Hi, everyone. My name is Nikhil Barthwaal, and I'm going to be talking about Knative. What Knative, and I'll go into details of it, of course, but what Knative is, community's framework for managing serverless workloads. The way I have structured this, this talk is I have about half of it is theories. I'll go through my slides, explain what I'm everything about Knative. And then the remaining half of it is demo. Now the demo is actually from the GitHub link that you see below. The demo itself is quite big, so I'm only going to be covering parts of the demo. I'm not going to go into details of the entire demo, of course, but you have the link, feel free to play around with it, and you have my contact information, so should you need to contact me, just feel free to bring me anytime. So let's get started. Introduction to Knative was Knative. So like I mentioned, Knative is basically a Kubernetes platform for building block, basically some building blocks of serverless. Now, Kubernetes is essentially a platform for platform. It's never really a starting point, but it's never really end game, but it's a great place to start. So it's basically think of it as you have Kubernetes as a platform, you have layers and layers, and then you have Knative on top, and you have other layers on top of Knative. So when I show the entire technology stack, you would actually see that, but essentially what Knative provides you is an extension components on top of Kubernetes for serverless computing. So Kubernetes is a de facto platform. It's by far the most open source, by far the most popular container orchestration system out there. There's a diagram of Kubernetes. It has pods, and it has all the containers where it runs, but essentially what it is is it's basically a descriptive definition of how your infrastructure should look like. You're mentioning the state of the system. It's a descriptive system, and what Kubernetes as such does is tries to maintain that state. So if you deviate off, it will basically take corrective actions to bring the system back to the desired state. That's what it is. It's an orchestration system, and it handles a lot of things for you. So it handles scheduling, scaling, life cycle, naming, discovery. You have the full list. It's open source. It's quite popular. I'm sure you would have heard of the name of it, but it's handling all these things for you. And there's a large body of Kubernetes ecosystem. It's by far the most popular or container orchestration systems. It's fully open source. So Google has GKE, Amazon supports it using EKS, Elastic Kubernetes Service. Azure has AKS, Azure Kubernetes Service. So there's a big ecosystem around Kubernetes. And let's switch to serverless. What do we mean by serverless computing? Now, when we look from an operational point of view, what serverless brings to table is it brings you all no-infra-management. It brings you an automated infra-management. It manages security. It manages the infrastructure, but the characteristic of serverless, unique characteristic of serverless is you pay for use. So typically, in normal container-based systems, you're paying for the capacity. In serverless, you're paying for the use.  So it is handling and auto-scaling for you where it scales from zero to infinity or whatever you configure it to. So that auto-scaling is all handled for you. So you're only paying for what you're using. And from a programming point of view, it's service-based, right? And it's an event-driven platform. Service-based means you have these computational units. I'm going to use the term service in a little broad way. If you're using something like AWS Lambda, it basically means functions. If you're using container serverless systems, which is what K-native is, service there means containers. But service is more of a broad term. It's event-driven. So events are fired. You respond to those events. So it's an event-driven system. And something very particular about K-native is that it's portable. Now, typically what happens with serverless systems is there's a common criticism of serverless that's when they're locking. And the reason is that all the infrastructure is handled for you. So you don't really have, you don't get to choose anything or you don't really have any control over it. So the underlying system is basically handling. So you're basically tied to that system. Now, in K-native, you're not tied to the underlying system. You're actually tied to Kubernetes, but then again, it's an open-source system. So you're not really vendor-locked. That's why it's portable. Any cloud vendor or any kind of distributed system that provides Kubernetes is practically everybody. You can actually run K-native on top of it. That's why there's a portability aspect, which is very particular to K-native or serverless containers. So talking about containers, containers are industry standards. So you basically have pre-built images and you can pick any programming language, any library, even binaries for that matter you could actually build. So you can have these containers. And containers are kind of industry standard. So if you look at the trend, it's actually increasing. So it's basically an industry standard. And then let's switch gears and let's talk about K-native project. So K-native project, what it is, it basically gives you the set of components for serverless system. Now, prior to version 8, there were actually three components. There was serving, eventing, and build. And after version 0.8, there's actually two components. That is why you see that build crossed out on the slide. Serving is basically the base component that talks about all the scaling of your services. So that's serving. Eventing is the framework that lets you create events for which the services respond to that's eventing. Build was initially how you deploy the system. So going from source code to containers. Now, that has actually been deprecated. And the officially supported system is Tecton. Tecton is a separate project. It works with K-native, but it's a separate project completely. So we're not going to talk about Tecton too much. But essentially what it is, is it's a Kubernetes-based CICD system. CICD system. And like I said, it's open source. And what K-native is giving you is, it's giving you all the basic ingredients for serverless computing that solves the modern development patterns. And essentially, K-native started as a joint project, as a consortium between Google, IBM, Red Hat, which is the same now, SAP, Biverdale, and so on. So K-native incorporates all the learnings from all of these partners. And you have the website, k-native.dev. So k-native.dev. Let's actually check out k-native.dev. That's the website. So you have all the information here. So now you see the two main components serving and inventing. There's actually a Slack channel. You could actually go to the GitHub repository. So you could actually see k-native. Now mine k-native. So that's the GitHub repository for it. So you have the eventing and serving as the two main components. You have the docs and so on. So that's the website. So a lot of good information there on k-native project. Now what's the motivation for k-native? Developers want serverless systems. And the reason why they want serverless is they want to run their code. They don't want to handle infrastructure. And developers tend to be very opinionated. They have their own favorite programming languages and dependencies. They're passionately about it. So they want the flexibility to run any kind of language or any kind of framework that they choose on their platform. So that's what containers basically bring you. So that's what developers basically want. So that's why they love serverless is because they don't have to manage the infrastructure. Operator on the other hand like Kubernetes because Kubernetes is a great orchestration system. They don't want you to handle it. It's not the right abstraction for developers. But operators love Kubernetes because it's a very descriptive system. They describe the state. Everything is handled for you. So k-native basically sits between the two. It's built on top of Kubernetes. So the operators love that. Operators handle the cluster, the base cluster. And then on top of it is k-native. And the developers build their code on top of k-native. So it's the glue between the developer view and the operator view. So that's the