The color of the clothes or the colors of anything around you, does it have some impact? You need to understand this. How color happens first of all? Why this is seems to be white right now is because when the light falls on it, it reflects all of it. So it looks white. Why this seems to be red right now is not because it's red. It is just that it holds back all the colors and only reflects red. That's why you're seeing red. And what is red for you may not be red for some other creation.  Do you know this? Don't dress up for him, okay? Dog lowers I'm saying.  You don't impress him with red, green, blue and whatever. So color is not what it is, color is what it gives away. What you reflect will be your color. What you hold will not be your color. This is the nature of life, not just of color. This is the nature of life itself. Today if you radiate love, people will see you as a loving human being.     People won't experience you as a joyful human being, isn't it? What you give away is always your quality, isn't it so? So that is not just for a human being, that is the nature of the existence itself. What is thrown away is the quality of that substance. Now this reflects everything, so this is white. That reflects only red, so it is red. That reflects only blue, so it is blue. Everything else is held back. What it holds back, you don't see. What it gives away is what you see. So how is color significant for human consciousness as such or for any kind of spiritual process? It is significant in the sense that the color that you reflect will naturally add to the aura that you carry. People on the ascetic path don't want to wear anything because they don't want to add any new things to them. They just want to work with what they have, they don't want to take on anything more. What you are right now to work that out is quite substantial. Adding one more thing and one more thing, it complicates. So they don't want anything, they walk naked. If socially walking naked is difficult, they will put on one little loincloth so that socially there is no issue. But the idea is they don't want to take on anything more than what they are.  There are other aspects to it, that's different, I'm saying about the color. So orange, the chakras in the body, all the 114 chakras are rather 112 chakras ascribed to some color. The two do not ascribe to any color because they are not physical in nature. Anything that's physical in the existence naturally reflects light. You understand what I'm saying? Anything that's physical in the existence reflects light. Once it reflects light, it will have color in your perception. It may not have any particular color or it may not have the color that you are seeing. You are only seeing what's being reflected. What you are seeing is the reflected light. You are not seeing the color of the substance that you are seeing. You are not seeing color of the thing that you are seeing. You are only seeing the color of the reflected light. Black reflects nothing, it holds back everything, so it becomes black. You see, we say the grass is green, no, the grass is not green. It is giving away green. So we see it as green. The sky is blue, no, no, no, the sky is not blue. You go there and see, there is no blue out there. The sky is blue for a completely different reason because the refraction, quality of the color blue is different from the other colors, that's why the sky is blue. So why is it that spiritual processes, for different types of processes we use different kind of colors is those who are on a path where they don't want to gather anything, they will wear white. Those who are into a different kind of sadhana, if their sadhana is mild but they are on the spiritual path but they are involved with various aspects of life, they don't want to gather life around them. They want to be participating in life but they don't want to gather anything. Orange people will choose to wear white. People who are on a more intense sadhana which is oriented towards a particular chakra in the body which is known as agna between the eyebrows, they will wear orange because the color of the chakra is orange. They want to radiate that color because the whole process is about enlightenment and reaching to that state of knowing, opening up that dimension of perception which is referred to as the third eye. So they will seek always ochre or orange color because that is the color of the agna. The yellow robes were worn by Buddhist monks because the process that Gautama gave to the initial stage of Buddhist monks was very rudimentary process. He chose this process for the people because he did not need any preparation but he wants to cause a wave of awareness. That means he doesn't stay in any town for more than a day. Continuously he is moving from village to village, town to town. There is no time to prepare people for any kind of practice. So the practice that he gives them is very rudimentary but still he is converting them into monks. He is fixing their life but not giving them enough preparatory steps. So he told them to wear the yellow robe because yellow is the color of the muladhara. The most basic chakra in the body is muladhara. So he wants them to be stable. For a monk the most important thing is he practices stability in his life. So he just wants them to be stable. They don't have to fly off into a blissful experience. They don't have to get enlightened right now. They don't have to get anywhere. They just have to learn to be stable because he is preparing soldiers to shake the world with awareness. So he told them to wear yellow robes. Later on when they graduated to what he called as arhats, the arhats in the Buddhist tradition wore aka robes, that is orange as all the Indian sanyasis wear. But then after Bhav, Gautama passed away when they tried to spread the Buddhist way of life. People in India they were at least thirty percent of the population were sanyasis or monks by nature. By culture it was just like that. So these one more set of monks they just accepted them and they became kind of part of them. They couldn't maintain a distinct identity. So from aka they shifted to a little more marunish color, more for an identity sake because they would simply mix with all the other yogis and monks who were walking all over the place. But they wanted to set up a distinct identity so they switched to a little marunish color later on. But the basic Buddhist color is still yellow because yellow is the color of the Mooladhara and it can be taught without preparation. No preparation, no teaching, no nothing, a simple process just to stabilize and stabilize and stabilize. Such a process is taught when you are charting out a spiritual path for a few lifetimes. See that tradition still continues in the Buddhist way of life. They keep coming back and coming back to do more work and more work because the process is such it's of stabilization, not of realization. So that's why the yellow, dev is always red because red is the most vibrant color. For all the colors red is the most vibrant color and feminine, feminine represents that.  There is a certain quality in the feminine which is flowery. So when we say flower, the first thing that comes into most people's mind is always red. Red flower is always the real flower. Other things are on the way. Red is vibrant. It is the color of vibrance. Devi or the feminine form of the divine is the most vibrant form of divine. Something nobody can miss. The reason why even if there are other bigger temples in every village in every town in India, we will set up a Devi temple.  The color of vibrance is always red. If it doesn't matter what kind of a person you are, if you come dressed in full red clothes, suddenly people will think you're vibrant. Even if you are not, yes or no? Red dress suddenly sets you off like you're vibrant. And to do certain type of sadhana which is Devi oriented, red is needed. The most important things in your life are usually red, you know. Your blood is red. It's not red enough, you go around, you know. Flowers are red, the rising sun can become reaching towards red. Something that you consider as vibrantly alive, you tend to paint it red because there is a connection between red and vibrance. And Devi is manifestation of vibrance that you cannot miss. So the Devi temples always have very active involvement of red. In many ways only red flowers are used. Blood is spilled all over the place. We don't do the blood business but one way or the other it needs lot of spilling of life. Either you must know how to spill your life just like that without killing yourself. If you do not know the technology you have to kill. We know the technology so we don't kill. Somebody else who do not know the technology of spilling life without killing the body, they will cut the body. Because Devi temples have daily sacrifice, so colors have some impact. It definitely influences a few things but it's not everything.


