6th lecture on BJT bias stability continued, in the last lecture 5th one we had discussed this particular bias arrangement which is the most common bias arrangement that is an editor resistor which is bypassed by a capacitor C E plus V C C this is a N P N transistor R sub C and then we have a coupling capacitor C 2 which goes to the load resistance R L this is the output voltage V 0 and at the input the biasing is done through a potential divider 2 resistances R 1 and R 2 then the signal is applied through a capacitor C 1 and a voltage source a signal source V S V S could have an internal resistance R S okay this is the complete C amplifier and the DC part of the circuit the DC part of the circuit is this this is the DC part of the circuit DC does not is not affected by the capacitors this is a coupling capacitor this is a bypass capacitor okay we also took a particular example which we shall carry throughout our discussion in which we have taken V C C as equal to 12 volt I think 12 volt R sub C was 100 ohms R L was 100 ohms R E was also 100 ohms R 1 was 6.8 K and R 2 was 6.8 K we are not specifying R S C 1 C 2 C 3 C 1 C 2 C E because they do not affect our operation at the moment at the moment biostabilization we also discussed that the BJT bias point that is the Q point or the operating point which is the value of I sub C and V sub C E this defines the operating point Q inside a bounded region in the I sub C V C E characteristic the bound occurs due to various reasons let me use different colors one is the P maximum allowable dissipation P max one is this hyperbola second is the breakdown voltage this is V C E O the breakdown voltage that is the voltage beyond which you cannot go without the junction breaking down there is a maximum current limit you cannot draw more than this I sub C max on the lower side on the lower side there is a saturation line saturation line and finally there is a cut off line so it is this region this region within which the Q point has to lie and in order that the amplifier is able to handle a reasonable amount of signal voltage the Q point must lie somewhere in the middle somewhere well inside the region okay if it is close to the cut off then obviously the dynamic range will be very small if it is close to P max well the transistor might break down because this P max is for is manufacturer specification and we know that even if fabricated by the same process steps there are lot of variations between one transistor and another from the same lot and therefore you cannot take that risk of operating near P max you cannot go to V C E O you cannot go close to IC max you cannot go close to set so the Q point has to be somewhere here and we showed that the Q point lies on what is called a DC load line a DC load line where this point is given by V C C okay and this current is given by V C C divided by yes RC plus RE this is plus RE with a certain assumption what is the assumption that beta is much greater than unity this is the DC load line DC L L and in addition we also say that there is an AC load line which passes through the Q point which passes to the Q point that is a higher slope and AC load line is somewhat like this AC L L whose slope is minus 1 over R L dash which is RC parallel okay this is this describes what we did last time now we start from this point we said that not only we want to establish a Q point we would also like to stabilize the Q point we would also like to make sure that if the transistor is replaced by another transistor of the same number or if temperature increases or decreases which causes a change of beta V BE and also I C BO all the three quantities change or if there is a fluctuation in the power supply V C C changes then naturally V BB also changes and there may be a change in the parameters also therefore the Q point not only we want to establish we want to stabilize it and this is what we want to investigate today yes you have a question you have a question do not bite the pen okay we established this relation that I sub B I sub B the base current by taking the left loop that is the base loop we established that this is given by V BB minus V BE minus I C BO beta plus 1 we are not making any approximation beta plus 1 multiplied by RE divided by RB plus beta plus 1 RE this is the value of I sub B that we had established relating I sub B to V BE to I C BO and beta these are the three variable quantities alright you also know from the relation that I sub C equal to IB times beta plus beta plus 1 I C BO this is a fundamental relation yes that is right we are using the additional symbol B because of the conventions okay this is the common emitter and it is used as C BO if it is common base then the current that would be I C BO which is I C BO multiplied by beta plus 1 okay now if I combine this with this that is if I write this IB as equal to I sub C minus beta plus 1 I C BO divided by beta isn't this doesn't this follow from this relation okay now therefore and I ignore the rest of the quantities then this should be equal to this from which you get a relation between I sub C the collector current and the other quantities this algebra after clearing the mess the result is not too complicated what we get is the following I sub C is equal to beta times V B B minus V BE plus I C BO beta plus 1 multiplied by RB plus RE divided by RB plus beta plus 1 RE okay this is one of the coordinates of the Q point and the other coordinate is V CE V CE which is equal to V CC minus I sub C plus RE with that assumption beta much greater than 1 beta much greater than 1 multiplied by I sub C therefore if I can stabilize I sub C I have stabilized V CE also so all we need to do is to focus our attention on this on the stabilization of the collector current against variations in beta beta varies V BE varies and I sub BO varies okay beta varies this varies V CC also varies then you are stuck V BB will vary them well if there are ways of compensating for variations in V CC also but what is preferred is that you use a regulated power supply rather than an unregulated power supply in other words you make V CC constant by using a regulated power supply alright that is relatively easy to take care if V CC is not constant then we make a simple Zener diode regulator and apply that to the transistor circuit so let us look at the variation of I sub C which we shall call delta I C due to a change of beta due to a change of V BE due to a change of I C BO separately there are 3 parameters you see I sub C is a function of 3 variables V BE beta and I C BO so let us find out partial I sub C that is delta I C due to a change of let us say V BE beta and I C BO are held constant then we will investigate change due to beta when V BE and I C BO are held constant okay with 3 factors separately then we shall try to combine alright this will be our procedure actually what we should do is strictly what we should do is that we consider 2 situations what we should do is the following we consider 2 situations in under 1 situation the collector current is I C 1 which has beta equal to beta 1 V BE 1 and I C BO 1 alright this be at room temperature for example and at an increased temperature since all of them vary let them vary to the following quantities I C BO 2 and let the resulting collector current be I C 2 alright then we should have we should find out we should define delta I C as equal to I C 2 minus I C 1 and should find out delta I C as a function of delta beta which is beta 2 minus beta 1 which is simultaneously that is all the factors considered together beta 2 minus beta 1 delta V BE as equal to V BE 2 minus V BE 1 and delta I C BO as equal to I C BO 2 minus I C BO 1 this is what we should do you understand what I mean take the circuit or take the expression I C expression for I C C find out I C 1 find out I C 2 subtract the 2 subtract this the first from the second due to the variation of all the 3 simultaneously and then find out the percentage change by dividing delta I C by I C 1 and