From Munich, my friend, Anja, Siemermann. Hi, Anja. Can you hear us? Yeah, you can probably hear us, but we don't hear you. Okay. Okay. Now it works. Hi. Ah, now it works. Hi. How are you? Good. Good. How are you? Anja is a tech transfer professional with Asinion. Asinion is formally a private company that manages intellectual property for a number of research institutions in Germany. And Anja particularly is the person in charge for equity management. So she deals with startups and spin-off, negotiating for equity position, managing the portfolio of startups, and then discussing exits and all these funding activities that typically venture capital do, but she does it internally for Asinion. Anja will talk about the journey from research to patent. Anja herself is a scientist, by the way, by education, even if she holds an MBA.  So Anja, without further ado, we leave the floor to you for your contribution. Thank you for being here today somehow. So thank you for the kind introduction, and thank you for inviting me to give a talk.  So yeah, as Masi already said, I am supposed to say something about how to get from research to patent. Now I'm just connecting the clicker. It does work. So yeah, I was asked to say a little bit about the company I'm working for to hopefully to explain why I hope to be capable of giving this talk is all it at all. Then a short introduction to what is IP actually, and then how to get from an invention to a patent. And I would like to finish if there is still time with a few success stories. Okay, so let's start. The company I'm working for, Asinian, is in operation since 2001. And it was initiated by public institutions, and we are ISO 9101 certified. Now our goal is actually to bring research into application, which also can be seen in our mission. Our official mission is advancing technology into application. And of course that goes together with securing our partner institutes IP, which I will mainly talk about today, but also realizing financial returns, actually making money out of this research. And the money we make in the end goes back to the partner institutes and goes back to research. At a glance, currently working for 26 life science institutes, not only in Germany, but also in Austria and some other countries, European countries. During the time we're in operation, so more than 20 years, there were 18 products brought to market, 32 products under development, and everyone of you who works in the life science field, which we are already working in, knows that there's bringing a product therapeutic, a diagnostic or a METEC product into market is both costly and time consuming. So we're quite happy about that. And we had or have equity in 58 companies. And that results in the end in more than 110 million in revenues for research or returns for research. That's us. We all almost all have a background in biology or other natural science. We have some lawyers as you, well, you cannot get by without lawyers these days, so you need a few of them. We are 30 people and yeah, we have seven locations in Germany. You can see them. That's the big red dots and the small red dots, although much bigger than us. That is our clients, which in the end is more than 5,000 scientists. And all these scientists, they do incredible work and they have very, very good ideas. Here we are, how to get from research to a patent. So the question is what is IP? As I just mentioned, all these scientists, they have brilliant ideas. And of course, the question always is what to do with these ideas or creations of mind and intellect IP or intellectual property actually is a legal concept. It means that exclusive rights are recognized for set creations of mind. And wherever there's a legal concept, there of course is also law that makes sure that the creators or the owners of this IP are given exclusive rights and these exclusive rights, they come in different types, which I will discuss a bit more in depth later. For us in tech transfer, patents and trademarks are by far the most important IP rights. So now, if you are an inventor, very often you have an interest to keep the invention secret with academic researchers, of course, that's different as you want to publish. However, quite often, especially if you want to make money from it, you want to maintain your invention secret. The interest of the public, however, is completely opposite. You want to have new technologies, new ideas, new concepts available for the public that other people can pick up those ideas and maybe develop them even further or broaden their knowledge. So what is the solution to that? The solution is a patent in the end. It is a time-limited exclusivity for the inventor. But in exchange for that time-limited exclusivity, you have to disclose your invention to the public. Having said that, I would like to talk about a few ways to protect your IP. One is, of course, trade secrets. The most famous one, probably, the recipe for Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola, the company, they managed to keep this trade secret, actually secret for decades. So it might be a way to go forward, but not for an academic researcher, of course. And even if you have a company or plan to form a company, you have to be careful as somebody might tell the secret and then it's lost. Or, what's even worse, a third party files a patent which might cover your invention and then you, as the inventor, are not even allowed to use it anymore. Then there are copyrights. I think everyone knows about copyrights. They offer very strong protection and they give protection for works of the mind, so to say, for books, for music, for art, but also for scientific publications or computer programs. But this is a protection right where you have to do nothing to gain it. It's just your natural right, so to say. So after trade secrets and copyrights, the question might arise, what actually is the right kind of rights for work technologies? As I said before, we are primarily dealing with patterns on a small, very small scale with utility models of variety protection, but in our day-to-day work that doesn't play a role. There are some un-technical protective rights which we have to deal with. Sometimes that's trademarks. Some of our clients filed a few trademarks, but it's only two or three over all those years. And then designs and copyright. Copyright being more important for software rights. How do you actually get there? How do you get a patent when you have an idea? So as a researcher, if you have a novel idea, created some new material, for example, a new knockout mouse, an antibody. You have new data or discovered a new method. Is it actually an invention? So what we first ask our researchers to do, well, our researchers, yeah, any and they are, we ask them to check the state of the art and then find out is this idea actually new or is it already out there somewhere? And then to ask themselves the data obtained or the idea, is it actually surprising or was it obvious? And then the next question is, could the idea data be used commercially? So that's the first check, which actually I will talk about a bit more later because that's also the requirements for obtaining a patent. And then the next question is, which kind of invention is addressed? Are third parties involved? That's always, or that might be a problem. If there are third parties involved, there always comes the question of ownership who actually owns the patent. And if the scientists, they thought about all these ideas, an invention disclosure should be filed. How that works would require another talk probably with all that stuff about employees, inventions, et cetera, et cetera. So I will not discuss that further a lot. So as I said, once this is done, we think about should a patent actually be filed because it's a lot of work and it costs quite a lot. So technical and economical requirements should be fulfilled first of all. Is the idea, the novel idea patentable? That means is that a chance to get a patent granted, which I will describe in a few minutes. And then what is as important, is it actually patent worthy? That means you might get a patent, but if you cannot make money out of this patent, so why would you actually file one? So is there a market potential? Is there any route to commercial exploitation? Is there any way in the end you might make money from the patent? So that's the two questions actually to be answered. Now to the first one, is the invention patentable? The requirements to obtain a patent, its novelty, inventive step and commercial applicability. Novelty, it's quite easy. It has to be absolutely new, meaning before the day of filing the patent application, the invention cannot be disclosed, nowhere, neither written nor oral, nor as a public use, et cetera, et cetera. And neither by the inventor nor by anyone else. This is crucial for patentability and we always try to educate our scientists to be very, very, very careful with that, meaning no discussions with outsiders, so to say, no talks at conferences, being very careful when submitting a paper because sometimes there is an e-publication before, et cetera, et cetera. So that's really crucial. Next thing is the inventive step, which means that the invention has to be beyond the state of the art. That means when combining the information that's already out there, your invention cannot be obvious. And the question we ask our scientists very often is the solution you had, was it expected, was it part of a standard development, are the results surprising? So that is