I'd like to take you, inshallah, today on a journey that's a little bit of my own journey. It's a journey from about 10 years ago now in which we were working on, personally for me, a personal journey on this topic of mental well-being.  For me though, as a product of my own community and like many of you, held a lot of stigmas and internalized discomforts related to this field of psychology or psychiatry and such. And so I'm going to share with you a story in which I'm at the tail end of my training at Stanford University where I did my psychiatry training. And my work for those of you who know prior to my story, prior to this, is that I am a teacher of the Dean and, Alhamdulillah, somebody who has studied for many years. In fact, that room right there is where we have our women's halakah every single Friday night with the Rahmah Foundation here at the MCC before there was really this carpeting in the MCC and before programs really even took place here at the MCC. The women were here, the Rahmah Foundation were here, the girls were here doing their work, Alhamdulillah. I share with you the story in which I was reviewing manuscripts. Having studied the Sharia, we study the traditional texts, the old texts, 7th, 8th, 9th century texts, Arturath. And for me, my journey, my interest in this was where does the Muslims fit in the story of mental health because we have so many taboos and stigmas in our community about this topic. Is there a connection at all? As I was reading, one of the texts that I came across was a lesser known scholar from the 9th century. He's somebody that I didn't really know anything about or it's not a name that you would recognize right away like some of the famous scholars or physicians of our Muslim heritage. As I was reading his books, I was really struck. Each of the chapters in which he was writing, it seemed to me as someone who was newly trained as a psychiatrist, was talking about depression, anxiety, even obsessive compulsive disorder, what we would call OCD. It blew me away because what we had studied in school and in my training program at the most prestigious universities said that illnesses like OCD were modern illnesses only discovered in the 19th century, fully classified and diagnosed and they were only conditions that were found in Europe, typically by white psychologists. But here I was reading a text from the 19th, from the 9th century, not the 19th century, a millennium earlier. And what I saw there really struck me. Down the hall from my office was the preeminent scholar on OCD in the country. He was at Stanford and the person who wrote all the textbooks on this topic. I finally mustered enough courage to walk down the hall and knock on his door. And I said, I think I found something here that shows that OCD is actually discovered much earlier than what's written in the books and that we study in our programs. And he said, no, no, no, no. No, no, no, no, no. Very nice guy, but he said, I'm a history buff. And he starts pulling off papers that he published from his shelf. He said, here are the Romans, and here are the Greeks, and here is this, and here is this. There is no evidence that this was discovered prior. And I said to him what now was the famous question, but can you read an Arabic? And he said, no, can you? I said, yes. And he did what every professor does. Fine. Go translate it and come back. I said, okay. I sat down and diligently translated that chapter and came back and presented it to him side by side. The criteria we today use as psychiatrists in the DSM are manual for diagnosis. And Al-Balkhi, this is the name of the scholar from the 9th century, Abu Zaid Al-Balkhi, his criteria that he used. And when you look what's now published in the paper, line by line by line by line, he had figured out the correct classification, diagnosis, and treatment for this illness in the 9th century. This professor who otherwise was kind of hand waving, started jumping, jumping in my office, jumping. And he said to me, you must publish. I wasn't thinking of publishing. This was a personal journey, personal reading. And so we did. You could read it today in the Journal of Affective Disorders. And we then published another paper on Al-Balkhi and his discovery of phobias and his correct treatment of it. Either an illness, if we're an illness, either a cure or a treatment. And that matches modern medicine, where some things we have treatments and some things we have cures. Subhanallah. It doesn't stop there. That then led to a long discovery. And in fact, the creation of my lab at Stanford called the Muslim Mental Health and Islamic Psychology Lab, the first of its like in the country. Alhamdulillah. Maybe the world. But the point is, in the work that we do on research and Muslims and mental health, some of which is now published with Yaqeen, partnered with them, some of the work that we have found, is that these scholars didn't just write theory. They took theory into practice. This last year, my lab interns and I have been working on a book. And the book is about the institutions of healing that the Muslims created. You see something very special happened when you understand that Islam is a holistic religion that talks about mind, body and soul together, intertwined and you never separate these out. Then you can understand that why there are healing centers and treatment centers are connected, all of them together. Today, modern medicine feels very segmented. Healing feels very segmented. Literally we say that literature says psychology, quote, lost its soul. It literally did, even though early on that was the point of studying psychology. Today, Subhanallah, we have something that we need to do as the modern Muslims in this community that have a lot of wonderful opportunities. I think it's high time that we actually do a revival of our own tradition, that we know it, understand it, read it, but also revive it. Let me tell you what these scholars did. This last year, hopping around from Cairo to Istanbul to different countries across the world, looking at these healing institutions, those of you who speak Farsi or Urdu, you know the word Bimar. Yes? Illness. You know the word Stan. Location. The Bimar Stan was literally the location, the healing centers for illness that the Muslims created. Those of you who speak Arabic, you understand, dar-o-shifa, the abode or center of healing. This is what Muslims called their hospitals. Their hospitals were not like modern-day hospitals today, very sterile and very kind of hard to really access and you don't feel a real sense of healing. Many people are scared of hospitals. Their healing centers were in the middle of nature. Their healing centers had the beautiful Islamic architecture that you would expect, the beautiful symmetry. They incorporated in it sound, aroma therapy, smell, colors, fountains, greenery, and the treatment team, if you look at it, is interdisciplinary. It wasn't just doctors and nurses, but they also had what today we would call social workers, taking care of what the needs of the patients were day to day. They also had the dietitian and the pharmacist making medications. And they had the religious scholar, the Imam, the person who today we would call a hospital chaplain. All of this care team rotated together on each and every patient every morning to see how they were doing. And all of this was supported by the Waqf, the endowments, people who wanted their legacy, their Sadaqajariah, their ongoing charity to be helping others who were ill because of the sunnah of treating and visiting the ill. Let me tell you what else. Our research is showing something very special. Today you can still walk into some of the Madestans and be Madistan is shortened into Latin to Maristan. Now you know the connection. When you look at the Madestans across the Muslim world, you'll see something very special. You'll see that it spans the entire region of Islam. Everywhere Islam went, you're familiar with the Masajid, the houses of Allah where we pray. You're familiar with the importance of education. So the Madadis, the Madrasa, the educational system, everywhere Islam went. But are you familiar with the Madestans? That everywhere Islam went, it had healing institutions that they built. From the tip of Africa, all the way into North Africa, whether you're in Egypt or whether you're in Turkey or whether you're up in Bosnia or Uzbekistan or over in Spain, or whether you're all the way in the far regions in India and in Iran. Madestans were everywhere that Muslims had. Why am I pressing this point? When you enter into the Madistan, what you find is a section on surgery, award on surgery, award or section for internal medicine, your internal organs, a section for ear, nose and throat, and a section on psychiatry. Did you know this? Did you know that Muslims were the first in human history to our research, were the first to put in institutions of psychiatric treatment in their hospitals. Why am I saying this? Part of this is our stigma, our lack of information, our lack of knowledge on our own heritage. Sisters and brothers, as I close here, I want to tell you something. I have a call to you because I received a call yesterday and it was a call from some folks on the East Coast, just yesterday. And they said to me, we have purchased 10 acres, beautiful land with a creek running through it and some buildable areas. Will you come build us in Madistan? And I said to them, inshallah, but where is my community? Where is my people? Those of you who have been attending the Holocaust in that room right there, week in and week out every year since this building existed.  