Okay, well thank you everyone for sticking around for the for this part so one of the things that we've been trying to do over the last almost 10 years now is try to provide more education more information about how water moves in in soils that are negatively impacted by sodium and then contrarially how water moves in soils that are that are normal, as we would say. And so when we think about this demonstration and we think about what we're going to be learning today, I've passed around a sheet. And on that sheet, we're going to have different, different treatments, basically. So the orange one, which should be on my right, but your left. That one is a brine impacted soil that has a very high electrical conductivity, no plants will grow on this, but it also has a very high sodium concentration. And we'll talk about sodium in a little bit, but sodium is a natural dispersant and calcium is a flocculant. And so we're going to talk about how those will differ. And the green is the same soil, but now we're adding, we're starting to add calcium based treatments to those calcium is a flocculant calcium will help water move. And so the purple one, which is the same soil, but this time we're adding flue gas desulfurization gypsum and gypsum is a byproducts from coal combustion. Now in North Dakota. And so we have a reliable source of gypsum and we'll talk about that too. The one in the blue. This one is a the same soil, but we're adding a very high concentration of calcium to this soil. The calcium is going to counteract the negative effects of the sodium, but I just, it's a demonstration in how water will move through these different systems and why we need to think about adding calcium. If we're going to get water to move. The third one is a naturally sodic soil. Wade Bott is here today with our, he's our state soil scientist. We have in North Dakota probably five, six million acres of what it looks like in the yellow sodic soils. So these are natural across our landscape. They're very hard to manage, but I wanted to bring that and show you what that looks like. So this is a soil from the irrigation region down by Oaks 70% sand. We're going to make this soil, make the water content, make the water movement stop completely. Okay, so so that's going to be our objective here today. If one uses poor irrigation water quality. I'm going to show you what that looks like. So what I'm going to do is is we've already started the demonstration. And many of you know, I like to fish quite a bit. So we're going to put these, these highly fluorescent bobbers, which should be a nice gift if for the vendors here to give out fishing equipment sometime. Brenda. So, so we're going to add those to there. And so those are to help you sort of visualize how the water is moving. Okay, and I realize in back it's a little more difficult, but be assured that the rubber band. The rubber band was where the water started when we started the we started this demonstration. If you see the water moving below those that rubber band, that means the water is starting to move down through the soil. Okay, so just kind of keep that in a keep that in your mind. Okay, so what we have is what's called a rainmaker. No joke. That's really what it is. And so, we're going to look at that last one first, the one in the red. So that's an oak soil 70% sand. Nothing's wrong with it. It's a perfectly wonderful productive soil in that region, and it's down a bit. And that would be. We're going to add sodium chloride to that. We're going to flush it through so it's, it's just like adding Brian. So what do you think will happen when we add the sodium chloride through that system. Anybody. You think the water will stop or do you think the water will keep moving, but 10% of you have been in my class so let's see some hands here. You're just fine. Okay, you say well you got a lot of sodium. It's like well that's okay, because what's happening is that you have a lot of sodium but you also have a lot of electrical conductivity. There's a lot of ions in there. So, to get soils, what to get water to stop moving and in soils that sodium has to be high and the electrical conductivity has to be low. And if you have high sodium and high electrical conductivity. Life's okay. Water will move through just fine. When you start meant monkeying with those two high sodium low electrical conductivity. It's going to stop moving. And so we're going ahead and, and when I say we it's usually I have other people do it but I'll do it myself. So we got this rain maker. And part of that reason is to keep the soil from from washing up really quick 70% sand. Anybody needs to use a restroom go ahead. We're going to leave it there. So kind of keep your eye on on on the one in the red. Also, but this back in there. Okay, so we'll go ahead and make sure we start. The other thing is that we're going to talk about gypsum and we're going to talk it's calcium sulfate it's a common byproducts right now from the Leland Olds station here here and here in North Dakota, where they use coal to evaporate water to generate power. And so this is an app that we developed based on other information. We didn't make up the equation we used Dr. Jim Oster who was actually from Hazen. He's a phenomenal soil chemist spent his whole life in managing saline and sodic soils. So, go ahead and you, it's hard to believe there's only one of these in the app store.  I know, I know, but run the do gypsum requirement determination gypsum requirement determination it'll, I think, still the only one so. Okay, again, this is the demonstration that you're going to be looking at. I won't talk about this anymore. For now. Back to that same point right of this earlier I was, you know, with with the rules were expanded that we talked about the soil physical properties cone penetrometer resistance and bulk density and how water soil water related to that. Right now we're going to move way over to the to your right. And these are the soil chemical properties, electrical conductivity and sodium content. And these are the two things on the back of your sheet, I do believe you know when you print in color you have to use other people's copy code numbers. So, so thank you, faculty member X. We have one on one side but I also have that diagram on the bottom there for you to look at so. So what's the difference between saline soils and sodic soils. Okay saline soils. It's a common terminology. I've heard it be called soils being sick soils being alkali soils being sour. The terminology is generally gets to be the same but it helps if we use proper or the proper but at least common terminology. The minerals are those that contain elevated levels of chloride or sulfate salts of calcium magnesium sodium or potassium. So remember that calcium magnesium potassium sodium and potassium are positively charged. Those are cations, the negative charged anions commonly are chloride and sulfate. What is the what is the common anion and Brian. So that's why we can fire the fire of the path of where the where the Brian ends up. Okay, by definition. Salinity is the total concentration of dissolved mineral solids that are found in waters and soils. So it's our ionic compounds. When you put them in water they dissolve, they become ions. So that transfer the electrons, which give us the electrical conductivity of a soil. It's not the salts themselves by themselves is when they dissolve in the water. And they are they negatively affect plant growth. Contrarily, sodic soils. These are soils that are affected by the sodium ion. Okay, sodium is a natural dispersant calcium is a flocculant. Sodicity then is the accumulation of sodium. So when we think about Brian spills. It's both salinity, but it's also sodicity happening at the same time because you have a concentration of ions in the soil but you also have a excess amount of sodium. Most of the ones in natural conditions have low salinity. You look at, we can go north of Bellefield, Sam and I did this one time we took a left turn off the road and we found a bunch of sodic soils. Hard as a rock. Very low electrical conductivity, but they were very, very sodic. Okay, so again have low concentration of soil salts. They can cross, they can restrict root penetration, but naturally when these things get wet, there may not be a bottom to them, you will literally feel like okay this is going to stop sometime okay stop. And that's how it normally is. And so, not normally but but it but it certainly does happen. And so, so here's a good example this is a, this is a Brian spill. This is a, an example of what high amount of salinity my look like that's all whites, just like we're seeing out here today. But it was actually in June. And so, how that this has a negative effects for for for plant plant growth on the bottom it's the salinity. And on the on the on the y axis is the relative yield or the relative growth. And so as you can