multiplying by 100 this will be the percentage change in the collector current this is what you should do but as you can see the expression itself is quite involved and if I if I do that I can get an expression which will fill the whole page or fill the next page also but it is not very meaningful and as engineers we do not want to make life more complicated then what is demanded of the situation okay. So we try to make life simple and we shall instead in one of the tutorial problems we shall work out actually what happens with numerical values that is not too difficult actual value of the percentage change in I C but as far as as far as mathematics is concerned general formula is concerned let us consider variations one at a time then try to combine this is the ingenious approach alright even here we will make a simplification let me write this expression I C equal to beta V B B minus V B E plus I C B O beta plus 1 R B plus R E divided by R B plus beta plus 1 R E one simplification that you can very easily do is the transistor will be useless if beta is not much greater than unity. So we can assume beta much greater than unity and then this expression becomes beta if beta is much greater than unity then one drops out this one drops out and beta can be taken out right therefore what we get is beta V B B minus V B E plus I C B O R B plus R E alright bracket closed beta is a common factor of the two expressions and in the denominator we get R B plus beta R E this is the assumption that beta is much greater than unity alright and we would also we would also do another simplification mainly that when we consider variations with respect to beta or V B E we shall ignore this I C B O term okay otherwise it is an unnecessary complication we shall ignore this term and to make things look logical let us calculate this term as compared to this term in the particular example that we took in the particular example V B B minus V B E was equal to 6 volt 12 6.8 and 6.8 so V B B is 6 volt and V B E was given as 0.6 so this is 5.4 volt on the other hand I C B O R B plus R E is equal to I C B O typically is 0.01 micro amps that is 10 to the minus 8 ampere which is 10 nano ampere this is a reasonable figure for a BJT so I C B O R B plus R E is 10 to the minus 8 multiplied by R B is 6.8 parallel 6.8 so 3400 plus 100 which is 3500 times 10 to the minus 8 that is equal to 35 micro volt agreed which is indeed much less than 5.4 volt therefore compared to this term V B B minus V B E we can ignore this term but as long as we are considering variations with respect to beta or V B E if we are considering variations with respect to I C B O itself obviously we cannot do that agreed we also know that I C B O doubles for every 10 degree centigrade dies in temperature so there may be a temperature at which this term shall become comparable but as far as beta and V B E variations are concerned let us ignore this in other words we take the expression I C as equal to beta V B B minus V B E divided by R B plus beta R E alright so let us consider delta I C when beta changes beta is beta 1 and when beta 1 changes to beta 2 delta I C which is I C 2 minus I C 1 is equal to beta 2 V B B minus V B E is a constant I could as well take this out then beta 2 divided by R B plus beta 2 R E minus beta 1 divided by R B plus beta 1 R E alright this is delta I C due to a change of beta only and what I have to do is to find out delta I C divided by I C 1 if you clear this algebra and divide by I C 1 while this algebraic simplification I leave it to you the expression very simply becomes becomes delta beta which is beta 2 minus beta 1 divided by beta 1 times R B divided by R B plus beta 2 R E let me write this again delta I C divided by I C 1 is equal to delta beta divided by beta 1 R B divided by R B plus beta 2 R E now an observation suppose R E was equal to 0 someone asked in the previous class why use an R E at all suppose R E is made equal to 0 then this term becomes unity which means that a 10 percent variation in beta will cause a 10 percent variation in I C C is it not right in other words 1 to 1 even if beta changes by 1 percent I C will change by 1 percent whereas multiplication by this factor which can be made much less than unity how by making beta 2 R E much greater than R B if we do that then this quantity will be very small and therefore even a large change in beta will cause a small change in I C and that is what stabilization means is it not right even a beta changes by replacement of a transistor which let us say beta is from is was 100 earlier and it is 150 now even if that large change 50 percent change in beta we want to make I C as stable as possible for example in the particular example that we have taken suppose beta changes from 100 to 150 nothing else changes then the right hand side becomes 50 delta beta divided by 150 no I am sorry beta 1 that is 100 okay multiplied by R sub B is 3400 3.4 K divided by R sub B 3400 plus beta 2 which is 150 multiplied by 100 okay R E is 100 ohms so this should be delta I C by I sub C 1 and it calculates out to 9.2 percent how did I get percent multiplied by 100 okay now look at this even a 50 percent change in beta has caused a change of I sub C by a quantity less than 10 percent so the reduction is almost 1 fifth is that clear I can make it larger if I had used a higher value of R E if I used a higher value of R E I could make it larger now if you recall why not why do not you make R E as large as possible okay that is a problem let us look at this problem the problem is the following this is R E okay and this is V C C this R E goes to ground and you know V C E V C E is equal to V C C minus I sub C R C plus R E if you keep I sub C a constant and increase R E naturally you will have to increase V C C and there is a limit to which V C C can be increased transistors basically are low voltage devices you do not want to use a supply which is more than 12 volts if you use a 100 volts supply yes it can be done but the 100 volts supply itself is a very bulky thing right so R E cannot be increased indefinitely if we could do that there is one more one more problem so I think we use a 100 volts supply R E is sufficiently large due to some reason if R E gets shorted due to some reason due to mishandling what will happen the transistor will blow up because it will exceed V C E O is that correct that high voltage shall come across the transistor it will burn it off therefore it is risky business and R E there is a limit the limit well one should always try to make beta R E we do not know what under what condition beta R E under all conditions should be much greater than R B and as you know 1 is to 10 is electrical engineers much greater and therefore the thumb rule is beta R E equal to R B 10 times R E if I make it in this particular case well R B is 34 3.4 K so this should be 34 K and therefore R E needed would be if beta is 100 it would be 3.4 K well it is not too bad but you have to increase your I beg your pardon 0.34 K that is simply 340 ohms we used to 100 ohm resistor and 340 ohms can jolly well be used without without increasing the power supply to a large value okay this is the story about beta let me also mention that beta usually increases with increasing temperature and the thumb rule is for every 100 degree C beta changes by 50 percent approximately 50 percent alright this is the thumb rule and therefore this change could as well be due to a change of temperature from 25 to 125 okay we will take an example of complete example at the end now let us look at the passive change in I C due to a change in V B E our expression is beta V B B minus V B E simplified expression divided by R sub B plus beta R E now our change is only in this quantity and if you follow the same procedure that is I C 1 V B E 1 I C 2 V B E 2 subtract one from the other and divide by I C 1 it is very easy to see that the expression shall be delta I C by I C 1 shall be equal to minus delta V B E divided by V B B minus V B E this comes