It's my ask for you. Today, inshallah, after Sheikh Amr's program, we have a second program that's on mental health. We have our panels that is coming, our Muslim therapists that are coming to talk about mental health and to answer your questions. In between there'll be the Halalfu truck, so please stay inshallah. And the table is in the back there, the Madistan table that I want you to stop at. I want to call out for those who want to support this Waqf and Endowment project. I want to call to the architects, to the designers. I want to call to those who are the entrepreneurs and the business people. I want to call out to the real estate people. I need to call out to this community to help us literally revive the modern day version of the Madistan, holding in the entire heritage of the Muslim past, understanding the beauty that it had, that holistic healing of mind, body, soul, not disconnected from each other, but also bridging it to modern science, application, and research, which, inshallah, our lab is able to do. So I pray inshallah with that, that it inspires you, come see us at the table, come talk to us, inshallah. And one more last thing, brother Minid kind of stole my thunder a little bit. But we're also announcing today a momentous day, inshallah. Yes, Sheikh Amr is here, yes. But incredibly momentous in that, we are opening the grand opening, inshallah, of the first Bay Area based, because we're born here and plan to stay here, inshallah, office of Madistan. Hamdorella, Hamdorella, thank you. Please talk with us and come visit us. We'll actually be showing the office, inshallah, that's in this building at MBC and amazing partners to us. And let us take that first step in the right direction to actually building full-on Maristans, inshallah.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here Just wanted to do a quick video talking about screen 5 and the chances of it getting delayed What the production could look like later on this fall when it's aiming to shoot in October? Last video I did about screen 5. I talked about Kevin Williamson giving an update on the fact that they are actively in The process of working on what they want to do in North Carolina From what he said based on that they're scouting scouting the area trying to figure out what what parts of the town they want to use What location they might want to use for Woodsboro high if we're in Woodsboro What parts they might want to use for Gail and Dewey's house Sidney's house? Sarah Teresa's house all of our new characters houses where we'll see any and Teresa hang out at possibly where we'll see some some major flashbacks that factor into the into the narrative for the movie They're trying to figure out all these things on top of now trying to navigate in a pandemic Essentially, this is a I'm just going over some articles that came in or an article that came in from the star news online I believe this has something to do with North Carolina It might just be a website called star news online But this is sent to me by an individual on Twitter. I do appreciate you sending this to me I believe you are subscribed to the channel. So big shout out to you Sorry, I'm not mentioning your name. I just don't have my Twitter open up in front of me right now So in this article, and I'm gonna leave a link to it in the description in this article They make the the article is making a big deal about screen 5 coming to Wilmington and How when it goes to production later this year Ghostface won't be the only one wearing the mask ha ha ha ha Of course, we know that while they're filming this project They'll have some type of some type of protocols to follow. They still don't know what those protocols are going to be So sources in the industry according to this article Sources in the industry say that screen 5 is currently working the higher local crew and aiming for a possible early fall shoot Which I've already talked about but that's all dependent of course on COVID-19 as many states see their positive rates numbers rise production dates Production start dates from Los Angeles to Atlanta are being pushed back again and again Waiting for a slow in the spread and some concrete protocols and how to resume filming in the midst of a pandemic Locally, it's still uncertain. What exactly the production of screens 5 will look like and what protocols will be put in place to keep cast and crew safe And then here's what the region the Wilmington regional Film Commission director had to say about that His name is Johnny Griffin in response to not knowing what the protocols would look like and what would be put into effect between the cast and crew to keep them safe Johnny Griffin who is the Film Commission director in Wilmington. He said it would be up to the production themselves to implement specific precautions and procedures based on a number of factors including crew guilds insurance and budget Nothing has really been approved yet, but there are a lot of questions. He said how often do you test exactly? What are the necessary necessary PPEs on set how would you cat how would how would cast and crew work on the set with Distancing and who has access to the set some departments can even work remotely The biggest question Griffith said Griffith had to say or Griffin had to say in testing is he's heard rumblings that the general crew would be tested Possibly once a week while the cast and those who work more closely with cast like hair and makeup would or could be tested Three times a week, but still nothing is confirmed specifically for local production I'm gonna tell you off the bat what my issue is with that I understand we're living in a pandemic, but with all the things coming out about how there's discrepancies in the numbers and how some of the numbers are Not being are not actually factual or shouldn't even be included in the contributions for a positive test or the contributions to Dying from COVID versus dying with COVID Probably shouldn't be talking about this this video might get demonetized, but the simple fact of the matter is this makes me highly Highly skeptical skeptical that the movie will actually go into production and stay in production if it does end up getting to shoot because of the fact that they'll be testing people that work with makeup and hair of course, uh Supposedly three times a week. Now that's nothing nothing official. It's just rumblings that he's saying he's heard, but What's what what I don't understand about all that is If they're testing these people once three times a week or once a week How often are we going to have accurate test results? Who's to say we get an inaccurate positive and then boom screen 5 is shut down because of another inaccurate test result Or because we jumped the gun versus investigating this positive test result or Like just some some of the things that are happening and what's coming out about the numbers being a little bit skewed Due to false positives and a lot of false entries in the numbers when it comes to the death tap death toll All of these things keeping that in mind that makes me very skeptical about how screen 5 Will have an effective production that doesn't ultimately hinder the final product that we get in terms of the film's quality because of the fact that if it does start shooting we have It's going to be a false positive. It could very well be someone who tested positive Let's say we have a false positive a false scare And then a false shutdown because of this false positive false scare and then screen 5 isn't going to be filming until Sometime in what 2021 and we already have certain scenes from 2020 that we filmed and then Most actors and actresses are probably going to look slightly different From last october to whenever you'd be able to pick back up filming I'm just really looking forward to seeing how they're going to be dealing with all this because I know Jurassic world dominions in a similar position where you have scenes that have already been shot Now you're gonna have to come back and revisit the project and address maybe some changes and appearances and I I just don't see a lot of movies ending up on the positive end of this when it comes to quality of your film because of the fact that you have to navigate in a pandemic and the protocol is not being Not being understood just yet when they're looking to shoot in the fall Screen 5 very well could be pushed back now. What I also want to talk about is should it be pushed back We have to wait till we get close to october or even uh for me to even say that I think it should be pushed back What I will say Is that should we see certain things happening in the industry? Such as productions being shut down on a lot of other projects. It wouldn't be that far Uh unlikely for us to have screen 5 or it wouldn't be that unimaginable for screen 5 that didn't be halted and have its production date pushed to sometime in 2021 when everything is expected to get back to normal because we'll have a vaccine but it's like at some point what It's either going to come to a point where we're going to pull the plug on the project or we're going to shoot The movie I feel like that's what we'll ultimately end up at with a lot of these projects They're going to pull the plug on a lot of them or they're going to shoot the movie Certain things like this a screen 5 I would hate to see screen 5's production get shut down in october after it starts filming only to never have it be completed Because of the fact that the pandemic worsens because of the fact that the vaccine is ineffective Because of the fact that we are continuing to get false positives Or just because we continue to have the the positive rates go up the death rates going up Everything involved with this pandemic I would hate to see a movie's production a movie that we as screen fans have been waiting for start filming in october Get shut down get told that we're going to start shooting up again in 2021 Only to then have the film as a whole wrapped scrapped cancelled. It's not happening I'd hate for that to happen. I would hate for that to happen. I hate the times that we're living in And honestly with nothing being certain So It's just it's just very sad to Not know whether or not anything is going to actually happen because we don't we don't know if it's going to happen Depending on what happens in the next coming