The final item of business is a member's business debate on motion 11786 in the name of Jenny Gilruth on five out-of-hours closures. The debate will be concluded without any questions being put with those members who wish to speak the debate. Please press the request-to-speak buttons down, I call on Jenny Gilruth to open the debate. Ms Gilruth, please. Thank you, Presiding Officer. 2018 is a very important year for Glenawthus, marking the town's official 70th birthday. We share that special birthday with our health service, a national institution, so I want to begin tonight by thanking all the staff who make NHS Fife work, to the nurses, to the ambulance men and women, to the cleaners, to the administrative staff and to the doctors. Thank you. We value you. I am grateful for members from across the chamber for supporting tonight's motion. Changes to Fife's GP out-of-hours services issues are not happening as a result of a Scottish Government decision, however. That responsibility rests with Fife's health and social care partnership. Tonight's debate is therefore an opportunity to share what has been happening locally in Parliament, but I would nonetheless welcome the minister's views on how we can now move forward. Every year, more than 850,000 people will use GP out-of-hours services in Scotland. Over half of those people will be seen in some sort of primary care facility, with just one in five visited in their own home. The most likely people to use GP out-of-hours services are those over 75 or under five, perhaps the most vulnerable in any society. On 4 April this year, elected members across Fife were contacted by the director of Fife's health and social care partnership to inform us that services had fallen over. Essentially, there were no longer enough GPs to staff out-of-hours. That led to the start of contingency measures. In my constituency, the closure of Glenrothes hospital's GP out-of-hours services from 12 midnight until 8 am and in Dunfermlyn and St Andrews, GP out-of-hours services also closed and patients were told to travel to the Victoria hospital in Cercodi. What was meant to be a temporary closure has now been on-going for 197 days in total. Given that Fife's health and social care partnership took the decision to extend the contingency period, it will be a new year before the service is fully operational again. If, indeed, that ever happens, because despite a backdrop of closure, the partnership then took the decision to engage in a retrospective public consultation on transformative change. The public consultation document, which was produced in July, some three months after the closures began, included GP out-of-hours redesign but also community health and wellbeing hubs and community hospital and intermediate care bed redesign. That has caused understandable confusion, given that the focus is now not simply on GP out-of-hours and the clunky nature of analysing the provision of three separate services has meant that the vision for the partnership remains unclear. Although the consultation has, belatedly, given an opportunity for Fife's to voice their concerns, it is retrospective public consultation engagement rather taking place during a closure period. That, in my view, has compromised the consultation from the outset. I am not against transformative change agenda and I know through my own work as a former member of the Parliament's Health and Sport Committee that we need to work smarter, but I continue to have concerns that Fife's health and social care partnership are using the closure of GP out-of-hours services as a chosen horse for something quite different, particularly because, in April 2018, Fife actually had one more GP than the equivalent this time last year. That is not simply about numbers. In 2015, the Scottish Government commissioned the Richie review into primary care out-of-hours services. Two of the guiding principles of which are that out-of-hours services are person-centred and intelligence-led. Furthermore, the review made a specific recommendation regarding health inequalities, saying that the design and implementation of all GP out-of-hours services should demonstrate how they are ensuring equity of access and outcome and that quality and safety implementation and monitoring of out-of-hours services should be assessed for their impact on health inequalities. Fife's health and social care partnership did not complete any equality impact assessment before deciding to close GP out-of-hours services. It should have assessed how closing local services would impact on the poorest communities. Despite numerous requests from my office for that information, it was only after I raised concerns with Health Improvement Scotland in July that an equality impact assessment was very quietly uploaded online and backdated. Reducing health inequalities is however a key deliverable in the Scottish Government's 2020 vision for health and social care, which states that we will refocus our efforts on health inequalities, particularly in the context of benefits cuts, which will impact on those most at risk of ill health. Perhaps Fife's health and social care partnership should have looked at the impact of benefits cuts on my constituency. Had they bothered to do so, they would have found that welfare cuts have hit Glenrothes harder than any other area in Fife. Over £1 million has been lost in benefits payments to the vulnerable people that I represent. My constituency is already being disadvantaged by the political priorities of Westminster. Removing healthcare access for the poorest is only going to make this worse. However, it is not just benefits cuts, it is hard real poverty. In 2013, the Glenrothes and Central Fife constituency had the worst child poverty figures in Scotland outside of Glasgow. Five years on, and it is a year of young people, our town is 70. What value are Fife's health and social care partnership placing on the next generation and their access to healthcare? NHS Health Scotland says that there are fundamental causes that drive health inequalities, including societal values to equity and fairness and political priorities and decisions. Although the closure of Fife's GP out of our service was not a decision taken by the Scottish Government or, indeed, by this Parliament, it is reflective of a decision taken by health and care officials locally. Fife's health and social care partnership did not and have not completed any transport appraisal. My constituents fear that they will be unable to afford the taxi fare to Kirkcaldy in the early hours if they need it. Even worse than that, the transport system that exists requires patients to ask for financial help if they cannot afford a taxi. That is completely undignified. The rationale for GP out of ours closures back in April was predicated on clinical advice. Politicians cannot argue with clinical advice, nor do I believe that we should. The clinical advice was for a temporary closure. The clinical advice said that patient safety would be compromised due to staff shortages, but the clinical advice did not assess patient safety the other way round. What about the mum who cannot afford the taxi to Kirkcaldy, the elderly man who has no car, the chronic asthmatic who cannot travel? That decision will widen health inequalities because it will be the poorest who suffer. From elderly residents to the parents of children with serious medical needs, worries were raised that residents in Glynothus and the surrounding villages would become isolated from round-the-clock healthcare at the various public meetings that I spoke at. Our national healthcare service was founded in 1948, the same year that the first turf was being cut to build Glynothus, from the cradle to the grave free at the point of need. For Glynothus to lose GP out of ours services in our 70th year would be a travestay for the people that I represent. I look forward to the outcome of the public consultation with the wellbeing of the kingdom's most vulnerable in mind. I am confident that Fifei's health and social care partnership will come to the correct decision. Thank you very much. I call Mardou Fraser to be followed by Claire Baker. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. Can I start by congratulating Jenny Goh-Ruth on securing this debate this evening for raising what was a very important issue for her constituents in Glynothus and for all those right across Fife who are similarly affected? Because, while Jenny Goh-Ruth quite understandably concentrated on the issue in her Glynothus constituency in her comments, this is an issue that reflects and affects the whole of Fife. There have been public meetings held in Glynothus, in Dunfermlyn, in St Andrews, which have been attended by large numbers of local people. My Conservative colleagues have also attended all of those. Liz Smith and myself attended a public meeting hosted by Willie Rennie in St Andrews earlier in the summer. You could tell from the attendance at that meeting just how important this issue was to the local community. I understand that there was a more recent meeting that Mr Rennie hosted that was even better attended than that one earlier in the summer. I could not be there that evening, but what I saw in terms of press reports indicated how much public concern there is around this issue. For people living in places such as North East Fife or indeed West Fife, the problems of distance to travel to Cercodiere are perhaps even more acute than they are for Jenny Goh-Ruth's constituents in Glynothus. I think that that is where the real public concern arises around the question of how do you access services, particularly out-of-hours, when they are a long distance away from where people live. There is a whole range of risks that are identified by the proposals from the Fife, Health and Social Care partnership. Will there be more ambulance call-outs as a result of the fact that people will have to travel further to access GP out-of-hours cover? Will there be more people attending A&E as a result of the fact that they cannot access those GP out-of-hours services? Those are questions that I do not think we have had as yet adequate answers to. There are real practical issues for those who do not have access to private transport. If you are living in a rural part of West Fife or a rural part of North East Fife, how do you get to Cercodiere after 11 o'clock at night and before 6 o'clock or 7 o'clock in the morning when public transport commences? I do not think that we have had adequate answers as to how those questions will be addressed from the local health partnership. There is a particular issue in North East Fife here, because the doctors currently operating out-of-hours in the community hospital in St Andrews have offered in many cases to continue to do their shifts, but thus far it has been the case that the health and social care partnership has told them that unless they are prepared to relocate to Cercodiere, their services are no longer welcome. That is deeply unfortunate, because where have you got people who are trained GPs prepared to offer service locally? A local Biscope solution should at the very least be explored by the health and social care partnership, rather than simply saying that if they are not prepared to work in Cercodiere and not prepared to make themselves available, we do not want to hear from them. We do not want your services at all. It is unfortunate that we could not try and find a solution, at least for St Andrews and North East Fife, with the available GPs because of an attitude being taken by the health and social care partnership. There are two broader issues that I want to touch on very briefly if I can, Deputy Presiding Officer. The first is that this problem that has been identified is not a problem that is unique to Fife. It is happening elsewhere in Scotland. It happens elsewhere in the region that I represent. The minor injuries unit that currently exists in Creef and also in Lockery are facing problems because of their difficulties in attracting qualified staff and therefore having to restrict their opening hours. The issues that Jenny Garuth quite fairly raises are being reflected elsewhere. That comes back to what is the fundamental issue here, which is workforce planning, because we simply do not have enough GPs available to fill the vacancies right across the country. I think that there is an issue here for the Scottish Government to address in terms of better workforce