Hello dear learners, I am Antora Mohanto Borva, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics, HBC School of Science and Technology. Today in this video class we will discuss about the combinational circuits. This unit belongs to the second block of digital techniques paper of first semester BCA program. This unit includes about the introduction of combinational logic circuits. Then we shall discuss some examples of combinational logic circuits like multiplexure and demultiplexure and codar and decoder. And then we shall discuss about the other and subtractor. So, first let us see what is combinational logic circuit? A combinational logic circuits includes inputs, then logic gates and outputs. The output is depend on the present inputs values and it does not have any memory and if there are n numbers of inputs then output will be 2 to the power n. Suppose this is a combinational logic circuits. It has n inputs and n numbers of outputs. So, if there are n numbers of inputs then the total combinations, possible combinations of inputs will be 2 to the power n combinations. And suppose n equal to 2 then total possible combinations will be 2 to the power 2 equal to 4. So, 4 numbers of inputs will be there and there will be m outputs. So, output is depends on the present inputs. Then let us see some examples of combinational circuits. Some examples of combinational logic circuits are multiplexure, demultiplexure, then encoder, decoder, then adder and subtractor. So, multiplexure and demultiplexure are the very important combinational circuits and let us first see what is multiplexure. So, multiplexure is a combinational circuit which accepts many inputs and it gives only one output. It is also known as many to one. So, multiplexure is also called as a data selector because it selects only one input out of several input signals to single output. So, first let us see what is multiplexure. Multiplexure it, this is the block diagram. It has n inputs and one output m numbers of control lines. So, what is the relation between input and the control line is n equal to 2 to the power m. That means, if number of input lines is 2 then number of control lines m will be 1 because 2 is equal to 2 to the power 1. So, m will be 1, this control line or we can say selector line it will be 1 when input is 2. Again if we consider input is 4 that means, 4 numbers of input signals apply to a multiplexure then number of control lines it will be 2 because 2 to the power 2 will be 4. So, similarly the some examples of multiplexures are 2 to 1 multiplexure then 4 to 1 multiplexure then 8 to 1 or 16 to 1 multiplexures. Here output is always 1. So, in multiplexure the selector inputs determine the outputs. So, in this case we check about the 4 to 1 multiplexure. So, first let us see the 4 to 1 multiplexure. So, now let us see the 4 to 1 multiplexure that means, 4 means there are 4 input lines and here we will use the 4 n gates. So, these are the outputs of the n gates here we add a OR gate.  So, how we apply the inputs to these gates let us save it from the truth table suppose a b and output is y. So, for 2 bits the input combinations will be 0 0 0 1 1 0 then 1 1. So, first a and b is 0 0 that means, in the first gate this NOR gate is 0 then b is 0 this will be the input and the second case 0 1 that means, a is 0. So, from this line then b is 1. So, this line here both the inputs is 1 1 and we apply a NOR gate to make it a 0 input. Next combination is 1 and 0 that means, a is 1. So, here this is the line 1 then b is 0. So, it will be from the NOR gate and the fourth combination is 1 1 both inputs a and b are 1. So, from this line and this line and output is it when the inputs a and b is 0 the d 0 output is selected that means, the other 3 AND gates are disabled and the first AND gate is enabled. So, in the output of the OR gate it will be data 0 and for the second combination the output will be d 1 that means, the y is the value of d 1 input line then 1 0 it will be d 2 and for 1 1 combination output will be d 3. So, this is the truth table of 4 2 1 multiplexer and this is the logic circuit diagram for 4 2 1 multiplexer 4 means there will be 4 data inputs. So, we have to draw 4 AND gates and each data input is 4 input is applied to each AND gate and the selector line or the control lines will be 2. So, a AND b are the control line and we write the combinations for 2 inputs then accordingly we and given the this AND gates accepts the input combinations and output is that means, it selects only 1 input line at a time. So, this is about 1 2 sorry 4 2 1 multiplexer. So, multiplexers are used in various fields where multiple data need to be transmitted using single line. Some applications of multiplexers are communication system in telephone network, computer memory etc. Next we will see the demultiplector combinational circuit. In demultiplector it accepts only 1 input and it gives several outputs. So, demultiplector is also called 1 2 many. So, similar to the multiplexer the multiplexers can be 1 2 2 1 2 4 1 2 8 or 1 2 16 demultiplector. So, now let us say the logic circuits and truth table of demultiplector. This is a block diagram of demultiplector. It has one input signals and many output lines and m is the number of control lines. If the output line is n then the input control lines will be 2 to the power m. So, in case of 1 2 4 demultiplector that means output lines will be 4. So, the input control lines or the selection lines it will be 2. So, m is 2. Now, we say the logic diagram and the truth table of demultiplector 1 2 4. Since output is 4. So, there is 4 n gates suppose output is y 0 y 1 y 2 y 3 and 1 input that means suppose this is the d input d is data input and it applies to all the n gates. Then in case of 1 2 4 demultiplector there is 2 selection lines suppose a and b not gate is applied. So, let us first see the output truth table that is a b and 4 outputs. So, 4 outputs is y 0 y 1 y 2 and y 3. First combination is 0 0 then 0 1 1 0 then 1 1. So, when the input is 0 0 that means this 0 0 then the output this d is selected at the output of the first n gate. So, y 0 will be d here. So, what is the value is applied to the input that is reflect on the output of the first n gate and the other n gate are disabled and the rest of the output of the n gates are 0 0. For the second combination that is 0 1 here it is 0 then next is 1 then the output of y 1 takes the data input. So, d is here if d is 1 we can write here 1 1 and rest of the outputs are 0 0. For the third combination 1 0 that means a is 1 and b is 0 for this combination the output is reflected on the y 2 that is output of the third n gate. And the for last combination that is 1 1 1 1 the other 3 outputs is 0 here it is 0 and it is 1. So, this is the logic proof table of 1 2 4 d multiplexer. So, what is the value of input it reflects on the outputs for other cases it is 0. Similarly, same concept we can draw the 8 1 2 8 d multiplexer or 1 2 16 d multiplexer or we can draw the 1 2 2 d multiplexer. So, I have shown the 1 to 4 d multiplexer. So, now d multiplexer is used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. Some of the applications of d multiplexers are the communication system, arithmetic logic unit, serial to parallel converter. In the multiplexer receiver the output signals of multiplexer and converts them back to the original form of the data at the receiver end. Multiplexer and the multiplexer work together to carry out the process of transmission and reception of data in communication system. Next we shall see the encoder and decoder combinational circuit. Now we will see the encoder combinational logic circuits. Here the encoder is octal to binary encoder logic circuits we will see. Here if 2 2 d power n is the inputs then output will be n, n outputs. So, in the block diagram the block diagram of the encoder is like this. So, this is our encoder if 2 2 d power n inputs then n numbers of outputs. So, this 2 2 d power n into n encoder and here if this 2 2 d n is equal to 3 then 2 2 d power n is 8. So, this encoder will be 8 into 3 encoder, 3 output lines, 8 numbers of input lines. Encoder is generally used to encode the inputs, encode the informations. Now let us see the logic circuits and the truth table of 8 into 3 encoder. This encoder is just a opposite of decoder. First we will see the logic truth table, first we will see the truth table that is the inputs are 8 inputs. So, i 0, i 1, i 2, i 3, i 4, i 5, i 6, i 7 and outputs are given as po 0, po 1, po 2. So, here is po 0, po 1, po 2. So, first suppose the first input is high that means 1 is applied to the first input and the rest of the inputs are 0. So, in case of encoder at a time only 1 input is high. Then what will be the outputs? This output will be 0 0 0. Then for the next input 1 rest of the inputs are 0. Now this is a truth table of 8 into 3 encoder. Here what it is given that means at a time only 1 input signal is high and for the outputs will be similarly this are the outputs of the encoder. So, what we have seen the output o 0 that means first output is 1 when the i 4, i 5, i 6 and i 7 is 1. Then output o 0 that means first output is high and for the other cases the output is 0. Again the output second output that means o 1 what it is saying this output is high when the input i 1, then i 3 and i 6 and i 7 is high. So, the output equations can be written as o 0 equal to when o 0 is high when i 4, i 4 plus i 5 then i 6 and i 7. Then for the next output o 1 when this output is high first i 2 plus next is i 3 plus here for this combination i 6 and for the last combination it is i 7. And for o 2 it is 1 when i 1 is high next is 1 when i 3 is high plus next 1 i 5 is high and it is 1 when i 7 is high. So, this is the equations of output 3 outputs o 0 o 1 and o 2. Now, this is the truth table. Now, we draw the logic diagram of the 8 into 3 and put up here 3 outputs. So, these are the combinations. So, here they all are last to the inputs. So, we used 3 organs and in the 3 organs output is o 0 o 1 and o 2 and here one unable input that means to enable the cheap, cheap unable input is applied. And this unable input is applied to all the 3 organs. Now, for o 0 what are the inputs i 4, i 5, i 6 and i 7. So, here as i 0 is not when i 0 is high no one output is high. So, I have not given here i 0 I have started from i 1. So, for output o 0 this i 4, i 4 then i 5 and i 6 7. So, these are the inputs for o 0. Then for the second output o 1 what are the inputs i 1, i 3, i 6 and i 7, i 2 first is i 2. So, here it is i 2 then i 3, i 3, i 6 even then i 7. So, these are the i 7. So, 3 the 4 inputs then for o 2 combinations the input combinations are i 1, this is the i 1, i 1 then i 3 there already this drawn i 3, i 3, i 5, i 5 and i 7. So, i 7. So, this is the logic circuit for 8 into 3 encoder. So, I think it is clear now again I am repeating first you draw the truth table for 8 into 3 encoder there are 8 inputs. So, I have marked here i 1, i 0, 2, i 7 and 3 outputs o 0, o 1 and o 2 and at a time it is