Ads heard during the podcast that are not in my voice are placed by third party agencies outside of my control and should not imply an endorsement by Weird Darkness or myself. Stories and content in Weird Darkness can be disturbing for some listeners and is intended for mature audiences only. Parental discretion is strongly advised. Welcome Weirdos, I'm Darren Marlar and this is Weird Darkness. Here you'll find stories of the paranormal, supernatural, legends, lore, the strange and bizarre, crime, conspiracy, mysterious, macabre, unsolved and unexplained. Coming up in this episode... In July of 1956, the SS Andrea Doria collided with another ship and quickly sank to the bottom of the ocean. Today it is a tourist destination for brave divers who not only want to see something hauntingly beautiful but who also dare to investigate a wreck that has been deemed by many to be cursed and for good reason. Paranormal author and researcher G. Michael Vasey tells of a personal incident that took place recently where he saw what could be described as a peripheral person. Movies like Shaun of the Dead, Night of the Living Dead, World War Z and TV shows like The Walking Dead have made the subject of zombies a fairly popular topic over recent years. And while we all know these undead creatures are purely make-believe, the idea of the zombie has been around for thousands of years and in the voodoo culture they have found a way to make zombies a real horrifying thing. Sir Clive Sinclair might have been a man of his time. The late inventor created all manner of strange and wonderful gadgets, most of which you've likely never heard of, but that doesn't mean you can say they were failures. If the legends are to be believed, you'll want to avoid driving down Nantuck's lane in East Sussex, unless you don't mind coming into contact with a vengeful ghost. Where in the Bible do we see the story of fallen angels sleeping with women to produce a breed of giants? Most would point to the book of Genesis, but in the unincluded book of Enoch it tells a more detailed account, worthy of a horror movie. But first, some people collect baseball cards, others coins, others Pokemon. There's no telling what someone might find enough of an interest in to begin collecting. And collecting books is one of the most common, but when you're collecting becomes a compulsion and you can't stop yourself, it can get out of hand. Just ask Thomas Phillips, the man who was addicted to books, to an extreme level. If you're new here, welcome to the show. And if you're already a member of this Weirdo family, please take a moment and invite someone else to listen. Recommending Weird Darkness to others helps make it possible for me to keep doing the show. And while you're listening, be sure to check out WeirdDarkness.com where you can find the show on Facebook and Twitter, and you can also join the Weird Darkness Weirdo's Facebook group.  Anyone who agrees with the old saying that you can't have too much of a good thing is never heard of Thomas Phillips. This gentleman took what is normally a highly admirable pastime, collecting books, and he turned it into a nightmare for everyone unfortunate enough to be around him. I'm not so sure he enjoyed it much either. Phillips was born on July 2, 1792. He was the illegitimate only child between Thomas Phillips, a well-to-do merchant, and a woman named Hannah Walton. Although Walton lived until 1851, Thomas Jr. was raised exclusively by his father, and he had little, if any, contact with his mother. Young Thomas was given a good education. His father was determined that, despite the accident of his birth, he should become a proper gentleman, and the boy demonstrated his passion for books from an early age. By the time he went to Oxford, he was a devoted antiquarian, focusing on his own private studies rather than those imposed on him by the college. His father, an ominous sign for the future, was already complaining about the remarkable sums that his son was spending on books. By the time Thomas Sr. died in 1818, he had become so concerned about his progeny's unbridled Biblio spending that he left his estate in trust. Thomas Jr. was able to access only the income, which was, however, a quite generous 6,000 pounds a year. In 1819, Phillips married Henrietta Malinot, a charming and pretty girl of good family, but relatively small dowry. It appears to have been a love match, one that produced three daughters and, for some years at least, was a happy and stable union. During the first decade of his marriage, Thomas' intellectual pursuits were successful and pleasantly normal. He was made a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1821 became a baronet. He threw himself into buying books with increasing exuberance. He also paid to have transcripts made of various historical documents, which he often published with his own small private printing press. He was equally fanatical about hoarding his own personal history. He never threw out any scrap of paper. Household bills, drafts and copies of all his letters, receipts, memos, you name it. Every bit of documentation of his private life, no matter how trivial, was obsessively saved. Phillips had quite possibly the best documented life in history. Unfortunately, these pastimes began to control him rather than the other way around. His increasingly heedless spending, coupled with his refusal to take any sort of financial advice, soon landed him hopelessly in debt. Beginning in 1822, he was obligated every few years to spend long periods living on the continent to avoid his creditors. This did nothing to dissuade him though. He traveled throughout Europe, scooping up every book and old manuscript he could lay his hands on. No volume was safe from him. A number of booksellers who were foolish enough to lend Phillips long lines of credit were, thanks to his generosity, eventually forced into bankruptcy. It was all too much for Henrietta Phillips. Worn out by years of living with a fanatic, she consoled herself by becoming a drug addict, dying at the age of only 37 in 1832. Thomas almost immediately set out to find her replacement. Unlike his first marriage, this time he was determined to marry for wealth. I am, he announced grandly, for sale at £50,000. All of his wife's money would of course be converted into books. No one, except apparently Phillips, was surprised that there was not a flock of ladies eager to close this sale. It took him ten years before he was able to find a woman rich enough and brave enough to take him on. One prospective father-in-law accused him of behaving like a Smithfield cattle dealer. In 1842, he wed Elizabeth Mansel, the daughter of a wealthy clergyman. Fortunately, she proved to be an amiable, forgiving, self-sacrificing sort. Any woman married to Thomas Phillips would have to be, if she wished to keep some measure of sanity. One month after his remarriage, another wedding took place that was to have a great effect on Phillips' life. His eldest daughter, Henrietta, eloped with James Orchard Hallowell. Hallowell was a talented scholar whom Phillips had hired to help organize his by now massive collection of manuscripts. Although Phillips had found the young man useful, he disapproved of him personally, particularly when it came out that Hallowell had stolen manuscripts from Cambridge Libraries. Besides, Hallowell didn't have a penny and Phillips had been determined that all his daughters should marry rich men. He was not a man accustomed to being thwarted and being forced to accept this brilliant but unscrupulous and impecunious scamp as a son-in-law sent him into a rage which never quite abated. From then on, he considered Hallowell and Henrietta as his greatest foes.  His books and manuscripts were kept in large trunks, which soon filled virtually every corner of the mansion. He owned so many that they were virtually impossible for him to catalog. Although he continually press-gangued his wife and daughters into assisting him with this task, he himself completely lost track of what he owned or where anything was kept, which sent visiting scholars practically into fits of frustration. He was able to keep himself financially afloat only through a rigid miserliness that he also imposed upon his family. He refused to spend money on anything except books, and if his wife and daughters suffered as a result, well, too bad. Phillips simply could not stop buying. He was, in his own word, a velomaniac, buying up huge quantities of historical manuscripts whenever he could. Many of them were highly valuable, many of them were utter rubbish. It seemed to matter little to him which they were. In his later years, he became increasingly absorbed in the problem of what should become of his fabulous collection of historic printed treasures after his death. Although Middle Hill was entailed on his daughter Henrietta, he was determined that his heated son-in-law should not get a single one of his precious manuscripts. It was for this reason that in 1867 he bought Thurlstain House in Sheltonham. This mansion was dilapidated and uncomfortable, but all Phillips cared about was that it was large enough to house his collection. It took two years before all his books and manuscripts could be transported to this new home. In the meantime, simply out of spite, he deliberately let Middle Hill go to ruin. The estate's beautiful trees were cut down and sold for firewood. The land was allowed to become a dank wilderness. The house itself was left to rot. If you could not keep the hallowells from inheriting the house, he could see to it that it was an inheritance not much worth having. Phillips was content with his new home, drafty and vermin-ridden though it was, but his wife, she complained, was left booked out of one wing and ratted out of the other. Most of the rooms were so crammed with trunks of books and papers that they were unusable for any other purposes. The hallways were so jammed with his acquisitions that only one person at a time could sneak their way through the corridors. The bedrooms contained little else than a bed and books. Elizabeth's husband scarcely noticed her unhappiness. All he cared about were his books. I wish to have one copy of every book in the world, he once wrote, and if he came short of this goal it certainly was not for lack of trying. He continued in this same pattern of running up debts and corresponding with scholars across Europe until his death on February 6, 1872. Elizabeth Phillips was left only a hundred pounds in her husband's will. Most of his lands were settled on various tenants as well as a