from the division by I C 1 is very simple simple to do this algebra which I shall express as minus delta V B E divided by V B E alright which V B E is this one or two one that is correct and therefore I will use this one multiplied by multiplied by V B E 1 and intentionally introduce this term to express percentage change divided by V B B minus V B E 1 alright and once again you see that if this term is unity if this term was not there if this term was not there then 10 percent change in V B E would have cost 10 percent change in I sub C however because of the presence of this term which is less than unity because V B E is typically let us say 6 volt and V B E 1 is 10 times less 0.6 therefore this quantity is less than unity and therefore a 10 percent change in V B E will cause a much less change in I sub C and as you can see this sensitivity to V B E can be reduced drastically if you could make V B E V B B minus V B E 1 much greater than V B E 1 which means that V B B E should be much greater than twice V B E 1 okay. So if you could make if you could make V B E 1 is 0.6 if you could make V B E approximately 12 okay then we could have a reasonable stabilisation of the operating point but the situation that I have shown you is not too bad as you can see if I take that example in our example it is Delta I C by I C 1 is equal to minus Delta V E suppose there is 100 degree centigrade rise in temperature that we take this. Suppose temperature goes from 25 degree centigrade to 125 degree centigrade then V B E changes from V B E 1 to V B E 1 minus or plus minus it decreases so it is minus how much 2.5 millivolt per degree centigrade therefore minus 25 millivolt alright is that okay 2.5 millivolt per 250 millivolt yes okay 250 millivolt therefore Delta I C by I sub C 1 would be equal to minus Delta V B E which is 250 millivolt that is 0.25 alright divided by V B E 6 minus 0.6 agreed this is the expression and this comes out as 4.6 percent so it is not too bad 4.6 percent okay finally we consider the change in I C I sub C due to a change in I C B O and here we have no escape we will have to use the expression which contains I C B O alright otherwise otherwise we cannot we have ignored the variation our approximate expression is V B B minus V B E plus I C B O times R B plus R E again I C B O may have changed due to a rise of temperature alright divided by R B plus beta R E we do the same thing we take I C 1 V I C B O 1 I C 2 corresponding to I C B O 2 subtract one from the other and do this algebra then Delta I C by I sub C 1 keeping all other parameters constant this algebra simplifies to the following beta Delta I C B O times R B plus R E divided by beta V B B minus V B E can you tell me why this comes it comes because of division by I C 1 right plus I C B O times R B plus R E now we have taken care of the variation of I C B O I C B O 1 thank you this is important it should be I C B O 1 this is Delta I C B O this is perfectly alright now we have taken care of the variation due to I C B O and therefore at this stage when we are numerically calculating can we wonderful beta does get cancelled that simplifies the expression further yes very correct now at this stage yes in the first case when we consider the variation is I C due to variation due to beta correct and that is the expression we have taken simplifies the expression in which we assume that beta is much greater than really if beta is somewhere near unity it is not greater than 10 okay if beta is somewhere near unity we will throw the transistor in the dust plate if it freezes if the circuit is taken to enter ticker and due to temperature beta goes down to near unity we will not the circuit will not work and therefore we will use a beta is we will use a transistor with beta was 1000 for example we will use a super beta transistor okay so beta much greater than 1 unless that is so the circuit is not useful there are ways even if you have a long transistor with a beta of let us say 10 I can increase it to 100 by making a circuit connection we will see the circuit connections later we will have to use two transistors in what is called a Darlington connection and that increases beta 200 beta 1 beta 2 because we have multiplied we will see the circuits later okay now in this expression as I say once I have achieved the expression now I can I can ignore this term compared to this term I have already done so I have already taken account of ICBO variation this term will be very small compared to the first term so we ignore this and therefore my expression becomes delta ICBO divided by not the way of writing this expression divided by VBB minus VBE divided by RB plus RE okay if the percentage change now no longer are you dividing delta ICBO by ICBO 1 do you notice this it is not required okay number 2 so it is not a percentage change it is the absolute change the absolute change in ICBO reflects itself in terms of the percentage change except for a reduction factor that is division by this quantity naturally we want this quantity to be as large as possible as large as possible means we have to make RB plus RE as small as possible this is contradictory we wanted RE to be made as large as possible and VBE of course we can make large compared to VBB we can increase VBB but nevertheless whatever the circuit this is the factor by which the percentage change is reduced that is an absolute change in ICBO causes a percentage change in I sub C which has a reduction factor of this and we should aim at making this quantity as large as possible but as I said this is contradictory to previous assumption and life is a measure of compromise from this circuit is no exception all right here also you have to make compromises now let us take an example suppose ICBO the same example is 0.01 micro ampere at 25 C and suppose the temperature increases to 100 125 let us say 100 degree centigrade rise in temperature causes a delta ICBO which is equal to 10 to the power I beg your pardon 2 to the power 10 and considering delta ICBO so 2 to the power 10 minus 1 multiplied by 10 to the minus 8 so many amperes which comes which calculates out as 10.23 micro ampere 10 to the power minus 8 10.23 micro ampere therefore delta IC by I sub C1 is equal to 10.23 micro ampere okay 10.23 micro ampere divided by 6 minus 0.6 divided by RB plus RE is 3400 plus 100 we should actually like this is 10 to the minus 8 because this is going to be dimensionless quantity right 10 to the minus 6 I beg your pardon this calculates out to 0.66 percent only okay 0.66 percent only therefore the effect of ICBO variation is not very drastic unless the temperature goes very high to to furnace temperatures for example okay 1000 sub degree. So ICBO is a harmless quantity as far as ordinary discrete transistor circuits are concerned but I must caution you that it plays havoc in low current circuits I if I sub C is in the order of micro ampere okay low current circuits are the are the are required in integrated circuits in integrated circuits you want to make the volume as small as possible and therefore the heat dissipation is a problem so you want to pass as little a current as possible so that there is as little a dissipation as possible okay there ICBO change causes havoc there are ways of reducing the effect of ICBO in both circuits also which will come to at the appropriate time now I consider what I considered was delta IC by I sub C1 due to variations in individual parameters keeping the other two constant as you know in the case of a multivariable function you can talk of partial differentiations and then if you want to find the total change then you shall have to combine the three and therefore if that is permitted here that is if the changes are not very drastic are not very large then I can write delta IC by IC1 due to a change in all the three parameters simultaneously as the sum of D3 delta beta by beta 1 RB divided by RB plus beta 2 RE which was due to beta variation plus delta VBE divided by VBB minus VBE plus