بل الحمد لله و بعالمين بل الخلائق يا جمعين باعت الأمبياء والمسلمين والصلاة والسلام على أمبياء الله جميعا و على سيدهم و خاتمهم حبيبي الله العالمين أبل القاصل من الصفا محمد بل الحمد على أهل بيته الطيبين الطاهلين المعصومين و على سيدنا و أولهنا الإمام أبي عبد الله جعفل المحمد الصالك عليه الصلاة والسلام قال تعالى في كتاب الكريم عقول الله من الشيطان و رجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ألم تركي فضاغ الله مثلا من كلمة طيبة كشجاوة طيبة أصلها ثابت و فروها في السماء تقتي وكلها و يضرب الله لأمثال للناس لعلهم يتذكرون صلاة الله العليه العظيم أخيرا أخيرا أخيرا أخيرا أخيرا أخيرا أخيرا أخيرا أخيرا إسلام و إسطري مانكا و هذا هو سكس إمامنا و سكس سكسسر للمفتن الإمام جعفل المحمد الصالك عليه الصلاة والسلام لماذا هذا الإمام أهم للناس خلال أهل البيت و لقد كانت تسمى after him our tradition, our school is called the Jaqfari school Jaqfari is related to Imam Jaqfari why this Imam is so important to us there are two main reasons for his significance and his major role and major importance in the history of Islam and in particular the school of Ahl al Bayt this Imam led two types of revolutions one was the intellectual revolution the second was the ethical revolution and people need both in science and knowledge does not function without ethics and ethics cannot produce without knowledge they are intertwined and this Imam came to a society that suffered from spiritual moral and intellectual clouds therefore he took upon himself as his father did before him the fifth Imam Imam محمد للباطر عليه الصلاة والسلام took upon himself that we have to refurbish the ummah refurbish their minds, their souls their ethics imagine umma that the prophet at some time on them nurturing them, teaching them sacrificing for them yet they murder his grandson what sort of umma is that this is how they repay the prophet for his service for 23 years of preaching and teaching and sacrificing 50 years after him they murder his grandson that umma is not a normal umma there is something wrong with this umma there is something wrong fundamentally wrong therefore the imams of Ahlul Bayt after the mountain of Imam Husayn and Karbala in year 61 they decided that there is something wrong with this umma, we have to work we the leaders, we the educators Allah has endowed us with this responsibility others they are after Sultan after leadership and government and dominance خليفة فلان خليفة فلان خليفة فلان their focus is not to teach people their focus is to grab power and dominate a rule by force and a plunder the nation's wealth and they don't care whether people are educated, noneducated or uneducated or religious, not religious good or bad they don't care as long as the throne is safe but our imams are different our imams Allah says about them in the Holy Quran تلكت دار الأخر نجعلها للذين لا يريدون أعلو one for the earth ولا فسادة والعقبة للموتر that they hear after نجعلها نحضرها for those who seek no conced no transgression on this land they seek no conced no arrogance neither transgression للذين لا يريدون أعلو one for the earth those are our imams they will not die to rule beginning with Imam Ali Imam Ali even when he was sitting in his small room for 25 years he was producing he was working Imam Ali compiled the Holy Quran after the death of the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم that was his first achievement his first work our imams are not unemployed they have nothing to do their presence is barakah and blessing every day every hour every minute every second they work so they do not aspire to become leaders even this imam who was murdered by the second Abbasid caliph and this Abbasid caliph is the cousin of the imam is not someone who is foreigner this Abbasid caliph he is a foreigner he is his cousin Al-Mansour is the son of Muhammad Ali the son of Abdullah ibn Abbas Abdullah ibn Abbas is the closest friend of Imam Ali the closest friend after the prophet to Imam Ali is Abdullah ibn Abbas his first cousin Abdullah ibn Abbas is the uncle of the prophet this is his son Abdullah was the closest friend of Imam Ali the closest disciple of Imam Ali so he had a son by the name of Ali after Ali Muhammad after Muhammad came Al-Mansour who murdered the imam Al-Mansour and before him his brother Abu Abbas al-Saffah they came to power they were declaring the name of Al-Muhammad they said we have to take the light from Bani Umayyah and give it to Ahlul Bayt this was their slogan when they came to power this is how they deceived the masses in the name of democracy in the name of restoring power to the legitimate leaders who are Ahlul Bayt