weeks the coming days coming hour screen 5 production could be affected because of changes with this pandemic. We could be looking at screen 5 Starting production only to be halted or the production gets shifted into 2021 Or because things get so bad that the project as a whole gets scrapped If the project gets scrapped that won't only be heartbreaking for me That'll be heartbreaking for all of you because I know uh Several of you guys have been waiting for screen 5 since screen 4 You've been wanting to see some type of follow-up to screen 4 Based off of the leaks and everything that we've talked about on this channel We know we're not going to get that true follow-up and we're not going to get anything that's necessarily Addressing what happened in screen 4 not to say that we won't have mentions of it But from what we know and knowing now that the the narrative is shifting away from sydney, it seems Screen 4 probably won't even be talked about that much Kirby re could indeed return. She might not return. It's looking less and less likely that she'll be participating it looks less likely that hating pants here will be involved in the project That's heartbreaking But we still don't know anything about the cast and now we also have to keep in mind that with north carolina will be turning Specifically they're trying to figure out what they're going to do in terms of protocols They're they're prepping for the movie. They're prepping to shoot as early as this fall That's been stated by kevin williamson now has been stated by the people in this article and the director of the film commission in that state Or in that city So it's very heartbreaking to know That we have to keep that in mind. We have to keep in mind that nothing is guaranteed Screen 5 could be delayed screen 5 could be cancelled. Should it be delayed? I couldn't really answer that till we get closer to october But let me know what you guys think about all this down the comment section below if you haven't already make sure you subscribe Turn on post notification that you never miss a video in the description I have links to my social media accounts on my facebook twitter and instagram You can message me there to let me know if there's any movies news or reviews You'd like me to cover in the future without that in mind guys. I will see you in the next video


Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. So far we have been studying the features of the meta language of Panini which are extremely fundamental and helpful to understand both the text of Paninian grammar and thereby the system of Paninian grammar. We have studied three additional features of the meta language of Panini. The first one was the meaning of the word, the second one was the meaning of the cases and the third one was the technique of pratyahara. While dealing with the technique of pratyahara we were introduced to the concept of it or a marker. We said that this concept is very crucial, very basic, very fundamental to the meta language of Panini and shows the genius on the part of the grammarian Panini who cleverly utilized this marker system as a device to describe various kinds of linguistic phenomena through different kinds of grammatical operation. So we studied in detail the sutras defining ith. We saw that 1, 3, 2 defines vowels which are termed ith. Then from 1, 3, 3 onwards the consonants are termed ith. So 1, 3, 3 and 1, 3, 4 together describe those consonants which come at the final position in the initial enunciation which are termed ith. Then we looked at the next sutras Adir-yintu-dabaha and Shaptratya-yasir which talk about consonant shear and the cluster e2 and du which appear at the beginning at the initial position. So e2 and du they appear at the beginning of verbal roots and the entire cluster is termed ith. We also saw an exception where a particular cluster is not explicitly stated by Panini as ith. However he assumes it to be ith and uses ith in one of his sutras Iritova. Now we have to proceed further and look at the next sutras which assign the term ith to certain other consonants coming at the initial position of the Pratyayas. That is what we plan to do in this lecture. So the overall theme is markers in the meta language of Panini grammar and we are looking at consonant markers and these are the sutras which assign the term ith to consonants. And we have seen Halantyam and Navibhaktavutasmaha before these two sutras assign the term ith to consonants coming at the final position of the element stated in the Upadesha initial enunciation. Then we looked at these two sutras which assign the term ith to the consonants and this sutra gives the term ith to the cluster which appears in the initial position. This thread continues and let us look at the next two sutras which assign the technical term ith to certain kinds of consonants at the initial position. So the questions we asked earlier are these. The technical term ith is stated to which other consonants at other positions apart from the final position. Is it stated for the consonants which appear at the beginning of the elements? Is it also stated to vowel plus consonant or consonant plus vowel clusters? And we have already provided the answers and we will provide more answers in today's lecture to these questions. So let us look at the sutra chutu first. Chutu this is a remarkable sutra having only one word in it and we know how to complete the meaning of a particular sutra with the help of the words continued from the previous sutras. We have seen this before. Now in this sutra this is a unique position as we said earlier because there is only one word chutu which is in the first case 1 slash 2 of chutu short u chutu. Chutu is made up of two components chu and tu chu stands for consonants in the second row that is consonants of cha class namely cha cha ja ja nya and tu stands for consonants in the third row that is consonants of ta class namely ta ta da na that is the meaning of chutu and this is 1 2 of chutu chutu. The words continued in this sutra are upadeshe 7 slash 1 ith 1 slash 1 adihi 1 slash 1 and pratyayase 6 slash 1 put together all these words put together the meaning of the sutra can be written in the following manner upadeshe pratyayase adi chutu ithavstah. What this means is in the initial enunciation the cha class and the ta class consonants occurring at the beginning of a pratyayase are termed ith I repeat in the initial enunciation the cha class and two class consonants occurring at the beginning of a pratyayase are termed ith and then they are deleted by 1.3.9 tasya lopah and then the respective pratyayase is called chit having cha as ith or tit having ta as ith this chit and tit then triggers certain grammatical operations. So, let us take an example here we are forming the nominative plural 1 slash 3 of the word ending in r namely rama. So, we add jas suffix to it by 4 1 2 now in this jas this jah which appears at the beginning of a pratyayase this becomes ith by 1 3 7 chutu because jah as a consonant is part of this cha class cha ro and therefore this is termed ith and then by application of 1.3.9 this jah is deleted so what we have is a sir coming at the end of the pratyayase can get the term ith applying 1.3.3 but there is a negation we have studied 1.3.4 which prohibits this and it says that sir coming at the end of a vibhakti pratyayase should not be termed ith and that is why this is not termed as ith. So, us remains as it is then we join it together we get the form ramas then by application of 8.266 and 8.315 sir gets substituted by visarga these two dots and we get the final form ramaha. The question is what is the purpose of jah becoming ith and here the function of jah is to distinguish the 1 slash 3 suffix from the 2 slash 3 suffix which is stated as shahs that is the only difference. Both of them after removing the marker have this form which is common us now how do you distinguish between us in the position of 1 slash 3 and us in the position of 2 slash 3 so jah serves this function. So, both of them are stated as us and are distinguished by the respective markers jah and sure. Let us take one more example. Now we are looking at a consonant in the ith class getting the ith saudhnya or the term ith. The earlier example showed the term ith assigned to a consonant which appears in the ith class. Now we will study one example in which the term ith is assigned to a consonant that appears in the ith class. So, here is an example suffix touch stated by 5491 rajah sakibhyash touch the suffix is touch. So, in this case ith becomes ith by 137 because the suffix is touch and it appears at the initial position of the suffix. So, it becomes ith by 137 and then it gets deleted by 139 and similarly the final chur also becomes ith by 133. Remember this chur does not get the term ith because of chutu because this is in the final position. Chutu assigns the technical term ith to only that chur which appears in the beginning that is not the case here. So, chur will not get the term ith by this sutra it will get the term ith by 133 and then it will also be deleted by 139. So, let us let us look at the example the derivation process of a compound in which this suffix touch is added. So, we begin with mahan raja which is part of a sentence. It is not yet compound but then we write the same in the technical terms indicating that the process of compounding has begun. And so we write mahatsu rajansu in brackets and we add the suffix touch and we add another bracket at the end of touch to indicate that that whole unit is one unit one compound. Then as an internal processing we delete both the sues over here and so we get mahat rajan and touch. Then we apply 137 to term ith as ith and 133 to assign the term ith toucher and then we delete both of them by 139 and so we get ith. So, now we have mahat plus rajan plus ith. Then we apply 6346 and substitute this th by r and we get maharajan and ith. Then by application of 64144 we delete this an and then we get maharaj and a and