Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Iyer's Academy, displayed on the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and their page numbers in Chennai, Delhi, Bengaluru and Thiruvananthapuram editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping of the displayed articles are provided in the description box and for the benefit of mobile phone viewers, the time stamping is also provided in the comment section. Now let's move on to the first news article. This news article is about the Indian form of secularism and its link with the lessons and the beliefs of Swami Vivekananda. We have highlighted here the relevant parts of the syllabus that can be linked to the analysis of this news article. The author states that the secular ideals of India have their roots in the constitution. The author may be referring to a set of rights given under the right to freedom of religion under part three of Indian constitution. When we say set of rights and the right to freedom of religion, we refer to articles 25 to 28. See article 25 one says that all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and they have the right freely to profess, practice and propagate religion. But this is subjected to public order, morality and health. And article 26 says that every religious denomination or any section shall have the right to establish and maintain institutions for the purpose of religion and charity. See these are some of the provisions in Indian constitutions that are mentioned as fundamental rights and these define the facets of Indian secularism. These are also the reason why the author is saying that Indian secularism respect the belief or it respects the credo of sarva dharma samabhava which means equal respect for all religions. The author says that early Hindu nationalists, they opposed this idea of equal respect for all religions and in fact we know that Mahatma Gandhi was one of the strongest proponents of equal respect for all religions. The author states that Nathuram Godse is one of a Hindu nationalist who opposed this idea of Mahatma Gandhi and has assassinated him. And the Hindu nationalist also saw the provision of two nations as one nation for Muslims and one nation for Hindus. And this notion has gained prominence in the present time more than any other time in the post colonial history. As an example, the author cites the recent bifurcation of the Muslim majority state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories and also the removal of special status to the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir. And these developments are viewed by the author as taking a path away from the Indian secularism. Now if you see western secularism, it focuses only on the separation of church from the state. Now this means the church should not involve in the decision making of the state or the nation. In international context, the word state means the country or the nation. That is why whenever we study the members of a particular international organization, we call them as member states. Just as western secularism, Indian secularism also is clear about the non-involvement of religious institutions in the decision making of all citizens. But while ensuring that, it also gave equal respect and equal protection of all religions. And we should also know that Indian form of secularism opposes the social practices that are there because of some religious traditions in certain religions. Say for example, Sati in Hinduism and the practice among some Muslim husbands declaring triple the lock leading to the decision of female spouses. Or you take for example, untouchability or child marriage. And Indian secularism encourages intercast marriages. So therefore, Indian secularism has a facet of providing room for state supported religious reform. And Indian secularism deals not only with religious freedom of individuals, but also religious freedom of minority communities. See according to article 29 and 30 of Indian Constitution, we can say that religious minorities have the right to exist and the right to maintain their culture and educational institutions. So these are some of the ways in which Indian secularism, how it differs from the way secularism is followed in the west and also in some of our neighboring countries. And according to the preamble of Indian constitution, the people of India have resolved to constitute India as a secular nation with the liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship. So these are some of the reasons why the author states that the secular ideals of India have their roots in the constitution of India. Then the author talks about Swami Vivekananda and how Indian secularism has its deep spiritual connection in his beliefs. Vivekananda was a strong proponent of India as a multicultural nation that is rooted in religious tolerance and in modernity. He was known all across the world for his famous speech at the world parliament of religions. He called the audience of this parliament as the brothers and sisters. After this Chicago address in the world parliament of religions, Vivekananda established Vedanta society in New York. See this Vedanta society bases its teachings on the system of Vedanta as explained by Sri Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda. We know that Vivekananda is a social and also a religious reformer and also a strong supporter scientific modernization or scientific advancements and according to him all religions lead to same destination or same goal and therefore all religions have to be equally respected. And in the article the author highlights three important and novel facets of Hindu life as stressed by Swami Vivekananda. One is that Indian tradition for a long period of time believed not only in religious tolerance but also in accepting that all religions are true. If we see the Chicago address made by Swami Vivekananda, he has mentioned that we believe not only in universal toleration but also we accept all religions as true. Swami has said that Hinduism is incomplete without Buddhism and Buddhism is incomplete without Hinduism. Hinduism is incomplete without Buddhism because Buddhism has emerged as an alternate platform and it has embraced the concept of social equality. And when we say Buddhism is incomplete without Hinduism, this is because the fundamental tenets of Buddhism lie in Hinduism and this has been expanded by Gautama Buddha. Buddha has refined some of the goals of Hinduism such as say liberation or moksha or even artha or the earning rightful money for sustenance and Buddha has expanded these goals and has propounded astangiga marga to provide inclusive and equal treatment to all sections of the society. And Vivekananda has also stated that in the banner of every religion soon it will be written as help and not fight, assimilate and not distract and harmony and peace and not dissension. The word dissension though it has the general meaning as disagreement or dissent in this context of the news article it takes the meaning of lack of unity or here dissension means presence of rivalry. That means Swami has stressed that there shall not be rivalry but harmony and peace. Swami Vivekananda has also established Ramakrishna mission in the year 1897 and the purpose of establishment of this mission is to work for education and health care through schools and hospitals for the underprivileged or for the poor or for the all sections of the society. This mission was named as Ramakrishna mission in remembrance of his famous mentor Ramakrishna Paramahansa. The author says that the reform agenda of Vivekananda had large number of supporters in America and Europe and they came and helped him in establishing this Ramakrishna mission. See these are some of the efforts taken by Vivekananda with respect to cultural resurgence and also in carrying out religious reforms and through which Vivekananda has laid strong foundations for the nationalist movement in our country. Vivekananda has emphasized that India has to trade or sell the Indian spirituality of giving equal respect to all religions to the West and we should take in the scheme of scientific modernization from the West. The author states that Vivekananda has also strongly supported or he was strongly behind the idea of India's scientific modernization. He has supported India's plant physiologist and physicist in his scientific projects and one of his American disciple has helped both to get patent for his scientific discoveries even in the United States and Swami Vivekananda has