inventive step and the last requirement is commercial applicability. So that's the possibility to actually use and in the end sell your invention. That's an easy one. When you look what patterns, what kind of patterns were granted, you probably would be surprised to see what kind of inventions were thought to be commercial applicable. There is one, I remember, that's actually a machine which claimed to use, to want to use the centrifugal force with women giving birth to actually get the baby out. So that was a very, very strange, grounded U.S. patent. And if examiners thought there's a commercial applicability for that, then there's commercial applicability for more or less everything. So, and the next, is it worth to patent the invention? What we do is we assess the technology. We try to find out if it would be able to complement technologies, if it is better than non-technologies, if it might contribute to existing portfolios. We try to find out if there is a market and we also try to estimate the expected patenting cost versus potential revenues. To give you an example, you can patent monoclonal antibodies as research tools, not as diagnostics or drugs, that's another story. But as research tools, you can patent them. However, the money you're going to make with them normally is not more than the patenting cost. So we just don't patent them and license them anyhow. So that I think is also quite an important aspect to consider. Okay. So next, when is an invention that's closed? As I said before, novelty is crucial. So all the communications I am listing in this slide, they destroy novelty. That means there shouldn't be any of them before you file a patent. That's something we always discuss with our researchers. We always ask them to file the patent first and publish later, because once it's published, the possibility to get a patent is reduced to zero, unfortunately. And we lost quite a few, not too many unfortunately, but quite a few interesting technologies to that. Now, what actually can be protected by a patent? Actually, anything technical, so to say, that can be compounds or compositions, also uses production processes, procedures and methods, even modified or a lot more, which you can see in this slide. There are also things that actually cannot be protected by a patent, which are scientific theories or discoveries. If NASA discovers a new planet, they cannot patent it. Plants and blueprints, also the human body or parts thereof, and other than in the US clinical therapies. The reason for that is that you don't want a lawyer entering the operating room and be able to stop a procedure. And then, of course, inventions which offend the order of public or are immoral or against the law. If I'd start on the human stem cells debate, we probably wouldn't be finished for another few hours. Now, who owns the right to an invention? I was told that today's audience consists of quite a few researchers. So as a basic principle, of course, the inventor that's you owns the invention. But if you are an employee, you have to disclose the invention to your employer and then the employer will decide or it will be decided whether it is a service invention and then the employer has the right to gain the invention and to retain ownership. And if it's no service invention, then it's free and you're free to do with it what you want. However, just because you always have to disclose your invention to your employer. And once that is established, once all of that is established, who is the owner? Is it patentable? Is the invention patentable? Is the invention patent worthy? You start with a patent application. What we do quite often is we start with a national application. For us, it's mostly German. For you, it might be Italian, probably is Italian. That's relatively cheap. And at least in Germany, I don't know about the Italian patent office. You get a first office action. You get some reply from the examiners within 10 months. And you also can go with a regional application. What we also do quite often, we do a European application. That's one application for 31 contracting states, which is quite nice. And there you get also some preliminary report from the examiners before the first 12 months are over. And then there, of course, is the international patent application. It's called PCT application. That's an option to file a patent or a patent application in a lot of states, as you can see. And the procedure is quite similar. You also get a search and opinion and an examination. And then it will be decided if the patent is granted or not. And there may or may not be opposition proceedings, meaning someone is opposing your patent. With the EP, what we do mostly because the examiners in the European are quite good in the life science field. So you get a search report. That means an opinion, whether your patent is novel, inventive and commercially applicable. And once that is done, the examination starts. That goes back and forth between the patent office and the patent attorney, patent lawyer. And once it's finished, the patent is either a grant or a revocation, meaning you have the patent or you don't. And after grant, as I said, there might or might not be opposition proceedings and the national phase start in some countries, meaning after the European patent is granted, you have to decide in which of those states you actually want a patent and have to go from there. That's kind of the timeline you can see here. You start with a priority application. You get a search report. After a year, you start the international application. 18 months after your priority application, your patent application is published. In the meantime, you receive an international search report and a preliminary report of patentability. And then you decide about the states which actually you want to patent in. The little maps below, you can see all the countries that are in the PCT world, so to say. And in green on the right, you can see who is a partner in the European Patent Convention. Well, is there a time limit for patent protection? Yes, it is. It is 20 years. So once your patent is granted, you have 20 years of protection starting from the first application or priority application in the European. Well, in the European Union, in the European area, there is a possibility of getting five years extra under certain circumstances. And also in the US, you have ways to protect, especially drugs, for a longer time. You have to pay your patent attorney. You have to pay fees to the patent office. You have to pay for translation. You have to pay for maintenance, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. I listed the costs in the slide. And as you can see, if you have a patent and you want it granted or have that patent in quite a few countries, this easily over the lifetime of the patent goes up to a 60-digit range in euros. So this is really a lot. So that means before you patent, you should have that in mind and actually decide whether it's possible to get this money back plus something extra for profit. So what we do as a researcher, if you want to get an idea whether your idea is already patented or not, you can do a patent search. There are quite a few free databases you can use. There's also Google Patents, of course, which is getting better and better every day. So that also might be something you want to try out. I think I already talked a little bit about that to patent or not to patent. This is the question about the market and the value. However, also the ultimate purpose of patenting should be commercializing. We are very aware of the fact that patents might also be important for, let's say, strategical issues. So national bodies might require research institutes to have a certain number of patents to continue funding for an inventor, for a researcher. It might also be important to have patents in their CV, so to say. So that's also important reasons to keep a patent. However, as I said, the ultimate purpose of patenting should be commercialization. The common tools are either collaboration, joint development, licensing or sale, or building a spin-off. I took a look at the program, so I'm pretty sure there are talks about all these topics, collaboration, licensing, spin-off, so I won't go into that. And I just want to mention there are a lot of technologies actually and well-known ones that were developed at governmently funded research organizations. These are examples from the U.S. and Europe. Epothelone is a drug against cancer. A lot of antibiotics, for example, were developed in research organizations. Cisplatine, another anti-cancer drug. Ibuprofen, I think probably everyone in the audience took a few of those during their lifetime. Then, very importantly, of course, recombinant DNA technologies and genetic engineering of animals and plants. CRISPR-Cas is a current example. There are others, of course, as well. MP3, actually everyone with a smartphone knows MP3. That was developed at the Fraunhofer Institute here in Germany, so we're especially proud of that, of course. MRI, cardiac catheters, and even the HooverCraft. I hope highlights securing IP actually is to make sure that it can be developed further and actual products come out of it. Here is even more. There are some drugs which sell very, very well. These were all developed in the U.S., some of them from very well-known institutions, Memorial Sloan, Catering, New York University, et cetera, et cetera. Actually, it is like 50% more than half of innovative new drugs actually aren't developed in pharma companies