see as the salinity moves to the right plant productivity goes down. And that's all plant species that we have in our state have a response curve that looks like this. It just depends on where it's shifted on how much salt or our plants can actually tolerate. Okay, this is a couple of soils one from from the NRCS. This is a what a naturally looking sodic soil would look like that has what's called these biscuit tops at the at the be horizon. We won't get get into that very, very fun to find very hard to manage. Okay, if you in fact you own some of these, you know the difficulties of that. One on the right. That's actually my hand, and that's, but, but Sam has taken the picture. Oftentimes you'll see these and it'll be very sparse vegetation on the top of them a button cactus would be a common thing. Very low productivity so these are what look like naturally in our soils. Okay, this was produced by Joe Brennan with the NRCS. Just to give you a scale of what we're talking about. This is the darker the color, the more common these saline soils are. Okay, just look at the state. There's a lot county and in Montana, you got a little bit up in McKinsey County but look in the eastern side of North Dakota, up there over the right you have some really dark areas. These are very highly saline soils are very common actually in the West. If you if you look at the, there's about 7 million acres of saline soils in North Dakota, just put it in perspective. So the soils, not quite as much, but still very commonly dominated in some of the similar landscapes equal county in Montana as example, highly lot of sodic soils in that there's a there's a soil actually called equal and it's a sodic soil. Okay, keep that in perspective. When we come back and we start looking at at Brian spills, as an example, there's not as many acres, but they can be more impactful to those acres. And so, so this was put together by Megan Ostrand. And what they were looking at is like, there's over 10,000 Brian samples that were that were sampled. And there was have an average electrical conductivity of over 300. Does anybody remember what the electrical conductivity of seawater is 58 good answer 58 Thank you in the front. So 58. This means that it is about five to six times Brian is about five to six times more saline than than water in the Caribbean. I'll speak later. She's from Puerto Rico. She doesn't have to worry about 300 salinity in Puerto Rico, but there's so much sodium in it though 190 to 200. That's a lot. So our sodic soils are like five, six, 1015 that that's natural conditions, but imposed imposed Brian on the soil can cause a very large shift in that. Okay, this is what maybe a Brian contaminated soil will look like I don't know if you've ever watched Saturday Live with Miss Rafferty. I did the aliens and it's like, oh, it's a little different for me. And so this is a good example of what you might see in a legacy spill about how difficult these things are to clean up over time. This has probably been there for 2030 40 years. And so the not much advancement in that I will be happy to say when, when Beverly and I were at driving around last summer, they were whoever they are was actually in the process of doing some reclamation at this site. And so that was a that's a good news about this, but they can be highly impactful. Okay, we're going to shift a little bit. And that's those of you that have been in my class. Anyway, so one of the things that I wanted to show you was, we're going to start with the orange one. That was the one that had high electrical conductivity with a high amount of sodium. Look at all that water came out of there. Wait, oh wait, it's all in there yet. Okay, hold on. What about the calcium acetate. Okay, we're starting to see some movement. Why do you think we starting to see some movement with the calcium acetate. Not chance. Why do you think we're seeing movement with the calcium acetate. Well, what's the one thing I talked about we had to have which comes from calcium, exactly. So we added calcium, we're starting to see some flocculation water will start to move through that system. Go back to where we didn't add any calcium. Nothing. Okay, let's look at the gypsum. Okay, I'm going to start to get some water movement gypsum is calcium sulfate. Why are we starting to see movement with with the gypsum. What answer calcium, right. Okay, let's look at the. This was a high concentration of calcium chloride icon amount of calcium. Now we have more water. Why. Calcium. This is the naturally sodic soil. I didn't just get that from the phone. Okay, what do you think some of that brown stuff is organic matter sodium is a natural dispersant. If in fact water is going to move through a soil that has a high amount of organic matter, it will disperse that organic matter and cause it to leach through. And then lastly, get the bucket here. Sodium chloride wash through, not clear. What's why is it not clear. What, what is that what is that color likely to your organic carbon that's in the soil that's moving through. Okay. We'll save that for later. Okay, so we're going to let that drain all the way down and then we're going to add water to it. Why. We're saturating this soil with sodium, and then we're going to add clean water, and we're going to show you that it pretty much stops moving to that water over time. It's because of that sodium is a dispersant, and we're not adding any calcium back into that one. So let's go back to the back to miss rafferty. Okay, so dispersion and swelling. This is a concept that we that we talk about all the time, especially when we're thinking about managing soils that are negatively affected by sodium. So particles are repelled away from each other and the particles act independently. So basically, all these particles that are in the soil, especially the clay fraction is net has a net negative charge, these are negatively charged particles. And you have sodium in the system. There's no way to hold those, those negatives together, and they then they, they repel each other when they repel each other, they act independently. When they act independently, they move around and they that that's called dispersion. Okay, again calcium is a flocculant. The three main problems caused by sodium induced dispersion are reduced infiltration, right reduced infiltration. Reduced hydraulic conductivity. That hasn't moved anywhere. Right, reduced hydraulic conductivity and surface crusting which we won't notice here today. Those are the three main ones that are caused by sodium induced dispersion. Okay, so just to keep sort of in this vein of sodium versus calcium. That is an is a cat eye and that likes to be have a lot of friends, and it's friends or water. So it likes to be hydrated calcium on the other hand is like more touchy feeling it likes to be coordinated it likes to be connected to something. Okay, and so the reason that calcium is a flocculant is because it likes to connect to things. And that's why it holds the negative clay particles together. Let's look at this in another way. When calcium is present, it does not matter if the electrical conductivity is higher not it's holding on. Okay, very. I'm touchy feeling sodium on the other hand is because it likes to be hydrated. It can't hold those two negative those negative charges together, and therefore they get further and further apart more water more sodium comes in they get further and further apart. The soil becomes swollen after Thanksgiving. And then the other one is that when they get too far to get to be dispersed. And so that's when you get major major problems. And that's what we're starting to see sort of over here. Okay, and we're really going to show it once this once this concentrated sodium chloride moves through we're really going to start seeing what that looks like when we add fresh water. Okay, this is just is on your sheet as well you can kind of think about it flocculation flocculation. That's good water moves through swelling. Particles tend to get a little bit fatter. When they get fatter they kind of close the pores when they close the pores the water doesn't move through the last one is dispersion you lose all basically soil structure. It's hard to overcome swelling you can come back from dispersion you cannot. Here's a good example of what what swelling looks like. So this was a naturally sodic soil that's one of my students was working on on the y axis is like how much water, the soil can hold, like the maximum amount of water that a soil can hold, and on the bottom is the electrical conductivity. What do you know about that. What do you know about that graph, keep in mind, you have a reference line which means that there's nothing wrong with that soil but this is how much water it can hold. What happens when you decrease the electrical conductivity. What happens to that feel capacity water. That's the swelling part. There's nothing really wrong with the soil per se. It's just that it has the ability to hold on to more water. And when it holds on to more water. That's where the traffic ability becomes the issue. That's when you don't feel like there's any bottom when you're driving through it or you're walking on it. I've seen more large pieces of agricultural equipment gets stuck in sodic soils than I ever have ice fishing with snow. It's just driving on the lakes. It's just one of those things where you look like it's going to be solid but it's not. Okay, so two main reasons why what I'm going to show you occurs is the sodium concentrations are elevated and the salinity is low so what the one on on your left is a sodic soil and the one on the right is not to see if this works. So these are little cubes of soil that we've dropped into water. Notice the one on the left what happened.  