Welcome to Mobile Impact 401, Mobile Tech for Offices and People. My name is Becky Wiegand and I'm the Webinar Program Manager here at TechSoup Global. I've been with the organization for about 6 years and prior to that spent about a decade working at small nonprofits where I was often the accidental techie trying to make technology decisions for my organization with very little tech expertise. Also joining us today is Matt Bauer, the CEO and co-founder of Better World Wireless and also Better World Telecom where he has a great breadth of expertise as a mobile expert in this sector, and he'll be sharing his tips on how to cut the cord and bring mobile friendliness to your office. And we'll also be joined by Brent Muckridge, the CEO of Upsource Mobile Services who will be bringing his expertise to the event today with tips on how to welcome mobile in your office, how to develop and devise, bring your own device strategies, and how just to make it easier for you to have a remote workplace if that's something that helps support your staff. You'll also see in the chat Dulce Bauer who is with TechSoup and she'll be on the back and helping to answer your questions and flag them for follow-up when we need to. A quick look at today's agenda. I'll do an introduction to TechSoup if you're not already familiar with us, and we'll spend some time talking about the Mobile Impact webinar series, taking a few polls of you, our audience so that you can help guide us in your level of expertise. And then we'll talk about device strategies, what kinds of devices are out there and what the trends are looking toward, how to develop or bring your own device strategy, looking at what a mobile office entails, how to cut the wire. And then we'll spend just a couple of minutes toward the end talking about the Better World Wireless program which is available through TechSoup's donation programs. And then we'll have time for Q&A. So who is TechSoup? We are a 501c3 nonprofit working towards the day when every nonprofit, library, and social benefit organization on the planet has the access and knowledge to technology resources to meet their mission. We've been around since 1987 distributing technology donations to more than 60 countries around the world. We are constantly expanding the different offerings in our product catalog to now include things like consulting services, Windows 8.1, and QuickBooks 2014, among many other things. And you can find all of these at TechSoup.org. Looking at the Mobile Impact Series, if this is the first webinar that you've attended in this series, then you may not be aware that we've attended or we've presented three others so far. And this is the fourth in this series where we as a collection of organizations here on the Screen PayPal Network for Good, Better World Wireless, and TechSoup Global recognize that social sector organizations are needing more expertise in mobile and how to embrace it because it is happening so quickly all around us and being embraced in office places. We want to make sure that you can stay up to speed with all those changes and have the best information to make decisions that work well for your organizations. So these organizations have come together to sponsor this four-part series. Additionally, we've been working on a lot of content and articles and blog posts that talk about the different ways that you can work with mobile at your organization. We've also had a variety of partners who've helped spread the word and share more information about this too. So we want to thank them quickly before we get started. Social media for nonprofits, Volunteer Match, Mobile Beacon, N10, the Case Foundation, Foundation Center, and GuideStar have all partnered with us on this project to get the most information out in a free capacity to you. So we'll be doing more on this topic moving forward as well, but we'll make sure to point you to those first three webinars in case you're interested in learning about the other topics we've covered on mobile so far. To get us started with today's topic, we want to have you take a poll, actually two of them. So take a moment to click on your screen on any of these that apply to your organization. So does your organization already have a mobile usage policy or some standards or processes in place to allow your staff to use their mobile phones? Do you allow your staff to connect via mobile device to your network, to your VPN? Do you invite staff to use their own tablets or bring their own devices, use their own laptops or phablets or phones? Do you encourage remote or off-site work in your organization? Do you have a voice over IP or wireless phone system already in place? Have you gotten rid of your plain old telephone system, your landlines, and converted to that? Do you currently pay or offer stipends for staff mobile devices? So do you have tablets or phones that are purchased for your staff with organizational funds? Have you adopted a unified communications plan? And if there's something else, feel free to chat to us in the window because I see some people have commented other, but let us know what that other means so that we can do our best to speak to the needs that you're expressing to us in these polls, and hopefully speak at the expertise level that's most useful for you, our participants today. I'm going to give a few more seconds so everybody has a chance because I know this multiple choice where you can select multiple answers can take a moment. So I'm going to give 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, and it looks like about 66% already allow staff to connect using their mobile devices, and about 45% encourage or at least allow remote and off-site work. 42% pay or allow some stipend for staff mobile devices. 36% invite staff to use their own tablets. That's great. And around 33% have a VoIP system, phone system already. So that's helpful for us to get a good idea of what you're already allowing. And just looking at some of the comments, we have a comment from Brian saying they don't have a policy, but they have specific staff members who are set up for remote access. So no connection is allowed with mobile phones, but certain staff members are allowed to connect wirelessly or remotely. Some people say they're an all-volunteer organization which is fine. A lot of volunteer organizations definitely rely on staff to bring their own devices because they don't have the funds to necessarily purchase them. Kim comments that they have laptops and cell phones only because they're a small nonprofit. Jason comments, they staff pay for their own devices, but we partially reimburse a portion of their personal monthly cell phone bill. And Annette comments that they're in hurricane country and they stay away from VoIP because it's unreliable and a disaster. So that's an interesting point to make. We'll definitely have an opportunity to talk a bit more about that later on. I want one more poll before I hand over to our expert presenters today. So does your staff work entirely on-site or do you allow remote or off-site access? And I know we asked a variety or version of this in that first question, but we really want to get an idea of where people are at when it comes to cutting the cord. Maybe it's only select staff like what Brian mentioned or maybe it's all staff, but it's not necessarily with a policy in place. So take a moment and let's get an idea of where you're at on cutting the cord. Anthony comments that they're afraid of information being stolen or shared by the wrong hands. That's a good point as well. Kofi mentions that certain staff members are allowed remote connection, but not all. So this is great. It looks like there's a good mix. I'm going to go ahead and skip to the results, but feel free to keep clicking on your screen if it's available to you. Most of you, 70% almost, say mostly on-site with some off-site. So that's helpful to know where most of you are at, but a sizable chunk, 13%, say a large part of staff are remote, and another almost 9% say they don't have an office so everyone's remote. So that's a sizable chunk of our audience today that already has either partially cut the cord or allows for people to work off-site. So I'd like to go ahead and welcome our presenters to the line today to help use that information to tailor their presentation a bit to your needs. So thank you so much for joining us. We're going to be first joined by Matt Bauer from Better World Wireless. Thank you so much, Matt, for taking the time out today to share your expertise. Welcome to the webinar. Thank you, Becky, and welcome everybody. Thanks for being online. We're coming to you live from the Mobility in Action Summit in beautiful Kansas City, Missouri at Sprint's Global Headquarters. So we've got mobile and mobility on our minds and I feel like we're doing a radio talk show here. So a couple of the main points that we want to get out in the beginning are kind of the nature in the first slide that you'll see here online really touches on that in that the term office and work, where it's happening, where it's transpiring and everybody has the percentage to show on this and the polls we've done. A lot of people are understanding this. And then also technology has increased and outpaced what is actually being utilized by people on an average basis to a degree where many offices, many office environments are potentially a decade or more behind in the technology that's available to folks. Now this is getting short up, but there's a real opportunity here to really take inventory of how you work, the trends that are going on, the remote work and the term the office is really headed for obsolescence. This is going to mean a thousand different things to a thousand different people. And some other technology things around the corner. Landlines are being phased out in some degree and the technology around them. Mobile is really taking hold, so especially in the millennials, the funny picture here of the toothbrush or smartphone, which one is more important and actually they like their smartphones better. So going to the next slide, we're focused on take home value, giving you some real tangible things you can take away from this and there's going to be a lot of other resources that are coming forth as well but mainly beginning on device strategies, trends, what's going on in the device world, bring your own device, BYOD is another big trend that's happened almost overnight relatively speaking. Setting up a mobile office, even though some folks out there might be in a remote office or some are working remotely, there might not be a strategy in place, there might not be sort of a cohesive thing holding it all together. So we'll talk to that and looking at those strategies around cutting the wire and taking a plan and executing that. So that's really the focus and the take home value that we want to get from this exercise. So I'll start by stepping back just a little bit. When we are in the process of launching with TechSoup on our mobile products over the past year, Nielsen Cares was very gracious to work with TechSoup