assumed that at a time only one input is high. So, accordingly this truth has been drawn here and when the output is 1 we have checked the inputs. So, when output o 0 is high the business inputs are high. So, we have combined it edited and then we get the 3 outputs. So, this is the logic diagram of 8 into 3 encoder. Next we will see the decoder circuit. Now, we discuss about the decoder combinational circuit. So, a decoder is the combinational logic circuit that receives coded information of n input lines and converts damage to maximum of 2 to the power n unique output lines. So, decoder is functions just opposite to a encoder and the decoder outputs will have less than 2 to the power n outputs when some of the n bits decoded informations are unused or are do not care combinations. Now, we see the block diagram truth table and logic circuit of decoder. So, now this is a block diagram of n 2 to the power n decoder. Here n numbers of inputs then it decodes 2 to the power n outputs. If n is 3 that is 3 inputs that output will be 2 to the power 3 equal to 8. So, 8 outputs it is marked as o 0 o 1 2 o 7. So, it is a 3 into 8 decoder. Now, we see the logic circuit and the truth table. So, since there is a 3 inputs a we see these are the 3 inputs and outputs are o 0 o 1 o 2 o 3 o 4 o 5 o 6 and o 7. So, for the 3 inputs what are the combinations first is 0 0 0 then 0 0 1. So, when all the 3 inputs are 0 then the output o 0 is selected. So, this is 1 and the rest of the outputs are 0. When the input 0 0 1 is selected o 1 output is 1 others are 0 for the third case o 2 output is selected for the fourth case output o 3 is selected and for the last combinations when all the inputs is high then output i 7 is high. So, this is the truth table for 3 into 8 decoder. So, these are the inputs and these are the outputs. So, now we see the logic diagram for 3 into 8 decoder. So, now since there are 8 outputs 8 numbers of n gates will be there and the 3 inputs a b c are the 3 inputs and it is complemented with the by using the north gate. So, for the first combinations 0 0 0 that means, when all the 3 inputs a b c are 0 that means, this one this one and this one 0 then output of the first n gate that is o 0 is high it is selected for the second case 0 0 1 that means, a is 0 a is 0 b is 0 here b is 0 then c is high. So, this is the high line then for the third case b is high a and c is low. So, a is low b is high and c is low for the fourth b and c is high a is low. So, a is low b is high and c is high. So, this is the c is high for the next case when output o 4 is high then the a is high then the rest b and c is 0. So, a is high. So, this one is high line and b and c is low then a and c is high. So, here a is high b is low and c is high then for the say sixth then output here the combination is a and b is high. So, this is high a then b this line is high and c is low. So, this is the c low line and for the last AND gate that means for o 7 output all the 3 inputs are high. So, this is a high line then b is high and c is. So, this is the logic circuit for 3 into a decoder. So, 3 means 3 inputs a b c and 8 means 8 decoded outputs. So, o 0 to o 7. So, first you draw the truth table by using these combinations 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. So, all these 8 combinations are there and then the 8 outputs o 0 to o 7 are given here that means the output only one AND gate output is high at a time and rest of the other output of the AND gates is 0. So, this is a 3 logic circuit of 3 into 8 decoder. So, the function of decoder is just opposite to the encoder. Now, the decoder is used in some code conversion circuits for example, b c d to 7 segment decoder. So, a 3 to 8 line decoder circuit can be used in binary to octal conversion and the decoder is also used in some code conversion for example, b c d to 7 segment decoder and another use of a decoder is that it can be used to implement any combinational logic circuit. So, we have discussed about the 3 to 8 decoder. Next we see the combinational circuit of adder and subtractor. So, first adder means there are two types of adder one is half adder and the other is full adder and first let us see a half adder. Half adder is a combinational circuit that performs the addition of two bits. So, in this logic circuit two binary inputs and two binary outputs are required. Now, let us see the block diagram of a half adder. So, this is a half adder so two inputs two outputs suppose a and b are the inputs and s and c is the output. So, here the output s equal to a b bar plus a bar b and c is also known as carry s is known as sum and c is known as carry. So, carry is a into b now from this sum equations the truth table will be a b then s and c. So, the truth table of the half adder for the two inputs a b that means, 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1. So, these are adder so 0 and 0 is added. So, when 0 plus 0 be better 0 0 plus 1 the output sum is 1 1 plus 0 is 0 sorry 1 and 1 plus 1 is 0 carry 1. So, other carry is 0. Now, the logic circuit of a half adder is for two inputs that is a and b then two n gates and the output of the two n gates are added. So, there is a one organ this is the s input s output and the other is c carry output. So, here the input is a a naught b and b naught. So, for the first case when 0 0 that means, a 0 and b 0 for the second 0 1 0 when output is high. So, sum is when sum is high when the combination is 0 1. So, we have to put 0 and 1 for the next case the sum is high when the input combination is 1 0. So, this is 1 and this is 0. So, output is a b bar plus b a bar b and in the next case the c carry it is a into b. So, a is a high b high carries 1 here a high and b. So, this is a half adder half adder logic circuit. So, what is a half adder logic circuit? Half adder logic circuit is a combinational logic circuit which added two bits and it gives two outputs. Two bits is a and b and s outputs are sum and carry.  So, in the truth table for two bits the four combinations are there and the output sum is high when any of the input is high and when both the inputs are equal that means either it is 0 or it is 1 then the sum output is 0 and for the carry output when both the inputs are 1 then the output is high. So, this is the logic circuit for half adder. Next we will see a full adder. So, now we will discuss about the full adder combinational circuit. A full adder combinational circuit is a circuit which added three bits binary signals or binary inputs and there are two outputs sum and carry. It consists the three input consists a and b which we have already in case of half adder and the third input is the carry which is coming from the lower order bits when multi bit addition is performed. So, in case of a full adder two of the input variables suppose a and b represents the two significant bits to be added and the third variable that is c which is represent to carry from the previous lower significant position and the output variables that is s which gives the value of the least significant bit of the sum and the output variable c which is which gives the output carry. Now, let us see the truth table and the logic circuit of a full adder. So, here a full adder this is the block diagram three inputs a b and c and two outputs s and c sum and carry. The outputs sum it is represent as the relation by this is that means a bar b bar c plus a bar b c bar plus a b bar c bar plus a b c and the equation of the carry that is c is a b plus b c plus c a and here the truth table here is three inputs a b c and the combinations it is written like this and for the sum when a zero zero that means zero plus zero is zero again zero plus zero it is zero then for the next zero plus zero is zero and zero plus one it is one and zero plus one one one plus zero it is one then zero plus one it is one and one plus one is zero carry one so here carry is zero and for the fifth combination one plus zero is one and one plus zero is one one plus one is zero carry one then one plus one is zero carry one zero plus zero is zero then one plus one is zero carry one zero plus one is one so this is the outputs of the full adder what we have seen here that when any of the input is high that is one the output sum is high and when any of the two inputs are equal that means there one one the output is low now we draw the logic circuits here for the first is sum s first we have given four n gates then because four terms is there and one or gate so for the first combination zero zero zero sum is zero for the next when sum is high for the combination zero zero one that means a is zero zero and c is high for the next case when one is high a is zero b is high c is zero a is zero b is high and c is zero for the next this combination a is one b and c is zero a is one and b and c is zero then for the last combinations all a b c are one so here this is a high b high and c high so this is the logic diagram for the s output and for the c output that is scary when it is one when the combination is so this a b plus b c plus c a these are the a b c so first case when it is high that is b c so b c next it is high that means a c so a c then it is high a c then b c a b so k b so this is the circuit for the output scary c and this is the circuit for the output sum so now dear learners in today's class what we have discussed till now the first we have discussed the combinational logic circuit what is a combinational logic circuit it is a circuit which consists of some interconnected set of logic gates with some input variables and output variables and the some examples of combinational circuits we have discussed first we have discussed a multiplexer so a multiplexer is a combinational circuit where the binary information is selected from one of the two to the power n input lines and it is transmitted to a single output line if the n is a number of selection lines then the 2 to the power n combinations will be there so multiplexer is also called many to one next we have discussed the demultiplexer so demultiplexer in the multiplexer we have discussed the one to four demultiplexer so it is a one to many and after that we have gone through a encoder which is a combinational circuit which generates the binary code for the two n input variables that means 2 to the power n into n encoder next we have seen a decoder combinational circuit which receives codes information on a n input lines and transmit them to maximum of 2 to the power n unique output lines after conversion and next we have discussed the adder so there are two adders one is half adder and the full adder in the half adder it is a combinational circuit that adds two bits and next is the full adder which is used to add three bits so in the next class we will discuss about the substractor and then we go to our next unit that is sequential logic circuit so in sequential logic circuit the output is depends on the input as well as the past outputs so in sequential circuit our memory is used thank you learners