we join these together and we get the word maharaja. This is a compound maharaja the great king. Now the suffix touch is used here and term of it at the beginning is marked as is assign the term ith. So, now after the derivation of the word maharaja when we have to add a feminine suffix to this a word the marker the namely the tith triggers the operation 4115 sutra and that sutra prescribes the suffix ngip in the sense of feminine which is later on discovered to be e long after the term ith is assigned to ng and per respectively. So, we have maharaja plus ngip because of tith and then maharaja plus e and then maharaja plus e and maharaji wife of the great king. So, because the word maharaja is derived with the suffix termed as tith 4115 gets triggered and adds the feminine suffix ngip and so we get the word maharaji. So, this is the explanation of chutu we have seen two examples where one consonant from chur class and one consonant from ter class occurring at the initial position of a suffix are termed ith and they are then deleted and then they trigger certain operations be it distinction between the suffixes or adding the feminine suffixes that is how the ith sounds function. Now, let us look at the last sutra in this section small section of ith from 132 to 138 the consonant section is 133 to 138 and this sutra is Lashakvatadhite and here there are two words in the sutra Lashakku one slash one and earthadhite seven slash one Lashakku is one slash one of Lashakku. So, what is Lashakku? Lashakku is l that is l consonant and sh that is consonant sh and ku that is consonants in the first row of k class which are k, k, g, g and ng these are all Lashakku and then we have earthadhite seven slash one here seventh case means the same thing as in the object language in. So, in a suffix different than the taddhite suffix that is the meaning of earthadhite the words continued in this sutra are upadeshe ith adihi and pratyayasya when we put all these words together along with the two words available to us from the sutra we get the following meaning which means the sounds l sh and ku consonants in the first row of k class namely k, k, g, and ng at the beginning of a suffix other than a taddhite is termed ith and are further deleted by 139 and then the respective pratyayas is called lith one which has l as ith shith one which has sh as ith and kith, kith and ngith etc. These sounds are used to describe the linguistic phenomena by triggering certain grammatical operations. The next question is what is a taddhite suffix when you say earthadhite and interpret it as other than taddhite suffix what is the taddhite suffix? So, a taddhite suffix is suffix which is stated from 4176 up to 54160. So, all the suffixes stated in this particular part of the ashtadhyay that is 4176 onwards up to 54160 all of them they are termed taddhite. This is stated by 4176 taddhite and we look at this more when we look at the types of sutras namely the adhikara sutra. These taddhite suffixes are mainly added to nominal roots and generally they form adjectives generally. Let us take the examples now of Lashakva taddhite. So, here we are gamma plus lith lit is stated by 33117 and then we apply the ith saudhnya to lith over here and lith is appearing at the initial position of the pratyaya and therefore 138 applies and lith becomes ith. Similarly, we apply 133 and tith is assigned the term ith and now we delete both of them what remains is u then u is substituted by ana by 711 and we join these together and we get the word gamma ana. So, gamma ana is derived from the verbal root gamma by the addition of the suffix lit. So, lit is not taddhite suffix the point to remember is that lit is not a taddhite suffix it is a suffix but not a taddhite suffix at the beginning of which appears l and therefore this sutra applies here and lith becomes ith and so this suffix is called lith lit and this lit triggers the accent operation 61193 we shall study this in a while but let us look at one more counter example. So, here is the word chuda the hair in a particular shape chuda which is getting suffix luch added to it by 5296. So, we have here chuda plus lith and this chud becomes ith because of 133 and is deleted because of 139 what to do with this lith shall we mark this lith by application of 138. So, you have to check whether this suffix is a taddhite suffix or not and if you look at the number of the sutra 5296 this exactly falls in the domain of taddhite suffix as per its definition stated earlier any suffix stated in between 4176 onwards up to 54160 is called taddhite and this is in that domain that is why this is called taddhite suffix and therefore now 138 will not apply over here and so lith will not be termed ith it will remain as it is that is why that is how the word is also seen in the object language language chuda lith that is one who possesses chuda. So, in this case lith is a taddhite suffix and hence 138 does not apply that is the point. So, here is one more example of shah now derivation of the form pathati here you have the root path to which we add the suffix t by 3478 and then another suffix come in between comes in between namely shah by 3168. Now in this shah shah which comes at the initial position is termed ith because of this sutra and per is termed ith by 133 and they both are deleted and you get the suffix ur over here. So, you have path plus ur plus t and you join everything together and you get the form pathati now here the point to be noted is shah is not a taddhite suffix and therefore this 138 applies over here and this shah is then called shift which triggers the operation 7384 in case of bhavati and so on. Let us look at the other example where we add the suffix shah to the word bahu by the sutra 5442 and we get then the word bahu shah many fold bahu shah. Now this shah is a taddhite suffix shah is a taddhite suffix because it falls in the domain of taddhitas defined earlier and so now 138 does not apply here and shah does not become ith. Bahu shah is how the word is used in the object language language as well. So, Lashakva taddhite does not apply here. Let us take the other example where a consonant from ker class is termed as ith and the example is this verbal root buddha and a suffix ker is added to it. So, buddha plus ker, ker now occurs at the initial position of this suffix. So, Lashakva taddhite will apply here and ker will get ith saudhnya and then it will be deleted and you will get ith and so you join them together and you get the word buddha which means one who knows. Now ker is not a taddhite suffix because it is stated in 3-1. So, it is not a taddhite suffix and therefore it gets ith saudhnya and then the entire suffix is called kith and it triggers the operation 115 which is the negation of oo becoming oo and therefore you get the form buddha. Similarly, look at the example kerna plus kan stated by 4365. So, ner here gets the term ith by 133. What about ker? Answer is no because kan is a taddhite suffix and therefore 138 does not apply and we will get the word kerna ker and the feminine form kerinika and ornament of ear. So, here once again we looked at an example in which ker occurring at the initial position is getting the term ith if it is not part of the taddhite suffix but it does not get the term ith if it is part of the taddhite suffix. So now if we summarize what we have seen so far we can say that 137 and 138 assign the term ith to consonant classes at the beginning of the suffix and 138 excludes a big set of suffixes called taddhita from this application that is very much clear from these two sutras. Now, let us look at the ever important sutra 139 tasya lopaha. So far we have studied the ith saudhnya from 132 to 138, 132 gives the ith saudhnya to a bobble from 133 to 138 these sutras give ith saudhnya to consonants. The first two at the final position and the remaining at the initial position of the element. Now, we have been saying that once a sound gets the ith saudhnya it gets deleted by 139. Let us look at what is the meaning of 139. Words continue only one word continues namely ith from 132 and it is it gets converted into the sixth case over here and then we get the meaning tasya itaha lopasha. The marker ith is substituted by deletion that is the marker ith is deleted this is a generic application and one which is performed right in the initial stages of derivation or immediately after introduction of the verbal item in the derivation. So, it does not require any condition or any environment to apply. So, it is called animittika. So, this deletion is done right at the beginning rightly so. So, ith sound gets deleted and leaves its own mark and then triggers various kinds of grammatical operations. We have also observed that an element may contain more than one ith sounds attached to it for example, touch triggering more than one grammatical operations. So, in touch ith triggered the operation of feminine suffix, chabut triggered the operation of accent and so on to summarize this discussion we can say that the term ith is very fundamental in understanding the meta language of Paninian grammar. This term is cleverly used to trigger various grammatical operations in the Paninian grammar. Deletion is also considered as a substitute in Paninian grammar. This is also called zero substitute and we shall study this further when we look at technical terms in the Paninian grammar. More discussion when we look at more technical terms in Paninian grammar.  Let us read the Mangala Charana from one of the celebrated texts. Here it is Prakriya Prakashya, a commentary on the text called Prakriya Kavmudhi and the Mangala Charana is like this. And I repeat. And I repeat. And lastly, the recitation of the five sutras from the third chapter first pada, the initial five sutras are the following, Pratyayaha, Parashya, Adyudhattashya, Anudhattav Subhpitao, Guptichke Dhyasana. I repeat. Pratyayaha, Parashya, Adyudhattashya, Anudhattav Subhpitao, Guptichke Dhyasana. Thank you for your attention.