planning. In particular, should we be capping the number of university places available for Scottish domiciled medical students when we have that demand for more doctors and more GPs, we know historically that we have not been meeting that demand with those who are training here in Scotland. It is time to rethink that whole issue. I agree with Jenny Garuth that the health and social care partnership in Fife needs to think again. More than 6,000 people in Fife have signed a petition calling upon them to do that and they should listen. I thank Jenny Garuth for bringing forward this debate, which is of interest to all MSPs representing Fife. Jenny Garuth has set out many of the concerns about the decision to close the overnight out-of-hours service in Glenrothes, Dunfermyn and Andrews, with the service between midnight and 8 am now only available in Cercode. MSPs from different parties have shared platforms at local meetings hearing the concerns of our constituents about the decision. To start at the beginning, MSPs were emailed on 4 April, right at the start of Easter holidays, by the director of health and social care. To be told that, as a contingency measure, the out-of-hours services were suspended at Glenrothes hospital, Queen Margaret in Dunfermyn and St Andrews hospital in response to nursing and medical staffing difficulties. Since I have been elected in 2007, NHS Fife hold regular meetings with MSPs, and I cannot recall—I may be wrong on this but I cannot recall—the extreme pressures on out-of-hours services being raised with us prior to the decision being made. At subsequent meetings to the decision, we have heard how precarious the service has been in recent months, and yet the possibility of contingency measures were not discussed with MSPs or the public. There was no opportunity for scrutiny. Moreover, the decision to suspend those services is not risk-free. The additional pressure at the Victoria hospital in Cercode, which is already the A&E site, needs to be closely monitored as it faces additional pressure. The difficulties that health boards are facing in recruiting and retaining GP and primary care staff are well known. In Fife, a number of GP practices operate closed lists, and a number have had to come under the control of NHS Fife.  Work should have been well under way to bring forward solutions that would have seen those hospitals remain open overnight. I have heard GPs say that they were not aware of the precariousness of the service and were not consulted, so something has gone wrong in communication. The immediate concerns raised by constituents are over the difficulties that centralising the service presents. Quite simply, the distance involved in travelling to Cercode in the middle of the night are significant for the majority of my constituents. If you do not have a car, there is no public transport and you will struggle to get a taxi at these times. Never mind having the money to pay for it. Say that you are a single parent or elderly or vulnerable, how are you supposed to get to Cercode? We did not hear significant enough assurances from NHS Fife and the IGB that that would be dealt with and that concerns over travel would not act as a deterrent for someone who needs to see a doctor. In general, those points about an equality impact assessment are fairly made. That was supposed to be contingency for three months. However, at the end of that period, the fundamental issues of staffing had not been resolved and the contingency continued, which is now consumed by the joined-up care consultation that is just closed. There are three issues that I want to additionally raise. I attended a public meeting in St Andrews, organised by Willie Rennie. As Murdo Fraser has described, with commitment from local GPs, St Andrews hospital are able to run an out-of-air service. NHS Fife argued that they need to deliver for all-of-life and are refusing to accept a solution that should only serve as St Andrews. I would like to see them be flexible with St Andrews. A strong case is being made at the combination of the student population—many of them are overseas students—an elderly population, and rurality justifies the continuation of out-of-air services, and a resolution should be worked on to achieve that. Secondly, the issue of governance. The IGB took the decision to suspend those services based on clinical advice. I fully accept that patient safety must be paramount, and that safe staffing levels must be maintained. NHS Fife are actively avoiding taking any responsibility for this decision, although it is based on clinical advice. The IGB has delegated powers over GP provision, not devolved powers. I understand that Audit Scotland is considering the roll-out of IGBs and that governance is a key area of concern, also raised by the health committee in the Parliament. The decisions of the IGB are dependent on the workforce decisions that have been made by NHS Fife when it comes to clinical staff and decisions, and the GPS situation has been facing a tipping point in Fife for the last few years. NHS Fife cannot hide from those decisions. Finally, I recognise the arguments from the Government that the new GP contract will improve the situation, and I am aware of the work that is being undertaken at St Andrew's and Dundee universities to increase GPs through the ScotGem programme. That is positive, and we need imaginative solutions to how we increase GP numbers, which is at the heart of the situation. However, we should never have got to the situation in Fife where we are closing health services that risk exacerbating health inequalities because we do not have enough GPs and primary care staff to deliver a service. I have to say that all this has come about during the past 11 years of an SNP Government that could be seen to have taken its eye off the ball before this crisis has been looming. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. I thank Jenny Gilruth for bringing forward this motion tonight. I also thank her for reminding us in her opening comments that the changes in the service delivery will take away the dignity of some of the most vulnerable people in our communities. It is important that we listen to their voices in terms of how we deliver a service that is fair and equitable. I would like to focus, in some of my comments, on the national context for GP out of our services. Closure to services in Dunfermling, Glenrothes and St Andrew's is an issue of great importance and concern to our constituents, but it is not a situation that is unique to Fife. It is deeply affected by the shortage of GPs in Scotland, which was blamed for the emergency closures back in April, but it is also part of a national strategy to change the way that primary care emergency services are delivered. The Richie review, published in 2015 by the Government, warns that, in the current form, out of our services across Scotland are, and I quote, fragile, not sustainable, and may worsen rapidly if we do not rise to the occasion. It stated that patients should no longer expect to see a GP for urgent care, and instead it should be delivered by a multidisciplinary team, which could include nurse practitioners, community nurses, paramedics, pharmacists and other allied health professionals as well as GPs. It also recommended that those multidisciplinary teams be co-ordinated to a central urgent care resource hub. If they are delivered in their entirety, the recommendations in the Richie review could significantly strengthen out of our provision in Fife and improve patients' access to and experience of care. It is important that we need to accept that the status quo might not be the best option if we are to move forward in a meaningful way. That being said, I am highly critical of the options that are laid out by the Fife health and social care partnership in their recent consultation. I made that clear in my submission earlier this month, drawing on the experiences that I have heard in public meetings. They seem to only be delivering half of the Richie report recommendations, jumping at the opportunity to centralise service delivery without putting in place a multidisciplinary team to help to deliver those services in the community. The consultation emphasises the low numbers of people using the overnight services between midnight and 8 am, but then uses that to justify complete withdrawal of services at Glenrothes and St Andrews, including evenings and weekends. On average, nearly 150 people a day use the weekend service, so to leave people in Glenrothes and North East Fife without any kind of local service for a full 62 hours from Friday night until Monday morning is simply unacceptable. The health and social care partnership needs to go back to the drawing board and look at how it can use a multidisciplinary team to retain some level of service locally. That might look quite different to how it does now. Perhaps with nurse practitioners delivering care during the daytime, with remote access to GPs based in Cacoddy, it could be ambulances being used as urgent care centres in rural areas, or patients being referred to a community pharmacy for consultation and prescribing. All those were proposed in the Government's Richie review, but were not considered in the recent Fife consultation. I urge my fellow members to fully engage with all the options and not just cling to the status quo. We will not solve the crisis and GP recruitment any time soon. In the meantime, we need to understand what kind of care the most vulnerable in our community needs and how we can realistically deliver that. That requires further work on all sides. I hope that the Fife health and social care partnership will come back to the table soon with a workable solution. Deputy Presiding Officer, I congratulate Jenny Gilruthorn on securing this debate. I think that she set out the circumstances of the consultation very well. If I can gently disagree with her on one thing, she did say that there was an increase in the number of GPs in Fife. Perhaps there are, but the whole-time equivalence has certainly gone down, and that has led to that problem. The circumstances that we are dealing with, by 2021, I think, were expected to be 800 short GPs nationwide. Otherwise, I agree with Jenny Gilruth's analysis of the situation. I think that we need a change of heart by the Fife health and social care partnership. That is a big issue in East Fife. 2,300 people have filled out postcards from the East Newke, led by a campaign from the community council, and Daryl Wilson, who did a tremendous job. Over 6,400 people have signed my petition, including students and people from right across the community. People have been coming forward offering to collect signatures for that petition from all parts of East Fife. The public meetings have been absolutely packed to the gunels. People from every part of the community have been there. There are more people at the public meetings in East Fife than anywhere else in Fife. That reflects the fury, the anger that exists in East Fife about this situation. If I can just make a special plea for East Fife, the large number of students, the mixture of a large number of elderly people, the remote community, the rural community, the long roads, the distant in Cercodi is quite a problem for many people to get to. The taxes are incredibly expensive to get down to Cercodi in the middle of the night. We need to consider that when we are considering what kind of services we should be providing in East Fife. There is a general feeling in East Fife. If a service is going to be cut, it is going to be cut in East Fife first, and that is not acceptable. It is certainly a feeling that is strongly felt in East Fife, and I hope that the Fife health and social care partnership reflects on that. We are supposed to have a back-up from Kings Cross in Dundee, that people in Newport and Taiport and the north end of East Fife can nip over the tae to receive the service from Kings Cross. However, there are already capacity issues within Taeside, so that is not always guaranteed. Apparently, people from St Andrews at night time can get access to Kings Cross if the capacity is available. Generally, there is confusion about where people are supposed to be going, whether it is Cercodi or Dundee. We need clarity about that. However, when they say that we can access the services from Kings Cross, the GPs will not be doing home visits from Taeside to that part of Fife, they will