motivation. So there are, like I said, there are two basically point of views. There are two ways of looking at it. So let's actually look at the developer view for k-native. Now, developers want to write code. So that's what they want. What they don't want is they don't want to handle the infrastructure. So they don't want logging. They don't want monitoring. They don't want to build all these images and so on. I just have my Docker file where I give the steps of how I'm going to build the container. Everything should be taken care of. I don't want to do it myself. I don't want to handle all orchestration. So that's what developers want. And that's the k-native view for developers. Now, going back to k-native views for operators, k-native is handling all the infrastructure complexity for you, right? So you don't really have to worry about too much. You just have to worry about describing your state, what you want. And k-native takes care of it. I mentioned that repeatedly, it's basically a universal system supported by all major providers, and that enables portability across multiple providers. That also enables portability across on-prem and cloud, by the way. And it's a very extendable platform with clear separation of concerns. It has an open source API which is pretty well documented. Like I said, it's a platform for building platform. So it has to be, by definition, very extendable. So there's portability associated with Kubernetes because it's offered by all cloud providers. And then k-native, which is built on top of Kubernetes. So let's look at the k-native stack. So when you look at the k-native stack, we start with underlying platform, which is Kubernetes. Then we have service mesh. Now, the default service mesh that comes with Kubernetes and with k-native, which is the one we're going to be using for a demo, is Istio. So you see the Istio there, but you could choose to use Glue, Ambassador, or any other service mesh if you want to. On top of it are the two or three, I'll call two, because the more recent versions only have two basic parameters that's serving an event. Tecton is a separate project by itself. So you could use it with k-native, but as I mentioned, it's not really part of k-native project. So you have the serving and eventing. That's the base layer for k-native. And then on top, you have this different products that are built on top of k-native. So you have Google Cloud Run, Google Cloud Run on GKE. Now it's renamed as Google Cloud Run for Anthos, IBM and Red Hat being partners. They have their own products, Kubernetes service, OpenShift, TriggerMesh, SAP Chima, such and such. So this is the serverless portfolio on Google Cloud. I'm going to be focusing mostly on k-native because I don't want to make this talk very specific to Google Cloud. I want to kind of keep it broad. So k-native is like the open source, so that's broadly applicable for any vendor. But you do have a managed, it's not technically correct, but think of it as a managed k-native service. Now, the reason why it's not technically correct is because the underlying code between Cloud Run and Cloud Run on GKE is a little different from k-native. But what Cloud Run and Cloud Run on GKE does is basically giving you the same k-native capability that you have running on-prem on your clusters is managed for you. They're both very similar to each other, but in Cloud Run, you have everything fully managed, so you don't really have a control of the cluster. Whereas Cloud Run on GKE or Cloud Run for Anthos, what you have is you have basically running on GKE cluster. Now, the reason why you wanted to sometimes run on GKE cluster is because a lot of clients, a lot of companies already have a lot of stuff built on GKE, so they want to continue using that platform because they are already using it in the use state. Also, Cloud Run on GKE, you have the access to underlying cluster, so that's good that you have more control. Of course, when you have more control, you obviously have to manage that infrastructure, so there are upsides and downsides also. So if you want a fully managed completely, I just want to run my code and I don't want to worry about anything, that's Cloud Run. Now, the API, so Knative is a product in itself, but Knative can also be thought of as a reference API. And the reason why it's a reference API is across all of this portfolio, it's the same API, so what that gives you the advantage you have is you can take a workload on your on-prem running Knative and you can take it to the Cloud and run it on Cloud Run and bring it back. So it gives you the possibility of having a hybrid Cloud, you have part of your infrastructure locally, part of your infrastructure on Cloud and you can move the workloads across each other seamlessly. So the hybrid Cloud capability comes up and you can obviously go and if you have AKS and you're running Knative on other Cloud vendors, you can actually take the workloads there also and move them across on-prem or different Cloud vendors, so that that possibility also exists. So let's go into details of Knative components now. So let's talk about serving first. Okay, so what is serving? Serving is basically the one that handles your components, right? So it's talking about deployment of containers, it's talking about scaling. Now on slides I mentioned zero to n, but mind you this is all configurable because one of the common criticism of serverless is that it has a whole start problem. So sometimes you don't want the component instance to go down to zero because it takes time to come back up, so to prevent you might have to configure or change sometimes on the scaling of one to infinity or one to whatever. You probably want to have an upper limit also because you want to have some kind of cost control, right? I don't want to have tens of thousands of containers running and then I have to pay for them also. So sometimes people like to have lower and upper limits, but theoretically you can have scaling from zero to infinity. It has an inbuilt configuration and revision management and it also enables you to do traffic splitting divisions. Now why is that important? It's important because you do want to have some kind of sometimes gradual deployment, right? I release a new version, I'm not sure if it works. I'm going to have traffic serving 10% and the 90% should go to the one that works. So you can split the traffic and gradually you can make the traffic 100%. So you have different traffic splitting, you can do all kinds of A-B experiments. In my demo, depending on how much time I have, I'll actually show traffic splitting between different divisions. But yeah, you have all of these divisions and you have traffic splitting. Knative by design was something like a loosely coupled component. So you can pick and choose the components you want and replace the components you don't want. So for example, if you don't want logging or monitoring, you can take out that component and replace it with your own building. So it gives you that flexibility. It's a it's a pluggable system and we already talked about auto scalers, auto scaler. You can configure it or you can swap it out for your custom port depending on what you want. So the system is very, being open source, it's very open by definition and you can mix and match things the way you want. Of course, mixing and matching things means more operational work but that's the price you pay for more flexibility. So Knative serving primitives. I'm going to show a demo how traffic splitting and how different revisions etc. work. But essentially you have a configuration, which is a desired state of application that kind of follows the 12 factor methodology. And then you have all of those deployments as separate revisions, right? They're point in time snapshots for your code and configurations. And then you have wrote that actually maps traffic to these divisions. So that's what Knative has. And like I mentioned before, you can split between multiple revisions in my demo, I'll try to show that. Moving on, let's talk about the eventing framework. So Knative eventing. By definition, serverless systems are loosely coupled event-driven platform, event-driven architecture systems, right? So you have events, you respond to that events and you bind these event producers in different services. So you know you have a broker, you have a channel, again demo things become more clear, but you