This video will cover the anatomy of the peripheral nervous system. Most of this material comes from the open-stacks anatomy and physiology textbook, chapters 13 through 16, but some additional content comes from Gray's Anatomy and from Wikipedia. As we go, we will cover the following study objectives, describe the structure of the peripheral nervous system, and functions of major structures. We will identify the layers of connective tissue in a nerve, list the cranial nerves in order, for each describe the major functions, central and peripheral connections, and pathway through the cranium. We will list the major spinal nerves for each describe which nerve plexus each nerve supplies, and major functions of each of the spinal nerves. We will contrast the structure and function of the autonomic and somatic efferent pathways of the peripheral nervous system, and we will contrast the structure and function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. A nerve is organized with three layers of connective tissue, and an outermost layer of fibrous connective tissue called the epineurium surrounds the entire nerve. Then inside of the nerve are bundles of axons called fascicles, and each of those fascicles is surrounded by a layer of fibrous connective tissue known as the perineurium. Then inside of the fascicle each nerve fiber or axon is surrounded by a layer of loose areolar connective tissue called the endonurium. The endonurium surrounds the axons and also the schwan cells, the glial cells that are supporting the axon, producing the myelin insulating myelinated axons in nerves of the peripheral nervous system. We'll start by going through the cranial nerves, and these are numbered in order 1 through 12. So we'll start with the olfactory nerve, cranial nerve number one that carries the sense of smell from the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal cavity into the olfactory bulb. Cranial nerve number two is the optic nerve, which also carries sensory information. The optic nerve carries the sense of vision from the eye, from the retina in the eye, and it carries that information into the optic tract that will continue to the thalamus. Cranial nerve number three is the ocular motor nerve. Sending out the motor commands that excite the contraction of most of the eye muscles, and so it extends out from the midbrain and to the extraocular eye muscles, and those would be somatic pathways to regulate the skeletal muscles that move the eyes. There are also parasympathetic motor pathways that travel through the ocular motor nerve in order to regulate the smooth muscles inside of the eye in the iris and ciliary body. Cranial nerve number four is the trochlear nerve, a motor nerve that excites contraction of the superior oblique eye muscle, that rotates the eye in its socket, so it extends out from the midbrain to the superior oblique eye muscle. Cranial nerve number five is the trigeminal nerve. There are three large branches of the trigeminal nerve, and we'll go through and study each of those and see their functions. There's an ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve, but the trigeminal nerve carries both sensory and motor impulses, sensory information coming from the face, and the motor commands include the commands to excite the muscles of mastication, the muscles required to chew, for example the masseter and the temporalis are muscles excited by the trigeminal nerve. Cranial nerve number six is the abducens nerve. This nerve starts from the pons and extends out to excite the lateral rectus eye muscle, a muscle that pulls the eye to direct your gaze away from the midline. The name abducens, remember abduction is to move away from the midline. Abducens nerve causes abduction, that is to move your gaze away from the midline. Cranial nerve number seven is the facial nerve, and so the cranial nerve number seven attaches to the pons and then extends out to the face. There's a sensory pathway as well as a motor pathway. The sensory fibers, the afferent fibers of facial nerve carry the sense of taste from the tongue. Then the efferent pathway, the motor fibers excite the muscles of facial expression, for example the depressor labii inferioris or depressor anguli oris, the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi, the zygomaticus major and minor. These are all muscles that are excited by efferent fibers of the facial nerve. Cranial nerve number eight is the vestibular cochlear nerve. This carries sensory information from the inner ear and the destination where the vestibular cochlear nerve attaches to the brain is at the medulla oblongata. Cranial nerve number nine is the glossopharyngeal nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve, the name tells us it's carrying information from the tongue, the glosso, and the pharynx, the throat, the pharyngeal. So glossopharyngeal is both a sensory and a motor nerve. Sensory information includes taste as well as there are receptors and the large artery traveling towards the brain, the carotid artery and the sensors in the carotid artery are detecting blood pressure as well as the concentration of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood. The motor pathways through the glossopharyngeal nerve excite the muscles of the pharynx for swallowing. So the glossopharyngeal nerve connects to the brain at the medulla oblongata and travels to the tongue and the pharynx. Cranial nerve number ten, the vegas nerve, has both sensory and motor functions. The sensory information is coming from our visceral organs including a bororeceptor that measures blood pressure in the aorta, the large artery that carries blood out from the left ventricle of the heart. There's also motor pathways through the vegas nerve. So the vegas nerve regulates the activity of visceral organs through parasympathetic efferent fibers that travel in the vegas nerve. For example, they travel to the heart in order to decrease the heart rate. They travel to the digestive organs to stimulate the activity of the digestive organs. The vegas nerve attaches to the brain at the medulla and then the peripheral attachments are in the visceral organs. Cranial nerve number eleven is the accessory nerve. It's a motor nerve and it excites the trapezius and the deltoids. It's attached to the brain at the medulla and extends out from the medulla in order to excite those skeletal muscles of the trapezius and deltoids. Cranial nerve number twelve is the hypoglossal nerve. Hypoglossal nerve is a motor nerve that excites the muscles of the tongue. It attaches to the brain at the medulla and extends out to the tongue where it excites the muscles of the tongue. For example, the genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus are all excited by the hypoglossal nerve. Here we can see cranial nerve number one traveling through the cribriform foramina of the ethmoid bone. The branches of cranial nerve number one travel through the numerous foramina in the cribriform plate and then synapse with neurons inside of the olfactory bulb. Their function is sensory to carry the sense of smell. Here we can see the pathways for cranial nerves two through five that are traveling out towards the eye or in from the eye. So a sensory nerve, the optic nerve cranial nerve number two carries visual information from the retina in through the optic foramen and its destination will ultimately be in the optic tracts that connect to the phalamus. The superior orbital fissure contains the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve and also the abducens nerve. So we can see here cranial nerve three, the oculomotor nerve that extends through superior orbital fissure from the midbrain to excite the majority of the muscles of the eye. Cranial nerve number four, we can see just lateral to cranial nerve three is extending from the midbrain to the superior oblique muscle, the skeletal muscle that causes the rotation of the eye in its socket. Then the ophthalmic branch of cranial nerve number five is carrying sensory information from the superior regions of the face including the skin around the orbits. Then we will see that cranial nerve number six is out of view here but also travels through this superior orbital fissure in order to excite the lateral rectus eye muscles. Here we have a lateral view showing the nerves connecting to the orbit. So we already saw cranial nerve number two that travels through the optic foramen and is carrying a sense of vision from the retina into the thalamus. But cranial nerve three, four, the ophthalmic branch of five and cranial nerve six all travel through the superior orbital fissure. Cranial nerve three extends from the midbrain out to excite most of the muscles of the eye. That's the oculomotor nerve as the name suggests it moves the eye muscles. Cranial nerve number four, the trochlear nerve also extends from the midbrain and extends out to the superior oblique muscle. The ophthalmic branch of cranial nerve five is carrying sensory information from the superior regions of the face and coming into a destination in the ponds. Then cranial nerve six extends from the ponds out through the superior orbital fissure in order to excite the lateral rectus muscles that direct our gaze away from the midline. Now the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve travels through foramen rotundum and carries sensory information from the middle region of the face including the upper jaw. Here we can see the three large branches of the trigeminal nerve. There's the ophthalmic branch that travels through superior orbital fissure carrying sensory information from around the eyes and the upper regions of the face. There's the maxillary branch that travels through foramen rotundum carries sensory information from the middle region of the face including the upper jaw. Then the mandibular branch travels through foramen ovale and carries sensory information from the lower regions of the face including the lower jaw, the mandible, but also excites the contraction of skeletal muscles required for chewing like the masseter and the temporalis. Here we can see an illustration showing the major regions of the face where sensory information comes from for the three branches of the trigeminal nerve. The ophthalmic branch is shown in the green color and is the superior region of the face. The maxillary branch shown in pink is the middle region of the face including the upper jaw and then the mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve carries sensory information from the lower regions of the face including the lower jaw. It's shown in yellow here. Acranial nerves number seven and eight are the facial and vestibulococlear. Vestibulococlear nerve was previously called the acoustic nerve and so you can see it's labeled the acoustic nerve in the image from Grey's Anatomy. The internal acoustic miatus is the pathway for the facial nerve and vestibulococlear nerve to travel in and out of the cranium. The internal acoustic miatus allows the vestibulococlear nerve to travel from the inner ear which is deep inside of the temporal bone out into the cranium to carry information to the medulla oblongata. The facial nerve which carries both sensory and motor information from the face and tongue travels through internal acoustic miatus and then branches of it will come out through the stylonastoid foramen to reach the face where it can excite the muscles of facial expression. The facial nerve also carries the sense of taste