grandson. Thurlstain House went to his youngest daughter Catherine with instructions that not one book or a single piece of parchment was to be moved from the home. The hallowells and all their descendants were barred from even entering the place. It was not until 1885 that Catherine's family was able to get legal approval to begin dispersing Philip's life's work. Selling such a vast collection was a job that took years to complete. The last of the estimated 60,000 manuscripts acquired by this greatest of literary hoarders was not sold until 1977. As for Philip's Ben Noir, James Hallowell ironically came out quite well from his connection to the old bibliomaniac. After his father-in-law's death, Hallowell fixed up Middle Hill and found a buyer. The money from the sale made him a rich man for the rest of his life. He became a leading Shakespearean scholar. He is given much of the credit for launching modern-day Shakespeare idolatry and his biography of the Bard is still considered one of the best books on the now legendary dramatist. He himself became a noted bibliophile. His collection was founded on items he had secretly stolen from Philip's. Hallowell lived long enough to overcome his tawdry early reputation, becoming a respected, even revered figure in literary circles. As a victory lap of sorts, he eventually took on the grand name J.O. Hallowell Phillips. Oh, how old Thomas' ghost must have hated that! Up next on Weird Darkness. The idea of the zombie has been around for thousands of years, but in the voodoo culture they have found a way to make zombies a real horrifying thing. But first, the wreck of the SS Andrea Doria is a popular spot with divers, but perhaps it shouldn't be, seeing as it is also cursed. That story is up next. Our next Weirdo Watch Party is Saturday, April 13th. We'll be treated to a Roger Corman Crap Fest from 1958. Teenage caveman starring Robert Vaughan. Did he just say dirt that eats men? Mistress Militius and her Mistress Peace Theater will keep us entertained throughout the film as we watch this caveman teenager with great hair go into the jungle to fight prehistoric monsters like dogs and an armadillo. Whatever. They're prehistoric creatures. Our Weirdo Watch Party is always free to watch online, so grab your popcorn, candy and soda, and jump into the fun, and even get involved in the live chat as we watch the movie. Plus, during this Weirdo Watch Party, I'll be giving away a creepy crate to one lucky winner, full of scary surprises like horror collectibles, true crime-themed accessories, books, terrifying trinkets and more, with some weird darkness swag added in. You won't know what's in the creepy crate until you open it. And I'll be giving instructions on how to win the creepy crate inside the chat during the movie, so you have to tune in to win. It's Teenage Caveman, Saturday, April 13th, hosted by Mistress Peace Theater. The show begins at 10 p.m. Eastern, 9 p.m. Central, 8 p.m. Mountain, and 7 p.m. Pacific. You can watch a trailer for the film and watch horror hosts and schlocky B movies anytime, day or night on the Monster Channel page at WeirdDarkness.com. Hope to see you on Saturday, April 13th! Back in its day, the SS Andrea Doria was a source of pride for its native country of Italy. Ported in Genoa and launched in 1951, it was a 697-foot luxury ocean liner that was decked out with all of the frills, including three outdoor swimming pools, and was widely known for its numerous works of art, such as paintings, tapestries, murals, and even a life-sized bronze statue of the ship's namesake, the 16th century Genesee's admiral Andrea Doria. Such magnificent art was so ubiquitous on the ship that it earned the vessel the nickname the Floating Art Gallery, and at a time when Italy was trying to rebuild in the aftermath of World War II, the SS Andrea Doria was a source of national pride and symbol of renewal, being the largest, fastest, and most opulent in the entire country, complete with the most state-of-the-art technology and safety features available at the time. However, there were dark days ahead for the venerable vessel, and it would go on to become one of the biggest sea tragedies in the world, as well as a place rumored to hold dark forces and curses about it to this day. On July 25, 1956, the Andrea Doria was on a routine run towards New York City, along with 572 crew members and 1,134 passengers. By this point, the liner already had an admirable service record, having made 100 successful transatlantic crossings, and was under the command of Captain Piero Calame, a seasoned veteran of both World War I and World War II, so there wasn't at the time any reason to think that this voyage would be any different. On this day, at around 10.30 am, the Andrea Doria was being approached from the opposite direction by the Swedish liner, the Stockholm, and both vessels were traveling a bit too fast and recklessly for the foggy conditions in such a heavily trafficked sea lane, both trying to shave off time from their voyages to reach their destinations on time. At some point, the two vessels became aware of each other on radar, but through some misunderstanding or error, the Andrea Doria steered towards the incoming Stockholm rather than away from it, sending them on a collision course. By the time they figured out the error, it was too late. The Andrea Doria and the Stockholm collided practically head-on, despite all efforts to evade at the last second. The Stockholm had been fitted with a robust icebreaker bow that easily shredded right through the other vessel and mortally wounded it to leave a huge gaping gash and mess of twisted metal. The Andrea Doria began to list immediately, leaving half of its lifeboats underwater before the shocked crew and passengers had even had time to process what had happened. Fortunately, the ship managed to stay afloat for 11 hours, which combined with the high traffic of the area, high-tech safety features, and top-of-the-line communication systems ensured that the rescue went as smoothly as could be expected. Nevertheless, 46 people met their fate aboard the Andrea Doria that day, as well as five aboard the Stockholm, mostly killed on the initial collision, and it would go on to become one of the most infamous maritime disasters of all time. The Stockholm would survive the ordeal and go on to be repaired and put into operation, but the Andrea Doria was lost, eventually going into death throes to slip beneath the waves and come to rest in the murky depths in around 240 feet of water about 60 nautical miles from Nantucket on the border of the continental shelf, practically teetering on the edge of an abyss. No official blame or cause of the collision was ever established, but the Andrea Doria would become well known for other mysteries as well. In the years after its sinking, the Andrea Doria became a very popular destination for divers, with its remote location, deep, cold waters, strong currents and the promise of treasures and historical artifacts proving to be an irresistible challenge for many, with anything found able to be kept due to the ship's location in international waters, and the fact that the owner of the shipwreck has never enforced its salvage rights over the wreck. The wreck has often been dubbed the Mount Everest of wreck diving and this seductive allure has drawn in divers from around the world looking to feed their egos and their pocketbooks, but the wreck has also gone on to be whispered about as a cursed place that swallows up all who would approach it. The rumors stem from the fact that many who come here to investigate the wreck have been beset with numerous technical issues, freak accidents or worse. Bad diving conditions and weather have supposedly suddenly descended on the area during dives and faulty equipment and getting stuck in the deteriorating compartments of the ship itself have managed to cancel many dives and it has even resulted in death. Indeed, the Andriodoria has a rather sinister reputation for taking lives, with an estimated 18 people losing their lives here since 1956 while trying to explore the wreck. On some occasions, people have just straight up vanished, such as expert diver Tom Pritchard, who mysteriously disappeared while trying to explore the Andriodoria in 2015. Such a high rate of deaths have caused speculation that there is some sort of sinister force pervading the wreck, but most experts have explained it away as being merely the result of the dangers inherent to such a remote and difficult dive. Diver Steve Biolenda, who has had many excursions out to the wreck, explains it this way. It is an inanimate object, it does nothing to you, it is the diver, the equipment, what they do, and their health. It is not really any more dangerous than any other wreck, it is just an inanimate object lying on the bottom of the ocean, but any dive, regardless of its depth or location, can be dangerous. The wreck becomes dangerous because of its depth and the attitude of the diver, and then factor in health issues, and then factor in that you are dependent upon equipment. You have to work your way in, keeping your buoyancy so you are not touching the bottom or the walls and everything. The wreck is falling apart, it is an underwater junk pile, and then take that underwater junk pile and cover it with sea anemones, dirt, and marine growth. So it is like an underwater garbage pail that you are diving into, it is eventually going to be undiveable. The depths involved and the cold, dark conditions also mean that even expert divers with the best equipment only have a small window within which to operate, with a typical Andrea Doria dive only lasting around 15 minutes. During these forays they have to utilize strobe lights on the moorings in order to help them find their way out, as well as hook lines fastened to themselves. Many of the divers who have died here did so when their lines got tangled, or when they got lost in the labyrinth interior of the ship, or panicked and lost their mouthpieces. There are a million things that can go wrong at a wreck like this, so it is likely that this is just a dangerous wreck that has attracted stories of curses due to its rather tragic history. Is it cursed? Who knows. It is likely just a large unreachable wreck attracting a spooky lore around it, but it is still a rather fascinating glimpse into history, and a wreck that has become notoriously difficult to safely approach. Haitian voodoo is a religion unlike any other. And while zombies are not necessarily a mainstay of Haitian voodoo, many practitioners believe that, like many other voodoo stories, these