also inspired Jamshadji Tata to establish Indian Institute of Science and also to establish Tata Iron and Steel Company. See these are some of the instances that showed Vivekananda's strong support for India's scientific modernization and also the technological developments and to uplift the conditions of Indian women. Swami has invited women leaders in foreign countries. One such leader was an Irish teacher by the name Margaret Noble. She was called as Sister Niveditha by Vivekananda to serve the poor in other words to serve God. This is because Vivekananda has said that service to the poor is the service to God and the Irish teacher has also opened and inaugurated a school for girls in Calcutta so as to promote their education and contribute in their upliftment and you may note the contribution made by Sister Niveditha with respect to the contribution of persons of foreign origin with respect to upliftment of Indian women. Then the author talks about the influence of Vivekananda on the makers of modern India. His influence has made Mahatma Gandhi, Javakarlal Nehru and Subash Chandra Bose so as to challenge the two-nation theory. They opposed the two-nation theory as they stood for Hindu-Muslim unity and the author says that Swami was an influence behind them. Vivekananda has defined religion as the service to the poor. He used the term Dharidra Narayan. That means service to the poor is service to God. This philosophy has influenced Mahatma Gandhi to call the socially rejected and socially oppressed masses in India as children of God in other words Harijan and the father of the nation has also stated that it is because of Swami Vivekananda's teaching his love towards India has grown many fold. See, these are some of the ways in which the life and words of Swami Vivekananda has influenced the makers of modern India. The author says that for all the above reasons as we have discussed with respect to the contribution and the teachings and the reforms carried out by Swami Vivekananda, the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda is called as the National Youth Day. It is celebrated as the National Youth Day. Every year on January 12, we celebrate it as National Youth Day. The author finally calls to remember the secular and modern spirit of Swami that has rediscovered and also has reformed India's cultural past and he also asks us to acknowledge that the roots of Indian form of secular nationalists were in the beliefs of Swami Vivekananda and therefore Vivekananda is an icon of universal brotherhood and Sarva Dharma Samapava that is equal respect for all religions. So, the author calls the Swami Vivekananda as the monk who shaped Indian secularism. So, we saw the contribution of Swami Vivekananda in bringing religious reforms and in asserting the universal brotherhood and his respect for all religions and service of God is nothing but service to the poor and how he mobilized international social activists to serve the poor and underprivileged in our country and three important facets of Hindu life and we also saw his support to scientific advancements and few instances of support and his influence on the makers of modern India. These are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this open news article. Now, let us move on to the next article. This news article briefs about the air quality condition in Delhi. They are talking about two air quality monitoring mechanisms. One is national air quality index or the AQI and the other one is system of air quality and weather forecasting shortly called as SAFAR. First, let us see the national air quality index. It was launched in 2014 that is October 2014 by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change. It is said that the air quality index will act as one number, one color, one description for the common man with respect to air quality. The index will transform the complex air quality data of various pollutants into a single number and this number is called as the index value that is air quality index and it will also express single nomenclature. Here when we say nomenclature, we refer to the description and the single color. So that is the meaning when we say one number, one color, one description. So this will help a person to easily judge the air quality within his or her vicinity that is the surrounding. The national air quality index is released by the Central Pollution Control Board. Under the air quality index around eight pollutants will be monitored. These are most importantly particulate matter 10, particulate matter 2.5, then nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, ammonia and lead. If you see this table, see there are six air quality index categories, good satisfactory, moderately polluted, poor, very poor and severe and they are also assigning one color to each of these categories. If you see good category, we can see dark green color and for severe dark red. There are two things based on which each of these categories are decided. One is ambient concentration values of air pollutants. The other one is the health impacts. These are called as health breakpoints. The overall air quality index is calculated on a 24 hour basis, daily basis. 0 to 50 value is called as good. If you take severe, we can find values between 401 to 500. The values and their related categories are displayed here for your reference. Now let's see the possible health impacts for each category of the national air quality index. If we say a category is good, it means there are minimal impacts to health. When the air quality is satisfactory, that means the sensitive people in the society, they are likely to feel slight discomfort during breathing. If it is moderate, then it can lead to discomfort in breathing for those people who are affected with lung diseases or asthma or heart diseases. And if the category is poor, then with prolonged exposure, most people will experience discomfort in breathing. If the category is very poor, that means on prolonged exposure, the people in that area will have respiratory illness. And if the category is severe, it means even the healthy people will be affected. And those people who already have a disease will be seriously impacted by the severely worsened air quality. Now this news article states that the people of Delhi breathed easy on 20th August. That is because it recorded an air quality index of 97. So 97 means the air quality is in the satisfactory category. News article mentions that recently the air quality has been oscillating or moderating between good category and satisfactory category with respect to Delhi. And one of the reasons suggested in the news article is because of the widespread rains. Now rains when they come, they dissolve the air pollutants there. And that is one of the reason why there could be a possible improvement with respect to air quality. Now let's see about the Central Pollution Control Board that releases this National Air Quality Index on daily basis. See it is a statutory organization that is established based on a legislation. It was constituted in 1974 under Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act of 1974. It also has been given certain powers and functions under the Air Act of 1981. Water pollution, air pollution related with Central Pollution Control Board. Similarly we have Water Act of 1974 and Air Act of 1981. Now one main function with respect to water pollution is that the CPCB has to promote the cleanliness of water streams and wells in different areas of the states. The promotion is carried out by preventing water pollution, by controlling and also by putting an end to water pollution. With respect to air, the function of CPCB is to improve the air quality by preventing, controlling and abating the air pollution in the country. In addition to its functions under Water Act, Air Act. It also provides technical services to Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and this is based on the provisions of Environment Protection Act of 1986 and with respect to ministry it comes under Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Now let's see brief facts with respect to the system of air quality and weather forecasting or in short suffer. Though it monitors air quality or though it provides weather forecasting, it does not, it was not an initiative that was introduced by Ministry of Environment rather it was introduced by Ministry of Earth Sciences. The system was developed by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology in Pune along with Indian