themselves, but they start in SMEs or academia. I think that's the last line. That's actually a few of our products which were developed in departments of research institutions we are working for and were brought to market while we were working on it. There are a few therapeutics. Quite some are currently in the clinical pipeline, which for those we are very hopeful. There are quite a few diagnostics, medical technology, and on the back, which you see here, that's actually if you go to mostly Asia, you might find our bitter blocker in some soft drinks you can buy over there. Then, of course, I'm mostly dealing with the spin-offs. There are quite a few successful spin-offs. Heborogenics, one of them, that deals with liver failure, cardiopharmaceuticals, who had a financing round last summer, over 60 million. T-knife, which had a financing round of over 110 million also last year. We're keeping our fingers crossed for their products. They haven't reached the market yet. However, they're all in clinical trials. I hope that with this talk and I am on time, as we still have some minutes remaining for questions. With this talk, I hope I was able to give you an idea why we think that it is very important to secure IP, that it is very important to always have the possibility of finding a patent in mind. With that, thank you very much. If you have questions, just go ahead. Thank you very much, Ania. I'm Riccardo Pietrabisa. Unfortunately, I can't hear you. You can't hear me? Can you hear me? Non sente. So I still can't hear you? Now I can hear you perfectly. Thank you, Ania. I'm Riccardo Pietrabisa. I substitute to Mac Massimiliano, that lived five minutes ago anyway. Thank you very much for your presentation. I greatly appreciate your capability to synthesize all the key points related to IP, particularly for translating research into ownership of invention. So this is a very important key point. So I ask firstly if there is a question from the floor here. Otherwise, we have received a couple of questions from the audience online, particularly both from three now. Two from Roberto Gramignoli. The first referred to the fee, to the payment for patent, because he said that patents would be sponsored. If sponsors and inventors are different entities, who owns the right of commercialization? The second from the same person is can you comment about Professor Privilege's rules in Italy and Germany? Because you know that in the past in Germany too, there was Professor Privilege, now there is no more, while in Italy we established Professor Privilege in 2001 and now is still active. So these first two questions. The first question regarding payment. The right of commercialization depending on the ownership, when something is paid by sponsor. Exactly. So first of all you have to establish who owns the patent. So if the research institution, let's say, owns the patent, they have the right to commercialization, regardless of who actually pays the fees. But I assume that any sponsor wouldn't pay anything if they hadn't secured the rights. So there is probably always a contract in place where this is addressed. So what we see for example, if we do a licensing agreement or a collaboration agreement, we always try to have the company pay for the patent fees. However, the ownership should always remain with the research institution. So this is what we try. The second question regarding Professor's Privilege, I remember very well, it was February 7th, 2002, where in Germany the Professor's Privilege fell. And there was a huge uproar. I think I prefer not to have the Professor's Privilege. Because of a number of reasons, first of all, the Professor only is able to perform his research because he is situated somewhere in a research organization. So that means the research organization also should profit from the research because it was funded by taxpayers' money. So any money that comes back from the invention should also, I think, again benefit the public.  Don't get me wrong. So if there is a commercial success, that will also be a commercial success for all the inventors. That's the first thing. And the second thing is that I think with us as a professional technology transfer organization, we just make better deals. We had in the past an extraordinary collaboration with a company where his IP would go into the company. And that wasn't possible because the Professor's Privilege fell. And he wanted to give away his IP for payment for one PhD and 50,000 in lab equipment, you know, consumables. And we managed to make a deal where that was more than 20 times the return. Okay, thank you very much, Anya. Indeed, the third question was also related to Professor Privilege in Germany, but we already answered to this question. If there are no more questions, I'd like to point out briefly a problem that Anya said before about publication, scientific publication and patent, which is a problem of time relationship, which is first. But in particular for researchers who are not aware about IP regulations, it's very important to define exactly which is the difference between the two. Because also the patent is a publication, indeed. You can download all this publication, read it and learn with patents. But which is the difference between scientific publication on a peer-reviewed journal or a patent? I want to think at three major points. The first, scientific publication is based on scientific rigor, originality and significance for the community. While patent is based only on novelty and inventive step. So it's completely different the way to admit for publication the first or the second point. Second point, the publication enables the community to learn a lot about some new knowledge. The patent objective is to prevent other to use. So it's not written to explain, but to prevent what should be used by others. And the difference is that while the first is knowledge, the second is invention. And invention is how to use some knowledge to solve a problem. That's not necessary, it's required in any scientific publication. Publication is not to solve a problem, it's to communicate knowledge. So these two differences are completely a completely different role to the tool and the role of research in the tool. So it's very important for researchers to understood that writing a patent is completely different as writing a paper. It's not the same thing. For the different mission, the different goal and the different also time for that. So be aware that to write a good patent you need people aware of writing a patent, write a scientific paper, you need other kinds of skills. So this is very much more... I couldn't agree more, yeah? Because very often researchers we are not aware of what we think differently as we know about how to write and what to write in, in scientific or in IP paper, let me say. So I invite all of you to begin to read patent to understand the difference between scientific publication and IP publication. So, yes, there is a question from the floor. Yes, please. So my question is the following. Understand that when you have a product it was developed in an academic setting which required a whole lab, a whole investment. It makes sense to share the profits. But are the rules the same like when you produce a product that is just essentially coming out from your head and a computer? So like is quantitative work that can be patented subject to the same rules of other types of works that required a lab or some much more initial investment? Is it still the same rules? It's the same. Okay, you have two more very, very brief because we are late. The first from Fabian Baumark Gardner. They ask if in your experience, Anja, do you advise to keep early licenses on IP non-exclusive? That very much depends on the technology. When you have something that might end up as a drug you only can go with exclusive because no pharma company would do that. Would invest all that money that's required for preclinical stuff, clinical phases, et cetera, et cetera. That's millions and millions. So they wouldn't go for an exclusive license. There are other examples. For example, research material. We only license that non-exclusively. So I think it's not so much regarding the phase that the technology is in early or late. In the end, it depends on the later product. What you also can think of, however, is fee licenses. That you give an inclusive license but only for a certain field of application. When you have a technology at hand that might be applicable in different fields. Thank you very much. The very last one from Giovanna Campogiani. This is a very technical question. They say, maybe I'm going off on a topic, but do you think that the unitary patent court will impact patenting in Europe for research organizations? I want to explain at present, patents are active in just one country. So if you want to have a patent valid in different countries, you need more than one patent. Now there is a new regulation that enables to have a European patent that should be defended by a unitary patent court in Europe. The two systems will live together. But this will change probably the strategy. I mean, what we hope is, and that remains to be seen, what we hope is that it makes the unitary patent makes things easier and cheaper. If that is actually the case, I think it will make things easier for research organizations as they just do not have the massive amount of money to find and maintain patents as companies have. The patent budgets in research organizations quite often are much lower. Well, thank you very much.