This is time lapse over about 10 minutes. Don't think this is a days and days. This is 10 minutes. You can have highly dispersive soils that will that will disperse very very quickly. And so, but on the one on the right is the soil that is not dispersive doesn't have a problem with sodium. This is fine. Okay, and so that gives you some sort of view of what we're looking at in here. Here we have probably a very dispersive soil to begin with. It's not moving calcium acetate we're starting to starting to get water to move through. Same with calcium sulfate. The calcium chloride at the end of the day this one's going to win this one will win the water will move through the, the most. It will stop eventually. This is a naturally sodic soil it will end up stopping. And so this is our sodium chloride. So I'm going to throw this. There. Put that back. The rainmaker back on. Now start adding water again. So conceptually what am I doing when I add this water is fresh water. Now there's sodium on the soils exchange sites. What am I doing with the electrical conductivity when I add this water. Is it going up staying the same or going down. Going down, I'm washing the salts or that ions out of the soil. That's what's going to end up causing the soil to swell up and and disperse. Here's a good example. When you send your buddies these kinds of pictures they don't you know they want to know what they're what you're sending, but the, the one on the left is a is a very dispersive soil that I put in in water. Okay, what happened to it. It dispersed very was the other one though, same soil, but I put it in a solution of gypsum. What happened to it. Nothing. Why, we added calcium, and we added a little bit of electrical conductivity, the gypsum when it's when it's in solution has electrical conductivity of about 2.2. And that keeps the soil from dispersing. And so that's why gypsum is is used quite globally. So swelling dispersion can be occur when the percent sodium. And this is a metric that we worked with advice to, to refine, or the sodium absorption ratio is greater than five when the electrical conductivity is less than one. Okay, that's a very tight narrow window, but it's something that we that we've been using in our recommendations. So, you need to add a source of calcium and need to maintain the electrical conductivity above a minimum threshold. Okay, where do we get this calcium. Well, flue gas desulfurization gypsum going to leave an old station. They have piles of it. Okay, what they're doing is that and when the Clean Air Act came. The coal plants had described the sulfur out of the stack. Well, in many parts of the United States, they converted that that sulfur into gypsum. Oftentimes another place parts of the country you'll have a wall board, a gypsum wall board plant right next to a coal plant. Why they're using that gypsum then to make the wall board. Okay, we don't do that here, but but but but that that is fairly common. The cost of gypsum locally produced, put that stamp on it, you can sell it at the farmer's market locally produced low cost $5 to $15 a ton. It's pretty inexpensive for a byproduct to it's going to cost you more and probably moving it than it is to buy it. And it's 23% calcium. The solubility is not that great. And so it's about the mass of one penny, one us penny in about a quarter of a gallon of water. Okay, one penny and a quarter gallon of water, which isn't very much. And the things that honorly who spoke here last year she was looking at was using calcium acetate calcium acetate is is can be mixed can be created by mixing event, basically vinegar with with lime or calcium carbonate. You can watch YouTube videos all day long on this. Why I don't know but anyway you can. And so, one of the things is that the prayers about it it has about the same calcium concentration as gypsum to 25%. But now the solubility is such that you can add almost 600 pennies worth into a gallon of water and it will dissolve. Think about that one penny. In a quarter gallon, or 300 and 570 and a full gallon. Okay, just do the math real quick. It makes more sense than to think about using calcium acetate especially in in the sales with low soil water content. It's kind of expensive though, you know $10 a kilogram or $1000 per ton slide different than five or 15 right and so, but that being said, and it's not locally produced but it certainly could be we have plenty of opportunities for that in this part of the state. Okay, so when we think about remediation of these soils whether it's Brian or whether it's sodic soils. It's good to think about how soluble things are in water. And so, if we just looked at calcium carbonate, which is lime, or 20% of our soils in our state are calcareous, meaning we have excess amount of lime in our soils. If you have a saturated solution of that it's only 0.2. If you have a saturated solution of gypsum it's 2.2. So if they both cost the same. Which one do you think you would rather be able to would you want to apply to your soils that lime or the, or the gypsum lime or the gypsum apply the one that's the most soluble right by the one that's the most soluble. Calcium sulfate is that compared to to a two line. Now, put that in the perspective calcium chloride, which we would likely not use in a in a brine spill is close to 120. Okay, that'd be a wonderful one, because it's so soluble, but the one I had more chloride to the problem calcium acetate is about 28. So, if in fact gypsum was the same cost as calcium acetate, which one would you rather apply calcium acetate, because it's more soluble, you need less water in the soil to make it go into solution. And that's a good thing. And just to give you an example of the seawater and the brine there. Okay, conceptually perfect world Oh this is the academic method of doing it installed drain tile, you add calcium amendments to the top. The one on my on your left shows that you got a lot of sodium, you didn't add any calcium amendments that water is not going to move just like this. You're right. However, if you added with calcium amendments, it's going to move. So conceptually, if you would have something underneath here. Oh, this is drain tile, then you could collect the leachate and take that to offsite transport. Okay, so conceptually that's how, how it would work. And so, oh, look at that. It's an organic matter that's being dispersed from that soil. Not necessarily what you want to see, but it does stain stain things pretty well. Go back to the gypsum. It's a water movement. This is the calcium chloride. A lot more water movement. This one is starting to stop starting to stop or proceeding to stop. This is the one that was the, the yellow or was the naturally occurring a sodic soil. Okay, so then on Lee, what she was doing was trying to figure out, can we use calcium acetate in replacement of gypsum or should we just keep using gypsum. And so what I want to show you today is is the graph that she got from her from her research that which is today's demo soil that's, that's these first four right here. And that's the, that's the what she used for her research. And so, if we're going to look at the top one, just to make things simple on the bottom we have the rate of amendment, the big arrow. That's the same rate of amendment we have today. That's the same rates and that's is the 10 tons per acre. Each of the bars that you see is pelletized gypsum, bluegrass gypsum or calcium acetate. And so what you notice on her research was that with this soil, the gypsum and the calcium acetate there wasn't much difference in the actual movement of water through those through that soil. So what do you think that is, well they're good sources of calcium, right, the good sources of calcium. And so they were both effective in her in two of our other soils, she saw that the calcium acetate was actually better in those soils than it was, then the gypsum. So what we notice though is that soils are not all created equal and one blanket recommendation doesn't always fit all we have to better