Good morning, sir. Please take your seat. Thank you, sir. Mr. Jai. Mr. Jai, will you briefly introduce yourself? My name is Mr. Jai. I was born in Chennai, but I had the opportunity to grow up in Chennai, Mumbai, and Delhi. My father was working with the PSU, so it was a transferable job. I have an elder brother who is working in the U.S. And right after studies, I took up BA owners in economics, a three-year course. And after completing that, I joined the Indian Revenue Service, Customs and GST. And here again, I got the opportunity to be part of the service when we were implementing the GST. Very nice. You have a long list of hobbies. Yes, sir. What has happened is, since I was shifting around, one thing which my parents taught me and which I learned is whatever opportunity that I get, I should take it up to learn something new. And that itself became a hobby. So when I was in Mumbai, I got the chance to do roller skating and take up calligraphy. Then in Delhi, the opportunity for tennis came up, and even Chinese language. So that's how it comes up. And learning Vedachanting and understanding its meaning. Yes, sir. What is it? Sir, one thing is that Vedachanting runs in the family from my grandfather and parents. And at the age of around seven or eight, my grandfather gave me this shloka, the Gayatri Mantra. He talked about it in the Ganapata, that is the first sentence. That he showed me that it could be chanted in five different ways. Something like if there are four words, one, two, two, one, one, two, three, three, two, one. And what struck me was the manner in which something which is more than 3,000 years old has carried on without any written form, just the oral tradition. And the manner in which it is still preserved, that is something which struck me. And that's how I started Vedachanting. And as I started chanting and as I grew up, I came across Vedic mathematics and concepts like that, where there are scientific things which are mentioned in the Vedas. That got me interested in understanding the meaning of what I've been chanting. And that's how it started, sir. What does it mean? Let me, my ears hear all good things. It talks about completeness. May there be, may people reach completeness in the sense, the heights of excellence. It's a prayer that things should reach their completion and people strive for completeness and excellence. What are the basic features of the four Vedas? Root Vedas, Jajur Vedas, Samo Vedas and Atharva Vedas. So if you look at the text of it, it is said that the Rig Veda consists of hymns in praise of the Lord. The Ajur Veda deals with the rituals. The Samo Veda is a musical form of the Rig Veda. And the Atharva Veda talks about, includes day-to-day practices and rituals as well. This is the basic differences. But a lot of shlokas in the Rig Veda find their place in the Samo Veda as well. And the basic philosophy is about God and also has some scientific features in it. Okay. Have you read today's newspaper? Yes, sir. The Hindu newspaper. What about the Kaveri Water Dispute? What has come out today? There was a meeting chaired by the Secretary for Union Water Resources to discuss about the setting up of a Kaveri Water Management Board. And the Supreme Court directions the judgment had said that within six weeks, a management board has to be set up to ensure that there is proper sharing of waters. And there has been a delay in that. And the news today was with regards to that where Tamil Nadu State has again put up the proposal that... Of course, Supreme Court judgments say that Kaveri Management Board is to be formed. So it was a part of the tribunal judgment. And the Supreme Court judgment talked about that... It talks about a scheme. A scheme has to be done within six weeks. Yes, sir. But it doesn't make any mention or doesn't make any changes to the tribunal's judgment with regards to the management board. And I think the fundamental issue of dispute between all the states was distressed sharing. Sharing of waters when the monsoon fails. And that, again, is the responsibility of the Kaveri Management Board. But this thing has been pointed out by Karnataka Government. Why does it not want that there is a Kaveri Management Board? So the main issue which Kaveri Management Board seeks to remove the individual states authority or autonomy over regulating the water flow. And the Kaveri Management Board will take over the ownership of all the dams through the Kaveri River and will regulate how much water has to be released. Presently it is done by the individual state governments. But the scheme envisaged is that the Kaveri Management Board will take that up. So how do you suggest the dispute is to be resolved? I feel that the Supreme Court's fundamental principle of its judgment is that interstate rivers are national assets and a state cannot have claim over the territorial waters. So to that extent, the states having control over the dams which are in its territory would go against the basic principle of the Supreme Court judgment. So to that extent, it is required that we have a Kaveri Management Board. It has to be constituted, sir. But we can ensure that all the members of the different states are part of it. And the decisions which it takes is transparent, like how the Monetary Policy Committee comes out with it. It's the same manner a transparent CMB. Yes, whenever there is a dispute on river waters, generally a management board has to be there. Like Indus Water Commission is there, in which both India and Pakistan have their members. Yes, sir. So it has to be an independent authority, apart from the states. Okay, thank you. You have done economics. Can you have taken economics? Options. Can you explain what is strong ordering and weak order? With regards to microeconomics, there is this preference set where a strong ordering of preferences against a weak ordering of preference. So a strong ordering would mean that, let's say there are two choices A, B and C, three choices. So a strong ordering of preference of A over B and B over C would mean that in all cases, the preference set A will be preferred over B and C. Whereas in a weak ordering, the preference set is not as strong in the sense A would be preferred over B or equally preferred, so that equality aspect comes in. This is my answer. So the way you have, instead of your ranking of different services, is it a strong ordering or weak ordering? Strong ordering. I opted for just one service. Just one. I have been working in the revenue services and for me it's not about a job in that sense. What I was looking at is a variety of work because the work where I am right now is about just revenue collection. And something which motivates me is the fact that in the IAS, I get to do not just revenue collection, but also working for public spending, welfare, and at a later level even policy formulation. And that is something which excites me and which has made me come here for... Do you think that a very professional decision making is not there in other services? So I feel that the IAS has the variety of opportunities which is there in the IAS is unrivaled compared to the other services. That was my logic for this. When you say not opted, what does it mean? Are you running down the other course? No sir, I am presently in a job. So to that extent I feel that every service has a role to play in our country. And it's all a civil service ultimately. But if I look at them and I'm comparing the other services vis-a-vis my own service, the revenue service, I feel that the opportunity and the variety what excites me is there in the administrative services. That's the reason. In our fiscal system, where do you think the growth rate is higher? Direct taxes or indirect taxes? Sir, the direct taxes traditionally as per the traditional economic model. As the country grows, direct taxes would continue to play a major role. What is happening now? The past couple of years we've noticed that indirect taxes have also gone up a little bit more. And this is mainly because of excise duty on petroleum where while the global crude oil prices declined, the government continued to have a high rate of excise duty which led to a spurt and indirect taxes. And added to that is the GST which is coming up. So why does the GST, the GIN exclude the petroleum? So theoretically a goods and services tax should include all the products in the supply chain. But in the case of petroleum, it's a special case because it contributes revenue to the state governments as well. While center has the direct taxes to collect its revenue from, states do not have that leeway. They only have to rely on petroleum and alcohol for human consumption. That's the reason for keeping it out. Revenue, neutrality, provision of the GST. Yes, sir. So why can't we include it in the GST? There are proposals for inclusion of, because if we look at it constitutionally, petroleum and petroleum products are included as a taxable supply under GST. But it has been said that at a later date the GST council with the consensus of all states will take a call. And we are moving towards that consensus. Once that comes it will be, the supply chain will be smooth, sir. When does the tax become buoyant tax and how do you measure it? Sir, buoyancy is a concept where we look at the improvements in tax revenue, the percentage change in tax revenue as a proportion of percentage change in the growth rate of the economy, the GDP growth. So if there is a growth in let's say a percentage growth in GDP, which leads to a more than one percent increase in the tax rate and the tax collection side, that means it's a buoyant tax where the tax mechanism which we have is better able to capture the growth and gain revenues for the government. In India, what are the factors that contribute to tax emissions? If I look at it, I am reminded of Adam Smith's Canon of Taxation. The first issue which is a problem in India is that there is a complexity of taxes where the varied provisions makes it easy for people to avoid taxes and at the same time people who are genuine and want to pay the taxes, they are not able to understand the provisions. That is the first. Second is the cost of compliance going high where if I have to pay, let's say if I have to file my GST return, in the first month it took me almost half a day to one day to just file my return. So that forms as a disincentive to carry out the compliance process. And thirdly, it also depends on the status of our economy where the informal sector dominates the formal sector. So to that extent we have a very less percentage of population paying the taxes whereas a large percentage is out of the tax net. Do you think the fiscal deficit should be at 5%? Is the government giving that fiscal deficit should be at 5%? Our targets are a 3% target, 3 to 3.5%. And it's with the logic that if government spending goes out of hand, what happens is on the one hand there is a threat of inflation and secondly government spending is from borrowing in the domestic market and this tends to crowd out investments by the small MSME sector. They find it difficult to access funds. The fiscal deficit level of the central government is different from the fiscal deficit level of the state government. Yes, sir. How do you find this situation? Does it contribute to fiscal discipline in the overall context? Again here to answer this question we'll have to go back to the FRBM Act which was the basic guideline which we had brought in for fiscal