Our first question is from Georgie R. X. What are the top three training techniques for building muscle? Oh Top three most important things you should do to build muscle. I think by technique. What do you think? What do you mean? Well, I get I mean, it's just say the top three factors, I guess For building muscle the number one in this one is just easy for me is to come up with this just get strong I think at some point just lifting more weight isn't necessarily important especially when you come advanced because there's a limit and then become you know, you also start to get this kind of risk versus reward Ratio that starts to tilt more towards risk But early on when I was lucky as a kid that I got had very brief mentoring from Some strength athletes and they literally told me If you get strong the muscle will follow if you can squat You know twice your body weight you're gonna have muscular legs if you could bench your body weight You'll see a difference in your shoulders arms and chest So number one like when it comes to building muscle because muscle does It contracts and if it's stronger the odds that you're building muscle are quite high So that's to be the first I read this question. I was thinking well along those lines of strength but I was thinking about building a stable structure, right so having having the foundation of you know, you being in good alignment having You know getting closer to good posture and having your body just in a position where you know We could add this kind of stress to then work from there and like build on so to be able to You know focus on that specifically first so now we can really ramp up The amount of intensity and load and demand and change the environment Around you know what our body needs to work on it's that's what then we can build and kind of go forward and build muscle I would have to say progress understanding progressive overload and specifically the ability to scale volume over time I think very few people volume is closely connected to muscle to yeah, absolutely So I think that very few people actually track the amount of volume that they consistently and I think just Naturally, we all kind of fall or go gravitate towards homeostasis and this kind of natural amount of volume that you always train So maybe you have some good weeks Then you dip down a little bit some good weeks again You dip down a little bit over the course of three to six months You're pretty much kind of right hitting the same amount of volume And if you actually just really paid attention and tracked, you know the amount of volume and then just Incrementally just a little bit more a little bit more a little bit more over time I think you would notice tremendous difference in muscle for me personally. That was one of the biggest Shifts in my own programming when I started and when I had to right when you're competing and now there's something on the line I I had to improve and build muscle After one show after other also, I'm not gonna win right? I'm so you know and I had to do that and when I did that it made me it really opened my eyes about my own pitfalls Or my own like habits of kind of like fun So I think that a lot of people Just do that we gravitate towards the things we like you have some good weeks We train really hard and then you have weeks for you back off naturally and when you look at it From like a bird's-eye view and calculated a lot. It's like oh, wow I pretty much always average About this much and simply being able to just know how to scale volume. I think who is tremendous I want to add one more. I know that we said three, but I'll add one more which is Eating in a calorie surplus and then eating adequate protein feed the muscle for most people It's not for all because some people have digestive issues in relation to what I'm talking about for most people Eating a high protein diet as long as your workout programming is good and you're getting good sleep Eating a high protein diet has profound muscle building a better, you know effects in comparison to let's say Eating what the RDA says you should eat in terms of protein and then a calorie surplus like If you want to add new active tissue to your body Your body needs building blocks for that and if it's not provided those building blocks It's gonna be very hard. You can send all the great muscle building signaling that you want. It just can't happen It's like having instructions to build a house and you have the workers there ready to go And there's no bricks and there's no wood and there's no nails And so they're left there saying we want to build but we can't we don't have the building blocks So I know they said three, but I wanted to throw that in there And I think that those the ones that we listed are I mean Justin what you said about having a stall a solid foundation and base You know why that's important because I'm sure some people listening like I just go work out You know muscle if you don't have a solid base, you're gonna at some point You're gonna early probably you'll hit a wall and then you're screwed injury and balance your CNS is gonna identify that You can't get stronger because it doesn't feel very stable. This is why good coaches always start with that That's always the place that you start never gonna reach your full potential, right? I think that's yeah, that's really just why I wanted to address that is just like to be able to have that focus and intention First thing like you're gonna reap the benefits later with building muscle Hey, if you like this clip and you want to see more like this click right here But if you want to see the full episode where this clip came from click right here


Thank you very much. Thank you very much for this warm welcome. I am delighted to be here. Such lovely weather after the last couple of days. I was just delighted and I thank you quite deeply for making it today. I know that some of you might have to mop up at home perhaps. If you bear with me for the next 25 to 30 minutes, then I'm giving you a quick, broad overview of the argument that I put forward in my book. My publisher always asks me to put a plug in at the beginning. There is a book and it is still available now in paperback with an epilogue. What I'm going to do is not the standard academic presentation, if you bear with me, but rather a kind of meditation. A meditation on the topic of remembering and forgetting. Stacy Snyder wanted to be a teacher. By the spring of 2006 she had completed her coursework and was looking forward to receiving her teacher's certificate. Then from one day to the next her dream was over. She was summoned to the dean of her university and told that she would not receive her teacher's certificate. She would not be a teacher although she had the credits, past exams, completed practical training. She would not be given her certificate she was told because her behavior was not becoming of a teacher. Her behavior? A photo showing her with a cap and a cup. Captioned drunken pirate Stacy Snyder had put this photo on her MySpace webpage for her friends to see and perhaps to chuckle. But the university administration found the photo and found the photo to induce miners to consume alcohol and therefore to be inappropriate for a teacher. When Stacy was confronted by the university administration she considered taking the photo offline but it was too late. The photo had been indexed by search engines and archives by web crawlers. As much as Stacy wanted the photo to be forgotten the internet would not permit that. Remembering instead of forgetting, remembering, forgetting. In 2001 Andrew Feltmar, a Canadian psychotherapist in his 60s living in Vancouver