understand some of the parameters that we have, but when we added more of the calcium acetate. We added 20 tons per acre. What was the difference in the water movements in the upper right hand corner with the calcium acetate was almost three times better. Again, refining what we know about soils and also about what what kind of rates that we would need to apply. Okay, so we spent a lot of time and sort of in a mental sense. Friday nights, Sunday mornings, you know, workday, thinking about, we have different clay mineralogies meaning that we have a clay, we have soils that have clay in them, and oftentimes we just say oh it's clay. But in fact we actually have different mineralogies of clay. And so what that means though is that we have soils like smectite or Montmorillonite that will expand when they get wet. Anybody ever use a bed night. Why do we use that night. That's water movements, right water movement and basically stops. That's the type of soils often we have in our state. We have a lot of swelling soils, but we also tend to have soils that are non expanding or non swelling. These add water they don't do anything. They don't expand at all. So conceptually do you think applying 10 tons 10 tons of a calcium amendment would work for both of those. One of them were one of them because of the way that it's expanding has a more of ability to disperse and swell, then it does the other one, which doesn't, which doesn't expand or disperse. Okay. And so, when we think about those across this, how they might react. So my student Kathy did this study on the X axis, or excuse me on the y axis we have the disperse clay concentration just know that it's the higher up, the more the dispersion, the more sediment will see. If you look at the bottom in that picture, the one on the left. There's a lot of like, you can't see through it. There's a lot of clay in that in that sample. As you move to the right though and that on that on that picture, you can see through it. That means there's not much clay that's being dispersed in that sample. That follows what we're seeing with with the figure. On the bottom we have electrical conductivity. And again on the y axis we have disperse clay. And we have three different types of clay that are common in our state. We got Montmorillonite or smectite. We have a light, and we have our K overnight that I just showed you. What do you notice about the elite which is a non expanding clay and the K overnight. We don't see as much dispersion in those. No, we don't hardly, we don't see any in the K overnight, you could, you could beat that one all day long and you're not going to, you're not going to have this. You're not going to have water that does not move through it, in a sense. Okay, but we have to understand where these are in our state and that's that's the bigger challenge just to do one sample. And probably $300 or $400 just to get that mineralogy spectrum of understanding that. Fortunately, Dr. Dave Franzen whose office is right next to mine. They were looking at a potassium fertility. And for doing that they wanted to look at the smectite to other clay ratios. So, those of you that are well understand this state. You will notice that you there's different colors. The darker the color, the darker the color means that there's more smectite compared to the other clay mineralogies. When you get to the white, that means there's very little smectite compared to the other clay mineralogies. Okay, so, if I asked you, if you go up to Botno in the white area, do you think we'll have as much, do you think we'll have as much problem with dispersion and swelling, compared to where we might be north of Williston. Remember, the non expandings do not necessarily swell and disperse very well, the expanding ones do. You expect more swelling and dispersion with the soils from Botno than you would from Williston. We would expect less swelling and dispersion from the soils from Botno because we have less smectite in them. And if we if we look at those arrows, we can see this is the quantitative data that arrow shows us that we only have 7% of the clay fraction is smectite. That's not very much. Most of it is non expanding clay. But if we go to the sample from north of Williston, 71% of that sample is smectite or Montmorillonite. That's a lot. That's almost getting to be pure smectite or Montmorillonite. That's what this one's doing. You're seeing the swelling and the dispersion occurring because it's an expanding clay. If we would take a sample that is 100% Illite or Kailanite, that water will move right through. You wouldn't have any issues at all. So from a perspective of reclamation, what does that mean? It has huge ramifications, right? Do we need calcium amendments? Do we need to purchase calcium amendments for soils that are not going to disperse anyway? That's a good question, right? We have to answer that. The likelihood of needing those is less because of the fact that water is going to move through and wash chloride through without any issue. We do not regulate sodium in this state. We have a lot of sodium. There's no problem with that. But the chloride is what's being regulated and therefore washing that chloride out or getting it out of the system is priority one for protecting both surface and groundwater. Okay. A little note on that.  Well, maybe. So this is a, these are from Endon, which I'll give you the website in a minute. This is from Dickinson from 1991 to last week, Sunday. And then up on the y-axis is inches. This is the total rainfall per year. So 12 inches average, whatever average actually means. That's not very much. Counter that though. Look at the yearly potential evapotranspiration. That's like what the atmosphere demands. What is that number over that same, that average? 50? 55? So what that means is that after every rainfall, water is going back up. Every rainfall, the atmosphere is dry, water is going back up. That's why it's hard to leech with natural water conditions with natural precipitation. You just don't have enough water on the landscape long enough to move things down very far because as soon as the sun comes out, it all goes back up again. And so that's one of our challenges.  Just as, don't worry about the name. Just look at the landscape position.  Not very much. It would if it's over 48 hours. But how many times out here do you have a rainfall that lasts more than 15, 20 minutes? That's not violent, right? You get a lot of that, except in the spring. And so landscape position makes a big difference on how much water you can expect to move through those, through those soils, which in fact, using natural conditions to then move brine down further into the profile where it can be collected with tile drainage or some other methods. Okay, so where do we get all this water? Well, let's take a look. Slow and steady rainfall. Spring rains are phenomenal. They're much more steady melting snow. This is the one of the things I think we really need to spend more time thinking about not only from a reclamation, but also from a restoration standpoint as well. You can't make more water, but you can concentrate it. Where do we see, how many times do you get a snowfall out here where it's all nice and pretty and it's like a postcard? Not that often.  Well, if you can capture that water that's moving, or that snow that's moving sideways and concentrate it, you can concentrate a lot of water. A snow fence will concentrate three, four feet of water, snow, which will then can be used for infiltration later on. And so that's one of the things that, you know, how we get to that point, I don't know. But I do think we need to think about more about using that water that is freely available. Okay. Back to the app. It's downloaded. It's free. Okay, let's go back to here real quick. We have the orange one, no movement, no calcium amendments. You got the calcium acetate. Got the gypsum. You have calcium chloride. This one will keep dripping until it's done. This was the naturally sodic soil. What happened? We started to reduce the electrical conductivity in that and now it's seized up. That's why water will not move through this anymore. Oftentimes, I bet if we left this one here till next year, put it in the corner, nobody disrupted it, kept the evaporation low, it'll it would look like that. This one almost guaranteed we can leave it just like this. Next year we could come back it would look the same. Now, remember how fast that water moves through. Remember how fast that water moves through with just the sodium chloride. We added that fresh water. It's hardly even moving anymore. What happened? What condition did we have on those soils that allowed that water to move through with the sodium chloride. We had a lot of sodium but we had a lot of electrical conductivity counteracting that that negative effect. We washed it. Now we move fresh water through it. We still have a lot of sodium. What happened to the electrical conductivity? Was it the same?  