have to come from further west, and the distances therefore apply equally in those circumstances. The GPs, as Murdo Fraser rightly mentioned, are prepared to step up to provide a service. It might be a different type of service, but they are prepared to participate in a service for East Fife, and they should be taken up on that offer. I know that there are discussions about that under way. Finally, the consultation process was wholly inadequate. I do not know who made the decision to wrap the three consultations into the one, but that was a poor decision. The jargon was riddled throughout the document, and it was difficult to find a link to complete the consultation. There are a lot of intelligent people in St Andrews—many academics—and I have had several of them coming to me and saying, look, I have two, sometimes three degrees, and I have found it difficult to complete the consultation document. It is pretty clear that, despite the advice that they received from various parts of the health service, the consultation process was inadequate. My final plea is to the health minister that, if the Fife health and social care partnership does not make the right decision on this and does not reflect on the huge opposition that there is from East Fife, as well as other parts of Fife, that it should step in and make sure that it makes the right decision. I call Annabelle Ewing to be followed by Alexander Stewart. Mr Stewart will be the last speaker in the open debate. I, too, would wish to congratulate my Fife colleague, Jenny Gilruth, on securing this important and timely debate this evening on the position of out-of-hours primary care in Fife. As Jenny Gilruth has set out very clearly the background to the issue, I will not go over at the same ground, but I can say that I, too, as MSP for Cowton Beath constituency raised concerns when the initial announcement was made out of the blue in April of this year that such out-of-hours care would be offered only at one site, that of the Victoria hospital in Kirkcaldy, as opposed to over the four sites being used prior to that announcement. I also wrote to the director of the Fife health and social care partnership, Michael Kelly, and, indeed, had several discussions with him on the matter. I raised in those discussions a number of issues, including to do with capacity at the Victoria and to do with transport, and I asked what arrangements were in place for those who did not have access to a car, or those, for example, who are lone parents with other children at home, as well as a sick child needing medical attention, or those, indeed, as Jenny Gilruth referred to with long-term conditions such as chronic asthma. The information that has been forthcoming on those points to date, I would have to say, has not been exactly clear, and, as Jenny Gilruth mentioned, no transport appraisal has appeared to be commissioned. However, that is all the more pressing as we look to the recent NHS Fife consultation on, as has been said among other issues, out of our urgent care redesign in Fife. As has been mentioned, essentially two options have been put forward with the status quo. That is what was in place before April in terms of the position that pertain for some years, before those contingency arrangements came forward, and the status quo has been rolled out apparently by clinicians on sustainability grounds, we are told. Although I can well understand the frustration of those in other parts of Fife about the approach being taken, and we have heard about that tonight in very clear and cogent terms, as the constituency MSP for Cowton Beath, I would have to stress the importance of maintaining the footprint of the Queen Margaret hospital in Dunfermline. Over recent years, we have seen a considerable expansion of services being offered at the Queen Margaret, which has been to the benefit of my constituents, and of course, in particular to the constituents of my colleague Shirley-Anne Somerville, the MSP for Dunfermline. I feel sure that local people would not wish to see the trend for expansion impinged upon to their detriment. Hence, in the context of at least the options that are being proposed by NHS Fife at this time, it would seem to me that option 2 is the preferred option, as opposed to option 1. That would see both Victoria and the Queen Margaret open overnight for out-of-hours urgent care, and hence would offer a better service to my constituents. However, the important issue of transport still remains to be clarified, and I note in this regard at page 18 of the consultation document that Fife Health and Social Care partnership with a view to ensuring that people have equal access to urgent care will, and I quote, develop a procedure to support people who have difficulties getting to an appointment. I am seeking clarification, as to what exactly that means, and I would ask the minister when winding up to confirm that he will seek appropriate assurances from Fife Health and Social Care partnership on this very important matter of transport that has been raised by every single member who has contributed to this debate. Finally, I note in the consultation that particular reference is made to the position importantly of paediatric services, with the point being made fairly about the importance of the immediate and direct access to specialist support if that suddenly becomes necessary given that children can become very unwell very quickly. The support is available at the Victoria, but not at the other sites. That issue has not been explored in detail in the consultation document, and in particular what impact that could have on the viability of the NHS and the health and social care position with regard to the viability of option 2. However, I would have thought that it would be possible, if deemed appropriate, to separate paediatric out-of-hours from other users as necessary and to still see the two sites being used for overnight appointments in general. I agree that the way in which the matter has initially been dealt with by Fife Health and Social Care partnership has not been optimal to say the least. However, we need to see longer-term out-of-hours arrangements in place going forward. As far as my constituents are concerned, it would be vital that we do not see the excellent role of the Queen Margaret hospital in the community diminished in any way. I also congratulate Jenna Gruth on securing this member's business this evening. It is vitally important. We have heard from many speakers this evening that the passion that they feel about the whole process is important. We have already heard that the primary care emergency services with reference to Glenrothes, Dumfirmas and Andrews services were suspended due to the lack of GP and staff shortages. That has already been found out in this evening's debate about where we are with that whole process, ensuring that we have enough cover to ensure that we have growing communities across the Mid Scotland and Fife area. The meeting that I attended in Dumfirmas, there were some very passionate individuals who gave very articulate views about their opinions about the partnership. The partnership individuals sat there, and I must admit that they gave relative lip service to their views and opinions. I do not think that that went down very well either, because they did not feel that the consultation that they were having was actually being listened to. I found that disappointing. I have heard from the other meetings that took place across the region that similar views were expressed, and similar individuals felt that that was much more of a fate to complete than a delegation and a process that was being challenged and looked at. As I said, those meetings were very important and continued to be very important, because it is the only way that some of those individuals have an opportunity of engaging with the entire process, and that is vitally important. We have the confidence of engaging. Every MSP that spoke in this evening has talked about the partnership's ability or lack of ability to manage the situation for them and their constituents across the area, and that has to be taken into account. The partnership itself said that that was happening because it could not ensure patient safety. That was the reasons that they were given, but, in reality, patient safety is being compromised all over the region if they are not able to access that. We have heard tonight about transportation issues, and the minister, I hope, does come back and tell us exactly what is happening on that situation, because to ask individuals to go a long distances to Kirkcaldy or to areas in Dundee is totally unacceptable. We are just about to go into the winter situation, and our climate, as we know, can be very volatile. In the evening, and asking individuals to go those journeys, that could become quite treacherous for some of them. The anxiety that they would engage is also a big problem going forward. The whole area of consultation on the whole aspect has been mismanaged extremely by the health partnership, and it has put huge difficulties on the region. The fact, as I said, that the decisions seem to have been already taken, and people believe that there is not really a consultation taking place and that the possibilities for what is going to happen next are really detrimental to the communities that we all represent. A lot has been said already about this this evening, and the Government has already acknowledged the fact that it is facing recruitment and retention issues. However, it needs to come up with solutions to ensure that those retentions are dealt with. As I said in Glenrothes, I have done it with Fermanis and Andrews, that we have that opportunity to ensure that individuals feel that their priorities are being listened to, because the status quo that we have at present is totally unacceptable. We cannot continue to have those facilities closed and asking individuals who may have conditions to go full lengths. The partnership has to sit up and listen, because at the moment, as I said, I believe that they are not. The discussion that I have had with some clinicians is that they know best in this situation. We all expect our health service to provide the services for individuals to ensure that we are given the services that we require, but they have to see that this is not a situation that is going to be resolved without them having to make big changes for the communities that we represent. Thank you, Mr Stewart. I now call Joe FitzPatrick to close for the Government minister, please. Thank you. I start by adding my congratulations to Jenny Gilruth for securing this debate and echo her thanks for everything staff in our NHS do for us in Fife and right across Scotland. Access to urgent primary medical services outwith normal GP surgery opening hours is a fundamental part of unscheduled care in Scotland. The services there for people who become unwell when their GP surgery is closed and their illness cannot wait until their surgery reopens. Around 870,000 patients use out-of-hours services each year across Scotland. In Fife, around 4,470 patients are seen every month in the out-of-hours service and an average of 20 seen between midnight and 8am every week. I recognise that across Scotland there have been some difficulties in sustaining the out-of-hours service and it is important also to recognise that general practices are not a nine-to-five business. How did we get where we are at? It is not just about GP numbers. There was obviously some discussion, and Claire Baker mentioned some of the actions that the Government is taking about tackling GP numbers. However, the root of the problem is a consequence of a change to the GP contracts that were negotiated way back in 2004 that made working in out-of-hours setting non-mandatory. Over time, GP's have decided that when they are coming into the service they do not want to work in out-of-hours service or those who have continued to work in out-of-hours service times kept up on them and many of them, a significant number, have retired from general practice. I am extremely grateful to those GP's and other clinicians who do work in out-of-hours service. As a number of members have noted, in 2015 we commissioned Sir Lewis Ritchie to carry out a national review of our out-of-hours service, the report that he published pulling together transforming urgent care for the people of Scotland. The review considered how best to deliver out-of-hours