delta ICBO multiplied by RB plus RE divided by VBB minus VBE okay please close this firmly in the process due to the disturbance I have made a mistake can you point out the mistake that is correct wonderful if I take the same example that is temperature going from 25 to 125 if I take the same example the rule of thumb is that you can make a combination if the individual percentage changes mind this is a rule of thumb individual percentage changes are less than 10 percent if you know the 10 percent then you cannot do this then you shall to go back to the original circuit consider the changed parameters recalculate the current and calculate delta IC by IC1 is the point clear if the individual changes if each of these changes is less than 10 percent then you can combine in our particular example they are less than 10 percent the highest was 9.2 percent and therefore in our in our example delta IC by IC1 this calculates out as you remember what was what was IC1 IC1 IC1 was 40 million if you remember the 2 point was 40 million and 4 volts okay 40 million multiplied by the percentage change that is 9.3 percent plus 4.6 percent plus 0.66 percent the positive sign here occurs because of a negative sign here minus delta V B E okay and this comes out as 5 point no I beg your pardon now it has been it has been taken care of here how did we calculate 9.3 percent it has been taken care of this comes out as 58 million here if I am 9 times 9 plus 4 13 yes think about it we have taken care of this in calculating this percentage I am glad you insist otherwise we made a mistake okay so this whole quantity is delta IC you are absolutely correct okay fine so how much is this 13 look 13.9 0.58 million here okay let us see 40 multiplied by approximately 14 divided by 100 you see this change now delta IC that is a change is 5.8 million here which means that the current is now 45.8 million here instead of 40 okay and this was done by calculating the individual changes and adding them up if we have done it exactly that is by taking the 3 quantities beta 1 V B E 1 IC B E 1 and beta 2 V B E 2 IC B E 2 then it turns out delta I sub C exact this has been calculated as 5.7 million here so we are not too much of okay we are not too much of this procedure therefore is a valid procedure alright yes please no no because this quantity minus V B E divided by V B E plus V B E you see V B E decreases and then the delta V B E itself is negative that is why we have to take this okay is the point taken yes yes same point right so all the variation should be added and the particular variation in carrier sign whether it is positive or negative depending on whether it is increases or decreases that is why the second variation subtracted but because of the expression what was the expression V B E minus V B E IC was proportional to this and therefore delta IC is proportional to minus delta V B E you see if you can say that these 3 factors even though one decreases with temperature they conspire to accentuate the error this is always the case it is a it is a manifestation of Marfield's law if something can go wrong it will here also things go wrong and even if one decreases they conspire so that the error is accentuated this is always the case and you cannot beat it will beat it only to a certain extent all you could do was to limit the change to 5.8 milliampere in 40 it is 6 milliampere okay so it is not too bad now an alternative BJT biasing circuit is as follows an alternative in which R E is not used R E is made equal to 0 is like it is V C C R sub C you have this is an alternative BJT biasing circuit you have the transistor which goes to ground there is no resistance R E but the base well this is a signal source with an RS VS coupling capacitor C 1 there is a coupling capacitor C 2 R L the base requires a biasing now we cannot do this biasing we cannot do a potential divided biasing because then the stability will be very poor is it not that R E cannot be made equal to 0 we have to think of something else what is thought of is this the base is supplied from here that is from V C E rather than V C C through a resistance alright so the base current for example can you this resistance is let us denoted by R B if this is I B then this is I B correct the base current is supplied from V C E rather than V C C one could argue why not V C C why not V C C no that is not the cause the cause is something different there will be no stabilization if it is supplied from here let me tell you why the stabilization occurs yes now what is I B I B is V C E minus V B E divided by R B if I C increases due to some reason V C decreases and therefore I B decreases and I C also decreases let me repeat this if I C increases then V C E decreases this causes I B to decrease and this causes I C to decrease on the other hand if you have taken the supply from V C C then such a thing would not have occurred agreed qualitatively you can see the stabilization alright now there is one problem though yeah this is the source resistance signal source resistance it does not come into the DC biasing there is a problem you see because of the occurrence of R B there is a there is a DC feedback that is what is at the current here is part of the current is divided here so from output to input there is a feedback we do not want this feedback at AC at signal currents we do not want this feedback so what do I do in parallel with R B shall we use a capacitor in parallel with R B let us see what danger or in series come on come on make up your mind and tell me what you want to do in parallel okay suppose we use a capacitor then the whole signal will go here for the signal this is a short and therefore the input signal goes over here and this voltage this voltage shall be equal to the input signal the transistor becomes redundant useless we cannot do that no what is done is the following it is a very ingenious solution and suggested by the problem is that if I have an R B here then not only not only there is a DC feedback there is an AC feedback also part of the signal current also flows to R B which you do not want. Sir what is the signal current? What is the signal current here? Signal current if the signal is there an incremental voltage here this will cause an incremental current here we want the whole of this current to pass through the load we do not want a die pass we do not want a D 2 alright we do not want anybody to share the signal current we want the whole signal current to go to the load so what we do is the following instead of straight R B we split R B into 2 parts R B 1 and R B 2 okay we split R B into R B 1 and R B 2 and from the middle point we connect a capacitor a die pass capacitor to ground okay then part of the signal current still flows like this but the signal current cannot come to the base that is there is no AC feedback we have reduced the AC feedback not only that the signal current cannot go to the output because of the capacitor so this is one of the solutions alright and this circuit is called a collector feedback biasing and you can show this will be one of the tutorial problems that if you follow the same type of analysis then delta IC by IC 1 is delta beta by beta 1 R B divided by R B plus beta 2 R E this is due to beta variation minus delta V B E divided by V C C minus V B E in the previous case it was V B B now it is V C C that is the only change plus delta IC B O R B plus R C divided by V C C minus V B E you can show that for this circuit in which R E is absent this is the total expression for percentage change in I sub C and if you notice carefully I made a mistake again this is R C if you notice carefully all that changes is that V B B is replaced by V C C here also and R E is replaced by R C so this circuit is equally effective in stabilizing the operating point except for that modification that one extra capacitor is needed to bypass the middle point of R B 1 and R B 2 in the next lecture in the next lecture we shall consider F A T biostabilization okay.