discipline and there we noticed that bringing in fiscal discipline in the state governments was an easier task because a lot of the spending with regards to development related works was coming out of the central funds. So to that extent states were able to manage the revenue expenditure component better. You have mentioned that you have stood best in firing at the weapons training course of IRS training. Yes, sir. Did that increase your rejoin ideas? Sir, the aspect about weapons training which I loved was the fact that it involved a concentration over the mind and the body because a lot of the long range weapons which we used was about having your body movements under control but for me IPS was something which I didn't prefer because I wanted to do a more... My motivation from the beginning was IAS. That extent it didn't enter as much. Right, now you find not many people from arts background in the civil service. Fortunately you are one of the arts graduates. You have done your commerce. Be honest in economics. Why is it that people from arts background One aspect is the statistical thing that the number of people who take up arts courses vis-a-vis the number of people who do engineering in our country. The numbers are skewed in favor of engineering. So if we look at a percentage, automatically one aspect is we will tend to have a lot many more engineers coming in to the civil services. That is one aspect. But having said that, in recent years the nature of the exam pattern has also been changed. So a lot of people say that the CSAT paper which was there that favored a lot of... that was in favor of people who had done engineering background. My personal opinion sir, I feel it's both courses will equally equip you to carry out whatever qualities which are needed in the IAS. Ultimately an IAS officer should be one who can manage people around them and the subject knowledge is something which everybody can pick up. It just needs that aptitude and the ability to manage people and manage situations. So to that extent the education background doesn't matter much. Yes sir. Why is that you have a lot of opposition for Vedic learning in Tamil Nadu? What are the basic issues here? Sir, if you look at it more than Vedic learning the opposition is towards... what has happened is Vedic learning tends to be associated with Brahminism and caste oppression because Tamil Nadu had the history of the Periyar justice movement of Dr. Periyar. And what happened is the society moved towards a caste-less system where people had reduced, dropped their surnames and things like that where caste based, overt expression of caste identities was removed. So what has happened is the opposition is towards caste-based oppression and it is noticed that Vedic chanting is felt. It is a caste-based occupation.  That is the reason sir. But is it true that the Brahmins are the ones who chant the Vedas? Sir, I feel that the opportunity for learning the Vedas is available for every caste group because if we go back to the original system how it was there in the earlier period. The chanting of Vedas was open to men, women and the other caste persons as well. It was more of an occupational based Varna system rather than rigid caste hierarchy. But sad fact is it has degenerated into a birth based system where a son or the child of a Brahmin becomes a Brahmin. So to that extent it had degenerated to that but the original idea is that it is open for anybody who is willing to learn. Is that like the periodist moment when the government, the caste-based societies are a part of it? Yes sir. Are you really subscribed to that view? Because nowadays we find certain parties belonging to certain common factions. They are voting for certain parts of the government. If that is true then this should happen. Sir, if we look at the country situation as a whole I feel that Tamil Nadu's situation with regards to caste violence had improved substantially compared to the other states. But having said that there is also the concept of Sanskritization which the anthropologist, sociologist Srinivas had given where what happens is the existing caste hierarchies continues to dominate and the mid-level, I mean just to give, to explain I'm just talking about a hierarchy with, although I don't subscribe to that but the fact is the caste who consider themselves as a dominant or mid-level caste want to continue their dominance over the so-called Dalits or the oppressed classes and when the economic system leads to equal growth of all sections of the society they tend to oppose it by reinforcing the caste identity and caste superiority. That's the reason for the presence of caste clashes in the country but I feel that the situation in Tamil Nadu because of the Periyaras movement was much better as compared to the other. If you look at the education achievements of Tamil Nadu, the health, the role of women all these three are much better because of the justice movement started by Dravidian parties. Let me begin with the economics. For a long time the classical economics was dominated by what is for the utilitarian tradition. Can I tell you something about that? Sir, the utilitarian tradition was with regards to the fundamentals of economics was how to measure an individual's improvement, material improvement because of a particular policy or an economic change. So the utilitarian movement measured, tried to express this in terms of people's benefits. The concept of utility is the benefits that I gained from a particular change. So if we analyze prices and tax measure, then the utility gained by the person was a judging criteria. So let us say a tax was introduced or the price of a commodity had changed. Then the utility change was measured and based on that the prices would come out. It was the Alfred Marshall concept of utility which was prevalent in the early times. Sir, you will not improve the father of economics in the utilitarian tradition. Alfred Marshall, his focus was on wealth and of course he started the aspect but I feel the work of the subsequent theorists focused more on the distribution aspect and that is where the utility theory was more important. So you would associate the utilitarian tradition one with Alfred Marshall? Even Walrus, Walrusian Marshall, Adam Smith, Adam Smith of course was the wealth of nations and he talked about the wealth theory but Marshall and Walrus were focused on distributional aspects. That is why utility played a major role. Classical economics also had a discourse on welfareism against development. So what is the present state of the debate, the traditional dichotomy between welfare and development? Sir, I think we generally tend to talk about there being a strict separation as growth and distribution but the actual difference is more known in the sense it's a debate about what is to be given more priority over whether we focus on growth or we focus on first redistribution to facilitate growth. It's like saying that the growth theory talks about the people who support the emphasis on growth it's about how a cake has to be increased, the size of the cake has to be increased before sharing it. So to increase the size of the cake growth is the major factor which drives that the theorists who focus more on distribution aspect feel that redistributing the existing resources particularly areas like education and health will drive the growth further and that will lead to a more equitable study so that's the dichotomy. It's about where we emphasis and I feel the recent development in this field is that all theorists recognize the role of education as an important factor. So a distribution or a growth where education or human capital is focused upon rather than finance capital that would work. So how would you locate Amartya Seny into this debate on welfare versus development? So Professor Amartya Sen's views were more with regards to the development or sorry the welfare aspect about distribution. His theory of freedoms which talks about expanding the people's freedoms will automatically lead to a growth. What's the name of his book in this debate? Yes sir. He had a book? Yes sir, he had co-authored it with John Reyes. Yes. It had come in 2016. Last year, two years back. Argumentative Indian. You heard about it? Yes sir. Okay, can you do something about this book? At least the substance of it. Asian drama. So you haven't... Gunnar Midan. Gunnar Midan. Gunnar model. You've got double price. Yes sir, so model's theory was about... Asian drama. It's about, my question pertains to Asian drama as such. Sir, I haven't come across this. Okay. One of your hobbies is to interact with people to understand their culture. Now, people say that Tamilians are more ethnocentric, jingoistic, rather than people of other states. Now, you are actually a Hindi speaking person but who was born and brought up in Tamil Nadu. What do you have to say to this? Sir, if you look at... One of the reasons is that Tamil Nadu has a rich cultural heritage which has carried forward and has not been... Has not changed over the years. It has modified and it has updated with changing times. But the essence of it has carried on. And I think if we look at the entire history of the world, apart from the Chinese and the Chinese civilization and Iran, India civilization, the Sanskrit traditions and Tamil traditions, are the only cultures which have lived on for almost 3000 years. So to that extent, there is a rich cultural heritage and identifying and having that as the element of people of Tamil Nadu in the recent years, it cannot be ignored. That is one aspect. Having said that, I recently came across an article by a person from Madhya Pradesh who had settled in Chennai. There, it gives an interesting insight that the people of Tamil Nadu continue to accept outsiders. So it is not that they are more jingoistic and harp on to their own traditions. People of Tamil Nadu continue to accept and they make an attempt to reach out to people from the other states as well. So to that extent, and if you look at the data, the maximum number of people who moved out of Tamil Nadu and served across the country and in the other parts of the world are Tamilians. To say that they are jingoistic and they are culturally very close would not be correct. That is my point. It is not a close culture. You say it is open. There are people of Tamil Nadu, as a Tamilian, what I can say is, while I respect the cultures of others and I am open to it, at the same time, I also hold on to my identity. That is the difference. It is a good statement. Which one? You are quoting somebody's statement. No, sir. It is mine. You are quoting. You don't answer it. Whose statement is that? Whose Prime Minister quoted at Davos? Oh. It is a Gandhi statement. Okay, sir. It is a Gandhi statement. I will be in my house. So let all wind from all directions come through it. But I will not be blown off my feet. You should know that. Our Prime Minister quoted at Davos. Okay. Right. Moving on to politics. Yes, sir. Right? Right. So, you see, now, recent election shown in the Northeast. EJB had only few seats, but they were able to make, come back to power, not coming to power. The other party, operant party, the largest number of seats, even by Congress. Okay. How do you see this scenario? Now, when you are in power, you can purchase anything. If you are referring to the Meghalaya... Not only Meghalaya in all seats, even Meghalaya, even all three seats. But, sir, in Meghalaya and