have like a broker, you have your channel, you have different event types and you define all your custom event pipelines to connect to your multiple services. So events come and you respond. You have all sorts of different event sources, right? You have like the messaging bus for Google, which is pop serve. You have like Kubernetes event source. You can have GitHub. You can have Amazon SQS source and you could even have Kafka. Kafka is a very popular message broker, which is again open source. So simple diagram. You have different event source and you have a broker and then you have services that actually have triggers associated with it. So services would subscribe to a trigger and trigger would basically collect the message from broker filter it and deliver it to the service. Now, this is a simplified picture. You actually can have much more complicated in the sense you can have channels that subscribe to multiple services. The demo has that again, depending on time, I don't know how far I'll get, but I can show you some of how the channels work and you can have services calling each other. So you can build like a very flexible event event platform here with this eventing framework. So you have different event sources, right? You have Apache Kafka, AWS SQS, Conjure, pop serve, GitHub, just about everyone. There's a full list here. You can write your own event sources for custom event source. Hopefully you should have to do that because all the common event sources are already captured, but you could do that if you choose to. So what are the eventing use cases when you could have different use cases like you can have a crom job. A crom job event source is the one actually I use on my demo, but you can have to write weekly reports. You can press us with IOT events, pop serve, Kafka, so on. You can even have like work, a workflow is defined on your GitHub by GitHub. So there are a lot of examples of how eventing can be used. Below link would basically tell you. It gives you some of the good use cases for eventing. But let's talk about building. Now, I'm not going to talk too much about the building because the original build has been deprecated. So before 0.8 was built. Now it's post 0.8. It's tacked on. Build was basically how you would build from your source code to containers and build pipe. You can define build pipelines, but that's all now kind of deprecated. And it has been replaced by tecton. I'm going to cover tecton very briefly. I won't have it as part of demo because it's not strictly a k-native component anymore. It's a separate project of its own. But what it is is basically a Kubernetes-style CICD deployment system. Typically, the common criticism for something like a traditional Jenkins is you have these agents, right? And you have every time your build request comes, these agents serve the request. But the problem with these agents are they are static. You have fixed number. You can't easily or automatically scale up and scale down. And if you're not using your system, you're still paying for them. With Kubernetes CICD, you can scale up and you can scale down these agents as you want. So if you have basically, you have a controller, of course, or your master, but then you can have spin up n number of slaves and scale up and scale down as per your needs. So that's what tecton brings to the table. Jenkins also has, I think Jenkins X, which basically shares similar goals with tectons. Even the port between the two is actually quite common. So Jenkins X basically takes that Kubernetes-style CICD on top of the traditional Jenkins. So K-native community, right? These are some of the stats. They're actually old stats. So now hopefully things are going to be much better. We have a lot of contributors. We have a Slack channel. I think I have a link to that Slack channel. So I welcome you to join and contribute. But a lot of contributing companies will request. K-native community is pretty big today. It has autoscale managed workloads. It provides several benefits like one step deploy and so on. And as we move to the demo, so I'm actually going to switch to the demo now. I'll show some of the aspects of K-native. I have about 25 minutes remaining. That's good. So the demo I'm actually going to be using is, if you go to my GitHub, nickilbert.com, Slack GitHub, and the link also was there on my slides, the first link. That's the demo. So I have my slides here. That's the link for the demo. And you have like whole different examples for setup, eventing, and so on. Now, I've already set up my cluster. In the interest of time, I would not be repeating the setup steps. But there's a setup folder which basically talks about what steps you need to do.  So if you want to see how setup is done, you can actually open up, let's say create setup. It will show you all the details, how would I set up my cluster? So everything, all the information on how you set up is here. But for now, I have my cluster and I have a VM running with all the cluster and everything set up. And I'm going to be taking some examples from serving and some examples from eventing. I'm going to be skipping examples from build and I'm also be skipping examples from Google Cloud because I want to focus more on the open source part of it because not everybody is in Google Cloud and I want you guys to have information that you could probably use, go back and take, use it on your job, even if you're not using GCP. So what I'm going to do is I'm actually going to be mostly focusing on these two parts of it, sorry, these two parts of it, serving and eventing. Okay, so let's go to some simple example. So let's go to hello words, go to hello words, the starting point for everything. And I have a bunch of my simple services and I'm going to show what it is, but gain it is serving has a lot of samples, right? So you can actually go to the samples and it has wonderful examples with different programming languages or what you want to use. But going back, we'll create one simple example of a hello world service. I have two languages and C sharp and Python, I think I'll probably use Python here. And I have this small script. So it's all, it's pretty simple takes hello world. It has basically a variable defined for target. And all it does is, you know, defines hello world V1 gets the world and returns a simple string. So we'll see a demo of it. And there's an associated Docker file that shows how to build this code. So we are actually going to build us. Okay, so let me go to my terminal. Okay, this is a little better. And something wrong with the instance. Sorry. I think I need to create a new instance, maybe set up SSH. Translate the time. Probably deleted everything. Did I, did I, did I, did I? Oh, shoot. Okay, I'll probably switch back to a terminal than in that case. That's fine. Because I have everything set up on my terminal, but I will zoom the code because I don't want. This should be terminal of apologies. I think I did some configuration changes. So let's actually go to serving examples. I can do everything from here. Hello world, right? So we're going to have a simple, yeah, simple Python service. So we'll just look at this code. Hello world, Python. Okay. So that's my Docker file. And what I'm actually going to do is I'm going to build this image. And I'm using Google container registry as my cloud container registry. But if you have Docker Hub or something, you can actually use that one. So it doesn't have to be Google. It just would be any container registry. So I'm going to build this. And my project ID here is, okay. So I'm going to build this image. Okay. I'm so sorry. I think I, the images, there was some reset done. Okay. I'll try to install it. If it works, good. If it doesn't work, I'll just walk through the example. Sorry. I wish I could have shown. But I had everything set up in my VM. It just, everything got deleted. I don't know how it got deleted. I can set it up again, but it probably will take time for me to do that. So that's it. Is Docker human running on this? Okay. Let me actually walk through the demo rather than showing because the demo is long. I won't be able to complete it anyway. So let's actually walk through the demo. So you're going to build this image. Okay. And you're going to push it. And once you push it, it actually will come here. It actually would come here in the container registry. Okay. The container registry and container registry