wrote an academic article for a rather obscure journal. In the article he mentioned that he had taken LSD in the 1960s. In the summer of 2006, like so many times before, Andrew Feltmar wanted to cross into the United States to pick up a friend from Seattle International Airport. The immigration officer, the US immigration officer, googled Feltmar and discovered the academic article from 2001. Because Feltmar had failed to disclose to the immigration office, although he never denied it, that he had taken drugs 40 years earlier. He was interrogated for three hours, fingerprinted and then barred from entering the United States forever. Remembering instead of forgetting. Of course you may say now Stacy's and Andrew's cases are tragic but at least in part because of their own fault. Had they not put information online, Stacy would be a teacher today and Andrew could still travel into the United States. Everybody has to decide for herself, for himself, what to make available online. Or to quote paraphrase, but once has been put on the web is no longer forgotten. Really? Do we really know every time information about us is being collected, stored and made accessible? For most of us Google is the search engine of choice. Millions of people around the world send more than 3 billion search requests to Google every single day. Google is showing them the way. Google also shows us what is being searched where, when and by whom. Like this Google trans line for the search term Iraq over time you see how often it has been searched in which region, in which city, in which language. Google can analyze these search terms because Google remembers them. You might remember the H1N1 flu crisis last year and the year before. The Center for Disease Control in Atlanta and the United States mandates that all general practitioners, all the doctors send them information when they have a flu case coming into their office. In order to as in real time as possible map the spread of the epidemic or pandemic. The problem is that it takes the Center for Disease Control about two weeks to sort of collect and collate all the information and then to map it out. Google said we can do better than that by just looking at who is searching for flu information. Because the understanding was that there's a high probability that those people who search for flu information actually have the flu. And so when you look at this you can get actually almost perfect trends. The orange data is the actual CDC Center for Disease Control official government data of flu trends over time. And the blue one is the trend predicted by Google based on search terms. It's quite impressive. Google can do this even for events years back because Google does not forget. Since Google's humble beginnings more than ten years ago Google has stored every single search query it ever received. And every search result you ever clicked on. Remembering. Forgetting. For millennia for us humans forgetting has been easy. It's built into us. Biologically we forgot most of what we experience every day our feelings, our thoughts. Remembering is hard. Since the beginning of time therefore we humans have tried to overcome biological forgetting. Like this Navajo Indian to pass on our memories to our children. And the hope that they too may thus be able to remember. This is how the great epics of the world emerged thousands of years ago. But human memory is not fixed. It changes as we remember, as we reconstruct our past. So depending on it may not be sufficient especially when we want to capture something precisely or for a long period of time. Painting is one way of encapsulating visual impressions to create an external more precise and lasting memory. Like this beautiful cave drawing of the caves of Altamira. Script originally developed by accountants. Searching for a precise method of remembering as for millennia remains humanity's preferred external memory. Language, painting, script provided us with the capacity to remember through generations and across time. But these tools have not altered the fundamental fact that for us humans forgetting is easy and remembering is hard time consuming costly. The book did not change this either. Neither did the phonograph or film. Remembering remained expensive for most human beings and was thus chosen carefully. In other words forgetting was the default remembering the exception. This enabled us to deal with time. Through our capacity to forget we rid ourselves of excess memory, what has been long past fades in our mind. But because forgetting is built into us we humans never had to develop the cognitive ability to deliberately forget, to depreciate memories and to make them fade. If I tell you something and I say you must forget it now you will remember it. Today this is different. Google remembers, Yahoo remembers, Amazon remembers, the internet archive remembers, flight reservation systems remember, flight reservation systems remember? Yes, even if you never booked the flight just looked at it they remember it for six months just in case some law enforcement agency might want to take a look at it. And not always do we realize that we have contributed to digital memory and to made it accessible on the net. For example, millions of Facebook users around the world change their profile when they begin or end a relationship. This, not that you are in a relationship or not, but that your relationship status changes is excessive as part of open graph, Facebook's open graph, and can be captured by third parties. In the aggregate this may reveal amusing trends like this chart depicting when relationships end most frequently over the course of the year. But it can also be analyzed on an individual level. Indicating not just who you were in a relationship with, how long your relationships last over time, and how many each one of you had. Or take this example that I brought from my home turf. This is a map of London. Each dot that you see represents a photo that has been taken there and uploaded to Flickr with geolocation information attached to it. That photograph, that map will tell you where to take photographs in London. In the aggregate it reveals interesting trends. But broken down on the individual level we can begin creating profiles in time and space of where individuals have been over time just by looking at the Flickr stream of the photos that they upload. So from forgetting we have moved to comprehensive remembering. How did this happen? Well you know this as much as I do. Four elements. The first one is digitization. I don't have to say much about that. The second one are advances in storage technology. In 1965 a young engineer by the name of Gordon Moore surmised that the density of integrated circuits in the world might approximate a doubling every two years. Importantly digital storage capacity has tracked the impressive increase in processing power that Gordon Moore first witnessed more than four decades ago. Now Gordon, if you think that this is impressive, think again, look at the y-axis. This is a logarithmic y-axis. If you wear a linear y-axis that would go up like this, I couldn't even chart it well. Gordon Moore did well for himself. He founded a small ship company called Intel. But storage third is not alone sufficient. Secret police like the East German Stasi de Gestapo and so forth had hundreds of millions of facts in its files of almost millions of its citizens. Yet with their elaborate systems of pseudonyms and codes and mostly paper based files they had difficulties retrieving the information they had in time. This too is different today as full text indexing, prohibitively expensive. Only a few decades