from the majority of the tongue and the facial nerve attaches to the brain at the pons. Here we can see the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve number nine, the vagus cranial nerve number ten and the accessory nerve cranial nerve number eleven which all travel through the jugular foramen. And so the glossopharyngeal nerve is exciting contraction of pharyngeal muscles important for swallowing, it's also carrying information about the pressure of our blood and the concentration of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from the carotid artery. Then the vagus nerve carries both autonomic motor pathways of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system and visceral sensory information coming to and from the organs of the ventral body cavities, the visceral organs. And then the accessory nerve cranial nerve number eleven is a motor nerve and it excites contraction of the trapezius and deltoids. Here we can see the hypoglossal nerve which is extending down through the hypoglossal canal of the occipital bone just lateral to foramen magnum. The hypoglossal nerve extends down into the tongue to excite the contraction of the muscles of the tongue like genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus. Now we're going to move on to study the spinal nerves that connect to the spinal cord. On the posterior or dorsal side of the spinal cord axons extend in through a dorsal root carrying sensory information from afferent fibers. On the anterior or ventral side of the spinal cord axons extend out through the ventral root carrying information, motor commands out through efferent fibers. The afferent and efferent fibers join together to form the trunk of the spinal nerve and then branches come off of that trunk. The dorsal ramus is a branch that comes off and innervates the posterior of the body carrying both sensory and motor information to and from the posterior of the body. Then the ventral ramus is a branch that extends off to the lateral and anterior regions of the body carrying both sensory and motor information from those regions. The white ramus is a branch that carries the axons of the autonomic neurons that are found in the lateral gray horn that are traveling towards a ganglion in the peripheral nervous system. The gray ramus is where an axon from an autonomic ganglion can extend back to join the spinal nerve. Here is a micrograph of the dorsal root ganglion. You can see that there are numerous cell bodies of sensory neurons found inside of the dorsal root ganglion and there are axons that are traveling from the dorsal root to the dorsal root ganglion. Nearby we can see axons from the ventral root that are coming together to join with the dorsal root in order to form the trunk of a spinal nerve. Here is a higher magnification view of the dorsal root ganglion where we can see the cell bodies of the pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons. Those neuronal cell bodies are surrounded by neuroglial cells called satellite cells that help to regulate the chemical environment surrounding the neuron. Here we see a micrograph of the layers of a spinal nerve where we can see the perinarium that is surrounding a fascicle. There are numerous fibers inside the fascicle, each one surrounded by a layer of endonurium. Out of view in the magnified image, but you can see in the top right, the low magnification image, an outermost layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve that is the epinerium. The three layers of connective tissue are endonurium deep inside around the fibers perinerium surrounding the fascicles and epinerium surrounding the entire nerve. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve trunks, pairs being one on the left and one on the right that are carrying information in and out of the spinal cord. The spinal nerves are numbered starting with C1, which exits above the first cervical vertebrae. So C1 exits above atlas. C2 exits above axis. C7 exits above vertebra prominence. However, there are only seven cervical vertebrae and there are eight cervical spinal nerves. Spinal nerves C8 exit above the first thoracic vertebrae. And then the numbering system switches so that all of the other vertebrae are numbered according to the vertebral level they exit below. So the first thoracic nerves exit below the first thoracic vertebrae. The first lumbar nerves exit below the first lumbar vertebrae. So L5 will exit in between the fifth lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum. Then there's five sacral nerves. The first sacral nerves exit through the most superior of the sacral foramina. Sacral nerves four exit through the most inferior of the sacral foramina. Sacral nerve five exits just inferior to the sacrum. And then there are also coxigial nerve that extend out through the coccyx. The ventral ramie of the spinal nerves in the cervical region and the first thoracic form nerve plexus. The cervical plexus forms from C1 through C5.  The cervical plexus is formed from the ventral ramie of C1 through C5. And most of the branches coming off of the cervical plexus are carrying sensory information from the skin of the neck and from the posterior regions of the head. And from the shoulders. And they also have some motor fibers that excite the contraction of muscles in the neck and shoulder region. There's one major nerve that we will study in more detail called the phrenic nerve. The phrenic nerve arises from C3 through C5 in the cervical plexus and extends down to excite contraction of the diaphragm. The skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and when it's contracted causes expansion of the thoracic cavity in order to draw air into the lungs. The brachial plexus forms from C5 through T1. And so the illustration here shows just C6 through T1 but classically we describe it as C5 through T1. So I'll show you on the Gray's Anatomy and illustration showing it start from C5. And the brachial plexus connects to the branches that travel through the arms. And so the major nerves that we will study that branch off of the brachial plexus are the musculocutaneous, median, axillary, ulnar and radial nerves. And these are exciting the skeletal muscles that move the muscles of the arms and also carrying sensory information from the skin and sensory receptors throughout the arm. Then in the lumbar region there is another nerve plexus known as the lumbar plexus. The lumbar plexus arises from L1 through L4 and the nerves travel into the thighs and the inferior portions of the abdominal wall in the psoas muscle. The major nerves that we will study coming from the lumbar plexus are the femoral nerve and the obturator nerve. Then inferior to the lumbar plexus we see here the sacral plexus which arises from L4 through S4 and carries information to and from the legs. The major nerve that we will study is the sciatic nerve which is the largest nerve in the body. And then we will study divisions of the sciatic nerve. There is a tibial nerve and fibular nerve and the common fibular nerve we will see branch just to form a deep and superficial branch of the fibular nerve. Here we can see an illustration showing the cervical plexus which arises from C1 through C5 and carries information to and from the neck and shoulders and the posterior regions of the face. But this major nerve that extends out from the cervical plexus from the lower 3 ventral ramii from C3 through C5 is the phrenic nerve. And the phrenic nerve excites contraction of the diaphragm. And so here we can see the phrenic nerve extending down on the right and the left to innervate the diaphragm. Here we see an illustration of the brachial plexus. Now the brachial plexus can be broken down into the roots which are the ventral ramii that come together and then when the ventral ramii come together they form what we call trunks. And so there are superior middle and inferior trunks. And then arising from the trunks are what we call divisions. And so there are three posterior divisions that come off of the superior middle and inferior trunks and come together to form what's known as the posterior cord. And then there are three anterior divisions and the anterior divisions from the superior and middle trunks come together to form what's known as the lateral cord. Whereas the anterior division of the inferior trunk forms what's known as the medial cord. Then extending off of the cords we have branches which are the major spinal nerves traveling through the arms. The ulnar nerve forms as a branch of the medial cord and the ulnar nerve will then travel down through the medial side on the anterior of the forearm and it will excite the flexors of the wrist and fingers that are found there along the medial side. For example the flexor carbide ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus. The median nerve forms from branches of the lateral and medial cords and travels down the anterior of the forearm just lateral to the ulnar nerve and excites most of the flexors of the wrist and fingers that are found on the anterior of the forearm. For example flexor carbide radialis, flexor digitorum superficialis are both good examples. The musculocutaneous nerve forms as a branch from the lateral cord and will travel into the brachial region to excite the flexors of the elbow joint like the biceps brachii and brachialis. The radial nerve forms as a branch from the posterior cord. The radial nerve will travel down the posterior of the arm and through the posterior and lateral regions of the forearm, so as the name suggests the radial nerve does travel along the lateral side of the forearm and it will excite the muscles on the posterior of the forearm like the extensors of the wrist and fingers for example extensor carbide radialis or extensor digitorum. The radial nerve also excites the extensors of the elbow joint like the triceps brachii and the axillary nerve forms from a branch of the posterior cord that travels into the shoulder in order to excite the deltoid muscles as well as the teres minor. So here we can see major nerves of the brachial plexus as they're traveling down through the arm and forearm. We have the ulnar nerve along the medial side exciting the flexor carbide ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus. The median nerve just lateral to the ulnar nerve travels along the midline of the arm and forearm and excites most of the muscles on the interior of the forearm including flexor carbide radialis and flexor digitorum superficialis. The musculocutaneous nerve you can see travels down the brachial region in between biceps brachii and the brachialis and excites both of those muscles that flex the elbow joint. Here we can see the radial nerve as it's emerging on the lateral side of the forearm and the radial nerve will excite the extensor muscles on the posterior of the forearm and also excites the extensors of the elbow joint and so extensors of the elbow joint like triceps brachii are excited by the radial nerve and the extensors of the wrist like extensor carbide radialis and extensors of the extensor digitorum are all muscles excited by the radial nerve. So these nerves are mixed functions so that means that they carry both motor and sensory impulses and so the sensory information from the region surrounding the muscles that are excited are also carried in through these nerves. Here we can see a posterior view of the arm showing the major nerves of the brachial plexus that are traveling through the posterior. We have the axillary nerve that branches off of the posterior cord and travels in to excite the deltoids and teres minor and then here we see the radial nerve the larger branch that extends from the posterior cord travels down the posterior brachial region to excite the triceps brachii and then continues down into the entrebrachial region where it excites the extensor carbide radialis and extensor digitorum. Here we see an illustration of the lumbar plexus. The lumbar plexus arises from L1 through L4 and the major nerves coming off of the lumbar plexus include the femoral nerve arising from L2 through L4 and the obturator nerve also arising from L2 through L4. The femoral nerve will run down the anterior of the thigh the anterior femoral region it will excite the muscles that extend the knee joint the quadriceps femoris. It will also excite the muscles that flex the hip joint so the psoas major and iliacus are excited by the femoral nerve and then the femoral nerve also carries sensory information from the anterior femoral region. Now the obturator nerve is a smaller branch coming off of the lumbar plexus which travels down the medial side of the femoral region where it excites the adductors of the leg like adductor magnus adductor longus and will carry sensory information from that medial region of the groin. So here we can see the femoral nerve as it's traveling down the anterior femoral region to excite the quadriceps femoris. Here we can see the obturator nerve as it's traveling down the medial femoral region in order to excite adductor longus and adductor magnus. Here's an illustration of the sacral plexus that arises from L4 through S4. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body extending from spinal nerve roots L4 through S3. So the ventral rami of L4 and S3 come together to form the sciatic nerve and then major divisions of that sciatic nerve we can see the tibial nerve and it says here common peroneal that's a synonym for the common fibular nerve. So here we see the major nerves of the sacral plexus as they're traveling down the posterior of the thigh and leg. Here's the sciatic nerve is the large nerve traveling through the posterior of the thigh. And then the sciatic nerve branches to form a common fibular or common peroneal nerve and the tibial nerve. So the tibial nerve travels down through the popliteal space into the serral region where it's going to excite the plantar flexors like the gastrocnemius and soleus and the flexor digitorum longus, flexor helusus longus. Then the common peroneal or common fibular nerve is going to curve around to the anterior of the leg and then branch to form a superficial and deep branch. So here we can see the common fibular nerve as it's wrapping around the lateral side from the popliteal space and branching to form a superficial fibular nerve that runs down superficially on the lateral side in order to excite fibularis longus and fibularis brevis. Then we can see the deep fibular nerve that's traveling down along the tibia and excites the tibialis anterior muscle that performs dorsiflexion. Here we see a comparison of somatic and visceral reflexes. So the somatic reflexes are going to have an efferent pathway where a somatic motor neuron with its cell body in the anterior grey horn extends its efferent fiber out through the ventral root and then down a spinal nerve to reach an effector muscle, a skeleton muscle, and it will form a neuromuscular junction and release acetylcholine to stimulate contraction of the skeletal muscle. And a visceral reflex will have an autonomic efferent pathway where there is a pre-ganglionic neuron, a neuron that has its cell body in the lateral grey horn of the spinal cord, which extends its axon out through the ventral root to form a synapse in a ganglion, a cluster of cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. And so that neuron is the pre-ganglionic neuron which extends its axon from the spinal cord to the ganglion of the peripheral nervous system. Then a post-ganglionic neuron extends its axon from the ganglion out to reach the effector organ, like a smooth muscle as is shown here. And so there's two neurons in the efferent pathway for an autonomic efferent pathway, a pre-ganglionic neuron and a post-ganglionic neuron. The pre-ganglionic neuron will have a myelinated axon, and so we'll see that myelinated axon traveling through the white ramus, and the post-ganglionic neuron is unmyelinated. We'll see that if that axon returns back to the trunk of a spinal nerve, it will travel through a grey ramus. And then when the post-ganglionic axon reaches the effector organ, the axon doesn't necessarily have to form an axon terminal. Instead, it forms bulges along the axon where neurotransmitter are released onto the effector organs, which are called varicocities, post-ganglionic varicocities, which release neurotransmitters onto smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands to regulate their activity. Here we can see the connections between the sympathetic nervous system and the effector organs that are being regulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. And so the sympathetic division can be called the thoracolumbar division. It's commonly referred to as the fight-or-flight division of the autonomic nervous system, because it functions to mobilize energy reserves and help us deal with a stressful situation. The sympathetic nervous system will become activated during exercise and during stress. And it's called the thoracolumbar region because we see the pre-ganglionic neurons are found in the lateral gray horns in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, and they extend out through the thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves. And so the target organs, the effectors that are being regulated include the eye. So the smooth muscles inside of the eye will be stimulated to pull open the iris to allow more light into the eye. So we have dilation of the pupil in response to this sympathetic pathway. And so notice that the ganglion for the sympathetic nervous system is located on either side of the vertebral column. We call this the paravertebral ganglion or the chain ganglion. So it's called the chain ganglion because these ganglia are all interconnected through nerves. They're forming an interlacing network of nerves, so they sometimes also called aplexis. And so the paravertebral ganglion are very close to the spinal cord. And so the pre-ganglionic neuron has a short axon in the sympathetic division, extending from the lateral gray horn out to the paravertebral ganglion. And then the post-ganglionic neuron shown with the dotted line will extend from the paravertebral ganglion out to the effector organs like the eye. Or it can also extend out to the heart in order to stimulate contraction of the heart, increase the heart rate, and increase the force of contraction. They'll extend out to the digestive organs in order to decrease the activity of the digestive system. And they'll extend out to the urinary system in order to decrease urine production and stimulate the external genitalia during sexual intercourse. The sympathetic nervous system will stimulate the orgasm and ejaculation. So here we can see three pathways for the axon from the central sympathetic neuron in the lateral gray horn to travel out to form a synapse. A fiber can project out to a ganglion that's at the same level. And so that's what we see in number one here. At the top, this pre-ganglionic neuron in the lateral gray horn extends its axon out through the ventral root, then down through the white ramus to then synapse with a neuron, a post-ganglionic neuron that has its cell body in the paravertebral ganglion. And then that neuron can extend its axon out through a nerve to reach an effector organ. And so the axon of the pre-ganglionic neuron here in the sympathetic division is short, whereas the post-ganglionic axon is long extending from the paravertebral ganglion out to the effector organ. B here, the second example, shows that a branch can project to a more superior or inferior ganglion in the chain. And so the pre-ganglionic fiber extends out through the ventral root, then through the white ramus and up through the chain ganglion to reach a post-ganglionic neuron cell body that's either further superior or inferior. And then the last pathway C here shows that there are some pre-ganglionic neurons that can project their pre-ganglionic axon out through the ventral root, then through the white ramus, and then down through a spinal nerve like the splactic nerve to another ganglion that's found a little bit further away from the spinal cord. And so this could be a pre-vertebral ganglion found anterior to the spinal cord, closer to the visceral organs, and one example will be an axon extending all the way to the adrenal gland, to the medulla of the adrenal gland where it will stimulate the adrenal gland to produce a hormone called adrenaline or epinephrine. In contrast, this diagram is showing us the connections of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. And so the parasympathetic division can also be called the craniosacral division. We see that the pre-ganglionic fibers travel through cranial nerves and sacral nerves. And so it's parasympathetic because the cranial and sacral nerves are on either side of the thoracolumbar region where the sympathetic system is set up. Now the pre-ganglionic fibers are long in the parasympathetic division extending all the way from the brain and spinal cord out to the ganglion found very close to the effector organs. And so we can see the example of the regulation of the eye, the iris muscles in the eye are regulated also by the parasympathetic nervous system, where the pre-ganglionic axon travels through cranial nerve 3 to the ciliary ganglion in the posterior orbit. And then the post-ganglionic fiber travels from the ciliary ganglion a very short distance into the iris where it will excite the contraction of circular muscles in the iris that cause constriction of the pupil in order to decrease the amount of light entering the eye. Another pathway we can look at is traveling down to regulate the activity of the heart for example. So cranial nerve 10, the vagus nerve, contains the pre-ganglionic fibers that extend out from the medulla oblongata all the way down to a ganglion located surrounding the heart. And so the ganglion inside of the heart then has the cell bodies of the post-ganglionic neurons that extend a very short distance through the heart in order to slow down the heart rate. And so the parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the rest and digest system. So the vagus nerve will also stimulate the activity of the digestive organs where there's going to be a long pre-ganglionic fiber extending down from the medulla oblongata to a ganglion located very close to the digestive organs. Then the post-ganglionic axon is very short traveling into the effector organ in order to increase the activity of the digestive organs. It will stimulate the smooth muscles of the intestines in order to increase the motility, the contractions that move the contents through the digestive system. It will stimulate the glands like the pancreas and the liver and bile ducts to produce secretions that help with digestion. It will stimulate the activity of the urinary system to increase urine production. And it will stimulate the external genitalia in order to cause arousal to stimulate erection.