and really measure what's out there. So take the pulse of the TechSoup community in particular and what do people have, what are they using? And so we came back with, the poll was on a very wide group within TechSoup and we had over 300 respondents who all filled out a detailed analysis and you can see here from the results that over 60% are using mobile to help deliver on their mission and that over half are paying some form of a stipend or paying for the whole mobile service for some or all of their employees. Two thirds haven't changed in five years as their provider. So they're kind of staying home, staying in one place and those that did change said it was mainly for price. So there's real opportunity here and Brent will talk about that and some of the other things that are happening is why we see that sort of thawing in that piece. Who are we using? Verizon and AT&T were over 80% and PostPaid and a lot of people, 3-4 issues bring your own advice to some degree. So with that on the device front, I'll turn it over to Brent and I'll talk for a few slides on devices and BYOD. Great and thank you everybody for your comments in the chat window and particularly answering the polls that give us a sense of what you're facing as your organization today and we'll kind of address some of that now. Bring your own device strategies, as Matt has said, has kind of started overnight for most companies and surprisingly 55% or more companies in the US today do not have a bring your own device strategy thereby either just ignoring it or widely saying no to it. And what's interesting is the push is becoming much more driven by the employee for being able to either use multiple devices that they're comfortable with or being able to use the platform which they're most comfortable with doing their daily work. Some of the studies are showing that productivity goes up quite a bit where people who are using what they know and can access much better get much more productivity the other day. We're seeing that really good strategies are thinking beyond email. They're not just thinking about accessing your emails on your phone but really addressing the issue of accessing files and information and many of you have commented that you're dealing with highly confidential or sensitive information and that's what these strategies really need to address. How do you go in and put in the right security protocols giving the right password or levels of access? And so those kind of strategies really do help the organization to kind of develop and really focus in and address those concerns and thereby allowing you then to create much more of a mobile or remote working office. When we think about the strategies there are definitely some areas to have mistakes and stuff to avoid. And I think one thing that people don't really address very well is thinking about the apps that they're allowing on those devices to interconnect with the company information. There are a lot of great apps out there and there are a lot that have been developed in the market that have been very successful and particularly for the nonprofit communities. But at the same time there are some out there that aren't very good or very secure. And so one of the big mistakes most make in their bringing on device strategies is they don't talk about or address what are some of those apps that are accessible to download and to use in conjunction with or integrating into your company's information. A lot of the other components that people forget about is just making sure that people are taking care on their device to have passwords or updating their passwords to the servers or their files and information that your employees are accessing. Those are really some of the big missteps which leads to people having the concern that your data is not secure or it's not being properly handled. And I think when you develop a strategy and you lay out those kind of rules you can help particularly some of your board concerns get overcome that by addressing that you do have a security policy in place. The mobile device and we're being very specific is saying device instead of calling phone, tablet, bablet, laptop, they're all becoming very remote and easy to access. But the big thing is all of them need access to be able to access your information or be able to access the cloud and data in general. We were finding right now that 54% of all devices by the end of next year will be smartphones. One in three people have a tablet. 56% of the people in the US today have more than one device. So we're seeing a strong push in these mobile devices. People are being able to access them. And we're seeing that within a smartphone area people are becoming much more a very personal assistant if you will and something that they reach for. Most people within 15 minutes of waking up reach for their smartphone first to check their email then they do anything else in a day. So we're finding that with the trends within the mobile area and particularly when you pair it with a bring-on device strategy companies and organizations are seeing big savings. Not only just in the equipment of having to supply it but also just in the annual cost of maintaining devices and also maintaining the connectivity they're saving between $300 to $1,300. Depending on how comprehensive your bring-on device strategy is or if it's paired with a remote office strategy. So last but few more points on some of the device trends we're seeing. Handset and overall device costs are dropping. We're seeing that even Apple who has maintained a very high margin and a high price point is starting to decline and bring down their price points. Device subsidies by the carriers are going away. People are moving into device financing options which is allowing it to spread over time. We're seeing much bigger moves and advancements in mobile data speeds. So we're seeing data speeds going from 10 megabit down to upwards of 50 to 60 megabit down with the advanced LTE programs that almost every carrier now has launched in some major markets around the country. I think that's going to continue to drive a lot more innovation in this area where it allows you to be able to really truly cut the cord and not see a difference. In the last couple of days here we've been in a sprint spark network area and been able to see really amazing speeds where I wouldn't know if I was on a fixed line inside my office or on a remote device. And lastly we're seeing the big trend in wearables and what that's bringing to the market in the last year 2 million wearable devices were sold. And we're seeing that continues. It's projected to grow by the next five times over the next two years. So with that I'm going to hand it back over to Matt and start talking a little bit more about the mobile office. Okay, so one of the main themes we're talking about is cutting the wire and what does that mean? I mean it's one of these terms that means a few different things to different people and what we mean by that here is a lot of organizations have redundant infrastructures in place, they have an office or offices and you have some of the old technology or wire line technology, it could be VoIP, it could be POTS, it could be DSL, things like that in place and then you also have mobile devices and you have mobile tablets, phones, etc. And so that percentage is definitely growing over time. The percentage of offices that have what I'll call landlines or older technology like that, etc. is elusive, the number on that, but at least from the home standpoint about 50% of the homes have gone mobile only. So we'll just sort of use that stat for the moment and say okay, well let's say half the offices out there whether they're nonprofit or for-profit still have at least some form of landline and that number is probably higher than that. So there's a lot of cost implications and there's a lot of productivity implications and so on, but just touching on some of the pieces as to why before getting to the cost element which is kind of an obvious and easier one to tackle, why have a wire, why have a line in your office, why keep one or many. Well one was brought up just earlier sort of lifeline or disaster planning if there is a hurricane or storm or it could be something even simpler than that that causes an outage in your area that old technology lifeline phone lines, they work on their own power and it's good to have some of that in the background and then also as a redundant type of feed. So it could be redundancy, it could be lifeline but there still is a requirement for that and that's something that you definitely factor into the strategy and also you might be in a cell area that doesn't have very good coverage. That's going to change significantly over the coming couple of years. The areas that don't have good coverage or aren't on 4G or 4G LTE are going to start getting covered and those networks are all rolling out very quickly Verizon and AT&T are ahead, Sprint's catching up fast and T-Mobile as well. So that's happening and the difference between 4G is huge. That really is three to four doesn't sound like much but it's a quantum leap in terms of speed and coverage. Everything gets better under that. So addressing very quickly then the cost savings and something to keep in mind as we go forward is that when we look at our strategy and we look at our plan here in a few minutes that really dialing in on do I need both infrastructures, do I need one or the other and assessing how that's serving your mission, assessing how that's serving your community and there's probably if you have an office environment and people working remotely and constituency that you connect with there's probably some savings to be had there and not just the communication line savings but also other soft costs that you're incurring. So looking at specifically some of the technology around mobile or cloud communications a lot of virtual, we'll use some of the industry terms they're more engineering type than friendly terms but virtual PBX is one unified communications. What do these things mean and what do they... It's really what they're doing is removing location from the equation and lifting your phone numbers and centralizing them into a place that's in a hardened data center away from where you are and probably redundantly located across different parts of the geography of the country or the world. So it does remove that disaster. Again, that question that came up earlier if your power is down in your building or in your suite or in your office and you have a traditional phone system well people can't call you and so when you go to something that is a virtual number or unified communications then it removes that from the equation and those instances of that have enormous resources around them and many, many people on that same system so it's a level of quality that you wouldn't get from your own office system that is really just a bunch of redundant systems around the country. It's not very efficient. So these technologies have matured a ton in the last five to ten years. I would say especially in the