ago today is so affordable that it is not only what drives our expectation of the internet. Google, Bing, but was also built into most major file systems. Add to this the ability to access information through global infrastructure. A few minutes are sufficient to disseminate a document even accidentally and have it distributed around the globe. At this page from the manual of Operating Air Force One, the Presidential Aircraft, was made available online accidentally by the US Air Force for a very short period of time. Once the mistake was realized of course it was too late. And this by the way are the instructions how to get into Air Force One just in case you ever needed. So taken together today this has led to remembering becoming the default in forgetting the exception. To an extent this ought to be a reason for celebration. Yes, our vast digital memories offering numerous benefits, increased accuracy, improved efficiency all the way to the promise to help us transcend human mortality. At the same token undoing forgetting has I believe consequences far beyond the narrow confines of information efficiencies. Two terms characterize what I believe is truly at stake. Power and time. Power. Power is relative and relational. As data protection scholars have long argued, power over information may translate into power over the individual the information refers or pertains to. But such informational power reaches beyond the confines of information privacy. So consider this. For centuries the Catholic Church rested its power in no small part on its domination of the institutions of remembering. From scribes, from books to libraries. It took a combination of Gutenberg and Luther to change that. A societal consequence of power imbalances has often been for those that feel disempowered to choose silence. And this is precisely what power holders intend. It also has of course the potential to influence how we transact and how we interact. But there's more. Take Jeremy Bentham's idea of the panopticon. The panopticon is the concept of a prison in which the prison guards can watch the prisoners without the prisoners knowing when and whether they're actually being watched. The aim of the panopticon is behavioral compliance of the prisoners to the permanent threat of invisible surveillance. Oscar Gandhi and others have suggested that the internet creates a global panopticon in which everybody has to assume that he's being watched all the time. Such a panopticon, Gandhi argues, may lead people to self-censor fearing that their utterances could be misconstrued by any of the hundreds of millions of individuals online. But today we may face more than just a global panopticon. Because of comprehensive digital memory we have to assume that what we say or do today on the net will not only be witnessed now but will remain accessible for years, perhaps decades into the future. This creates a temporal panopticon in which we may be prompted to self-censor not because we are afraid of how others might interpret our words and deeds today but because how people and institutions in the future might view them. My second concern is time or more precisely how we humans deal with time. So consider the following hypothetical. I'm a lawyer by training so I come up with hypotheticals. Jane and John. Jane and John are old friends. Although they live in different cities now they try to catch up at least once a year. One day Jane receives an email from her friend John telling her that he's coming to town and he's looking forward to having coffee with her. Excited, Jane, because she hasn't seen John in almost a year, Jane wants to reply right away and suggest a nice place to meet. To remind her where they met last time John was in town she queries her email box folder. Up top dozens and dozens of email messages she had received from John over the years. She's quickly browsing through them to find the right one but then her eye catches a 10 year old email with a strange subject line. She starts to scan its text and then begins to read. Surprised, perhaps even shocked, she reads about how John deceived her and revisits angry exchanges back and forth between them. Slowly the events and feelings triggered by this concrete external stimulus come back to her mind for sense of betrayal and deception. She reads on about how over the following month John and her apparently must have reconciled but exactly how and when and why the emails do not tell. But at the forefront of her mind now is how John, her good friend John, deceived her. And suddenly she's not so sure anymore she wants to meet with John when he comes to town. As much as her analytic mind wants to disregard the revived memory, the angry words she read triggered her recall. They are the external memory that helped us remember things that we thought we forgot but they also make cloud our ability to evaluate and to decide. Put in more abstract terms, cognitive psychologists remind us that for us humans it is difficult to realize time as a dimension of change. This may trigger incorrect decision making. In the analog times the dangers were still there but they were limited. Our human forgetting obscured our cognitive difficulties with time. But what when we are not permitted to forget anymore? We know a little bit about the consequences through studies of less than a handful of human beings who have biological difficulties forgetting. This is AJ, a woman who has difficulties forgetting. Ask her about a particular day and she's able to tell you when she woke up who called what was running on television for every day the last 30 years. AJ cannot forget. But for her she says this is not a blessing it is a curse. She is haunted by the past so much in fact that it limits her ability to decide in the present. Whenever she has to decide she remembers all of her failed decisions in the past. Or as Argentinian writer Hergeles Borges said, comprehensive memory pushes humans to get lost in detail with no ability to generalize, to abstract and to evolve. They lose he writes what makes us truly human. We only see the trees never the forest. This is the fate we may face with comprehensive digital memory. Through perfect digital memory we also deny each other the capacity to change over time, to evolve and to grow. Turns out that without forgetting it is hard for us humans to forgive. And so with comprehensive digital remembering we may turn into an unforgiving society. But there is another wrinkle to the story. What if, what if frustrated with the shortcomings of our own human memory we begin to disregard our recollection of our own past and depend on digital memory instead. Does that give those that control digital memory, the Googles, the Facebook, the flickers, the YouTubes, the power to change history? You might think this is strange, but think again. In the Soviet Union there was an entire department of graphic artists whose task was to delete out of photos, retouch out of photos, people who had fallen from grace. And so you have a famous photo of Stalin and the Seven Comrades. And over the years all of the Seven Comrades vanish. And then it's just Stalin staying there at the table. Now that is the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union is gone. But today there are commercial companies operating in the United States to which you can send your digital archive of photographs and they will edit your ex-husband or wife out of all of them. The group check in the Soviet Union disappeared for many years. He was in no photos at all. So these are some of the threats of shifting the default from forgetting to remembering. So normally as an academic I would stop here