This government has made it very easy or easier in terms of tax. We've given an amnesty on all arrays of income tax, never in the history of this country, never from this country's history has there ever been an amnesty on tax interest and tax penalties. And bear with me what that means. That means that if you collected VAT on behalf of the people of Senusia and remember VAT is collected on behalf of the government of Senusia and you do not pay that VAT back to the government after you've collected it there is normally a fine or some interest. This government has waived it completely.  Never before has that ever happened. This government has given in terms of tax thresholds, the highest tax threshold again ever, $25,000 in terms of a tax threshold. So people who get $2,000 or less do not pay any taxation. Never before that is our history on taxation.


I have discussed let me finish this vapor compression refrigeration on the pH diagram I already basically the basic refrigeration system looks like this there is a throttling valve there is an evaporator after the cooling occurs you get vapor which is compressed is compressed vapor is again condensed there is a fluid flowing at some rate m dot looking at a steady state operation the throttling operation starts at C so this is CD then BA is the evaporation AB is the compression and BC is the condensation you can hardly see the refrigerator in the back nowadays everything is closed these days but this let us take this operation of compression the compressor you can also see the back usually at the bottom this compressor is usually it is treated as an adiabatic compressor because there is no time for heat exchange I told you BC is the set of coils nowadays your refrigerator gets hot on the side in the back that is because you got all these coils and it exchanges heat with the surroundings at the room temperature so Q condenser it exchanges heat till the material completely condenses the classical refrigerators at tree on you have a throttling expansion the throttling on each of these is very easily analyzed the basic equation all of these are treated as it is just a flow system and at steady state you have DH I am sorry have DU I will write the open system equations if for each of these for each of these it is an open system so is equal to TDS I am considering reversible operation right now minus delta WS plus HN DMN so if you are looking at the evaporator looking at either steady state if you are looking at steady state let us look at we will start with AB for AB I do not even have to say the steady state or negligible hold up my system is the compressor the hold up in the system is negligible compared to the mass flowing through the system it means DU and DS can be neglected because you refers to the total internal energy of the open system in the open system consistent consists of mass inside the compressor so this part this becomes 0 this becomes 0 and you have the compressor work delta WS and negligible hold up first of all DU is 0 is also equal to DS is also 0 and DMN is equal to DM out I divide through by DT I get WS dot is equal to H out minus HN so minus delta H into M dot delta H of course is B-A this is HB-HA then you can do the analysis for the condenser here no shaft work is done again you are looking at steady state or you are looking at negligible hold up so you are really looking at DU DS being 0 and WS being I think I should write this in terms of not TDS is not 0 I will write it in terms of first law itself much easier I will show you exactly where the second law kicks in right now in terms of the first law I have this is adiabatic operation so I have to add delta Q is equal to 0 this part delta WS is 0 AB then BC delta WS is equal to 0 and again DU is equal to DS is equal to 0 actually the other way around DU is equal to 0 and DS is also equal to 0 so you get delta H into M dot is simply Q Q dot is equal to delta H into M dot and delta H in this case is C-D it is not C-D it is C-B it is C-HB is negative so Q is actually lost to S around X process CD I have W delta WS is 0 and so is delta Q then you are looking at negligible hold up so DMN is equal to DM out the same thing holds so you have HN is equal to H out or I will write it in terms of in HC is equal to HD then the last FDA if the evaporator is exactly like the condenser so you get Q dot this is Q condenser this is Q evaporator this delta H is HA-HD this enthalpy is greater than this you are simply evaporating the whole thing it is completely vapor and then you are compressing the vapor this here if the operation is actually adiabatic notice that this work done is equal to delta H into M dot is always valid so first law derivation if the process is isentropic you go along the isentropic line if the process is not isentropic the actual work done is more than this is work done on the system you have to do more work so you will end up at some point B prime I do not know the path you just draw a line arbitrarily you do not actually the irreversible parts are all variable but depending on the efficiency because work is a function of the path I do not know the path beforehand depending on the condition of your compressor you will do more work and this the actual work done will be always delta H this value here is delta H at constant entropy so this is reversible work is this this is the actual work so the thermodynamic state of the system will be different that is all instead of B it will go to B prime it will get it will go to a higher temperature and therefore to a higher enthalpy the condenser and the evaporator effectively operated constant pressure thermodynamically but if you are doing design for industry you will worry about pressure drop here so basically what you have to do is design this condenser first for the heat load that you expect and then the rest of it will design itself because you know the total heat load here divided by delta H will give you M dot that determines how much of free on or refrigerant should be circulating inside that is a sealed system so there is a whole you lose it but otherwise it is a sealed system and normally this is operated just a little above atmospheric pressure because you do not yet leak in you would rather the fluid leaked out but this pressure therefore is determined below is determined really close to atmospheric pressure it used to be just above now it may be just below this pressure is anything convenient for safety in case it blows up to make sure nobody gets injured too badly so this pressure so these two pressures then you look at thermodynamic charts to see which fluid will work with between these two pressures and which has see this is the cooling you get which has the maximum da that means pictorially you look at a graph and say which has the widest on the same scale the one that has the widest liquid vapor envelope will be the one that has the largest enthalpy chain this divided by this is what gives you the efficiency or the coefficient of performance that maximum the cooling you get for unit of work done okay this is about vapor compression refrigeration one other thing I have to mention in the work cycles is the Rankine cycle which is still used a lot in boilers have you done the Rankine cycle in the other course I think I will just give you an assignment very similar so you must have done the TS diagram but you can trace the same thing on a pH diagram so I will skip the Rankine cycle stuff I will just summarize for heat to work devices what you need to know is the Otto cycle the diesel cycle then the Rankine cycle and the gas turbines and then I would expect you to then vapor compression refrigeration I think going beyond that I have to go to mixture thermodynamics because chemical engineering thermodynamics is all about mixture thermodynamics really about multi component systems so let me start discussing multi component systems if I write internal energy I know it is a property of state so it has to be a property it has to be a function of measurable variables for example it you is a function of SNV for pure substances I told you the number of variables is determined experimentally you will come up with a phase rule but that is there is empirical input in applying the phase rule also equal to function of SV let us say it is an R component system then I have N1 moles of 1 N2 moles of 2 and so on NR moles of R components N1 is number of moles of 1 and so on since it is a property of state I can use calculus partial of U is partial of U with respect to S holding V N1 N2 etc constant since all the moles are held constant and the volume it is the same partial as in a pure substance so you will get TDS partial of U with respect to S is T and the partial of U with respect to V is – P plus sum over I partial of U with respect to Ni Dni holding S V Nj not equal to I is Nj not equal to I means all mole numbers other than I other than Ni the reason I can use calculus is because I have asserted from the two laws that U is a function of state and S is a function of state this incidentally