Stocks split to occur because many in finance believe that stocks trade best within a certain range. I don't know what that range is, but let's say it's $25 to $100 as an example. When stock prices get too high, less people can afford to buy them, so they don't trade as well. This is not a fact, by the way. This is just an opinion of many. So here's a headline from April 9th, 2015. This article explains that Starbucks executed a two-for-one stock split, thus doubling the number of shares and halving the market price. Graphically, it would look something like this, with the idea that the stock will now trade faster, rising back to its pre-split value. So accounting for stock splits doesn't require much. Basically, the par value of the stock is decreased, and the number of shares are increased. There is no journal entry involving a stock split, because the financial position of a company hasn't changed, nor has it changed for its stockholders. By the way, not everyone subscribes to the notion that stock splits improve tradeability. This graph shows 30 years of Berkshire Hathaway stock prices. That's the company owned by Warren Buffett. He's never split his stock, which closed on April 9th, 2015 at $215,500 per share. So how many shares would you like to buy?


Hi everyone, Joe for jazby's casebricks.com. We got Nick on the Top Cam opening up the case right there. Full case break, pick your team at number three. It's our last full case break for the time being. If we can find some cases that maybe fall off a truck or something like that, we'll definitely try to get some more but the prices are crazy on these already. Thanks to Adam Kelly, last spot Mojo Wizards. Thank you, and here's box number one. And you'll see Nick open up some more boxes on the top screen right there. Good luck everybody. We've done some great stuff out of here. So thanks everyone for selling all of this stuff out. It went fast. It's like everyone's been thirsty and hungry for new releases. I have been too, so I'm glad we're rockin' and rollin' today. No Nick at night tonight. We were preparing for a 24 hour break-a-thon on Friday, featuring a lot of new releases then too. That's gonna be another busy one. So there are gonna be some breaks tonight and they're gonna be rolled over till tomorrow. And we should be able to catch up tomorrow on breaks and then prepare for Friday. It's gonna be wild. All right, so Mothro, what's going on? You got Star Wars for me here? Finish season four of Rebels. I don't know if it's Sabine and Hera and I don't know if it's on the battle or they're not so I'm still alive. Oh, well, see you're gonna have to watch all of it Mothro, all will be revealed. Clone, the final season of Clone Wars will explain a lot of things. I can't spoil it for you. There's Yannis. So we're gonna try to set aside his, oh, wow, NBA debut Silver as Ion Williamson. That's a good start for the Pelicans. That's gonna be for Daniel Smith. There you go. Now these Reds are not numbered. These Mosaics are not numbered. And these Ions will set aside because they've got a little extra value too, but those all will be top loaded later. In the interest of time, we're gonna try to breeze through all of those a little bit more quickly. Gotta stop on those Ions too. Kobe White for the Bulls. Another Ion, this time it's Blue Chip's base. To 49, Karis Levert. These pink parallels are pretty neat too. Did you watch Clone Wars season seven, Mothro? That explains a little more about Ahsoka's adventures and whatnot. Although I'm actually not sure what your question is, Mothro. Or if there is a question, are you making a statement? Then Robinson the third, Silver. And then where you got Duncan Robinson. Duncan Robinson is? Cam Johnson, autographs for the Sun. That's gonna be for Matthew Shearer. Devonte Graham. Reggie Miller. Reggie Miller. Weren't you guys talking about Reggie Miller outside a little bit earlier? I didn't, well I didn't ever watch him play and I didn't know how good he was until I saw the Jordan Doctor. Yeah, he was pretty good. Same with... Yeah, Barkley, you just think of as like the TNT guy, maybe chubby Barkley at the end of his career, you know? Like that golf swing? Yeah, golf, yeah, golf swing. I didn't know, like... But yeah, he was, he's a baller. There he is right there. Other's eye on. Nice, Matthew, that should go off tomorrow. We're booked for the night on that, I'm afraid. But thank you for letting me know. Yeah, we'll have a number of breaks to start off the day with tomorrow. One o'clock Pacific, four o'clock Eastern. All those mixers will go tomorrow. The rest of those three box mosaic breaks will go off tomorrow as well. There's another Zion. People are saying these Zions go for like 60, 70, 80 bucks. Isn't that wild?  Noah, is there a way I can see what bought into the MLB3 Chronicles? Thought I can't find your email, I'm gonna be sure. Yes, you can. You can go to the website and log in and click your account page, and there'll be a list of your orders there. These international men of mastery cards are pretty cool too. Save it, one more of these Coby Whites. We'll find a better Coby White though. Maybe a silver one, Daniel, maybe pink. Maybe a lower number one even. Another stack right here. Yeah, mix, by the way, right here. What do you mean? Each stack is in one box. Oh, each stack will not be one box, okay. You don't see an auto. I don't think I saw an auto in this one. Oh no, it's Cameron Johnson. So they're a little mixed up. AI, three out of 10. Autograph, woo. Matthew Shearer with the Sixers. Who rarely hit that Jersey number. Oh yeah, Jersey number. I mean, I don't hit them. One of my favorite non-Laker players. That card is gold. Big fan of the AI. We talking about practice, not a game. You see me practice? You seen out there on the floor? Not a game. You see how I give it my all? On the game, on the floor? And we talking about practice? We talking about practice, man. Not a game. Practice. Wow, neon pink. Mosaic pink, Zion Williamson to 49. Two cases in a row. That's like a $5,000 card right there. That's a nice card right there, golly. Golly. What up Mario? That goes to Daniel Smith and the Pelicans. There you go, Daniel. Covers your teams there. And then some. Golly. That is a very nice hit. Yeah, I also had that debut Zion too that I need to top load, hang on. Jason has brakes still available tonight, so who hit draft cases left? He's sold out of Mosaic though. Yeah, sold out of Mosaic, but. JJ Reddick to 99. Yeah, so remember folks, I'm booked for the night. There are gonna be breaks that's gonna be pushed until tomorrow just cause we've run out of time. But I didn't knew it was being added to the website overnight, so tomorrow we'll clear. Yeah, we'll clean out the website and be ready for 24 hours of Bowman, Select, Blast, what, Blaster, Mosaic, Blaster, Mosaic, Fast Break. So it'll be 24 hours of all just new releases. And I'm sure we'll do all those mixers tomorrow. And then Jason's coming in Saturday and break two. You'll break Saturday, I'll probably break Saturday. Wow, 48 hours of Jaspies? Probably will be ended up. And then Sunday, Jason. Oh, so you're gonna get a ton of Jaspies this weekend, ladies and gentlemen, Friday and Saturday. And all the Bowman cases on the website, we should schedule to have as long as UPS comes through. That's good news. Friday. We're never gonna have, we're actually picking up some cases too. So we'll have cases for Jason Friday morning to kick things off. And by the time his shift is done, we should have cases delivered to us by then for us to rock and roll. Myself and Nick, and we'll go through the rest of the evening. Latrell Spreewell for the Knicks autograph, going to Matthew. Oh, it's gonna be nuts, man. Yeah, it might be 40 hours of breaking, Jason. What's our average hour? 48 hours, Jason. 