and tell you about the problem. What to do? Ah, responses. Some responses already exist. The first one of course is to enact data protection rights. The idea of data protection individual data protection rights is intriguingly simple. By giving each and every individual a right to informational privacy we empower the people to fight for their rights. Enforcement is both decentralized and delegated. It sounds great, but it comes with a number of inherent weaknesses. Most importantly the dose that we aim to empower the citizens do not care. In Europe strong information privacy rights have been enacted decades ago but by and large people have not used them. Information ecology is a second approach. That is the conscious regulatory restriction of what personal information can be stored and for how long. Such norms necessitate government action and compliance and enforcement may be costly but they have two advantages over individual data protection rights. They do not require individuals to go to court for enforcement and they protect against an uncertain future. Consider the case of the Dutch citizen register put in place in the 1930s for perfectly good reasons namely to ensure the administration of social security. The register included information about religion and ethnicity.  As a result proportionally speaking more Dutch Jews were murdered by the Nazis than those from France, Poland or Germany. Even Jewish refugees in the Netherlands fared better because they were not included in the citizen register. It is a horrific lesson. As we cannot foresee the future and thus how personal information about us will be used it may be better to store less than more. This is the essence of information ecology norms. Unfortunately since 911 we have seen a significant backlash here together with a wave of information retention laws as part of a rhetoric of fear and security. Limiting the political chances for an expansion of information ecology to address digital remembering. So perhaps, dare I say, as a lawyer we need to think beyond laws. Some have argued for digital abstinence that is for staying away from the technical tools that enable digital remembering not sharing everything on Facebook President Obama reminded us that may certainly reduce the threat of digital remembering but is it realistic with over 720 million users worldwide and would we want to deprive us of the value of information sharing and peer production that these tools of the Web 2.0 provide us with? Another option, a sensibility exact opposite of digital abstinence is the idea of full contextualization or to store digitally as much information as possible. That might sound absurd but here's the argument. Perhaps the problem with digital memory is that it does not capture enough of an event including its context to let us relive it later on accurately enough. So if we could only store everything including the context we could avoid the negative side effects of digital memory. Jane could go back virtually in time. In essence, full contextualization would help us regain our ability to think in time. But would it ever be technically feasible? And even if it were, do we really have the time to relive all of our past again and again and again and again only to grasp what experiences in our past are no longer relevant for us today? A further alternative is to hope for a cognitive adjustment in our society. That is to hope that over time we'll learn to devalue older information and to live in a world of only present past. Now society has to change or its laws but our individual process of information evaluation and decision making. That sounds right and that would solve the problem. I like this approach but cognitive psychologists are extremely skeptical of our human ability to rewire a change in how we evaluate and process distant memories that we suddenly recall through an external stimulus. They suggest that it may take us humans a very long time to reconfigure our brains and change the way we evaluate information and what would be the appropriate mechanism to effectuate such change? A final and different idea is not to change humans but to change technology. Some, like Laurence Lastic, have proposed to use technology to change behavior. They said that we could create quasi-property rights to personal information, somewhat like copyright and build this into our technology, our PCs, our smartphones, our storage devices, etc. so that there is the technology in them to ensure that only those can process my personal information who I have permitted to do so. In short, the suggestion is to create a global digital rights management system to protect privacy. Wait a minute. Wait a minute. Do we really need to create a global technology infrastructure that needs to watch every hour move to ensure that nobody abuses somebody else's information? Would we not thereby create a most comprehensive surveillance system in order to ensure privacy? I presented you with six possible approaches to deal with the challenges posed by digital remembering. Privacy rights and information ecology are based on legal norms to address the challenges. Digital abstinence and cognitive adjustment hope that this could be achieved on an individual level while privacy, general and full textualization mainly rest on achieving technical breakthroughs. The three on the left mainly target what I call the power aspect of digital remembering. The three on the right aim at addressing what I call the time challenge. None of them offer silver bullets although all of them help in their unique way. So hence we may need to mix and to combine them and perhaps even add something else. Something else, 95% done. Something else. In addition to a combination of the tools that we already have available I advocate for a revival of forgetting. That is to establish societal, technical, organizational, structural, institutional and regulatory mechanisms that ease forgetting in the digital age and that make remembering just a bit more strenuous. Not by much. I do not want to overly burden remembering but just enough to shift the incentives of forgetting and remembering back to what we humans are used to. There are many, many different ways to achieve this. One version of this could be called exploration dates for information. It would imply that whenever we want to store information we are prompted to enter not just a file name but also a date until which we want that information to be stored. Once they have been reached information is deleted from our system. We could choose the expiration date at will and change it at any point in time. I do not want to impose more of my solution on to you at this point in time. You have been patient enough to listen to me and the core message that I want to convey to you is the challenge we face in the shadow of digital remembering. But let me add one more example of how we could have digital forgetting. Remember putting photos or love letters or both in a shoebox in the attic or in the basement? You still have them and if you want to spend the time to go up into the attic or into the basement you still find them although some of them might have faded over the years. But retrieving them takes a little bit of effort thereby making, pragmatically speaking forgetting the default and remembering the exception.  Since the beginning of time forgetting has been easy for us and remembering has been hard. In the digital age the relationship has become reversed. Today digital remembering is the default and it is forgetting that is often forgotten. I urge you I urge you to give back to forgetting the role it deserves. Let us remember to forget. Thank you.