Meteorological Department and National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting. It is said that the system was being implemented in collaboration with local municipal corporations and local educational institutions and government agencies in the metro cities of India and it is here the air quality data is monitored. The system provides location specific information on air quality in near real time and it also forecasts air quality in advance of one to three days and SAFAR is the first search system to provide such forecasting in India that is to forecast air quality one to three days in advance and to provide air quality in near real time. For reporting the air quality SAFAR takes the same air quality index parameters that we saw with respect to national air quality index and based on the values SAFAR also releases the advisories for human health. In the news article it is reported that Delhi's overall air quality was recorded in the satisfactory category with the lead pollutant as particulate matter 10. The lead pollutant is also called as prominent pollutant if you look into the website for national air quality index. The article says that the main reason for the lead pollutant M particulate matter 10 is due to westerly winds whose dominant contribution is coming from western part that is relatively dry and dusty. Now when we say westerly winds here we mean subtropical high altitude jet streams that move from Mediterranean Sea towards northwestern part of India. See while moving from Mediterranean Sea towards India these winds accumulate and carry dust particles that are known as particulate matter and may be other pollutants also and these pollutants worsen the air quality over the area of Delhi and the end the news article mentions that Delhi and the surrounding areas are in the low wind regime presently. Now this means the pollutants may not be carried away by the wind because of the low wind regime and that means the pollutants are likely to stay in the same place and they also expect no widespread rainfall for the next three days and therefore there can be slow deterioration or slow worsening of air quality in the coming days. So these are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this news article. Now let's move on to the next article. This news article is about the national register of citizens and the update process in the state of Assam and it also talks about what are the possible avenues for those whose names are not included in the final list that is to be published by the 31st August 2019. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article has been highlighted here. See when we say national register of citizens it means it's a register that contains the names of Indian citizens. This register was prepared in the year 1951 after the conduct of census of 1951. So at that time this register was prepared based on a directive from the ministry of home affairs. So this national register of citizens cover each and every person who was enumerated during the census of 1951 and at that time it was kept in the offices of deputy commissioners and subdivision offices. Later in the early 1960s these registers were transferred to the police authorities. But what happens presently from the year 2015 is that for only one particular state the national register of citizens is being updated and that state is the state of Assam. With respect to citizenship we have citizenship act of 1955 and also citizenship rules of 2003 and generally we say that the update process in the state of Assam is being carried out under the provisions of citizenship act of 1955 and under the provisions of citizenship rules of 2003. Now if you see in citizenship rules the government introduced a rule for capital A and this rule for capital A deals with the special provisions as to the national register of Indian citizens in the state of Assam. And we know that in the state of Assam for updating the NRC first they invited applications from all the residents so as to update. This is because the rule for capital A talks about the manner in which the NRC shall be prepared. It is clearly mentioned there it shall be prepared by inviting applications from all the residents. And in the year 2015 the applications were received from around 3.29 crore residents and thereafter field verification were carried out and the process is almost going to end if the government is to publish the national register of citizens updated NRC for the state of Assam by 31st August of 2019. So for the inclusion of the name when the residents submitted applications they also gave the details relating to each family and individual residing in the state of Assam. When the national register of citizens was prepared in 1951 the methodology was the details were collected by the officials by going to each and every house and that registration in 1951 was also based on the enumeration of persons. So this update process is taking place only in the state of Assam. The update process means enlisting the names of those persons or their descendants whose names appear in any of the stipulated documents or you know the specified admissible documents these documents has to be issued on or before the 24th of March 1971. So that the cutoff date is 25 March 1971. Any person who have illegally entered into India on or after 25th of March 1971 has to be identified detected and deported from India. So this update process is being carried out to include only the name of genuine Indian citizens who are original inhabitants of Assam. Therefore this process will check the illegal immigration it will detect and deport the illegal immigrants from the state of Assam. By identifying these persons and by depoting them the process aims to protect the social cultural economic and political life of citizens in the state of Assam. So the NRC will segregate Indian citizens from those who have illegally entered Assam from neighboring countries such as Bangladesh. Initially in 31st December 2017 a part of the draft NRC was published that part of the draft covered around 1.9 crore applicants and then the final draft was published on 30th July 2018 and in the final draft it was found that around 40 lakh people were excluded and around 36 lakh of them have filed claims against the exclusion in the claims and objection process which followed the release of final draft. Again in June this year the state coordinator for NRC in Assam has published one additional list of exclusion wherein it is found that another 1 lakh people were also excluded. So that's why the news article says around 41 lakh people are fearing to be not included in the final NRC that is to be published in the month end. So initially it was decided to release the final NRC for Assam updated NRC for Assam by 31st July 2019. Recently in July month the Supreme Court has extended the final publication deadline to 31st August of 2019. See on 19th August the Home Minister the Union Home Minister has reviewed the NRC process along with the Chief Minister of Assam and other senior officials. After this the Ministry of Home Affairs has released a statement it says that there will be adequate arrangements made by the state government of Assam so that those persons whose names are excluded they will get opportunity to appeal against their non-inclusion. So if their name is not included in the final NRC so who is the upper-late authority? So it is nothing but foreign tribunals. So if a person's name is not found in final NRC they can appeal in foreigners tribunal. See according to Foreigners Act of 1946 a foreigner means any person who is not a citizen of India. As per section 3 of this act the central government has the power to make orders regarding the foreigners by exercising this power the central government has introduced the foreigners tribunals order of 1964. As per this order of 1964 only the foreigners tribunals are empowered to declare a particular person as foreigner but here we have to note one thing if there are certain number of persons who are not filing any appeal at the foreigners tribunals after the release of final NRC within some prescribed time limit any of they will also become foreigner but as I have now the legal stand is that only the foreigners tribunal can declare a particular person as foreigner. We do not know exactly clearly what will happen if a certain number of persons do not appeal against their non-inclusion in the foreigners tribunal. Ministry of Home Affairs is saying that just because a person's name is not included