tales of zombies are real, and there is even evidence to suggest that there is some truth to the Haitian zombie mythology. The history of zombies existing in Haiti began when the first slaves were brought over from Africa by French colonialists. The origins of these zombies began as a manifestation of the anxieties brought on by slavery and over generations have evolved into something much more. The process of zombification begins when a bokor selects a victim and administers the powder to them. This administration can vary from ingestion to injection or even a blow dart. Once the powder takes effect, the victim enters a state of death-like paralysis in which they are still conscious. After being pronounced dead, they then bear witness to their own burial. To prevent asphyxiation, the bokor must dig up the body within eight hours of the burial. It is at this point that the zombie ritual begins. The bokor starts by capturing the tibanange of the victim, which puts the grobanange and the body under his control. He then keeps the tibanange in a small clay jar or some other container, wraps it in a piece of the person's clothes and stores it for safekeeping. A day or two later, the bokor revives their now zombie using another powder mixture called zombie cucumber. This hallucinogenic concoction is used periodically to keep the victim in a state of submissive confusion. The bokor can then easily control the zombie and usually puts them to work farming and laboring. Only when the bokor dies or voluntarily relinquishes control can the zombie return to their place of burial to rest in peace. Distinct from the reanimated corpses found in George A Romero lore, like Night of the Living Dead, the Haitian voodoo zombie is not actively rotting, nor does it feel compelled to consume the flesh or brains of the living. Basically, in the Haitian voodoo religion, a bokor or sorcerer can capture the soul of a recently deceased person and reanimate their body. This mindless, soulless body is usually then given menial tasks to perform for the bokor. During the zombification ritual, a bokor uses a complex powder referred to as a kudepodor or powder strike made from a variety of ingredients usually including a species of puffer fish, a marine toad, a highletry frog, and human remains. The inclusion of the puffer fish is particularly important because it produces a deadly neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin. This toxin creates paralysis and death when the victims usually remain conscious until right before the moment of death. Additionally, there have been documented cases where people who have ingested tetrodotoxin appeared dead but went on to make a full recovery. The roots of the zombie mythology began with the experiences of African slaves being transported to the French colony of Saint Dominga in modern Haiti. Life on the sugar plantations there wasn't good, to say the least, and half of the slaves ended up being worked to death within a few years of their arrival, which created a perpetual need for fresh bodies. So it's not surprising that within the voodoo religion a version of hell could be created that involved continuing this toil after death into eternity. Enter the zombie. Slaves brought with them the roots of voodoo tradition, the origins of which can be traced back to nearly 6,000 years ago in West Africa. The French then forced them to convert to Christianity, causing the interesting combination of Catholicism and pagan tradition that's associated with voodoo today. The horrors of slavery and the anxieties held by a group of people under constant threat of death were woven into the voodoo religion, including the zombie belief itself. In 1980, a vacant-eyed man approached Angelina Narcisa in a market, claiming to be her brother Clairvias Narcisa. The strange thing was that Angelina had buried her brother Clairvias in 1962. The man in front of her claimed to have been resurrected by a witch doctor and was enslaved on a sugar plantation for the last 18 years. In 1962, Clairvias had checked into Albert Schweitzer Hospital in Desjardins, Haiti, complaining of body aches and a fever. His condition rapidly deteriorated and within a few days he was declared dead by doctors. According to Clairvias, who reappeared in 1980, he remembered the entire ordeal, including the doctors pulling the sheet over his face, except he was paralyzed, not dead. He was awake as he was nailed into his coffin and buried. Clairvias was able to answer questions that only he would know and his identity was confirmed by several family members. The purported reason for this prolonged absence was due to a two-year enslavement as a zombie by a becour. However, after the becour died, Clairvias remained in hiding as he believed that his brother had sold him to the becour over a land dispute. It was only after his brother's death that he decided to return. In Voodoo, it is believed that a person's soul is divided into two basic parts, the tibanange, or little good angel, and the grobanange, or big good angel. The grobanange is responsible for a person's life force and their bodily functions, while the tibanange is responsible for a person's consciousness and identity. It is believed that the tibanange remains with the body for nine days after death, at which point it is released to face God and account for its sins. Meanwhile, the grobanange remains on earth, where it haunts the places where its body lived until a proper burial ritual has been performed. Allegedly, if you feed a zombie salt, it will restore them to their original sensibilities. They will then be compelled to promptly kill the becour who enslaved them, and really, can you blame them? Once their revenge is complete, they will return to their place of burial to enjoy their final death. One would be wrong to assume that zombies are a common occurrence in the Voodoo religion. On the contrary, many Voodoo practitioners don't even believe that zombies are literally real. Many believe that they are simply folktales or metaphors. However, others remain steadfast in their belief that zombies do exist, and actively fear being turned into one. It is in this way that the zombie mythology is used as a way to maintain social order within the Voodoo religious community. To simply put, you really don't want to get on the wrong side of a becour. The term zombie is possibly derived from the word n'zombie. This Congo word literally means spirit of a dead person. However, others say the term zombie might instead be derived from the West African word jumbie, which means ghost. It may very well be a combination of both. Max Beauvoir, who passed away in 2015 at the age of 79, had long been known as the most powerful and famous Voodoo priest in all of Haiti. He was the head of Haiti's Hungans, or Voodoo priests, and is credited with committing several amazing feats. One of his more concrete accomplishments was talking down angry lynch mobs who blamed Hungans for the 2010 cholera outbreak, though many Voodoo priests were lynched before he was able to intercede. He also is credited with stopping an American invasion of Haiti and bewitching former President Bill Clinton, who met with Beauvoir in 1975. In the West, however, he is best known for his role in helping Wade Davis conduct the research that would appear in the book and later the movie, The Serpent and the Rainbow. This book, which was later adapted into a movie, chronicles the experiences of ethnobiologist Wade Davis as he explored the truth behind Haiti's zombie mythology. After the strange case of Clairvias Narcisa made global headlines, Davis was sent to investigate. In Haiti, he met with a Voodoo priest, Max Beauvoir, who put him in touch with a bocor, who frequently performed zombification rituals. Davis theorized that it was the use of some kind of chemical that resulted in Narcisa's apparent resurrection and disoriented state. Davis observed the creation of the zombie powder, which he came to believe was the chief agent responsible for the phenomenon, when combined with the psychological aspects of the ritual, he thought that this could easily be responsible for creating the mental slave, otherwise known as a zombie. In The Night of the Living Dead, the creatures are never actually referred to as zombies, instead they are called ghouls. The reason for this is that the term zombie already referred to something else, the Haitian Voodoo zombie. Later, due to the obvious similarities, the term started being applied to Romero's ghouls. Since the 1600s, the Voodoo religion has believed in zombies, though a romanticized version was eventually presented to the public in the classic film White Zombie. The key point though is that, unlike modern zombies, Voodoo zombies aren't scary. Instead, people are way more scared of becoming a zombie than of running into one. Coming up, the late Sir Clive Sinclair might have been a man ahead of his time and he left behind a legacy of strange and wonderful gadgets. Plus, where the book of Genesis only touches on the story of fallen angels and giants, the book of Enoch tells a deeper story worthy of a horror movie. These stories and more when Weird Darkness returns. My doc agrees that I need to lose a few pounds. I knew that going in, but he also told me that the meds I'm taking for my type 2 diabetes aren't going to do me much good if I finish each meal with ice cream or cheesecake. I kinda knew that in advance too. But cutting back on carbs and sugars is a lot easier said than done. I've tried a lot of protein bars while on the road, but I swear it's like eating non-sweetened chocolate-dusted particle board. But now, I travel with built bars. Built bars taste like candy bars. In fact, I'm now using them for my dessert. And at about 150 calories per bar, less than 3 grams of sugar, up to 19 grams of protein, I can satisfy my sweet cravings guilt-free. Visit WeirdDarkness.com slash Built in Try a Box. You can go for a variety pack of several flavors to try or pick and choose to build a box of your own.  