Went down. That's exactly what happens. Fresh water moving through a brine impacted soil will likely induce some sort of behavior like that, unless you add some sort of calcium amendment. Now, that being said, in our soils that are very dominated by non-expanding clay like the chloride, ilite, kaolinite, it may not be that big a deal. But in those areas where the smectite is dominating, you're going to have to add some sort of amendment to those. Okay, so the gypsum requirements, those of you that have already donated, well, it was free. Anyway, there's a little bit of an introduction. You can go through all this kind of stuff. Jim Oster, give a big shout out to Jim Oster. He's a North Dakotan by birth. There's lots of stuff in this. If you want help using it, just call me. Just email me. I'll walk you through it. It's fairly simple once you learn just a few of the first tricks on how it's operated. And it really doesn't matter if you're talking about brine soils or soils in the coal industry that are sodic. And so the app works the same. Okay, then you get a value. At the end of the day, you get a value that is in tons of gypsum per acre that you should apply. Okay, from that you can kind of gauge on what your resources are and what your benefit cost ratio is. Okay, so back to the demo. Water movement restricted in high sodium and low EC soils. Water restricted. I don't know. Non-existent is a better term. Both the calcium acetate and the gypsum. This was the soil where Analy said that the rate of movement with this rate of calcium and from gypsum and acetate is the same. So there's no difference between these two experimentally. Here we might see a little difference but experimentally that there was no difference. The calcium chloride, high calcium, high electrical conductivity, no problem. This sodic, again, Wade can take you to a thousand of these, but this is what the water will do over time. And one I think is the most dramatic is this one, the red one, and also the one over here is because of the fact that we can make a sodic soil very easily. Yeah, I put a lot of stuff in here, but a brine spill does the same thing. We have to be cognizant of that as we think about the mineral, not only the clay content but the mineralogy of those soils as well. Okay. So moving forward, I do think that we can probably do a better job of understanding different water sources. Like we're using water that's, you know, from the tap, pretty pure water. When we get water that's a little different, like from the, from the White Earth River, or from a different source that has more electrical conductivity to it. We might not have to apply as much gypsum if in fact the water is already of poorer quality. Okay, so it might be something to look at as we, as we start to assess movement of water through these soils. Because I suspect the purchase water that you might get at Tioga or other places is probably a little bit more pure. And so you might have to think about how that versus the White Earth River water might react. Okay, I just want to reiterate the fact that mineralogy is going to be a big driver in the movement of this water. The one on the right is the one on the right is the Montmorillonite. That's what we're having right here. That's what we have right here. However, if we have a soil that has more non-expanding like Kaolinite or Illite, I think that water will move through fairly quickly. We don't see much negative impact when the clay mineralogy is non-expanding. So I think that's, we can do a better job in looking at those. Okay, calcium acetate. Where do we find those sources at? Harold and I, Harold Rhodes who's going to be speaking later, we've had conversations about calcium acetate and calcium magnesium acetate as an example. Calcium magnesium acetate is a deicer. In cities and states where chloride is a major water quality concern, they use calcium magnesium acetate. Why? There's no chloride in it. It's effective, but there's no chloride in it. So that's one of the things that we are going to be further looking at. And lastly, I want to point to you our North Dakota Agricultural Weather Network. It's one of the, aside from the WebSol survey, it's one of the greatest resources we have in our state. And so the easiest way to sort of navigate and look just like what's happening right now is go to endon.info. And in there, you can pull up maps of temperature, today's max temperature, 24-hour temperature change, rain since yesterday, winds at three meters, winds at 10 meters. You can see all that real time. It's not an app, but you can just refresh it on your phone's browser. And so the other endon station, however, you can get all that historical data that I showed with the rainfall and the potentially vapour transpiration. We have like 140 stations across North Dakota. The WISE Weather Network, which was funded by the oil and gas industry, they put a lot more stations in the western part of the state. And so it's well covered. But please use that information as much as you can because it's research quality data, but it's also updated every five minutes. Okay. What kind of questions might you have for me and I have no idea what time it is. So, six minutes. Wow. So I usually do this demonstration and I have a 50 minute class. And so I try to get to do the demonstration in that time period. So we overemphasize lots of things just because to fit it in. Water movement and soils takes a long time. The higher the clay content. Oh, it's so slow. More coarse textured water moves through pretty well, meaning more sand. So questions. Yes, Bill. So Bill's question was go back to Botinow County, where were the where the smectite other clay ratio shifted more towards the other clay than the smectite. And the question was, do we need to add a bunch of amendments to those to get them to improve. My feeling is based on what, and we'd have to do a little bit more. But if you have an area with a lot of non expanding clay. Washing with water might be as beneficial as adding a bunch of calcium, at least on the front end. And so now the water getting the water and collecting the water is always the issue. Right. Yeah, and so yeah there's back in the day and Bill and most of you can explain it better than I can there was evaporation pits where they put the brine in, and they just expand over time. But what getting water to move down or out would be highly beneficial. I don't think they might expand and swell and disperse as much as something in Williams County. Our soils in the Red River Valley, you know we imperial cast county over there but that we got, we got the very very highly expansive clay soils, and getting water to move through them is very challenging. And they're have a lot of smectite in them so questions. Yes, sir. Scott's question is, if we have soils that that we have an ability to collect get water that is sort of like a poor quality water. Can that be used as opposed to using a fresh water flush or something like that is that is that correct. Yep, I would say, if that if that water has elevated electrical conductivity. And even if it does have sodium and chlora and in calcium and magnesium in it. I would say that that would be a better first flush than using fresh fresh water like rainfall water is fresh right, but using maybe a poor quality, just as we showed here. Just as we showed there, we might have to add that calcium source later, but at least with the initial flush you might not need it. So identifying those sources of water and whether you can actually access them and get them is probably another challenge but, but I do think there's some benefit in thinking about that from that standpoint. But yes, and the verge. Almost, but I have one question for you on on your application your app. It, I noticed all the fields have to be filled in. So what if you don't have that information. Just, there's a lot of fields in that in that in that app. One of them is the starting sodium where you're starting at and whether is where you're ending. So that takes care of two of them. Both density we just talked about that it's very difficult to get. Oftentimes we just say it's 1.5 just because that's about what it is normally in the soil. So that is the purity of the gypsum. So we have to know if we're using gypsum that is 100% pure, or 90% pure, and that purity of our flue gas gypsum is somewhere in that 90 to 93% pure pure so it's really high quality stuff. And another one is like the, what the cation exchange capacity of the soil is. That's the one that's more difficult to get out. But we can estimate that from the clay content, most in a, and if we're off 510 15%, it's still a better number than guessing what it might be at the beginning of the day but it's a valid question. Therefore, if you have questions I'm certainly happy to walk through that with you.