primary care services in the light of the challenges of Scotland's ageing population and as health and social care services are integrated. The review highlighted that a multi-disciplinary model should be adopted in the service, design and delivery of urgent care in the community and that it provided a foretaste of the direction of travel and how primary care would be delivered in out-of-hours. The report outlined the expectation that GP's will no longer be the default healthcare professional that is seen by patients for urgent care. However, GP's will, of course, continue to play a key and essential part of urgent care teams providing clinical leadership. As Mark Ruskell said, the proposed model of care is one that is clinician led supported by a multi-disciplinary team, including GP's, nurses, community pharmacists, paramedics and other specialists, recognising that patients will be seen by the most appropriate professional to meet their urgent care needs. I turn now specifically to the out-of-hours services in Fife. In April this year, Fife's health and social care partnership took the decision to reduce their overnight services provision from three centres in the filming of Rotheson, St Andrew's, to one centre for overnight operating from the Victoria hospital in Cercodi. That was not a decision for this Government or for this Parliament. The partnership has set out that it believed that the decision had to be taken quickly. I understand that the partnership has conceded that the nature of implementing the contingency measures for the provision of the overnight element of out-of-hours GP services felt sudden. I think that that has been replicated by members across the chamber who feel there was a lack of consultation around that. Maybe that is a lesson that the partnership will be able to hear from today's debate. As the chamber will be aware, it subsequently extended the contingency arrangements to the end of January next year. I appreciate that there have been many concerns locally about the contingency measures and the consultation exercise about the future of the service. In response, the partnership has said that the consultation had been considered by them since 2016-17, when the partnership completed an options appraisal exercise. They tell me that included workshops with members of the public in Fife. That was intended to look at the future of the service using the latest data and evidence. The next phase of the planning by Fife, health and social care partnership was a consultation exercise to share the decisions about the option appraisal exercise. At best it was unfortunate timing that the decision to implement contingency measures happened just as the consultation was announced. The partnership has repeatedly sought to provide assurances to this Government that no decision had been made at that stage about the outcome of the public consultation. I understand that the consultation period ended on 8 October and that the responses are being analysed. It is important to enable the local consultation process to run, as I am not in a position to comment on any likely outcome at this time. I understand, however, that draft proposals will be taken through the partnerships, governance committees during November. The reports and final proposals will be considered by Fife integration joint board at its meeting on 20 December. The Scottish Government has been very clear that we expect NHS boards and health and social care partnerships to ensure the delivery of safe and sustainable services across the locality that they serve, and they need to do that in their own. The points made by Willie Rennie and Murdo Fraser are important. If there are options there, they should be fully explored. I understand that the option that Willie Rennie mentioned, as he himself said, was still under discussion, so I certainly hope that that has been considered seriously as part of the on-going solution. Jenny Gilruth, Clare Baker, Mark Ruskell, Annabelle Ewing and Alexander Stewart, apologies if MDL has mentioned that, but they all raised the important issues such as the impact of the contingency measures on the ability of people to access services, particularly those that have limited access to travel options. I am clear that those are issues that I believe that the partnership should carefully consider as its plans for the future. I would once again like to thank Jenny Gilruth for bringing that to the attention of the chamber, and I hope that I have been able to provide some reassurance that the Scottish Government takes these matters seriously, and that we expect decisions by partnerships to follow meaningful community engagement. Thank you. Thank you. That concludes the debate and I close this meeting.


Quick e-brake in, fourth gear, this thing just has so much power. What's up everybody, welcome back to the channel, I'm EvilRabbit here on Forza Motorsport 7 looking at this beautiful wide body ZL1 Camaro. So here today to try to do something a little bit interesting, we have this ZL1 twin-turbo up to about almost 1100 horsepower. We're going to try and tackle Dubai in one try with no reduce and we're going to try and drift Dubai in this thousand, a little over a thousand horsepower twin-turbo wide body ZL1 Camaro and we're going to try and do it in cockpit view as well and then we'll take a look at the cinematic replay as well afterwards to see you know what it actually looks like. So we're going to go hop in to our free play, Dubai circuit. I believe I have it already set up for one lap, one lap drift Dubai. I believe that's going uphill so let's do it. So you guys are enjoying Forza Motorsport 7 since it has been out for a while, let me know down in the comment section down below. I will be doing a video here soon about my wheel setup and you know from where it started to where it is today and some tutorials about you know maybe tuning some cars here in Forza 7, you know getting some good drift builds going and trying to dial in a car that is consistently driftable. All right we're here at Dubai circuit in our over a thousand horsepower twin turbo ZL1 Camaro with our Logitech G920, Logitech G920 shifter, custom hundred all-can brake, 350 millimeter energy innovations, minty green and neuro chrome, minty green and neuro chrome wheel in our energy geoblack seat and we're gonna drift this thing in first person, haven't done a lot of drifting in first person so yeah bear with me if we do crash. I'm gonna try not to try this in one take and uh I've drifted this car on other tracks with none really here at Dubai so kick this in oh boy okay so not bad the third little bump stay off the dirt this car just has so much power oh my gosh it's just lighting up race tires because I am on race tires and I believe I have them down to like 26 in the rear and such so kick it in right on that wall we're gonna tap that wall there it is just tap we kind of kept it going though so not too bad we are probably gonna run this downhill as well come on oh I didn't think I was gonna make that turn fully so we did have one mess up not completely horrible so we'll just clutch kick in third and it'll just light up those race tires right away because I haven't done much drifting in first person so here I'm 47 yet so this is a new thing for me as well as haven't brought this car to Dubai so nor have I really drifted on Dubai yet this is a definitely a new thing for me get some fireworks going off in the background throttle there we go go through that wall don't touch it see in third gear this car just wants to let the tires loose so we saved that though didn't look pretty but we saved it and snap back over steer oh well so much for trying to get this like perfect so tap the wall couldn't see where the back end was so drifting in first person definitely a bit of a challenge I would say the throttle fourth because I know I think has so much power because we are on race tires so this is definitely incredible to just smoke these race tires oh I thought we'd be slick on that but we weren't a little tunnel run I think it's a little disorientating here in first person but we're good so not completely bad we're gonna have to watch the replay to see how horrible it was see what kind of angle we got and then we'll probably switch up and go downhill with this section and I lost my wing at some point so let's uh take a look at the replay of this I don't know if I really want to but we're going to anyways get a little uh aerial view of this and that Z01 the first turn wasn't too bad quick e-brake in fourth gear not yeah this thing just has so much power that looks pretty sweet though so if you guys have drifted to buy and you know what cars you guys use oh right in that gutter did you guys use a huge horsepower car and you guys use like all-wheel drive rear wheel drive this you know over a thousand horsepower rear wheel drive so something I really wanted to try doing in this car is just a mean mean girl and those backfires and cracks that was a nice view there's a lock up entry all on that wall I think that was the wall tap that we might have been the wall tap maybe it was up here not a bad line it almost looks like it's all the drive because of how sideways I was getting it and that's when we got hooked up on the front wheel or the front bumper but you see the cracking you know echoing from the mountains there we go the the camera view here in Dubai is actually really good to see like right there that's a really nice view of coming in tandem with people that would have been extremely good so I think we're going to switch it to uh third person when we drifted downhill just to see you know maybe if we can get it a little bit better his first person is definitely hard going through this turn is so nice with all the fireworks we're able to save that though with a little clutch kick right up on that wall all right so now we're gonna switch it up we're gonna go to we're gonna click restart we're gonna go to the downhill version of it and we're going to uh switch it up probably the third person and see yep yep I got first I'll take my winnings and my xp because I was the only one on track if you guys haven't tried drifting Dubai in a huge horsepower real-drive car I definitely recommend trying it it's a lot of fun uh takes a little bit of uh throttle control for sure we're gonna switch this to downhill version yep we're gonna have to switch that out it's funny how it has to reload even though it's the same track we're just changing directions never understood that but you know so we're gonna also switch to third person see how we can do in third person with this car this car is a handful Dubai circuit reversed thousand horsepower over a thousand horsepower zl one third person race tires let's go a wing already flexing oh my god stay off that wall we're good break a lot for this turn because I'm gonna go too hot we go we go good stay on track we're gonna lose it just hear those turbos just popping stay on the sand got this sweeper coming up we'll go just tap on that wall we're good that was just a half much kick oh I couldn't get on the brakes soon enough and we lost our wing I mean we don't really need that big wing just flopping around do we now I think the down force has definitely changed now probably it should have anyways come to the uh showstopper turn with all the fireworks right on the full haul this thing is massively crazy the brakes no since we're going downhill and the chart is as much breaking as I can not eat breaking it's gotta be kind of easy on the throttle separate there I should have laid more into it we're not gonna make that no somehow we didn't spin out but we definitely completely botched that and wrecked our car but it's okay we'll get another one once we restart the crackles of this car are amazing final little section heavy on the brakes and kick this in the fourth and just bang the super out to finish off this lap oh and then snap back this car is definitely crazy for sure we didn't do too bad well let me take a look at the replay on that I mean there was a lot of bad incidences but overall not a bad run in this car like I said this car is over a thousand horsepower twin turbo and it is just lighting up race tires I'm gonna switch views there I was there I was I hope it's gonna switch camera angles I was hoping it would do a different angle through here maybe it's because it's a tunnel maybe it'll switch out once it gets out outside yeah yeah okay so it did switch