That's WeirdDarkness.com slash Built. This next story comes from paranormal author and researcher G. Michael Vasey. Here's the story. This last weekend, I was out dousing earth energy lines in and around Burno. A number of very strange things happened to me. Synchronicities, coincidences and so on. I made an impromptu video about it, which is linked in the show notes. But the strangest thing was that I saw some very weird people, and I want to see if you may have met these people on the edge of reality as well. When dousing, you are engaged in working with the subconscious mind. Reality becomes malleable. Synchronicities and strange occurrences become a part of reality. My video should explain. The first one I encountered was an old lady. She was sitting on a fold-up chair by a hedge in a very strange place, basically just outside someone's back garden but hidden from plain view. She saw me and gave me a weird smile as I was dousing. She kept putting her hands under her hedge as if looking for something. I walked past her and a couple of minutes later when I returned, she was gone, and there was no trace of her. A bit later as I doused in a derelict area, I saw an old gentleman. He looked a bit like an off-duty santa. He stared at me and looked shocked when I stared back. Again, he had disappeared in a matter of minutes without a trace. I mentioned this in the video and got a couple of emails from people who had also experienced seeing strange people when dousing or involved in some other activity that involves heightened awareness. They told me that these people are often older and have a habit of disappearing without a trace. This has peaked my interest. Have you encountered people like this? If so, I'd like to know. I would put the black-eyed kids, shadow people and that sort of phenomena in this bucket of liminal or peripheral entities. They seem to exist in parallel with us but in an alternate universe that only is accessible to us in times when our consciousness is raised. Sir Clive Sinclair, inventor of the UK s first mass-market home computer, died at the age of 81. Pioneer of tiny portable devices, truly affordable computers and novel electric forms of transportation, he leaves behind what some see as a checkered history of hit-and-miss inventions. But Sir Clive s contribution to British technology and by extension the British economy is beyond dispute. An icon of home computing, he created devices that were enjoyed by millions, the majority of whom would have been unable in the 1980s when his computers were launched to purchase the expensive models on the market. Even Sinclair s so-called failures reveal an inventor who sought to solve everyday problems rather than amass a personal fortune. And many were prescient. Anticipating electrified personal transportation, Sinclair developed an electric car, then an electric bike, long before the vogue they both enjoy today. These later inventions may have been a business failure but they were a triumph of the will and the imagination. Sinclair long ago secured his legacy as the father of the home computer but time is only now vindicating his other creations. Now at last we have a chance to catch up. Sinclair s earliest contribution to consumer electronics was the Sinclair Executive, the world s first pocket calculator which went on sale in 1972. No match for today s calculators, the executive nevertheless established Sinclair as a technological pioneer. He subsequently shifted his attention to develop a string of genuinely affordable home computers beginning with the launch of the Spectrum ZX80 in 1980. At a time when computers were still regarded as an exclusive technology affordable only to businesses and the wealthy, Sinclair s targeted the mass market with a price tag less than £100, £440 in today s money. This period of innovation gave rise to the ZX Spectrum, the iconic home computer on which many people of a certain age shot their first pixelated aliens. That device with its trademark rainbow sash is still fondly remembered by millions of early computer users whose parents may have hoped they would pursue some explicitly educational experiences on the novel device. Of course, Sinclair, the Spectrum s resounding place in history as primarily a games machine must have wrangled given his well-known ambition to get computers to the masses as a means to expose them to technology he knew would come to define the future. Still, placed in the general public s hands, the ZX Spectrum did inspire a generation of software designers, including some of the leading lights in today s UK games and tech industries. The beauty of these computers was in their ability to support all kinds of creativity, including those who wanted to build games. Later in his career, Sinclair was regarded by many to have gone off the boil. He launched an unsuccessful bid to make the ZX81 the official BBC computer, not the Spectrum, as many believe. It ended up becoming much more successful than the BBC s choice, the BBC Micro. The BBC contract was awarded to ACOR, founded by former Sinclair research employee Chris Curry. The rivalry between Sinclair and Curry was wonderfully, if apocryphally, retold in BBC Four s micro men. The show was described as mostly true by those present at the time, though Sinclair himself stated that it was a travesty of the truth. It just had no bearing on the truth. It was terrible. The mockumentary style made tongue-in-cheek references to Sinclair s C5 electric car, launched in 1985 with the promise of delivering a new power and personal transport. The C5 recorded abysmal sales, with road users understandably nervy, navigating mixed traffic from a seat inches above the road. The show also references Quantum Leap, Sinclair s abortive attempt to get into business computing, including a parody of Sir Clive s exaggerated jumping in the QL computer s TV advert. Micro men reflect how some in the media turned on Sinclair after his early computing triumphs, focusing on his subsequent inventions, which they quickly deemed to be failures. But that perspective fails to recognize the hidden influence Sinclair s work continued to have in the latter part of his career. The company that won the BBC contract, Acorn Computers Limited, was itself an offshoot of Sinclair s vision and innovation. It went on under the new name Advanced Risk Machines, or ARM, to create the central processing units, CPU s, that drive most of the devices we use today. Sinclair also possessed startling prescience. Electric vehicles are set to take over our roads in the next decade or two, but Sinclair s C5, manufactured in the mid-1980s, could have started the push towards electric cars decades ago. It wasn t to be. Sinclair was soon added again, this time with the Zike, first released in 1992, in electric bike with a top speed of 12 miles per hour, the Zike also failed to excite customers. Yet this invention also appeared to have anticipated future trends in personal transportation, given the proliferation of electric bicycles and scooters on our streets today. Sinclair s drive was not necessarily to be the best, but to be the most affordable. That s a business model that many technology companies still emulate. All his inventions bear the hallmarks of products designed to solve everyday problems. Many sought to place cutting-edge technology into ordinary people s hands. Sinclair s true legacy is the lasting impact of those central motivations. Millions of people fondly remember Sinclair s early computers with more than retro nostalgia. They were many people s first chance to experience computer power, delivered by an investor who valued access over exclusivity. Despite criticism and even derision in the media, Sinclair was never disheartened, following instead his own often quoted endearingly simple advice. Don t give up, stick at it.  It s comprised of 88 books, far surpassing the King James Version, which has only 66. Before being translated into Greek and Aramaic, the Ethiopian Bible was written in the extinct Ethiopian dialect known as Ge'ez, testing it as the oldest holy scripture in the world, 800 years earlier before the King James Version had surfaced. The missing texts of this book are not included in the conventional, modern version of the Bible we know today due to their challenging nature, although their authors have been attested and their work revered by early Christians. One of the missing stories in the modern Bible that s found in the Ethiopian Bible is the Book of Enoch. Corrupted angels, the Nephilim, tremendous lifespans, a great deluge, an ancient and advanced knowledge, these are just but a few of the topics discussed in the Book of Enoch, comprising various tales narrated by Enoch himself. Enoch was the great, great grandfather of Noah, the seventh generation of humans after Adam. Because of his rightfulness, he was chosen by God to do his bidding and deliver his words, particularly after the earth became corrupt due to the irresponsible deeds of a superior order of angels with striking human appearance, also referred to as the Watchers. Enoch was the messenger of God and the one to receive his knowledgeable words and spread them across the land. In the end, he was taken by God into his kingdom, thus escaping his earthly demise that would sooner or later be upon him. Hebrews 11.5 After he became the father of Methuselah, Enoch walked faithfully with God 300 years and had other sons and daughters. Altogether, Enoch lived a total of 365 years. Enoch walked faithfully with God, then he was no more because God took him away. By faith, Enoch was taken from this life so that he did not experience death. He could not be found because God had taken him away, for before he was taken, he was commended as one who pleased God. The Book of Enoch speaks of wicked angels who became fond of mortal women and had mated with them, giving birth to the hybrid race of giant humanoids known throughout secular and biblical history as the Nephilim. The Book of Genesis also speaks of this, but only briefly. Genesis 6, verses 1, 2, and 4 reads, Now it came about when men began to multiply on the face of the land, and daughters were born to them, that the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were beautiful, and they took wives for themselves, whoever they chose. The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to daughters of men, and they bore children to them, those were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown. While that description alone is enough to tell you what happened, the Book of Enoch takes the story further into detail. In the Book of Enoch, chapter 6, it says, And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto them beautiful and comely daughters, and the angels, the children of the heavens, saw and lusted after them, and said to one another, Come, let us choose us wives from among the children of men, and beget us children. And Samzhaza, who was their leader, said unto them, I fear ye will not indeed agree to this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin. And they all answered him and said, Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual implications, not to abandon