Nagaland, to be specific, I think before the elections, the governments had a pre-poll alliance that they were all part of the Northeast Democratic Association. Okay. Where one of the common, let's say enemies, political enemies was the Congress party. So to that extent, if the alliance, after the results came out, had the largest number of seats, they were able to form a government. And traditionally, if you look at it, there is a theory that psychologically, the regional party will want to ally with the party which is in power at the center. That is a psychological thing, where you would want more resources for your state's development. So you would get more from your big printer. Yes, sir. From the party which is in the center. Center. That's what is big printer. That is released in early. So that's all. This has been the case with, regardless of BJP or Congress, in the issue throughout our history, sir. Okay. In the NDA, constituents, now, Telangana is moving out and saying that the Andhra Pradesh should be given the special status. Now, finance minister told that we'll give a package, not the special status. Okay. How do you see the difference of special status in the package? Sir, of course, the Telangana party had withdrawn from the government, but they still are part of the NDA. But the main issue was in the Rajisabha, when the split of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh had come up, there was an assurance about giving special status. The fundamental benefit of being a special status state, special category state is that when it comes to development funding, the center will share 90%. The breakup would be 90 to 10, whereas it's in a normal state, 60, 40. But the reason why our finance minister says he's not able to give that is, this law was passed in 2014. But from 2015 to 20, we had the 14th finance commission, which specifically made a statement that special category states, special category status should be restricted only to the northeastern states and the three hilly states. So constitutionally, our finance minister is not in a position to carry out a measure where we give special status. But what he's promised is that the finance aspect, that is the amount of financial benefit which would have accrued to Andhra Pradesh, will be compensated. And he has said that we'll have a mechanism to ensure that fiscal deficit is not affected because again central and state governments have targets for bringing the deficits under control. This was the issue. Okay. Now you lived in Chennai, Mumbai and Delhi. You studied in Stevens. Yes. Now you have seen three metros. Yes, sir. And the MRT, mass transport, it's like all the states now, all the metros we have. Now one swift action that we have to take it in Delhi, we had to take it in since from 2000. It's about metro. Right? But even having started metro, still the congestion or pollution did not come down. What could be the reason? Because you lived in Delhi. But it is not the case in Mumbai or in Chennai. First aspect is with regards to the geographic location. Because Delhi by virtue of being inside a continentality factor means that the atmosphere, whatever pollutants are there, they're not cleared faster. Whereas Mumbai and Chennai by virtue of being coastal city has that benefit. Secondly, we also see that the rate of growth of Delhi has been the fastest, not just in our country but the world over. And the nature of growth of Delhi has been we have six lane roads in the middle of the city. So that automatically encourages people to buy more cars. So a household in Delhi will have on an average two cars. That is the... Okay. Now, coming from here. It is a description of the Brahman. If you take nothing from it it is always full. It is always full. If you take nothing from it it is always full. It is always full. If you take full it is still full. If you take a small amount from it it is also full. If you take the full out of the full it is still full. So full is still the remaining. Okay. The description of the Brahman. Okay. Second, so coming to the fiscal deficit. It is three percent that nothing is sacrosanct about it. Where from three percent comes? It is from you. Yes. It has to have around three percent and no death penalty. All those provisions are there. Okay. Now there is an FRBM committee under NKC. Yes, sir. It talked about a movement from a fiscal deficit target to a debt target. A debt target is separate. Forty percent for center and twenty percent for state. Sixty percent total. That is a different thing. On fiscal deficit what does it say? It called for having a fiscal management committee. It says it should be a band. Not a fixed number like three percent. A band like the inflation band. Yes, sir. Four plus minus two. So either two or six. So it talks about exactly don't give three percent make it a band. Okay. So that nothing. Around three months back there was a very brilliant article on this fiscal deficit in economic times. It relates these fiscal deficit norms to the capital formation. Gross fixed capital formation. Yes, sir. In India case, it is much less. Now twenty-six, twenty-seven percent. It has come down in 2007, 2008. It was the highest. Thirty-seven percent. Thirty-seven. Around ten percent it has reduced. So it says that in other developed countries it is much more. So we need not have it at three percent. The article is simply brilliant. If I can tell you later on the date on which they have. I remember coming across. Yes, yes. It had come. It was a beautiful analysis of the fiscal deficit as to why it is of exact respect about this three percent. And we just cannot blindly follow what you, because you is all everything it developed. Yes. Thank you. I think you are a technical informationist also. You have to be in the areas related to tax and the policies. And we have got to be very new born. Additions like you have to add. I will push on your answer with the other information because there are certain indicators which we get from the conditional basis. But in our system it is very difficult to because we have a lot of designated expenditures. Government expenditures which have to be on it. So we cannot restrict them using I think you must have an answer for saying not opted for other services. Some convincing answer. Economist will understand that. You are able to give an answer. But you are very swift from you are very categorical. That may be have been told now because of rapid fire you tend to be categorical. So trying to nothing can be categorical. But there is always another dimension. And also the rapid response to try to get to it. I am not asking you to slow down completely. Rapidly reacting without time. That can be taken care of. Also about your interest you are sure about it. Because Chinese and very challenging diverse fields. So probably Chinese language and language and very challenging all the things why just why you have certain issues. You are in very challenging. Suppose somebody puts in the score it is. Is it in the score it is? Intangible it has got. Very challenging suppose somebody wants you to put in a spot recently one union minister said South Indians only chant better. North Indians don't do it. Suppose questions of that kind is asked but we prepared for an answer. That makes note for his controversial statements. But one of the statement he has given is this. Suddenly the interest in very challenging issues with regard to the cosmic way of play. For the last three quarters all of a sudden it has got a political vote on it. Yes. IIT because the prayer was sent. Yes. You are living in a particular state where things are not in government mainstream. So the panel may ask you some questions to know why it doesn't happen. Controversial statements like evolution is not correct. Education minister Education minister Education minister. And he also said that I am a machine chemistry. I am not an art student. That is what he said the next day. Next day I said I am not an art student. I am an MSC in chemistry. Okay. I think when you discuss about the Euthelian tradition usually the discussion stems from the basic concept of rationality. In fact the whole idea of Euthelianism is associated with British economics. British economics. Okay. How Amartya Sen was trying to break the traditional dichotomy between welfareism and development. That is that you need to expose. And in fact my earlier question was a leading question and led to Amartya Sen. So I thought this would figure in your discussion but it did not. Okay. Fine. I will let you tell you the name of Amartya Sen's book. There are two books. Amartya Sen and Bhagavati on the other side. So I will tell you the name of the books. Two books are there. There was a book review in the Economist magazine which led to the whole. Latest one book has come in January. The review came Education The Wealth of Nations. The Real Wealth of Nations. Yes sir. Yes sir. The Real Wealth of Nations. Yes. You are on the observation belly and then it was the correct reason that is that one thing I expected this giving a special status and it is all politics. Right. And the self-government state and in the VA minister told and he told it is right. So then other than that about sitting comparing about the state and the cities just perfect. Because 50% of our pollution, pollutant get really attracted to us and it goes to the seas. Right. There is a system in the science also. So that is what it is a little bit neat. It is also very dirty. But there is no other way that in the daily pollution gets really substituted. You are understanding that overall I found but the thing is that you are there for service and revenue custom. GST you must be now proud. Nobody will ask about GST. It is literally in some other areas where you have to be very strong. Economics is something I wanted to really ask. I did not ask because I found after giving the answer economics also was strong. So overall you are giving very good answer but expectation will be very high because of your seniority in the movement for the last 6 years. You are working into the lines Delhi. So being prepared for complicated economic questions on the applied side. Both theoretically you are able to explain but applied side you must be prepared because some professor from Delhi will be there. But sir he will be able to do I know what is the basic theory in that book education the wealth of nation. Sir he talked about it way he talked about common theories that there is a growing inequality in the world. He said that finance capital inequality is there but if we look at it in terms of education we find that the differences between the countries are converging. To be clear where there is more education there is more income there. And there is more possibility of future incomes. The basic if an educated community has greater income. But whatever the way it may go you will be ready I think you will answer every question you have asked. But your experience is there. But the expectation will be very high that is what I know. The expectation is high. Achievement will also be high. What sir says it is like we really fulfill that aspiration and also get very good marks. At this stage my target is to get the maximum marks. Sir he is already in the civil service. Sir already service only. 6 years back. 2012 exam. 2013 I took the interview. 14 again I was there. Whatever is greater is not achieved easily. Achieved easily is not greater. But you know Tamil? Yes sir I am from Yes sir.  Do you think you will really make it to the top of this law? But sir still he is only 27 years old. Yes sir. No no ultimately I think 22 will cause past exam. He has a fair chance of being the chairman. Chairman yes. Of Central Golden Customs.  In terms of joint secretary at presently there is a disparity of almost 9 years between IASU and IASU. For me what motivates is the job factor. Now he told that answer. He has come out. Because he is into it so he knows that. Overall I found good. They will make it. It is not making it sir. But personal liking it. But prepare yourself. Because they are going to take a lot of IASU people now. Because IASU cattle is only 7800. They are demanding to be 1600. Because India is one of the lowest. Even Singapore has 700. So IASU cattle has to increase. Other IASU 6000. Revenue service income tax is around 5000. So all are very big cattle. And so far diplomacy is concerned. India needs a lot of more diplomats.  So this has taken a staggered manner foreign service. Thank you. When is your interview? 20th of March sir. 20th only. Thank you.