Hi everyone, welcome back to my kitchen and welcome back to another monthly meal prep. Today we're going to be focusing on some breakfast items and some other things to be honest. Some of these things I still grab for lunch. So the first thing that we're going to start off with is some breakfast tarts. And you guys, I was so excited to make this recipe, but to be honest, it turned out even more amazing than I thought it would. So all you need to do is have some granola. And you can actually use homemade granola. I just grabbed some bought granola because I didn't have any homemade on hand. And I just put it in to my food processor. I just got this food processor. It's the cheapest one Walmart had. And believe me, it still works amazing. I've never had a food processor. Every time I shred cheese by hand, you all remind me that I totally need to get one. So I finally broke down and got one and I'm so happy with it. Anyways, I am just pulsing the granola in with some honey and a little bit of coconut oil. There's a few different options you could do. You could do maple syrup. You could do it with some like agave syrup, whatever you prefer. And one little tip I have for you with this is whenever I first did it, I did not chop it long enough and it didn't make a fine enough kind of dough, I guess that's what we're making or like granola. So you definitely want to blend it long enough that it packs together and makes a good kind of dough consistency. So I'm using these silicone molds from Amazon. You can use tart pans, but these really worked amazing. They came out really clean and it was simple to pop them out. So I went ahead and put them in the freezer to harden up. And then I pulled out some bacon, some cheddar and some croissants to make these simple breakfast croissant sandwiches. And I am so happy with this recipe. I was a little hesitant because I wasn't sure how the bacon would bake up, but I did do some test bakes here in a minute, you're going to see. But it baked up perfectly with the bacon and it was just really easy to assemble. So on busy mornings, whenever we want something a little more salty for breakfast, this will be absolutely great. So all I did was laid the triangle of the croissant down on the cutting board. And then I put two pieces of the bacon. As you've seen, I cut the pack of bacon in half just to make the pieces a little more of the right size. And then I put them in these glass containers that you all know I love. And I also rolled some cheddar in the middle. You could do shredded cheddar. I just felt like because I was going to be freezing these that they would hold together a little bit better, which is kind of like a stick of cheddar in the middle. And you can freeze croissants perfectly and they bake up great. So like I said, I did some test runs with these and they are so yummy. The bacon works out perfect. It's just perfect. It's fast. It's easy. It's going to be great for mornings. Whenever I don't have time to make toast and eggs, but they still want something that's kind of bread like. All right. So back to focusing on the breakfast tarts. Now I needed to get my fruit ready and I chose to do some of the cutie oranges and some strawberries and some kiwis. And since I had a lot of fruit, I went ahead and just put it into these containers because I knew I wasn't going to use all of it for the tarts. But then we had some extra fruit on hand in the refrigerator. And speaking of this, I'm really thinking I'm going to start incorporating some weekly preps because there are things like cutting up fruit and veggies and making cold salads and things that I would do for the refrigerator on a weekly basis and not just for in the freezer. So if you're interested in that, please let me know in the comments and I will gladly do some weekly meal preps. So I pulled the tarts out of the freezer and they popped out so great out of that silicone. And those things work awesome for hamburger buns. I mean, you can use those little round molds for all kinds of things, cookies, anything like that. So I filled the middle of them with some Greek yogurt and this would be a great recipe to make keto because you could use keto granola. You could use some keto syrup and really make that tart up easily. And then you could use some Greek yogurt with stevia in it. Use keto friendly fruits. And there you have a low carb version of this. But these turned out so pretty and honestly, they were delicious. My daughters have been loving them.  If you watch my channel often, you know that no breakfast prep is complete without some egg bakes. So this month I have some that are very unique. One of them I was inspired by Starbucks. Right now they have a mushroom and kale egg bite. So I decided to go ahead and make a mushroom and kale egg bake so that I can pull them out. And I eat these egg bakes even for lunch a lot of times. That's why I'm really to the point, I can't make less than two pans every month. They're just a quick and easy thing that I can throw in my air fryer and heat up and eat fast. So since I used the full size kale and not baby kale for this, I did go ahead and take the stalks out of them so that there wasn't any big crunchy pieces. Once the onions were fried up and the mushrooms, I added the kale in and then I used this buttery steakhouse seasoning. It's so yummy on vegetables. So I figured it would go awesome with the kale. Okay, the second egg bake I decided to make is something I've also never made, a kind of a new inspiration for you. And that is a Philly cheesesteak egg bake. So obviously I needed my onions and peppers. I just sliced them up kind of large like they would be on a cheesesteak. And I went ahead and put them into a frying pan with some butter and got them frying up since I wanted them to be kind of cooked in the egg bake. I have partnered up with Karaway. You all have been asking me for a good cookware set or good frying pans for a while. And I am so thrilled to be able to bring you a discount code with Karaway. First of all, I have to say, these are the best pots and pans I have ever used. They are good quality. They can go in the oven, which I love that you can make dishes that you can put right into the oven. The cherry on top is they also come with some great storage options, which if you follow my home channel, you know how much I love organizing. The lid organizer, you can hang inside of your cabinet door and then they come with these magnetic stands that you can stick together and put all of your cookware in. I have their hero set. It comes with a saucepan and lid, a saute pan and lid, a Dutch oven and lid, and the Dutch oven lid also fits on the frying pan, which is super convenient. Karaway cookware comes in a lot of different colors, so you can find the one that matches your kitchen. So go ahead and check out the link in the description box to get 10% off your cookware set and let's get back to cooking. To go with the Philly cheesesteak egg bake, I went ahead and shredded up some mozzarella cheese. Felt like that would be great. I wanted it to be really cheesy, just to be more like a cheesesteak. And I oiled up my cookie sheets. I went ahead and put my toppings in for the mushroom egg bake. And I always do 24 eggs. That's kind of what I've been sticking to with these large pans. And I pour it right over top of all of the fillings or toppings. In the other pan, now that my onions and peppers were soft, I put them in there and just kind of spread them out across the pan. And then the steak that I chose for this was actually called a stir-fry steak, but you just want any kind of thinly sliced steak. It was convenient that these were already put into small strips, but you could definitely just cut them up yourself. And then I used a little bit of steak seasoning. Then lastly, I put the cheese on top of the steak and peppers and onions. And then I poured over my eggs after I had beat them. Okay, so I have actually tried out a recipe similar to this before, but it's been a long time. I'm going to go ahead and make something called breakfast cookies. Personally, I kind of feel like they are almost like muffin tops, something similar to that. But these are a carrot cake breakfast cookie. So first of all, I shredded up some carrots and apples to go in it. It has flaxseed and also has some rolled oats. It's got nutmeg and cinnamon, just to give it a nice spicy flavor. And then some baking powder and salt. Once you have the dry ingredients incorporated, you can go ahead and add in your wet ingredients and you add an egg. And you want two cups of the shredded carrots and apples, some honey, some vanilla, and some unsweetened applesauce. Now I've got some simple sausage breakfast burritos. I started out by shredding up some cheddar cheese for them. And then I wanted to use some red bell pepper. These are very, very mild. You could add spices and stuff to this, but because my daughters don't really like their breakfast burritos with spicy stuff in them, I just did a very simple, simple incorporation. So I just put in the peppers and some butter, softened them up. And then once they were soft, I did add in two pounds of ground sausage. This time around, I did cut my egg bakes a little bit different. The reason I did is because I've been eating these a lot myself. And so most of the time I end up getting two pieces out just to make it enough for me to eat. So instead of cutting them into smaller portions, I really cut them into nice big squares. When you're scooping out these breakfast cookies, you use a fourth cup just because you want them to be nice portion sizes. And to be honest, I could see my girls actually put these in a bowl and dump milk over them kind of like a baked oatmeal. That's what they remind me a lot of. And you do have to flatten them out yourself because they don't flatten out in the oven.  Next, I laid out all of my tortillas. This is my favorite way to load up tortillas. I feel like I can evenly distribute the ingredients. And I put the cheese down first just so that the eggs and sausage would melt into the cheese whenever you reheat these. And speaking of reheating, I probably will just put these in the air fryer like I do most everything else frozen straight from the freezer. And I did just roll them and put them into large zip-off bags like you're going to see here in a moment to store them in the freezer. The nice thing about breakfast burritos is you can really customize them to however you like to eat your burritos. You can do baking. You can do really spicy. You could even do chicken. I actually would like to experiment with more like lunch wraps or lunch burritos for in the freezer. I haven't done a whole lot of them. And I feel like they're just an easy, single-serve way to have a meal. Thank you guys so much for watching. I hope that this meal prep inspired you. Don't forget to check out Caraway. You're going to see me cooking with them a lot more. I just really love their cookware. It's so high quality. And don't forget to subscribe if you're new. And I will see you all in my next meal prep.