this plan but to do this thing, then swear they all together and bound themselves by mutual implications upon it. And so the angels plunged from the heavens to take wives of their own choosing, defying the Creator's judgment. They numbered 200 and were led by their leaders. When the angels descended upon the earth, they started offering gifts of knowledge to both mortal men and women, thus defying the will of the Creator of an unaltered race of humans with a will of their own. In exchange, the angels demanded respect and adoration, but unaware they were of the chaos they had instituted. And Azazel taught men to make swords and knives and shields and breastplates, and made known to them the metals of the earth and the art of working them, and bracelets and ornaments, and the use of antimony and the beautifying of the eyelids and all kinds of costly stones and all coloring tinctures. And there arose much godlessness, and they committed fornication, and they were led astray and became corrupt in all their ways. Semjaza taught enchantments and root cuttings, Amoros the resolving of enchantments, Barakwil taught astrology, Kukabel the constellations, Ezekiel the knowledge of the clouds, Eraquiel the signs of the earth, Shamsiel the signs of the sun, and Sariel the course of the moon, and as men perished they cried and their cry went up to heaven. All living creatures became impended in one way or another by the new order of things. The angels didn't realize that humans were too unripe and gullible to be taught so much knowledge at once. As a consequence, the earth became reddened from the blood of her creatures, and all living beings then became prone to divine cleansing. And all the others together with them took onto themselves wives, and each chose for himself one, and they began to go in onto them and to defile themselves with them, and they taught them charms and enchantments, and the cutting of roots and made them acquainted with plants, and they became pregnant, and they bear great giants whose height was three thousand elves who consumed all the acquisitions of men. And when men could no longer sustain them, the giants turned against them and devoured mankind, and they began to sin against birds and beasts and reptiles and fish, and to devour one another's flesh and drink the blood, then the earth laid accusation against lawless ones. The concept of the Nephilim was the first ordeal humans had to face, as there was no way to overcome the needs of those supersized humanoids. Intervening into the natural order of things had infuriated the creator, God, so the watchers and all that had been corrupted were about to taste retribution, and destroy all the spirits of the reprobate and the children of the watchers because they have wronged mankind, destroy all wrong from the face of the earth and let every evil work come to an end, and let the plant of righteousness and truth appear, and it shall prove a blessing. The works of righteousness and truth shall be planted in truth and joy forevermore, and cleanse thou the earth from all oppression and from all unrighteousness and from all sin and from all godlessness and all the uncleanness that is wrought upon the earth destroy from off the earth and the children of men shall become righteous and all nations shall offer adoration and shall praise me and all shall worship me and the earth shall be cleansed from all defilement and from all sin and from all punishment and from all torment and I will never again send them upon it from generation to generation and forever. Needless to say that the global demise took the form of a great flood and Noah was informed of this through the ascribed words of his forefather, Enoch, and was allowed to perpetuate the human species as well as preserve countless other wildlife. Then said the Most High, the Holy and Great One, spake, and said Uriel to the Son of Lamech, and said to him, Go to Noah, and tell him in my name, hide thyself, and reveal to him the end that is approaching, that the whole earth will be destroyed, and a deluge is about to come upon the whole earth and it will destroy all that is on it, and now instruct him that he may escape and his seed may be preserved for all the generations of the world. Although some may find this hard to believe, the great flood had been scheduled long before Noah came around. It was his great great grandfather that had spread the divine word about it. The cataclysm was inevitable as prior to that moment in time, inhabitants of the earth became corrupted and could no longer live in peace. The book of Enoch tells many controversial stories of a time in a way similar to what we experience today, but with some major differences. Before the great deluge, humans had tremendous lifespans, a fact tested by the Sumerian king Lists and the Egyptian pharaohs' timeline. Although historians still consider this time frame in human history as unproved and fictional, there are numerous accounts of speaking of those days when gods walked among men, when mythological creatures were not just a figment of imagination, and a hundred years of life marked only the beginning of one's journey. Today it seems that our remote history is either not allowed to surface because it would turn the instituted order to bits or because that cycle of human history was never meant to be known for some really intriguing reason. Up next on Weird Darkness, if the legends are to be believed, you'll want to avoid driving down Nantuck's lane in East Sussex, unless you're looking for an encounter with a vengeful ghost. No matter the time of day or season, sometimes you need to find a way to rig yourself with those ghostly chills that bring raised hairs and goosebumps to your skin. Other times, you're looking for those ghostly chills. Either way, it sounds like you need a mug of Weird Dark Roast Coffee. Weird Dark Roast Coffee has deep notes of cocoa, caramel, and a touch of sinister sweetness that'll send shivers down your taste buds. This is an exclusive coffee that I selected specifically for you, my Weirdo family. Weird Dark Roast is not available in stores, coffee houses, mad scientist labs, or even the dark web, but you can find it at WeirdDarkness.com slash coffee. Weird Dark Roast Coffee fresh roasted to order so it's as fresh as it can be when it lands on your doorstep and knocks three times. Grab yours now at WeirdDarkness.com slash coffee. That's WeirdDarkness.com slash coffee. Weird Dark Roast Coffee does not actually knock on your door because it doesn't have arms or hands, so if you hear knocks at the door and no one answers when you ask who it is, it's probably paranormal and you should just leave the door shut and locked. The village of Buckstead East Sussex, England seems like a nice, quiet location, but it has one road that is rumored to be haunted by a witch. In fact, stories of a ghostly female haunting Nan Tuck's lane date back almost 300 years. According to one version of the story, a woman named Nan Tuck lived in the nearby village of Rotherfield sometime during the 18th century.  She remained undetected for several days by hiding in haystacks and moving further away from those who were looking for her. Her plan was to make it to St. Margaret's Church in Buckstead, where they could provide a sanctuary for the fugitive. However, she never made it there. Lawmen and villagers finally found her on the road leading to Buckstead and a chase pursued into the woods where they thought that she was trapped and unable to escape. But they couldn't find her and nobody ever saw her again. Well, at least not while she was alive. There are a few alternative versions of the main story which includes the local villagers chasing Nan Tuck, finding her, torturing her and then killing her. After she was murdered, the mob of people told the rest of the locals that she had simply vanished into the forest and that she was a witch. After death, she came back to haunt those who treated her so horribly. Another version of the story stated that the woman actually made it to the church but was found and put through trial by water. She was able to escape, but her lifeless, hanging body was located soon after in the woods. While many were convinced that she had taken her own life, others believed that she was murdered. Whatever story you tend to believe, the part that does not change is that the woman's ghost has been seen numerous times in the woods and along the road where she was last seen alive is referred to as Nan Tuck's lane. What's even creepier is that there is a bare patch of land in those woods where nothing grows. Interestingly, that's the spot where she supposedly was last seen alive, and many people, even today, still think that Nan Tuck was a witch.  Thanks for listening. If you like the show, please share it with someone you know who loves the paranormal or strange stories, true crime, monsters or unsolved mysteries like you do. You can email me anytime with your questions or comments at Darren at WeirdDarkness.com, and you can find the show on Facebook and Twitter, including the show's Weirdo's Facebook group on the contact social page at WeirdDarkness.com. Also on the website, if you have a true paranormal or creepy tale to tell, click on Tell Your Story. All stories in Weird Darkness are purported to be true unless stated otherwise, and you can find source links or links to the authors in the show notes. The story of giants and fallen angels is from Animalian. The man who was addicted to books is from Strange Company. The cursed remains of the SS Andrea Doria is from Brent Swancer for Mysterious Universe. Peripheral People was written by G. Michael Vasey. The disturbing truth behind Voodoo Zombies is by Christopher Myers for Graveyard Shift. The inventor of weird contraptions is by Mike Reddy for The Conversation. And The Witch of Nantuck's Lane is by Jocelyn LeBlanc. Again, you can find links to all of these stories in the show notes. Weird Darkness is a production and trademark of Marlar House Productions. And now that we're coming out of the dark, I'll leave you with a little light. Proverbs 16 verse 16. How much better to get wisdom than gold to choose understanding rather than silver? And a final thought, a great quote that we heard earlier that bears repeating from the late Sir Clive Sinclair. Don't give up, stick at it. I'm Darren Marlar. Thanks for joining me in the Weird Darkness. And while you're at it, spread the darkness by sharing this video with someone you know who loves all things strange and macabre. If you want to listen to the podcast, you can find it at WeirdDarkness.com.