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. In this video, I am going to demonstrate you how you can read and write binary values into files in Java. Before starting, you can click on the link which is available at bottom right corner of this video so that you can subscribe my YouTube channel. If you want to download my app Takimiz that is available on Google Play, you can note this name. You can connect with me by following these details which are available in front of you. Now coming on to the topic, reading and writing binary values. So friends, there are various data types available in Java for reading or writing these data type values. You can use following methods which are available or listed in front of you. For reading, you can use read boolean, read care, read byte, read short, read int, read long, read float, read double, read line. These are reading methods for various data types. Similar to reading, there are write methods which are write boolean and for writing we have to pass an argument also. And while you are reading any value, then they will return specific type of value which you want to read. Now I am going to demonstrate you how this is possible in Java with the help of program. So first I am writing some binary values. You can see this code. Here Java.io package is imported. Name of classes file write which is user defined. Then main method is implemented. Here through clause is available which is showing IO exception. Here if any input output exception will be raised, then I am not handling that exception using try and catch. I am throwing this exception so that caller of main method will be handling that exception and caller of main is JVM. So if I write through IO exception, then any exception which is raising in this code will be handled by the JVM. Then file output stream object FOS is created which is linked with file.et. This file will be opened in write mode. Then data output stream object DOS is created which is linked with FOS file output stream. So whenever you want to write binary values, you have to create an object of data output stream class. Then with the help of DOS dot write Boolean, I am writing true. Then with the right end, I am writing integer with right float. I am writing float values. You can see that 23.456 f f is indicating that it is a float value. If you remove this f, then this value will be converted into double. Then after writing operation, DOS is closed and FOS is closed. Now this file is saved in the project which is named as Sanjay. So first we have to check that whether this file is created or not. So I am opening location D practice inside practice folder. This this project is available and you can see no TXT file is available here. Now I am executing this code. It is executed. Now we have to check that whether the file is created or not. It is created and I am opening this file. You can see binary values are available here that you can't understand. So I am closing this file. Now if you want to understand what contains are available in that file, then you have to create another Java code that is for reading that file. So again here I have imported IO dot star IO package and its classes. Then user defined classes read file. Main method is throwing IO exception so that any exception will be handled by the JVM. Then file input stream object is created. Here this file dot txt is linked to read the contents which are available in this file. And data input stream is used here in previous example. I have used file output and data output streams. Right now I am using file input and data input streams. Data input stream object is linked with file input stream object. Now with the help of this DIS object, I can read Boolean, read integer and read float. So read Boolean is returning Boolean value. Read integer is returning integer value and read float is returning float value. Now you have to remember that in which order you have stored the values. So order was Boolean int and float. So in same order you have to read the values. If you change the order then garbage values will be received and your outputs will be incorrect. Now if you want to display these values to user, you can use system.out.println. So this is printing B, I and F variables on console. Then DIS is closed and FIS is closed. So with the help of this, I can display the contents which are available in file.txt. Now I am executing this code. You can see Boolean equals to true, integer equals to 1, 2, 3, 4 and float equals to 2, 3.456. These values are displayed here, which I have stored with the help of this file write class. So same values are displayed with the help of this read file class. So friends, this way you can implement programs in Java so that you can store binary values. You can read, you can use other read and write methods also which are listed here. So I hope you have understood how you can read and write binary values in files using file handling concept of Java. If you want to watch more programming related videos, you can subscribe my YouTube channel. Thank you for watching this video.