48 hours. What's the movie? 27 hours? We're gonna beat that. Another 48 hours? I would say our thing is harder than it is. Who's? 27 hours, you know, with the movie, James Franco. Oh, yeah. The guy gets stuck in that thing. Probably shouldn't laugh at that, but.  Yeah. But he made through it. I mean, he's alive, yeah. That seems important. But our thing is harder than it is. Yeah, it probably is. Probably not. I'll just be in sarcasm. He is more, 72 hours, Steve Mullin is saying. Oh, okay. So we're definitely not doing that. All right, we're definitely not doing 72 hours. Okay, I'll give props to him then. Well, honestly, I mean, I'm gonna be back Sunday, so we have to like a eight hour break from this. 72 hours of breaking, beat James Franco. Good night, tomorrow.  LeBron James overdrive. That's a cool answer. I don't think I've seen that one yet. 72 hours that guy was in the cave, man. That's not good for you. I haven't seen that movie. You've never seen that movie. No, the one where he gets a boulder. Would it be James Franco? Yeah, where a boulder lands on his arm and he's stuck there. You've never seen that movie. I've never seen it. Why would he go hiking alone? Why would you not see that movie? It's just because why would he do that? Why would he go? It's the spirit of... Out there alone. I don't know. And one of James Franco's best performances. I mean, listen, in the 1800s he would have been dead. That's just, there's true holiday. It's just Darwinism right there. Watch The Wilderness Alone. Well, it wasn't Wilderness, he was just going on a hike. True holiday. Pelicans. It was like a normal hike. Daniel Smith. It was a hiking trip. Oh, the hiking trip. It wasn't like mountain biking. Oh, it's not his arm. His big toe gets stuck in a rock? No, it doesn't. Yeah, because of his foot. It doesn't sound so bad. Just chop off the toe. It was more like a whole leg. And now I think he's so good at hiking. The real life guy? Yeah, it's a great movie. You should see it. I hear it's actually in all seriousness. I hear it's great. It's worth it for Ari. Isn't it in 127 hours? What's the movie titled? Stephen Molina, what's the title of the movie? He's saying 72 hours. Really? Or is it 127 hours? 127 hours is a lot. Yeah, 127 hours. 127 hours? That's wild. Wow, we are not breaking for 172 hours. Props to that guy. Props to James Franco. And the character he played. Kate Mara. Isn't she... She's also in house of cars? Isn't she NFL royalty? Yeah, I think she's a daughter of Rooney Mara's daughter. No, sister, no, Rooney Mara's daughter. They all get together and they just inbreed. Like the Rooney family and the Mara family are all related. Not like inbreeding, but their sons and daughters have all married each other's families to make some big NFL ownership super family. Oh, that's... I don't know, right? Rooney Mara is her sister, who's married to somebody very, very famous. Are they Jonas? No. That's... That's Sophie Turner. That's Sophie Turner from Game of Thrones HBO hit show. Right. It's Joaquin Phoenix. Joaquin Phoenix. There you go. I'm on such a roll. You're on point today with your celebrity top. I think they're obviously dated, I don't know. I'm sorry, I think correct. Yeah. Absolutely. I'm calling him the greatest generation. His generation's greatest actor. People say he's like the... I don't know what to say about that, right? Daniel Day-Lewis. Yeah, Daniel Day-Lewis is pretty great. Is he considered this generation? I don't know, right? He's had a movie since 2012. I mean, that's his thing though. He's just like, I don't need to do movies all the time. Yeah. That's such a boss move. That's such a power move.  When he comes back, they're like, oh, comes back and there will be blood and then Oscar, right?  And then just wins an Oscar and then just fails. I don't think I have it. My left foot in the 80s was pretty good. 90s. Is he in the Benjamin Button? I don't know if he's in... That's Brad Pitt. He was also in A Room of the View with a young Helen of Bonham Carter, one of her first roles in Hollywood. Everyone remembers A Room of the View, right? This is the type of crew that would definitely be into A Room of the View, booked by E.M. Forster. I'm being sarcastic. It's a British period piece in the 19th century. I don't know if our demographic would be into that. If you're into that sort of stuff, it's pretty good. I mean, not that I'm into that kind of stuff. Who wants to watch a movie about that? Go on holiday to Italy and they want to find A Room of the View. Markel Fultz. All right, now the redemption. Derek E. wants to play the guessing game. Who's that redemption down there? Now the redemption is we've gotten three redemptions. One of them was James Worthy. Another one was Kyrie Irving. Another one was, here's another one. And another one was Steph Curry. So the redemptions have actually been kind of fire. John Samuelson, not into lame stuff like E.M. Forster's Room of the View and the motion picture version as well. He just got, he's gonna be watching some Scoob. Pretty good. All right. First one is Romeo Langford. Celtics, I think that's our first rookie redemption. That goes to Daniel Smith. Baston with that one. How do you like them apples and so on and so forth. And the next one is Tyler Hero. Nice. When a hero comes along. That goes to Miami. That'll be for Adam Kelly. So we have a couple of Kobe whites here too. He's pretty nice. We saved some yonuses already. All card ships though. Everything you see will go. Nice R.J. Barrett, Lou Chips, another Zion. Nice, that's gonna break tomorrow, Joe. We're booked for tonight. There'll be a number of breaks that'll be going off tomorrow. We've just run out of time, I'm afraid. Markel Fultz to 49. I don't think we've seen anything lower than a pink parallel, right? What are the other ones? I have cardboard connection up, yes. We've seen a gold, I think, to 10. There's a pink fluorescent that's to 10. These are technically purple, by the way. The purples are to 40. I've been saying the wrong thing. Purple is to 49. Pink fluorescent is to 10. So according to cardboardconnection.com, that the out of 49s are purple, like prints. It's better for us, can't you get a second minute? The Tyler hero, wait, was that black? Good eye, Pete. Wow, black parallel is a one of one.  But, good eye from Pete, all aboard the Big Head Express. Can't short you that train whistle. The all-important train whistle. Good eye, Pete, thank you. Bambara gets the credit on that. Yeah, those Lebrons are gonna be really nice, too. Someone was saying a couple hundred on that. Another nice silver Lebron right here. Train whistles are for out of fives and under. I mean, we can't train whistle everything.  