Let's dive deep into the enigmatic world of insomnia, a state where slumber seems to elude us despite feeling exhausted. It's not simply about lying in bed wide awake, wishing for sleep. It's a battle against a restless mind, an unwanted companion in the stillness of the night. Forget the myth of insomnia being just about fatigue. It's not about how much sleep you need or how drained you feel. It's about the internal symphony of thoughts taking over when the world grows quiet. Like an orchestra tuning up as the city sleeps, your mind amplifies its volume, leaving you wide awake in the darkness. Imagine this. You're nestled in bed, eyelids heavy, body craving rest. Yet, as the external stimuli fade, your mind ignites.


What do you say to something like that? I was just speaking with the president on the way in here and I am, it's easy to talk to a president. I know all of you are going to ask me that. This president is down to earth and really told us some great stories and I appreciate him being here because we've worked so very, very hard for 15 years to get the recognition that we feel Seneca deserves and this man has recognized that. I don't let me stand up here. Ladies and gentlemen, members of the press and distinguished guests, president of the United States. Thank you all very much for a very heartwarming welcome. I'm very proud and happy to be here and you know I've seen some of the products and the things that you're doing here and I might just buy some of that football equipment that I sell and use it with the Congress. So long as you don't sell them any, but I have to tell you the truth. I didn't hear about the wonderful work that Seneca is doing all on my own. The idea of my being here is from Nancy and maybe you've seen her, big hazel eyes, slender, pretty. Well, Nancy heard about you when she was in Texas and she recommended that I stop by and I'm certainly glad that I did. Now many people say that you and I, you know, we might not have a great deal in common. We're different ages. As a matter of fact, I have lived about half again as long as my life expectancy when I was born. That's a source of annoyance to a number of people. But I think we'd be surprised to learn how much we do have in common. We believe many of the same things such as opportunity, hard work, and self-confidence that work can bring. It is beliefs that bind people together. I also believe in the philosophy that Seneca symbolizes. This center is self-sufficient, just like all of you will soon be. Seneca receives no federal money and so no federal strings come attached. And maybe you're not aware of how much of an advantage that can be, even though I'm a part of the federal establishment. You know, sometimes there are two ways of doing things, the right way and the way they do it in Washington. I heard a tale I haven't tracked it down yet of a little community that decided they were going to raise their traffic and their street signs from five feet to seven feet altitude, thought they'd be more visible to the drivers. And the federal government told them that they had a program to help in that sort of thing, but under their program they lowered the street two feet. But to be fair about it and the federal strings, let me mention something good that happened in Florida Wednesday night, which is an example of what we're doing to prevent drugs from getting into this country. A plane was coming up the west coast of Florida over the Gulf that we had reason to believe was suspicious. A government plane plus an Army Blackhawk helicopter piloted by customs people were on its tail when it landed on a grassy strip near Labelle, Florida. The Blackhawk then landed. The two drug smugglers jumped from the plane to run away. In fact, one of them swam across a canal and hid in the bushes. The alligators didn't get him, but the enforcement people did. And we see 625 pounds of cocaine, which I'm told has a conservative value of $187.5 million. And I don't know how you feel about it, but I think I do.  And that money will not be somebody from Houston. The vice president, George Bush, is in charge of the Florida Task Force. And since last Saturday, 1,015 pounds of cocaine have been thwarted from entering the United States market. Now, as you well know, interdicting drugs won't solve the drug problem. But it will at least frustrate the process. The real cure for drugs prevention plus what you're doing right here. I was glancing through your Seneca booklet, and I like the very first sentence I read. In all the years that Seneca has been in business, rehabilitating lives, we have found that nothing works as well as work itself. And work is therapy. You feel better about yourself when you have something productive to do. And that's why I worry so much about today so many Americans who don't have jobs. It's hard on them not only economically, but psychologically. I also know the stressors that you here have been through and still are going through. I know what you're undertaking to put your lives in order, and it isn't easy. From what I've been told, you're learning again, or in some cases for the first time, what self-confidence, pride, and respect mean to you personally. The words I imagine are becoming more and more frequent in your vocabulary. But I just stick something else in here from the vantage point of my age. It isn't true that I heard Lincoln give the Gettysburg address, but I'm old enough to know something else. When we're young, we don't think, oh, bad things, accidents, and so forth can happen to us. And maybe we don't stop and think how important those years are for laying a foundation in this set of machinery that's the only one we get for the whole ride, this one. And when you get along to where I am, you find out, taken care of that machinery, sure pays off when you get along to this stage, and you can still tie your own shoes and pull on your socks without sitting down, and do a lot of things that are much more enjoyable than that. And sometimes when I go in as a little tough, just say to yourself, I want to feel the same way I do now when I'm as old as that fellow was. I didn't bring a full-fledged speech here because I didn't want to be that formal. I just wanted to stop by and tell you how proud I am of what you're doing for yourselves. I believe, as it's said in that booklet, that the only limits to your achievement are those that are self-imposed. I believe in you and what each one of you can accomplish. You're working your way back, and I can tell you that all the rest of us are eagerly awaiting your return. I won't be here for all your graduation from Senate Court, so just let me say right now, to all of you, welcome back and thank you and God bless you. I wanted to make sure, Mr. President, that we know all the flak that you get from Congress. We wanted to make sure that you had a flak jacket for your next six years in office. I'd put it on, but I saw that fellow with a baseball bat give a demonstration. I'm not going to do it. When he said, when the British marched on Frederick Raleigh, he lost this old great game. But spare my country's flag, she said. Will you join me in the pledge of allegiance to the flag? I pledge allegiance to America and to the Republicans.