in the final list he will not be declared as foreigner that the affected persons will be given adequate opportunity to present their case before the foreigners tribunals and it is also decided that the state government of Assam will make arrangements to provide legal aid to the needy people. These are the people whose names are excluded from NRC. Legal aid here could mean providing legal assistance it could be even financial assistance for those people to fight their cases or any legal assistance with respect filing appeal in foreigners tribunal. So the government has stated that there will be adequate number of foreigners tribunals at various locations within the state of Assam so as to handle lakhs of appeals after the publication of NRC. Earlier they have fixed that there will be some 60 days time period so that within the 60 days those people whose names are not included will appeal but now they have found that it is not possible for all of them to file appeal in the prescribed time limit of 60 days they have increased it to 120 days. So that is the news that is the recent update. This number of days may be extended and will be possibly extended in the future because it is really difficult to process the appeals of these many lakhs of people after the publication. The news article also tells that the citizenship rules will also be accordingly amended. So these are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this news article. In connection with National Register of Citizens there is one more news article appearing in the first page of all editions. On 20th August the external affairs minister of India has met his counterpart in Bangladesh at Dhaka and it is reported that no joint statements were issued by both ministers after the meeting. It could also mean that there is no clear agreement or clear announcement of policy with respect to certain important issues. One of the important issues is the National Register of Citizens updated register that has published by August 31. See we are discussing the issue with respect to Bangladesh because most of the population who are in the state of Assam who are illegally entered the state belong to Bangladesh. Now this is because even before the year 1971 there has been large influx of people from East Pakistan present day Bangladesh. This has increased heavily particularly on or after 25th March of 1971. This is the day when Pakistan has launched Operation Searchlight in the present day Bangladesh. Fearing the crackdown by the Pakistan army many people have left the present day territory of Bangladesh and have came to India. Now this actually means if they are to be identified and if they are detected they have to be deported back to Bangladesh. Now that requires cooperation from the government of Bangladesh. That is why there is a visit by the external affairs minister of India and the minister has expressed that the update process of National Register of Citizens in the state of Assam is an internal matter. When we say internal matter it means that government of Bangladesh or any other nation shall not internationalize the situation and has to render support or cooperation for carrying out the deportation or the process that comes along with the publication. There is still lack of clarity what will happen with the people whose names are not included whether they will be given temporary work permit whether they will be given refugee status whether they will be asked to totally leave the country or whether they will be kept in detention camps. These issues are still not clear. These are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this news article. Now let's move on to next article. This news article is a data point which talks about population growth rate and the state of fertility and also the change in population with respect to few states. In the independence day speech the prime minister has touched upon the need to control population explosion in India. Now in this context when we say population explosion we mean increase in the size of population that can lead to shortage of resources or even lack of resources to meet the needs of increasing population. The prime minister has said that the rapidly increasing population poses various new challenges for the present generation and also for future generations. Here in the data point the depiction shows that the growth in population that is the population growth rate is actually slowing after 1971. If you see here the orange bar represents the rate of change in the growth of the population. Yes the population is continuously growing but the rate at which the population grows has reduced. See from 1981 census figures the growth rate is actually reducing. As per 2011 census the growth rate of India's population 17.64 percentage but in 1981 census the growth rate was around 24.66. So if you compare with 1981 the growth rate has decreased then the data point talks about total fertility rate. So when we say total fertility rate we mean total number of children born or children likely to be born to a woman of child bearing age in her entire lifetime or in other words total number of children born to a woman in her lifetime. Here you can see that the total fertility rate in the rural areas is higher than the urban areas. For rural areas they have given the color of red and for urban areas it is the blue line. See as per National Family Health Survey of 2015-16 the total fertility rate in rural areas is 2.4 and for urban areas it is 1.8. So this is the difference with respect to the total fertility rate among rural and urban areas. One more inference we can take is that the total fertility rate for both rural and urban areas are decreasing continuously but the TFR for rural areas is fast declining when compared to urban areas because the change in slope of the line is steeper than the blue one for the urban areas. Now in this graph they are talking about replacement TRF. Now replacement total fertility rate is a total fertility rate at which the population exactly replaces its numbers from one generation to next generation without migration. In other words the average number of children women in the country would need to have so that the population has to replace itself. According to the population division of UN they are saying that the replacement level fertility or the replacement total fertility rate is 2.1 children per woman. They have given it in dotted line here and this diagram is basically to show the difference in total fertility rate between 2007 and 2017. And as per this data we can see the total fertility rate has significantly dropped in majority of the states except Kerala and Tamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir and Delhi have seen the largest drop in the total fertility rate. Here they have given circles of varying sizes so as to proportionately highlight the population in concerned states and union territories. Now this table is showing the increase in the population in concerned states between 2001 and 2011. We can see highest population increase happening in Bihar. The increase was around 25.42 percent and the state that had the lowest increase in population is Kerala at 4.91 percent. So these are some of the information with respect to the analysis of this data point news article. Now let's move on to the practice questions discussion session. This question is with respect to national air quality index. They have given two statements and are asking which of the above statements are correct. Now the first statement there are six air quality index categories which are decided based on the ambient concentrations of air pollutants and their likely health impacts. See this statement is correct and the six categories as we have seen during the analysis are good satisfactory, moderately polluted, poor, very poor and severe. We saw that the air quality index with respect to Delhi has been oscillating so far between good and satisfactory but now with the expectation that the rains may not be there it could go to moderately polluted. Now the second statement both particulate matter 2.5 and particulate matter 10 are part of the air pollutants that are measured as a part of this index. Now this statement is also correct. See around eight air pollutants are checked and as we saw they are PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, carbon monoxide, ozone, ammonia and lid. Therefore both the statements are correct. Therefore the correct answer is option C both 1 and 2. Now this question is with