this is what I define as Mu I have four equations of this kind because I have simply introduced redundancy and write them all down dA is simply A is still U – TS so we will get – SdT – PdV plus sum over I Mu I Dni here Mu I is partial of A with respect to Ni the only difference is that the variables that are held constant are T V Nj not equal to I if you differentiate holding S V and Nj not equal to I if you differentiate U you get the chemical potential if you differentiate the Helmholtz free energy with respect to Ni holding T V and Nj not equal to I you get the same chemical potential because A is still U – TS so DH is U plus PV so this is TDS plus VDP plus Mu I Dni this is H with respect to Ni again S P Nj not equal to I then Dg in this last partial g with respect to any extensive variable with respect to the number of moles holding T and P and other mole numbers constant keeps coming again and again it is called a partial molar property it is written as gi bar turns out to be very important because ideally what would you like you have a mixture property what you would like to do is simply multiply the number of moles of I by the property and add you should get the answer it happens exactly that way provided you use partial molar properties not any other property so for example I from this I am going to integrate this I will integrate this equation for convenience exactly as I did in the pure state pure component case sort of central to the entire thermodynamic argument for mixtures if I integrate this I will show you g is simply Ni Mu I sum over Ni Mu I that means if I know the chemical potential in the mixture of component I I can simply add it up and get the answer but Mu I in the mixture is not the same as Mu I pure in the pure state chemical potential is different from the chemical potential in the mixture because the environment is different you are talking of molecules you are talking of certain energy and entropic properties if you have a mixture I have more rearrangement possibilities so the entropy is higher the energy is different because the intermolecular forces are different between like and unlike molecules so I am going to do this integration what we will show is integrate and show that g is equal to so I forgot this board exists so integrate I will call this equation one these the results I derive can be derived from any one of these but g is the most convenient for chemical engineering purposes so I use this arguments are identical integrate one we will show that g is simply a Ni Mu I to show that it is actually a trivial thing but it is conceptually very important it was done of course like all the most fundamental things in thermodynamics was done by Josiah will ya gives during his 10 years of meditation in Yale apparently nobody ever met him he did not bother he just walked in did thermodynamics went back for lunch then came back and did more thermodynamics and then went back and then wrote a 150 page book he wrote three such books and all of which are absolute classics is not a single conceptual error in any of the books this is after 200 what each 7 after 100 years little over a 100 years okay what you have is a system with number of moles Ni when I put a squiggly bracket I mean I runs over all the indices I have a system in the final state that is k times larger I have a reservoir that is connected to the word reservoir means the properties here do not change at all it has mean 10 to the power 6 Ni or whatever it is same composition that means I have x i the mole fractions x i this is automatically i is equal to 1 to r minus 1 the last one is determined same composition but infinite amount of fluid I just open the valve at T is equal to 0 this is in state TP this is also in state TP it is K times larger all extensive properties are therefore K times larger here so if I have the volume is V this volume will be K times V V K times V any property if you take internal energies will be times K times U just a larger system and so on now I make an assertion that G with respect to Ni doing the two extensive variables and I make the assumptions at G is essentially a homogeneous function of the number of moles so partial of G with respect to Ni is an intensive variable it is actually an assertion in thermodynamics you do not need a separate law if you there is a whole theory of homogeneous functions of which this can be shown as a correct result in this is done in I do not know if you have seen this book there is a book called rational thermodynamics this is typical of the author trues del passed away recently Cliff Clifford trues del was a great expositor of thermodynamics he said the thermodynamics guys are loose in their nomenclature they have to do things correctly so uses fairly rigorous mathematical language to describe thermodynamics he called this thermodynamics rational implying everybody else is a rational that was typical of trues del and in rational thermodynamics he will show you what happens if it is not a homogeneous function like when G is not a homogeneous function of Ni and so on so fundamentally delta G by delta Ni because this is a property per mole this is assumed to be an intensive variable intensive variables it does not depend on the extent of the system so the assert here that all the intensive properties let us say let E be any extensive property extensive property simply increases with size then E I bar is intensive I bar is E per mole specific properties are also intensive if I if small e would be intensive because it is per mole but E I bar is the question thing in question so GI bar or Mu I Mu I is intensive if it is intensive then for this process you can take this this this equation applies for the open system it has change in number of moles so I want to integrate it at constant T and P so this is 0 this is 0 Mu I is constant because it is composition remains constant if Mu I is constant all you have to do is integrate this you will get G is equal to Mu I into Ni actually you will get delta G so integrating 1 you get delta G is equal to K minus 1 times G because this system is simply K times larger than that this is equal to on the right hand side I get some over I Mu I times delta Ni which is equal to some over I K minus 1 times Mu I Ni so if since K is not identically 1 you can cancel it off you get this result this crucially depends on the fact on the on this fact that Mu I is an intensive variable fact one of the things about this nano technology that they are talking about no big deal just suddenly nano has become very fashionable molecular scales were measured in angstrunks and 10 angstrunks is 1 nanometer I do not know if you know this started with Feynman's lecture he gave a lecture typically saying there is lots plenty of room at the bottom what he meant was there are lots of space and you can rearrange molecules as you please and so on but he was actually it is quite an interesting lecture you should read that independently but nano has just become a buzzword but the factors in small systems if you are talking of systems nano systems 10 angstrunks that kind of dimensions you are not talking of a system with very large number of molecules when you are talking of very small number of molecules all of these you must remember classical thermodynamics does not depend on molecular structure but it assumes that average properties very continuously that means you must have very large number of molecules so that if you have density variations you are actually adding or subtracting molecules in a change the density but if the number of molecules added or subtracted a small compared to the number of molecules in the system you can treat the whole thing in calculus if you have 10 and you take away 1 then the changes too much you cannot use calculus so in nano systems that is the problem the total number of molecules is small so the property fluctuations are larger than the property itself and in such systems for example the chemical potential need not be an intensive variable at all it will depend on the number of molecules in the system in that sense it is not an intensive variable but for our purposes we will resolve in this thing never to treat less than 10 to the power 10 molecules at a time it is already 10 to the power minus 13 of 1 mole so you do not have to worry it is very hard for you to deal with less now if you take a drop then you are already talking of 10 to the power at least 15 so if k will cancel if k cancels you get g is equal to n i mu i you might say I did the integration for one process but notice that the final result has only the variables that belong to the initial state and the initial state is entirely arbitrary the process is described by one parameter k it is I have chosen a particular process but the result is independent of the process once k cancelled out the result is independent of the process the result is applicable to the initial state which could be arbitrary the one is full of bugging arguments of this kind so you get a result and then you use it everywhere