Hey, John Crestani here. Now I'm going to show you how to start an e-commerce brand. I did this last year. I set up my own e-commerce brand and sold over 20,000 units of my product online and I'm going to show you exactly how you can set up your own e-commerce brand in this video. The first thing when you're looking to start an e-commerce brand is you want to look at trends and one of the best place to look for trends is look at Amazon's trending products and dive into a category such as electronics or health and beauty, define products that are trending and are popular and hopefully you can find a product or a product type that syncs up with your interests because you should only be promoting products that you personally care about and can stick with even if they're losing money after a few months. Remember a business is a long-term activity. It's a long-term goal that will sustain and bring you income for you and your family for many years but you've got to treat it long-term as such if you want to build a long-term income. So marketing a product that you personally can get behind and you endorse and you like will be very helpful for you to mentally stick with the business even if it's not making you money the first hour you set up your store, the first day or the first week or the first month. Now one distinctive trend I saw was that these assistant devices, the Amazon Alexa, the Google Assistant are very popular right now and having products that are integrated with Google Assistant or Amazon Alexa can be very helpful for you to sell things online right now. It's a good trend. There's also these fitness devices that go on your wrist to track your activity or even your track your sleep and drones are very popular. There's a lot of popular trending categories. Look to those first in order to find things that you're going to sell. The second thing to look for is a product that you are comfortable selling for 50 to 100 dollars. Now the reason 50 to 100 dollars is a good area is because that's the sweet spot for when you're advertising products of what you can get people to pay. Generally I'm assuming you don't have any social media following whatsoever and I'm assuming that you're just starting out in business here. People aren't going to generally spend more than 100 dollars unless they're a bit more familiar with the brand or you're an expert marketer whereas 50 to 100 dollars is good for a newbie marketer or really any advanced marketer newbie. This is just the sweet spot you want to stick with and to find products you want to find a product that costs 5 to 10 percent of what you're going to sell it for. That gives us just doing some quick math on my calculator right here.  Again you should always be working with a 10x markup no matter what you're doing think about having a 10x markup but John isn't that evil to mark up a product price so much?  No actually a 10 to 20x markup is standard for products because we haven't factored in all of the additional costs yet such as warehousing, packaging, shipping, marketing, advertising costs, website setup, customer support, refunds, charge backs, all of these things factored in most businesses that are selling at a 10 or 20x markup are actually only netting about 10 to 20% profits at the end of the day so you actually need to have a big markup in order to just sustain the business and not lose money. Now there's some important tools you need to know about in setting up a brand and an e-commerce store. First is Alibaba. Alibaba is a drop shipping site it's the biggest company in China or something like that. They sell most of the products that you buy online you can find they were originally sourced from China and Alibaba. Okay so Alibaba you can buy things in bulk for cheap and this is where you are going to look for products that you can buy for anywhere from $2.50 to $10. Again this is what you're looking for $2.50 to $10 to pay for the actual product and there are many products on Alibaba that are I mean most of the products are in between this range because most of the products sold the cost is actually in this range so this is the space you want to stick. The second important tool you want to use is Shopify. Shopify is software that shows your products and sells them and you can charge money through Shopify they do merchant processing they do tracking and analytics and they connect with Alibaba so or whatever you're using to buy the products from to ship the products out. This is what is called your CRM. This is managing everything for you. This is the technology that will run your store and this Shopify is what I used to run my online store when I was selling my products. Now in my case I was selling my book. Now when I was selling my e-commerce product I used Shopify to set up my online store and to manage the processing and orders and all the support tickets for my product. I did not use Alibaba because I actually wrote a book. I wrote a book and I decided to sell that so this is my book right here as you see I sold over 20,000 of these books we were using TV advertising and my cost of goods sold was $2.79 and we sold the book for $40 so our cost was $2.79 and we sold it for $40 that's the cost of printing a book if you can sell books it's it can be very profitable if you self publish them now the next step that you're going to need to do is you're going to need to reach people one of the most effective ways to reach people right now especially with any sort of physical products is Facebook ads everybody's using Facebook everybody's addicted to Facebook Facebook kind of yeah I don't I think it's a pretty evil corporation frankly but it's great for advertising I don't go on it socially but I do use it to advertise to people and this is how you will reach people and if you're looking to learn more about how to set up a Facebook ad how to look at the Facebook data how to optimize or what to write in the ad check out my video on Facebook advertising I've spent millions of dollars on Facebook and it's a great way to advertise to folks so you can check that out and it's fairly easy to I advocate other advertising places such as YouTube but do you really want to put your face on camera do you want to shoot a video my assumption is not so Facebook ads the way to go but John you told me I could start a brand how do you start a brand in e-commerce man slow your roll man I'm getting to that you need to set up branding guidelines and have brand colors I'm going to show you how to do that right now so in order to set up your brand we're going to use fiverr but first the question that should be posed is what is a brand a brand is consistency a brand is consistent colors consistent text a consistent logo consistency of product you go to McDonald's it doesn't matter what McDonald's where in the world you go to McDonald's their burgers are going to taste basically the same anywhere in the world yeah there might be slight variations it's the same thing same level of quality same expectations same arches red and yellow logo you know what to expect and I go to McDonald's oftentimes when I'm in new areas just because I know it's going to be fast it's going to be cheap and I'm going to get exactly what I'm expecting now to set up your brand we're going to set up some consistent fonts a logo consistent colors just like here I have my brand colors we have blue gold and white we have a gold wall we have a blue wall when you get to fiverr the words you want to search for is brand guidelines or you want to search for brand style guide and you'll find a number of sellers on fiverr.com that will offer you to set up your brand and create a image pack and logos and you want to save these files somewhere safe and in multiple locations because you want to use your logo and your fonts and your colors consistently across all your properties so that return customers can get used to seeing your brand and the products you are selling to them now a few advanced tips for using your brand is your even your emails you want to try to use the same colors throughout what we did with my my book work at home secrets because this was a line of products included an audio cd a video program and all that stuff is we even had video transitions we had our emails all had our brand colors and our brand imagery on them images that we created and and testimonials and everything around it use the same consistent colors i've been using the blue gold and white for years in my own personal brand since 2013 when i had my branding guidelines created and i've built up a strong personal brand and company brand to this day but john how much does it cost to start an e-commerce company the cost you can expect to pay starting an e-commerce company you want to budget at least about two thousand dollars for inventory now the way it works with olibaba is the more money you spend the more quantity of products that you buy the less the price per unit comes goes down but two thousand dollars will get you maybe about you know maybe two hundred and fifty units of a product whatever product you're selling you might be selling a uh a phone charger that also has amazon alexa in it or google assistant you might be selling a sleep tracking device and for two thousand bucks you can get roughly about two hundred and fifty units of inventory now you'll also want to budget about two thousand dollars for facebook ads to test out uh two thousand dollars will give you a good amount of data in order to optimize and facebook the way facebook advertising works is you have to train the pixel so it might take two thousand dollars before you start seeing assuming that you've done good marketing until your pixel gets trained if you want more in-depth information about how facebook ads work again check out my video on facebook advertising elsewhere in my channel i'll try to link to it in one of the cards up here and the third cost is just i say budget at least a thousand dollars is good for other other software or training course or website will cost you some money and if you want to buy a website you're going to need a website no matter what you do online whether it's affiliate marketing whether it's e-commerce and i have a link down below which will give you a free website as long as you pay four bucks a month for hosting that is a link down below get your free website and training you might want a training course again there's a number of good training courses out there there's amazing selling machine which is a very popular training course which costs a little bit more but there's a lot of people who have sold on amazon that talk about it here on youtube and some of these things may help you get ahead two other notable softwares that help you in the product research and finding trending products and categories you can get into very easily are helium six and jungle scout these are both software specifically focused on selling products online and you can use those softwares to help you find products for amazon or for other just any other purposes as well hope you enjoyed the video and if you got a lot of value out of this just give me a big hoorah and give this video a like and subscribe because i'm coming out with lots more content breaking down marketing i've made over 21 million dollars in marketing and paid out affiliates that have been working with my products over four and a half million dollars over the last few years if you want to learn more about working with me and my training systems or my software check out marketing tech that is my company that is my software you can sign up for free and earn money from your local community by helping sell online ads to them or you could also learn how to become an affiliate marketer which is how i earned my first 15 10 million dollars and there's a link down below i have a training program called the super affiliate system and we've trained thousands of people to become affiliate marketers and earn their first dollars online so that's down below check it out in the description number one money method looking forward to seeing you on future videos leave a comment leave a question i love seeing all of your interaction and i'll talk to you soon have a good day


The Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on addressing America's gun violence epidemic yesterday during which Republican Senator John Kennedy of Louisiana asked a witness whether Chicago's gun laws led to its high shooting rates. Well, why didn't you cry about it? Hello and welcome back. Thanks for watching. Yesterday, during gun violence hearings, Republican Senator John Kennedy roasted one of the Democrats' anti-gun witnesses and at one point there was a very informative and entertaining exchange that resulted in Kennedy exposing a liar. What came next was an ignorant and unhinged meltdown over at MSNBC leading to them spreading disinformation that I'm happy to easily debunk. All of that right after we quickly talk about the fact that our economy continues to spiral albeit at a slightly slower rate. But wouldn't you feel much better knowing that your retirement and assets were secure? Check out how precious metals can help do that and get a free coin while you're at it. 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Open a Noble Gold Investments IRA and claim your free bullion coin today. Go to noblegoldenvestments.com now. That's noblegoldenvestments.com, the only gold company I trust. And remember, there's always risk of investment and there are no guarantees of any kind. The Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on addressing America's gun violence epidemic yesterday, during which Republican Senator John Kennedy of Louisiana asked to witness whether Chicago's gun laws led to its high shooting rates. No, no, no, no, no, not that. He is, or here is, the ensuing exchange with the Dean of Yale's School of Public Health, who is also an ER doctor. Well, Loddy Frickendaugh! That Chicago has become America's largest outdoor shooting range. Do you think it's because of Chicago citizens who have no criminal record, but who have a awfully gun in their home for protection, or do you think it's because of a finite group of criminals who have rap sheets as long as King Kong's aren't? Gee, let me sink. So Mississippi, Louisiana, and Missouri actually have higher firearm death rates. Um, obviously there's certain- What about Chicago? So I don't live in Chicago. It's not my primary area of research. Convenient. Oh, really? Well, you're also not from Missouri, Mississippi, or Louisiana, but you had no problem commenting on those. I'm also very suspicious of the claims she just made and how she said it, but we'll come back to that when it's most humorous. You don't have an opinion on that? I think there's easy access to firearms combined with environmental conditions, lack of great education. There have actually been studies showing that when you green vacant lots and repair abandoned buildings in urban neighborhoods, you see decreases in gunshots and violence as well as in stress and depression in the neighborhoods around them. What? No disrespect, doc, but that sounds a lot like word salad to me. You want to talk about word salad? It's given racism, Mika. That was racist? Of course! Ah, yes. The old everything I don't like and don't want to hear is racist strategy. So bold strategy, Cotton. Let's see if it pays off for them. Elitist, so condescending. And ill-informed. Ill-informed and insulting. Let's talk about the numbers the doctor was referring to. Ah, I can't believe this, man. So it's repulsive, actually. What he just did. What we just showed you. I see. And it's racism. Is he in this room right now? Wow, are you kidding me right now? What did he do exactly besides dismiss the obvious deflective babble from the activist witness? What she said was a word salad because she was being intentionally misleading with the word she used. This hearing is about gun violence and Senator Kennedy is talking about gang warfare in Chicago. Gang violence that's very prevalent and is usually done with illegal guns. The point being, gun laws don't matter to criminals. The gun laws in Chicago are very strict. In fact, they're number seven in the country for gun laws. Her response was that these other three Republican states with more lax gun laws were actually worse than Chicago stating that there were more gun deaths. So Mississippi, Louisiana and Missouri actually have higher firearm death rates. Yeah, it's pretty obvious that she did this because as you can see here Mississippi's gun homicide rate is around 13 murders per 100,000 people, Louisiana's rate is around 15 murders per 100,000 people, and Missouri's is around 11 murders per 100,000 people, Chicago's gun homicide rate is around 29 murders per 100,000 people, and yes, I did put links to the data for these stats in the description so you can check it out for yourself. In other words, the gun deaths she's talking about are accidental and suicides, which is more than misleading in a hearing about gun violence, and it's also very telling that she said she couldn't speak to Chicago because she didn't live there, yet she doesn't live in any of those other states either. Wild. Alright folks, that's all I have for that one, thanks for watching, and if you're still here, you might as well hit that like button and leave a comment to help the channel. Thanks a lot.


So the last talk of the session is a complete characterization of game fair, retic, fair, multi-party coin toss by Gilard Asherov, Ilayne Shi, and Ke'eru, and this will be a recorded talk, and Ke'eru will give the talk. Hi, everyone. I'm Ke'eru from Konningi Mellon University. I'll present our work, A Complete Capturization of Game Theoretically Fair Multi-Party Coin Toss. This is a joint work with Gilard Asherov from Bar-Elon University and Ilayne Shi from CMU. My advisor, Ilayne, and I are two co-organizers of the CMU Crypto Seminar, and we need to decide the food for the seminar. I prefer sushi while Ilayne prefer cake. We cannot persuade each other, so we decide to toss a random coin. If the output is zero, then I win, and we will order sushi. Otherwise, Ilayne win, and we will order cake. Since we're in different city this week, we decide to do Blom's Coin Toss protocol on blockchain. We each choose a random bit and post the commitment of the random bit on the blockchain. If you're not familiar with blockchain, you can think of it as a public bulletin board. So after we post the commitments, everyone can see them on the blockchain. After we post the commitments, we each open our random bit and post the opening on blockchain. Let's say Ilayne's random bit is zero, and my random bit is one. The output will be the XOR of these two random bits, which is one. So Ilayne wins, and we will order cake. However, I really want a sushi. After Ilayne posts her bit on blockchain, I know that I'm going to lose the game if I open my bit. So what if I refuse to open my commitments? In this case, Ilayne just automatically wins, and the outcome would be one. So still, we will order cake. This is the famous Blom's Coin Toss protocol back to 1983. It guarantees that a strategic player like me cannot bias the output towards my preference. Formally in the Coin Toss protocol, the goal is to output a random coin that is publicly verifiable. The correctness requires that if everyone is honest, then the output should be uniformly random. The fairness notion considered in traditional literature is called strong fairness or unbiased ability, which requires that a strategic player cannot bias the outputs towards either direction. Unfortunately, this is shown to be impossible by Cleveland in 1986. Indeed, even in Blom's Coin Toss protocol we just saw, I can always bias the output towards one by refusing to open the commitment. The fairness notion achieved by Blom's Coin Toss protocol is actually more of a game theory favor. For game theoretic fairness, it requires that a strategic player cannot benefit herself by deviating from the protocol. Now that we've seen Blom's Coin Toss protocol which achieves game theoretic fairness for two-party coin toss, a natural question to ask is that can we achieve game theoretic fairness for multi-party coin toss? In multi-party coin toss, several players get together to toss a binary coin. Each player has a preference that is publicly available. Let's say, for example, kittens and I prefer sushi and we call them sushi people. While puppies in a lane prefer cake, so we call them cake people. Some of these players will get together to form a coalition. They will coordinate with each other and try to bias the output to increase their utility. The utility we consider is quite natural. If I like the output, I gain utility one. And the utility of a coalition is just the sum of the utility of the players in this coalition. For example, if the output is cake, then this coalition in the figure gains utility three. And if the output is sushi, then this coalition gain utility two. Therefore, the preference of a coalition is actually the preference of majority players in this coalition. Now, for multi-party coin toss, the game theoretic fairness notion we consider is slightly different. Now we care more about the behavior of a coalition rather than a strategic player. For multi-party coin toss, game theoretic fairness requires that a coalition cannot increase its expected utility by deviating from the protocol. So if a coalition holds protocol is game theoretic fair against coalition of size T, then the honest protocol is actually a T-sized coalition-resistant Nash equilibrium because this best strategy for the coalition is just to follow the protocol honestly. So why do we care about this game theoretic fairness? Because we know that strong fairness is impossible against half-sized coalition. However, in many decentralized applications, for example, voting on a blockchain, many pseudonyms may be controlled by the same entity. And these pseudonyms, they will coordinate together and they may deviate from the protocol to gain benefit. It is very likely that these pseudonyms form a majority-sized coalition. So we do need some meaningful fairness notion that is achievable against a majority-sized coalition. Game theoretic fairness is exactly such a notion that is slightly weaker than strong fairness yet still meaningful and suitable for decentralized applications. Unfortunately, game theoretic fairness for multi-party coin toss protocol is shown to be impossible against a minus one-sized coalition due to Chien-Adol's result back to 1918. So a natural question to ask is that can we achieve game theoretic fairness for multi-party coin toss against small-sized coalition? Let's say majority-sized but not necessarily a minus one. And the answer is yes. To convince you, I'll first show you a very simple strawman solution for four players. Let's say we have two sushi people and two cake people. In the strawman solution, each group first arbitrarily choose a representative. Let's say it's the kitten and the puppy. Then these two representatives draw with each other using Blum's coin toss protocol. The output of this Blum's protocol will be the coin for four-party coin toss. So this very simple protocol is game theoretically fair against coalition of size two. Note that if the coalition contains one sushi person and one cake person, then this coalition actually has no preference and they can never increase their expected utility. So we don't care what they do to the coin. If the coalition contains two sushi people, then by Blum's coin toss protocol, the sushi representative cannot bias the output with sushi. And so this coalition cannot benefit by deviating from the protocol. The same argument works for the case if the coalition contains two cake people. So we can achieve game theoretic fairness for four-party coin toss against coalition of size two. This is an evidence that it is true that we can achieve game theoretic fairness for some meaningful parameter region. Actually, this very simple strawman idea generalizes to any number of players as long as the coalition is of size at most two. So on the achievability side for a coalition of size less than half, we can achieve strong fairness and of course game theoretic fairness through multi-party computation. If the coalition is of size smaller than two, then we can use this strawman solution. On the impossibility side, Chen Edou showed that it is impossible to achieve game theoretic fairness against minus one sized coalition. So we ask the question, under what size of coalition is it possible to achieve game theoretic fairness? Exactly where should we draw the line, the boundary between visibility and invisibility? This work answers this question. We explored the broad range of parameters of coalition size between half and minus one.  