respect to central pollution control board. They have given again two statements asking which are the statements are correct. First it is a non-statutory body. Central pollution control board is a statutory body that was constituted under Water Act of 1974. So this statement is wrong. Now the second statement one of its principal functions is to improve the quality of air to prevent control and abate air pollution in India. This statement is correct. Now this is based on Air Act of 1981. So only the second statement is correct. Therefore the correct answer is option B 2 only. Now this question is with respect to total fertility rate. There are two statements asking which of the statements are correct. First statement total fertility rate means the total number of children born or likely to be born to women of childbearing age in her lifetime. Now this definition is correct. So the first statement becomes correct. Now the second statement as per NFHS4 data the TFR of India is higher in urban areas when compared to the rural areas in India. Now this statement is wrong because it is other way round. It is higher in rural areas when compared to urban areas in India. So only the first statement is correct. So the correct answer for this question is option A 1 only. Now this question is with respect to national registrar of citizens. They have given two statements and are asking which of the above statements are correct. It contains the names of Indian citizens. Yes the statement is correct. NRC is nothing but the register containing names of Indian citizens. So this statement is correct. Now the second statement the update process in NRC is presently being conducted only for the state of Assam. Now this statement is also correct. The process was started in the state of Assam in 2015 based on the Supreme Court orders in 2013. So at present only for the state of Assam the update process is going on. Most probably by August 31 updated NRC for the state of Assam will be released. So both the statements are correct. Therefore the correct answer for this question is option C both 1 and 2. With this we come to the end of today's the Hindu news analysis. 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The following is a production of New Mexico State University. This is an important moment. You're about to start on the design and construction of a home sewage treatment system. The common home sewage treatment system is a septic tank and a drain field. Before you proceed, let's look at how this system works. The better you understand the system, the better you can build your own system to protect your family's health. The water in this system is not pure but may contain many infectious diseases such as hepatitis, dysentery and cholera. These diseases can make your family extremely ill or even cause death. At particular risk are the young and the elderly. There are two main parts to your home wastewater treatment system. The first part is the septic tank that removes solid material. The second part is the drain field that disposes of the wastewater. The septic tank is usually divided into two sections or compartments. The first compartment removes grease and solids that will plug up the drain field and cause it to fail quickly. It is critical that the tank not become overfilled with these waste solids. This is why the septic tank serving a home should be pumped every two to five years. The first compartment is so important that there is a backup compartment to ensure that the septic tank doesn't fail in doing its job. If the tank should fail to retain the grease and solids, the drain field will become plugged and the partially treated sewage will surface where family members may be exposed to the disease-carrying bacteria. The wastewater leaves the septic tank and is distributed over the drain field area. The drain field is where the rest of the sewage treatment takes place. The bacteria in the soil under the drain field treat the sewage and destroy the disease-carrying bacteria before they reach the groundwater. The soil that treats the sewage must be protected from oil, grease and solids. This is the main job of the septic tank. To ensure a long life of your septic system, the drain field must be designed using the correct soil type or soil absorption rate, large enough to treat wastewater, not just get rid of it, and separated from the groundwater and fractured bedrock by the appropriate distance. Now that you know all about your system, let's consider some of your options and the cost associated with these options. The cost information presented here is only a brief summary for comparative purposes. Details can be found in the cost section of the accompanying notebook. The costs refer to a septic system designed for a three-bedroom home and constructed of new materials. For an accurate cost comparison of alternatives, you will need to work through the real costs for your situation. In 2001, the cost of having a conventional septic tank and chamber drain field installed by a certified installer in New Mexico ranged in price from $1,700 to $2,600. And the installer usually filed the permit application. The cost of installing a septic tank and chamber drain field using 100% hand labor is about $1,050, and you can expect to spend at least 32 hours digging for a typical system. In addition, you will be responsible for the system design and filing the permit paperwork. The paperwork is daunting, but if you request assistance, the regulators will do what they can to help ease the paperwork burden. If you have counted the cost and you are sure that you would like to install your own septic system, the next step is to consider the design and layout of the septic tank and drain field. Begin your design with a site drawing showing the following points of interest. Property lines, building locations, such as your house and garage, driveway and sidewalk locations, water well on the house site and wells on the neighboring property, surface waters and arroyos, elevation lines, and electric gas, cable and other utilities. Your lot plat is ideal for this purpose because it has been surveyed by a registered land survey and is drawn to scale. Using this drawing, the approximate area of an average septic tank system can be used to check whether your lot is large enough to comply with minimum setback requirements. Assume your system will service a three bedroom house on moderately permanent soils. Assume the tank will be about 12 foot by 8 foot and the drain field will be two sections 10 feet apart, 100 feet long. Sketch this system on your plat and draw in the setbacks. This drawing is of adequate detail and quality to satisfy most regulatory agencies. The drawing used for your permanent application must match your final design. Check your approximate drawing and if you cannot meet the general setbacks, there is no point in proceeding with the rest of the design. It is time to rethink the project. If the system appears to meet the setback requirements, it is time to do a detailed design. The step-by-step design of the system varies with regulatory jurisdiction and is covered in literature provided by your local environmental agency. This literature is also included in the notebook which accompanies this video. In determining your final design, be sure footing and roof drains are not connected to the septic system. Also, water softener recharge water should not be discharged to the septic tank. It is bad for both the bacteria treating the wastewater and the soils in the drain field. Using your final design, fill out your septic tank permit application.  