three cerebral arteries, one of them, the posterior one, comes off this vertebral basilar system. The other that you can see here is the carotid system. The carotid is represented here by the two, pops out, two internal carotid arteries. Notice where they sit. They sit on the side of the optic chiasm. Here's the optic nerve. Here's the optic tract. And here's the optic chiasm. So right on the side sits the internal carotid artery. It comes up and it gives two major branches. The anterior cerebral artery here with a very tiny anterior communicating artery and a larger middle cerebral artery which comes off and goes into the lateral fissure and cannot be seen on this model. Let's review the cerebral circulation at the base of the brain that comprises the circle of willis. The circle of willis unites the posterior circulation with the anterior circulation. So the basilar artery ascends over the surface of the pons to branch into the posterior cerebral artery which surrounds either cerebral peduncle to supply the inferior temporal surface as well as part of the occipital lobe. Off of it comes the posterior communicating vessel. This is the link between the posterior and the anterior circulation. The anterior circulation begins with the internal carotid artery which branches into the middle cerebral artery which goes out into the lateral fissure to supply the lateral surface of the cerebral cortex and the anterior cerebral artery which ascends between the two hemispheres on the mesial surface after passing under the optic nerve. The anterior cerebrals are joined together very, very short anterior communicating artery which completes our circle of willis. Just because we have a circle does not mean we have alternate blood supplies from the different vessels. Each of the major cerebral arteries should be considered an end vessel and supply from other vessels does not normally occur in most cerebral vascular accidents or lesions. If we take this skull model with the vessels at the base of the brain and we put this different model into it and remove the right hemisphere here then if I turn it over onto the ventral surface this represents the internal carotid artery coming up and bifurcating into the anterior and into the middle cerebral arteries. So the two major cerebral vessels off of the internal carotid are the anterior which comes around and supplies all of this middle or mesial surface of the brain down to the corpus callosum including also some of the ventral surface of the frontal lobe. The middle cerebral artery branch comes along is actually deeper than it is on the model in this lateral fissure and supplies many large branches to the lateral surface of the hemisphere. We talked about the posterior cerebral coming off the vertebral basilar system so let's look at the other part of the model. On the other half of the brain model we can see the medulla, the pons, the midbrain. Remember I said at the top of the basilar artery off came the posterior cerebral artery. It wraps around and has two major branches one which supplies the inferior surface of this temporal lobe. This is the temporal lobe so it's supplying all of this inferior surface and then a big major branch which comes on over to the mesial or midline surface and supplies the cortex behind the parietal occipital notch here and all of this cortex happens to be visual cortex. So the posterior cerebral artery off of the vertebral basilar system supplies the inferior surface of the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe of the cortex. Now there is a concept called watershed and that is that the end vessels you can see them here. Here's a nice little branch and the end vessels coming from this side so it's like this. These have the lowest amount of oxygen and they have the least amount of blood flow and because they're end vessels. Thus this zone along here called the watershed zone because it's between the two cerebral artery branches the middle and the anterior this is a vulnerable area to anoxia and we sometimes get a condition called watershed infarcts. There are other watershed zones there should be a watershed zone between the occipital and the middle cerebral artery but this is less often involved in part because the posterior cerebral artery off the vertebral basilar is applying that and usually one or the other of these two major systems are intact. Now let's go to the gross specimen. On the ventral surface of this brain we have a very nice set of blood vessels so I would like to go over those same structures again. Here is one vertebral and here is the other vertebral artery and remember the vertebral artery and its branches are associated with the medulla and there's a bit of the top of the spinal cord on this nice brain. Alright, vertebral medulla. Then we come to the basilar artery from here to here and the basilar artery sits on top of the pons. So here we have the basilar artery and there's some little branches coming off at which you really can't see and then at the top of the basilar artery and this is so nice because we have the nerve still intact our landmark here is the third or ocular motor nerve associated with the midbrain below it is the superior cerebellar artery on each side and above the nerve is the posterior cerebral artery here is the posterior cerebral artery on the left side and the posterior cerebral artery on the other side and they are going to wrap around the side of the midbrain and supply the inferior surface of the temporal lobe which we cannot see all of because of the presence of the tentorium and the cerebellum but I'll pull it over to the side and I think you can imagine this surface here supplied by the posterior cerebral artery and then on around here to the occipital pole so very nice demonstrations now this is the optic nerve here we have the olfactory bulb and tract on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe I'll just sort of pat them down here and this is our optic nerve on either side and the optic chiasm so if I pull this back and put a little pressure on it I think you can see very nicely the two internal carotid arteries and off of the internal carotid into the lateral fissure here and here goes the middle cerebral artery and coming off the internal carotid and going between the two hemispheres I can see and I hope you can too the two anterior cerebral arteries now to see the lateral fissure with the internal portion of the internal carotid that branches to form the middle cerebral artery hope you can see this large vessel here entering the lateral fissure it's really big and I think you can see it right there and then it comes out here and branches and some of those branches come up to the surface of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe and other branches come over just the top edge of the temporal lobe so there you have the middle cerebral artery on that side but the distribution of the middle cerebral artery which is the most important one I think probably in terms of involvement in pathology is over the lateral surface of the hemisphere what does it supply? frontal lobe motor problems here motor problems on the opposite side of the body it also supplies the lateral portion of the parietal lobe what happens with problems here branches here supply somatic sensory cortex and you have distortion or loss of sensory information again from the opposite side of the body so we want to think of frontal as motor parietal as sensory I've already mentioned that the occipital pole this region here is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery and you want to associate that with vision the inferior surface of the temporal lobe also supplied by the posterior cerebral artery supplies an area on the inferior surface here involved with forming new memories so you want to associate the temporal lobe and the posterior cerebral artery with a formation of new memories and if I am on the left hemisphere in 97% of the people branches of these arteries supply the area for producing speech of the motor's speech areas and areas of the posterior superior temporal gyrus for comprehension or interpretation of speech so we have understanding language in the temporal lobe from the middle cerebral artery branches and we have the production of speech in the frontal lobe motor, frontal involved in expressing ourselves and language disturbances whether they are in understanding or in producing both can be caused by branches problems can be caused by branches of the middle cerebral artery different branches frontal motor temporal comprehension so language disorders we call aphasia so we can get aphasia we can get motor problems weakness or loss or paralysis we can get sensory problems from the opposite side of the body also and we can have visual loss from the opposite side of the visual field so understanding and remembering the distribution of the three cerebral arteries is very important


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