would have that image. And then I'm going to apply this file. And when I apply this file, let's look at this file, scan it in service. It says, take this container. So this is my project on my GCP. But if you have, this is basically a location of your container registry. You take this image and you define an environment variable called target. Okay. Target V1. And when you actually apply, you could actually see all of this running. Let me actually talk. My installation could probably take time and will eat up most of my time. So my apologies. I could have just picked up this VM. I'll probably refresh this image, but they won't have time to do it. App Engine, Compute Engine. Yeah. Or I can just quickly see if I can get things working pretty fast. Yeah. It's going to be, I can set this instance up fast enough. So I wouldn't worry about that. Okay. Sorry. I will just walk through the demo. I don't have a lot of time anyway left. So I'll just walk through the demo. So when you deploy the service, you would have all of these parts running and they'll show you a status. Okay. So this is how you do. And then to test the service, you just get the external IP. So that's the command for external IP. And then you make a request to the service. So you say, curl the service and zip is basically a service that what it does is, if you have an IP, it will basically convert it to a URL. So you can actually use zip and it will display hello V1. And V1 is basically the environment name. Now, if you go back to this example, and let's go to a little bit more complicated examples, I can change the configuration. So here I'm talking about multiple services. So here I'm actually going to be talking about another same service, the same Docker image, but the variable name will be V2. It won't be V1. So the variable name is V2. And I go back. And now I'm going to deploy the second service. So this is the YAML file we saw. And it will have the pods. And if I curl them, it will say hello V2. I could change the container image also, but I'll just use the same one and I can have a V3 also. So it would have like biBP. You can change it whichever way you want. Now, this is an example of traffic splitting. In traffic splitting, what you do is you have this different current and you say you define and this is the part I want to actually highlight. Let me actually highlight this part. I should probably zoom out. But yeah, this is better visible. So current 100% latest zero. So I can apply and I can have all of these services. And then if I deploy this new version, you would see that I'll have V1, V2, you know, statistically I can split this traffic 5050. So now here I'm splitting the traffic 5050. And I have two different revisions names. Every revision would have a different name and I can just do 5050 and apply this change, split traffic. And then if I run through multiple times, statistically I should get like a 5050 kind of a distribution. So this is going to be a traffic distance example. I can configure the auto scaling. And in the auto scaling configuration, what I have is I can define some parameters. So I have the four to your load test tool. I have these parameters. It will actually scale down to zero. And how you configure it is you define these min scales and math scale. So if I look at the service YAML file here, it defines a target of one. And then it says min scale is one max scale is five. So now my maximum auto scaling would maximum have five instances and minimum one. And this is important to prevent cold start problem. Now, usually what you have is in a big system, you have multi-tier systems. So you have tier one, which is where the customers would basically interact. And then you have tier two, tier three. And typically you don't want a cold start problem on your tier one services because that impacts your availability. That impacts directly to the customers. So it won't be available. It will be slow to respond. It takes time to boot up. The customers would notice it. So tier one services generally should not be auto scale to zero. They should generally have at least one to prevent cold start. You can have the tier two, tier three services in zero to five. That isn't a problem. So this is your auto scalar. So once you do that, you basically would have, you could scale down to five or you can go down to zero. So now that's your auto scaling. This is the Cloud Run deployment. Now I could actually deploy to Cloud Run. These are my three Cloud Run portfolio services. And I can have, I have a defined G Cloud. Cloud Run as of now is only available in certain regions because it's not, it's not really, it's, it's released, but it's not available in all regions. So I can have something like the Cloud Configuration Activate. And then I push the container to the registry. I define the project. I submit attack and I deploy. Okay. Let's see if I can just install. Probably do a demo on Cloud Run. That I should be able to do it rather easily. De-native would be a rather more difficult task. Yeah. I don't know. My instance got rebooted and I think everything, everything basically all my files and everything went down because I had the entire cluster and everything set up. So, yeah. So I'll install the Docker or I could just and I do that. How long would it take? I should be able to do something. Yeah. So let's do the background. Background is happening. Install DockerDemon. Okay. DockerDemon. Is it coming? DockerDMG. Let's see if I can do something here. Anyway, let me, sorry. I don't think I'll have time to fix this. Okay. So deploy to Google Kubernetes. You actually have a choice. You could do Cloud Run. You can do Cloud Run on Anthos. You can have the cluster. You pick and you would deploy and it gets deployed to the region and then you're like, great. It's deployed with 100%. And then Cloud Run, you can actually access Cloud Run from here.  And when you go to Cloud Run, you actually would see the instances and manage customer service. Can I do it from, I don't really have allow on authenticity. I could do that from here, but I don't really have an image on my registry. And you would see all the revisions here.  So this is the K-Native Equal, sorry, YAML. This is the K-Native Equal and YAML API that you have. So this is Cloud Run. Okay. You would basically see the YAML part here. And then you can test the service in the sense you can have, you do a simple testing. You can have update target variables and so on. And then you deploy to Cloud Run. Okay. So GRPC eventing works the same way. You basically have a broker trigger and a service. Okay. Like it's open source. So sorry for the demo mess up, but you could just clone the repository and play it with yourself. I'll just go through it. Okay. You have commands. So you just want to check the eventing pods are running. Great. You can check the broker in the name space to get the broker. You have the default. You have event display, Python. So you have some sample code for event display. So what you have here is you would have something like, you know, put a message, eventing display message, and it'll just have a message here. And then when you push and deploy, you put the K-Native K service. So this actually talks about the event displays. This is basically the service name and the container. And then once you have the trigger also, you actually, if you do a curl, you have to install the curl pod. And then when you do a curl and you put this message, you actually would be able to get this message. So if you do like the locks for your container, you actually will see a message here. Okay. So that's basically the eventing. Let's go back to the docs. So you have simple delivery. Okay. Simple delivery source service. You have the source and the service. You have the YAML file. And yeah, you have the YAML file here. And then what you would do is you would apply this and you verify that the pods are running. And once they are running, you can actually see hello world from Kron message. So that's, that's basically a simple delivery. Now you can go into more complex delivery. So what is a complex delivery? In a complex delivery, you have a concept of channel. So channel can basically have multiple subscription in, it's not exactly similar to Kafka, but there are similarities or channel. Basically you could have multiple subscriptions or services, subscribe, you define a channel. It's a persistence forwarding