Today's video we got an 11 by 14 with this bang delicious strawberry kiss energy drink now. Let's make it fun Boom there it is now. We got to spin it. Let's go but first Crack one open now. Let's bet it here. We go just beautiful just beautiful


For those of you who have been following the channel for any amount of time You'll know that I've been trying my damnedest to use x-mode ad full-time for the last couple weeks and I've had some problems. This is my third video on the window manager that everybody else seems to like and I've been waiting for the moment where I have that Eureka moment like yes, I like this thing because it's good and You know it has really cool features and It's easy to use those moments haven't happened just not even close and I'm just done with it So I've been using it off and on for the last two weeks now It's not has not been full-time because there have been moments where I just had to get something done and X-mode ad was distracting me because I was always attempting to make it better So I was tweaking it stuff. So I had to go back to DWM a couple times or Usually a couple times a day to actually get work done So I I have some thoughts on these two weeks. So I so I just thought I would Lay out my thoughts and explain Why I'm giving up. So let's go ahead and jump in Okay, so this is what my x-mode ad looks like right now So the first thing I had problems with and this is the this was the topic of my first video was the bar so I could not for the life of me get x-mobar to work and I Tried other people's configs. I tried doing my own thing. I tried going to the documentation and Doing exactly what the documentation said to do and I still couldn't get to work I did finally get x-mobar to work using the Arco Linux x-mobar package in the AUR By the time I actually did get to work I Come to realize the x-mobar is Not easy to configure. It's not necessarily the hardest thing I've ever seen to configure But it's not necessarily something that I even wanted to spend time learning about so I Almost immediately switched back to that to poly bar Despite the fact that I'd spent at that point like almost a week trying to get x-mobar to work So I'm on poly bar and there's nothing wrong with poly bar at all It works well in x-mone add for the most part if you have certain packages actually Imported into your x-mone.hs file. It works fine So the bar thing I've gotten situated to the point where it's completely usable I know I I know poly bar very well. I can configure as much as I want to So the bar problem has been solved. I Don't know what I was doing wrong with the x-mobar thing. I Still have no clue until I used that arco linux package Whatever I was doing wrong was being done wrong across multiple configuration files because I use DT's configuration files I use somebody else's on reddits. I used my own I Used the default configuration files the like the one you download from the x-mone ad can you know website? I use that And still I couldn't get to work so I have no clue what I was doing wrong. All I know is the arco linux one worked So I didn't actually learn anything from that experience outside of a little bit of Haskell and I'm gonna be talking about Haskell all quite a bit, you know more later, but The bar thing was the biggest turnoff to begin with and eventually once I've got onto poly bar I was able to you know be okay with it So moving on from the bar My next task was to try to get scratch pads working So I use the crap out of scratch pads in DWM. I just use them all the time I have my music player in a scratch pad. I have pulse mixer in a scratch pad I have ranger in a scratch pad. I have a couple terminal scratch pads. I have like five scratch pads in DWM I use scratch pads in I3 all the time ever since I found out about them scratch pads have been Probably the best thing I use in Linux all the time because they're just a complete game changer. So X-mone ad has named scratch pads capabilities it does according to the documentation It's actually fairly easy to implement. You just import one library Put in your name scratch pads and what you want them to be and then add in your Keybindings and then add something towards the end here in my manage hook or whatever it is I tried to do it the way the documentation said to do it. That didn't work. I got errors So I deleted that and then I did it the way DT did it in his configuration files. I got errors I found a couple of the tutorials online and I thought I understood what I was doing I really did and I still got errors So I don't know what I was doing wrong there. So I scrapped this configuration file because this is the Arco Linux configuration file for their X-mone ad ISO. So I scrapped this thinking that because They go through and they import a ton of stuff, right? They just import a ton of libraries So I figured well, maybe there's some conflicting stuff there because that has something to do with the way Haskell works and you really can't Have conflicting libraries or something. I don't know. I really don't understand it, but I do know that Arco Linux imports a lot of stuff. So I figured I'll just go through and I'll really build up the configuration file from scratch using the X-mone ad tutorial, which is on their GitHub page So I did that and then I added the scratchpad stuff directly from the X-mone ad Documentation I did it precisely the way it said Still got errors By this point I've been using it for two weeks and I've been working on on Name scratchpads or scratchpads for two or three days at this point. I'm just I'm done I don't understand Haskell. I think that this this entire fiasco comes down to the point Or comes down to the fact that I cannot understand Haskell worth a damn. I can't There are certain things that just don't make any sense today. So I've had some things explained to me I've read some of the Haskell documentation. I'll admit I haven't read all of it That's just beyond me. I'm not that interested in it. I guess I I've tried to get my head around it. So like when I switched to DWM, I didn't know a lick of C I My only experience was C was a brief time in college when I was a computer science major And that lasted for like a semester I realized that wasn't a good coder. So I moved on to history So I'm I'm not a coder. I've never been a coder. But when I switched to DWM I was able to learn C Well enough that I can go through and do anything I want to do In DWM I can patch things to the high heavens I can go through and make changes to key bindings and make changes to the patches and all the stuff I can do it just fine and understand what I'm doing That's the key thing here is I understand when I make a change in in DWM's configuration files I understand Why the change needs to be made what the change is going to do And all this stuff that goes along with making a change in DWM and everything that it's going to affect, right? That's a big thing when you're learning something new Actually being able to understand what you're doing Even if you're following a direction even if you're following directions from a Tutorial online Being able to understand is a big hurdle to get past and I passed that in DWM With Haskell even working through this for the last two weeks I understand very little about Haskell. I understand Very little about what Haskell does. So I understand that it imports libraries from other things So I get that part, but I don't understand The differences between import and import qualified even though I've looked it up. They've explained it to me I just don't understand what the difference is um, and I don't understand For example Why you'd use one or the other? I don't know I just know that this came from the Oracle Linux config and some of them have import some of them have import qualified What what's it mean? I don't know again. I didn't understand the explanation again. This is My small brain so Don't Don't in the comments try to explain it to me. I don't I'm done. Okay I'm not learning anymore. I'm not even try to learn anymore Um, I'm just pointing out that I don't understand the other thing. I don't understand is apparently if you Don't import things a certain way or you import things that conflict with each other You're going to get errors Or an even better example is if you import something and then you don't use it For something later on in the config you'll get errors. I don't understand that at all I mean that just seems like poor programming design to me like Who cares if you import a library and it doesn't get used. It doesn't make any sense to me at all I mean, it what is it hurt it? It doesn't hurt anything if you import it It doesn't seem like it would hurt anything if you import something then just not use it So, uh, that's another thing about the libraries that I just didn't understand And they seem to have a lot of libraries that just overlap. So for example, they have two scratch pad libraries one of them is called scratch pad, which is kind of like a generic thing It just does a terminal and they have name scratch pad which allows you to go through and actually create a whole bunch of scratch pads that have names I couldn't get either of them to work But the fact that they're both exists and you obviously can't use both of them or it doesn't seem like you can use both