It was August of 2011, when Caitlin Markham was last seen. She'd been working on her laptop on the evening of August 13th, with a friend noting that she wasn't her usual happy-go-lucky self. She was very reserved and may have even seemed as though something was bothering her, but we don't know for sure. Caitlin was last seen alongside her fiancé just before 11pm that evening, but by the following morning she was gone. Her fiancé reported her as a missing person, but her case went cold almost as quickly as it had begun. Her remains would be found two years later and the state of her body was, well, confusing. The crime scene just didn't make sense, and worse yet, police were at a loss for who could have been responsible, until they uncovered a shocking clue in the investigation. Before we dive into today's story, I want to let you know about today's sponsor, AG1. AG1 is a nutritional supplement that helps with immune support, focus, recovery, and energy. 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For signing up using my link, you'll get a year's supply of vitamin D3K2 and five travel packs for free with your first purchase. Thanks to AG1 for sponsoring today's video. Caitlin Markham was described as being highly energetic, bubbly, and maybe even a bit weird but not in a bad way. Oftentimes, when cases like this pop up, families tend to tell the exact same story, saying that their loved ones lit up the room, loved everyone, and so on and so forth, but in Caitlin's case, that really does appear to have been true. She was a very quirky young woman who wasn't afraid to be herself. Caitlin lived alongside her family and fiancé in Fairfield, Ohio. Fairfield is a rather popular city just 25 miles away from Cincinnati. With a population of around 42,000 people, it's certainly not a small town, but it's not a very big town either. It's largely made up of suburbs and young families, and it seems to be a great place to be. I've seen mixed reports when it comes to how safe Fairfield may be. Some sources claim that it's incredibly dangerous and that crime rates are remarkably high, though other reports say that crime isn't really any higher here than anywhere else in the country. I'm not sure what to make of this, but if you want my personal opinion, it seems like a great place to be. There's a heck of a lot to do in Fairfield. There are heaps of attractions for young families to visit, more parks than I could count, and tons of great restaurants to see. The only real trouble with Fairfield is that it's a fairly lengthy drive to get anywhere, with the average work commute being up to 88% higher than in other parts of the state. Caitlin had been attending college as an art student, and this seems to have been the perfect career path for her. We don't know for sure just how long she'd been dating her fiance, John Carter, but the two appeared to have been together for quite a while. I can't tell if they met at college or if they may have been together much longer than that, but whatever the case may be, the two were inseparable, and it was clear that they were deeply in love with one another. Caitlin had been living in a small condo in Fairfield, and her fiance would often stay over with her. She didn't plan to live here very long, though, as Caitlin and John had plans to move to Colorado in the fall of 2011. But unfortunately, these plans would never be carried out. That's not because the two suddenly decided not to leave Fairfield. Rather, it's because Caitlin would become caught up in a haunting crime that she wouldn't survive. It was August 13th, 2011. It was a day like any other for Caitlin and John. The two had been spending most of the evening at Caitlin's condo in Fairfield. Caitlin had been busy with schoolwork, trying to get everything filed away before she missed her deadlines. On this particular evening, a friend of the couple had been hanging out at the apartment with them.  Both Caitlin and John decided to stay home, and the friend left some time around 10.45 that night, saying goodbye to the two for what would unknowingly be the last time. As the friend left the home, he noticed that Caitlin wasn't acting like her usual self, while she was normally smiling from ear to ear and making jokes and generally being a pleasant person to be around. This evening was much different. The friend mentioned that Caitlin seemed reserved, distant even. He said that she stayed on the couch the entire time he had been there, and this appears to have been for several hours. The entire time she never really moved or got up at all, she just sat there working on her laptop. When the friend left that evening, he recalled that Caitlin and John were the only two people left in the condo. John decided to leave the condo soon after, heading out around 11 p.m. He headed off to a party in Hamilton, then went home sometime around 2 a.m. and remained there for the rest of the night. He woke up around 2.30 p.m. the following day, then made it to work at Papa John's around 5 p.m., leaving just two hours later around 7. While this was a fairly normal schedule for John, there was one big problem. His soon-to-be wife was nowhere to be found, and he couldn't get in touch with her. John claims that he hadn't been able to get in touch with Caitlin since he left her condo the evening before. He called 911 shortly after arriving for his shift at Papa John's, telling the dispatcher everything that he knew. He explained that he didn't want to report her missing so soon, but he was getting worried after he hadn't been able to find her. Just hours later, Caitlin would fail to show up for her job at David's Bridal, and this is when investigators knew something was very wrong. They collected all the information that they could from John, but considering he'd been asleep for most of the day, he really wasn't much help. Several friends and family members were also interviewed, but no one had any idea where Caitlin could have gone, but one thing was for sure. Wherever she had gone, she hadn't gone willingly because she left behind her purse, keys, and her dog. Mysteriously, her cell phone was missing, but it appears to have been turned off. Police say that volunteers began searching for Caitlin almost immediately. Her family printed out missing person flyers in record time and began handing them out all throughout the Fairfield area and other nearby towns, as far as police could tell, no one had seen Caitlin since the evening of August 13th, meaning John, her fiance, was the last person to see her alive. After coming to this conclusion, John was called in for a polygraph test, and the results were interesting. Police got to work right away, trying to track down Caitlin, and one of the first people they brought in for questioning was John Carter, Caitlin's fiance. After determining that John was the last person to see Caitlin alive, they certainly had a few questions to ask him. Unfortunately, John didn't have many answers. They asked John all the obvious questions. Where did