layer. There are a number of channels. So let's actually look at available channels. So it's pubs up Kafka channel in memory channel. We'll use in memory for the demo, but you create the channel. You have the source code in your different services and subscriptions. And once you apply all the subscriptions, you actually will see these messages coming from containers. So that's, that's what venting is. And then you have complex delivery with reply. So with reply, you basically have source channel and services and services can have a reply to the subscription and another service channel, which the third service basically would get this message. So here in this, if you follow these instructions, you actually would see that you would get these messages as hello messages. And then you have the reply. This is Canadian reply. You also have an example of broker and trigger, right? So you have broker, you have different triggers, you install the broker, you have those different sources, you install the triggers and then you get these messages. So I'm actually pretty much running out of time here. So feel free to play around with the demo. You have all the instructions you need here. Okay. If you don't have a Google Cloud account, you actually can sign up for a trial account. They give you like some, I think $300 credit or something. And it will, it'll serve you well for a couple of weeks, actually. So you can actually play around and have the demo. You don't actually need to pay anything to use the demo FII. And my contact information is here. If you have any problems, feel free to contact me. Thank you very much. And I'm open to questions. Thank you.


Good afternoon. Today is August 3rd and the program is coronavirus in our mental health. I'm Ken Burtis coming to you from Haleiva on the North Shore and today is a warm summer day and our North Shore surf is quiet and serene up here. If you're looking for surfing waves, place to go is the South Shore. That's what I keep reminding the tourists but the tourists don't listen to me and they keep coming up here in droves. We have a lot of them today up at the North Shore. People also don't listen to me much about coronavirus either. Coronavirus is still with us. We are still in the pandemic. Now we are much lower than our highs but more much higher than our lows. If you take a look at the numbers since January when we had that big surge, we were having about 4,000 new cases every day here in Hawaii. Now we dropped down to in March when we had our lows we were down to 20 per day which was terrific news but today not only today but in all of July we've been averaging about 500 cases a day so that's much lower than the 4,000 but much higher than the 20 that we had in March. So we're still here but to everybody we're out of the pandemic. I mean people are not wearing, not many people are wearing masks, we're gathering in large groups and we're traveling a lot. That creates problems and you know well take a look nationally for instance.  This year in 2022 so far we were over 200,000 deaths in this country bringing us to over a million which I reported on a couple shows ago. By the end of the year the experts expect that we'll have another 50,000 to go with that 200,000 so 250,000 deaths in 2020 is what they're anticipating. So we're still not out of the woods and we still have to take precaution and that's hard. People are just tired, they're tired of the lockdown, they're tired of coronavirus, they're tired of wearing masks and they're tired of staying home, they want to get out so people are doing that and people are getting sick. I think many of you probably have had a close friend or a family member who in this past year and maybe recently like myself had family and friends who came down with COVID and it's not for most people it's not a pleasant experience. So we still have to look for ways to deal with this and one of the ways that we do that and we've been doing it on this program is we've been looking for things that are positive because our world now is full of negatives. I mean we've got the coronavirus, we've got the war, we've got mass shootings, we've got climate change, we've got a whole bunch of things to make us feel very negative. Well we need to start feeling positive about things and there's a lot of positive things happening. So today we're going to talk about the positivity about helping people, the joy that we get from helping people and to help me with that is my good friend Tony Barron who's an expert in this area. Welcome to the show Tony. Thank you my dear, I'm glad you invited me. It's just wonderful having you here. Now Tony is a woman of many talents and many skills. She's a minister, she's also a health care professional. For many years she ran a very successful tobacco cessation program and for the last 38 years she's been a volunteer in our prisons here on Oahu and I've asked her to talk about that today because there's something very special about volunteering at our prisons. Our inmates are very at risk, they're what I call the forgotten population. They're locked down and they're not going any place, they're not traveling like we are and they're going to be there for a while and it's just very difficult. They're in close quarters and they really need some helping hand and Tony's been doing that. Tony could you share a little bit about your some of the history of your experience you've been with the prison system for over 20 38 years.  I look forward to every I go to Halawa on Friday mornings and Wayava on Saturday mornings and it's just like getting together with family. We really are and many of the men I'm the only non-staff person they see not only for years but sometimes decades and one of the things that I wanted to share was my initiation into the system. The volunteer coordinator he said well you know I'll let you go in but if if you think you want to come back I would ask one commitment from you and that would be that you will commit to six months of once a week coming in to see the many. Many of them have been taught trained belief that they are throwaway people and that's what I want to share with everyone is in the first place the people that come to my group it's called a spiritual rap group not rap as in singing but in the old days because everything I do is old. So rap just used to mean talk so we have a spiritual rap group we read one word the word might be prosperity or freedom or pets it might be anything and there's just a few paragraphs on it and then we sit in a circle and the men go from one man to the next saying what that idea that concept that thought is to them and I thought for example that oh pets what a what a humbug word for these they don't have their pets they're not going to get any pets what can we possibly talk about well it was one of our best sessions because it lifted their spirits to remember their true loves you know their dogs and being young again and all that so and that's terrific Tony what just being there you know I did a you know I did nothing like Tony did but I did a couple years volunteering way back when I hate to admit it to the in the 70s at the prison and just having somebody that listens to you and having some some venue that you can talk and share your ideas with is incredible and so I mean I can see where pets were being very uplifting and I'm sure you've talked about many different things that if you've found uplifting with your men maybe you can tell us some more of those uplifting things oh it how many days do you have so so this is what I want to communicate to your listeners and that is these are the same people that live next door to you that are relatives that are your best friend son daughter whatever and because they're in prison and because they come to my group in they are people who are sober they're not on drugs not that you can't get those in there but that's another group of people that wouldn't be coming to my spiritual rap group so and this is the feedback that I get from the men because there's all kinds of churches and various folks that go in to save you know the inmates and the feedback that I get is that it's just so nice for them to be able to speak and have somebody listen to them so you really nailed it when you said uh give them a chance to talk I I haven't been to the other ministers that serve the inmates but I feel sure that they stand up and give a sermon just like you do