Good evening. Try, if you will, to envision the worst Half-Life game. Okay, you and I both know that one doesn't count. One more try. Yeah, that thing. Everyone loves to dog on Half-Life Source. There are one bajillion videos on YouTube making fun of it. There are one bajillion negative reviews for it on Steam. It is one of the biggest punching bags in the Half-Life community, and it has been for about as long as I can remember. But while a lot of people have done videos mocking the bugs that plague it or warning people not to play it, I don't know that anyone has done a truly comprehensive video about why this game has developed the poor reputation it has. I also think that, to some degree, it might be just a little bit overhated. So today, I want to take a bit of a deeper look into the culture around the scandal of a game. The world's introduction to Half-Life Source was a rocky one. Allow me to set the stage. The year is 2003. You're a Half-Life fan eagerly awaiting the game's upcoming sequel when you get the jaw-dropping news. Half-Life 2's entire source tree and tons of files from Valve's internal servers have surfaced online thanks to some German kit. Any little kid who had an internet connection and the balls to download an enormous zip file off a shady website was able to boot up a functional, albeit scuffed as hell, version of Half-Life 2, and see exactly what Valve had been up to for the previous five years. Half-Life 2 was not the only thing that surfaced in this leak, not even close. Among the other files were a cancelled game called Three Wave, early builds of Counter-Strike, Source, and Team Fortress 2, and even files pertaining to an unannounced project called... Half-Life Source. On top of uncompiled Source engine ports of all the original maps from Half-Life, the leak included two early Zen maps that were cut from the original game, as well as a bizarro, abridged version of the single-player campaign designed to test all the game's entities and make sure they've ported properly to the new engine. Obviously, all of this stuff was massively overshadowed by the leaked Half-Life 2 material, but I think it's important to mention how Half-Life Source suffered from the 2003 leak as well, because it illustrates the fact that it was kind of a troubled project even before its release. In fact, this leak spoiling the surprise might have been the reason the game never received a formal announcement. But fast forward to September 2004, almost a year later, and the world is just now getting officially introduced to Half-Life Source. It was unceremoniously listed as part of the Half-Life 2 Gold and Silver bundles, and people weren't entirely sure what to expect from it. As part of the press run for Counter-Strike Source, Valves publicist Doug Lombardi said, Half-Life Source and Counter-Strike Source began its test to see what mod authors would experience if they attempted to bring their Half-Life 1 mods forward to Source. H.O. Source was the first test, and proved quite informative. But unlike Counter-Strike Source, which included new art and audio throughout, folks here had pretty firm opinions about not changing the content in Half-Life 1. Although it was advertised as a recreation of the original Half-Life, the product we got is much closer to a port than a remake, though it did have its fair share of changes that we'll get to in just a minute. And despite what you might expect, upon release, the game was received decently for what it was, players and reviewers at the time enjoyed Half-Life Source's novelty. It performed better than the original game, it had cool ragdoll physics and higher quality blood and water effects, it had a new useful chapter select system, and it had some touched up levels as well. Half-Life Source was undeniably an afterthought. That much was obvious from how it had been relegated to a bonus for Half-Life 2 and how little care had been put into its promotional material. But apart from some hangups over its arguably deceptive marketing, the gaming sphere's feelings about Half-Life Source was perhaps best summed up by a form post from one month before the game's launch. After Half-Life 2, I don't think I'll ever go back to Half-Life 1, even on Source. One of the few gripes with Half-Life Source that did stick at the time was that it didn't come with a multiplayer mode. It did eventually get one almost two years later with Half-Life Deathmatch Source, but the fact that it took so long and shipped as a separate product felt a bit disappointing to many players. I think most people, even at the time, understood that Half-Life Source and Deathmatch Source were pretty much mediocre products meant as bonus content to incentivize people to join Steam. But that's hardly what gives it the poor reputation it carries today. The real factor that drives such intense, passionate hate for Half-Life Source in the community today is how much the game has been neglected. Since it's one of their least popular products, Valve has never really cared all that much about Half-Life Source. The game's cover art is a lazy photo bash. The images used in its marketing aren't even running in the Source engine. Hell, to this day, the release date listed on the official Steam page for Half-Life Source is just blatantly wrong by several months and nobody really knows why. And does the Source engine has gotten updates and patches that automatically push to every game running it? Half-Life Source has gotten buggier and buggier. Nobody at Valve has bothered to come and fix it either.  It's getting nasty out here, man. And to make things worse, a lot of the traits about Half-Life Source that impressed reviewers at the time of its release have since lost their charm. Now that we're accustomed to the technology, seeing Half-Life 2's water or shaders in the original Half-Life feels less like injecting futuristic technology into a classic game and more like a tasteless, lazy asset swap that desecrates the original art style. And because of its buggy state and inconsistent visuals, there's a concern in the community that since Half-Life Source advertises itself as an enhancement, new players might choose to play it over the original and walk away from the series with a bad taste in their mouth. So a lot of people consider it highly important to be proactive in warning people against getting the game. But to get specific, what are the things that people hate about this port? Well, first of the aforementioned water effects. It's pretty drawing to see such a difference in visual fidelity between the water in this game and the rest of the surrounding environments.  I've got no earthly clue what causes this. Second, Half-Life Source's implementation of the HD models is janky and strange.   But see, Half-Life Source's HD models are not the original HD models. They are apparently just straight-up lifted from a random fan project on Game Banana, and I think that is possibly the greatest testament to how little Valve cares about this game. Third, the lighting on these maps is just kind of strange. Certain areas and certain levels are weirdly dull compared to their original counterparts. And it wasn't always like this, but almost every floor in the facility looks like it's been freshly mopped and is squeaky clean, even the ghostly abandoned railway. The NPCs also tend to misbehave, even more than the original Half-Life ones do. Probably the most notorious example being the floating chair guys. But my personal favorite oddity is this cliffside map. The cliffside area from Half-Life 1 is one of the most beloved and iconic FPS game levels of all time, and what Half-Life Source does to it is perplexing to say the least. Alright, so it makes sense that Valve would add a 3D skybox to this map to show off the Source Engine's rendering capabilities, but the skybox they added is just deranged. First of all, let me get this out of the way. This rock texture has always been hideous. Anybody who tries to convince you otherwise probably has boomer brain rot or something. Even Valve and Gearbox knew it, which is why they completely replaced it in the PS2 version. But in this context especially, blown up on these oddly flat rock formations, it doesn't even look like terrain. It looks like a meat volcano or something. And the choice to make the ground beneath it this greenish-blue clashing texture which bleeds into nasty, cheap water, it all comes around to create a vomit inducing level that it's hard for me to believe was impressive looking even back in 2004. The degree to which Half-Life Source just completely ruins this iconic part of the original game is something I barely see talked about, which is insane given how much time people online spend making fun of this game. Also, this might not be Valve's fault, but Half-Life Source is also home to one of the most disgusting modding communities I've ever seen.   Do people really play it like this? There's a lot of other minor bugs and issues with the game, so many that there are entire online series dedicated to documenting them. But to respect your time, I tried to keep it to the ones I found most notable. Half-Life Deathmatch Source being sold as a separate game probably wasn't seen as too egregious back in the day, since it was included in so many bundles.  Half-Life Source is so buggy and goofy that it's kind of amazing how little flak Valve gets for it. But as crazy as it might be to say out loud, I think people get so wrapped up ridiculing it, they forget to acknowledge the good that it's done. You might be wondering what I mean by that, so let me make myself clear. I think that Half-Life Source has provided unfathomable value to the Half-Life community. Don't believe me? Here's a quick experiment. Think of a popular piece of Half-Life 1 internet media, something after referenced and permanently associated with the game's culture. If you're a Fortnite Zoomer, maybe you thought of Half-Life VR, but the AI is self-aware. That series is made possible through Half-Life Source's compatibility with GMod.  That series is powered by Half-Life Source's demo system. If you're truly old school, maybe you envision the G-Man Squad. Well, that series was also made entirely within Half-Life Deathmatch Source. It's actually an interesting question to ask. How popular would Half-Life 1 related media still be without Half-Life Source modernizing and making its assets more accessible? I also think it's important to remember that if it weren't for Half-Life Source being a disappointment, we would have never gotten the fantastic fan remake Black Mesa. Now, all of that definitely doesn't invalidate the fact that Half-Life Source is a crummy, broken product. But to be fair, it always kinda sucked, and I doubt if you worked at Valve you would want to work on it either. Most of the technical problems it has could easily be fixed in an afternoon, and have been by the community for years now with mods like Half-Life Source fixed. And while that kinda makes it more embarrassing that Valve continues to sell it in the state it's in, it also makes me think that the circle jerk around how much of a disgrace it is might be a little too strong. So while it's undeniably nasty, I still think that Half-Life Source is an experience every Half-Life fan should endure, just uh, not as their introduction to the series. I encourage you to continue dunking on Valve's lazy handling of the game, but try to remember the value it's provided as well. There's two sides to every story. Thanks for watching, I hope you enjoyed the video, have a good day.