We give a construction of a game theoretic fair coin toss protocol against team-sized coalition. And we show that game theoretic fairness as impossible against two plus one sized coalition. I'll give the expression of T2U later. So in the rest of the talk, we will mainly focus on the construction of the protocol. Still to convey the main idea, we will use a simple example of six players, three sushi people and three cake people. The structure is quite simple. We let the sushi people choose a random coin S0, and then we let the cake people choose a random coin S1. The output will just be the XOR of these two random bits. But where do the random coin S0 and S1 come from? So for easier understanding, we assume a secret sharing trusted authority parameterized with K that choose a random coin S for us and satisfy the following properties. First, only K or more players can ask the authority to reveal the value of S. And second, any K or more players can choose to rewrite the value of S before any reveal request. As a heads up, this trusted authority can be implemented by standard crypto and we do not need to assume trusted authority in our final protocol. So this trusted authority is just for better understanding during the talk. With this trusted authority, our protocol works as follows. First, each group has a trusted authority with parameter K set to be two. The sushi authority first choose a random coin S0. And then if the coalition wants to rewrite the value of coin S0, it has to be now. Then the cake authority choose a random coin S1. Still, if the coalition wants to rewrite the value of S1, it has to be at this point. No rewrite is allowed after. Then sushi people sends reveal request to the trusted authority to reveal the value of S0 on blockchain. Then the cake people send reveal request to cake authority to reveal the value of S1 on blockchain. If both coin revealed successfully, the output is the XOR of these two random coins. However, if S0 is not revealed because two or more sushi people refuse to reveal, but coin S1 is successfully revealed on the blockchain, then in this case, the output of the protocol is just the coin S1. On the other hand, if the coin S0 is revealed, but S1 is not revealed, what should we output? Should we output S0? So definitely not. We should output zero instead of S0. This is because by the time when the sushi people decides whether they want to reveal S1, they already see the value of S0 on the blockchain. So even if a collision of only two cake people, they can buy us the output by deciding whether they want to reveal the coin S1 after they saw the value of S0 on the blockchain. This means that if we choose to output S0 if S1 fails to be revealed, then we will only be able to tolerate collision of S1. So instead, we will output zero as a heavier punishment for the cake people if they refuse to reveal the value of S1. So this six player coin toss protocol actually achieves game theoretic fairness against collision of S1 up to four. To see this, if this collision contains two sushi people and two cake people, they actually have no preference and because they can never increase their utility, so we don't care what they do to the coin. If the collision contains three sushi people and a single cake person, then this collision can decide the value of S0 because they can rewrite the coin. However, as we mentioned, when they rewrite the coin S0, they know nothing about S1. So the coin S1 is still an independent uniformly random coin chosen by the cake authority. That is guaranteed to be revealed due to the two honest cake people. So if the collision choose to reveal coin S0, then the output should be S0 XOR with S1. If they choose not to reveal S0, at the time when they decide whether they want to choose reveal S0, they know nothing about coin S1. So the output is an independent uniformly random coin S1 chosen by the cake authority. On the other hand, if the collision contains three cake people and a single sushi person, by a similar argument, they can control the value of coin S1 at the time when they know nothing about S0. So if they choose to reveal S1, the output would be S0 XOR with S1, which is uniformly random. If they choose not to reveal S1, then the output will directly be zero. I believe smart as they are, they will never do this because this brings them no benefit. So this protocol is empirically fair against coalition of size four. Can we generalize it? And the answer is positive. This idea actually generalizes to arbitrary number of players. And this table gives the maximum size of the coalition we can tolerate with this protocol. In this table, N1 is the number of cake people and N0 is the number of sushi people. For simplicity, I ignore the Ronnie here and without loss of generality, we assume N1 is at least N0. And this is the landscape of the attribability and intribubility of game theoretic fairness. It turns out that the landscape of game theoretic fairness is starkly different from the de facto strong fairness. In this plot, the X axis denotes the number of sushi people and the Y axis denotes the number of cake people. The Z axis here is the size of the coalition. This red plane is the boundary between visibility and invisibility of game theoretic fairness. For any region below this red plane, we can achieve game theoretic fairness and for any region above, we cannot. As a comparison, this blue plane is the boundary of invisibility and visibility for strong fairness, which is exactly half of the number of players. From this figure, we can see that there is indeed a meaningful region for which we can achieve game theoretic fairness, but not strong fairness. And moreover, we can see that the attribability of game theoretic fairness is not only related to the size of the coalition, but also the relationship between the number of sushi people and the number of cake people. To wrap up in this work, we give a game theoretically fair coin toss protocol against T-sized coalition, and we show that game theoretic fairness is impossible against any T plus one sized coalition. And T is summarizing the table flow. Here, N1 is the number of cake people and N0 is the number of sushi people. When N1 is much larger than N0, then we can tolerate coalition of size up to N1 minus half N0. Moreover, if N1 equal to N0 and they're equal to odd, then we can tolerate N0 plus one sized coalition, as in the sixth clear example we just saw. Otherwise, we can tolerate a coalition of size up to two thirds N1 plus one third N0. In the work, we also give other results. We give a complete characterization of another fairness notion, which requires that no coalition can harm any honest individual. We also give complete characterization of these two fairness notion under other natural utility functions. And this is the reference for the paper mentioning the talk. And thank you. If you're interested in more details of the paper, you can read our paper, which is posted on E-Prain or write me an email. That's my talk. Thank you so much. I believe that Gilad should be available for questions and questions. Yes, I'm here, if you have any questions. Gilad, can you say when the game phoretic scenario is reasonable when people have to declare in advance what the preference is? So we give a few examples where this is made be reasonable. I agree that it's also interesting to discuss the case where you don't know the preferences in advance. One example that we gave is like, let's say we do some voting or like we need to toss a coin where we do know the preferences of each other. Let's say we need to decide what is how to, let's say we wanna do, we have two possible candidates and we want that the candidate that is closer to my geographically, that's closer to me geographically will be the winner. Then because you know where I'm located, you know who I prefer. Or if you have like, you want to find two candidates and you know we have like a public forum where you can actually can estimate what is the preference of each one of the participants. But in that case, it is a question like will you actually toss a coin or just run majority vote? But yeah, this is a natural question, I think. Any other questions? Hello, I wanna ask if this easily generalizes to like dice rolling or like more than dice rolling, not only two outputs, but like more, I don't know.  It is quite similar to the normal, to the regular like a generalization from a coin to like more than just two results. But I think the characterization will be completely different. So it is a good question to explore. Okay, thank you. If there are no other questions, so let's take the speaker again and the speaker of the session. Thank you.


Thank you, Leslie. I'm Abigail Vega. I'm the LTC producer, and I am so honored to be speaking on behalf of the Steering Committee both here in Portland and also all of our members around the country. We are so grateful to the TCG staff and board who facilitated this award, the artists who nominated us for it, and the committee who chose to give it to us. Many members of our community have been nurtured and emboldened by a relationship with TCG over the years, and it means so much to be recognized in this way. Thank you. There is an irony in being honored as an organization when we intentionally are not one. The Latinx Theater Commons is a living, breathing, always changing movement of theater makers updating the narrative of the American theater through collective action and generous spirits. But before we get too far, I want to set something straight. I alone am not the LTC. To really honor the LTC, first look to the 20-ish or so Steering Committee members standing alongside me, along with folks who are being Skyped and FaceTimed in right now. Okay, so now imagine the nearly 60 more Steering and Advisory Committee members not here with us today across the country. Now look to the audience. If you have been involved in an LTC committee, helped plan an LTC event, or represent a foundation that has supported our work, please stand because you're in the commons. Stand. Keep standing. Keep standing. I'm adding. It's additive. Yeah. If you have attended one of our in-person convenings or participated live via HowlRound TV, also stand. Stand up as well. Okay, so we've got more people. Great. If you have joined one of our online communities via social media or cafeonda, please stand because you are in the commons. Keep standing. Keep standing. Now imagine the veteranos and veteranos who came before Max Ferrer, Miriam Colon, Luis Valdez, Maria Irene Fornes, and all the ancestors on whose shoulders we stand who fought battles against racism and inequity we cannot even imagine. Finally, envision the countless leaders that are yet to come. This is the Latinx Theater Commons. The LTC was seated in 2012 by eight Latinx theater makers and the incredible minds at HowlRound, but the community that makes up our commons is rooted in so many places and programs, conferences, and coffee dates, gatherings, formal and informal. We are the late nights of the tenaz festivals of the 70s, 80s, and 90s. The Electric Hispanic Playwrights Project and those mentored by the singular Maria Irene Fornes. We are the meetings under the trees at TCG conferences in years past. The now established TCG conference, Affinity Spaces, and the regional alliances supporting and connecting Latinx theater makers all across the country. We are the two Latina students in your college theater program who exchange monologues because their professor doesn't know where to look. And the knowing glances between folks that say, are we really on this panel again? We are the theater companies that have survived, thrived, and nurtured talent for decades and the gatherings, coalitions, and visionaries yet to come. The LTC is modeling a commons. The concept of a commons is really very simple. It's the basic belief that some resources belong to everyone and this wealth has to be protected, managed, and made accessible for the good of the whole. Commons have existed and succeeded since the beginning of time. No one owns the wealth in a commons because by its nature it cannot be owned. Now we can inherit commons, think like the air or oceans or religious texts, or we can create them for ourselves and for future generations. Today, the most popular online encyclopedia, Wikipedia, is A Knowledge Commons. And people just like you are using the principles of the commons to protect sacred waters and natural ecosystems to create community-driven crowdsourcing and to promote engaged citizenry around the world. By their very nature, commons challenge our transactional, market-based ideology and propose an alternative reality rooted in the abundance and the greater good. Our commons is an open think tank and brain trust of intergenerational practitioners. Our commons is not an affinity space. We welcome allies on our steering committee and at our events because we decided early on we needed to show up for each other. We are a self-organized, collective, non-hierarchical structure built on a series of concentric circles and made up of people who raised their hands and showed up. We step up when we are needed and we step aside when needed. Ideas take off or drop off depending on the pulse of the community. The LTC speaks truth to power. What we do isn't easy. We disagree often. However, through a deep respect and trust for each other and our shared belief in the value of the commons, we have created something revolutionary. We fail constantly and while we are not perfect and we never could be, we'll never stop trying. The LTC was founded to make our own table instead of waiting to be invited to join one. It was manifested on the radical premise that we all have the power to transform the American theater and in fact, its future relevance demands that we do. With voices raised together, we reject those narratives that marginalize us. We push back against a system that benefits by pitting us against each other. We defy those voices and an administration that seeks to eliminate us and our contribution to this culture. We stand together in all of our varied skin tones, languages, genders, countries of origin or connection, sexual orientations and immigration statuses as the Latinx theater commons. We have taken matters into our own hands. And now, we stand among you and ask you to do the same. The Latinx theater commons is just one intervention to create the new American theater. What can we all do to create a theater that is an inclusive and equitable representation of all the peoples and cultures that make up this nation? Today, we ask you to consider what is your intervention? Thank you.