Hey everybody it's Sam here thank you for watching my tutorial today so I'm going to be showing you how to make this double lattice gatefold card. So this one has evolved after I made the lattice card maybe a week ago, two weeks ago by the time this one goes up and you'll see here you get this beautiful lattice or plat or weave kind of effect here on the left hand side and then you can open up the card you can see all of that in there as well and you don't have to put the ribbon through. If you missed this video if you just click here it will take you to that one if you like that style. So I was playing around and I decided to basically see how it would work doing a double and after you see this you can really look at all of your cards that you've made in the past and if there's a fold you could add a lattice effect onto them so I think it's going to really transform some of the more simple cards even like an easel card. Anything that has a fold you can add this lattice detail and I really like this one so I've done a new template because this is a slightly different effect you'll see here you've got this longer section whereas on this one here it goes straight into kind of the the crossover piece there whereas if I take that bit away you can see the crossover effect there so you've basically got this additional effect and it just came together really well I made this during a Facebook live and then I added some extra score lines so that now when you open this it then pops out like this and if I just bring up you've got that lovely heat embossed sentiment and stamp I'll show you everything I've used I've used these little gems all the way down the sides there and also just a few on that just to say and then on the back I've just got hello so it's just to say hello and then you've got room to write your message you can do all sorts of this you could fold it that way if you wanted to and then have it open like this so it's displayed that way you can have it obviously this is how I'm going to have this one so you really get to appreciate all of that lovely detail and I said imagine if the sunlight kind of comes through that if it's on someone's window so I just think it's going to create a lovely pattern and I think it's really unexpected for the person when they open it so don't be you know I'm worried with this one I've broken it down and once you've got your templates it's really easy to do so let me show you how okay so I've gone ahead and done all of my stamping and I've coloured and everything because I just really want to focus the video on the template and then what I would advise you to do is photocopy it if you've got any of your software like your cricket your brother scouting cut then you can design it in there and then you could just keep it saved and print it out it's entirely up to you but for anybody who you know doesn't have a photocopier doesn't have the technology or maybe know how to do it because I'm not that great to be honest I like a good user paper and pencil this is what you're going to make you so you want two of them so you may have to draw two if you you know you can't photocopy them but they are photocopies but I'm going to make one with you now so we'll remove the score books I don't actually need that for the minute so you want to cut yourself a piece of 2x7 I'll get rid of that one so it's not confusing okay so a piece of 2x7 get yourself a ruler and a nice sharp pencil okay what we do first of all is we want to pop your ruler along the top here and you'll see it's two inches you're going to mark at half an inch one inch and one and a half okay and you're going to do the same along the bottom so you're going to mark at half an inch one inch and one and a half you then want to join those lines up now you do want to make sure that you it's why it's good to have a sharp pencil because you want to get those lined up perfectly if you're going to be if you're slightly off might affect the overall finish of the card because some of your cuts might be a bit wonky so okay then you're going to pop it along this side lie your ruler along the top and you're going to mark it every well first of all actually if you put a little marker at half an inch and at six and a half in between the half inch and the six and a half you want to mark it every quarter of an inch so I'm just going along there just marking every quarter of an inch and I'll take a photo of this and I'll pop it on my block so you can see it close up and print it off yourself if you want to okay so every quarter of an inch then come down to the first line and actually what it will be good to do is what I've done during the live is mark it half an inch and six and a half along this side as well and just join up those half inch markers you can scribble this but out this is basically going to be the piece you fold over the top of the card and the bottom just to hold it all in place so just kind of mark those bits off you don't need to worry about that area then come down onto that first line and again you want to mark it every quarter of an inch and you're going to join up those two quarter inch markers so you create these lines so again make sure you get them spot on okay so quarter of an inch markers on the outer side quarter inch markers on the first line and then on the next two lines you're going to mark it every half inch again I'm just going to lay the ruler down there and I'm just going to mark it half an inch and then bring it down and again along that one every half an inch okay so I'm just bringing up a bit closer there so along here you've got every quarter of an inch this first line every quarter of an inch this one every half an inch and this one every half an inch then what you want to do so I'm going to start from the bottom as you're going to join up like so now I'm wondering well you can go along and do all those lines if you want but what I'm going to do is actually stop you start from this very bottom one here actually pretend this is the same as this you're going to come across here to the second score line which is going to be your longest lines okay so just come from the very bottom of this section here up to that line then this one you're going to go up to the first line so you'll see there I've got one short line and one long line the next one's going to be a long line then a short line long line short line and you're just bringing up all your long lines will always meet on your second one here all the short lines will always come to the the second so your long lines to the third line your short lines to the second line but again you might want to just go along and do all of these first so these are nice and straight and then go from there it's entirely up to you during the live I done them separately like one by one so that one's going to be long that one's going to be short this one's going to be long and then short along so if I just bring it up again okay so the very bottom one here from the first line I'm going to go to the third line with the first marker and then this one you're going to the second line with the first marker so you're just following where you put all your points so again I'm just going to continue joining all these dots up so it's like playing dot to dot when you get to the last two you're just going to join again whatever's next so done with short ones the long line would just go and finish at the top of this line here and then this one will finish at the top of that second line okay and that is your template so you'll need to do that twice or you can now go and photocopy this like I said you know scan it or you're doing this you know on the on your computer so I've already got my templates here I marked one two and three just for the photos that's line one nine two line three again if you want to go back and watch that live I will link it in the description box below so now we've got our templates we can prepare our card so I've got this lovely yellow color I'm actually going to do the same card that I did during the live because I have pretty much half of all the paper left so I wanted to get that used rather than put it into my scraps so this is a piece of 12 by 6 and along the 12 inch side you want to score at 3 and at 9 now I have also got these extra score lines but I think I'm going to show you how to add those in at the end but if you do want to make it exactly like I have here so basically these extra score lines are these ones here if you don't add those score lines then it will just be a nice gatefold and it will open up like that and that will be flat and it would be displayed you know with that edge flat and then the sides just open but if you want it to because the idea is you can put it in the envelope like that and then they just open it like this and that's adding these extra ones so I will do them actually but you don't have to so you can get two different styles if you add another score line at four and a half and at seven and a half then you'll have the same card as me okay so I'll just go over them again so you'll score at three four and a half seven and a half and nine okay next you just want to fold for the minute I think it'd be easier just to fold I'm gonna go that way the three and the nine score line so just make sure everything lines up nicely okay so now we have our gatefolds you'll see that's just what you would have if you didn't add those two extra score lines now you want to grab your template and a couple of clips will be handy I've just got these bulldog clips here and you're going to run this left-hand side along your card with the half-inch folds folding over the top and the bottom so I'm just going to fold that one over like so and then pop your clip in this section here because you're going to be cutting all within this make sure it's nice and tall and it