Hello and welcome to this presentation of the STM32WL5 flash memory. All STM32WL5 flash memory features will be presented. The STM32WL5 embeds up to 256 kilobytes of single bank flash memory. The flash memory interface manages all memory access, read, program and erase, as well as memory protection, security and option bytes. Applications using this flash memory interface benefit from its high performance together with low power access. It has a small erase granularity and short programming time. The STM32WL5 flash memory provides various security and protection mechanisms for code and data, read and write access. The STM32WL5's flash memory has several key features. It has up to 256 kilobytes of single bank flash memory. The erase granularity corresponding to the page size is only 2 kilobytes. A page, bank or mass erase operation requires only 22 milliseconds and the programming time is only 82 microseconds for a double word. The adaptive real-time memory accelerator with an instruction cache, a data cache and a prefetch buffer allows a linear performance in relation to frequency. The flash memory supports error code correction or ECC, which is 8 bits long for each 64-bit double word. A single error is detected and corrected. A double error is detected but not corrected. The flash memory contains 128 pages of 2 kilobytes each. Each page is made of 8 rows of 256 bytes. Next to the main memory block, there is an information block which contains three parts. The first part is the system memory which is reserved for the ST Microelectronics bootloader. When selected, the device boots in system memory to execute the bootloader. The second part is a 1 kilobyte one-time programmable area. The OTP area cannot be erased and a double word can be written only once. If one double word bit is at zero, the entire double word can no longer be written, except with the value all zeros. Programming a previously programmed double word is only allowed when programming all zeros. The last part contains the option bytes for configuring user options. This slide shows the flash memory map. There are 128 pages for the main memory, starting from page zero. The page number is used in the software procedure to erase a page. The flash memory embeds an error code correction function to ensure robust memory integrity and safety. The ECC is 8 bits long for a 64-bit word. In case of a single error, it is corrected. The ECCC bit is set in the flash ECC register and an interrupt is generated if it is enabled. In case of a double error, it is detected but not corrected. The ECCD bit is set in the flash ECC register and a non-maskable interrupt is generated. When an ECC error is detected, the failure address is saved in the flash ECC register. The programming granularity is 64 bits. In fact, it's 72 bits with the 8-bit ECC. There are two programming modes, standard mode for the main memory and OTP and fast mode for the main memory only. In standard mode, the flash memory checks that the double word is erased before launching the programming. In fast mode, 32 double words are programmed without verifying the flash location. The flash memory programming time is only 82 microseconds for 64-bit double words. To program one page or 2 kilobytes, 20.8 milliseconds are needed in standard mode and 15.2 milliseconds in fast mode. For the complete flash memory to be erased, it requires 2 seconds in fast mode. The page erase time is 22 milliseconds. It also requires only 22 milliseconds to erase the complete flash memory. The short programming at erase time plus the small page size make it convenient for the data EE prom emulation. A fast programming mode allows programming of 32 double words faster than in standard programming mode. Only the main memory can be programmed in fast programming mode. The flash memory address location contents are not verified by hardware before programming in fast mode. The 32 double words must be written successively. The high voltage is kept on the flash memory for all programming. The maximum time between two double word write requests is the programming time, which is approximately 20 microseconds. Consequently, interrupt should be disabled to ensure that the 20 microseconds between the two word write requests is not exceeded. The minimum clock frequency must be at least 8 megahertz in fast programming mode. This slide compares standard and fast programming modes. Standard mode can be used to program the main memory and OTP areas, while fast mode cannot be used for OTP programming. Standard mode allows programming 64-bit double words or 8 bits, whereas fast mode only allows programming 32 64-bit double words or only 256 bytes. In fast mode, the address location content is not checked before programming. The fast clock frequency must be greater than 8 megahertz and CPU interrupts are prohibited. It takes 2.6 milliseconds to program 256 bytes in standard mode and 1.9 milliseconds in fast mode. The flash memory is guaranteed for a minimum of 10,000 cycles up to 105 degrees Celsius. Data retention is 30 years after 10,000 cycles at 55 degrees Celsius, 15 years after 10,000 cycles at 85 degrees Celsius, and 10 years after 10,000 cycles at 105 degrees Celsius. It is 30 years after 1,000 cycles at 85 degrees Celsius, 15 years after 1,000 cycles at 105 degrees Celsius, and 7 years after 1,000 cycles at 125 degrees Celsius. In order to read the flash memory, it is required to configure the number of weight states to be inserted in a read access depending on the clock frequency. The number of weight states also depends on the voltage scaling range. In range 1, the flash memory can be accessed up to 48 MHz with 2 weight states. It can be accessed with 0 weight states up to 18 MHz. For range 2, it is up to 16 MHz with 2 weight states. Thanks to the adaptive real-time memory accelerator, the ART accelerator, the program can be executed with 0 weight states independent of the clock frequency. This provides an almost linear performance in relation to frequency and allows reaching 60 drystone miffs at 48 MHz. The ART accelerator brings outstanding performance and reduces dynamic power consumption. It consists of a Cortex-M4 1 kilobyte instruction cache, 256 kilobytes of data cache and a pre-fetch buffer, and a Cortex-M0 plus 32 bytes instruction cache, 32 bytes of data cache and a pre-fetch buffer. The Cortex-M4 instruction cache contains 32 lines of four double words and the data cache has eight lines of four double words. Once all the instruction cache memory lines have been filled, the LRU, or least recently used policy, is used to determine the line to replace in the instruction memory cache. This feature is particularly useful when code contains loops. This architecture is chosen to provide the best trade-off between cache size, power consumption, and performance. After each miss, the cache is updated with only the requested double word in order to limit the flash access for power saving. In a line, the four double words may not all be valid. In case of a miss, the code takes the instruction directly from the flash memory. In parallel, the 64-bit cache is copied into the current buffer enabled and iCache if enabled. So the next sequential access is taken directly from the current buffer. If pre-fetch is enabled, another 64-bit flash memory access is performed to fill the pre-fetch buffer with sequential data. When the data is present in the current buffer, the CPU reads the current buffer. The next sequential read is performed in the pre-fetch buffer, which is copied into the current buffer so that it is free to be filled with the next sequential data. If the data is not present in the current buffer, it is read from the pre-fetch buffer if it is present. If not, it is read from the instruction cache if there is a cache hit. Otherwise, a flash access is performed. Flash access arbitration between Cortex M4 iCode instructions decode data and Cortex M0 plus SBUS instructions and data uses round robin. The instruction cache behaves differently depending on whether or not the pre-fetch buffer is enabled. If the pre-fetch buffer is enabled, the art instruction cache behaves like a branch cache. The cache is modified each time a branch or a jump occurs in the execution flow. Sequential accesses are issued by the current instruction buffer and the pre-fetch buffer. Each time the pre-fetch buffer is hit, its contents are transferred to the current instruction buffer and a new flash access to fill the pre-fetch buffer is performed. In this case, the cache content is not altered. If the pre-fetch buffer is disabled, the art instruction cache behaves like a normal cache. Since no pre-fetch buffer is available, even a sequential access will modify the cache content. The power and performance trade-off must be evaluated for each application to know whether it is better to enable or disable the pre-fetch buffer. For most applications, enabling the pre-fetch buffer allows us to slightly increase the performance but with a higher consumption. Most of the time, the best energy efficiency is provided with caches enabled and the pre-fetch buffer disabled as it often reduces the number of flash memory accesses. This slide shows the number of cycles needed to execute sequential 16-bit instructions without pre-fetch, when two wait states are needed to access the flash memory. Every flash access provides 64 bits or four instructions. Two wait states are therefore inserted every four instructions at every flash access. This slide shows the number of cycles needed to execute sequential 16-bit instructions with pre-fetch enabled. When two wait states are needed to access the flash memory. After each flash access, another flash access is performed to fill the pre-fetch buffer. So after all instructions are fetched from the current buffer, the next sequential instruction is read from the pre-fetch buffer and no wait state is inserted as long as the instruction flow is sequential. Several flash memory options can be configured using the option bytes. The readout protection is configured using the RDP option byte. The readout protection prohibits any access to the flash memory, the SRAM 2 and the backup registers by the debug interface or when booting from SRAM 1 or when the bootloader is selected. The proprietary code protection is configured using the PC Rop option bytes. These options protect specific code areas from any read or write access. The code can only be executed. The protected areas can be defined with 2 kilobyte granularity and two areas can be defined. The write protection is configured using the WRP option bytes. These options protect specific code areas from unwanted write access and arrays. The write protected area can be defined with 4 kilobyte granularity. The Cortex M0 Plus security is configured using the SFD option byte. This option secures a specific flash memory area for exclusive Cortex M0 Plus access. The Cortex M0 Plus security area can be defined with a 4 kilobyte granularity. Please refer to the specific trainings about system protections and Cortex M0 Plus security for more details about these protection options. Cortex M0 Plus security is enabled by clearing the flash security disable option. The secure flash starts from the address in the secure flash start