Santana is an American-Latin rock band formed in San Francisco, California in 1966 by Mexican-American guitarist Carlos Santana. The band first came to widespread public attention when their performance of Soul Sacrifice at Woodstock in 1969 provided a contrast to other acts on the bill. This exposure helped propel their first album, also named Santana, into a hit, followed in the next two years by the successful Abraxas and Santana 3. In the years that followed, line-up changes were common. Carlos Santana's increasing involvement with Guru Sri Chinmoy took the band into more esoteric music, though never quite losing its initial Latin influence. In 1998, Santana was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, with Carlos Santana, Jose Kepito Arias, David Brown, Greg Raleigh, Mike Carabello and Michael Shrieve being honored. The band has earned nine Grammy Awards and three Latin Grammy Awards, the latter all in 2000. Carlos also won a Grammy Award as a solo artist in 1988. Santana has sold more than 90 million records worldwide, making them one of the world's best-selling groups of all time. In 2013, Santana announced a reunion of the classic line-up for a new record, Santana 4 which was released in April 2016. They are tied for having the most won Grammys in one night. History 1967-72, Formation and Peak Years Early Days The band was formed in 1966 in San Francisco as the Santana Blues Band with the help of Tom Fraser. The first established members were Carlos Santana, lead guitar, Marcus Malone, percussion, Rod Harper, drums, Gus Rodriguez, bass guitar, and Greg Raleigh, lead vocals, Hammond Organ B3. The group's first audition with this line-up was at the Avalon Ballroom in the late summer of 1967. After the audition, Chet Helms, the promoter of the event, in concert with the family dog, told the band that they would never make it in the San Francisco music scene playing Latin fusion and suggested Carlos keep his day job washing dishes at Tick Tocks Inn on 3rd Street. By the time Santana began work on its debut album Santana, Malone had already left the band as he had been convicted of manslaughter and had started serving his sentence in Marin County's San Quentin State Prison. Woodstock and Breakthrough Ahead of Woodstock, Bill Gramm was asked to help with logistics and planning. Bill agreed to lend his help only if a new band he was championing, an unknown band called Santana was added to the bill. Santana was announced as one of the performers at the Woodstock Festival. The band started recording their 1969 debut album Santana in May 1969 and finished it in a month. Santana performed at the festival. Later that month, they released their debut album, which peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200 pop chart with the single Evil Ways being a top ten single in the US. Abraxas and Santana 3 Santana went on tour to promote their debut LP and started work on their next, Abraxas. Work began in mid-April 1970 at Wally Heider Studios in San Francisco and was completed in early May 1970. The album, highlighted by a reworking of Fleetwood Mac's Black Magic Woman, written by Fleetwood Mac founder Peter Green, that peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100, was released in September 1970 and rose to number one on the US Billboard 200. From January to July 1971 Santana worked on Santana 3. Released in September 1971, the album also reached number one on the US Billboard 200. At the peak of the band's popularity, the album was the last to feature its classic Woodstock era lineup. Caravansari Before recording their fourth album Caravansari, there had been multiple lineup changes. Bassist David Brown left in 1971 before recording started and was replaced by Doug Rock and Tom Rutley. Percussionist Michael Carabello left Santana and was replaced with two percussionists, Armando Paraza and Mingo Lewis. Keyboardist vocalist Greg Raleigh was replaced by Tom Koster on a few songs. Caravansari debuted at number eight on the pop charts, despite not spawning a hit single. 1973-79, experimentation and consolidation 13 months after Caravansari, Santana released Welcome. Welcome was the first of four consecutive albums to achieve gold certification, as opposed to the previous four, which all at least reached platinum status. The album was certainly a wake-up call for the band, as it peaked at number 25 on the Billboard 200, the lowest of the band's career so far. The next few albums contained a more experimental style than their previous work, beginning with Borboleta, which fared arguably worse than its predecessor, despite climbing five spots on the US charts. The group's 1975 release, Amigos, was far more successful. Reaching number 10 on the US charts, and also hitting the top 10 in France, Australia, New Zealand, Austria and the Netherlands, it was a form of return to the success of their early albums. Festival, somewhat contradicted that new found success, but was a short blip before another successful album, Moonflower, released in 1977. The album was possibly the most successful since Santana III achieving 2x platinum in the US, and being the first album since 1974's Borboleta, to break the top 10 in the UK. It was characterized by a stylistic shift for the band, as it contained heavier influences from the more conventional sound of the group's early work, while still maintaining the experimental sound of their last few albums. Their next two releases, Inner Secrets and Marathon, released in 1978 and 79, respectively, were a further musical shift for the band, moving away from the Latin fused rock music that had characterized their work in the late 1960's and the majority of the 70's, to move towards a more album oriented, conventional rock sound. These albums, however, fared poorly commercially, although both achieved gold status in the US. 1980-97, commercial decline and seven-year hiatus The 1980s started relatively brightly for Santana, with 1981's platinum selling Zbop, which also reached the top 20 in several countries, and continued the more conventional rock sound. The following year, Chango was released, this album marked a steep decline in the band's commercial fortunes, although it achieved gold status. The group waited another three years to release the follow-up, the longest break for them so far. 1985's Beyond Appearances, was a commercial failure, and their first album not to achieve gold certification. Their following three releases all continued this commercial decline, with the last of these failing to break the Billboard Top 100. In the midst of this commercial pitfall, the band stopped recording material for an unprecedented seven years but continued to tour. 1998-2001, best-selling album, Grammy Awards and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1998, with the group still being on hiatus, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. This proved only to be the start of better things to come for Carlos Santana and his band. Their 1999 release, Supernatural, debuted at number 19 on the Billboard 200, but the album's appeal began to snowball, and within 18 weeks it topped the US charts. The lead single released from the album, Smooth, hit the number one spot on the Hot 100, and sparked an unstoppable commercial frenzy, and by October 30 the album peaked at number one, and stayed there for 12 non-consecutive weeks. Not only was the album a hit in the US, it slowly began to spread worldwide, topping charts internationally. The second single released from the album, Maria Maria also hit the number one spot on the Hot 100. Eventually the album reached 15x platinum in the US, and sold 30 million copies worldwide. The album came 28 years after their last US number one, which was Santana 3 in 1971. According to Guinness Book of World Records, this is the longest gap between US number one albums for the same artist. Musically, the album represented a significant musical shift for the group. The album's predecessor, Malagro, contained strong hard rock influences in addition to the usual Latin rock. However, Supernatural, while still maintaining a Latin and blues rock core, showed influences from popular genres of the era, most notably alternative rock, and also pop rock and rand b. The album won nine Grammy Awards, including the award for album of the year, and also won three Latin Grammy Awards, including record of the year. Also noteworthy were the album's many collaborations, with the lead single featuring the lead vocals of popular matchbox 20-singer Rob Thomas. The second number one hit was recorded in collaboration with the product Gant B, and another popular single from the album, Put Your Lights On, featured hip-hop and alternative rock artist Everlast. Other guest artists included Eric Clapton, Eagle Eye Cherry, Lauren Hill, Dave Matthews, and Celo. 2002-12, dealing with newfound success. The follow-up to Supernatural came three years later and was highly anticipated by international media and fans alike. On October 22, 2002, Shaman was released worldwide. Although it initially sold briskly, 298,973 copies in the US in its first week, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, the album's appeal quickly wore off and it soon slid down the charts. Despite this, it went on to sell 2x platinum in the US, and achieved platinum status in several other countries including Australia. The first single released from the album, The Game of Love, which featured vocals from Michelle Branch, debuted at number five on the Hot 100. The album's next four singles failed to chart in most countries, but the final single, Why Don't You and I, featuring the vocals of Alex Band, reached number eight on the Hot 100. Musically, the album was a return to a more conventional sound for the group, with the mainly Latin rock-based sound. With their renewed appeal worn off, another three-year wait saw the release of 2005's All That I Am. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 but fared worse internationally, and quickly lost appeal. The album, a continuation of the Latin rock-influenced sound of Shaman, achieved gold certification in the US. A five-year break from recording saw the release of another studio album, 2010's Guitar Heaven. Musically it was a drastic change for the band, with a far heavier sound at its core and strong heavy metal influences. It debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 but marked another decline for the band, failing to achieve gold status. In 2012 the group released Shape Shifter, which returned to the conventional Latin rock sound and was completely album-oriented, as no singles were released from it. It debuted at number 16 on the Billboard 200. 