last five years where they now compete with the traditional landlines in terms of voice quality and availability in most cases. So however, a lot of them were designed more for the office environment, the desk phone and also the desk phone in the home. You have companies like Vonage that were out there early on selling this into homes and then other companies selling a myriad of companies that sell them into office systems but they weren't designed for the mobile first and then for the desk phone they were designed to cater to the desk phone and then fall out to your other numbers that you might have. Well that's changing and there are solutions now that are designed with mobile first in mind and then they back down to other numbers if you wish so that they work on the mobile platform. There are more apps that you download as opposed to desk phones and such that you have to install on the software that goes along with that. So that's sort of the high level of that and then the features that you get from these kinds of environments, if you think about it, it's centralizing your voicemail, centralizing your management of your call tree of how people get to you, how you get to people and how they get to you, whether it's internal, your own staff, your constituents, your community, whatever it may be, this is an opportunity to really look at that whole ecosystem and these types of systems have that ability to really make that communication more efficient. So it's easier for people to get a hold of you, easier for you to get a hold of them. You don't have to have multiple systems to maintain, multiple infrastructures, data technologies, all that different stuff. So this is a real opportunity to get a lot of features that would be on a very expensive system in a more cloud-based communication system and now those are available on the mobile office environment. So going to a plan. So the plan is an opportunity for us to kind of discuss how would we do this? How would we look at our situation and folks get really hung up on the technology piece where it's actually just as much around the people, the management, the culture of the organization, whether it's a small nonprofit, large nonprofit, medium-sized, there's challenges built into each one and how everybody works together. How do we put communications to work for you and your mission as opposed to the other way around? Oh, this is a football that I got passed and I've got to deal with the phone systems or whatever. Now with the technology, it's really come to a point where, okay, how do we become better, faster, and deliver on our mission by assessing what we have, creating a plan, and then implementing it, creating training around it, and keeping it updated? So let's dive into that and look at the first piece. Brent and I will sort of share the mic here and go back and forth on these next few slides, but I'll lead it off with, by having that assessment, looking at who your stakeholders are, how you communicate with them, how they communicate with you, are you doing the most that you could? Is it easy? Is it easy to maintain? Are the systems around that cohesive? Do they have to check voicemails in five different places, and you have five different systems that you do? Are your faxes still coming into a paper machine? No need. None of this stuff. And a lot of organizations are still doing that. So it's really stepping back and an opportunity to look not only at technology, but also the people, the interaction of how they're interacting and how they're employing that. And I think that's one of the things that's really important and one of the things that I would add to that matter is that when you look at the mobile office plan and you're making your assessment, the big issue is around what you have for equipment and what you have for the technology that's helping you complete your mission. Are you able to service your needs and complete your missions more efficiently? And can you drive out some of your administration costs so that's where some of the questions have been going through the chat around the benefits of moving to the cloud or moving something newer. There's a lot more aspects to it, not just being able to say, I've got the latest and greatest of Microsoft Office, but is that new version bringing a new collaboration tool that makes it more efficient for us to work with a bigger group of volunteers today than we've been able to in the past? And I think that's one of the assessment plans that has to be done. That is, how can we make ourselves more efficient? How can we get more reach? And then how can we reduce our administration costs so that we can further our own mission and reach our goals? Yeah, that's a great point. It's not that one line item that you pay every month that is telecom or phone or Internet or what have you. It's all the other pieces that impact that. And one call that came from a donor that nobody was able to pick up and they didn't get back to him for two days because the voicemail was trapped somewhere, whereas you can put a system in place that, hey, if these 10 people ever call, ring everybody in the organization until somebody picks up. Something like that is a really kind of funny example, but it is totally available with these types of solutions that are out there. Oh, let's have a volunteer hotline. Okay, what would that look like? So all our volunteers can call in updated info, they can leave messages. All those messages will get emailed to the right people, any sort of disaster preparedness or things around that, or in school communities or libraries, being able to work with parents and the children in a different way by putting that. So these are all a few examples of stepping back and saying, what are those things that we're doing as an organization and how can we make them better? It's really fun because it's a way to take inventory of the mission and what are those things that we could be doing better if we had the technology to help us. Oh, by the way, the cost of this technology and TechSoup has a lot of it on its platform is come way, way, way down. And so what used to cost tens of thousands now probably costs hundreds of dollars a month and it's available to a much wider group of people. So moving on to creating a plan, there's a lot of options out there. And so instead of us droning on here for what could be ours, going through all the different solutions, there's some popular tools out there. Again, TechSoup has a number of options available on its site, but you don't have to search far to find out which companies are providing these services and get ratings on them and what they're doing. But essentially, if you can catch, you have to have the latest one. That's the great thing is it doesn't have to be the latest device. It doesn't have to be the latest service provider that's providing the services.  So you're not getting on the bleeding edge of the technology and there's no need to do that. I'd say also on becoming less dependent on location. That's a whole philosophy, a whole mindset. So this idea that we're still kind of reporting to the factory after all this time. We come in every day to a place. A lot of people still come into a place. Do they need to? What productivity are we losing by doing that and looking at our plan? So it's how we manage how our people work. And do we need to all be coming in here? Do we all need to be here every day? And how do we enable that? And what are the communications platforms that we put in to enable that? And make it one system, make it one seamless system that we all have a part of and we all can maintain instead of having one that's in the office, one that's on my handset, one that's over here, so that we all, especially in a multi-office environment, multi-locations, some people working from home, this is like a survival tactic. You really have to have something like this to get the most of that so that you're not dropping calls, you're not losing potential donors, you're not serving the constituency as well as you could. And I think the main piece is when you build out this plan, you build in your bring-your-own-device strategy, your security strategies so that your employees understand exactly when and when not to use it or how to use their devices or appropriate places to access information. You know, not using a hotspot in the coffee shop to look at sensitive files, but rather wait to your home or you have your own dedicated secure mobile Wi-Fi box that you can use to secure that data. Those are all the things that really formulate in this plan that really help then make the mobile office a real tangible thing, but then everybody understands, like they would in brick-and-mortar, they know their boundaries by putting the plan together, you give them those boundaries virtually but allow them to understand how to operate. And really, the genie's out of the bottle here. People are working remote, they're checking their email in different places, regardless of what's going on. So it's really how do we make that the most efficient we can, put some rules in place, give everybody the right expectations so they know what's expected of them and really take an opportunity to lay that down and it could have a significant impact on a lot of organizations. So now we've got our plan and we want to go out and implement it. Typically to do an all-or-none, sort of we call it a hot cut where you go from what was there to the new thing, whatever that looks like overnight, typically is rife with the issues and could be very expensive. So you don't want that first experience to be a disaster in and of itself. So better to kind of feather or layer these technologies in. So say you're switching from a, you know, we're a 15-person nonprofit, we have five people that work remotely. Sometimes we have a PBX or key system in the office that's 130 years old and it still works, so we still use it. We have five POTS lines, two DSL lines, and we all have cell phones that we got from different providers.  So you're going to change that. Okay, we're going to get a unified communication solution where all the numbers are going to be in the cloud. They'll be able to reach anybody anywhere. They'll be able to maybe leave a lifeline in place if we need to and so on. So that over, you know, a few instances is a little bit easier to deal with. I don't know, any other comments on that, Fran? No, I think that, you know, that's right. When you do these kind of documentation, it's also really key is, you know, make the migration smooth for your organization. Don't try to go and, you know, force it down to people, but really take the time to train them. Make sure they understand your plans and your policies. Make sure they understand, you know, the dos and don'ts and also provide them with, you know, information so they can be a little bit more dependent, a little more, quote-unquote, self-care themselves so that, you know, the new change of technology or the migration to the mobile or cloud services doesn't become a big shock. And so it helps that organization move smoothly with it and the faster people get comfortable with it, the faster the adoption rate and the buy-in you will get in your organization. Absolutely. So the last piece, and we're running up against a little bit of time here. We want to probably end it in the next few minutes so we can get questions and so on. So keeping the plan updated, this is probably one of the most difficult pieces.  