lays perfectly over that card again with that edge running perfectly along the side there and then just fold that back over and then again pop your clip there next you want to get yourself a nice pair of sharp scissors where they've got a nice point on the end that's quite sharp on the end there that will mean that you can snip right to the very end without it kind of splitting the card apart if I was to use for example these scissors here see they've got kind of a rounded end they would actually they wouldn't work with this project unless you cut all the time within this section here if you cut right up to the edge it would just break the card of parks it's too thick these are nice and thin these are the Tim Holtz Tonic Studio and scissors these are the seven inch ones again if I can find them I'll link them below next you want to start from that very first line which is the longest line and you're going to cut it if you can do it in one kind of cut that'll be good and you're going to cut it right up to the end of the pencil there okay then this one you're going to cut across and then up to the first line she just following your pencil mark and then again cut across again try and do it in one cut each time and I'm just cutting to each of those lines if your pencil goes over the line try and cut to the line because then they're all the same so I'm cutting you know you got these three lines here that's where I'm kind of cutting to so I'm slipping there and then across to there so just do that all the way along and also on this side but I'll stop after this one and just talk you through the next side just to make sure you get the template on the right side now when you get to the second to last cut here you're actually going to remove this whole corner but make sure you keep the card okay so keep that piece there you can get rid of the paper but keep this piece because you're going to use that again in a minute so now we can remove this and you can throw that away get your second template now this one you actually need to cut it from the back because otherwise if you just lay it down on here or even turn it upside down you're going to have a different finish you see or it's going to be exactly the same in terms of its direction and you don't want that so you actually want to keep it the same way up the right way but flip it over and lay it on your card and just fold that one over and put that one in place and then pull it nice and tall and fold it over and then just cut it exactly the same as you did this side or you'll have something that looks like this and you should have two pieces like this next open up the card and you want to flip it so that you have these arch pieces facing you and a start on one side first now what you want to do is you're going to miss the first section so you're going to skip this one which is your shorter side or your shorter piece you want to go to the bigger ones and it's the bigger ones that you're going to fold back each time so I'm going to fold that one back on itself and if I just bring that up you see how that's just folded back then you're going to miss the small one and again you're going to grab the larger one and fold it back and it should line up perfectly over that small one there you see when I lay that down and if I bring it up closer you can see that I've just folded it down and it will sit on top of this one here so again every other one and I think it's easier first just to pull out all the longer ones and fold them and once you get kind of going with this I would recommend a softer cardstock if it's the first time you're doing it this is a 220 GSM this is Tonic Studio 12 by 12 card and it's just nice and soft to be able to put all these folds in I have done those other ones with a 300 GSM and it worked but it did take a bit more work to actually work the card to fold like we need it to and then you'll see the top one there fold over so right now you've got all these it's like an optical illusion it looks really cool what you want to do then is just fold it or clip each one under the one that is sat on top of and that will hold it in place now if you want to tack it with some glue you can but I haven't all I've done is added a little bit of glue where we do that one once you fold it they don't they're not going to come out and we're going to burnish this in a minute you can see I'm just popping each one underneath the one below then grab your bone folder and just go along all of those folds so they're nice and flat okay next you're going to grab one of these and we're going to add a little bit of glue just along kind of the bottom in the corner just there and there okay just a little bit and then you're going to just pop it underneath and then line it up with the end of the card but make sure that score line in the middle of it lines up with the score line running through the middle of your design we're going to snip into that a little bit in a minute I just bring that up so you can see and in a minute we're going to cut into there so we get the same pattern okay so I'm now going to fold all this side and stick that and then I'll show you how to snip that away in a minute okay so now we're going to fold the card in half now if any of your bits move up see some of mine have just push them or kind of squeeze them together so they all sit within and then just burnish them we're going to cut the end one minute so don't worry too much about that one I'm just going to pinch them together and that's where you might feel actually you want to add a little bit of glue there but I think once you burnish them into place they don't go anywhere nice now you can see we've got our lovely fold and you really get to appreciate kind of two designs really you've got the folded half and then you get the full design when you open up the card and with the bottom piece here what you want to do is you're going to cut along this piece here that it sits next to so just cut along to the end there I just bring it up you see and then just follow the same kind of angle as this piece here you see so again do this once you're going to just cut along and then I'm just going to follow the angle there okay so just get rid of those bits again you'll see when it's open now you get that same design running from the top to the bottom so now that's all that's left to do is decorate now you can also burnish those other score lines out so they will run right up to your design so all the ends of those cuts I'm just gonna fold that over and again this one here now the card might feel quite flimsy I mean again I am using that softer lighter weight card stop but once you add your mats and layers it soon starts to strengthen the card so now you'll see you get this effect like so that's if you want it like said you might want to decorate it this way tidy up to you so I'm going to do that way so I have this piece here now to decorate all of the card I have used the card making magic papercraft society kit number 18 and I've just used the papers that came in there I've used the just for you or just to say sorry stamp here along with this beautiful love this flourish here and that's what I've used and then I use the stamp cubes that come with the kit as well and I colored it in and then the hello is from this die here you've got the hello die you can see all these other ones that you've got using those in future videos and then the papers so I used one of these sheets here to decorate as well so all that away again our link everything in the description box so this piece here is two and three quarters by five and three quarters and that is going to go in the middle I've got the same size which is going to go on the reverse and then I have four pieces of the white card here which is one and a quarter by five and three quarters and then the pattern paper is one by five and a half and they're going to go on top and these will go on your two sides here and also on the backside so I'm going to get all that stuck down and then I'll show you how to add your gems are these gorgeous faceted iridescent holographic whatever you want to call them pearls were from B&M and I picked them up from filming this I picked them up about a week ago from B&M so hopefully you will have them available in yours but you'll see now it just really does add some sparkle on the sides and then I'm just going to finish off where did I put them on this one here so I had a large and a small and it was a medium she gets small medium and a large so we do the same arrangements of pop that one there and then down here like so those are both the cards so like I said you can have it in the envelope like this you can have it in the envelope like this and because you put the fold in it naturally just kind of pops out so I'm not sure whether I'll put them away like this put them away pop in the envelope these are just some shot brought these were dovecraft ones from the dovecraft basics you can see the colors I can move color I thought it worked really well but they fit perfectly in your envelope there I just think they've turned out beautifully so I hope you've enjoyed this double lattice gatefold card for me today I've got tons of ideas on how to use this lattice effect so this is definitely not the last of the cards I probably end up doing a lattice folder playlist on YouTube so check that out as well if you're maybe watching this maybe in a year's time who knows there may be a lot more for you to see as well and if you've enjoyed today's video check out the videos popping up now I'll put the other lattice one there if I haven't popped it along the top there also be some other videos that you might enjoy you want to see and again if you've enjoyed today's video please hit the subscribe button hit the notification bell and that way you'll be notified every time I upload a new video and I'll be back again very soon thanks for watching bye