Hello, everyone, how are your legs? I wish I had a chair right now, but I do not have it so what I'm gonna do I'm gonna stand somewhere and I think I'm gonna stay there for my talk and The poor camera man can just point the camera at me and sticks with that. Hello. Welcome to my talk The Blender conference is amazing my last Blender conference was 15 years ago and I can say that it grew a little bit quite a lot actually My talk It says journey Which means a very personal it also means I haven't reached the destination yet I don't think I will ever reach the destination, but you know what to say. It's about the journey It also says one person pipeline, which means I don't have any friends Yeah, it's not nice to laugh about that one, but okay Right, so hello. I am Sasha who the good in the next 20 minutes. I will teach you how to pronounce my last name No, just kidding. I Met my true love in 2004 and that was 10 years before I met my wife and she just have to accept I mean, I love Blender and I think a lot of us people here share this this passion for Blender I am also writer director for big buck bunny is the first Blender movie. They did in the Blender Institute And I also attempted to do some other things like animation whoo very hard small stuff and I Didn't really know what I was doing, but I enjoyed doing it for sure I also have to say I was surrounded by some very skilled people and one of them is sitting right here, Nathan and I want to say I've never told this, but the people that I was Surrounded with there were just a few of them, but they defined For me what it means to be an artist who is capable of doing a lot of things Who is able to wear different hats do different parts of production and That was really impressive to me and I think I was very spoiled because it's really hard to find similar in a later time Currently I am a showrunner at Omen Studios since 2011 in Singapore Some people here asked me what is a showrunner?  So as a showrunner I creatively direct the directors and at the same time I am involved in the the story development which Sometimes we do not talk about these things here. Let's say in the Blender conference, but I am heavily involved in that aspect, too The last one quite important for this talk. It's a bit of a spoiler And it took me more than 15 years before I started using Python Not just because it was very intimidating for me. It was also the idea that using Python it's just It's not possible for someone like me and I I Strongly regret this and I wish I realized earlier that Python is really for everyone if needed. So anyway So a bit about the work that I do so at Omen's I focus a lot on preschool series The vast majority is educational Tutainment which is very challenging in itself and we're talking about budget shows that need to be created really fast and It requires a lot of people to work on so did number 700 episodes means I have been involved in These episodes one way or the other as a script writer as a director and currently just as a showrunner basically How is my sanity right now? It's fine But it definitely weighs on you at some point and it is extremely challenging. You think it's preschool. It's very straightforward and simple No, it's actually really hard Um Sometimes when we have time we do short films at Omen Studios and we have a longer Time to focus on that we do it a bit on the side so we can further develop our our skills and Suffering our the last short film I focus on was finalized in 2021 we started it very earlier and It was a happy project for me because we did a Maya to Blender pipeline Animation Maya sent everything to Blender then all the lighting shading rendering etc is in Blender So there was like happy news for me I can also be part of the production which I really really enjoy Now it's about depression perception of life. So story-wise thematic wise It's a lot more serious which is a little unusual for me because I never quite do kind of serious stuff, right? So anyway, yes depression Serious thing, you know also recently with COVID happening. I mean it's definitely serious topic that we should be talking about funny enough Suffering was made Released to the public only yesterday and might have something to do with me being here So I used this talk to push my boss to finally release this one. All right Please check it out. It's very interesting project but anyway in late 2019 as I was working on suffering I Realized something really sad and that is that This would have been my last Project that I would be working on Blender because I knew that the following years I would be extremely busy I would be show running and I would not be touching Blender and this is not something that I wanted so I've decided on a Is there some water by the way? Oh, yes. Sorry, sorry camera man. I'm sorry. I just just this once This is very valuable time As I was saying I decided to do a personal project and the personal project is that I myself can fully focus on Blender And I can be happy again I call the project Project fuzzy. It's not official, but I'm just using it for now now for project fuzzy I had some primary objectives The first one is the most obvious one. It's fun to work on Problem is we sometimes lose sight of what we're doing. So I wrote it down I made sure I always remind myself this is like my prime directive if it's not fun I'm gonna stop doing it or I'm gonna change it. So this is really important for me The other one that I wanted is I wanted to be fast to create like really fast I don't have much time do it in my free time. So it has to be super fast. And when I say fast to create I'm referring to When the tools are already there the characters are already there I'm referring to the like the animated the the content basically The other one I said more for myself is that there's a potential for growth by that I mean something more than a hobby look again, maybe collaborations, maybe something on YouTube Anything basically because at some point we get a little older. So you want to make sure your free time You use it in a sort of a smart way Here is a very quick quick sample early sample So Animation wise it's very simple. Don't look at the bad animation. Look at the nice hair moving around moving around Here's another one. The first one was really easy. This one is much harder for me But again, look at the hair look at the hair look at the hair look at the simulation All right, these were some very quick samples now break down for project fuzzy what I wanted to do I wanted to create short video content to start with YouTube anywhere else. Maybe tiktok stylized characters stylized characters means symbol characters symbol characters means less controllers less controllers means Easier to animate right that is that was at least the plan at the same time Simulated hair like why simulated hair because you're adding complexity to it different reasons The project still needs a like a unique selling point So what makes this project interesting and hair it's not something that many people still touch right because it is that Complicated at the same time. It's actually a fun challenge. It's actually quite interesting, but that could be a personal preference and the last reason is is that in a way your Simulation does have the work You can have poor animation poor ish and The simulation if at least the simulation is proper it basically carries kind of like the quality of your work And that really helps actually Then the last one really important to a young target audience. Let's just say young target audience slightly different standard We are not talking about high quality stuff Like Pixar or like the blender studio Right and this was really important to me because I am familiar with that young audience and I can kind of understand that You don't have to make something super special And I'm sure you have all seen the blender studios making off how like they tweak all their animation And it's just it's really a lot of work for a young target audience. It's okay can let it go What did it mean for blender? Okay Evie has to be Evie for sure as I am not interested in render times There are 10 seconds or longer per frame including the hair. So you know the hair. It has to be just a few seconds Shitty laptop doesn't matter. It just needs to come out really fast The other thing that I wanted to do if is have multiple shots in one file Not necessarily all the shots You don't have to force it But if you can have more shots in one file and like the idea of pressing render Going out for a nap for a walk to the toilet, etc. Come back and you're done, right? I like that idea. This is really that I believe I want to do then the other two the last two is about the tools Tools to speed up your process So I need tools to do the the basic stuff to maintain stuff the boring stuff But also the complicated stuff and and at the same time those tools Would have to go to one location and you're looking at something as efficient as possible You need to find it in one spot The thing with blender is you can do a lot, but it's everywhere. It's everywhere Actually one thing in blender might be in three different locations, but it's still not in the location where you want it to be but it's fine because you and And this was my sort of my my mission call to action use python to unlock the full potential of Blender and the thing is I've never used python, but I knew I knew I had to do it if I wanted this here's one quick example and This example is linking characters linking the scripts of the characters Overriding the libraries and at the same time loading the scripts Now the video finished before I finished talking and you try to do this. Let's assume. You're not using the I forgot is the asset browser Not sure if it's called like that when I is it the asset browser right when I started this There was no asset browser yet. Now if you do it the conventional going through all the menus You're I would still be doing it So and this is really important. All right.  