And it gives them something challenging that's outside their sphere or you have an IT resource on hand or you outsource to somebody. So there's all kinds of different solutions. But somebody should have a task of keeping this plan updated, of keeping current with the technologies, making sure you're getting all the features out of these systems. A lot of these systems have a million features and most nonprofits use 5 or 10 of them, let's say. And so what are all the features? Making sure we're taking advantage of that and maybe that's rolling out over time. So that's really staying ahead of that curve and creating more efficiency and productivity and bottom line delivery on the mission as much as you can. So just kind of rewinding and reviewing the four pieces, assessing, creating the plan, implementation and training and updating that plan and using this as an exercise to make communications fun. We're in the industry, we love this, this is our lives. Not everybody gets up every day and is like, woohoo, let's go get mobile, telecom. But it can be a way now to really look at how the organization fits together and it can be one of those things that helps bind the organization. It makes it easier for people to come in, for people to go out and to manage all your stakeholders as well. So if you change how you look at it, it's going to change for you. And so that's the thing I guess I would leave with you last. Yeah, no, I don't think so. So we've deployed at Better World Wireless some of these pieces in the TechSoup environment and we're just ecstatic at our launch over the last few months in the community. So we have some of these mobile services available that a number of TechSoup members have taken advantage of, our Just Plan and the discount that's exclusive to TechSoup members and there's donated vipers. There's about 400 of those left on the platform. And then coming soon we'll be deploying the mobile office apps as well for smartphones and other devices. Mainly smartphones and that can serve as a unified communication. So that's coming around the bend. Yeah, I think Robin or one of them in the chat asked that the VPBX was available today and that's one of the products Better World will be launching in the coming term that would help address that and be able to provide that service out there too. So I think we hand it back to you, Becky, at this point. Thank you both for that. Really quickly before we move into the Q&A I wanted to just talk a little bit about the Better World Wireless Program that you mentioned, Matt. Let me see if I can get this to pull up here. So for those of you who are interested, this is our little mini commercial here that we do since these are free webinars. We make sure that if we have a program that applies to this that we have an opportunity to promote it a little bit and then we'll launch into your questions. So we do, as Matt mentioned, have this program with Better World Wireless where they provide access to discounted mobile services and devices. So if you're interested in that, you can find that on our website at techsoup.org slash betterworld-wireless. You can see the address up there. And we'll be sure to share a link to that program so that you can learn about the discounted rates and those mobile devices that Matt mentioned. I'm going to go ahead and start with Q&A and feel free to keep your questions coming in throughout this. We will make all of these slides and resources that we discuss available later. But in the meantime, we have some questions. So a couple of the things that were raised in that comment period earlier when we were polling people, questions about, for example, and that had raised that they live in hurricane country, and they stay away from VoIP because it's unreliable and a disaster. And I know you mentioned that somebody could have a lifeline, to keep things connected. Is that what you would recommend for people who might be in a disaster prone neck of the woods if they wanted to move to VoIP? What's the best way for them to do that? Well, for just for clarity, now it's about 74% of all international traffic that terminates from any part of the country is all VoIP. So you already are by and large using VoIP. You may not be using the Internet call service, but the VoIP is really prevalent and being used by the services. But certainly, any of these plans and even the mobile office plan has to have a backup. There has to be an ability for you to be able to still work and be productive in areas that are either hurricane prone or as you've seen with some of the disasters within the hurricane alley in the last couple of years, having the ability to either be able to be on the wireless and be able to use that because that service can be brought up faster than repairing the fixed lines or the converse, the fixed lines in these areas have been buried underground and therefore are impacted by these natural disasters. You kind of have to have a fallback plan, but we're seeing much more and particularly a lot of my work in countries abroad in some of these natural disaster areas, mobile tends to be the most reliable. There's one that can be brought up the fastest and it is one area where the carriers literally drive in a truck of towers and bring up service very fast before first responders to be able to communicate. They're very heavily dependent on the wireless communications. So that is typically the service that is brought up first. Great. Thank you. I'll go ahead, Matt. Oh, and just to add on to that and moving your number so the unified communications and virtual PBX type services can give you that ability also to remove your number from that. So if people need to get a hold of you, you know, you could have multiple numbers in your profile on your instance of whatever system that you have in the cloud that they can then still get a hold of you. So those numbers are still ringing and if your landline is up, if your mobile phone is up, they'll get to you or they'll leave a voicemail and you'll be able to get that as soon as you can. So that could apply to a number of scenarios whether you lose power because a backhoe hits a power line somewhere nearby your office or a natural disaster or the system didn't stop working in the office. It could be a number of things. So just a good philosophy to add on to the planning for this. That's great. And we do at TechSoup, we've written about disaster planning and in general no matter what your system is, we recommend a 2x2x2. So two copies in two different locations where two different people have access to it. And that doesn't matter what the services or what the technology is, especially for any mission critical data or technologies that you need to have access to. Similar to that, we had a concern raised by participant Brian who mentioned that they deal with a lot of highly confidential information and that their board is really worried about security and hasn't been really comfortable using the cloud or remote access or VPN and letting people connect remotely. How do you recommend that people, well one, are these systems secure? And two, do you have recommendations for helping board members or senior staff sort of get over the hump of fear, get over that concern? Well, I think that's twofold. One, everybody in every company has a certain level of highly sensitive confidential information that they're happy to protect. And I think what most don't do is put in that right security program that says this information is accessed by these people or we secure it this way with these passwords. The cloud services, are they secure? Are they protected? Yes. And you see lots of companies, lots of major Fortune 500 companies are running on them. A lot of the non-profit organizations globally that have operations, ambitions, and developing countries are heavily dependent on these cloud services for transferring that secure data they need to between their offices. You know, for getting a board comfortable with it, I think one of the things that most people forget is your office today with only having information that's stored or on a computer in your organization's office is probably the most insecure place to have it. Because what typically happens, how many people have seen someone copy that file on a thumb drive so they can take it home, work it on their home computer over the weekend, and come back for the Monday morning's meeting and bring back yet another thumb drive. Once that file was transferred to that thumb drive, it's now completely insecure. Anybody could get it, it could be lost, stolen, and then that information has been transferred yet to another machine to be worked on. So I think people forget, and particularly when they're trying to be so sensitive, is the natural behaviors in your organization today by making it so tight and so hard to access. You almost force people to do some workarounds that really make your organization insecure rather than helping them get a very structured way that they could do that and bring their information securely access information, retain the information. And most importantly, make sure that the organization has it so that if an employee leaves for a negative reason or you're forced to remove somebody from your organization, you still have that information. It's not been lost, it's not been damaged. Great. And we have a couple of people who commented while you were chatting too and just mentioning things like HIPAA, which is the Health Insurance Information and Portability Accountability, Something Act that many organizations, if you deal with client data that's sensitive, you have to follow these different standards. And another one, FERPA, if you work in education with students that you have to be keeping track of where that data and that sensitive client information or student information lives, and that these systems are built much more securely these days than what like you mentioned, Brent, that much more securely than what the servers on your site usually are kept up to speed with. So I would agree with that point that particularly for smaller organizations, the cloud is probably many times more secure than what you're doing on site. Unless you have a really dedicated IT staff that's working to keep that updated and maintained and encrypted and all of those things all the time, we don't have a server farm in most smaller organizations. So that's a great point. Let's see, we also have a comment I think that's useful from Dendra who makes the comment that with a virtual board that she can track exactly who has looked at what. So when she lets people access things virtually, she can see who's been in and what's been looked at and what's been opened. So that I think is