To complete this application, you may need other permits, including a building permit, water rights permit, an IP or mobile home installation permit, and utility hookup permit. Before you start construction, make sure you have all the required permits. To begin construction, check that the following tools and supplies are available. Typical tools include safety glasses, garden rake, a shovel, a 24-48-inch carpenter's level, an 8-foot 2x4, heavy rubber gloves, a platter, a PVC saw, a hammer, pliers and screwdrivers, and measuring tape. You may also need the following supplies, PVC glue, PVC cleaner, bituminous sealer such as mastic, stakes, mason string. The common types of septic tanks are reinforced concrete, plastic and fiberglass. For the remainder of this video, the fiberglass and plastic tanks will be referred to as plastic. For both types, the first step in septic tank installation is to take the location drawing from your permanent application and stake the location of the septic tank on the ground. When you dig, the hole should be approximately 2 feet larger on each side than the septic tank being placed into the hole. This measurement is from the bottom of the hole, not the top, since the sides of the hole are seldom straight up and down. The depth of the hole for the septic tank is usually determined by the drop in the pipe required for the water to flow from the house to the septic tank. Calculation details are given in the notebook section entitled pipe drop calculations. A typical depth to the top of the tank inlet when the tank is 15 feet from the house is around 28 inches. A word of caution, digging a large hole may be dangerous if the soil is unstable or too sandy. The sides of the hole may need to be supported. The available methods for setting the pipe slope from the house to the septic tank will use one of the following. Carpenters level with 1 quarter inch per foot grade mark. String level. Water hose. Torpedo level with laser pointer. Batten boards. Two by fours. The most common technique is the carpenters level with one quarter inch per foot grade mark. Insert a section of two by four into the end of the four inch pipe coming from the house. Place the carpenters level along top of the two by four and adjust the slope so the bubble just touches the line closest to the pipe. Use of a string level is another simple technique for setting pipe slope. Hang the string level from the string and adjust the string until the bubble is in the middle of the level's bubble glass. Unfortunately it is difficult to keep the string tight and level and you must measure over from the string to the center of the trench and then down to the floor. The water hose technique is widely used. The hose forms a long U shape in the trench. When it is filled with water the two water surfaces at either end of the hose will be at the same elevation. Measure down from this water surface elevation to get the proper trench depth. A manufacturer makes a kit of this type with screw in ends, clear tubes and marks on the tubes. This technique is easy but it is a bit messy and time consuming. The last leveling technique we will mention is a new easy technique, laser leveling. You can purchase a laser torpedo level for around $150 or build one for $10 to $15. The laser level is attractive because of its ease of operation. To build one attach a standard laser pointer to an inexpensive torpedo level. Mount the torpedo level on a wooden stake at the head of the trench. Use the torpedo level to make sure the laser pointer is level. Place a pole with one end on the bottom of the trench and mark where the laser strikes the pole. As you dig the trench use the pole to check the bottom elevation approximately every five feet. Now that the trench is dug install the drain pipe. Four inch minimum diameter sewer pipe with watertight connection should be used between the house and the septic tank. The possible exception to this is mobile homes in place where local code allows three inch diameter sewer pipe. The sewer pipe can go all the way to the septic tank. There are very few septic tanks with a three inch inlet so it will be necessary to use an adapter to adjust the three inch pipe up to a four inch pipe. Carefully level the bottom of the hole before the septic tank is in place. This will make tank installation easier. Fill the septic tank hole using a two by four and carpenters level. Again do not place a five ton reinforced concrete tank yourself. This should be left to the tank provider. You may dig the hole to reduce cost. After the septic tank is in place inspect the tank for damage. For the protection of your drinking water it is important that the tank be watertight. Many regulations require the homeowner to fill the tank with water and measure the loss of water over time. This is an excellent idea even if it is not required. A watertight tank should not lose more than an inch of water in 24 hours. A new tank will absorb some water. It is best to fill the tank and 24 hours later top off the tank and begin the actual test. Leave the water in the tank since the tank needs to be full when it is placed into operation. The clean water in the tank improves the tank operation for the first few days. There are baffles at the inlet and outlet to your septic tank to prevent the water from taking a shortcut through the tank. The baffles shown here are concrete baffles. However, many tanks may have a four inch diameter PVC T for a baffle rather than cast and placed baffles. This facilitates putting an outlet filter or biofilter in the septic tank. If you can afford one a biofilter is highly recommended for the protection of the drain field. When installing the inlet and outlet pipes be careful to insert the pipe only one to three inches. If the pipe is inserted further it may run into the baffle and plug the end of the pipe. This can greatly reduce the flow capacity of the tank and cause clogging and sewer backups. This error is usually noticed when or if the tank is inspected but the problem is not always easy to correct at that time. The tank's inlet and outlet connections and seams must be sealed to protect against groundwater seepage and tree root intrusions. Your septic tank may have either a large diameter hole or a neoprene collar as an inlet to the tank. If the tank has a neoprene collar the collar will seal the inlet and outlet holes. Wet the collar to allow the pipe to slide in. Do this with water, dish soap, WD-40 or hairspray. You wish to improve the seal on some collars by clamping the collar to the pipe using a large hose clamp. If the tank has a large diameter hole for the inlet and outlet pipes these holes must be sealed after the pipe is inserted. Use grout, mortar or a bituminous sealant such as mastic. When using mastic it is important to check the pipe for adequate support. Gently press down on the pipe with your shoe. If the pipe moves it needs better support. Without support the pipe will settle during backfill and create a void at the top of the pipe. This may cause problems later if the tank must be hydraulically tested before it is put into service. One of the most common failure points in hydraulic testing is the top of the pipes. After the seams have been sealed your tank is ready to be inspected and, if required, hydraulically tested. Now it is time to install the outlet pipe from the septic tank to the drain field. Use a 4 inch minimum diameter sewer pipe with watertight connections between the septic tank and the drain field. Some regulations allow the use of less expensive pipes here, but tank settling may snap the lower quality products. Once the inlet and outlet pipe and tank cover are installed the septic tank can be backfilled. But before you backfill allow for easy long term access to your tank for future inspection and maintenance. The septic tank location is often a critical piece of information that is lost with time. Proper installation and marking of access ports can save a lot of headaches in the years to come. It is also wise to tape a septic tank location map to the inside of the master bedroom closet. Backfill the soil over the tank to a height of 6 inches to allow for settling and to divert surface runoff. If your tank is plastic instead of reinforced concrete the excavation and leveling steps are the same as for those for the concrete tank. The difference is in placing and backfilling the tank. When using a plastic tank many manufacturers suggest that a 6 inch bed of clean sand be placed in the bottom of the hole and level prior to placing the tank in the hole. The backfilling operation is extremely important with plastic tanks. Begin by filling the tank with water to 1 fourth of sidewall depth. Place the top on the tank and backfilling a plastic tank. Without the top in place the hole can become deformed during backfilling so that the cover cannot be installed after the backfilling is complete. You can both remove and replace the top every time you add water or you can add the water through the inlet pipe but the top must be in place as the soil fills the gap around the tank. The water in the tank will keep the soil from crushing the tank walls as the backfilling is performed. Do not overfill the tank as it will bulge. The water and soil provide bouncing forces during the backfilling. Backfill the tank up to the water elevation using pure native soil without rocks. Fill another 1 fourth. Total depth is now 1 half of the tank depth. Repeat