Hey, this is Brett and this 2017 Chevrolet Traverse 1LT front-wheel drive is stock number 14143 ZB. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used SUV headquarters. This 2017 Chevrolet Traverse has the 3.6-liter V6 engine, puts out 281 horsepower, it's paired up with a six-speed automatic transmission. This Traverse has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop, has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off. It has four brand new tires, and it is 100% ready to go. I'm going to go all the way around in this video, inside, start it up, take a look under the hood, show you all the options and just give you the most accurate representation that I can of the vehicle. Tungsten Gray Metallic is the color, I shoot all my videos in 4K. If you like the video, consider subscribing to the YouTube channel, click the bell notifications, get updates on the videos I do each and every day, as well as have access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle walk-arounds on YouTube. This one comes with the 20-inch painted alloy wheels, they're in really nice shape, I didn't see any major scuffs or scrapes on there, and it has brand new Nexon Rodion HTX tires. These are 255-55R20s, they still have the knobs on them from being brand new, put those on in our safety inspection. Your body looks pretty good on this one, this is a clean title history, clean car facts, two owner out of Michigan and Wisconsin. Front fenders in excellent condition, I didn't see any dents or dings on there. Front bumper is in great shape as well, no major cracks or scuffs, does have the fog lights, headlight lenses are pretty nice and clear, you do get the chrome-trimmed grille, and the hood is in really nice shape, I didn't see any major dents on there either. Passenger's side front fender looks really good, and the passenger's side front wheel, no major scuffs or scrapes on there. Tungsten grey metallic's got a lot of metal flake in it, it's really a cool color, it's got some pinks, some greens, some blues, just a really neat color especially when you get up close to it, and in the sunlight it looks really good. As you go down this side of this 2017 Chevrolet Traverse, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. I take these HD videos, so if you're far away, or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the vehicle, hear the vehicle, and have confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises, and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. Now if this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video, that it was helpful, and that brought it to you. The back wheel is absolutely perfect, I'm sorry, one little scuff there, but nothing too bad, and the back tires are brand new as well. The wheel well looks good, and the underbody is in really nice shape considering this is in Wisconsin and Michigan. Vehicle looks really good under there. Rear quarter is in excellent shape, didn't see any dents or dings in there coming around the back. You get the back of parking sensors, this one also has the towing package, which gives you the receiver hitch and seven pin wiring. The rear gate is in really nice condition as well. It is a manual raised gate, back storage area is very nice and clean. Those seats do fold down, there is your receiver hitch cover, we do have that, we keep those inside so they don't go missing on the lot. And those seats go down really nice and flat, and then they come up by soap. You can see the shocks are doing a nice job holding that gate up, shuts nice and solidly, coming around to the driver's side, looks pretty good. The only main thing I need to disclose on this vehicle is there is a dent right here. It is unfixable, so that is going to be there, but just wanted to let everybody know about it. Back wheel is in excellent shape as well, no scuffs or scrapes on there. And other than that thing, no dents or dings down the rest of this side, all the doors look really good. It does come with heated power mirrors and built in directional signals. Take a quick look at the second row seats, you get the quad seating back here with the nice arm rests on there, no rips, no tears. They look really good, carpeting is in really nice shape. You get rear air controls, two USBs and a 12 volt power point back here. These seats go up like so. Third row seats are in excellent condition as well, no rips or tears back there. These go down like that. And then like so. You get the child safety locks on the back doors and the inside and bottoms of the doors all look really good on this vehicle. You always want to check on these SCVs, make sure that they're good. There's your VIN sticker, no Canadian-owned vehicles here. Tire and loading information sticker. Inside the 1LT package gives you the black cloth bucket seats, no rips or tears on them. You get the side curtain airbags, power driver seat with lumbar. It does have some floor mats up front here as well. Auto headlamps, tilt, telescopic steering wheel, power windows, locks and mirrors. Hop inside, check out the miles, the radio and everything that this one has to offer on the interior. You can see this one has 103,829 miles on it. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with the leather wrap steering wheel. That's in pretty nice shape as well. Bluetooth and audio controls on the right, cruise controls on the left. Does have the keyless entry with the remote start on there. This one has the Chevy MyLink radio. You get AM, FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities. Then you get all your different apps on here as Bluetooth, connectivity, CD player and an Augstjack. Climate controls here. They're your front heated seat buttons. You can turn the rear windshield wiper on, traction control, tow mode, the USB and A12 old power point. There's your shifter for that six speed automatic transmission and you do get two cup holders right there. Passengers side, floor mat and seat are in excellent condition as well. No rips or tears. Once again, smells very clean inside this vehicle. I don't think it's been smoked in and the headliners in really nice shape. You do get map lights up here and home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems on Star and SOS buttons in the mirror. Let's start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you've been able to verify the quality condition options and of course, cleanliness of this vehicle all the way around inside. Now it does have some really nice headlights in there. They look like they were not cheap, but you can see all the lights are working nicely. Under the hood we have the 3.6 liter VVT V6 engine and your base is very clean. And once you can see, a lot of plastic under here that runs very smoothly. Once again, this vehicle has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. There is the emission sticker. It has four brand new tires.  And this Traverse is 100% ready to go. Really nice headlights on this one. They're super bright. And I would highly recommend this Traverse from a quality and condition standpoint considering the age and miles on it. And to see more pictures of this vehicle or one of our 550 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, you name it. We got to go to the website right there, summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle all at summitauto.com. And if you want to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com slash summitauto. Click the bell notifications, get updates on the videos I do each and every day as well as having access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle walk-arounds on YouTube, 9,000 videos in county. In fact, in a second you will see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel in the upper left. A link to more Traverse videos that I've done in the upper right. A link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left. And a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those, check us out. We're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2017 Chevrolet Traverse 1LT front wheel drive in tungsten gray metallic. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on the YouTube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again.


All right. Hello. Can everybody hear me? Yes, I think so. We are Moko and Vex from Germany, and we are here to show you a talk on how to make your own variable color organ dress. And what's a color organ dress? You can see it here, or you can see it here. Please, sound. I'll start the slide again, I guess. What do I have to press? All right. That's a color organ, basically.  Made a simple version, which we were going to give around. So you can have a look at the actual. You can have a look at the circuit. Well, what's my motivation behind doing this? Basically, I like sewing, and I've always wanted to use variable LEDs in a project. And there's some inspiration to be found on the web. For example, this amputee tie from Adafruit. And I'm a big fan of Spoonflower, where you can buy custom-printed fabric, where this design by Kimza, named Circuit Nerd, is one of my favorites, as you can see. Sadly, I've only limited programming skills, so, well, that's where you come in. Yeah, so I like electronics. And of course, I always wanted to make some project with variable LEDs. And well, there are some microcontrollers on the web. On the left side, you see Adafruit Gamma. On the right side, an Adafruit flower. And well, my issue was that I didn't really have any practical use case. And well, that's kind of where we come together. OK, so what do you need for sewing? You need your standard sewing utensils, like scissors, a pattern, fabric, et cetera. Make sure you choose a fabric that's appropriate for your project. Like, if you want to make a dress, you should choose something stretchy. I recommend for sewing with conductive thread, which you need for the LEDs to connect, to use embroidery needles. And you want multiple needle threaders, because they break easily. Because the conductive thread is more like wire and splices easily and is not easily threaded by hand. You'll need cutting pliers for that, too, not regular scissors. As I said, conductive thread. And you need the electronics, like the microcontroller, the LED, the battery. I used a commercial pattern for the dress. It's McCall's pattern M6028. As with all patterns, you have to check the fit and probably make some slight alterations. But all in all, it's a very easy pattern to use. And I can recommend it. On the right side of the slide, you see how this dress looks before assembling. But there's already the front and the side panels sewn together. Yes, I use an overlock for sewing. On this slide, you can see a basic circuit connecting a microcontroller and a Neopixel LED. There are three kinds of connections. Power, ground, and data. Data goes from the data port to the first LED, then from the LED to the next LED, and so on. And it's important that you connect them in the right direction, as indicated by the arrows on the LED. If you are planning to have a more complex LED pattern, I recommend that you use an embroidery frame, as you can see in the slide, in which you mount the fabric. This is especially important, because otherwise the tension might skew your garment. When placing the LEDs, be aware of the data direction and avoid crossing the circuits as much as possible. Otherwise, there will be cross talk. I also recommend that you pin the LEDs in place before sewing them on, for example, with scotch tape, which I used. If you want to make a variable dress, I recommend that you add layers for the different circuits, power, ground, and data. On the left, you can see my first try with variable LEDs, which had a bigger chance for cross talk, as you can see in the upper left, maybe, where the wires are crossing, resulting in randomly flickering LEDs. On the right, you can see my second version with three different layers, one for data, one in between to segregate the circuits, and one for power, ground, which is not optimal yet, but still better than the first. On the left, I used a fabric performance knit, and on the right, you see modern jersey. Last but not least, don't forget, you need to power your dress, you need to add a battery pouch. Okay. So, basically, we had two microcontroller options that I showed earlier. One was the Adafruit Gamma, and the other one was the Adafruit Fluor.  