pretty helpful in order to keep those legal requirements for things like HIPAA or FERPA in line. And most systems, if you are setting them up as an organization, the person who's the administrator for it usually has the audit rights to see who's been into the information. When the last time was checked, who did it last, who saved on it last? And some of them keep multiple versions so they can't necessarily write over the last stored version. And so those are things that as you think about it, there are some really great benefits but it's all about building up that policy and finding out the best way that it works for your organization. And do you have recommendations either of you, Matt or Brent, or examples of what a policy would look like that we could point people to? Maybe we can share in the follow-up resources if you have any for bring your own device policy or for allowing people to connect with their mobile devices to your network. Any recommendations for policies on that? I think what we'd like to do, and again instead of going into a lot of those details and references on the webinar, if we could follow up, maybe the follow-up from this is a little few hours delayed over the typical so that we can pull together some more deep data for folks to use as they start looking at their strategies and developing their strategies and have references and information in there that they can pull from readily. We can send that to everybody who's on the call or put it up on TechSoup as well. That would be great. And I think we typically send out the follow-up email later the same day and I think we'll hold off until tomorrow. So you'll get that follow-up email with the presentation and the links and everything sometime tomorrow instead. We also have some questions. So for Anthony he asks, can I give employees access to only portions of files without opening up the whole network to them? So people are connecting remotely? Yes, you definitely can. And I think even from a basic Citrix remote access server client that you can put onto your server or if you're using a cloud-based one, you can give permissions. Even Dropbox allows you to give permissions by file, by folder, or by sections. So what's the nice part is that most of these cloud-based systems have become very end-user friendly. So I always joke and say, if my mother can do it and she's in her mid-70s now and can figure it out intuitively, most people can. And it's a great thing because it really relieves A, the organization for how to have a dedicated resource, and B, it also makes people more willing to use it when they feel comfortable being able to do it themselves. And that, just to add one more thing onto that. So in looking at the whole picture, so we're looking at a lot of questions around files and storage and security. There's the shared information of the organization. So obviously that needs to be part of the plan. But then the communications pieces as well. And those can be handled the same way so that there's an administrator for that system. And that administrator has the ability to minimize or maximize the features, the types of things that people in the organization can see. And if you did both of these on a premise-based solution, it's going to be less secure and more susceptible to issues than if it was a cloud-based system that's going to have more features, it's going to have more availability, and it will have a much more strict, you know, somebody like Dropbox getting hacked versus somebody's 10-person office, you know, the firewall for Dropbox is a mile high. You know, it's about two feet high for a small office because you just can't apply the resources and the same staffing and the same checks and balances that organizations put into place. And this stuff has grown up very, very quickly to where it's definitely a great solution for everybody. That's great to know. We had a couple of other questions before we wrap up. So Dendra asked, you know, are we talking a little bit and what could the implications be around FCC's proposal to allow the two-tiered speed access? And so this is looking at Internet providers and their ability or inability to hear how we allow access and speed to the users who are subscribing so that would allow Verizon, for example, to have a faster speed and a slower speed that they meter out depending on what you subscribe to, for example. What impact could that have on nonprofits who are moving more to the cloud and moving more mobile? And should they be concerned about that? Yes, they should be concerned about that. In a minute or two, I don't know that I can cover 100 years of history and why it's important, but I'll very quickly just kind of round it that all major communications, whether it's the phone, TV, radio, newspaper, media, you know, have all faced the same sort of consolidation and segmentation that is going on in these proceedings. We're not political and we're not taking sides in this, but what I would say is there has been a ton of vlogging and tweeting that TechSoup has been doing, the Better World Wireless, and many other folks. The public comments, what I would do is definitely file a comment with the FCC, and that's a very, I think it's FCC.gov slash comments or comment. I think they've had a record number of comments on this issue over any other issue that they've ever had, so the public's woken up to it. It's very important because what it does is potentially create slower lanes in the Internet for those who aren't going to pay, and so right now there's one lane and everybody's driving very hastily and funnily through that lane. This would open up the door for that extra lane to be put in place. So it's something that every consumer, every person, not just nonprofits, not for-profits, it's something we all should participate in and really welcome you to become as informed everybody on this call to be as informed as you can because it's truly one of those things that touches everybody in America. Well, and that is a good way for us to wrap up today's session. Thank you both so much for sharing this great information with us. You can continue the conversation at our community forums. We have a mobile and wireless community forum where you can continue to ask questions and find answers and share your expertise. We would also invite you to join us for upcoming webinars, which it was mentioned in the chat window, but I'll mention it again here that we are starting a series on mobile specifically targeting libraries. So if you are joining us today from a library and want to know more about Welcoming Mobile at your library and involving your programming and how to work with the communities of patrons that are coming to you, then definitely check out that series that's coming up. We chatted the link out, but we also have a couple of the upcoming ones highlighted here on this slide. We also have a webinar next week on writing earth-changing emails to attract more donors. And then we will be talking about the sharing economy, companies like Airbnb and Uber and others and what the nonprofit sector's role can be in those. And then also we will be looking at how to better captivate and engage your constituents with your website on July 31. So please check out these and more at TechSoup.org slash community slash events-webinars. And you'll get a link including all of these links and follow-up tomorrow. Lastly, I'd like to go ahead and thank ReadyTalk, our webinar platform that we've been using today. They provide the use of this platform so we can provide these webinars on a weekly basis. I'd like to thank Dulcy for her help on the back end. And thank you again to Brent and Matt for your support and participation today. Thank you so much everyone. Please take a moment when the window closes to complete the post-event survey so that we can continue to improve our webinar program. Thanks everyone. Have a terrific day.


Let me start in the so far we discussed the voltage source inverter. Power is coming from the solar side to the DC link and that power I can connect it to the grid, sorry that power I can feed it to the grid. If there is a spare capacity, this inverter can supply Q to the grid as well. It can supply both P as well as Q. Now, how to determine P? Now, let us see instead of doing the inverter theory, I will briefly discuss, I will briefly derive the expression for power. The vector representation of instantaneous three-phase quantities, what we again the definition of space vector itself, three current vectors I can generate as the one vector, what is known as a space vector. This is these are the in-phase component and this is the quadrature component. Similarly, therefore I alpha I beta, this is I 0, do not worry why exactly why 0, that is because if I know, see I can get I alpha I beta or the d axis and q axis components. See alpha d axis and q axis component or x axis and y axis components I can get from I a, I b, I c. See here, if I know I a, I b, I c I can get I alpha I beta. Now, if I know I alpha I beta, how can I get I a, I b, I c? Looks like this is a non-singular matrix. So, what do I need to do? I need to add a third row, need to have a square matrix. So, that is the reason we have added this third row, do not get into finer details. So, if I know I a, I b, I c I can get I alpha I beta. Similarly, voltages if I know V a, V b, V c I can get I can get e alpha and e beta or e x, e x and e y or e d or e q. So, these are the d and q axis components of current. These are d and q components of voltage. What is the expression for power in terms of, what is the expression for power in terms of this d and q components? See, we know that expression for instantaneous power is given by V a, I a plus V b, I b plus V c, I c. So, I will substitute for V a, I a, V b, I b, V c, I c in terms of alpha beta components and these alpha beta components I can get from these, the previous two matrices. And I will simplify expression for power, instantaneous power is given by 3 by 2 into e alpha, I alpha plus e beta, I beta. X axis component of voltage, x axis component of current, y axis component of voltage, y axis component of current. So, in vector form this is nothing but the dot product itself e alpha, alpha plus e beta, I beta. Similarly, I can derive the expression for q, the reactive power, the reactive power, that I can, what is reactive power? See, V s is the space vector, voltage space vector, I s is the current space vector. The expression for power is V s, I s, cos of the angle between, cos of the angle between V s and I s and reactive power is V s, I s into sin of the angle between of V s and I s, that is the expression for power and reactive power.  