it was because it was in the it was in the tunnel it didn't have any outside views although it is pretty cool seeing it all that sand from hood view that was just a clutch kick no ebrake involved with that one there's a huge ebrake lock up open ebrake pull just tap just just a little tap this car is so mean sounding just the echo from the mountains here in Dubai is incredible they've done a really good job with all the sounds in the game that's why we lost our wing already and totally lost grip on the car just the sheer sounds of this car I thought we were gonna spin out with that but we didn't we were able to hold that somehow not as much angles I had hoped but it is cool seeing all the fireworks through that turn I gotta reset those every time too every time we go through it I think this is where we popped up and got airborne through one of the transitions yep right there airborne we're good there's a lot of break though no handbrake because going downhill it didn't need handbrake the fact this thing gets massive amount of angle and it is just really will drive so this Dubai circuit is definitely a test on all cars it will test the car because of the elevation changes the drifting the corners it just it's definitely a test on cars well that's going to do it here for this episode here on Forza Motorsports 7 in our over 1,000 horsepower ZL1 wide body Camaro the car is definitely a handful it was on race tires so the fact that it can just smoke the tires on race tires is incredible so if you guys want to see more videos like this maybe a specific car build on Dubai or any other circuits let me know down in the comment section down below if you got a Forza edition car you want me to try and do a drift build on I've been more than happy to you know do some drift tutorials on cars that you guys want to you know make a drift car maybe we'll try and you know dial in a car here in an episode or two you know which showing you guys the exact settings parts everything installed so until next time guys you know you can follow me on Facebook Twitch Twitter and Instagram all of which are found in the description box below until next time guys I'd like thank you guys for watching I'm EvilRabbit I'm out


Hello, and welcome to this session. This is Professor Farhad. In this session, we would look at financial market and the corporation, how the interplay between those two components. This topic is covered in an introduction to corporate finance, or simply introduction to finance course. It's also covered on the CPA, BEC section. If you haven't connected with me on LinkedIn, please do so. YouTube is where you would need to subscribe. I have 1,500 accounting, auditing, tax, and finance lectures. Please make sure you subscribe and share the channel with other. On my YouTube, you can access other additional information and resources. Please check out my website for those resources. If you are looking for a study body, studybodypal.co can match you with a study body. It's an artificial intelligence platform, and they have users in 85 countries and 2,800 cities. So let's go ahead and take a look at the interplay between corporation and the financial market. So let's see, let's just take a look at this graph that summarizes basically the steps or what we need to know in general about this relationship. Well, let's go and look at these arrows. So the first thing is this. The firm issues securities to raise cash. This is arrow number one. What does that mean? It means the firm, what they do, the firm gives the financial market stocks. They sell them their stocks, and the financial market gives them money. So the firm issues securities to raise cash. Now, the firm invests this cash in assets. They will take this cash and they will invest the cash in assets and current assets and fixed asset and property, plant and equipment, the hire employees. Then the firm operation generate cash flow. Now you have cash. Now the cash will go back to the financial market. They have to pay the debt. They have to pay dividend to the shareholders. So then the money from the profit goes back. And remember, some of that goes also to the government. Cash is also paid to the government. So when the cash leaves the company, part of it goes to the government and part of it goes to the shareholders. Then E, reinvested cash flow are cloud back under the firm. Sometime after you paying the government and paying the shareholders, you take some cash and you cloud back. You put it back into the firm. And sometime what you do, you pay cash, whatever's left. Again, you pay debt and dividend to the shareholders. So this is the interplay between the corporation and the financial market. Basically, simply put, if you want to summarize this, simply put, the corporation gives the shareholders stocks. The shareholders and the creditors, not only the shareholders, they'll give them money. Then the company will use the money. Once they make profit, they will pay back the dividend. They pay back the interest. They pay back the debt, so on and so forth. So this is an overview of this process. Now let's talk about what's called the primary market and secondary market. What do we mean by primary market and secondary market? Because that's an important concept that you need to understand. Remember I said, corporation sells stock, sells stock to the public. Well, when the corporation, so let's just take a look at the corporation here, but just make, this is the corporation. Let me just make this a little better. So this is the corporation. And this is the market, the stock market, the financial market. So the corporation give them stocks. So the seller, the corporation sells the stock and the market gives them back money. When this happened, when the corporation goes to the market and they sell stocks, this is called primary market. The primary market means the corporation is getting the money. They're selling the stock is getting the money. And the corporation engage in two types of primary market transaction, public offering and private placement. What is a public offering? That means they go to the market and they sell their stocks or their debt. If they want to borrow money to anyone, anyone who has money is an interested and able, they will buy your stocks. This is called the public offering. Now, public offering, if there's a public offering, you have to file what's called registrant form with the SEC, Securities and Exchange Commission. You have to disclose the risk because you are trying to protect the public. If you offer a private placement, private placement, the corporation is negotiating with someone or a group specifically in the market. And that group assumed to know what they're doing. Therefore, there's no involvement of the SEC because if you are buying stocks privately from the company, well, guess what? You're gonna have to take a risk and the government is not going to protect you if it's a private placement. Now, now this is the primary market. So the primary market is when you sell the stocks directly to the public, which is good. Then we have another market that's called the secondary market. And the secondary market is very important. Why? Because I'll tell you why. Because the corporation, here's the corporation, again, they get money from the market. Here's what happened. If you are a participant in this market, if you buy the stock of this company in the primary market, well, guess what? You might be stuck with it, but you don't wanna feel you are stuck with it. There's a secondary market. Let me put the secondary market here. So once you buy stocks from this company, you can go to the secondary market and sell it to another individual or company. So you can sell your position. And the secondary market makes the primary market very attractive. So when you buy stocks in the primary market, you don't have to worry like once I buy it, that's it, I cannot sell the stock. You can go to the secondary market and sell it. So the secondary market provides a means of transferring ownership of a corporate securities. All the corporation is directly involved only in the primary transaction. So the corporation in these transactions, there's no corporation because you're selling between investors. The secondary market are still critical to large corporation. The reason is that investors are much more willing to purchase securities in the primary market when they know they can resell it. So that's why the secondary market is important. Basically, simply put, it provides liquidities. Now we have to understand the difference between what we called dealer versus auction market. This is, we're talking about stock market terminology. There are two types of secondary market. We have the auction market and the dealer market. Generally speaking, dealers buy and sell for themselves at their own risk. Think about a car dealer. This is what dealer is. The car dealer, they buy cars and they sell cars themselves and when they buy a car, when they sell the car, if they buy a car, they're taking a risk that that car may not be resold or if it's resold, they might incur a loss on it. So this is what a dealer would do. This is the dealer. In contrast to a dealer, if we are dealing with a broker and agent, those, their job is to match buyers and seller but they do not actually own the stock, the commodity spot or so. So basically they're like basically a middle person, okay? A real estate agent as an example, do not normally buy and sell houses for themselves. They're basically they connect buyers and seller. So dealer market and stocks and long-term debt are called over the counter market. So dealers, dealer market is called over the counter. That's the term we're gonna see why. Most trading in that securities take place over the counter. So when you buy debt, bonds, it's done over the counter. The expression over the counter refer to the day to the days when the securities were literally bought and sold over the counter. Today, a significant fraction of the market for stocks and almost all debt, they have no central location. Everything is done electronically on the computer. Auction market differ from dealer market in two ways. First, an auction market or exchange has a physical presence in the physical presence in the US, Wall Street. Second, and secondly, in a dealer market, most of the buying and selling is done by the dealer. Okay, the primary purpose of an auction market is to match those who wish to sell with those who wish to buy. Dealers will play a limited role here, okay? Let's see, I think we're almost done with this section. Trading and corporate stocks, what's trading? Trading means buying and selling corporate stocks. The equity shares of most large corporation in organized auction markets, so they're being sold in an auction market, mainly NYSE, the New York Stock Exchange. There's also a large over-the-counter market and that's NASDAQ. NASDAQ is an over-the-counter system, but again, it's no longer over-the-counter, it's electronically, it's electronically. And NASDAQ now in contrast to all days, now they have large names such as Google, Apple, Microsoft, Intel, those are large, heavy tech names. Tesla, Netflix, Facebook, they are traded on the NASDAQ. There are many large, I don't believe Facebook is, but I can't, I don't know, but I don't think Facebook is. There are many large and important financial market outside the US, for example, Tokyo Stock Exchange, that's another market, okay? Now anytime there's an OTC market, it's basically, it means it's open 24-7 because it has no physical location and it's done electronically. Now what is listing? Okay, what is listing stocks? Listing stocks that trade on organized exchange is said to be listed stocks. So for example, Microsoft is a listed stocks, Amazon, Google, Apple, why? Because you can buy them and sell them on an exchange, okay? The NYSC has the most stringent requirements. So if you want to be listed on an exchange, NYSC has the most stringent requirement. For example, you have to have at least $100 million in asset in your company. There are additional minimum on earning, assets and the number of shares. So you have to have certain requirement. We'll talk about listing in another chapter. So if you are a Finian students, make sure to check out the additional lectures on my website or if you're an accounting students plus the resources, it's one price. You can subscribe for everything. Good luck and stay motivated, study hard.