Welcome back to space arena the ultimate python turtle graphics game tutorial part 14 in which we make a radar So basically what we want to do Is get started? So we're gonna have our basic play screen and what we want to do is we want to add over here a Section where we can put some information and we're gonna have a little radar down here that kind of shows what's going on in the game So let's go ahead and do that. So if you've been following along which I assume you have We're gonna need to create a class So I'm gonna go ahead and scroll down here and I'm gonna start creating class So I'm gonna say class radar no surprise there and I'm gonna make my constructor remember to underscores Before and to underscores after and to set up our radar. We're gonna need four pieces of information It's X and Y coordinate of the center of the radar the width of the radar and the height of the radar What's nice about doing it this way is that if we decided to change the the size of our screen So you have a really big monitor you want to make a larger screen We can also change the size of the radar very easily to match that So just like we did before we do self dot X equals X self dot Y equals Y This should be be pretty, you know, I don't know natural by now If you can if I'm following along and doing it step by step And that's basically all we have to set up at this point, which is which is quite nice And then our radar is gonna have one other method, which of course is gonna be render and In this method, we're gonna need to send a few different things Of course self because it's an object we always use self and we're inside of a class definition So it's an important piece of information because I do get that question from time to time We're gonna need a pen to draw with and in this particular case Remember the pen is a turtle object. So that gives us all the different things a turtle object can do And then we're gonna need a list of sprites That need to be drawn on the screen or drawn in the radar so What we'll do is we will go ahead and just kind of draw the circle for the Radar so I'm gonna go ahead and say draw a radar circle And So let's say I'm gonna say pen dot set heading to 90 I'm gonna do pen dot go to self dot x plus 100 and 100 comes from the fact that the width is 200 and Self dot y And I'm such put that there And I'm gonna do pen dot pen down Because now I want to start drawing And then pen dot circle there is actually a circle man And again, I'm using hard-coded numbers here just because it's easier But what I should have done or what I could do I can still go ahead and do that is to do I say width divided by 2.0 and here I could do width divided by 2.0 that would make it easier if we decided to change that later and then I'm going to go ahead and Do pen dot pen up because I no longer want to draw Now I'm just gonna go ahead and run that and see what happens Of course, we're not gonna see anything here because we haven't actually created the object yet So that's our next thing is we're gonna create the radar object Okay, so it'll probably come as no surprise if you again if you've been following along. I'm just gonna do radar Equals radar remember it's x comma y and this little pop-up there tells you what you need And I've already mapped it out. I've kind of played around with it before 200 and 200 and 200 and then what I need to do I've created the object But then I also down here is in my well-true loop is I need to render the radar It's not gonna go radar render and remember I have to send a pen and sprites Okay, so if you remember up here, we created a list of sprites, and that's what we're using as well Yes, I'm gonna go ahead and run that and see what happens Okay, we got an error.   So you can see down here. I've got my radar now Of course, it's off the screen You know, this is not where it should be and you know, it's it's kind of interfering here And that's that's that's to be expected. This is this is what I expected would happen So the first thing I'm gonna do is I'm going to Make this Screen wider. Okay, so I have some room for my radar so to do that I'm gonna go up to Where I set up the screen basically way up here and Where is that? Screen with a screen height. So when I set up the screen here, I'm gonna add to 20 and For the height, I think I just added 20 Okay, and the 200 comes from the fact the width of the the radar is 200 and the 20 I added I just found that like through experimentation that stuff was getting cut off And so by adding an extra 20 pixels, I could see everything on the screen So it's not not super scientific, but it does work. Let's go ahead and test that and that's about what I expected to see Okay, which which is good so far Okay, now you can see there's a little bit overlap and I'll get to that probably in another video So what we got to do now is we need to start drawing the sprites so I'm gonna go find my radar and I can just start going do it like that and then I say draw the sprites Okay, so watch what I do here. So for sprites in sprites So the first thing I got to check is if the sprites States equals active. So I only want to draw active sprites You know, there's something else I got to add there later, but I'm gonna leave that like it is for now so What I got to calculate is the radar x and The radar y so it's gonna be self dot x plus Sprites dot x What happened there minus? Minus player dot x Times there's a little formula came up with self dot width divided by game dot width and Then radar y is gonna follow the same pattern self dot y plus Sprite dot y minus player dot y times self dot I think it might be height height divided by Game dot height and then I'm gonna do pen dot go to Radar x radar y and just to make it easy. I'm gonna say pen Dot color. What's do? We just do I guess doesn't matter. What's do wait for now and then I would say pen dot What we do here shape size and I'm just gonna make it really small like 0.1 0.1 and None because we don't want a border and I say pen dot stamp I'm gonna update this a little bit, but this should give us a rough idea what this it's gonna look like and see if we're kind of on the right path Okay, and it does you can see so here's the player okay, and then So you see how the players moving here relative to The other game objects, so let me see if I can see if I fire Now you'll see now. This is off the screen Okay, so we don't want it. We don't want to show sprites that are too far away So we're gonna deal with that eventually but you can see now it is kind of working Okay, now we don't see the border, which is you know, okay? I guess we live with that But you see how it basically works. It was pretty simple So basically what we're doing is we're taking the center of the radar we're adding The distance from the player to the sprite and then we're multiplying it by The width of the radar divided by the game width Okay, so that gives us basically the whole How you put it like The whole width of the game in the radar, which we might not want later, but we can do that for now so Now watch what we do here. What we want to do is we want to make an actual nice little radar thing So I'm gonna do the following So the pen color Is gonna be the sprite Color Okay, and for now the pen dot shape is gonna be the sprite dot shape So let's go ahead and run that and see what happens Okay, so you can see here we got a little we got a little triangle for the player at the bottom and I've got you know a small little square and a circle in the color for each of the Sprites here, which is pretty pretty cool. Actually, okay Um a couple of things we've got to do here. You probably couldn't see it, but we need to also Set the heading before we do that. So we say So pen dot set Heading so it's the same shape heading as the sprite Dot so is it's heading I think that should do it And let's go ahead and just test that It's a little hard to see because these are really small Um, but they are that one is circular that one is square And it's hard to see but that is rotating when I rotate The player as well. So that's pretty cool. And you can see the missile Is going towards Yes, now you can see as it's adding stuff that the radar is doing what it needs to do Okay, so yeah, it's kind of it's kind of getting there. It's getting getting to where we want it to be Now let's go ahead and kind of update this a little bit better And see if there's anything else we need to do with that I mean actually to be honest, we could kind of leave it there And just have everything be really small like that and that might actually be Simpler I had I had a bit more complicated piece of code previously But actually now that I I look at this I actually quite like it and it's really simple So let's go ahead and keep it like that for now and see if we have any other errors But the one thing that we do have to fix Is that now this is Well a couple things we got to fix this is kind of overlapping. We don't really want that And the other thing is So what we're going to have you remember from the the video is we're going to actually have a whole block here of information So we'll have some text up here one of the radar down here So what we want to do is we want to move this over a hundred pixels And the easiest way to do that that I can think of right now Is to and again the hundred comes from the width of the The radar basically So what I'm going to do is in my Rendering let's look for our render Camera x let's say minus 100 Render the border minus 100 So everything has to be minus one right now. I could put uh, I probably should but we'll keep it easy I should put a radar dot width, but let's just go ahead and make it minus 100 And this one, I'm not sure about let's try it see what happens And I think we're okay