And similarly, reactive power V s, I s into sin phi in terms of alpha beta components is e alpha, I beta minus e beta, I alpha. This is the expression for q, this is the expression for q, where e alpha is the d axis component of the voltage, I beta is the y axis component of the current, e beta is the y axis component of the voltage, I alpha is the x axis component of the current. So, it is possible to determine the q supplied by the inverter using these expressions, using this expression and p using this expression V s, I s into cos phi, little bit of simple theory. Now, change of reference frame, why are we doing this? There are few very good advantages, I will tell you the advantages. See, I have had 3 phase voltages here, at 3 phase voltages 50 hertz, what did we do? We converted them into alpha beta components, x axis and y axis components. If the frequency of I a, I b, I c is 50 hertz, the frequency of I alpha and I beta is also 50 hertz, if we just converted I a half of I b half of I c root 3 by 2 I b root 3 by 2 and I c. So, I am just multiplying by a constant term. So, there is no change in the frequency, frequency will remain the same. So, frequency of I a, I b, I c if it is 50 hertz, I alpha I beta also 50 hertz. If their frequency change in a very narrow band, that is what happens in the grid, I alpha I beta frequency also will change accordingly. Now, what I will do is, I will transform, so what did I do? 3 phase stationary frame, with respect to some stationary, remember it is 50 hertz. What I will do is, I will transfer this 3 phase to 2 phase alpha beta and from this 3 phase, 2 phase alpha beta frame 2, what is known as a frame which is rotating at, which is rotating at the synchronous speed. This is rotating at synchronous speed. At that time, what happens? This 50 hertz frame will appear as if it is stationary. So, I had 50 hertz current, 3 phase current, I converted into 2 phase 50 hertz current and if I transform, if I transform them to a rotating frame, which is rotating, a frame which is rotating at omega s, I get d c currents. So, this is why am I doing this? I will tell you. Now, first let us worry about how to convert or how to convert this 2 phase current, which are referred to the stationary frame to a frame which is rotating at omega s. See here, d s and q s are stationary or this I can call as x and y or alpha beta d s and d s, q s are stationary. Whereas, d r and q r, they are rotating at omega s at the synchronous speed, continuously changing. In other words, theta s is changing with respect to time. So, in this to this reference frame, stationary reference frame, frequency of current is 50 hertz. Since this frame itself is rotating at synchronous speed, the currents will appear as if they are d c current, d c currents. How do I transform? It is very simple. I will resolve these 2 components along d s and q s. Now, see here, what is d r component? The d r component is d s into d s into cos theta s. Similarly, similarly q s into sin theta s, the d x is d r component. What is the q r component? The quadrature, I have to resolve this d r, this d s and q s vector along d r and q r. If it is confusing, what you do is, you resolve d r and q r along d s and q s and invert it. That is all. Simple. So, you will get this matrix cos theta s sin theta s minus sin theta s into cos theta s. So, if I know d s and q s, if I know d s and q s, I can convert into d r and q r if I know theta s. If I know how to get this theta s, we will find out. That is the crux of the problem. So, I will repeat. If I know, I can d s and q s are known. When I know I a, I b, I c, when I know I a, I b, I c, I can get d s and q s or I can get alpha s and beta s. Nothing is just a constant multiplication 1 minus of minus of root 3 by 2 and root minus root 3 by 2. I can get d s and q s. Now, if I know theta s, assume that we know theta s, I can get d r and q r. The d r and q r, nothing but a frame which is rotating at synchronous p or synchronously rotating reference frame, synchronously rotating reference frame. These currents will become d c. Now, all this time we found that we have discussed that inverter can supply active power, it can supply reactive power. Assume that inverter has to supply active power to the grid at unity power factor. The k v rating should be equal to kilowatt. You have chosen, you have a 10 kilo k b i inverter and power that is coming from the solar cell is also approximately 10 kilowatt. So, in other words, your inverter has to operate at unity power factor or you want to operate the inverter at unity power factor. V s and I s should be in phase. This V s and I s should be in phase. How do I make that angle phi s 0? This phi 0. How do I make this phi 0? I want to feed the power to the grid at unity power factor.  All these assumptions that we made, we will try to find out. In the sense, are they valid assumptions or are this assuming? I told you that previous case here theta s is known. Assume that theta s is known. So, in other words, at any given instant d r and q r are known. This theta s is continuously changing. That frame is continuously rotating. So, what I will make is I will make this V s vector, V s vector I will align it along d r. What we will do is this V s vector is aligned along d r. In other words, V s vector does not have a q axis component. It has only a d r. For any power factor phi I s is making an angle, this angle with V s. I want to feed or the criteria here is power fed to the grid should be at unity power factor. In other words, this angle should be 0. What do I need to make? I need to make this q component 0. I need to make this q component 0. If I make q component 0, V s and I s are in phase. In other words, we are feeding power to the grid at unity power factor. In addition, if there is a spare capacity and if you want to supply q as well, then I have to have a finite angle between V s and I s. How to determine this finite angle? So, what are the various steps that are required now? V s and I s. So, I have to transform these space vectors to the synchronous irrotating reference frame. How do I to do that before? I have to convert it to a two phase stationary currents and these two stationary two phase stationary currents I can get from a three phase currents just by multiplying by constant terms.  Transform all the variables to the synchronous irrotating reference frame. Fundamental components of V and I will become d c. See, when I transform them to the synchronous irrotating reference frame, the 50 hertz component, they become d c. If there are higher frequency components, if there are higher frequency components, they appear as if, how do they appear? It looks something like this. See, if your harmonic spectrum has a 50 hertz component and I say 11th, 13th, any frequency component no problem. If the reference frame is rotating at 50 hertz, this component will appear as if it is a d c and this 11th frequency component and 13th frequency component will appear as if it is a high frequency component on the d c. This is rotating there at 11th. So, 50 has become stationary. So, 11th may appear as if it is a appears as 500 hertz, 13 may appear as if it is a 600 hertz. So, what I will do? I will give this to a small low pass filter.  I will get a constant d c and this d c value corresponds to this 50 hertz component. Now, the question is how to get this value of theta s or in other words, how do I generate the reference? This is the question. This grid frequency does change for a very narrow band. How do I generate this reference waveform? See, even if I use a sinusoidal PWM technique, I have to generate 3 sinusoids whose frequency is same as that of the supply. We are discussing now how to synchronize the inverter to the grid. Now, I said we have to use the pulse width modulation technique. It could be a sinusoidal PWM technique or it could be a space-wetter PWM technique. Sinusoidal PWM technique, I need to generate 3 sinusoids. The output voltage of the inverter is proportional to proportional to m into v d c. I will assume that v d c remains constant. Therefore, output voltage is proportional to m. Now, see the problem. Power transferred to the grid is v 1 v 2 divided by x into sin delta. v 1 is the grid voltage. v 2 is the output voltage of the inverter. v 1 frequency does change over a very narrow band. As this frequency changes, this frequency also should change. So, in other words, both of them should be in synchronism plus this delta. What is this delta? Delta is the angle between v 1 and v 2. In other words, if v 2 is supplying power, I am assuming that v 2 is supplying power, v 2 should lead v 1 by an angle delta. I can measure this angle only when these two frequencies are same. Frequency of these two sinusoidal is the same. I just cannot generate 50 at sinusoidal because frequency of the grid also changes over a very narrow band. So, as this frequency changes, I need to change the frequency as well of v 2 and v 2 frequency is nothing but the frequency of the modulating wave in a sinusoidal p-dolm technique or the frequency of the space vector v s. How do I generate? How do I generate the modulating wave for a sinusoidal p-dolm technique? There are two methods. One is the hardware method and the software method. Hardware method is basically outdated, but those who are good in hardware they can do, but then there is another software method as well. See here, frequency over a narrow band. How will you do it? P L L through hardware, phase locked loop through hardware. What I will do is, this is a source. What I will do is, I have three sinusoid from the source using a zero crossing detector. A zero crossing detector, I will convert this is a sinusoid voltage of the source to a square wave. So, as if the frequency of the sinusoid is changing, the frequency of the square wave also will change. In addition, I will digitize a sine wave into n number of parts. n could be anything, either 2 1's, 2 5 6's or 5 1 2 or 1 0 2 4 or 2 0 4 8 k whatever, 2 k 3 k whatever. If it is 10 0 2 4 parts, in other words what I am saying is this entire period is divided into 2 4 parts. So, the resolution is going to be 1 0 into 2 4 parts. I will divide them, sorry I am in the white board is it not. I will divide this entire period into 1 0 2 4 parts and I will store it in EEPROM. I will store it in EEPROM. In this EEPROM, there are 1 0 2 4 steps of sine wave. Now, I have to address that EEPROM. How do I address? To address, I need to have a counter. Counter requires a clock. How do I generate this clock frequency? So, if I address this 1 0 2 4 parts, if I address this 1 0 2 4 parts in one cycle, I can get a sinusoid, I can get a sinusoid whose frequency is same as that of the supply voltage. See, I have digitized a sine wave and stored in an EEPROM. Output of the EEPROM is connected to a DAC. This EEPROM has to be addressed. That I will use through a counter. Here I am using a 10 bit counter because it is a 1 0 2 4 1 k EEPROM. If I divide this EEPROM into 2 56 parts, then I need an 8 bit counter. Counter requires a clock. This I will generate using a PLL. What is a PLL? At any given time, these 2 waveforms are in synchronization. Frequency of this is the same. What I will convert this is a sine wave using a step down transformer. Convert it to a square wave. I get a square wave here. The phase comparator, a voltage controlled oscillator and a divide by n counter. At any given time, these 2 waveforms are in synchronism. I am using PLL as a multiplier. I am using a PLL as a