Well, well, well. I'm excited for tonight. Honestly, I am.  We all predicted it. Jack O'Bonnie has been added into FNAF AR Special Delivery. And again, I am so excited. Before we hop in, I have a few predictions for what he hopefully is gonna be like. Number one, I want voice lines. Special Delivery has kind of been like UCN2, where we've gotten so many new voice lines for so many characters. And Nightmare Bonnie and Jack O'Bonnie both do not have voice lines. So hopefully today can be their day. Predictions for his mechanic. I really hope it's different from Jack O'Chica's, but I feel like it will probably be similar. I just really hope it's not a direct copy and paste. Really, I'm okay if the mechanic is the same at least give him voice lines, you know? Like, I'll be happy if he has voice lines, but he has the same mechanic, you know? Like the voice lines, I can forgive him for having the same mechanic, because I don't know what it is, man. I wanna hear what his voice sounds like. Also, I mentioned it in my review for the plushies video that was supposed to be out today, but instead we got poet news, so I guess I gotta address it right now. Yeah, the build's gone.  Anyways, let's hop into the update. Okay, so the update is live. I can tell because the flashing pumpkin ready to get my prize. Okay, confirm. What is it scanning? I didn't press any. I found some remnant apparently. Sure, I don't want it, but okay. Let's check this out. Give it to me, please. Wait a second. Did I just get three Jack-O-Chic-O-Lo's? Uh... What? Oh wait, I can go again. Jack-O-Bonnie. Wait, what? Dude, a Lo-Mix. If that was a mistake, then you better let me keep them. But if it was on purpose, holy crap, thank you so much.  Wait, let me find it. Did they actually? No way! A Lo-Mix, that's so pog-champ of you. Jack-O-Bonnie though. All right, I want to see the store because they changed it, apparently. I mean, they don't. I wish they changed it. That icon, looking pretty spicy. I like it. I wish they changed it to Jack-O-Bonnie though. That would have been nice. So, let's have a look. Okay. Pretty good model, it looks like. And then it is a thousand. Okay, so, I do want to buy some fast coins. It says I have an insignificant amount of money, but I literally have five bucks, nine cents on here. So, I don't know. Oh God, is it counting like, app store tax too? Hey guys, so, kind of got some bad news for you. I apparently don't have enough because of tax. Yay. Also, like, I've been watching ads to get fast tokens. I've gone to the point where I'm only getting two per ad now, but like, I've only gotten 10 fast tokens. It's like, I've watched probably 10 ads just saying, even if some of them were only two fast tokens, I would still like my fast tokens, you know? So, I guess I'm only doing one fight, but, you know, whatever. I've heard he's the same, which is very unfortunate. No new voice lines, it's the same mechanic. So, I kind of hope that's the case so I can beat him. But at the same time, I don't want it to be the case because then it is literally just a copy and paste. So, here we go, I guess. God, I really hope he's not the same as Jack O'Chica. But apparently, that's what I've heard. Oh, why is he colored like that? That's a good animation, but like, why is he colored like that? That's kind of weird. All right, here we go. It's my game bugged, what is going on? There's no, what? Wait, I'm sorry, what? Okay, so he's the same. There's no footsteps? Oh, come on, BS, Lumix. You've got to be kidding me.  What? Why?   What? So you just got to go off of the static, which at some points, I will say, I'm pretty good in static. But at some points, it can be very misleading, like right there, like what the hell is that? No voice lines either, so that's always nice. I mean, luckily I'm pretty good with static, but like again, it's not always the best to go off of because especially with these guys, they're such a glowing, static area. Almost to fall like 180. Of course. Hello, go away. Yeah, like what? This is so dumb. Got him. He looks cool. It's just so unfortunate that they made him that way. Can I get a suit? Oh, please.  Okay, um. Yo, yo, that's what I'm talking about, baby. Woo, that's freaking go, dude. Oh, what can I say? I'm just so good at the game.   Here he is. Let's go. God dang. Again, he looks cool. Oh God, I love his fingers. Oh my God. He looks nice. It's just why, why no footstep sounds? That's really dumb. That's not cool at all, honestly. Like why? I'm honestly trying to think of any reason why. Like we've had silent characters in the past. Like at one point, Balloon Boy didn't have a haywire sound and I believe a baby does not have a charge sound when she charges at you. But like, no footsteps. That is a bold move because that's like exactly how you identify them because without voice lines, which is almost as good as footsteps, you don't really know where they are. So you're kind of forced to use the flashlight if you don't really know what you're doing with static, which thankfully, I'm not trying to brag. I'm pretty good with static. I think all my FNAF AR videos kind of prove that. So it's such an interesting decision to make. I don't know. Again, great character, he looks cool. The mechanic is unfortunate. It's the same as Jack O'Chica, something I really wish it wasn't, you know, but whatever. Honestly, Illumix is lucky that the models look so good and the sounds that they have when they do have sounds are great as well. And the animations too, because the mechanics are kind of like Luster. I'm so happy that the voice actress for Jack O'Chica came back. I'm a little sad that Jack O'Bonnie does not have a voice, but what can you do? But yeah, interesting character. I mean, I've said it already. I wish he had more sounds. I wish he had a voice. I wish he had a different mechanic. But overall, everything else, just like Jack O'Chica is entirely spot on. So Illumix, you did good, I guess, but you definitely could have done better. So guys, I'll see you next week with no clue who it's gonna be. Could be the normal nightmares, like Nightmare Freddy, Nightmare Foxy. Could be Dreadbear, could be Grim Foxy. I don't think it'll be those two, but I think they are possibility. Or maybe Nightmare On, Nightmare BB, Nightmare Mangle, really anyone from FNAF 4 or because of Dreadbear. So thanks for watching. I'll see you all on the flip side. Goodbye. Gregory, be still. I think she's found us.


Have you been playing games like World of Warcraft for years or like Black Desert Online or Final Fantasy or Terra or like PUBG? Well, this video is about how you can turn those video game mechanics and video game skills into real-life skills for your business or for your career. If you want to get more success tips and learning from me David Wang, make sure you subscribe to the David Wang Entrepreneur Show. Like, comment and tell your friends about this video. With that said, let's get on with the show. I'm here with my good friend Kevin Lee. He is the CEO of Brigade Media. He's generated over $65 million in revenue through his marketing company. And he's also one of the top video gamers on PUBG. He's the top 20 on the server, right? Conqueror level with PUBG.   Thank you so much, David. Thank you. Probably thinking, I thought playing video games are just for losers, right? Yeah, that's what our parents always tell us.  We do learn quite a bit of stuff from playing video games and that's all applicable in business, your everyday business. But now we have a video game player, professional game players. Esports scene is huge right now, right? What's the top guide make right now? I think right now, Esports teams and average player makes $300,000 salary and that doesn't include their earnings on, you know, live stream, prize money. So they make quite a bit of money. The first one is items, looting and mining. Yeah, items, looting and mining.  Having items, having gold or any type of currency in the game to buy items is the very basic thing. Every player starts, you know, by trying to accumulate wealth. They can buy armor. They can buy weapon. And it's actually the same in life. In real life, you know, we're working, we're earning money. It's the same concept. Okay, so there's two ways of making money in a real game. And the second way is through crafting, which is using the items you have in making something new. Exactly.  It's the same thing, same exact thing. Which uses the third mechanic, which is market and economy. Video games, how does it work?  When I was playing a game, I keep going to the marketplace every hour or every day, just to scout out how the market is. So when I see the item I want, I know exactly how much it should cost. And when I see the item for a cost that I think is a good deal, I could pick it up right away. So let's say if you're in the market to purchase a home, you're looking at all the different properties up there and you're trying to find the best deal, the exact same concept as how a marketplace works and how the economy works. The next game mechanic is friends and guilds. So how does that apply? Guilds where you're building a community and once you have a community, all sorts of interesting things could happen. So in your typical MMO or any competitive game, you build a community to make your overall collective, your team stronger. You can go for harder rates, fight for unique bosses that other people compete for. So the bigger the guild, the more resource you have and the more powerful your team, your guild becomes over time. The same in real life. If you want to achieve something bigger, you build a team. You find the right people for the team and you go on from there. It's like building a corporation like what you did, David. You started small and then slowly, you took talents from different areas, graphic design, website development, fulfillment and look where you're at now. You're only multi-million dollar business, that's right, from building a guild. I built a guild in real life and then I made friends with the right people. I recall you telling me you built a guild in Final Fantasy. You were a guild leader there too? I was a guild leader in Final Fantasy. I played Final Fantasy for six months and then I built a guild for about 200 people and I had the biggest house in on the server. Yeah, I'm sure all that applied, right? To own the big houses in Final Fantasy, there's a lot of money involved, right? Yeah, it was pretty expensive. Everybody had to contribute. The next game mechanic is skills, just like skills in the game. How does that apply to real life? Skills is really the same thing in live ending game. Certain people are good at certain things and I think it's good that we're talking about this right after we talked about guilds because obviously you need people with different skill trees in the game and the same thing in building an organization, right? You need people who are good at their jobs to do something that you're not so good at. So the overall quality of either the service or the product that you're manufacturing is way up there. Which leads us to the next one is this party composition. Right, party, well, it's like a micro level of how the guild works. In guild, we're talking about having enough tanks, having enough damage dealers, having enough healers. Party is just a smaller size of that, more about micro managing. So instead of thinking about, for example, your corporation where you have departments, now you think projects. Let's say a new, for me, for myself, let's say a new website project comes in. I got to find the right coder. Is it the front end or back end coder? I have to find the right graphic designer, UI UX designer, and I have to find the right marketer to design, you know, for conversions and whatnot. And that's what party composition is. So the next mid-game mechanic is choosing the weapons. This is actually, I think, very similar to the point above. Whenever you're presented with a problem, let's say in the game, when you're fighting an enemy or a boss, they have elemental weaknesses or debuff weaknesses, and you're always trying to do the right things. So in real life, it's really the same thing. When you're given a project or a task, you have to find the most optimal way to do it. So let's go back to that website example. Let's say if the requirement for the website is for it to be, for it to sell dog food, you have to build an e-commerce website. And you have to build it with the proper payment solutions, payment gateways, and whatnot. So that's about choosing the weapon. Okay, now the next three is very important. It's all about strategy. So there's three kinds of strategies that are important in a video game. And the first one is positioning. Positioning. It's very, very crucial in every game you play. I play a lot of PUBG. It's all about catching your enemy by surprise and knowing where the enemy is. In real life, you have to know about market on a micro level, where your opportunities are for your firm, where your threats are for your products, and position yourself in the marketplace properly so that you will always have an advantage or an edge. How about awareness? Very, very similar. Again, it's about knowing your surroundings. In games, you know, you have to know when you're getting ganged by another party or you have to know in PUBG where that sniper is or where he's shooting at you from. Being aware in those games will save your life and being aware in business will allow you to know the market trends so you can anticipate different things that are going to happen to your business. That's right. The last and final game mechanic is to know your enemy. Know your enemy. Yes, you have to know your enemy, especially in PvP orange games. You have to know what the other party has. You have to know what kind of item they have. You have to know what their party strategy is. Do they go for the fast kill after the debuff? All that sort of stuff. In business, it's the same thing. You have to know what your competition is doing to properly position yourself. I make a lot of websites. I do a lot of marketing of Google on Facebook. Well, there's a lot of other agencies that do that too. I don't want to compete with them on something that they're super good at or better than me. I have to find something that I'm better than them at so that it'll be for me to approach the same clients and sell them a different package. That's service. For products, I'm sure you did a lot of product research, competitor research about how your product fares against other people's product to find that right fit and the best positioning for you to do your market to achieve maximum optimal results. So those are the 10 game mechanics that we use in video games that apply to real business.  Yeah, well find me on PUBG Mobile, H2O, Tom Katsu. This is how I spell it. Find me on PUBG Mobile. All right, thanks Kevin for your video game wisdom. Any time of the day, video game. Any time. Any time. Be the video game master. Thank you so much.