there. Let's try that I might do it. Wait. No, we'll see Okay, all right Okay, somebody said the world be right back Okay, and I'm back and that was nice delivery from a very nice Japanese delivery lady. So, uh, basically here is what we've got So let's take a look at that real quick. Okay, so we've forgotten probably you haven't because you've been watching the video but I've kind of forgotten and Now I'm trying to get this to work and it's been Okay, so it's a little bit off and basically I realized that The reason it's off is That the camera Doesn't need to be added 100 the camera's fine the camera needs to be on the player So let's go ahead and do that So now you can see how there's an equal distance here To about here and again, we're we're going to put something in there later So we don't see some see the overlap. So that is the game now. What's what's cool So let's uh, oops, let's go ahead and do that and oops way. It gets really fast I gotta fix that later, but uh, let me uh, let me go ahead and just kind of make a little quick change here to the game size Wrong one. It's gonna be a little bit long. So it's hard to find stuff. So let's go ahead and let's go ahead and triple it Let's say 2,100 and 1500 And run it and see what happens Okay, so you can see how we've got items way off in the distance because now this is the whole thing, right? so Thanks, there's some weird Uh, it's drawing a little bit weird, but that's okay. Um, we'll fix that later Um, and there's no bad and there's no background, but it kind of works But you can see how the radar is still working as we expected it to. Okay, so that's Basically what we've got now the thing I want to do with the radar. I'm gonna put this back to 700 and 500 Is there's one more thing is we don't want to see everything on on the screen and the reason is that We want to assume that there's a certain level of radar That the player has like the player can only see on the radar Say a certain distance and that makes the game a bit more You know challenging and you know things will come on the radar and come off of the radar So what we got to do is we need to measure the distance between each of these sprites Okay, so what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna put this here and say So I say make make sure the Let's see how you say it the sprites is close to the player So I'm gonna give my player Actually, I'll give all the sprites a little radar just just make it easy. So I'm gonna say sprites So say self dot radar just for now will say equals 200 So that means they can see 200 pixels in either direction and So back to here And what I'm going to say is I'm going to calculate the distance so distance Equals and this is going to be using the Pythagorean theorem So I'm going to say it's sprites. Let's see say player dot x minus sprites dot x And this has to be squared. So it's a square plus b squared equals c square and That's squared plus player dot y minus sprites dot y And get squared and what I'm gonna do is to make it easier is I'm gonna square it by 0.5 That's the same as taking the square root. Okay, so trust me on that and Watch your parentheses because I know I'm gonna get a billion people asking, you know, it doesn't work I'm getting some kind of weird error. Make sure all your parentheses are aligned. This is a set This is a set And this whole thing has to be square root. So that's a set as well So then I say if the distance is less than player Dot radar. Was it radar? I think it was radar And then we stamp it. Otherwise we don't stamp it Okay, so let's go ahead and try that Okay, so okay, so it's working so you can see how this is close There it comes up on the radar Okay, so you have to So you can see how it gets closer, but then it disappears once it gets off the edge of the radar Even though I can see it on the screen Okay, so we'll have to play with the numbers later once the screen is bigger But that kind of gives you an idea of how to make it so that we can't see everything On on the screen and right now you can see a lot because you know, everything's really close But once we make this big this box bigger, it'll it'll work exactly as we expected At least I think it will so I know that was a bit of a long one But I think you get the idea of how to do a little bit of a radar So let's go back and watch that carefully and uh, you know, thanks for watching. Stay tuned for more. Take care


Good morning. I'm both humbled and excited to be joining you on campus as Fairfield University's ninth president. My wife Susie and our four children, Alex, Teddy, Philip and Kit, just arrived in town yesterday. The welcome we have received has been exceptional. Thank you. It's been a busy couple months since I was announced as president. I had the pleasure of meeting with the new Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, Richard Greenwald in New York. I've been working with the trustees as we initiate our search for a new athletic director. I had the great privilege of talking to faculty, students, staff in the Jesuit community about their Fairfield experience. I've also met with alumni across the country, including having dinner with a group in Chicago. And to a person, one thing is exceptionally clear. Fairfield is on the rise. That rise manifests itself in many ways, perhaps most notably in our campus expansion. The Tully Dining Commons, the Egan School of Nursing and Health Studies, and the Kelley Center expansion to just name a few. That rise, however, is also built upon an exceptional legacy, a legacy and a commitment to our core values that our faculty, students, and staff uphold every day. And it's this legacy along with our forward trajectory that makes me so excited and so humbled to be joining our faculty, students, staff in the Jesuit community as we continue our rise.


The Nasa Aroa state government has restated its commitment to continue fighting against malaria until the state is completely free from the disease. Commissioner for Health Amediah Haya said this at a press briefing, as part of the activities lined up to mark World Malaria Day 2021. He said that the burden of malaria in Nasa Aroa state has dropped from 60% in the previous years to 13.6%. This makes Nasa Aroa the state with the second-lowest burden of malaria in the north-central zone. We made a total arrest of 22 and based on the list and with different kinds of offenses and ranges and find ranges from 5,000 to 10,000. That is the position. Try to plead it to the residents to seal their drainage and make sure that they allow the waterways because blocking of waterways is another offense punishable on that section edge of the maravental drainage. So it is not good for them to block the waterways because if you block the waterways then water will overlap and then get inside where you do not expect it to go.


The limbic system, referred to sometimes as the mammalian brains, responsible for these primal instincts and emotions. When it picks up on little cues that something is off, it gives us a weird feeling.  So the first thing your brain's saying, she's folding herself over using the rib cage to protect the soft belly. I know your mammalian brain doesn't speak languages, but it detects hesitancy very well in both words and actions. Then there's throat touching. So we're seeing a protective display of the arteries here. Then there's a non-answer. How distorted you guys use? We always go into the garage. That's not an answer.  While she's pretending to cry, she's locked onto a target. She's ensuring that the information's being conveyed and the interiator's buying it. So your limbic system processed all of that to tell you that information. I just was the translator for that.


This is the most beautiful place in Israel right now. My name is India and we are going to experience a very special time of the year, where everything turns red at the moment we are in South Israel, in the Negev Desert. Normally, the area looks like this, but today is different. Everywhere you look around here, you see scarlet red fields. That is because Israel's national flower is in full bloom. This flower is a red poppy anemone. After Israel's rainy season, these poppies pop up all over the place. And to celebrate, Israelis throw a flower festival. Shalom, we are very happy to have you here with us today. This festival is called the Lomadom, which in English means red south. While here, you can relax in red beds of poppies, have a picnic, or even pick strawberries. The strawberries around here are grown using a technique developed in Israel to be able to grow fruits like these even in the desert. So if you do want to come here, you better hurry. There are only four weeks out of the whole year that you can enjoy this view. But I must remind you, there is one rule. No picking the flowers. And this is why. Actually, the flowers you are seeing now almost went extinct. Yes, back in the early days of Israel, people picked so many of the poppies that they nearly disappeared, completely. That's why in 1963, Israel made it illegal to pick wildflowers. However, that didn't stop people from picking. People hung posters all over Israel with this simple message, protect the wildflowers. The goal was to teach people to love nature, but in a different way, by looking at beauty instead of destroying it. And this campaign worked. Over time, Israelis stopped picking wildflowers and the flowers were saved. And thank goodness they were saved. Because imagine how much we'd be missing out on. I represent the Israeli Forest Service. It is very important to us to preserve this natural phenomenon. This is very rare flower. The beautiful red carpets of flowers here remind us of this. When we take care of the earth, we are rewarded. This is the Roman Dome. This is Inside Israel. Thanks for watching and I'll see you next time.