multiplier. I will divide this parts into 1 0 2 4. This entire 360 into 1 0 2 4 parts. That I can do it using a PLL. PLL as a multiplier. Here at this point, I have 50 or no f 1 into 50. Why f 1? f 1 is the frequency of the supply. That waveform is divided by n. Here I have f itself. I can generate a sinusoid. I can generate a sinusoid whose frequency is same as that of the supply. I will use this as a modulating wave. For power transfer, angle between this sinusoid and this sinusoid should be delta. Say for example, angle between these 2 sinusoid should be 5 degrees. What do I do? At this 0 crossing, I need to address a location which is equal to sine 5, sine 5 degrees. I will repeat. Angle between these 2 should be 5 degrees. I know the 0 crossing of this. At the 0 crossing, I need to address a from here whose location, to a location wherein sine 5 degrees address and I will go on increasing from there. Therefore, I have generated a sinusoid which leads the source voltage by an angle 5 degrees. That 5 angles happen to be delta. If delta is around 10 degrees, yes, I need to address at the 0 crossing to a value which has in which I have stored sine 10 degrees. So, this is how I generate 3 modulating waves. This modulating wave, the frequency of this modulating wave is the same as that of the supply frequency. As the frequency changes, the frequency of the sinusoid also changes and depending upon the delta, who decides delta, I will tell you. At the 0 crossing, depending upon the delta, at the 0 crossing, I need to address that location in a NEPROM. Therefore, as of now, we have found a way to generate the modulating waves for a sinusoidal p-dol-M technique whose frequency is same as that of the supply. If the frequency of the supply changes, modulating wave form also will change and depending upon the delta, I can generate this sinusoidal p-dol-M. So, the answer to Baramati is, I think as of now, we have tried to generate, we have managed to generate this source VAB whose frequency is same as that of source voltage V1. How did we achieve? That we achieved by generating a modulating wave whose frequency is determined by the supply frequency. The frequency of V2 is determined by the frequency of the modulating wave and we have generated the modulating wave using the 0 crossing output of the source voltage and we have divided this part into 1024 parts using a PLL phase locked loop. At any given time, at any given time, the frequency of those both the signals is the same. So, we have generated three phase sinusoids whose frequency is same as that of the modulating wave and if I know delta, that I can incorporate here. So, that should answer the so-called, so that should answer the question which is being asked repeatedly as to how to connect this inverter to the grid, software approach. What is known as a harmonic oscillator? I will quickly do this harmonic oscillator. Very simple. I do not know whether I will be able to, so this is the hardware method of generating using a software method. Will I be able to do it today? I do not know, but the philosophy is the same. Harmonic oscillator is the x dot is equal to omega into y and y dot is equal to minus omega into x, where omega is the instantaneous frequency of the harmonic oscillator. Under this condition, what is x and y? x is sin omega t and y is cos omega t. x dot is equal to y and y dot is equal to minus omega x. Now, I have two differential equation, I will solve them. What is this? So, if x is equal to sin omega t, what is x dot? x dot is equal to omega into cos omega t. Cos omega t, it is happen to be y. So, here is that x dot is equal to omega into y. y is cos omega t. See, what is y? y dot, y dot is equal to omega into minus sin omega t, but sin omega t happen to be x of t. So, therefore y dot is equal to minus omega into x. See, here is an implementation. y dot integrated, I will get y. y into omega is x dot. x dot integrated, you will get x of t. This is nothing but x dot, n plus 1 over n omega t. So, now comes the control loop. Now, I am going to how to determine what, how much p to supply and how much q to supply. I will go back to this block diagram. The power is coming from the solar side, from the solar panel. MPPT is the only one knows the power. It draws the maximum power, dumps it to the DC link and the inverter has to supply the power to the grid. In other words, inverter controller, I will repeat, it is the inverter controller has to choose the suitable value of delta. I am assuming that both modulation index also I am keeping constant and VDC also has to be regulated. If V1 and V2 remain constant, power output depends on, power output is just proportional to sin delta, where delta is the angle between V1 and V2. So, if I know delta, see if I know delta, I can generate the modulating wave whose frequency is same as that of the supply and the phase angle difference between V1 and V2 is delta. See, if I know delta, I can generate, I can incorporate this delta in my control circuit and that control circuit will generate a sinusoid which is phase displaced by that angle with respect to the supply. But the question is now how to determine delta? Who will tell me or how the controller will know to choose the exact value of delta? Now, assume that controller does not know to choose the appropriate value of delta, what will happen? Either delta could be higher than the required or it could be less than the required. If it is higher than required, inverter is supplying, inverter is supplying, trying to supply more power than what it is coming from the solar panel. I will repeat, the controller has chosen a wrong value of delta and that delta happens to be higher than the required. So, under that condition, inverter is trying to supply more power than what it is coming from or the power is coming from the DC, from the solar side. Under that condition, what happens? There is, we have one more storage stage that capacitor. It is trying to supply power because at any given time, there should be a power balance. If the output power is higher than the input power, in other words, inverter is trying to supply more power than what it is, what the power coming from the DC side. Capacitor starts supplying power. Under that condition, capacitor voltage starts falling. Instead, if the power supplied is less than the power output from the solar, the remaining power has to go to the capacitor. If the power supplied by the inverter is less than power output from the solar panel, the difference in these two powers has to go to the capacitor. Under that condition, capacitor voltage starts increasing. If there is a perfect balance between input and output, capacitor voltage will remain constant. So, what I will do is, I am not bothered about what is the output of the maximum power tracker. I will try to regulate the DC link voltage that is all. If I am able to do that, I have achieved the perfect power balance. In other words, the inverter is supplying whatever the power that is coming from the DC, from the solar panel to the grid. Of course, I am neglecting the losses or if I take the losses into account, power transferred to the grid is power coming from the solar minus the losses that are taking place. So, if I am able to regulate the DC link voltage, if I am able to regulate the DC link voltage, I have achieved the perfect power balance and I have achieved or the controller has chosen the right value of delta. So, if I know the right value of delta using the hardware PLL, using the hardware PLL, we are able to generate a modulating wave which is displaced by an angle delta and whose frequency is same as that of the supply. As the degree of frequency changes, supply frequency also will change. So, as of now, the two burning questions in the sense repeatedly being asked, how do I synchronize? Yes, using a hardware PLL, we are able to do it. How to use a software PLL, we will see. I will not be able to cover today, maybe tomorrow. How to supply P? That I have answered. Now, assuming that there is a spare capacity and inverter can supply Q, how to do that? Over at night, there is no insulation at all. There is no active power input from the solar. How do I do that? I will take the second case first and then we will discuss both P and Q together. At night, there is no active power input. There is no active power input. We know that inverter can supply any Q. Any Q as long as it is less than the required. To do that, this inverter has to draw some power from the grid.  Now, the modulating wave has to lag the source voltage by an angle delta, because the direction of power flow has changed. In other words, now V1 is here, V2 and this delta. Delta is very small just to account for losses. What is the Q to be supplied by the inverter? Who will tell what should be the Q? There are two ways. One is if it is just supplying Q to the load, I will assume that there is a separate controller, which will tell, which informs this controller of the inverter to supply the required amount. Or if it has to supply Q to the grid, how to determine the exact value, how to determine that value of that Q? By the way, how to determine the required value of Q to the grid? How to determine the Q required by the grid? How do I determine? In the previous case, we regulated the DC link voltage. If I am able to regulate the DC link voltage, I have achieved perfect balance and I am transferring the required power to the grid. Now, how to supply the required power, required Q to the grid? What I will do is, now I will take the grid voltage or the voltage at the coupling point. I will take the voltage at the coupling point and take it as a reference. This is the grid voltage as the reference. This is the actual grid voltage plus minus delta. Sorry, this is the error. I will give it to a PI regulator. What is the output of the PI regulator? What it will be? It is the Q required, Q required. Output of the PI regulator is going to be the Q regulator. Why? That is because at steady state error is 0. At steady state error is 0 of the PI regulator because I am using a PI regulator. If error is 0, it implies that the actual grid voltage is actual grid voltage is equal to the reference. But if there is an error, there is a mismatch between the required value and the actual value. If this grid voltage is higher than the reference value, Q supplied by the inverter is more than the required. If the grid voltage is less than the required, the Q supplied by the inverter is less than is required. Here I am making assumption that inverter has the capacity supply the entire Q. So, using this loop, I will take grid voltage as the reference. Sorry, the required grid voltage to be maintained at a particular value. This is the reference voltage. Error, PI regulator, this will give Q required by the grid. In the previous case, I will keep the DC link sum reference, actual DC link plus minus error, a PI regulator and delta. This is the DC link voltage that has to be maintained at a particular reference value. Actual DC link that is measured. Error is processed by a PI regulator. Output of the PI