The thing is that they both are very short on flash and power, so if you're trying to do any more advanced projects, it's probably an issue. So, just for scale, the sketch that is running on this project right now will use up like 90% of the flash of the Gamma. So, for the LEDs, we chose the Adafruit RGB Smart NeoPixels, which is a NeoPixel variant that is doable. As with all NeoPixels, it's easily addressable with the libraries that are provided. You can power it with five to nine volts, but you can also power it with 3.3 volts, what we are doing actually. They'll be a bit less bright, but still bright enough. And they're, well, somewhat pricey, you can buy a sheet with 20 pieces for around 35 bucks. And you still have to do some work on it, so you have to clip the sides with a wire cutter, then peel them off, so you have the sides off, and then after that, you basically try to break off the LEDs in a diagonal pattern. So, and after you have them separated, they still have some left over grating from the PCB, which you want to file off, so it doesn't get stuck in your thread. Okay, for programming, you see standard Arduino IDE, which probably by now everybody has seen once or twice, at least. There are standard libraries provided for all the microcontrollers that we have shown in the NeoPixels.  So the first LED that you wire up is always on index zero, and the next one is index one and so on. And if you have a complex pattern or something like this, where you want the top to be addressed as a single virtual pixel group, you have to actually do some mapping software. So basically, if you have an arrangement for your LEDs, you can probably address them from the library like this. So it starts at the top with zero and then goes on in the direction they are actually well connected to each other. But what we need for this kind of project is something like that. So what we're actually going to do is we will have an array for the LEDs. Where we just assume that every LED group can have up to five LEDs and just, well, enter the real IDs of the LEDs in there. And then in the, ever we have function to assign a color to a given LED group, which just cycles through those arrays and sets all the single LEDs to a certain color. Having that already as a function is quite nice because after you got that, you can just, well, use many standard animations that are already out there if you don't have an external trigger. Okay, so for our project, we actually have an external trigger, which is the microphone. So we found the Maxim Max 4466 is all the microphone that's easy to integrate and cheap. As I've said before, the Gemma has very limited flash, so doing a real freer transformation is certainly not possible in the space we had. So we are going with the simple voltage that the output port of the microphone provides. So, and the only interesting thing there is that the output has a DC bias of half the power you put in. So if you actually connect it to 3.3 volts like we do, and there is no sound at all, you will still have 1.65 volts on the port. So basically you configure it as an annual grid on your Arduino, and that would be around 512 to 1024, which corresponds directly to the input voltage given from the microphone. And after that, you will remove the input bias by just subtracting 512, and after that we also check for noise constants, which we set to 10, because we found out that the microphone tends to, well, measure itself if it's totally quiet, so we just subtract 10, and if it's less than 10, we just return zero. So it doesn't flicker too much if it's quiet. Well, and after that you actually have to figure out how deep the levels should, well, be turned on. So we have some height variable, which we later used to, well, turn off the single LED groups in order. So basically if you have 10 LED groups, and the height variable is 10, all the LEDs will be on, and if you have something like two or three, they will be only the first two or three volts on. So probably this is confusing. So yeah, so if it's too confusing, I have like two quick examples where we just assume a maximum volume. So for a maximum volume, the output voltage of the microphone will be 3.3 volts, so that will convert to 1024. Then we will subtract the 512, so our result will be 512, and then we retract another 10 because yeah, it's above the noise threshold, and then we picked an arbitrary number, 42 of course, that results in some, well, actually in 12, which is more LED groups than we have here, but as we are never going to hit a maximum volume, that's probably a good choice. We can do that again with low volume, which, well, we're just going with 623. Again, we are subtracting the 512 input bias, which results with 101, 100, yeah, whatever you know. And then at the end we have 101, and still when we do the division, we see that only the first two LED groups would have been activated by this, so this looks like it should work with 42. If you think that the sensitivity is low because maybe you're in a quiet room and what you want to see more flicking, you can just decrease the sensitivity variable, so you will end up with more, yeah, more color. Okay, in the end, we're not just turning the LEDs on and off, but we're putting a pretty stand-up rainbow color wheel effect on them, which is so standard that I won't go into it because you get it with the standard examples with the library. And you have to make sure that there's some kind of fading out, so if you just turn off the LEDs that aren't used anymore, it will look very, very annoying because it's very flashy then. So what we're doing here is we're slowly fading those out that are not needed anymore. Okay, and then basically you're done. Yeah, what were the lessons learned during the second dress of this form already? What's your fabric choice? In my first version, I had runs on the fabric, probably because I used the wrong needles. You need to watch out if you want to sew jersey, you best use jersey needles, ballpoint needles. Also that conductive thread is very rough and may harm sensible fabrics. There will be crosstalk if you move or if your hair falls over the circuits. I haven't found a way yet to change that. Conductive thread is more wire than string, therefore you'll need to fixate it in other ways than you would do with regular string. We try to solder it so that it doesn't work, but you can hot glue it. Yeah, and if you don't fix it, you'll lose connectivity, the circuits will get loose and debugging that is really not fun.  And as said, multiple times already, maybe try not the gamma for a larger project, but maybe a flora or something similar because the tiny storage is an anointment to the programmer. All right, thanks for listening. We were faster than expected. If you want, I think we can take some questions on stage and otherwise you will find us next to the stage or later at Camp Holland for questions and we'll upload the slides and some resources at Ziviki later. All right, thank you. If you have any questions, please stick your hand up and I'll bring a microphone over, yeah. Two and a half questions. One, how often can you wear that before it needs maintenance and soldering back together again? Presumably, you can barely panwash that. And also, that's my last question. Also, granted you can't have real live FFTs in a thing that small, did you think of just getting maybe three or four signals from just passive filters and just loads of caps and seeing if that would have done any good? Okay, I'll start with the first question. Washing the Adafruit website states it's machine washable but I haven't tried because of the hot glue, actually. I have washed it by hand so far and it's, yeah, well, breaking point has been the soldering part on the microphone so far. I've broken that one off once already. I think I've worn it three times so far, this variant. I also added small dots of hot glue on the, how do you say it, ports on the data and ground and power points on the electrodes as to keep the wire more tight, so to connect it better. I hope that answers the questions. Yeah, the second question was if we tried an FFT with less channels than a standard FFT, like three or four channels and the answer is actually that I didn't try it because I was kind of lazy and so somebody wrote an FFT library for up mega like, I don't know, years ago and it wasn't touched in sense and I was just, well, I could be bothered to load that library but then even without adding any code to it it wouldn't compile anymore because it would be too large for the 8K flash so that's kind of where it left off. What problem, just FFT and just having just completely passive analog filters, just doing it, not with an FFT algorithm at all but just with having analog filters completely passive and just having three signals coming in. I just wonder if that was doable. Yeah, that should be possible but it kind of doesn't work with the microphone then. Okay, any more questions? Okay, thank you very much guys.


Welcome back another episode of watching baseball. We are moving on up to 1975 world series talking Jake here. I'm John boy third one we've done We saw some comments come in from last episode and I just want to let everyone know right away. I know nothing About 1970s baseball players. Yeah, especially non Yankees. I was born in 1989 I didn't stop watching watching I didn't start watching baseball religiously until like 2000 like every every game of a season until I was like freshman in high school because I moved so much And I'm not gonna try and hide that fact or do quick research. Jake's our researcher. He has some knowledge Too long.  We're not old We don't follow your team.  I am going to learn who was on the red sox Who was on the reds in 1975? If you asked me, I would have a couple guesses. I have no idea So we're all watching this for the first time together majority If you're a diehard since natty fan or red sox fan And you remember this team prepared to Get annoyed that we don't know Oh It's game seven. This is a cool find. It's game seven. So this is the 1975 world series This is the third or fourth straight world series game seven the red sox versus the reds Big red machine is trying to get started. I can eddie are popping up And uh, yeah, we've got some good names in this series on the red sox You're gonna see freddy lin dwight evans.  I mean sparky anerson joe morgan p rose I mean, we've seen these guys. Tony perez. He has a big series, but uh, yeah the game before this is the carlton fisk game He's taking jump shots before the game And then uh, yeah game seven do or die and uh It's either the the start of the dynasty or the end of a were they calling it a curse in 75 I don't know when that started like I kind of don't think so. I don't think so either. All right. Um, I don't know that could be wrong um Crazy, I didn't know any of this game seven Tied going into the eighth inning, which is where we're gonna pick it up. Yeah, and I mean that'll watch some pressure pack Yeah, the stage here is incredibly high. So I'll last piece of setup Um red sox were up three nothing this game in the sixth inning. They got two outs Spaceman billy gave up a two run homer to tony perez with two outs And that's got to haunt them because they were up 3-0 and then it was 2-3 Pete rose ties it and Damn So who do we got in big three eight? Whoo Do you like his stuff so far So perez is up again as his backup.  