you last see her? What was she wearing? Did anything seem wrong? John was seemingly answering everything honestly, but then the questions got a bit more specific. Detectives asked John if he knew anything about Caitlin's disappearance. John claimed he didn't, but the polygraph operator claimed that was a lie. When they asked if he was involved in her disappearance, he said he wasn't. That was also a lie. Police soon noticed that John also had several scratch marks on the side of his neck. When he was questioned about where these had come from, he claimed they were from a razor, but investigators didn't believe scratches like this would come from any razor. When police spoke with a friend of John's, the friend said that he didn't notice the scratches until the day after Caitlin had vanished. Over the coming weeks and months, John was asked to speak with police on at least three occasions, with them using a polygraph during each of these sessions. Now, while these machines aren't exactly reliable, they can certainly provide investigators with some good information, and that's definitely what they did in this case. Police say that in all three sessions, John was caught telling lies about where he was the night that Caitlin disappeared. Well, they couldn't prove it just yet. Investigators knew something was up, and they were determined to prove it, but that was a lot easier said than done. That's when investigators uncovered two key witnesses that would help blow the case wide open, as it would turn out two teenagers who were just 15 years old at the time of the crime had been walking by John's home on the evening of Caitlin's disappearance. The two teens had snuck out of their homes that night, planning to attend a party that was taking place a few miles away. As they waited outside for another friend to pick them up, they noticed two cars drive up to John's mother's house. One of the cars was a red Ford Focus, and the other was a dark colored sedan with a male driver. The man in the Ford Focus pulled into the driveway, then opened the home's garage. He rummaged around inside for a few minutes before getting back into his car. It's unclear if he removed anything from the garage, or if he just looked around and left. Police were later able to confirm that John had a red Ford Focus registered in his name, and they presumed he had been the driver that evening. The man in the other vehicle wasn't immediately identified. The teens say that when the men arrived, they were coming from the direction of Caitlin's house. When they left, they headed back in that same direction. Mind you, all of this took place just after 2 a.m. But according to John's statements with police, he had been in bed by this point after having been at a party. Things only got worse for John from here. When police spoke with one of Caitlin's friends in the days after her disappearance, the friend had a pretty interesting encounter with John that she was itching to share with detectives. At this point, Caitlin had been missing for just over 48 hours, as far as I can tell. But the friend explained that when she spoke with John about Caitlin's disappearance, she noticed he kept speaking about her in the past tense. Now, for any investigator, this is always a massive red flag. If this isn't an obvious sign of guilt or some sort of concealed knowledge of a crime, then nothing is. To top this off, when police asked for more details about John and his relationship with Caitlin, the friend explained that John had always seemed incredibly possessive of Caitlin. Well, it's only natural for someone to have a healthy amount of jealousy when it comes to their partner or spouse. The friend says that John's jealousy was to the point of being aggressive. She says that Caitlin would often complain about how insecure John was, and that he would get very upset if she even talked to someone of the opposite gender. This all grew very concerning for detectives, when the friend finally revealed that Caitlin had been considering breaking off their engagement. Caitlin had confided in her friend that she was incredibly unhappy with John's lifestyle and she couldn't support his decisions anymore. He supposedly had an addiction problem and would also look at adult content online, something that Caitlin wasn't comfortable with. Worse yet, John would repeatedly pressure her into doing things in the bedroom that she just wasn't interested in and she was tired of satisfying his strange fantasies. Now, if you recall, I mentioned that the couple had plans to move to Colorado in a few months. Well, it seems that John was the main one who was wanting to move to Colorado and Caitlin doesn't appear to have been completely on board with this plan. John mentioned in an interview that he never wanted Caitlin to feel forced to move, which is a pretty strange choice of words, if you ask me. In my own opinion, this proves that John probably knew he was being a bit pushy about things, but others may disagree. Having been an inconsiderate jerk in the past, I've gotten pretty good at spotting people like this and John ticks all the boxes in my book. In the end, the two repeatedly delayed their plans to move and this seems to further the idea that Caitlin simply didn't want to go, but haven't been able to confirm whether or not this is entirely true. It's just what the evidence and witness statements seem to allude to. After several more months had passed, police had still found no leads in the search for Caitlin. They reached one dead end after another. While they certainly had enough evidence to suggest that John was involved, they didn't have enough info to prove it or even charge him with anything. But that's when things took a dramatic turn, one that no one hoped for and certainly not one that anyone expected. It was the spring of 2013. The flowers were in full bloom and the weather couldn't have been more perfect. But for the Markham family, perfect was far from what they had been feeling. It had been nearly two years since their daughter had gone missing and they'd spent every moment they had searching for her desperate for answers. A couple had been visiting Cedar Grove, Indiana, wandering through the woods in search of scrap metal or other valuables that may have been dropped or left behind. Little did they know that their hobby would soon lead to a massive breakthrough in the investigation for Caitlin's whereabouts. As they were scavenging through the area with their metal detectors, they came across a strange looking rock unlike anything they had seen before. But they soon realized this was no rock. This was a human jaw bone. Police were called to the scene of the crime immediately. A team of researchers cordoned off the area and began an investigation into the remains. Before long, the discovery was tied to the disappearance of Caitlin and investigators were forced to make the call to Caitlin's parents that every parent and family member dreads in a situation like this. In this particular case, all this did was