the backfilling operation. Continue this activity until the tank is buried. Again backfill the soil 6 inches over the top of the tank. Whether your septic tank is plastic fill it with clean water before you put it into use. The full tank allows the baffle between the first and second compartment to keep the soils in the first compartment and away from the drain field. If any septic tank is left idle for a period after it is installed it should be filled with water. If there is no water in the tank and the ground water rises the septic tank may float out of the ground. Although it may not come clear out of the ground it may shift enough to break pipes to stop the drain field. The two most common types of drain fields are the gravel and pipe drain field and the chamber drain field. Both drain fields require digging a trench which will contain the distribution system. In clay soil the trenches for the drain field should be only dug when the soil is dry and crumbly. Smearing and compaction due to construction in wet soil decreased the ability to absorb wastewater. Before digging the entire trench dig down to the required depth and examine the soil. Take a handful of soil from what will be the trench bottom. If it forms a 1 eighth inch diameter ribbon when rolled between the palms of your hands the soil is too wet to work with. If the soil crumbles digging may proceed. If the soil is sandy and will not form a ribbon as described above don't worry about the soil moisture. Dig your trenches to the required depth and width. Check the bottom elevation as discussed previously to ensure that the trench bottoms are level within local code specification. If the soil on the bottom is mostly clay use an excavating bucket with teeth to rake each trench bottom to final bottom elevation. Rake to a depth of 1 inch to open up the soil for water seepage. This can be performed by using a garden rake. It is critical that the teeth of the rake penetrate well into the surface and break up a string of clays that might be present on the surface of the soil. If you use a backhoe attach fabricated raker teeth to each side of the bucket. Keep the backhoe bucket perpendicular to the trench bottom to minimize compaction. If the soil is sand or caliche it will not be compacted so there's no need to worry about these issues. To prevent further compaction try not to walk on the finished trench bottom. If foot traffic is necessary check out the workers weight. For both level and sloping sites trenches should be connected by a header or manifold trench. The far ends of the trenches may be connected on the level sites to further improve wastewater application. If you have only one or two trenches many regulations require no distribution box. However if you have more than two trenches a distribution box may be required. Check your local regulations. A site that restricts trench length than 75 feet will often require a distribution box. If a distribution box is required make sure it rests on undisturbed soil and use a footing for stabilization. Be careful the distribution box doesn't tip during backfilling or settle after backfilling. If the distribution box is not level it will not distribute the flow evenly. When constructing a chamber drain field it is very important that the trench from the septic tank to the drain field be level. The trench for a gravel and pipe system can be constructed with or without a slope. However the drain field pipe must be sloped. One of the difficult details in constructing the drain field is establishing the slope for the drain pipe.  Some are more accurate than others but in general the more accurate techniques require more equipment and expertise. The least accurate will probably be adequate if it is done carefully. Techniques were discussed earlier in the section on pipes entering and leaving the septic tank. Once the trench is done it is time to place the distribution system. Until recently the use of gravel and pipe for drain field was very common. Use washed gravel ranging in size from three quarter inch to two and one half inches or other trench filled material that has been approved by regulators. Carefully place the gravel over the bottom of the trench to a depth of 12 inches or regulation depth. The gravel must be completely free of fine material clay and silt. Or this fine material may plug the soil at the bottom of the trench. Then level the gravel before you place the pipe. Lay down a four inch diameter perforated pipe on a maximum slope of three inches per 100 feet. Pipe for the distribution lines must meet local and state specifications. Do not use coiled plastic tubing because the tubing will not maintain the slope or lay flat. These steps of placing the bottom gravel and placing and leveling the pipe can be combined into a single operation by placing the pipe on standoffs or chairs which hold the pipe at the desired elevation. The gravel is then simply dumped in and smoothed off. During the assembly of the plastic piping in the trenches it is important to ensure that the preparations are not at the bottom of the pipe. Ensure outlet holes are at four and eight o'clock positions and do not point straight down. Place caps at the end of the pipes if they are not connected. Carefully cover the pipe network with additional washed gravel or approved aggregate to a depth of at least two inches above the top of the pipe. Next place a back filled barrier such as a synthetic fabric filter or four to six inches of marsh hay or straw or untreated building paper over the gravel cover. Back filled to six inches above ground level. This completes your traditional gravel and pipe drain field. Chamber drain fields are quickly becoming more popular than gravel and pipe drain fields. The trench preparation for the installation of chamber systems is the same as traditional gravel and pipe drain fields. However, there must be no slope on the trench bottom. The chamber systems have a number of distinct advantages. There is no rock to handle. The materials for an entire drain field can be loaded on a single pickup truck. The assembly can be performed by one person and there are no special tools required. But there are a number of cautions. Some manufacturers claim a chamber drain field can be size smaller than a gravel and pipe drain field. Do not reduce the size or length of the drain field when using the chamber system. This may lead to early drain field failure. The drain field should be sized the same for a gravel and pipe system. Also, the chamber system is susceptible to certain types of damage. It is important to keep gophers, prairie dogs and other burrowing animals away from the chamber system. If they borrow into the chamber, standing water such as irrigation or rain may flow through the opening from the ground level into the chamber and the water may fill the chamber with soil, requiring replacement of the drain field. Chamber system assembly is very simple. Screw the splash plate onto the bottom of the end plate for the first chamber. Screw the end plate into the inlet end, which is the end without interlocks on it. This is the end that will be closest to the septic tank. Do this at your convenience, outside of the trench or in the trench. Place this assembled unit in the trench with the interlocks facing downstream. Place the pipe through the inlet opening and position it so the end of the pipe is over the splash plate. In a chamber drain field, the pipe brings the water into the system but does not extend into the system. Connect the remaining chambers together to form the desired length of the trench. Ensure the interlocks are fully engaged. You may also choose to screw the joints together. As you place each section of the chamber, check that the trench is level. Screw the closed end plate to the downstream end of the last chamber. The chamber system is to be either a loop system or a series system, use an open end plate instead of a closed end plate. It is critical with these chamber systems that the sides of the systems be filled prior to backfilling. This provides support for the arch so that the chamber does not collapse or cut into the underlying soil during backfilling. Fill the sidewall area to the top of the slots with native soil and walk the soil into place. Now the chamber system is ready for to be backfilled. For both the chamber and gravel and pipe drain fields, the trenches should be backfilled with the excavated soil and then smoothed off. Individual trenches can be dug and completed in sequence for ease of construction. Settlement may take 6 to 12 months to prevent erosion, sod or seed the construction site immediately using grasses adapted to the area. At last you have completed your septic tank and drain field system. With proper care and maintenance it will serve you for 20 or more years. Proper care includes pumping every 2 to 5 years. Enjoy your new system and care for it well. The preceding was a production of New Mexico State University. The views and opinions in this program are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views and opinions of the NMSU Board of Regents.