There's Montresorelle, two out of 49. I mean, there's a lot of incredible stuff here. The other redemption was Romeo Langford, Rod. That went to Daniel and the Celtics. All right, because you can see all the stack of cards right over here. We'll grab a couple more. All right, good luck, everybody. A lot of incredible, that's why we're shipping all the cards. Cause there's gonna be, you'd be surprised at how well some of these, some of these, especially the rookies, how well some of these are gonna go. Even this Zion bass is gonna be bananas. Bowl, bowl, blue to 99. Someone that text is hard to read against the mosaic pattern. Dwight. Now, remember, these stacks may be doubled up not every stack represents the box. There's Bernard King for the Knicks. Knicks Autograd, old school Knick going to Matthew B. Zion Williamson, blue chips. Insert, it's the bass insert for the Pells. And a gold Draymond to 10. Three box mosaic two will most likely not break tonight, Jens. I think we've got the rest of that schedule that I just dropped in the chat. At eight o'clock to nine o'clock LA time, which is the last hour of the show, it's gonna be, I think a few filler breaks that sold out first. And then three box mosaic number one, and then everything else after that will go tomorrow. Including mixers, the fantasy sports, other three box, four box breaks, so on and so forth. So we are booked for the night ladies and gentlemen, but I think Jason still has some open time slots on the Personals channel at Jasby's Breaks on Instagram. Instagram only, and he'll give you the details on how to get into personal breaks. Giannis, center stage, another Zion NBA debut. These hour long mosaic breaks gobbled up a lot of time, but this is the last of the full case pick your team. Everything else should be a little bit more quick. Bowl, bowl, silver, all card ship of course, stack. This is just getting us prepared for, I miss something? Oh, I thought I missed like, no nevermind. Just getting us prepared for all the Bowman baseball.  Daniel Smith with another Pelican. Yes, Personals are all gone on, on what you might call it, on Instagram. But we've got other things available too. All these John Morantz will add up too. Adam Kelly on the gris. Serge Ibaka to 25. I'm gonna find a nice parallel of that Giannis card right there. See any, we haven't even done number one yet. And number one will be the last break of the night. So unfortunately your break will be going off tomorrow. We've just ran out of time.  Yeah, I was surprised that the Pelicans weren't one of the first teams picked up Tyler M. Because judging from what we saw in those mega boxes, I knew that there was gonna be a ton of Zions. I am surprised at the number of parallels we found, but I knew that there'd be enough Zions to grind out a good chunk of the spot. And we've got Miles Turner, Pacers autograph for Richard Bennett and the Pacers. No, I've not seen Joker yet. I've not seen 1917. I haven't seen Ford versus Ferrari, all those movies I haven't seen yet. And nice, Luca Doncic stained a glass. That should be a pretty huge card too. Hua Lin with the Dallas Mavericks, nice. Correct, four box, random two will also break tomorrow. We've got a few mini breaks to do. And then four box number one will do. No, sorry, three box. I'm confusing myself now. Schedule, look at the schedule in the chat. That schedule is correct, don't listen to me. Mosaic is happening, pick your team three is happening now. Four box one, four box two, four box three is gonna happen tonight. Then black gold, then a few mini breaks, and then we have three box, random team one, which will be the last break of the night. Sorry, the four boxes, randoms will go. Three boxes will do the first one, then the other three box breaks will go tomorrow, along with everything else. Right, sorry, C&E, I misread your question then. Yeah, schedules in the chat. Don't listen to me, the schedule is correct though, I wrote it out. Nice, silver RJ Barrett for Matthew and the Knicks. Kind of a crazy day today. Paul George Bleut, 99. Grab that John Morant too, some of those Lebrons as well.  Nice run, you took Friday off? Well, you can spend the entire day with Jaspies if you'd wanted to. Stairmasters, Luca Dantrich, all those will go to the Mavs, Lynn with that one. Kobe White, Bulls, D Smith, Daniel with that one. Ty Jerome, Autograph, Sons, that'll be for Matthew Shira. All right, so let's grab the last four stacks right here. All right, and good luck everybody, here we go. Ooh, and a silver John Morant, nice. That'll be for Adam Kelly. Yeah, all Mosaic is sold out. I mean, unless there are still some three box breaks left. Yeah, three box three, three box four, which will go tomorrow, but three box three, three box four are our last Mosaic hobby breaks. The personal breaks are sold out as well, but we will have fast break versions and blaster versions of Mosaic on Friday. If you're in three box one, that will go off tonight. That'll be the last break of the night. Bogdanovich to 99, nice Mosaic Lebron, introductions Zion. Is that our first Zion introductions we've seen? Another Pelican for Daniel Smith, nice break for the Pels. We'll do a little recap at the end too. There's the Sierra Little Purple to 49 and Nikhil Alexander Walker is your autograph for Daniel Smith and the Pels. Now personal breaks are sold out of Mosaic hobby, but Jason does have other boxes that you can rip with him tonight. So at Jaspe's breaks on Instagram Live, because for us, we are booked for the night, but I don't think Jason is yet, not yet anyway. Kobe White, Mosaic, Bass Mosaic. We've got Rashawn Holmes to 99. Oh, I think I overheard Jason saying he has hit draft stuff available too. That's pretty cool. So for this side of things, we are booked for the night, but at Jaspe's breaks on Instagram Live, Jason has some open time slots for you to do some personal boxes. If you wanna give that a shot. Nice blue chips, Bass Mosaic pattern, John Moran, all those Lucca Donchas are pretty cool too. A lot of these have incredible value on the secondary market, ladies and gentlemen, so keep. So when you get this, remember all car shipping this stuff, so when you get this, even if it's like a second or third tier rookie, but it's a decent parallel, look it up. Sorry, Mark, that's gonna go off tomorrow. I'm going as fast as I can already. I mean, in fact, I think we're still gonna go over anyway, so. Well, we're preparing for 24 hours, maybe even 48 hours of breaking, Mark. You'll get more Jaspe's than you can shake a stick at from Friday morning to Saturday morning. We've got a long Friday, Mark. We've got to prep for that. You know what, no, I didn't, Danny, because Genesis is exclusive to the mega boxes. We need to find a mega box and look at the back of that and see if they give us any odds. NBA debut Zion. Yes, there'll be no Nick and Knight Thursday night as well, because then we've got about, probably do like maybe 40, 42 of the next 48 hours, starting from Friday morning. And we're not adding anything else onto the site tomorrow either, so we should be able to clean out the site tomorrow. With the breaks from tonight that roll over and all the remaining breaks on the site. But yeah, I mean, I won't be shutting down any early. I'll do my normal eight hours of breaking, but there just won't be any extra time, extended time with Nick. Wow, impeccable box, basketball boxes buying straight up? People are going nuts on that personals channel. At Jaspe's breaks on Instagram Live, other Zion. All of those add up too, it's crazy.  