Like a very quick For you what happened in the last four years so late 2019. I had the idea In 2020 I started to focus on python for the first time mess way to learn Python is just write the tools that you want and I didn't realize it is actually that simple You don't have to follow any Python classes or anything write the tools that you want and that's how you learn python at the same time very soon Covid started it was really hard times for a lot of people. I took it as an opportunity I turned covid into coding We had to be forced to be at home great Finally, it is acceptable socially accepted to be at home constantly behind your computer. So That helped me a lot. All right. I think I'll just hold this and at the same time I Worked on my characters and this is how my characters look like at some point. So At the same time I continued to work on python write the tools that I want write the panels that I want anything that I needed that I thought I needed When the characters were done I started to do the pose and animation library the facial expressions poses, etc. Consist. You want to talk about efficiency You absolutely need that one right and it's Three years later. I was ready to animate. I completely hated it. So I changed it in a few months I made the decision to just change it completely and this was really important that at any time Make the change if you have a objective like it has to be fun Then make that change at the same time continue to work on python improve the tools improve the UI, etc then Chat GPT came what kept you It was three years too late not really I used it it helped it actually I learned a lot even though I was touching python for three years It actually helped me and this is you want to write your tools with python This is the best moment chat GPT. It might not be great bar It isn't great but there's so many options and they can help you and they can even teach you and it is Amazing how well it works when you want to learn this. So if you want to start this is the time I Continue to work on python. So what happens and we're here on this day and this one this sounds silly, but This is the it's fun. I can do it model made it up completely Obviously the z axis is how much you like it the x axis the further it is on the x plus The more skilled you aren't basically, right? So Why is it important that you look at your task? Why is it important that you know if you know roughly where your Tasks or the principles or whatever job that you need to do lies Then you know that if it is in the up corner you focus on it If it's at the bottom you should change it on that side if it's on that side You should avoid it if it's on that side You should just improve it. That's all and that's really important now. This is me late 2019 Now interestingly, okay few things python was outside didn't touch it cannot put it in right? I don't know if it's fun or not, right? Okay, what else? There's a strong correlation between how much how good you are at it and how much you like it There are some also small exceptions to that for example layout easier than animation, but it is Equally tedious at least for me Rigging I'm not a technical person and this is really important I wouldn't highlight this because I'm using python now, but I'm not technical at all rigging. However There was it's more rewarding and that's why I enjoyed it more even though I'm not good at it at all And I think look at yourself what you're doing and maybe whenever you start a project But you stop halfway. Is it because you have reached something that doesn't give you that pleasure So is there a way you can change it manipulate it? So what happens? 2022 so when I basically had my first characters. I started the The animation the poses etc. So what happened is two things python had a rough start but I It's fun. It's really fun Actually, it was Tom Rosendahl who once said coding is really fun. Have you ever tried coding? and The thing is I I Didn't get it for 15 years and I wish that I listened and it is really fun And it is very rewarding actually what happened at the same time is that animation and layout. I didn't like it I didn't enjoy it. There's different reasons for that So old system old idea three years and then the new idea which I basically changed to in just a matter of months All right first thing Controllers right I had 50 to 55 controllers on the original and the later. It's like around 45 controllers I think the old one is still good because that's a rigify. I think they have around 255 controllers at least the ones that are meant for controlling, right? So if you're not a fan of animation what you do is you have to reduce that number, right? Okay, another really really big important This is the reason why my joy for animation went down the original had no squash and stretch And I'm I should know it's a principle. Of course it makes it more fun But I was so involved in the technical side and the hair aspect that I forgot about the most important thing that principle So I got less hair But I had squash and stretch and it changed how much I enjoyed it now this fact It doesn't change so much about how much I enjoyed it, but it definitely helps speed up the process You're going to simulate all of this. You're gonna have all the cash then having like, you know, the other one the new one much easier Okay, another thing I Mentioned that I tried to do as many shots at the same time as possible Now the problem is if you have a very rigid sort of pipeline where you say I'm gonna do all the layout That you reach a point that you just done with it when you're finally can start your animation Okay, finally, I can do animation you do your animation all your shots and that's what that's what broke me too Because animation is hard. So what I did it, you know what? I'm still gonna put all the shots together or as much as I can but I'm gonna jump her out I have started with one layout shot if I want to I immediately animated then I do the layout for a shot later And it actually helps me to keep my momentum going keeps me happy, etc. So Very quick pipeline itself So because I am my own director, I do not have to storyboard I do not have to do an animatic what I do need is some form of planning now in my case My planning are these really simple roughs or thumbnails So what you want to do you need to know the shots that you have how many shots roughly the screen direction That main actions and that's it. That's fun. It's good enough for me. It's not complicated stuff basically again It's for preschool Then we have to lay out an animation I mentioned I will not do animatic which means that the layout is still important Right, I still have to get that timing, right? But I'm creating tools that I can fix that timing anywhere during the stage now all the yellow stuff Semi-automated just with a few buttons a few adjustments and everything is done. So it's much easier So the biggest challenge for me is always the layout and animation right in 2019 I had the idea of creating These tools basically I just showed you the linking the characters basically it's just a few buttons all your characters They are loaded now And I also imagined I want to create a floor set up a floor that has shadow only and the other one is basically Managing the hair simulation for linked characters. It's very tricky This is what I ended up with and it's still growing Python is really fun and it's not just fun. There is a beauty in it. It's that creation It's really great. So what I've done is I split this up in three add-ons The first one is general tools that help me and the other two are specific to the project itself They're specific to the characters. They're specific to the hair simulation. Don't have to read all this I'm gonna try to show a few. All right. This one is my scene builder. So Put a few cameras as many as I want to Replace that default queue with the floor. I'm gonna turn to rendered and a sky at a sun at a very subtle backlight which works great with hair and the last one Optimized EV. It just does a little a lot of little things everywhere. For example ambient occlusion Now some of these they seem very basic and they are While at the same time for example the Sun. It's just a sunlight But with some little tweaks and fixes to serve my purpose and you can basically Create these very simple operators that you immediately get what you want now Because I do all these stamps I could potentially also put that under one button and this is my most used button Where I just do everything and since there's one button I can put it under quick favorites Popping is so much fun. It's really so fun Right now when I create a sky or a world this is basically the notes that it creates I do not import this from another file. No, I just the script itself that places this and I was so intimidated to How do I write this actually these this is super simple now to control this? I Do not go into That note set up what I do is basically I create a UI I create custom properties that can control the properties in these notes So this is a very quick example where I can change. Let's say the gradients radial linear change the colors Change the type of linear. Is it like a global linear or that's one that's stuck to the camera, all right Which is really nice very fast very easy now Then I also wanted to animate it because if I've all one multiple shots I want to change my sort of background over time then I realized If you have custom properties you can animate the custom properties, which you see basically right there But they will not automatically update the properties in my world setup, which means it doesn't work So I made it work. So I made it work that it whenever I keyframe something I Put it puts a button there Now it's not gonna do anything. So here I'm just animating the different custom properties that control my My world's no tree basically. Yeah, you don't see anything here. Once I press that little button It changes. So what I can do is I just set it to Constant interpolation and I can automatically change all my lighting for all my backgrounds for the different shots Now that blue button there that I press basically what it is is a handler a handler can run Specific code in a certain situation in this case. It runs a code during frame change So whenever you change your frame, it's gonna look at Basically your keyframes and it works brilliant Right this one camera control camera control is an example. Well, I've just taken all the existing attributes Properties and I just put them together because I'm using a lot right. This is the one This is actually called binds to bind the camera to a marker It's it's already there. I just put it basically elsewhere now oddly enough. I call it key Which is incorrect because you're binding. You're not key framing anything You're just putting a marker and your camera knows that it has to basically become active So but key feels more intuitive. It's my add-on. I can do what I want Now another one and I learned from basically the previous one the binding your camera to a marker I want to do the same for motion blur. Can you animate motion blur like by default? You cannot but yes, you can by using markers So I add a marker Where it's basically says there's no motion blur I guess somewhere somewhere else Then I will say motion blur should go on I go somewhere else I say there should not be any motion blur and here there's motion blur again, okay different reasons Why would I want to do that motion blur adds time to it obviously right to your renders?  It's really great Can shave off another two seconds of the render maybe and I will show the results of that later Let's see. Okay. This one is hair simulation So what I've done is I put a lot of general settings together And I put like very character specific settings together and I'm able to control it the great thing about the hair cache system If you just play once it'll automatically cache it So I'm using that method to basically cache it after a single play and I shift it to I move it to bake basically So everything's together very quickly.  So Okay, it seems that I am Running slightly out of time already. So unfortunately I cannot talk about some of the other tools which is for example Animating collection visibility, which is very challenging. So I'm just gonna play it and whoever wants to see it on YouTube So I've managed to kind of have a very easy pipeline for animating the collection visibility So I will not going to the details on that one now and there are some other things that I've done I'm actually using some very strange things. I'm gonna I'm gonna skip this one I'm gonna show the last one that I have which is Which is this one So what I'm doing, I'm using my view layers as Like a single there is an option that you can you can see it in the right side Use for rendering right what I'm doing. I'm rendering only one view layer per frame So I can use that to create a tool that makes me actively change my few layers And it's really weird No crashes so far But it allows me to basically organize my files really quickly automatically set up The nodes basically and that's about it. All right. What's next? Blender 4.0 is coming. It's gonna break some scripts and Which means great can fix more stuff in Python and it's really awesome I Wish I had more time to show if you want to If you want me to share some of this, please contact me Just send me an email and I would love to get back to you. Thank you very much