Hey everyone, welcome back to Nintendo Prime. I know I still haven't had like a normal video this week. It's been a bit crazy around here, but I do have something interesting to talk about. So we all know Breath of the Wild 2, the Legend of Zelda Breath of the Wild sequel as it's now being called instead of the sequel to, it now Breath of the Wild first and then sequel. I don't know why they kind of changed the naming conventions of this, but the bottom line is we know this game has been delayed. And we got new footage. And there is a lot of focus in this new footage on, hey, look, that glowing symbol on Link's hand. The master sword looks really weird. Look at Link's long, free-flowing hair. What is that glowing orb? There's all this speculation around that. And that's fair. And I'm very curious to find out what theories and information people can dig up. But I'm actually here to talk about the other footage that's in the game. Because remember, this game was delayed, you know, according to AGA, no more because it's such a wide, expansive game. They're trying so much stuff in it, they need more development time. That is what AGA knew was said. And there's been a lot of people speculating that this isn't true. They don't need more development time. What they actually are doing are just pushing it back because there's so many big games coming out this year. Which could be the real reason. Nintendo would probably never admit to that. But I do think that there is actually a really neat development thing happening between the footage we saw yesterday versus the footage that we saw back at E3 2021. And I think it holds a key. So, before I talk about this, if this is the first time you've ever seen a Nintendo Prime video, I would appreciate if you would subscribe to the channel. We are on our road to 80,000 subscribers. And again, I love my subscribers so much, we do have a giveaway that's going on this week for a PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X, or Nintendo Switch OLED. Just use that gleam.io link down in the pinned comment or to the description to enter. And I wanna give credit where credit is due for this because this wasn't something I initially noticed. This was something that was pointed out to me. And this comes from at K-O-T-O-O-K-A-H on Twitter. And he DMed me about this. And I double checked and it seems to be checking out. He said, did you notice that the trailer footage in the launch timing update, so the delay update looks noticeably sharper than the 2021 teaser? If you actually put them side by side, yeah, it does look that way. When comparing the exact frame in 1080p from both trailers, the newer one is way sharper. They must have re-rendered the footage for the launch timing update. Okay, but here's the key. Must be FSR at play here. I think the result looks really great. And FSR is something that Nintendo is playing around with. They are using it. We have discovered in Nintendo Switch Sports, which comes out at the end of April. And so we know Nintendo's dabbling in this technology that allows them to essentially provide higher resolution and better frame rates in games, while taxing the GPU CPU a little bit less than it would if you ran them natively through a software-based upscaler. And we know Nintendo's dabbling with it already in one game, so why wouldn't they be dabbling with it in other games? So while we can't obviously confirm anything because we don't have any data files or anything we can dig through to discover at the moment, if the game is using that, it is fun to note that just from last year to this year, that they do actually look sharper. And looking sharper suggests it's running at a higher resolution. Now again, this leads to two different theories. Obviously, theory one is FSR, FSR, FSR. They're using AMD FX Super Resolution to help increase and make the game look even better on Switch. And by the way, this is a software implementation, which does mean it's not as simple as grabbing a piece of code, throwing it into your game and flipping the on Switch. That's not really how this works. That's all hardware-based solutions work. This actually requires a lot of custom code work to best take advantage of AMD FX Super Resolution. So it could legitimately be that since Nintendo has decided to start using this technology, they need that extra three months, that extra four months of development time so they can fully implement it across the entire game because they obviously did it at least for this subsection of the game that we saw in the trailer. And the end result looks really damn good to the point that Nintendo thinks it's worthwhile to help make their game look as good as it possibly can. The other reason obviously that you could say this game looks better now than it did back then is that this one is running on new Switch hardware and the last one was running on old Switch hardware, kind of supporting the idea that a Switch Pro or something is launching alongside the game. And again, I'm not one of those people that's actually buying into that. I do think a Switch Pro could still come out this year. I don't think anything is launching alongside Breath of the Wild except maybe a custom system or custom Joy-Cons could be wrong on this front though. Again, I don't work at Nintendo. I don't know what they're doing. I don't know the delay is because of AMD FX Super Resolution either. But very clearly there was a bump up in resolution between the footage that we just saw versus the footage we saw in 2021.  Yeah, clearly whatever happened here might have to do with the delay. Now, there is a more obvious explanation for this, by the way, it could simply be, well, you know what? It looks better because this is direct capture footage off at running on a computer because video games are made on a computer first before they run on Switch. That could be an explanation as well. There's a billion explanations but the fact that this is a public facing ad for the game essentially, kind of lends more credence to it potentially running natively on some sort of Switch, if not an old one, a new one, or it's using AMD FX Super Resolution or they just found new techniques to take better advantage of the current Switch hardware. We all know that there were frame rate issues and stuff like that in the original Breath of the Wild and if they want this one to look significantly better they're gonna need to use every trick of the trade. Now, other things people notice were sharper obviously were, you know, the whole master sort of scene but I'm just gonna kind of leave that alone because that could be a pre-rendered cut scene at that point so that always tends to look a bit higher resolution so I'm not gonna, you know, try to over read into that but I will say, hey, it does look sharper it is noticeable especially when they're side by side and that, again, theorizes that they could be using AMD FX Super Resolution or that it could be on new hardware. Again, I'm gonna lean towards AMD FX Super Resolution since we actually have literal proof Nintendo's using that in an upcoming game would suggest that why wouldn't they use this in other games as well to help make the games look even better on Switch. So you guys let me know what you think about this down in the comments below. My way off base on this thinking, this is just kind of a one-off thought I had I wanted to make a video on today. There is a bunch of news out there that we will probably get to tomorrow. Maybe a late video tonight I don't wanna make any promises on that. We do have a podcast tonight by the way with Andres Restart coming out so I hope you guys tune in for that and go like and subscribe to his channel because he's doing amazing work over there and has such a passion for what he's doing and the conversations that he's creating. So thank you guys so much for tuning in. I am Nathanne Rufflejantz from Nintendo Prime one of the y'all for tuning in and I'll catch you in the next video.