2013–present, Reunion of the Classic Line-Up, Chorus on and Santana 4. On February 2, 2013, Carlos Santana confirmed that he would reunite his classic line-up, most of whom played Woodstock with him in 1969. Santana stated that he is reuniting the group with the intention of recording new music. Confirmed for the reunion are Neil Sean, who was in the band in the early 1970s where he traded lead guitar work with Santana before leaving with founding Santana singer-organist Greg Raleigh in 1973 to form Journey, drummer Mike Schrieve and percussionist Mike Carabello. Santana said of Raleigh, who played with Ringo Starr's All-Star Band for the last two years, �I�m pretty sure Greg�s going to do it.� In February 2013, Raleigh told Radio.com, �It�s, the reunion, just a matter of putting it together and going and doing it. I would do it. I think it�s a great idea. People would love it. It could be great.� In the meantime, Santana released on May 6, 2014 a new studio album entitled Corazon and on September 9, 2014, Corazon Live from Mexico, Live It to Believe It, a new live album, on CD, DVD and Blu-ray, of their show in December 14, 2013 in Guadalajara, Mexico. On April 15, 2016, Santana released Santana for the wildly anticipated studio album that reunites the early 1970s classic lineup of Carlos Santana, guitar, vocals, Greg Raleigh, keyboards, lead vocals, Neil Sean, guitar, vocals, Michael Carabello, percussion, and Michael Schrieve, drums. The album marks the first time in 45 years since 1971�s multi-platinum classic Santana 3 that the quintet has recorded together. The origins for the reunion go back several years, when Sean suggested that he and Carlos Santana record together. Santana liked the idea but went one better, proposing that they recruit Raleigh, Schrieve and Carabello for what would be called Santana 4. After initial writing sessions and rehearsals took place in 2013, the group recorded throughout 2014 and 2015, amassing 16 new tracks that combined all their signature elements Afro-Latin rhythms, soaring vocals, electrifying blues psychedelic guitar solos, and irrepressible jubilant percussion work. About the Santana 4 team, Santana stated, �It was magical, we didn�t have to try to force the vibe it was immense. From there, we then needed to come up with a balance of songs and jams that people would immediately identify as Santana.� Santana 4 features 16 all-new tracks written and produced by the band. Joining the core Santana 4 band in the studio are current Santana members Carl Parazzo, Percussion, and Benny Rietwald, bass, with vocalist Ronald Isley guesting on two cuts. The first single from Santana 4 entitled �Anywhere You Want to Go!� was released on February 5, 2016. On October 21, 2016, Santana released Santana 4, live at the House of Blues Las Vegas on Eagle Rock Entertainment, a new, 151 minutes, live album, on DVD Blue Ray 2 CD, of their concert on March 21, 2016 at the House of Blues, Las Vegas, Nevada.


Good afternoon. My name is Dr. Ambaresh Kumar and now we are going to start a discussion session on presentation skills. I am sure that most of you have gone through the lecture slides on data presentation and presentation skills. So let us try to discuss if you have any questions, doubt, I will try to answer all of those. Let us go to Malana Ajat College. Sir, my question is related to workplace communication. Yes, in particular on what? Sir, I want to ask that sometimes in a communication there occurs a situation, we call it snowball effect. How to come over it or how to prevent it? For this, I am not the best person to answer this question. So I will suggest that you please post this question into the discussion forum and she would answer it. Okay? If you have any questions related to data presentation and presentation skills, please ask that and I would clarify that. Please post your question in the discussion forum. Knowledge institute, Salem. Hello. Good evening, sir. Good evening. I am Sharad from Knowledge Institute of Technology. My question is based on when we are working in a corporate company and that too in a team, how to manage with the team, sir? Because as we are engineering students, we are given a lot of training on how to deal with latest technologies and missionaries, but we are not even concerned about how to deal with people. In a big corporate company, we have to know how to deal with people so that we can develop the product in a great manner. My great thing is that how to create a bond between the colleagues so that we can do that product even better. Sharad, very good question, but I would say that again, this question is not something which is related to my module on data presentation. So what I will suggest that please post this question in the discussion forum and the concerned faculty member will answer your question. Is there any question related to data presentation from your college, from any student? Hello, sir. Good afternoon. I am Divya from Mechanical Engineering. Now we are in the third year, sir. We are going to go to fourth year and we are in a level where we have to present a project and we have like we cannot put all the details in the project. It should be like 2 to 3 pages of the project and it should be in a clear manner how to present itself. Okay. Again, this something which is not related to this module, but I would say that whenever you are writing a report, please make sure, please write it in such a way. What you should do? You should really emphasize why you are doing this project, why it is so important and what will be the outcome of this project. Okay. So other than this, I think what you should also do, post this question on the discussion forum and the concerned faculty member who has covered the presentation skills module will answer this question in a detailed manner. The centres which have questions related to my module, the module by Professor Ambar Richmore should raise the hand and I will be very happy to answer all of those questions. For other sections, you please post a question on the discussion forum and the concerned faculty member will answer your queries. Asia Pacific Institute, Haryana. Sir, I am Anupama Mishra and I am from Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology Panipat. I have a question for you. When it is appropriate for a speaker to use humor, why he is presenting? So her question is why it is important for a speaker to put some humor in the talk or whenever he or she is doing the teaching. When you are teaching, it is very important that you are basically keeping the entire class with you and therefore it is often a good idea to put something which is let us say not even related to the subject and it keeps the students interested in your talk. I mean that is the simple answer I have. This is Yastraj Bharadwaj from Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology. So my question is I was going to the PPT mentioned in the IT Bombay site and I saw a line like written drafts should not be using variables. How should we plot the variables on a graph? Normally when you are making a two dimensional plot, you have two axis, one of them is called horizontal axis and the other one is called vertical axis or y axis. So when you are making a plot between x and y that means you are trying to understand the relation between two variables x and y ok. So whatever is your x variable, you put that thing on the x axis and whatever is the variable which is related to the vertical axis you put that thing on the y axis. If you are trying to look at the connection between two variables x and y, one variable will be on the x axis and the other variable will be on the y axis. So basically if you are making a plot between just two variables or 2D plot, one variable on one axis and the other variable on the other axis. Does that answer your question? Question is how do we select the variable? Ok question is how do we select the variable. So whenever you are you have to make a plot, there are two things there are variables can be of two types. One of them can be called independent variable and the other one is called dependent variable. Independent variable is the one ok which decides the value of the dependent variable. For example, if you are engineering student you know that if you write y is equal to fx then in that case y is a function of x. X is considered as an independent variable and y is taken as a dependent variable. So whenever you are making a plot, your independent variable has to be normally on the x axis or on the horizontal axis and your dependent variable has to be always on the vertical axis or on the y axis. I mean by looking at the variables itself, it is very easy to identify which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable. Scale a graph according to like if you are having a really big data, how do we scale a graph? Independent data is not that big but the dependent one is larger one. Ok. So how do we scale it? Very good question. Excellent question. So his question is if your dependent data is very large, how do you scale it? So normally when you are talking about the dependent variable whose values can differ by a large order of magnitude that means suppose you have a dependent variable whose value can go from let us say 0.001 to up to something like 10 to the power 6, 10 to the power 7 and so on. In those cases people do not use a normal graph paper. In those cases people use something called a logarithmic graph paper. It is very common in electrical engineering that people try to look at the variation of the frequency over a big range. So sometimes people go from very small frequency let us say 10 hertz and they go to mega hertz and giga hertz. Now if you have to plot such a big variation, you cannot use a normal graph paper. In those cases people use something called a logarithmic graph paper. So whenever your range of variable is I mean the values of the variable quantities are dependent variable is very large. In that case you do not use the axis as a normal axis. In those cases people use something called a logarithmic axis and in the market if you go you will also find log graph papers ok. They are also called log papers. Did you get the answer to your question? Thank you sir. I got it. But one last question. Yes please. It was written there was a statement there do not use figures unnecessarily and pace and are costly what like costly means there. Ok the thing is that normally if you are writing a paper and if you are sending it to publishing house most of the publishing house charge you some money for publishing your paper ok and normally it goes by the number of figures and the number of pages that are there in your manuscript ok. So if you are having and there is also a policy sometimes they do not charge for the black and white figures. But if your figures are colored figures then they charge a lot of money and normally people in developing countries do not have that huge amount of money to pay. First point I was trying to make is that try to reduce the length of your article if you can do because it will save the number of pages. And the second thing is that since graphs take a lot of space there are some trivial