regulator will determine delta. Why? Why it is delta? That is because at steady state, this error has to be 0 and that can happen only when there is a perfect power balance. In other words, error is 0 and error implies actual DC link voltage is equal to the reference. So, the inverter is supplying, inverter is supplying the correct amount of power to the grid. Whatever that is coming from the solar, it is transferring to the grid. So, I will stop here. I will take a few questions. The software PLL, I will discuss it in my next lecture. That is tomorrow and from tomorrow onwards, I will also start the modification that we need to make in already discussed DC to DC converters and the inverters. Any questions? Baramati, are you, is it clear how to synchronize the inverter to the grid? If it is not clear, now I will explain to you again. Feel free. There are so many questions being asked. How to synchronize, how to, yesterday there was a question from COEP. How to, how the inverter can supply both P and Q? I have answered, if it is, if it is not clear, I will explain to you again. Yeah, Baramati back. Yeah. Sir, question is once again. Space vector PWM. Sir, in case of that space vector PWM, if we open all switches for the required dead time, will it do? In the sense, I do not know. You can either apply 0, 0, 0 or 1, 1, 1 for 0 voltage vector. But another condition is at any given time, only one switch should be turned on or off. This see, by the way, this is a very basic space vector PWM technique. There are a lot of modifications that have been done. I am discussing the very basic PWM technique. It says at any given time, only one switch should be turned on or off. Now, at t is equal to 0, you have to start. So, you have to start from the origin. All of them are off. Then I have to apply 0, 0, 1, then 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 and come back. So, you may not be able to start directly from 1, 1, 1 and come here. So, it all depends on your previous state. You can either make it all 0 or make it all 1 provided. You need to know the previous state. If the previous state is 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, then you can do 1, 1, 1. Previously, see, at any given time, you are at the origin, it could be either 0, 0, 0 or 1, 1, 1. Now, if you are 0, 0, 0, 0, do not you think you have to start from here, go there and come back. So, opening all the switches will not do. No, no, no. I will not say that. How can I possibly say that opening all this will not do? What is your initial state? Have you turned?   No, that you need to know. What is your control algorithm? Assuming that all of them are off, you have 0, 0, 0. Next logical step is 0, 0, 1. If all of them are 1, then I think you have to go for 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1 and come back. I told you T 1 can be applied any time, T 2 can be applied any time, but then total sum of and they can be divided as well. So, if you have disabled the inverter or in the initial state is 1, 1, 1, all of them you have turned on, you have to come from 0, 1, 1 and 0, 0, 1. It is not only the whether to apply 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, you need to know the conducting state of the, you need to know the previous state as well. Is that answers your question? What exactly is exactly your doubt? Why are you, what is your main doubt? Sir, in case of implementing the dead band. Implementing the dead band. Dead band has nothing to do with the PWM technique. Dead band has nothing to do with the PWM technique. It is a, that you require because the voltage source inverter. Dead band, if it is IGBT, you provide around 3 to 4 microseconds that you provide. You provide 3 to 4 microseconds of dead time. Do not bother about whether you are in 0, 0, 0 or 1, 1, 1. You have a dead band of 3 to 4 microseconds. You want to make it, you want to complete, eliminate dead band. I would not suggest that to do. Please do not do that. No, I would not be eliminating. I want to implement dead band. So, that is why I am asking whether it is possible. How are you, how are you implementing the dead time in a hardware? How are you implementing this dead time through hardware? Software, DSP, processor. Then, yes, you have to, you may have to add up. In the sense, is there a control? Why are you increasing the software overheads? See the complexity that is involved. Why cannot you, of course, I am not saying that it is not possible to incorporate these 3 microseconds, whether the DSP has the time to do all this. You have to incorporate 3 microseconds, whether the DSP has time or not. I do not want to get into those issues either through hardware or software. You have to, you have to, you have to and I do not think it is depend on 0, 0, 0 or 1, 1, 1. It is a switching instant of switches belong to one leg and I am not able to understand exact point. You send me an email, I will try to answer that. One second, how to choose the gain? No, no, no. How to choose the gain of the controller? You have to do the system modeling, simulate and you have to choose the gain. The question is how to choose the gains of the PI controller? You have to do the system modeling, then you have to get the transfer function. Now, you have to choose, you can choose the values of gain. Once you have the transfer function, yes, by doing the stability studies, you can choose. For that, you need to do the modeling and simulation. Apply low possibility to alumina harmonics for high power rating. Will it affect our efficiency or not? A, B, B, C, what is the question? I am not able to understand. What efficiency are you talking about? Sir, in previous section, we are seeing ability to eliminate the harmonics. We are applying a low pass filter. It will eliminate our harmonics for 500 hertz and 600 hertz frequency. But in solar panel, we are getting only low power. So, for that low power device, if we are applying a filter, it will take its own reactive losses. So, then how can we manage this? No, no, please. Now, you are totally, which low pass filter you are talking about? No, you misunderstood. I told you, the question to you is how to get this synchronous rotating reference frame. Once you get the synchronous rotating reference frame, I told you, all the components of, all the components or the fundamental component will become DC, rest will appear as high frequency AC. If I want to see, I have to generate a modulating wave or whatever reference wave, which is a sinusoid. I need to generate three pure sinusoids. How do I generate three pure sinusoids? How do I generate three pure sinusoids? If your waveform has harmonics, how do I generate? If the waveform has harmonics, how do I generate a pure sinusoid? If your waveform has harmonics, how do I generate pure sinusoid? Assume that grid… So, it is not possible if it contains harmonics. If has harmonics, fundamental component will appear as DC, all the harmonic components will appear high frequency. Now, this DC component corresponds to the fundamental frequency. I want only the fundamental component. I want to know only the fundamental component. How do I do? I have to put a low pass filter in the control circuit, not in the power circuit, in the control circuit, not in the power circuit, not in the power circuit. In the control circuit, I have to put a low pass filter. Efficiency, what efficiency? In the sense, losses of this resistor, this may be, this I am doing in a control circuit, not in power circuit. Sir, one more questions. Sir, in DC to DC converter, the voltage gets boosted up and the current gets dropped. There is a decrease in current. So, how do we deal that current when we are connecting it to an inverter, sir? Ma'am, it is a power balance. Power balance, do not confuse about voltage current. There is a solar panel, there is a solar panel. You have boosted, there is some voltage, but there is some current coming. So, energy is being stored in the capacitor. It has to go to the inverter and have to feed it to the grid. It is a power that should be balanced. P in should be equal to P out, assuming losses or neglect in the losses, neglect in the losses. How do I achieve? If I am controlling this voltage, see some reference, say 800 volts I want to keep. So, 800 volts is the reference and this is the actual DC link voltage. I will measure this. This is the actual plus, minus, error, P i, this is delta. At steady state, error is 0. So, at steady state, if error is, that can happen only when V actually is regulated at 800. So, under that condition, whatever the P, so capacitor is not supplying any power, so whatever the power that is coming is going out. So, I have achieved the power balance. I am not saying that converter is, if, so power balance is P out is nothing but V 1, V 2 divided by X into sin delta. I have chosen the right value of delta. If there is a mismatch of something, that will reflect in the actual DC link voltage. If there is a mismatch of power, DC link voltage has to change. If it is not changing, there is a power balance. Now, why worry when the voltage is high, currents are low, when the currents are low, when the currents is high, voltage is low? You talk about that. Is that okay? What are the parameters to be considered while selection of inductor in the bidirectional converter? One parameter is, one parameter is the harmonic current generated by the inverter. If the inverter, if the grid voltage is assumed to be sinusoidal, we cannot generate, we cannot generate an ideal sine wave from the inverter. We cannot generate. The inverter has its, the output voltage wave form of the inverter has its own harmonic spectrum. That is given by the switching frequency. This is fundamental and depending upon the p-dolium strategy, you will have a predominant harmonic. This is the equivalent circuit for the fundamental frequency. Now, I have to find out what is the current supplied to the grid by this harmonic. What is the harmonic equivalent circuit? It is, there is no harmonic voltage in the grid. So, it is 0. So, this is the magnitude of the harmonic. This is the impedance offered by this inductor for this harmonic. So, I n is equal to V n divided by n into omega 1 into x, sorry, into l. So, finally, you know what should be the THD that is given by the standard. So, one of the ways is to determine. So, that will determine your value of l. If your switching frequency is low, depending upon the p-dolium strategies, this magnitude is determined, magnitude gets fixed. It is approximately DC link voltage itself. It depends on a p-dolium strategy. Depending upon the p-dolium strategy, you will know the frequency of the predominant harmonic. Therefore, you know n as well as V n. The standards will tell you what should be the total THD. So, once I know THD, the various harmonic components also will be determined and therefore, l. That is one of the ways. Other way, when you do the current control, there are other methods also. Other parameters also will determine the value of, will affect the value of l that I will discuss later. Maybe, I think time is running out.