Luca Donchich, Overdrive, John Stockton. John Stockton autograph, Daisuke with the Jazz. I'm seeing a lot of John Stockton autos. And all those Lukas, of course, will go to Hua Lin with that one. A lot of great Luca Donchiches in there too. More Zions or Daniel Smith, introductions, John Moran. All right, and the last stack here, folks. And we've got Steve Kerr, wow. Yeah, like Tyler M was saying, the profile of these players have kind of been raised once again because of the last dance. And I got Steve Kerr, John Stockton. Wow, that's a Luca Donchich silver for Lin and the Dallas Mavericks. Oh, there's a Rochester Royals uniform. That should go to the Sacramento Kings. All card ships, so we'll get it to the right place. Cam Reddish, blue to $199. Wow, nice James Harden stained glass. James Simon with James Harden rockets. Cam Reddish blue for Walter and the Hawks. And the last bit here, what do we got? John Moran, NBA debut, Cody Martin, Vince Carter and Jared Culver.  A lot of incredible stuff in here, ladies and gentlemen. Yeah, we got you at the end, James Simon. Let's do a quick little recap and then we'll move on to the next break. Those stained glasses are pretty awesome. Silver RJ Barrett, stained glass Luca. Blue NBA debut, Zion. Bernard King, LeBron James, that's a one of one. Tyler Hero for Miami, almost forgot the train whistle. Romeo Langford, Boston. Spree, pink NBA debut, Zion. So some pretty incredible stuff in here, ladies and gentlemen. What a case. Thanks for watching, everybody. That was Pick Your Team 3. I'm Joe, I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.


One year ago Brandon Miller was the 14th ranked recoup at a high school and was viewed as a solid first-round prospect for this year's draft. At his early season, Ascension at Alabama with wild scoring outputs, great shooting ranges were really put him on the map in Barton to be a top-3 pick. It reminds me a lot of the rise of Jabari Smith Jr. early in the season last year at Auburn, also in the SEC. The length and size of a modern star weighing a true three-level score, he gets to his looks, is a good tough shot maker, he can put up some wild shooting clips. And he showed enough playmaking and defensive flashes to trust that he can be a reliable number one or two option down the road. He plays very similarly to Paul George in my eyes, a very smooth scoring game that can play two through four to be completely honest and he's even said that's his come. There's a lot to like offensively, he's my number three prospect overall in this draft class and if all things go well, he could be a future All-Star.


Welcome to the 29th lecture on the subject of digital signal processing and its applications. In this lecture we continue with the subject of FIR filter design by using the window approach and we need to recapitulate a few ideas that we have learned in the couple of lectures that have passed on the subject of FIR filter design. The most important idea that we have seen in the previous lecture is the role of the spectrum of the window function. You see it was a fundamental question why we should choose a window function other than the very simple option of a rectangular window and the rectangular window seems easy to do is retain a few samples and reject the rest from the impulse response. Why should we multiply that set of samples that are retained by some other sequence which has some quote unquote desirable properties and what are those desirable desirable properties. We have seen a little bit of this in the previous lecture and we need now to substantiate by actually giving examples but let us recapitulate what we have seen in the previous lecture. We have seen that the window spectrum has an effect on three things, the passband tolerance, the stopband tolerance and the transition band or transition bandwidth and the window approach we do not have separate control on the passband and the stopband tolerance. In fact, the passband and the stopband tolerance are equal in the windowed approach and we have seen that in the previous lecture. The difference of passband and stopband tolerance is the area under the side load. The passband and stopband tolerance influenced by side load area for this is simple the tolerance is caused by side bands entering and leaving the ideal passband in the periodic convolution between the ideal DTFT or the ideal frequency response and the window spectrum is the region where the main load has completely entered the ideal passband and now the side lobes are entering and leaving. The stopband is a region where the main load is completely outside and the transition band is caused by the main load actually entering and the whole process of the main load entering the ideal passband and ultimately going entirely inside is the cause of the transition band. And therefore the main load width influences the transition band, we have seen that in the previous lecture. Transition band is influenced or is caused by actually influenced by the main load width. It is the main load width and the side load areas that play a role the main load area has only a peripheral influence and the side load widths again have only a peripheral influence. The influence of the main load area is only to determine the average height of the resultant passband. Now that is not a terribly important issue because the height can be changed by simply multiplying all the coefficients by a constant. Now even when we say the passband and our stopband tolerance is influenced by side load area we should qualify this by writing relative side load area that means side load area relative to main load area. So it is a relative side load area which really plays a role not the absolute side load area. By relative side load area we mean the ratio of the side load area to the main load area because the main load area is what determines the average height of the passband and super posed on this height are the oscillations caused by the side load area. And if you multiply the whole set of impulse the resultant impulse response coefficients by a constant both of these are going to get multiplied by the same constant for the relative side load area is not affected by multiplication by a constant. So you see these two things play a very crucial role and we have seen two examples in the previous lecture the rectangular window and the triangular window. We saw that in the triangular window we have less relative now we did not show that but we gave an intuitive argument for it. We said that you know in the triangular window we definitely have a reduction of side load height that we showed relative side load height but what you now put a challenge before you show by reasonable approximation by reasonable asymptotic approximation by asymptotic approximation I mean approximation as n tends to infinity that the triangular window less relative side load area than the rectangular window to solve this challenge is that you can treat the side lobes asymptotically like rectangles where the base is equal to the width of the side lobe and the height can be determined by an asymptotic approximation. So you may treat them very close to triangles and find out the area under the triangle and then see how the area asymptotically changes as the length of the window grows to infinity. Of course I told you this comes with a cost the cost is that the main load width expands so it is not for free although the oscillations in the past and stop and decrease they do so at the cost of an increased main load width which means a larger transition back. So the next point that we had seen in the previous lecture is that there is a compromise between main load width and relative side load area among windows. We also remember