observations you should not probably put them in the main text of the paper. You can if you can replace them by some statement that will be really good. That way you can save the page charge edge ok. Thank you. Thank you. Good afternoon sir. Good afternoon. I just want to ask you if a group of people are working on a one project and individually they have their own analysis and if we want to represent that all of those analysis you know one report how we can represent that in a data structure or you know other formats. Ok. Very good question. His question is that suppose there is a group of people who have worked on one project everything is identical and everyone has got his own analysis how you will present that data in one single graph right. So normally when you have a collection of data and you want to show you do not want to show the observation of just one person but you want to show the observation of the entire group. Similarly in those cases what you can do you can take the average of all of those observations for the selected number of data points and plot the average and if you want to show that how much was the variation for each of the individuals of that group you can also plot the standard deviation. Ok. Thank you sir. Good evening sir. 1 0 6 1 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. Good evening. Is the graphical interpretation necessary for after presentation? Well as I think I have also mentioned in the lecture that normally people do not like to see the numbers ok. People like to see the things visually. So let us see if you have an observation or a data set then the best thing is that do not show the data as such. If you can make a nice graph out of your data that is the best thing you can do and if you want to even take that thing one level up then if you can make the animation or video of how the things are varying with time that would be the best thing to include in a presentation. Thank you sir. And one more question. Yes. As I am an IT student let me know in our field where does the graphical necessity would be? I mean nowadays most of the IT students go to the software companies right. Nowadays a new thing has started in this world and that is called data mining where a huge chunk of data is available from various resources and people are trying to analyze the data ok. And this is where it becomes very important to understand using the data which is already which has been already generated and let us say is available either in a private domain or in a open forum how do you use that data to make conclusions about different things. So I think it is very important for even IT student to learn how to make sense of the huge amount of data which is available. I would also like to add that I mean if you do a Google search you will find that a lot of business companies like Google, Amazon and other things in order to sell their product they do a lot of data mining that means they try to understand the behavior of the consumers and other things what kind of products they are buying. And in order to understand all of that it becomes very important to understand what kind of data you should collect and how you should present it to the say your company board. Thank you sir. 1-2-0-5 go ahead for your question. Hello, good afternoon sir. Sir my name is Prince, I am from MGM college of Noida and we want to ask one question that how to represent it is a scenario based question that is the Oracle has recently removed many engineers from the department and it has got the profit of 5% from its business and earn profit from more than 10% from it removing on the employees. How to interpret that such kind of data in qualitative and quantitative? Well, the thing is that I cannot make a comment on these kind of company decisions until I have already seen the data from the companies ok. So, I do not know what kind of data the company CEOs and other things have seen and based on that they have made the interpretation. Since I do not have any knowledge about that data I cannot make any comment on that. Sir that is another question that how to get relate such kind of data but it is correct or incorrect how to get the removal of price data from that. I think one of the things which I mentioned in my lectures let us say if you are trying to make a graph ok. One of the things which you should see that if you have a trend in the graph and if you see that if there are some data points are not following that trend then probably you should go and check back whether the observation which you made for that those particular data points were correct or not that is the only way to check. I mean check see if there is a trend in the data and if there are data points which are deviating from a given trend only that is the way to find out whether your data is correct or not. Most of the data points are following a trend and there are few of them which are not following a given trend then it is possible that you have made some mistakes in the measurement while doing any calculation or anything like that. Good evening sir. My name is Megha. We have a question that if we have some raw data how do we set it like in which form we should represent it in a presentation. Ok. Can I ask you to be more specific when you say raw data, raw data collected from what kind of source? You are in your lectures you have mentioned that figures should be used more often in case when representing the data rather than tabular form. Right. So if I have some data a survey of a college students on their marks or something like that in what form should it be represented in a presentation? Well obviously if the number of students in your college are 1000 then if you are going to put that thing it will take several, several pages right. And if you want to make a presentation let us say this was the performance of the students in a given exam for this college then obviously you cannot show these 1000 numbers to anyone. In those cases you have to make a plot because people do not have time to look at those 1000 data points. So best strategy when you have a huge chunk of data and you have to show the group statistics best thing is to make a plot. Does that answer your question? Yes sir. Thank you sir. 1043. Go ahead for your question. Good afternoon sir. My students will ask you a question. Hello sir. Good afternoon. Myself Krishna Dhikkar. What is significant of outlay? Whenever you want to see let us say correlation between two variables. You make something called a scatter plot ok. Idea behind making a scatter plot is that you want to see if these two variables have any correlation ok. Now it is possible that when you are making a scatter plot some of the data points may not follow a trained ok. It is possible that some of the data points might be completely off from the trained and those data points are called outliers. Now there are two things which can happen. One possibility is that you got the outlier due to some mistake or you made a mistake while doing the calculation. So outliers are those things which are not following the trained and whenever you are getting an outlier in a scatter plot it is always a good idea to go back and check that particular data points to find out whether you have really made a mistake or your outlier point is telling you something interesting about that particular data point or observation ok. Thank you sir. Good afternoon sir. Good afternoon. Sir I wanted to ask you about data interpretation like it is used for seen exams whatever exams you are preparing for like there is some weightage. So can you please show me how can we memorize it easily? How can we memorize what? I mean I am not sure what you mean by data interpretation. Can you be more specific? So what she wants to ask is how can we use all these graphs and charts and whatever the data presentation methods available to us for better memory retention for exams and all those things. Basically what I will suggest that you know there are different kind of plots which a student can make ok and these different kind of plots are made for different kind of purposes. So one of the things which you have to learn is that which type of plot or graph is appropriate for which type of data. If you just remember that one I think your job is done and whenever you have a new type of data you can always deal with it and you can make the appropriate kind of plot for that. So I think this is not something which is there is a lot of information which you have to memorize. All you have to memorize is if you want to see you if you want to get a certain kind of interpretation from a given graph what kind of graph you should be making. How is it different kinds of graphs or plots? There are only a couple of them. Good afternoon sir. Where we are getting quantum data which is in 4D where do you represent that in 2D or how to represent that in 4D data in 2D? So normally what people do I mean 4D is something which is very hard to visualize because we live in a 3D world. Is it correct? Yes. You agree with me? So our intuition is only for the 3D world. So normally what people do a lot of variables and you want to see how the things are varying then in that case out of those 4 variables you can fix the value of one of the variables at a given point and then you make a 3D plot. Then you make a second 3D plot by fixing the variable of value of the fourth variable at some other point and this is how you can make the visual representation of your 4D data. All you have to do is that out of 4 possible variables take few values of the fourth variable and then make the 3D plots for those. Okay. So which type of chart or graph we have to use in that data? In those cases you have to make a 3D plot and there are a lot of software which can do it. For example, one of the commercial software is Matlab and then other than that there are also many other ones like GNU plot which is the open source one. They are also open source version of Matlab which one can use. So there are many software which are available both commercially as well as as an open source for making the 3D plots. You have to do a Google search. Okay. Thank you sir. Good afternoon sir. Good afternoon. So my question is in data I am a student in your student we have errors in data in serving of land we have errors. So how to represent that error? Well, I mean whenever you say error what kind of errors are those when you make a mistake in recording your data like what kind of errors? The reading type of data observation. So basically what you can do I am not sure whether if you are doing the things correctly then you should not be get anything like an error. Okay. There can be just a variation in the data. If your measurements are correct okay all you can expect is the variation in the measurement right. You are trying to measure the value of a certain quantity. If you are doing it or your friend is doing it data is going to be slightly different because everyone has a slightly different style of recording the data okay. So what you can do in those cases if there is a variability which is coming because of the change of the person okay or change of the day or anything in those cases you basically plot the data take the average of the data along with that you also show the standard deviation. Okay sir. Thank you sir. Double one three one go ahead for your question. Good afternoon sir. Good afternoon. So my question is that can you give us a brief knowledge about the error