You're welcome back to the breakfast on PLOS TV Africa. It's now time for our final conversation and we're talking COVID-19. We've invited Dr. Ollada Poashniobi and Epidemologist. Good morning. Thanks for joining us. Good morning. So yesterday the federal government announced that there were going to be new COVID rules. First of all occur a few from 12 a.m. to 4 p.m. to 12 a.m. to 4 a.m.  You know they also say capacity you know would be reduced to 50% for crowds you know in places like churches. You know and Dr. Ollada Poashniobi we know that Nigerians seem to have or Nigerians seem to have this impression that you know COVID-19 is no more in the country no one wears or had people hardly wear face masks you know all these COVID restrictions that we had seem to have been relaxed you know but how do you think Nigerians might now take this this new COVID restrictions and also how you think it might also affect businesses especially those that you know are working the night like bars night clubs and all these other nightlife businesses in the country. Well unfortunately it's a bit up here to swallow for businesses if you have any sort of restriction to movement and communication physically then of course their sales are going to dip and people are going to be affected I mean people work there that is those who work there then there is a chain a supply chain those who sell drinks those who sell wood those sell wood provide other social services to them will also be affected to change and government is not unmindful like that however it's a situation is like a choice between two evils which one is lighter we say the devil and the deep blue sea so what we are going towards is the deep blue sea because you cannot you can never win a battle with the devil we have a chance if we go to the deep blue sea so this restriction because COVID does not move around let Nigerians remember that it is people who move around who have COVID that spread it around so if you reduce social interaction which is all what this is you see it's just one thing social interaction reduction the rates however for different industries it means different things so that has one two in reducing the chances of COVID being spread for one person but also involves using our face masks so that because the way it spreads is through our saliva our bread so if you cover your face with a mask you will catch almost everything within the mask and so the risk of you spreading to somebody else is with you the third thing is hand washing or hand hygiene hand hygiene has been shown to reduce infection even before COVID by over 60% without you doing any other thing so if we go back to those things all right we have a fighting chance all right doctor i want to ask about something that has confused a lot of Nigerians you know when people saw the story that said oh you know phase four of the lockdown a lot of Nigerians were asking when did we get to phase two and phase three that's one and then second is it seemed like Nigeria had started to you know be in a better place with regards our COVID figures um infection rate had dropped you know from 2000 and above to about 56 and 57 and and you know low figures so um tell us about that does it mean that those infection rates seem you know are getting higher or we are just doing this to prevent it from going higher yeah your last statement just says it all one we're doing this to prevent it going higher true that it was look wasn't a true reflection of our infection rate because people did not see people dying on the streets like Ebola it made us feel over confident that there is no more COVID let Nigerians remember that out of every 10 people that are living in the country the infection rate of COVID is between 10 or 15 percent so if you have 100 people in the country because of the way COVID we look about maximum of 15 people will get COVID now of those 15 will get COVID just about one to two percent may die so less than one if it is a thousand we'll be having 150 people this is assuming all the 1000 people take a test that's the first thing but in Nigeria not everybody are taking a test we have less than 200 000 samples taking and that's not equal to 200 000 people meanwhile we have 200 million population so if we go by epidemiological behavior of COVID that affects less than 10 percent that means like 20 million Nigerians who have COVID but most of them will not know now if 20 million people have COVID and they have not tested you will not know 20 million people have COVID now of the 20 million about one to two percent would have died knowingly or knowingly and most of them that COVID affects are elderly and people with pre-existing health conditions who normally in an environment if they die we say is either of old age or the person died of brief illness so one percent of 200 million is two million so doctor 20 million 200 000 so that's the magnitude of what we have not discovered because we have not done enough tests so doctor really yes doctor the figures are scary and they're even uncertain in this part of the world but when we look at the aim which is to reduce social interaction and the government says people can move from 4 a.m once it's 4 a.m in the morning you can move around till 12 midnight and I guess we had earlier asked the question there's a government trying to say COVID only you know moves around at night you know on a very lighter note he said that but we're asking what really would be more effective in curbing social interaction is it this 12 midnight to 4 a.m curfew or a total lockdown of the country when you are making decisions even on health or anything in your life there's a social and economic implication COVID moves everything but by human behavior most people don't move around at night you understand that so if naturally without any restriction most people don't move around at night you just want to ensure that those who move around at night you will lose their number again do you get my point so the second thing is if you lock the whole country down those who live on daily subsistence who are extremely poor don't forget about that about 40 percent Nigerians are extremely poor they live on less than 700 naira a day if you do a total lockdown then you have just signed a death warrant without pointing a gun 40 percent of Nigerians they are talking about 19 million people so during the day they are trying to say well let them live let them make a living but let them keep to health advisory so that their living does not constitute the danger to their life so so what about night you know what we're trying to do is make sense of the nighttime restrictions that's what i said i said naturally without any restriction on where you live on your streets if we take like a small like a small survey i'm not sure out of every hundred households 30 people will be going out at night so the point so the point to doctor then is how effective is this curfew you know in curbing the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria any restriction that reduces social interaction will reduce the rate of spread all right don't forget some countries are going to throw down fourth way uh india's case might likely be to the very two large hindu festival they had that they had a gathering of over a million to two million in each and you know people who come from different areas and then disperse again to different areas all right imagine us having such a thing especially trying to pre-empt gatherings at this time quickly share your thoughts with us on vaccination and all right you know how that may have helped but you know this is where we are for now that would not help much for now because the numbers are not significant enough to provide the immunity we want however if we help those that have been vaccinated from being severely ill the total vaccine that Nigeria got was just about four million now and that vaccine allows you must have two doses so the maximum we can do with those vaccines is just under two million with a population of 200 million so you have no vaccinated 99 so that means 99 percent of people may still be at risk and therefore we must keep safe we must keep this health advisory vaccination does not become a mask getting vaccination does not prevent social interaction getting vaccination does not become your hand washing yeah so even if you get vaccinated you are not protected from exposure all right doctor you are vaccinated on the left hand doctor that's the much we can take unfortunately we thank you very much for coming on to share you know your thoughts with us regarding this matter all right well the fact remains that people still think COVID-19 is a rich man's disease there's a you know there's an attitude amongst Nigerians regarding the use of face mask and all of that so I think the government does need to do more regarding sensitization because we know that that has dropped drastically yeah but there needs to be more of that so on that we haven't we had time to do more with regard sensitization we've been talking about this since 2020 we've had time you know and it once again and I don't like to always knock the government for you know its fellows here and there but you can't you know miss out on these things how much sensitization has been done in the whole of the last one year with regards COVID-19 the national orientation agency still has not woken up and so well let's let's take this on social media join us at plus TV Africa on Twitter especially thank you very much for being a part of our Tuesday morning today my name is Annetta Felix and I am a saugi obama wishing you a great day ahead


Verizon workers are members of two unions, the Communication Workers of America and the International Brotherhood of Electronical Workers. The unions say Verizon wants to freeze pensions and take jobs overseas. Brian Phillips is a union representative marching this morning. And he says employees just want to continue their daily routines and show up to work. I'm hoping that they actually come to that sense as an office affair contract. That's all we're looking for. I would take the current contract that we have. You know, it's not like we're looking for all the stuff added in.  You know, sometimes we work seven days a week. In a statement this morning, Verizon says they activated their business continuity plan, as customers will remain the company's top priority. Union agent Keith Bonasoro says they will continue to march until the unions and the company strike a deal. I have no idea how long that would be, but we've got all our members mobilizing now. We're all picking lines across the city up and down the east coast here. So we hope it'll be as short as possible, but I guess that we plan for the worst.