Yeah, because he's feeling hot man. He's confident as hell And we got jim will it be on the bump your guy Lot of gyms Big jim will it be guy will it be See, I think he just ran across the mound jim will it be had no issue with it Will it be will he be will he be a will it be? Some sideburn action here from george foster george foster Eight for 28 in the world series.  I think what's that?  I'm so dumb. It's playing It's playing center field. I believe Oh first pitch swinging Eight for 28 eight for 28 is a 285 average george foster and left Caesar geronimo and center and you know who's in right jim griffy griffy senior griffy senior Notice, I don't think guys walked back in the day Will that was nice got some funk That was nice. I like the leg kick to the release. That's some funk. He's throwing a lot atcha You see two limbs come your way before the ball That's tough Nice play by the shortstop. He didn't have to hurry as much as everyone Yeah, announcer played it up rick burleson. It's short What a guy trot nixon. Well, look at this replay. They had a transition to replay now But again like this camera stuff doesn't look better No, but this is only one year right Come around it. Yep some great analysis Conception our old buddy. He's really choked up. He's moved up the lineup. I'll give him the call blue I think when we first saw him in 72, he was the eight hole hitter and now he's up to five I believe how he's he's a little dude shortstop, right? Cepzion. He's a shortstop. Willoughby's throwing junk dude. He's coming in on the mount. Was that three ground outs in a row? Yeah nice Nice little flip. It's a nice tied world series done with you all these red sox fans think they're about to win the world series That was top eight.  He's dead like no another about dead. It's like does he have a legacy? Probably in boston Kevin white Dwight Evans He's got a legacy. Yeah, I know that name. Are you mad? They're not giving you percentages Yeah, it's a lot of math It's dumb I think this this angle they use this a lot because you're right. This is the best angle dude That's why um a lot of older fans enjoy this angle. I kind of like this angle Well, this isn't how even nowadays, but nowadays you don't see like it's just way wider. That's a that's the other angle I think fenway was hard to work. Yeah, that's true That's a really bad angle. You don't even see the pitcher We've played carolin. Yeah, it looks like carols trying to go two innings here. Okay. This is a normal angle. Yeah This is a baseball And they're back to the protector I think we had a tough guy on last year. No, no, no, no, no. So that's the difference of the league So I'm gonna comment to that and I did know that because it used to be like you would get the high strike and one and the low strike is Whether it was a national league ump or an american league ump. They used to agree And then they used to say that changed the strike zone Look at fenway not a bad seed in the house except the bad ones A lot of bad ones man. I mean the whole outfield. That's the joke. That was the joke. Yeah Yeah, I know I'm adding to it with literalism.  Hey, did you unboy? Fenway is awesome besides the seats that you have to sit like this, right The infiel of the game at fenway even the Yankees fans. I think we'll admit that otherwise. They're just being obnoxious Yeah, I was just saving you full count Oh Got rid of the bat That was uh, that was I mean he's in high school run the first See, this is we're forgetting how pressure fills this is huge like a base runner in the bottom of the eighth You score here.  Oh Oh That was Dwight Evans right down the who's who's batting right now. I just faked the button This is rick burleson Rick burleson the shortstop who came around the ball the last inning that pitch was right down the middle And he got upset about it. He's so upset. He won't get back in the box.  He looks tiny shortstop. Yeah All right, rick clay carols on the marriage play carol. Didn't he blow it in the game we watched from 72? I think he might have Can't get the bunt down Two strikes. It's very important to get this runner to second. He's the leadoff guy, right? What do you mean burleson? No, he's the last hitter but this inning There's a runner on first he let off So it's very important to get that runner on first is the leadoff guy.  Usually that's all yeah So you got Where was that? That's a miss strike Well, he he would he chewed him out over the strike down the middle paid off Would have been big to get that bunt down and get this runner to second Yes No, doesn't no high strike yet. No high strike yet Oh, that's good. Johnny Carson show Latch latch some wild and crazy stuff two and two I think you I think he's got to put this ball not a strike, but it's such a pressure dirt in it. Yeah dirt is risky Do they turn this? Oh You think pete rose and joe morgan don't turn it in the world series Holy smokes, dude Boston fans just had crazy emotions rick burleson leadoff walk to double play baseball, uh, it is the Biggest fleeting emotions of sports Cecil cooper having a bad world series one for 18 I don't need to do a math there just bad. It's bad and I heard a rumor that the the one hit he did get Uh was uh, he's you don't know there is no rumor. He's pinch hitting for the pitcher Jim will be good And he's probably expecting to come up with a runner in scoring position. Yeah He can have a play on it. Oh Concepts you own. Hey, dude. I love flipping it to the omp. Did you see that? Yeah, we need to bring back flipping it They need to bring that's the second time we've seen that. That's a pretty good freeze frame Jesus conception chilled Dude, he's he was close to peter. He's doing a lot and here's the trophy Okay, so this is the top of the ninth in a tied world series people and we're still showing the trophy. Okay Does the trophy still have the hole in it? No, what am I looking at here? Is there a baseball at the bottom? I don't know I don't know. How is this still the shot? Here we go So, all right We've got ken griffy senior coming up Jim Burton, I know that name Burton having a nice year two eight ninety r. A and I think what's important here is that You're at the bottom of the reds lineup and if anyone gets on It's pete rose joe morgan johnny bench. Tony perez. Jesus So dude, look how skinny griffy senior is griffy geronimo and dan dresen He might be a pinch hitter, but seven for three that are coming. What's that like a two 250 sure Why couldn't they do them left down left like why are they presenting it that way seven for 26 is 269 Not bad Yes, not bad How old's griffy here your son's gonna be great What how old is he here? Uh ken griffy senior I'm gonna really lose my place To find out his age in the world series Um It's 75 if that helps and he's got a 30 Um, no he's young 25. Yeah, I thought he looked young He's got a 3-0 count here.   Is he getting the take here as well? Nope Big ol swing. Nice swing. Not as nice as your son's dude Yeah, I mean he he can take full credit for his son's swing. Sure He's probably more proud of that. His swing is not as nice as his son's. Yeah I wasn't trying to attack pride. It seemed like you were coming out. I definitely would Okay seem that way. It definitely would seem that way. Yeah Jim Burton, why do I know that name? Burton hears a who this camera angle blows Good walk. Is that another lead off walk? So that was a lead off walk It's top nine of the world series a reliever that just came in the game So that's tough.  You're probably thinking he's pretty shook though Emotions on the fans I can't my heart would be my heart's almost killing me thinking about how much my heart would be killing me if this was The the Yankees game your heart off my heart Caesar Geronimo not having A great world series Is that 269? Oh look, they put they put the the orange bar between the split screen We didn't have that in 74 that way. You know it's split. Oh, he showed bunt on throw over to first.  Well, maybe he's faking the third baseman in that world series Caesar Geronimo Geronimo if he leads off first, he squares the bun. Yes it down nice bun. Oh my god. Okay Geez man from the seat of his pants.  I'll give the old timers a little bit of love I think Every bunt we've seen get down has been beautiful. Oh, yeah, they did it a lot. Yeah, they don't do it at all anymore So, yeah, we're getting the pinch hitter We're getting Dan. Oh, look at this. There's flashing his name. Wow. That's good graphics available pinch hitters And they're using a lefty versus the lefty five man bench It is the world series shots fired against Doug Flynn and bill plumber. I mean you're assuming one of those is the catcher, but Dude Really good job by bill plumber to escape the Nomid of determinism, which is when you right become what your name is Because your name bill plumber.  Jake the snake plumber One of the more famous jakes out William francis plumber From oakland Dude, look at another inverted stance. Yeah, it's been a while though. We've watched a game and a half and haven't seen any Like creepy inverted stances. That's oh, and he opens up big too Okay I mean go ahead run is now on third base go ahead run is on third base, but we've got two outs Pete rose is up Bill plumber was a 10 year backup Dream most games he ever played was 65 when he was 28 years old And his stats are brutal Defensive catcher 53 Ops plus on his career. Yeah good clubhouse guy though. Yeah Dude the most games he ever started in in his career was 45 I've time backup I mean he backed up bench Right good guy to back up. Yeah Good guy in the clubhouse You're missing some fun here We had the third baseman come over They're all given they're given the bullpen time, right?  Look at his hair. Pete rose Oh, yeah, had a lettuce guy man had a lettuce. Not good lettuce. Not good lettuce. I had a lettuce though It's bad. It doesn't take away from it.  Welcome. Well, who's up behind the lefty? Joe morgan Is on deck We wanted that Wouldn't you just walk pete rose to put, uh, you know an easier out There's an out at second now and but it all depends on matchups. We got lefty righty Spits on it. I think they're pitching. I think they're pitching very carefully to rose here. Who's up next? Joe morgan How old is he? The pitcher is Let's see That's a nice pitch Uh, Jim Burton you see Pete rose just nodded his head like okay. Yeah, I see you throw one in there kid Jim Burton was 25 Okay Jeez Jim Burton looking like he might be a sad story So I don't know that name I mean if you do Like that, how about some good commentary? Yes, this has been a steady die to break. There's a good good color commentary there This is Jim Burton's career Four games started nine appearances Nice pitch 29 All that year and then he only appeared once after that How is he have the ball in this spot? I mean, I'm assuming he gets hurt after this but Ori just blows his brain out I'm so confused how he has the ball right now in game seven of the world series with the go ahead run on third base Had a good year full count to rose Oh Just doesn't dude doesn't snap it. That was a yips pitch His name is Jim Burton Jim Jim just looked up steve Burton I need to know How do you go from this to never pit being in the majors again, right?  