that this compromise though generally present can also be to some extent optimized in the sense that one can do well on both fronts to an extent how to what extent is a very very basic and very fundamental question. How we determine how best we can do on both fronts together there are two conflicting things happening here the main load width and the side load area relative side load area but you see there is a fundamental limit on how well you can do on both fronts together and although I shall not go into the genesis of this fundamental limit or even try to explain it mathematically I shall state the general idea behind this fundamental limit. This fundamental limit stems from something called the uncertainty principle on how well we can do on both fronts essentially governed by what is called the uncertainty principle governed by the uncertainty principle of signal processing. I shall just say a couple of sentences to put this in perspective but to understand the relationship better or even to understand the principle better one would need to take a higher level course on signal processing. The principle says that there is a basic conflict between the time and the frequency domain representation of a signal. So if you try and narrow a signal down in time the tendency for the signal is to expand in frequency which of course we do not need a principle or uncertainty principle to understand because we know that you know if you take the Fourier transform of a signal and then if you contract or expand the signal there is a respective expansion or contraction in the Fourier transform that is the basic property of the Fourier transform. So that does not require too much of exposure. What requires a much deeper understanding is that there is a fundamental limit on how you can narrow you can be in both domains. You can be arbitrary narrow or broad in one domain but to what extent can you narrow down in two domains together is what the uncertainty principle addresses. And in fact it is very closely related to this whole question of how much you can narrow down the window in terms of main low width and side low barrier. Now I shall not go entirely into the details here safe to say that there is a there is a relationship and for those of you who are interested you may want to look up more about the uncertainty principle or take a higher level course or also try and reason out how this in other words expresses a basic conflict between expansivity in time and frequency.


So, let me show you a little bit about using the USGS Earthquake information. And this is mainly aimed at the students in my lab class. Now, they've changed this recently, so you'll notice that the annotated image is not quite the same as what you're going to see when you open it up. It currently looks like this. And at some point in the future, this might change, but this is September 2020. So, when you first bring it up, it's going to show your map here, and it will start off with the view of the United States. And it lists the 2.5 plus magnitude earthquakes over the past day. Now, depending on the settings you use, this could be the past day, the past week, or the past month. So, that's one day, seven days, or 30 days. When it has a magnitude of so much plus, that means it's all the earthquakes over that magnitude. And you have the option now of listing all of the earthquakes worldwide for that range, or only the earthquakes shown in the map. And so, that lets us know that within the United States, there was 19 of them, but worldwide was all 48. Now, before I show you all the controls, let me just go a little bit more over here. It starts out with the newest one first, so the most recent earthquake is going to be listed here on top. This is a real-time view of the earthquakes, and so as you're working on the lab, a new earthquake may show up at the top of this list. But for your grading, you'll list this first one in one of the questions so I know what data you were looking at. The very first piece of information over here is the magnitude. If I click on a particular earthquake, it opens it up, and again, the M3.4 is telling us that the magnitude 3.4 is there. This earthquake is also highlighted now in blues, so you can see exactly where it is. So the magnitude is listed first, and then it lists the location. Earthquakes rarely happen in a particular town or city, so it will typically tell you how far it is. This one was three kilometers east-southeast of San Leandro, California. It also gives you the specific time and date, so the date comes first with the year, the month, and the day, and then the time, and this is in a special time unit called Universal Coordinated Time. It gives you the latitude and longitude of the precise location of the earthquake, and the depth, or how far the earthquake was below the surface where the earthquake actually started. You can pull up this information about any of the earthquakes that are in the listing, or again, you can click the box to show any of them that's currently on the map. Sometimes you'll end up having a cluster of earthquakes, and to really see those sometimes you kind of have to zoom in. So I'm going to kind of move over here, and I'm going to zoom in a little bit. And I'm able to see that on this particular day when I was recording this video, there was a cluster of earthquakes right off the edge of Puerto Rico. And so that is how you would identify a cluster by zooming in and seeing where you have multiple earthquakes. You can always go back to the whole US by using this Zoom control over here, or if I wanted to see the whole world, I'd use this control. And notice that now all 48 of the current earthquakes are shown on the map. And again, if you zoom in, some of them will be off screen. Now this is how you look at the past day 2.5 earthquakes. And in addition to that, I want to point out that there's differences in the size of the dots.  So the higher magnitude the earthquake, the bigger the circle is. And so that's more intense earthquake. So sometimes when you zoom in on a cluster, you'll see that some of them were kind of small. But we're still only looking at the 2.5 plus earthquakes. One of the other controls that you guys are going to be using is coming up to this little gear symbol, which is now located on this side. And you've got different controls here. So we started with the one day magnitude 2.5 plus, and it's auto updating. And you can then take a look at all magnitudes for one day, 7.5, the ones that are greater than 4.5, the ones that are greater than 2.5, or all magnitudes. Or you can take a look at the 30 days. So depending on the question you're answering in the lab, make sure you know which controls you should be using. We start off with the default, but then it asks you about some other information. And that will allow you to see the various situations that you're going to be asked about, and then draw some conclusions from that. And again, because these earthquakes are being updated, it's really important that you fill in the date and the time that you started the lab and what earthquake is at the top of your lab so that when I go back to grade you, I can look at the longer time span and figure out which earthquakes should have been visible on your screen to know if you were selecting the right ones for the questions in your particular lab. If you have any questions, please ask me, and I will let you know what you need to do for the lab class.