then you get all your answers nicely but you have this nagging doubt did I do that right and I did it for a special process but actually in this case this is what gives us a book is full of such thought experiments he never got up from a stable to do a single experiment we did everything sitting at a stable so this result is very important it is central to make sure thermodynamics and typical of a thermodynamics you would not stop there having done that this is I have integrated now I like to differentiate you know you would think it was a kid playing but differentiate this you get dg is equal to sum over n i d mu i or sum over mu i d n i right n i mu i you differentiate you get n i d mu i then I insist that if I differentiate I could get I should get the same answer as before so I have to compare three with one and declare the two are one and the same if I declare they are both one and the same I get n i d mu i is equal to minus stt plus v dp this is another central equation in thermodynamics it is called the Gibbs-Duhem equation and stop there this is again very central to mixture thermodynamics I will put it in another form that we actually use the when I did the integration I used a physical input that mu i is an intensive variable therefore I was able to write this form now I do calculus and I come up with this you might say where does this come from it comes from the fact that if mu i is an intensive variable the state of a system should be described by temperature pressure and r minus 1 intensive variables right if you if I use composition I would have used temperature pressure x1 x2 xr minus 1 so mole fraction satisfy the condition that sum over dxi is equal to 0 sum over xi is 1 sum over dxi is 0 looks a little more ugly but it is the same thing sum over n i d mu i is equal to something it is entirely equivalent to saying sum over dxi is equal to 0 so any intense set of intensive variables we use to describe the system the independent variables will be only r minus 1 the r intensive variable that describes composition it is differential will always be determined by the others and that is the constraint that is the Gibbs-Duhem equation so we will continue from there I have to do some work on this to produce a final form that we actually use


Tell me big C. I'm back again guys to dig up free stuff for you. That's right. First things first, free stuff guys. You saw two intros at the beginning of this video. Well they're free. They are yours. Take them if you want them. Their first person style, shooter style guys. A lot of people ask for like Call of Duty or Battlefield or whatever. And you know what? Here's our first crack at it. My voice is cracking as well. Take them guys. If you like them, they're yours. Secondly, the website Freedom Online is also being rebuilt and we're restructuring it. And while I say that, the most important thing that I'm looking for in this video is comments from you guys as to what you would like to see on the website personally. We're looking for suggestions, ideas, maybe there's other websites that you really like that you think we could do better or a little different. Guys, whatever you got in mind, please leave a comment. Let us know what you think. What my initial thinking here is that with all of the partners at Freedom and all of the high quality videos and the millions and billions of views that all of you guys get aggregated together, well there's got to be some good ideas out there and there's got to be some stuff that we could do better than other websites. So guys, leave a comment if you want to see lots of, you know, the newest games that are coming out. You want to see game reviews. You want to see game previews. Maybe you want let's plays. Maybe you want a section with tutorials for how to how to video edit with different editors. I don't know guys, I'm just throwing all this stuff out there. Just keep in mind that it is all doable. I know it's doable because I will do it. I have taught myself how to build websites and all that other fancy stuff and I can do it to master my ability. Now the last thing I want to mention guys is there's two or three big games coming out this week and next week that I want you guys to put on your radar and if you make videos on these games whether it's a let's play or a review or an early access preview. I don't know what it is guys, but if you're playing any of these games you should email me because we're going to start off the website right here. We got to start somewhere. We got to start narrow. So here's where we're going to start. The two games in particular that I'm looking for immediately if you're playing them right now and you've got footage, you need to send it to me now. The first one is Hell Divers. This game has been getting great reviews. It's got amazing multiplayer experience and apparently it's just awesome. If you're playing Hell Divers and you've got a preview or a review or a let's play or a series of let's plays where you kind of do them in sequence, get in contact with me Curtis at Freedom.tm. We got to go for that. The second one is everybody's gone to the rapture. This game looks awesome. The scenery and the visuals are beautiful apparently. It's pretty spooky. A lot of bad stuff has happened and you got to go there and figure it out. I haven't played it yet, but apparently it's wild. If you're playing this game and you've got some best of or you've got some let's play footage like the last one, you need to get a hold of me. You need to send me that right away. Curtis at Freedom.tm. Alright guys, the last one is Metal Gear Solid 5. It is not out yet, but the reviews are in. IGN Gamespot have reviewed it. They've given it 10 out of 10. Apparently it's amazing. It's going to be a huge event. Anybody that has the either early access, I don't know if it exists so if it doesn't, don't blame me. But if you have early access or if you have some footage or you're going to be playing the game the day it comes out or pretty quickly after its release, you got to get a hold of me. Also email me Curtis at Freedom.tm. I want to do some let's play series. I'm looking for some reviews, some previews guys. This is where we're going to start the party. That being said, if you make gameplay or any type of video on any topic, please email me Curtis at Freedom.tm. I'll get in contact with you. We will get this ball rolling. Freedom on lines out. Two free intros are out. Let's do this. It's your boy Bigsy. Be back later with some more featured on Freedom.


What if you had less than a minute to share the gospel with somebody? What would you even say? Okay, good question. Let's give it a shot. There's four parts of this. Number one, creation. God created everything good and He created humans in His own image. Two, the fall. Man rebelled against God. We turned to our own sinful ways and because of that we deserve God's wrath because of our sin and deserve hell. Number three, Jesus came to this earth fully God and fully man without sin. He lived the sinless life that we could not live and He died on the cross, the death we deserve to die for our own sins against God. He rose again on the third day defeating sin and death and we are called to put our faith in Him to be forgiven from our sin, to receive that free gift of salvation. Number four, restoration. God will come and make new heavens and new earth and we will live with God in eternity in perfect relationship with Him. How would I do? Okay, that's awesome. I'm definitely going to practice that, you know, just in case.


Going on everybody this is 2020 tops definitive baseball one box break number nine pick your team sold out last many here Last break of the night appreciate everyone getting in Good luck to everybody Since 90 reds last Bob Mojo keep an eye on them Good luck second gold frame on the case First one up look at that last Bob Mojo two color patch 14 of 29 Arey cities Aquino rookie patch So two six eight eight five three is your Serial number looking up there since 90 reds is dusty There is 28 out of 35 a men Rosario for the Mets That's going up to Dior Kev Also one of the last teams taken Look at this reds Last Bob Mojo gets a Barry Larkin inscription 95 NL MVP 11 to 25 Nice hit reds Dustin with the last Bob Mojo Pick them up well after 1 a.m. Here on the West Coast Nice hit Mark McGuire 10 of 10 for the ace Oliver Gold frame Dota it's a nice one for Oakland 10 of 10 Big Mac Mark McGuire Whoa wake up Matthew Stubblefield wake up Get off Call of Duty 35 of 35 do a lot of patch Blake Snell Brenna McKay Tampa Bay Rays Matthew Stubblefield on my nice card coming up. We have a Number two of five Robin yel three color patch auto for the Milwaukee brew crew That's going out to Charles nice Couple more to go Dustin May 22 of 25 rookie autograph for the Dodgers Chris Cove that one and last card coming up is a Max Kepler 10 of 30 silhouette Autograph for the twins is going out to Samantha With the Kepler so there you go appreciate it. Thanks. Everybody for getting in that was definitive one box break number die