in church well ours isn't like that everybody gets to talk they all get to say well I believe it I don't believe it I like it I don't like it and and somebody says I heard you oh my goodness it must be Christmas absolutely I was really interested uh if you could talk a little bit about the differences between Lava and Wayaba I with my short term of volunteering for a couple years I volunteered at OCCC and a little bit at Wayaba and they were quite different uh and I was wondering if the two populations that you're with the two groups that you're with if they they differ or if you find a lot of similarities between them yes and no they're similar because they're locked up and put away and they're the throwaway people yeah so uh let's see what I where I want to what I want to tell the difference for me is OCCC is when they're just getting into the system many of those people are pre-sentenced uh why Halava is long term they're there they're not just one or two years they're they're there for a while and a lot of lifers and then um and they're mature and many of them have been you know started out and not not orphanages but foster homes and things that um they haven't had the same kind of background that you and I have with a family and stability and that kind of thing and then that's the Halava and then the Wayaba uh those are people that have been probably in OCCC then in Halava for years and now when they go to Wayaba they can get into a work program you know you see the guys on alongside the road you know clearing the brush and mowing the yard and all that stuff so uh they their mindset would be that they're just getting into it and they're probably scared to death because they you know watch too many James Cagney films but it is a scary place for them and then the um Halava they're pretty well set or settled in that they can unpack and know they're gonna be there for a while and then the Wayaba they're scared because the the world they knew no longer exists they don't even know how to use a telephone you know anything there's there's our world changes so fast out here um so my heart really bleeds for them that uh they get out of prison they have no job they have no home they have no money they have no you know springboard they have no you know you can imagine yeah this is the thing that really concerned me the most because when we look at statistics recidivism is always high uh here in Hawaii as it is with every place else uh person gets back into the real world so to speak outside of the prison system and the first thing they want to do is celebrate and oftentimes that celebration causes a parole violation and they land right back into prison uh and I know one of the key things that I talked about when I was volunteering and I'm sure you did too is is how do we adjust how do uh how can they get ready to deal with this uh new world like you're talking about without being bounced back because that's the last thing that most of them want is to come back to prison right so these people are scary they're to the population and they're they have no confidence they have nobody to trust them anymore because they've heard so many people in their past so what we need to do as as the civilian population is give them whatever avenues are available to you to incorporate them into our everyday life for example one of the men that got out used on parole but one of the men that got out no money no job no id no driver's license no nothing um so uh um I gave him $20 to weed my garden big whoopee well it is a big whoopee because I spent the afternoon with him and we had a meal together and the bottom line is just incorporate them in anything and everything you can whether it's giving them a menial job or uh uh offer them a ride to church or to a bingo game or whatever you can to say yes you are uh an important part of our community um we you're not damned forever because you made a mistake when you're 20 years old and you're just getting out when you're middle aged it's they they need your acceptance they need you oh now here's something I really want to share with your with your audience you know those tears that people uh get tattooed on their face for the most part not always but for the most part that means somebody died you know ganglame foolishness whatever so I want to get with the powers that be that say if you're getting out and they all do sooner or later let's erase those tears you go to rent a room or get a job uh they're not going to want to see that on a server's face just make that much more scary yeah yeah and that's sort of uh what I was always thinking about was that when we come back to the real world we have to abandon some of the negative things that we who are dealing with before we got into prison and we've got to increase all the positive things that we were doing that we may have may have been avoiding for instance uh oftentimes I found that people had burned their bridges with their families and friends before uh committing an anti-social act and winding up in prison yeah that was one thing that I was always if we could sort of re-help them build those bridges again and be connected with people who could support them uh that always seemed like a great way but it's very difficult and I don't envy you your job because that's really hard to do and you don't want them to go back to their friends who got them in trouble in the first place either so it's a double-edged sword this is what I tell them on a regular basis I think this is the drum that you're going to hear me beat just about every time I talk to you and that is when you do get out volunteer I know that your your self-esteem is probably very low your self-confidence may be lower so when you get out volunteer to cut the old lady's lawn next door volunteer a church to be an usher volunteer with a uh any place all the time just to say hey I am a contributing person to this community so volunteering is the name of the game for me absolutely you know and for people who are not uh in prison there's so many of us during the the coronavirus that have just become filled with feelings of impotency of not being able to you know not having any confidence in ourselves and constantly being aware of our shortcomings and when I talk to these people I try to convince them to go out and help other people so that they get thinking about other people not just themselves and by helping other people they start feeling better about themselves about what they're doing and yeah it may not be a job it may be volunteering but it's very important stuff during this particularly difficult time so that that would be great if you could get them to do that and you probably have some examples of some people who wound up volunteering at and improving because of that absolutely whatever we whatever they can give back they don't have money for the most part they uh a lot of them don't have jobs that they can go back to they don't have respect the and the people that they heard are usually the ones closest to them their families and sweethearts and kids and all that so nobody wants to trust them they say yeah you've told me you're sorry about a thousand times you told me that you wouldn't do it again now this is your sixth time so but I think one of the things that changes with the men is when they age as they get into real maturity real adulthood they're not trying to be the top gun on the on the block you know so that makes it easier for them but they still have to have our what's the word receptability they still have to have us say yes you're welcome you know I trust you to come into my house I trust you to move my lawn I trust you to wash my car you know it sounds like they only do menial jobs and it's not true it's just that's what's coming to mind for me but these men are many are highly intelligent creative they're been business owners bosses you know so yeah and they do have that you know that was the one thing that I really noticed especially it was that although they may have low self-esteem at this point although other people may not trust them or that they do have skills but most of those skills they haven't used for a while right they've been into other things that got them in prison rather than utilizing their own skills so if they could you know reach back and touch upon those skills that they already have like a lot of men that I know can really fix things well yeah you know I