address option. In addition to the flash memory, the SRAM 2A and SRAM 2B security can also be enabled by secure backup RAM disable, secure backup RAM start address, secured non-backup RAM disable, and secure non-backup RAM start address options. The secureable sub gigahertz serial peripheral interface can also be enabled by sub gigahertz serial peripheral security disable. Securable peripherals like advanced encryption standard accelerator, private key accelerator, and true random number generator may be secured at run time by register bits in the trust zone security controller IP. Several user option bytes are available in the flash memory to configure certain specific features of the device. The user option bytes are loaded in two cases, either after a power or brownout reset when exiting from standby or shutdown modes, or when the OBL launch bit is set in the flash control register. Three option bits are used to configure the brownout reset threshold. Three options are available to prohibit or allow the stop, standby, and shutdown low power modes. Four options configure if the watchdogs are enabled by hardware or after a software configuration, and if the independent watchdog is frozen or not in stop and standby modes. Five options are used together with the boot zero pin to configure the memory used for booting and the boot entry point. Two options are used to configure if the SRAM 2 is erased with the system reset and to enable the SRAM 2 parity check. One option is used to define the common memory area in SRAM 2 for inter-processor communication data buffers. Several option bytes are used for memory protection and peripheral access options. The RDP for readout protection, PC Rop for the start and end addresses of two areas, and WRP for the start and end addresses of each of the two areas. The PC Rop RDP bit is used to preserve or erase the PC Rop area when the readout protection is removed from level one to level zero. The Cortex M0 Plus security memory areas in flash memory are defined by the SFSA and in SRAM 2A by the SBRSA and SRAM 2B by SNBRSA. The Cortex M0 Plus reset vector is defined by SBRV and C2B OPT. The security environment when enabled is flagged in the ESC bit and can be removed by performing a simultaneous regression of RDP and ESC. Debugging of the Cortex M0 Plus is disabled by DDS. The sub gigahertz serial peripheral interface security is defined in sub gigahertz SPISD. The Cortex M0 Plus secure memory area, boot options, peripheral access and debug disable have exclusive Cortex M0 Plus write access. They can be read by the Cortex M4 to provide information on the security. Four interrupts can be generated by the flash memory. The end of operation interrupt, which is triggered when one or more flash program or erase operations is completed successfully. The operation error interrupt is triggered when a flash memory program or erase operation failed. The read error interrupt is triggered when an address read through the core and the data bus belongs to an area of the flash protected by the PCROP option. The ECC interrupt is triggered when one ECC error is detected and corrected. When two ECC errors are detected, a non-maskable interrupt is generated. Illegal accesses to the flash interface or the flash memory generate an illegal event to the trust zone interrupt controller. The flash memory's consumption can be reduced when the code is not executed from the flash. The flash clock can be gated off in run and low power run modes. It can also be configured to be gated off in sleep and low power sleep modes. The flash clock is configured in the reset and clock controller. It is enabled by default. The flash memory can be configured in power down mode during the sleep and low power sleep modes. It can also be configured in power down mode during run and low power run modes when the code is executed from SRAM. Gating the clock and putting the flash memory in power down mode significantly reduces power consumption. In run and low power run modes, the flash memory is active. Its clock can be disabled if code is executed from SRAM and the flash memory is in power down mode. In sleep and low power sleep modes, the flash clock can be disabled and the flash memory configured in power down mode. In stop zero, stop one and stop two modes, the flash clock is off. The content of the flash interface registers is retained. In standby and shutdown modes, the content of the flash interface registers is lost and must be reinitialized after exiting the mode. The performance of the flash memory is almost linear with the frequency using the ART accelerator. The core mark score is 116 at 48 MHz, which corresponds to 3.40 core mark per MHz with the instruction cache, data cache enabled and prefetch buffer disabled. The flash memory is shared between the Cortex M4 and the Cortex M0+. Both CPUs use the flash memory to execute instructions. The performance of the flash memory has minimal impact due to the ART accelerator. During simultaneous code execution, the Cortex M4 core mark per MHz is 3.40 at 48 MHz with Cortex M0+, at 48 MHz, the instruction cache, data cache enabled and prefetch buffer disabled. Flash memory program and erase operations are only possible in power range one. In range two and low power modes, flash memory program and erase operations are prohibited. Due to the single bank flash memory architecture, program and erase operations will block execution for both CPUs. To prevent flash memory operation from impacting real time CPU performance, they can be suspended. As long as the suspend is active, no new operations will be started, guaranteeing the execution can continue. If an ongoing flash operation has been enabled before the suspend, it will be completed. Each CPU can request a flash operation suspend using its own suspend register bit. This is a list of peripherals related to the flash memory. Please refer to these peripheral trainings for more information if needed. For more details, please refer to application note AN2606 about the STM32 microcontroller system memory boot mode.


Hello and welcome to the series on shell scripts. I hope you're enjoying this today We're gonna be looking at how to find where certain commands are located and if you work with the shell at all You're probably familiar where the where with the where is command I could type something like where is nmap and it will tell me right where the executable is and the other files That might go along with it such as the man file for the manual. Another one I can do is where is and I can say PWD and right here you can see that there is an executable PWD and there's a header file if you're programming and see you can use that and There's a man page as well, but let's try another command. Where is And we'll try the read command the read command is a command that allows you to grab user input when we hit enter there It tells me where the man page for that is the files for the manual But it doesn't tell me where the executable is and that's because it is a built-in command It's built into my shell which currently right now. I'm at Z shell. Let's go ahead and type in command dash capital V in a command command You probably saw in a previous tutorial. I did I briefly touched on it does a few things like telling it to run an actual executable Rather than a built-in function, which we did in a previous video, but here with a dash capital V Switch we can type in something like free and it tells me where the executable is but if we did one like read It's gonna tell me that it's a built-in to the shell Another one we can do is command Capital V and we can do archive archive is actually a function that I created that is inside my Z shell Rc file so it will tell you whether it's a function and if I was to create an alias Let's say I was to say I wanted to alias the command year to date plus percent y Now anytime I type in year, it's just gonna tell me what year it is But if I command dash capital V year, it will tell me that year is an alias for this command So so far it will show us Where an executable binary is whether it's a built-in command whether it's a function within Like my RC file or if it's a alias, let me go ahead and clear the screen here real quick Let's create a function right here in this session Let's say I wanted to create an epoch command for getting Unix time stamps And I can just do in here date Plus percent s now anytime I type in epoch. It's going to give me the number of seconds since 1970 So that's great now if I use command dash V and The epoch command you can see that it's gonna tell me that it is a shell function Last time it told me with the archive command that it was a function that was in my RC file So I know right where it is here I know that it's a function that has been run in the current session if I was to start a new session Like so and I type in epoch is not gonna work And if I was to run this it's gonna say come on man not found because it was in this session So that is the command command and you might wonder where does the command command live? and You can run it on itself and you can see that it's built into the shell and As I mentioned in the previous previously in this video I'm running Z shell which is my default shell But if I would start up bash the command command is Built into bash as well, and so I can use it just as I did before Within bash now let's look at another command that does something similar And that would be of the type command So again example type dash a instead of capital V We can type free and you can see again. It does basically the same thing. Let me go ahead and go man Oh, that's not gonna work. That's actually next tutorial And I can do type dash a Archive and again It's gonna tell me the same thing that command command does and don't get confused again We're working a link shell if you're in windows type is a completely different command No, I haven't worked with windows in years but back in the day And I'm pretty sure it still is type is basically like the cap command if you wanted to output a file You would type type and the name of the file and of course just like the command command I can say command type a and type in type and it tells you it's a built-in command And you can type in type a type dash a Command and you can also run command on type So that is the command and type and we're gonna get us a little bit more than next because they are built into the shell So is that going to always work for us if we're working with different shells? That's what we'll talk about in the next video or in a coming video I've got a few more things on this topic. So I do hope you're enjoying these videos Be sure to like share subscribe comment And visit my website films by Chris calm. That's Chris the K There is a link in the description of the video there there You can search through all my videos from both my channels You can also support me there in the sports section. There's a link to my patreon page patreon.com forward slash metal x 1,000 and also a paypal link if you like to support me that way if you can't support me that way Think about sharing liking comments writing all that stuff helps out a great deal I do thank you for watching. Hope you found this useful and I hope that you have a great day