of them They just kind of roll out now You can't I can't really complain about that because if you look at dwms patches They have a ton of patches in dwm that overlap and if you combine them they oftentimes is very much conflict So it's kind of the same thing. So if you look at importing libraries, it's kind of being Xmon adds versions of patches it makes sense why you can't have overlapping libraries, so that's a that's one thing of x of haskell that I just Had a hard time getting my mind around so if we go to the bottom here of my config And we look at some of the syntax This right here confused the hell out of me and I still don't know what it means and One of the things you have to do so as far as I can tell A lot of this stuff is setting variables. So Up here you have something where it says my manage hook Equals or whatever, you know a way up here And then down here, these are all the things that the xmon add system Starts or uses to run itself It's very confusing and I don't I just can't really Get my head around it. So like mod mask is What the key bindings use? But it's equating itself to my mod mask, which is set to the super key, which I think I can understand But it seems redundant to me. Why not just use mod mask? It doesn't it's really weird the manage the manage hook stuff Is The most confusing part of this whole thing I don't know what it means I tried to get my head around it and I watched some videos and I what I read some of the Documentation I just could not get my head around it add into the fact I don't understand how some of this stuff is combined. So for example This stuff here is all combined into something in some kind of layout some kind of form And in order to get this name scratch pad stuff to work you have to add something to this And one of the errors that I kept getting is that it couldn't for whatever reason pull It didn't understand what I was trying to add And even though I was going through and following the directions And I added it literally copy and paste right to this the way it said to add it I was getting errors and I don't understand why I was getting errors. So it's somehow Some way whatever way these things are combining themselves adding anything on top of it Didn't work and I didn't understand why And finding out why is a mess. So here's my biggest problem is Haskell seems to have several ways of doing any one thing so I found three or four tutorials. I'm using named scratch pads Every single one of them was different Whether any of them work. I don't know. I'm assuming DT's configuration works, right? Because he uses it all the time and he you know talks about x-mone ad stuff I'm assuming the person on reddit who who posted their rice of x-mone ad. I'm assuming their configuration files work So obviously the way they did it and the way DT did it and the way other people have done it All those ways work, but none of them work for me And I don't understand why And again because there's three different ways of doing This thing apparently or even more or whatever Finding out what you're doing wrong is very hard. It's very difficult because You don't know where to look for answers like You would assume you'd go on to the x-mone ad documentation, which supposedly is very good Uh, I don't think it's all that good because it's doesn't seem like it's correct like For like I keep coming back to the name scratch pad thing. I First when I wanted to add the name scratch pads, I went to the documentation. I followed the directions specifically And I like word for word I followed and I read them and everything which is you know, it's unusual for me Like you reading the documentation first is is very rare for me. Usually I wing it and Find the errors and try to learn myself before I go hunting for the documentation But this time I knew I was gonna have problems.  So either the documentation is wrong Or because there are multiple ways of doing things the configuration file that I'm using is set up in such a way that the documentation Uh, doesn't apply to me So that's a possibility or it's possibility that because of the way this configuration file set up Uh, that method just doesn't work and there's another way that I'd have to go through and do it And again, it comes back to which libraries you have imported and stuff like that. So That's the reason why I scrapped this configuration file And followed the tutorial again and created a configuration file By scratch from the tutorial and then tried to add the The namescatch pads from the documentation still didn't work It's coming up with errors. It was Something about parsing and stuff. Okay. So usually when you get the parse error, it means you have Uh, something in the wrong place. So I did eventually get that one figured out but I got another error dealing with this manage hook thing where it Didn't like the way I was combining something or the other and even in the Configuration file of the one that I created from scratch. It wasn't the article one. Even that didn't work. So it's a mess and Look, it's been two weeks off and on And like I said, I've been waiting for that moment where even getting past the fact where I can't Get namescatch pads to work even getting past the fact just using X monad because the configuration file I'm using is you know something that I can use and I've been using it and I've been waiting for that moment to that to pop into my head to make me understand why This is better Or why X monad is good and I haven't had that moment and I don't think the X monad is bad I just want to put that out there. I don't think that there's anything wrong with X monad Personally, it's not for me.  I understand a little bit of Haskell, but it's Release more now than I did before but it's still most of it just leaves me behind So X monad for other people seems to be perfectly fine for me When I use a window manager, I need to be able to understand What the configuration file is doing when I'm using i3 I can understand Every single line in that configuration file and I can tweak it. I can change it I can move them around and I can completely understand I could go through right now and write my own i3 configuration file from scratch without looking at the documentation I could almost do that for dwm. I would miss a few lines obviously, but there's a lot of the dwm configuration file that I understand and I could go through and recreate that from scratch almost completely without looking at the documentation now dwm has crap documentation so That wouldn't be anything I'd have an option to do anyways, but The the point is is I understand what dwm is doing There are parts of c or whatever that I still have trouble with but I'm Confident that if I needed to go through and find About what something did I could go through and find out what it did very easily online somewhere Whether it's something with c or something with the way dwm works I could go through and find out with haskell or with xmonad I have no confidence in being able to fix any problem if something goes wrong I have no clue what i'm doing and there doesn't seem to be an A one-stop shop out there anywhere where I can figure out what I'm doing wrong And even like I said, even the documentation Failed me in this part because like I said the documentation seems to only apply Sometimes and that's not that's not a great feeling I like having the confidence that I know what my window manager is doing In the background what it's the configuration is doing and I don't have that confidence with xmonad so I'm done That's the whole Point of this video is that I'm done with xmonad. I've tried it now two or three times I've gotten farther this time than I have ever before Usually I got stuck with the bar and then I gave up like after a couple days this time I still got stuck with the bar, but I managed to get poly bar working. So it's not a big deal And I definitely learned more about haskell this time than I did last time because I used it for longer Could I learn more could I put more effort into it probably but I the thing is about this This is supposed to be fun for me And the first two days were fun like yeah, I was having problems. Yes. I was frustrated But I was still having fun tweaking and learning and discovering new sources of information on the internet That point has passed it's no longer fun for me and that's the reason why I'm done So I'm going to be going back to dwm. I'm going my next Window manager that I'm going to try or switch to is going to be awesome And now I used awesome in a live stream a few weeks ago and I wasn't impressed with lua But I didn't really give it a good, you know a good try So I'm going to install awesome probably tomorrow And use it for a little while and I'll create a video about it But that's the next one I'm going to try because I like trying new things and I like learning new stuff but For whatever reason there's a block between my brain and everything that has to do with haskell and That means xmoid ad is Done for me. So Thank you for watching. You can follow me on twitter at the next cast You can follow me on facebook at the next cast and you can support us on patreon patreon.com Slash the linux cast Tears two three four and five get early access to Many of our videos So if that's something you're interested in make sure you follow us on patreon patreon.com slash linux cast again Uh, I'd like to take a moment to thank our current patrons Devon marcus maiglin donnie's ven merit camp and michael. Thanks everybody for your support. Thank you for watching I'll see you next time