reopen the family's wounds as officers didn't really have any good information to share with the family. There was no silver lining because they had no leads, no proof and virtually no evidence. When the coroner examined the bones, things only got worse. The bones had been left in the weather for so long there was no way to tell what had happened to the victim or who had put them there. There wasn't any way to tell how Caitlin had lost her life but there was one particular detail that was fairly strange. Now, I don't know the specifics of how the coroner determined this but the investigator had a reason to believe that Caitlin hadn't been buried in these woods for all this time. According to a more thorough examination, Caitlin had been buried for a while, then dug up and then moved to a new location where this original location may have been no one knows for sure. However, some speculate that it may have simply been an alternate location within the same patch of woods but that's just a guess. The only thing to mention about the state of the remains is that there was evidence to suggest that Caitlin had been wounded on her wrist around the time that she lost her life but the coroner couldn't be certain about this either. The coroner noted three to four wounds on her wrist but it was never determined what may have caused these wounds. Though the reports that I found online suggest that they may have been caused by some sort of blade but even that isn't known for certain. But here's the real kicker. No sooner than these remains were uncovered, the case went cold yet again. By 2015, Caitlin's father had urged the police to continue with the investigation and the local police, after much pushback, finally agreed. They brought in new investigators to take a fresh look at the case. While they admit that they did have a suspect, they still didn't have enough evidence to pursue anyone legally. A few suspects were questioned but everyone was set free without charges. It would be another eight years until police would make any more progress in the case but finally in March of 2023, an arrest was made. By March of 2023, police announced that they had detained yet another suspect in Caitlin's disappearance. By this time, they felt confident that they could secure a conviction. I'm sure most of you expected this outcome by now but their new found suspect was none other than John Carter, Caitlin's fiance. See, when the coroner was examining Caitlin's remains, investigators uncovered that Caitlin had been wrapped in a sheet of plastic as well as a garden weed barrier. We know the black fabric that you put down when setting up a flower bed to avoid like weeds popping up everywhere. Well, as luck would have it, police were able to secure a search warrant for John's mother's shed. Inside the shed, they found a gardening fabric that was an exact match to the fabric that had been found around Caitlin's remains. Police also found a list of other items that they believe were connected to the crime but this list has never been made public in the hope of protecting the integrity of the investigation. During their search, police also uncovered several other key pieces of evidence and inconsistencies in John's alibi as well as discrepancies in the stories that he told officers about the night that Caitlin vanished. Cell phone records from both John and Caitlin show that both of their cell phones returned off around midnight on August 13th, the evening that Caitlin vanished. John claimed he had been at a party at this time but police felt it was a bit suspicious that both of their phones had been shut off at the exact same moment that evening. If this weren't strange enough, John claimed that he hadn't texted Caitlin at all the evening that she disappeared. However, phone records prove that this was a lie. He sent dozens of messages to her leading up to around 11.36 p.m.  When police requested to look at John's phone, the texts between himself and Caitlin from that specific evening were mysteriously missing. Every other text they had shared was still there but this specific block of text messages from that night had vanished. Police wanted to check Caitlin's phone as well but it was never located. It was believed to have been left inside of her car on the night of her disappearance but this was never confirmed and all these years later, her phone has still never been found. When asked about these text messages, John initially claimed he didn't text Caitlin that evening at all. But when investigators revealed that they had phone records that proved otherwise, he said he deleted the messages by accident. Then he claimed he deleted them to make room for new texts as he was getting flooded with texts from friends on the day that Caitlin was reported missing. This man just couldn't keep his story straight. But all of this leads up to one final revelation that took place after the search warrant was issued for John's mother's home. Inside, they found a notebook, a diary of sorts I guess you could say that included a few notes from John. The notebook was filled with various ramblings and unimportant writings, but one page in particular caught the attention of investigators. Researchers say that the entry appears to have been a conversation between John and what they call a demon of sorts. The note reads as follows. Deep down, I love her.  But I love her.   Yes you can. No. Yes. How do you talk me into all these things? I'm just that good. But you're bad. I know. How do I kill you? You can't. You're right. About what? Nothing. This was followed by a single sentence that read, I slit your wrists with the key to your heart. I don't know about you, but that final sentence sounds like a confession if I've ever heard one, especially considering the wounds that were found on Caitlin's wrists. Needless to say, the future is not looking great for John Carter. John was arrested and held on $1 million bail. Somehow, he was able to make this payment and he's currently a free man. His trial is set to take place next year in 2024 and investigators have every reason to believe he will be found guilty. John has never made any comments about what this note could mean.  Does he really believe he was speaking with a demon? We just don't know at the moment. However, all of this will be answered at trial, but as it stands, the case is still technically unsolved but don't imagine it will stay that way for long. Thank you guys for tuning in to another episode of True Crime Stories. If you wanna see more True Crime documentaries like this, be sure to hit that like button and subscribe. If you'd like to help support the channel, the best way you can do that is simply by leaving a comment below, any comment at all. It helps out the channel a lot more than you may realize. If you wanna help out financially, you can do that by clicking the blue join button below or picking up a True Crime Stories mug from tieknots.com. But with that, my name is tieknots and I'll catch you guys in the next video.