never could so I was so I was always an outlier in that field but a lot of men can can fix things and a lot of people need things fixed during the pandemic for instance and to give them an opportunity to volunteer to help people fix things that are broken that aren't easily replaced because of the problems we have with shipping and all these other sort of things can be a great way to do that some of them are artistic you know and they can do things with music and with art and if we can get them involved in that that would be terrific yeah well even in prison they said well this is going to cost a lot of money to get somebody to come into the prison and it's a medical thing to have a tattoo I said you are loaded with artists tattoo artists in prison I mean that's that's they're not allowed to do it but they do it anyway and they just you know have fabulous artwork you know I told him I said make Christmas cards sell those get those to your family so yeah that yes yeah and those are special you know everything you know we do so much online and there's so little connection of us you know even before the coronavirus pandemic we were much less in touch with people and much more in touch with them virtually rather than in person something special about that Christmas card coming in the mailbox that I think oh yeah okay this is not just an email or a text that somebody's sending me they're thinking enough about me where they're sending me something that is beautiful yeah I'm when when they let me back into Hulava they locked me out of Hulava for two years I went to Wayava the whole time but when I went back to Wayava one of you know we go in the chapel area and then there's a visitors area and there was a man with I presume his wife and I don't know a 10 year old 12 year old little boy that he hadn't his son he hadn't seen for two years you know imagine isn't that just horrible yeah exactly and what does a person say to that son that they hadn't seen it two years and I'm guessing that that's something that your wrap group could probably help them with you know talking about how do you communicate with people how do you communicate with how do you wrap to people that you haven't seen in a long time you know yeah and and that's what gets back to maturity again too is that these every man will say well I'm not coming back and then I'll say okay well what's going to be different this time and and then we get down to you don't go back to the old neighborhood you don't hang with the same friends you and I said what are you going to do for fun if you drank and did drugs for your good time charlie's what are you going to do now if you think that that's what fun is you have a plan does that mean you can never go to a party again what what is your plan so you know all this kind of stuff is things that they can be thinking of for sure yeah and of course for many years as stony knows I worked in substance abuse counseling and if you go out and you leave prison and you celebrate with drugs or alcohol you're very likely to wind up with the dui which will send you back to prison it's a violation of your parole are you're likely to wind up in a busted party with drugs available which also violates your parole and boom you're right back in halava our old triple C or wherever back in the system again and that was always you know they said you know I would get sort of the light bulb that would come up and they would think about that and say yeah and then later on they'd forget about it and they get pressure from if they go back to the old group they get nobody wants to be the last smoker the last drinker the last drug user so they don't want you to leave the the group yeah so they how do you help them deal with that with that pressure they they just have to decide what their priority is you know and I tell them hey if you come back here and this is lifestyle you're used to and you know how it works and you you belong here and you know how to work it for you so be it but if you don't want to come back here then you have to start over again you're a baby and find friends find friends volunteer again that's where you're going to meet nice people volunteers do what they do not for pay not for glamour not for notoriety they do it because they have big hearts and those are the people you want to hang with yeah absolutely Tony I notice we're running down on our time we've got our half hour show goes by very quickly but since we're getting toward the end maybe you could tell us a little bit about how this makes you feel good make it a little you know how did we've been doing it for 38 years you much get reinforced a lot and have kept that up for 30 38 years so tell us a little bit about the joy so that people can understand that you know they are they are nice people that love me so I tell them when people say oh aren't you afraid to go in there and I'm doing you know have they killed people are they robbers you know I said they're they're the same the same person that live next door to you only this now they're not on drugs and they're not drunk and I get to go into prisons where there's however many men that love me and I said I'm I'm an old lady but to them I'm good looking well Tony to me you're always good looking too so that's terrific well and it truly gives me a sense of purpose yeah yeah so what's up in the future what are things how are things going to change I mean they've changed already like you said you couldn't get into Halava for two years because of the coronavirus right we're going to do things differently and if we are what are some of the different things that we might be able to do in the future with to help inmates I think that all of these major changes that our country needs now and I think it was Barack Obama that spelled it out for me it's got to come from the grassroots it's got to be when when somebody gets out you say okay we'll come over to my house for lunch or let me volunteer you know they even have classes how to teach men to write a check or fill out a job aptly well I guess you did that yeah uh well I would yeah I was sort of doing uh not particularly that but I was doing more of uh psychological you know therapy sessions yeah so yeah you definitely need those skills otherwise are you going to survive out there and so it's not complicated and you don't need to be uh as educated and qualified as you are as wonderful as that is um just to pat them on the back shake their hand look them in the eye have a conversation with them have a meal with them you know give them examples a lot of these men don't know anything well if somebody gets in your face you punch them that's what they grew up with so you know and talk about the lightbulbs going on for them to say oh yeah I never thought of it that way you know just well I hope that not only they but the audience also thinks of it uh that way as well and I see we've really went out and run out of time and Tony I just really appreciate you coming here it's like I said at the beginning I think that our inmates here are the forgotten population and they're easy to sort of set aside and you've been working so well with them over the years and doing so much good that I can't thank you enough uh not only for you know for them as well as for me uh it's it's been terrific uh and I hope that we can talk Tony into coming back to another program sometime to talk to us about tobacco cessation of the topic that's uh near and dear to my heart as well but Tony thank you again my pleasure and just one more reminder they are not throwaway people yeah they're ohana they're ohana absolutely thank you and thank you again Tony and thanks everybody for watching and thanks to the staff at think tech Hawaii uh thanks to Eric and to Hailey and to Jay and everybody who helped make this program possible and hope to see you again in two weeks aloha aloha thank you so much for watching think tech Hawaii if you like what we do please like us and click the subscribe button on youtube and the follow button on vimeo you can also follow us on facebook instagram twitter and linked in and donate to us at think tech hawaii dot com mahalo