bars with a real time example how to represent the data if using error bars giving an example If you have gone through the lecture slides there are many different kind of error bars okay. Real life example is go to your lab go to your lab and let us see you are trying to a group of students are trying to measure let us say length of a rod okay. Now everyone is using the same scale okay rod is same but if different students are measuring it their readings might be slightly off from one another right. So question is how you will present their data because one student records something as the other one for other one it can be slightly different. And therefore along with the average of the length of the rod you have to also say what was the variation okay. So in those cases either you can plot you can report the length of the rod along with either standard deviation or standard error of the mean. So basically you can find out many real life examples in the lab itself okay. I just give you example of measurement but there could be many other things. Sir one more question is there. Suppose we have to represent a data in which more than two entities are there. So which is the best way to represent the data. What do you mean by more two entities means you have total two dependent variables or just the one independent variable and one dependent variable. Sir there would be one independent variable out of which other two are dependent on this. So in those cases people can make a 3D plot. So what you do on x axis you plot the independent variable and y on y and z axis you plot the dependent variable. So rather than making a 2D plot you have to make a 3D plot and as I said to some other college that there are many commercial as well as free softwares for making the 3D plots. Thank you sir. 1058 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. Good evening. I am Ritika from third year computer engineering and the question is based on error bars. How do I add error bars on scatter plots? So you can always add the error bars on the scatter plot okay. Normally if you are making a scatter plot then you are just plotting the average of the data okay. Let us say you are making a scatter plot so each of the data point if it is just not single observation then on the scatter plot actually you are plotting the average of the values for each of the data points and then along with that average either you can use the standard division if you want to show the spread of the data or you can show the standard of the mean if you want to show the variability of the mean. So it is possible to plot the error bars. 1228 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. I am Vibhiana Preeti from Loyla Aikam college. Sir actually can you suggest some formal presentation and data visualization tools for us to give a good presentation. Well I think most of the people who like to work on a window system most of them use power point and people who work on let us say Linux system in those cases people use open office. So those are the main tools which people use for making the presentation. I am not sure if that was your question. And then for graph plotting you can use different kind of software. For example even Microsoft Excel can give you very good plots similarly open office if you go to the open office you can also make very good 2D plots. If you want to make 2D as well as 3D plots you can use something called GNU plot in both Windows and Linux. And other than that if you want to make really very good for scientific papers then people use something called GRACE or XM GRACE. Thank you sir. Center 1178 go ahead for your question. Sir how can we use PID graph using scatterplot. I will say that what you have to do in this case it will be very hard to normally scatterplot is made between only 2 variables. So what you have to do you have to keep make the many many scatterplots by fixing the values of all the remaining 3 variables. Even in 3D you can make a scatterplot but if you want to make it I mean if you have a 5 variables then you have to fix the constant value of the 2 variables only then it is possible. Next question is how to maintain one body language at presentation. I will say that body language is something which I do not cover in my module this is covered by some other instructor. So please post your question on the discussion forum and the concerned instructor will reply back to your question. Center 1318 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. My question is is there any point rule that can help me to determine which data points I can skip in my presentation. Well I would say that when you are working on a problem I think and you are going to present it. I think you are the best person to decide what is the important thing to say and what is not so important. I think when you are making a presentation you have to decide what is very important for people to show and what is less or not so important to show. So I think when you are making a presentation it is you who is going to decide which is the most important part of my work which I should present to the people. You are the person who knows it best. What is the important part of the work which I have done? Also sir when I am presenting my presentation should I try to keep it as simple as possible or should I present the most data I can. Although it is not directly related to my module but what I will say that whenever you are making a presentation. In front of you there might be a group of people who do not know anything about your field. There might be people who have some idea about the problem and there might be very expert people. And when you are making a presentation it is very important keep this thing in mind that your presentation should be in such a way that everyone should at least understand some of it. So I think it is a good idea to keep the presentation simple and it is very important to show only your important data okay even if you have a huge set of data collection but if it does not give any information to the people okay there is no point of showing it. Thank you sir. Gentle 1-1-5-4 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. I am K. S. Peder. Fine layer mechanical engineering from Tante Priyar Government Institute of Technology. My question is I take the one exponential equation. The equation is two variables available. I take the only one variable is the input and another one is the output. I have put in the input is more than 300 data, 300 data output is available. I use this equation. I directly represent the this output in graph. Two method is follow. Okay so you have 300 data points as an input to the equation and then you are getting 300 data points as output. What is the question now? Exponential equation directly represented in graph. Exponential equation you have 300 input points and you are getting 300 output points right. So what is your question? I do not find out the data output but I directly represented in graph. Two method I follow. One of the things you can do you can write a small code and you put all of those 300 data points if they are equally spaced then even a small computer program will give you all of those 300 y values for the exponential function okay. Or if you want to make both plot as well as you want to get the values one of the best thing you can do you can put your x variable in a column in a excel file you put the formula for the variable in the second column and just use the drag option it will give you all the y values and then you make a plot in the excel itself or open office. Okay sir that input is less than 10 or under means is okay. But more than 300 is time consumption is very large. So how do I follow the easy method because I do the main project. Calculation time consumes very much because 300 data is available. So I directly represent the output in graph. Less than 100 means it is possible to calculate calculating by directly. But more than 300. No, so what I am saying that means you already have 300 data points x data points and you want to get the corresponding y data points right. And you have some exponential function right. So y is equal to fx right. So if you do not want to do a calculation by hand what I am saying write a small simple computer program okay. Which where you can read the x values from a file and then do the calculation using that computer program it will just take one line. And then you write all the output values in another file you can get everything. So read the data input data from a file and do the calculation and then write the output data for those 300 data points in a file. Very simple it will not take more than 2 minutes. Why did you know the computer programming otherwise you can take the help from excel. You type in all the 300 values and then you use the exponential function and then use the drag option it will give you everything in a minute okay. Okay sir but it is the best language for creating the program okay. So what I will say that one of the simplest language which I use is called formula translation for drawn okay. Then nowadays C language is very often used in many colleges. So one can use C, C++, Java okay. He just wants to learn our Fortran and C. Scientific calculation people use Fortran. Sir could you please clarify or support the outline. Okay so outliers are the data so suppose you are making a scatter plot between one independent variable and a dependent variable. Normally if you are trying to see the correlation you will see a trend. But if you find that there is some data point which is not following a trend okay. Then that data point will be called outlier. You can have outliers only in scatter plot. Yes I mean in general even in if you are making a 2D plot if there is a if you see a trend and if something which is out of trend then it is possible that one that thing can be also outlier. Could be due to mistake of your measurement or could be due to mistake of your calculation. Sir I cannot understand. So I am saying that outliers are normally seen when you are making a plot between a dependent variable and independent variable. That means when you are making an X and Y plot. So scatter plots are normally used to see the correlation between two sets of data okay. Let us say how does the temperature of a place varies when you go to different heights okay. We know that if you if you try to make that kind of plot what we know that as we go to high and higher and higher heights the temperature decreases okay. Now suppose you are trying to do this measurement. Ideally you expect that the trend of the graph should be linearly decreasing with the height. But it is possible that when you are making that plot one or two data points is not following that linear trend. It is not along that linear curve okay. So those points will be called outliers. Okay sir I understand what is outlier. But I am asking we have outliers only in scatter plots. Yes normally in the scatter plot which is a plot between independent variable and dependent variable you see the if there is data point which is of the trend that point is called outliers. So it is defined for the scatter plots. Thank you. Center 1151 go ahead for your question. What are the cases in table representation is better than the graph representation. What are the cases where table representation is better than graph representation okay. So when you have just a few data points when making a graph may not convey that much information I think