He died at 64 years old of age Joe Morgan up by the way. Yeah, I know those at home. They just expected a lot of lefties But he walked guys so then he got to the righties, but then they Big swing by Joe Morgan He clearly pitched around rose to get to Morgan just because of lefty right like he was very outside breaking ball outside breaking ball outside breaking ball Fisk is huge next to Morgan Oh my god Yeah, that's wild, huh? Holy smokes. That's like judge out to vey stuff. Yeah, can I go back?  How tall was joe morgan? I mean, joe morgan's got to be what listed at Listed at 510. I'll do call to fisk Joe morgan, okay. Wow, so Joe And this will show people where baseball fanatics. We clearly know joe morgan joe morgan listed at 5 7 Holy smoke. Yeah, I lost that bet hall of famer 100 career war How about joe morgan dude? I didn't know he's that short. Yeah, I knew he was a really good ball player and just a bad broadcaster I didn't know he was a snuggle bunny Because fisk is only listed at 6 3 5 7 6 3 damn good for you joe morgan. All right. I like you more now. Yeah huge as short guys. We have to Skinny too Yeah, he's lapper a little pipsqueak So what we got two strikes, right? 5 7 dude Hit 27 homers in one season Pretty good. I think we got two strikes Crowd's getting loud looks like they're going outside fastball. Oh that curve It's a strike that guy's allowed back. Wow, that dude is kicked out I wonder if he was like they won't kick me out right now, right? Yeah I wonder if games have another the world series one ball two strikes. You gotta throw junk Well, they just tried to throw a low. That was a that was a bad curve, but he fouled it back Gotta junk it fisk is doing a lot. He's trying to do a lot of mental like communication Okay He's doing a lot of hand hand. Oh, look at that elbow twitch. Yeah Keep it in fastball morgan in his center That's tough Rose is that the iconic Pete rose is that where the picture stems from? It very well might it look like I mean, I guess Pete's got a lot of those If you do Pete rose slide, yeah, I mean it might just be how Pete rose No, it's no, it's not it because the the Pete rose one isn't Looks like the Pete rose one is that wriggly. Yeah It's just how he slid in the third. That's just how homie slid Damn, that's tough man. I mean that's a base hit, but it's not like But it's the walks that doomed him Yeah, but like you said he didn't want to pitch to p rose the leadoff walk to griffy the leadoff walk to griffy That's what you get for bringing a 25 year old in his rookie year Into game seven of the world series playing matchups bra Lefties Oh, dude, I Yes Like they did the the walk out with the jacket on and be on base with the jacket on through the 90s That needs to come back.  Like he's a vet. He's a why what do you mean? He's got to be a wily belly. I think he looks like a young sex symbol here Oh, I like what he's doing. Reggie Cleveland in 75 was 27 years old. Oh, no. Yeah Oh, yes And yeah reminder. So now it's four three reds in a game.  And that's how the elite of the elite were winding up so much movement Well, I wonder what was the thought process there was just momentum. Maybe I think so Look at this. Look at this dude.  I saw that Got a collar on now. Good He's just roman before Slide piece. Oh ump does think about giving the strike Oh, yes twisted steel and sex appeal Tell me Perez on deck bat boy really tight in there. Yeah, it's hanging out What a life Big ol swing three oh johnny bench You can take the same swing again, right? Holy tits.  Not on this not on a three over three one pitch Oh Johnny trying to walk there Three to johnny bench runners on second and third No, you actually you know what you're throwing kid. You're my pitching coach You you can you can get a little risky here with first base open You don't need to throw a strike like That was right down the middle man. Yeah, he's he's lucky to get that one back I'd be ballsy because you have first open anyway, you know what I mean, right? And it's two outs Right, tony Perez on deck. He had a homer earlier Also, but still I think that you can I think you can be crazy here and and throw something out of the zone Because he thinks he thinks you he thinks you have to challenge him I think you want to I think you want to execute in the zone here I'd throw a breaking ball right out of the zone I mean I mean he he had he had my idea. I think just didn't execute And snap it that's a 27 year old and snap it. Yeah, the healthy 27 All right, so now Perez thinks he's gonna be even like right He's trying to win world series mvp right here. This would be his fourth home run Low batting average, but this would be his fourth home run and is he'd have 11 rbi's if he pokes one here Oh blue blue is quick on that one. Yo, I'm telling you umpires used to just make their call quick and with confidence He's young and sexy get over it Perez he now he's mad at the ump because he thinks the ump made him swing at that pitch Yeah, this is a big in between those two pitches is a big like talk to yourself.  Pete rose on third.   I don't think this guy's got change up only change up No This is fastball slider, babe. Yeah as a reliever. Yeah Yeah If he had a back foot change up it'd be a good time to throw right, right, right, right? Okay, great Glad we agree We should catch your set stuff like that It's a good pitch Okay It's a good pitch brought it in a little bit See my thing is This has to be in the zone now you go slider now If if he then you seen that fastball give him a slide you do not want to go three two with bases loaded Yeah, you just got to put two in the zone there and hope he doesn't do it Freddy Okay Okay Red score. Oh, there he is the hero All right, who do I saw? Okay Juan Beniquez, Denny Doyle And yes, yes, you're trying to get anyone on for yes Denny Doyle is a good name. Denny Doyle is a good good baseball name Beniquez So yeah, Mack and any is in for Cody Cory Carroll Clay Carroll Clay Carroll Cody Carroll and the Yanks. Come on do some research man. Do some research once I think Clay Carroll lost it lost the game that we watched A couple uh, Clay Carroll in 72. It was redemption. Thy name is clench seven. That's bad Uh, Jake. Yeah, if you're a Red Sox fan in 1975 at home, are you watching through pillows right now? No, three outs away from losing Not a not a pillow junkie Through your fingers clench butt. Um, I'm a pacer. I pace. Yeah Yeah Always clench butt I think it also should be mentioned that Jim Rice Was on this Red Sox team, but he was hurt for the world's series. So right now the horseback riding injury So right now, um, not sure about the horseback riding injury to be honest with you. Um So Beniquez came in Beniquez came in for Bernie Carbo Earlier in this game. I think maybe because they thought they had it won and he was a defensive replacement Because no guy is he barrels it, but it's right at him. Yeah, that's tough Griffey Go ahead around it was right here. If you're a Red Sox fan, right when during that at bat you're saying oh my god Where's Jim Rice? Oh Griffey got the go ahead around right? Yeah. Yeah Oh Yes Who's that guy's got a too bad and more that's bob montgomery coming in he debuted in the 60s bob montgomery Debuted in 1962 Uh in 70 he's 31 in this You just got to add five years to everyone. Yeah the way they look you gotta You got a minus five years my brain adds five I had that 27 year old picture this bob montgomery decision must be questioned because he wasn't Great What did he do like up until this point in the 1975 season? He hit 226 with a 559 o ps Is this him? This is bob montgomery. What did he do in like the world series? Does he not have a helmet on? He does not have a helmet on and it's his first at bat of the world series They were reaching for a miracle at this point. You were not allowed to wear a helmet if you didn't want to Oh My god, they went king bob on us First pitch swinging and that's obvious That man just didn't wear a batting helmet in the 1975 world series everyone else has worn them right even in 72 They were wearing them But they didn't have ear they didn't have ear flaps, but they were wearing them bob montgomery. Was that optional? Yaz is up Yaz see and this is Bob can't swing there You have to see a couple for yaz swinging you have to see a couple you know bob swinging You just got the picture so confident for yaz Bob's like they're gonna challenge me right away. The first picture. I see is going to be the best and it's like Yeah, dude because you're bob talk about lineups being shaped differently Yastremski fisk and fred lin In the 3 4 5 who was 1 2 Bernie carbo and denny doil Yeah, it's way different. They'd be they'd be what like 2 3 4 or 1 2 3 now. Yeah So that's tough in hindsight Come on yaz Big swing. That was a good nice swing Fly ball to center dromino get dronimo Tough times in boston Ah celebrate People on the field What was that about that mime was trying to steal the catcher stuff. Do you see that over here? Look at this guy. He's trying to steal everyone's stuff. Look right here Yeah Just like not fun. This is one of the things where like it is so nice Yeah, that we don't allow fans on the field anymore in the Imagine wanting to celebrate winning the world series, but you have to deal with people are trying to steal your stuff and running on the field That's why you go in the locker room to celebrate. I guess But then the fans don't get to see you celebrate and stuff like that was a great I don't know when that decision was made, but that's a great decision to not let fans on the field to celebrate I mean, I don't think they were welcome then either, but they had trouble enforcing it best world series of modern Modern age what they said yeah, they uh espn did like a rankings And like 2013 and they said this was the second best world series ever Oh nice I'm happy for bench. Yeah bench is stoked Catcher number one a couple good catchers in this series That's tough dude. I still can't get over that bob at bat That I want red sox fans reach out because what was that? He had a terrible season.  What was his name? What was his name? Bob? What? So that was bob montgomery pitch hitting for denny dole um Dude They for a starter What's the question? I thought he might have pinched it for a pitcher or something. No, he pitched it for the starting number two hitter. Yeah denny dole Danny dole hates bob montgomery. Oh, yeah I think they did it because it was a lefty verse righty thing. I don't care, man But still no. Yeah. He he bob montgomery was that was praying That was hoping for a miracle. That was a manager. Just like yeah, they think they got the magic switch Dude, bob is the person they least expect to win this game bob montgomery's post season stats Yeah, one played appearance one at bat One pitch scene We just saw it I mean how bad was denny dude? That is unbelievable I mean, did they have talk radio back in the day because sports talk radio This day and age it's an interesting question I mean, did the manager get asked about that? He had to showed up Danny dole Okay in 1975 he's having a decent post season denny dole started He started and finished every game up until game Game seven. Yeah with a 268 average And he had a hit In game seven and a run scored Holy smokes. Yeah, that's brutal. That's criminal. That's a criminal baseball decision Yeah, Pete rose. I know he was on the field and I know he went on to gamble against baseball. No Who was the manager red sox lock him up? Yeah Sorry denny dole Danny and all of denny's relatives watching this.  Damn. God. Just watching baseball. Thanks guys