What is the truth about the Roman fort of Vindalanda just south of Hadrian's Wall? Who were the Roman soldiers stationed here? What lives did they live? And what secrets have we uncovered from this site? I will answer these and many other questions in this video and I will also take you to one of the most scenic parts of Hadrian's Wall later in the videos to stick about for that. Now firstly, what actually is Vindalanda? Well Vindalanda was a Roman auxiliary fort just south of Hadrian's Wall in Northern England which was predated by decades. Vindalanda was under Roman occupation from roughly 85 AD to 370 AD. For reference, construction on Hadrian's Wall began in 122 AD. Making Vindalanda a fascinating time machine into pre-Hadrian Britain. We know that the Romans used the word Vindalanda themselves for the fort, with it meaning white lawns or white fields. It is estimated that only 27% of Vindalanda has been excavated, with early excavations beginning in the 1830s. I will discuss some of the incredible and surprising finds later in the video. Vindalanda itself actually comprises nine forts built on top of each other. The first Vindalanda fort was part of an earlier Roman frontier system called the Staingate Frontier. The Romans built a road across Northern England that linked strategic forts at Calaiso in the west and Corbridge in the east, with the likes of Vindalanda in the centre. With the building of Hadrian's Wall, however, these Staingate forts were amalgamated into the new defensive system. But who were the Roman soldiers stationed at Vindalanda? Well, for those paying attention earlier, this site was a Roman auxiliary fort, meaning that most of the soldiers stationed here were non-Sithson troops from places such as modern-day Belgium, France and the Netherlands. We know that from the early 3rd century, the Cohors Quarta Gallorum Equata, or the 4th part Mounted Cohort of Gauls, was stationed at Vindalanda. A unit of around 600 men made up of around 480 infantry and about 120 cavalry. This unit was probably razed from Gallia lung denensis, a Roman province and parts of northern France today, which before Caesar's conquest of Gaul, was part of the home of Celtic civilisation in the ancient world. It seems as well that local Britons were also incorporated into the unit. As an inscription reads, The troops from Gaul dedicate the statue to the goddess Gallia with the full support of the British-born troops. Also among the troops were basque-speaking soldiers from the Iberian Peninsula. This was not just a military position, however. And Vicus, a self-governing village, developed to the west of the fort. It contained several rows of buildings, each containing several one-room chambers. The village included normal places that we see today, such as a butcher shop and a traveller's inn. To the south of the fort was a thermal, a large imperial bath complex that would have been used by many of the individuals on the site. Now the king won't be happy. A variety of meat was eaten at Vindolanda, including pork, venison, beef, chicken and even swans. How could they? A lot of the food here was grown and produced locally, but there were imports for things like wine, fish sauce, olive oil and even pepper. As far as some of the best finds at the site, they include leather boxing gloves, a wooden toilet seat, the hand of God and a predator's child shoe. Earning the name predator, because it looks quite like an Adidas predator football boot, or soccer for our American friends, the likes of David Beckham used to wear. The Vindolanda tablets are probably the top find, however. They are a set of wooden leaf tablets that were at the time of their discovery in the 1970s, the oldest surviving hundred documents in Britain, replaced only by the Bloomberg tablets, with the London offices of Bloomberg built on the site of the ancient temple of Mithras, part of a cult in ancient Rome. As well as being beautiful, the Vindolanda tablets offer a fascinating glimpse into Roman life at the fort. They are written on fragments of thin, postcard-sized wooden leaf tablets with a carbon-based ink, and detail a wide range of messages. From military affairs to personal messages, to and from members of the garrison at Vindolanda, their families and their slaves. One of the most interesting and relatable tablets is Tablet 291. Written around 100 AD by Claudia Severa, the wife of a commander of a nearby fort, to her friend Salpicea Lipidina, who was the wife of Flavius Serialis, prefect of the 9th cohort of Bat of Ions, inviting her to a birthday party. The invitation is one of the earliest known examples of writing in Latin by a woman. There are two handwritten styles in the Tablet, with the majority of the text written on a professional hand thought to be a household scribe, and with closing greetings, personally handed by Claudia herself. On the lower right hand side, the tablets are written in Roman cursive script, and they seem to indicate that there was a high degree of literacy in the Roman army. The tablets have also given us a glimpse into how the Romans talked about the native Britons. Briton Cully, meaning Little Britons, was found on one of the Vindolanda tablets, which was a derogatory term used by the Romans to describe the locals. But why are so many items preserved so well, and how did the Romans send these tablets to each other? Very quickly, if you value these videos, please consider supporting this channel on Patreon, and you'll get ad-free content and other benefits in return. The link will be in the description below. Thank you. In relation to the first question, there are a few factors that mean that many of the items are preserved really, really well. The main one is that the ground has anaerobic conditions, which means there was no oxygen in some of the layers. Roman builders spread clay and turf over demolished buildings before starting new building programs on a previously used site. This effectively capped the underlying layer, preserving everything left beneath it. This has meant that so many items have survived in near-perfect condition. At the higher Vindolanda levels, however, the conditions are not anaerobic. The organic things do not survive at this level, and metals are highly corroded, for instance, due to the presence of oxygen and bacteria. In relation to the second question, two postal services were available under the empire, one public and one private. The Cursus Publicus, founded by Augustus, carried the mail of officials by really throughout the Roman road system. Unlike today, being a post-person in ancient Rome was actually quite dangerous, as they were often a target for enemies given the sense of material they were often carrying. Private mail of the well-to-do was carried by the Taballari, an organisation of slaves or freedmen employed as couriers for a price. Vindolanda did not exist on its own, however, and it connected to other Roman positions. There was a Roman signal station very close by to Vindolanda at Barcom Hill. Given it was on such a high ground, the Romans would have had a great viewpoint to warn of any potential attacks from the local Britons. There is also evidence of an Iron Age hill fort at this site, suggesting it may have been a stronghold of pre-Roman peoples as well. And now... So this is the steel rig section of Hadrian's Wall, and as you can see it's absolutely stunning. As I mentioned earlier, construction on Hadrian's Wall began decades after the first Roman fort at Vindolanda was built, and it was a remarkable engineering feat, stretching 73 miles right across Northern England today. Construction on the wall began in 122 AD. It was obviously also a more advanced frontier for the Romans. It must have instilled a real sense of awe amongst the locals. It was built, as the biographer of Hadrian famously said, to separate the Romans from the barbarians. Ironic considering that the Romans were the foreign occupying force on these lands. But who were these so-called barbarians? And the answer may not be as obvious as some of you may be thinking. To find out, please click here. Thanks for watching. Please subscribe and hit the bell to support this work through Patreon. The link will be in the description below. Thanks again for watching, and I'll see you next time.


you determine the direction of flow? Direction of flow is to the stream line. So if I know the stream line, which stream line it is, I can just draw the tangent and I can tell you at this point the direction of flow is this. Simple, alright? Now, stream line gives you more information than just telling you about the dicey-how. For example, you should take as a first, sorry, I missed that. Suppose you have 10 intersect, reason? Suppose the intersect. So which velocity it is? A particle cannot. So if the intersect, you'll have two tangents along the two stream lines, okay? Which is, there's no unique path when it comes to the red flow. Same part, similar particle starting from here could follow a different path, okay? So there is no fixed path. The intermixing is so much, you can't determine the, so you cannot have any scientific theory as since we were discussing about laminar, so turbulence. I was talking about the information given by the stream line flow. So suppose this is a pipe, clearly this is bigger cross-section, sorry this is bigger and that is smaller and this is not the end. It is a part, fine? Don't confuse by note, okay? Now, if I draw a stream line starting from here then this will be there. Now, there are infinite particles, right? So I can density of stream line, number of streams per area is proportional to the magnitude of the, so this is what the concept that we have discussed initially. One was, okay? So let's take it one by one. First, I will apply conservation of mass. Fluid dynamics is also the equation of content with beauty mass, right? I should have started the discussion with that. How many of you, she can do it? One kg mass goes in, in one second, so in one second how? So inside the pipe, 4 kg is it possible? No. So same one kg that is going in, same one kg will, okay? And that is, should be equal to the rate of mass that is exiting from the, does this make sense? Which is equal to this mass which has gone inside. Is A1, V1, so I am getting Vm1 by 8 and assuming that the fluid is incompressible. Otherwise density will not remain in uniform, okay? Yes. No, non-viscous we are not assuming here right now, okay? We are assuming that fluid incompressible, greater than uniform. Same thing may not be valid for the air. Now, similarly, suppose V2A is the velocity, let's say it goes out, so this much water will go out, so this much distance will be V2DT, right? The rate of water is rho into A2 into, yes or no? V1, V is equal to A2V, then density will change, so the continuity equation will become rho 1, A1, any type of flow. Okay, so this is,