Good morning friends, my name is Mahirubali, I am an assistant professor in WIT. We are today going to study about activated sludge process, so let's begin. So in this session, we are going to learn about the concept of activated sludge process in wastewater treatment plant. So where do we stand till now? We had completed the primary sedimentation tank in the flow sheet of wastewater treatment plant. Now we are going to study about the secondary treatment of wastewater. Now we have to focus on the carbonaceous, the nitrogenous part of wastewater. So in the secondary treatment plant which involves aeration and clarification, we will remove all this carbonaceous matter or biological matter which are present in wastewater in this secondary plant. So the activated sludge process is basically a part of secondary treatment plant. Now what is activated sludge process? Basically activated sludge process is a suspended growth biological treatment. It means that whatever the biological matter which is present in the wastewater will be in the suspension form in the secondary plant. Now how we can treat that non-carbonaceous matter? Basically we add some microorganisms which are aerobic or facultative in nature. Now aerobic means the microorganisms require oxygen for their own growth. And what is facultative means? Those microorganisms which can be sustained themselves with or without oxygen. Now these microorganisms will stabilize the material in wastewater. Now what basically they will do? Microorganisms basically consume the organic matter from the wastewater using oxygen for respiration. Mostly we use aerobic microorganisms for activated sludge process. So if you see in this diagram the microorganisms consume oxygen to take up this food and reproduce themselves, sustain themselves, grow into themselves. So let's see at which stage we mostly use activated sludge process. So before that we have to understand if we are putting microorganisms at food. Food means basically the carbonaceous matter which are present in the wastewater. If we are putting in the secondary clarifier or secondary treatment plant what should be the growth of microorganisms and how the food or the MLSS or the carbonaceous matter going to decline. So what we study? We study about growth phases of biological system. In which we take a graph of growth rate of food and microorganisms with respect to time. So with respect to time how they are going to grow or how they are going to decline. So first in the plant or in a typical plant food is always present in abundant. And the microorganisms which we have added are very much small. Okay, such phase we call it as lack growth. It means the microorganisms will just start to increase themselves by taking a lot of food which is present in the plant. Now in the secondary what will happen slowly slowly the food is going to decline. Why? Because these food will be consumed by microorganisms and simultaneously the growth of microorganisms will increase very much faster. Such kind of a phase we will call it as log growth. Fine. Now what will happen after that? There will be a time when the microorganisms will be at a higher stage, at the peak stage. And the food will be at a very much lower stage, a relatively lower stage. At such condition microorganisms, content of microorganisms will be very much higher relative to food. So there will be a very much lesser food available at the time where the microorganism content is too much higher. Such kind of a phase we will call it as declining growth. Why declining growth? Because after a peak stage both the food and the microorganisms are going to decline. They are going to reduce. What will happen after that? As the food is simultaneously going to decrease the microorganisms will also start to decrease. Now we have to understand for their own survival what they will do? They will start to eat themselves. Because there is a very lack of food present in the plant. So at that particular time what will happen? From this stage they will start to eat themselves. So there will be a higher reduction of microorganisms in the plant. So what will happen? Whatever the microorganisms which are sustained themselves by eating to each other, they will be very much active in their own. What does it mean? If you assume that in a particular room if any organism is present and he is too much hungry. What will happen? He will start to eat whatever present in that room. It means that he is very much activated. He can eat anything whatever he is given to. So whatever the organisms which are present at this stage are highly activated. What we do? We use these organisms in our activated sludge process. And these overall growth of microorganisms we will call it as endogenous respiration or endogenous growth. Now let us study how the flow sheet of activated sludge process is present. There are total two plants in activated sludge process. One is biological reactor or in simple words we say aeration tank. And the second one is secondary clarifier or the sedimentation tank. What will happen first? The influent will come into the aeration tank or the biological reactor. Here what we do? We put a lot of aeration pipes at the bottom of the tank. And we use aeration for proper mixing of whatever the influent which is coming and the organisms which are present. And they are highly facultative or they require oxygen. They will take this oxygen from this aeration and they will grow themselves. As the influent is containing a lot of BOD or the carbonaceous matter. So food oxygen is highly present in this tank. So the microorganisms will take oxygen and food and they will reproduce themselves. After all the aeration these microorganisms will come into this sedimentation tank. And flocculation and sedimentation happen simultaneously. What happens? Whatever the sludge which has been collected or settled down in the sedimentation tank is taken. And of some proportion of this sludge is again mixed with the influent and is taken back. If we had remember in the earlier slide we use activated sludge. So here all this sludge is happening is the activated sludge. How it is happening? How what is the mechanism? We will see in the next slide. But first we have to understand the some portion of the sludge is mixed with the influent and again taken back to aeration tank. And the surplus amount of sludge is taken out from whole this system. So whatever the effluent or whatever the clean water which is present above the sedimentation tank is taken out as a effluent. Okay it's very much simple. Now let's see what is the mechanism how it is happening. First in the in this aeration tank the influent is adding MLSS which is carbonaceous matter and microorganisms. And mostly microorganisms that is MLSS and MLVSS. This is oxygen is present because we are providing aeration into it. And the organic material in the form of carbonaceous or phosphates or nitrogenous material which are present in the wastewater. What happen? They will react and new microorganisms will reproduce and simultaneously carbon dioxide is also removed off. In the with carbon dioxide there is ammonia, there is a hydro gas, there is S2S gas which is also coming out. Okay so all the hazardous gases are also getting removed by this process. Now what will happen? These microorganisms will come into the secondary clarifier and these microorganisms will start to eat each other and the endogenous respiration will happen. When this process is going up the carbon dioxide is also getting evolved and whatever the oxygen which are required by these organisms will be taken up by the atmosphere. Okay and after the endogenous respiration the activated sludge will produce. Why we are calling activated sludge?  Some of the activated sludge will be taken again and added and the MLSS will be created and the surplus sludge will be taken out. Now let's see review questions. First is ASP is a suspended growth process. True or false? ASP works with the biological growth phase. In which biological growth phase ASP is working? Black phase, endogenous growth phase, log phase, decline phase. Third one is MLSS is maintained in the aeration tank by adding activated sludge, carbonaceous matter present in the influent, both A and B or none of the above. Let's see the answers. ASP is always a suspended growth process. The carbonaceous matter which are present in the wastewater are always in the suspension form. ASP is always worked in endogenous growth phase. And the third one is MLSS is maintained in aeration tank by activated sludge also and carbonaceous matter present in the influent also. So this whole PPT taking by reference of Metcalphate D, B.C. Panmyan, P.V. Rubo. Thank you.