Hi everybody, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com. Happy Thursday coming at you with 2020 Panini Obsidian Football 3 box random division break number 3 from jaspyscasebrakes.com Thank you to these folks for getting into it and there are the divisions right there. Good luck. Let's roll it randomize each List two times easy snake eyes one and two Alifanzo down to Matt Lever and then snake eyes for the divisions one and two. Good luck AFC East down to the NFC West All right Alifanzo with the NFC East Nicholas with the NFC East Cori with the AFC North Josh AFC West Brett AFC South Alex NFC North Kevin NFC South and Matt with the NFC West Let's sort by column B right there by division We're going to pause the video and allow for some divisional trades if you want to and I'm going to go run and grab those few boxes And uh when we come back we'll see if there's any trades and then the break stick around All right, welcome back folks a little bit of trade chatter, but in the end no deals were done here on thursday the 28th Thanks everyone for getting in The next three box divisional is up Who's that guy right there? So we'll go one two three for the left side four five six for the right side And it's five one two three four five six So that's the side we're going to do right now. This is the side we'll do for divisional uh number four There you go. You can see div four right there We also have obsidian hoops on the site too if you want the basketball version of this both are Both are pretty excellent. All right. Good luck everybody There'll be two base cards on the bottom and then hit sorry let's slide those up here space here All right chase young's on top. He reveals. Oh, look at this a patrick mahomes Color blast That's pretty nice. It's a nice time to get this josh hoffman a fc west He's a pretty sharp nice Behind chase young is a matt ryan And fc south behind chase young are your hits. We've got marshal fog 44 out of 50 atomic relic For the nfc west matt lever and we've got colby parkinson 20 out of 75 For the hawks of the sea nfc west Matt lever. Yeah, that color blast looks pretty solid, right? TJ's OMG 20 out of 75 Might be more after the super bowl sack We got lightning strike Minka fits patrick a fc north quarry 98 out of 100 quarry with the a fc north and then it's jaylon herds. What a box two color dual relic and autograph nicolas with the nfc east 40 out of 150 It freshened up the coaching staff. Let's see what they have in store for jaylon herds and uh Come on the wild sport again jaylon herds and Carson wence maybe second box Next box that color blast from home. You're definitely setting aside for picture time. All right. We got devin duvernay Rookie for the a fc north quarry We got tunnel vision die cut josh allen 10 out of 10. I was really hoping to see josh allen In the super bowl, but I guess The homes is fine, too He's pretty they're both pretty good behind duane haskins Is dj chart 21 out of 100 galaxy gear 21 out of 100 for the a fc south Brett with that one tried to trade couldn't trade mojo. Next up is quiche on vaughn It's 37 out of 100 big volcanic relic For the nfc south this time kevin. I got Houston texans autograph isaac halter a fc south With an auto this time rookie auto 90 out of 150 might have a new Quarterback throwing the ball to him and we've got a joe burrow. Wow jaylon herds in the first box A joe burrow in the second box That's going to be in the third box a fc north quarry With the bangles in the a fc north joey b Five out of 10. Look at that low number Oh little piece of looks like that's on the card itself I don't want to mess with it too much. I'll let I'll let you handle it quarry But very nice. All right, there's duane haskins right there. He might get a fresh start in Pittsburgh And the third and final box Don't forget about the other three boxes the final three boxes of this case Could be uh Could be the other quarterbacks in there We still have this one to go to All right, we got a jake from state farm one of one Wow This might be a keeper. I mean maybe jake from Marinates behind josh allen gets an opportunity somewhere else a fc east olifonzo All aboard the big head express whoo Donovan people's jones reveals a jordan brooks seattle seahawks nfc west matt lieber Your hits behind donovan people jones is dalvin cook galaxy gear nfc north alex v 40 out of 100 now all points We've got lightning strike gino akins Bangles afc north another one for quarry 8 out of 10 nice low number there and we've got a j dillon 6 out of 50 Very nice three boxes two color patch And autograph that goes to the nfc north alex with the green bay packers a j dillon might have a new Quarterback maybe handing the ball off to all right Let's randomize that list again And let's see who's going to end up with the 400 points. All right, so let's go back to Some new dice And let's grab the names here again And the name on top after Six four or two after six we'll get the uh 400 points one two three four five and six and final time josh hoffman there you go josh you got the afc west you got the mahomes you got the 400 points There you have it. I'm joe for jasphyscasebreaks.com the final three boxes are in the store Check it out and i'll break that with you next time. Bye. Bye


two nights ago we heard part one of Michael's interview with Sean Marks. We now present part two featuring a heavy emphasis on Harden and the way the move to get him went down. Let's go back a little bit. What will you remember most about the final 48 hours before the Harden trade?  I don't know like that particular trade moved very quickly to get us to put James and Brooklyn as uniform so that won't happen quick. Was there jubilation? How would you describe the energy with your staff once it was finally efficient? Yeah, it was definitely exciting without a doubt. You know we're thrilled to have James to have James part of this room to be around us and I think we're seeing what he brings to the table which is which is really incredible. You know extremely high basketball IQ, his voice, his voice in the locker room, his leadership characteristics so you know we're thrilled with that and you know there's two sides to every trade right? The first is obviously we're stacked to have James part of this and then the side where we're having to move some pieces in order to get him. So there's a little bit of like well let's make sure that off-boarding is taken care of in the right manner and without a doubt there was yeah there's always sad to see some people leave and to see those three guys you know have to leave and look out the door for a living through that's never easy. It's a small sample size but what has impressed you most about Kyrie, Kevin and James playing together? You know I've really enjoyed watching their interactions on the court watching the three of them come together trying to figure out a lot of problem-solving to be honest. You know they haven't played together. They still haven't played together a whole lot but I think what we're seeing out there is they're introducing you know new concepts. They are evolving their teammates. There's a lot of teaching going on. They're learning how to play with one another. So I think it's just it's part of the journey. I think we've always tried to embrace whatever season it is whatever week month of the season and embrace it. It's all part of it and to see those guys continuing to grow in their relationships not necessarily always deferring. I think at first they're trying to sort of feel each other out. Like where should we be? What should we do? And now I think they're getting down to just playing basketball. Guys are enjoying playing with them. They're enjoying playing with one another as I mentioned earlier. They're having fun out there and that's that is absolutely important as you go through this season which is unlike any other. In the aftermath of the deal did you feel like you had the depth to fill in the gaps with you know Jeff Green, Bruce Brown, Landry Shaman, TLC, Tyler Johnson. You know how impressed have you been with the way the role players have performed? Very impressed with them. You know this was part of the plan is to have a deep bench and you know obviously we we got rid of a lot of that depth you know during this hard and trade. I'm thrilled that certain guys have stepped up. You know Bruce Brown really relishing his role. Jeff Green taking more steps up and leadership role. I'm just playing so well the vital part of this team and the list goes on. I think we knew that we're going to have to continue to tinker and and look to fill some gaps and fill some holes but you know it is about being patient. It's not about being rushed into something quickly. You know we can it's easy to get caught up and thinking oh my god we need this. Let's go do it right now and could we make moves or you know do some other things earlier on potentially. I think we've got to figure out how this group plays to get it first and then just take our time to be patient be strategic and how we continue to build.