in those cases you can make a table. But if your data set is really used then you should really avoid the table. So what I will say that when you have a large set of data and a data has a trend which you can see visually then in those cases you should use graph and if your data set is small okay and normally if you do not see expect to see a trend in the visual representation you should use a table. Thank you sir. One more question. Yes. Sir I want to ask that should I have audio or video presentation in the video representation in the presentation. Okay so very related question but very good question. So first thing is that when you are making a presentation don't put a lot of text a lot of text on your slides because you know if you put the text then people will be just reading the text and they will not be listening to you. I mean that is that is what the human nature is and that is what my perception is and therefore use less amount of text then if you if you have to present a data point a set of data let's say then you make a graph instead of a table okay because people like to see the things visually and if your let's say data is varying with time okay and if you want to see something which is varying with time or if you want to see any variation if you can make a visual representation of that in form of animation okay then I think that is the best thing to do okay so I think graph is better but video is the best especially when you are doing a working in the area of biology most of the times people also put the videos or animation of their observations or their calculations so the short message is that graph is always better than text and video or animation is always better than a graph. What are the common power point errors that we should avoid? One of the common power point error is don't use too many slides okay because many people start to make the power point slides they just don't keep a track of the time when people are doing a teaching or presentation normally they make a huge number of slides and it turns out that most of the time they are not able to finish their presentation in time that is the first mistake they make okay the second thing is that they try to put a lot of text on one slide that is something one should avoid okay if you put a lot of text they end up spending a lot of time in going through that text okay and sometimes the font size is so small that people who are sitting even at a distance of 1 or 2 meter cannot see okay those are the common mistakes which people make while making PPT presentations. Thank you sir. One more question what are the things that I should keep in mind while like starting the design of the presentation? First thing is that let's say when you are giving a research talk or anything which you should do you should try to spend some time on giving the introduction of the problem and why you are working it and why it is important. Sir 1, 2, 9, 2 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir I am Akash Adho and sir my question is from a given graph can we detect the quantitative characteristics as well as quality Yes of course when you have a graph it gives you both the information at the same time it gives you the quantitative information of the data let's say you have made a plot between the height of a place and temperature of a place okay so for each of the heights you know the temperature okay so that is the quantitative information now let's say when you look at this graph you see that it has a decreasing trend okay so this also tells you qualitatively that if you go to higher and higher heights then the temperature decreases so a graph actually can help you to make both quantitative observation as well as qualitative observations. Thank you sir. Good evening sir I have one question how can we use a chart of making effective presentation on any topic? Which type of chart? Whenever you have to present data okay either from an experiment or from an observation and if you want to make a presentation in that case you have to make a chart to present that data okay in other cases it is not required only if you have a data to show only then you show a plot or chart. Any other question? Thank you sir. Center 1162 go ahead for your question. Good evening sir. Good evening. My question is that as you have explained earlier that the general convention while representing an independent and dependent variable in a two-dimensional graph is that we normally plot the independent variable in an x axis and then the dependent variable goes on y axis. Yes. But the economists do not think to follow this convention like specifically in case of demand and supply graph like is there any special reason behind it? The price which is usually when we plot price and quantity in a demand graph or a supply graph. What we do is that we plot price which is usually an independent variable on y axis and then the quantity which is dependent on y axis. So you are talking about a 3D plot right? Price, demand and supply. No it's price and quantity. So there are two variables price and quantity and what is your question? And usually price independent variable and quantity demanded depends upon price like if you alter the price there is a change in quantity demanded. Yeah of course it is very obvious right that if something is very expensive I will not buy it and therefore I mean people will not buy it until they are really in a great need of that ok. In those cases it is the price which decides whether people are going to buy it or not. In those cases if people plot the demand on the y axis I think it is reasonable to do it. But normally the convention in economics is that we plot this price on y axis quantity demanded on x axis. Ok. So what I will suggest you because I am not from the field of economics please post this question in the discussion forum I will look at the reference book and if you have some reference book please also write that from which reference book you are quoting this and I will try to answer your question why it is like that in the field of economics ok. Then from what we use in science and engineering ok. There is one more question. Yes. How do we differentiate this moderation and medias whenever we are studying relationship between two variables let say three variables and we will not know the nature of all three variables. So how do we go about studying if any of these variables is and moderation and mediation effect like how do we identify these things. For the first time whenever we are studying some let say in exploratory three variables. Two of them are dependent and independent. Let say the third variable we want to know what kind of effect it has on this or how does it affect the relationship. How do we go about. We are using the word moderation and. Mediation. Again I am not from the field of economics. So what I will say that whatever you have you are asking very specific question from the field of economics and unfortunately I am not from the field of economics. So I will say that you please post this question I will look at the book and then I will answer your question because I do not want to give a wrong answer I am not from the field but I will read your question I will try to answer it. Thank you very much. It looks like if there is any question please hand raise otherwise if you do not have any questions as of now please post them on the discussion forum and we will answer those questions. So if there are no further questions we will end this session and I would like to thank you for being a part of this discussion. Yes please go ahead. Hello sir I am Alisha. Good evening sir. Good evening. Yes Alisha please go ahead with your question. Okay sir so my question is what sequence should we follow to represent the data in which sequence we can present the data in a better manner. I will answer it. So first thing is that when you are collecting data you are working on a problem right. So first thing is that you state the problem for the audience that what is the problem and why this problem is important then you discuss the methodology solving that problem okay. How did you collect the what was the methodology for collecting that data and then you show them that okay look I have collected this data and this the this how the data looks like these are the plots and then you try to make the inference from the data okay. So the data which I have collected for this particular problem tells me this this and this. So you then you make your conclusions based on what is the right sequence to do the things. Okay sir thank you I have one question more. Yes. So what should we add what should we can add to the data representation to make it more catchy to make it more interesting. So I think I have already answered it for some of the colleges whenever you are showing a data okay. If a data shows a trend do mention that there is a trend in the data okay and then if you can make an animation of your data something is changing with time or something is changing with the distance okay if things are changing if your data shows that things are changing then if you can make an animation of that that will be the best thing to do rather than showing the graph itself because graph gives you a static picture okay and if you make an animation people like to see the and if you show the things are varying in your presentation then it it is it really makes people interested in your work. Okay sir thank you hello sir Hello. Present the more data like the people count of village and number of women men and again the educated people non-educated people all data related to village put in one single graph it is allowed. So let us say if you have gone to a village and you have made different kind of observation number of educated people and like that right that is what is your question in these cases what you are doing you are although you are making the observation over one population let us say population in a village but your data sets are not related to one another like you are looking at the number of educated people number of uneducated people let us say their weight their height other things so in these cases I think what you can make is a bar chart and each of these observations like number of educated people will be one bar number of uneducated people will be one bar and then number of people let us say with kids will be one bar and so on yes you can show them all of them in one one graph. Thank you sir. Good evening sir. I am Tahir from Pacific Institute of Technology Uduku. Sir my question is which software is used to draw the graph in civil engineering? Which software is used to draw the graph in civil engineering? Well I am not a person from civil engineering but I do work on traffic problems ok and for me any software which can make 2D plots like I work on let us say I look at traffic flow on a road ok so for making those kind of plots like flux versus density I can use any software available excel or xm grace or anything so it really depends on like you know civil engineering is a very big field I am not sure about which particular problem you are working on it really depends on like what you really want to represent so I cannot give you very particular advice but for me most of the things which fall into the domain of civil engineering for me can be done using any plotting software. Thank you sir. Now we are closing this discussion session and I would like to thank you for being with me for this session.