they came to power people believed them people from Khurasan all the way to the east in Egypt in North Africa in Yemen, in Syria, in Iraq they believed them that those are genuine they are the cousins of Ahlul Bayt they are going to take the power from Bani Umayyah and give it back to Ahlul Bayt but when they reached power they immediately started persecuting Ahlul Bayt they started with murdering the leader of Ahlul Bayt at that time أليمان جاقر ابن محمد الرسال منصور العباسي he was in Baghdad he was the one who built Baghdad منصور was the one who built the city of Baghdad so his capital and his seat of Khilafa was in Baghdad and he would call the Imam several times all the way from Medina to Baghdad just to insult him just to threaten him just to intimidate him seven times at that time there were lower planes even today if you take a flight from Medina to Baghdad it would take at least two hours imagine at that time how many days it would take to take the Imam handcuffed from his city of Medina bring him to Baghdad he stands before منصور منصور threatens him he slanders him and he sends him back to the city seven times with a leader not like any leader Imam al-Sadaq is the leader of the Four Meda'ih Imam al-Sadaq is the teacher of Abu Hanifa and the teacher of Maliki من ألس those two leaders of Sunni traditions there Hanafi and Maliki and then indirectly he is the teacher of Shafi'a so he is the teacher of the Four the top leaders of the Sunni traditions he is their mentor and their teacher and their educator this man from منصور seven times and the last time he poisons him and he kills them at the age of 68 they were ready for this sacrifice nothing would put them down nothing would discourage them from the path straight path of resistance of spreading the knowledge of the Holy Quran and the knowledge of their Grandfather Rasool Allah there is an amazing book I showed this book maybe last year or two years before here this book is the compilation of essays written in a conference intellectual conference that took place in 1917 in palace France about 20 professors orientalists including one of them was from UCLA participated in this conference more than 40 years ago 1970 in palace of France and they compiled their essays and their speeches and presentations in this book this book was originally written in French and then it was translated to Arabic and Farsi and the one who translated it to Arabic is the late Dr. Noor al-Din Ar-Ali may Allah bless his soul who passed away few months or maybe a couple of years ago and he gave a speech at this center and one who because he studied at Sorbonne in France and he translated the book from English from French to Farsi and Arabic two languages in this book marvelous book when you read this book you find that 20 non-muslim professors non-muslim none of them is Muslim leadership from France from Germany from the UK from the United States and other countries they praised Imam Al-Sada they highly speak about him and each professor speaks about one dimension of his greatness one professor speaks about Imam being one of the founders of modern medicine another one gives a paper on Imam Al-Sada being the founder of modern chemistry another professor speaks about astrology astronomy applied science mathematics so Imam Al-Sada was not only a scholar of religion or holy Quran or hadith he was also a teacher professor a theorist of all other sciences at that time one of the things that Imam Al-Sada said at the age of 11 at the age of 11 and no one can say this unless he is inspired by Allah you know the first person who before people thought that the earth is a plane it's not round shaped this was the thinking even today some genius people in Saudi Arabia they think that the earth is a plane do you know that? even today some of them when they speak they say it can't be the earth is plane they can't imagine their brain is so beautifully in a program that they cannot imagine the earth has a round shape or spherical as we say the first person who said the earth is spherical is tell me we study this when we are kids in the school tell me before him in the second century about 18 or 19 centuries ago and then came Galileo came later on many centuries after that in the 15th century again he came and he reinforced this idea that the earth is spherical and he was prosecuted Galileo was prosecuted the church at that time in Europe they said to him this is a hellasy go for it what you are saying it's a hellasy and many scientists were killed by the church at the time where Islam was advancing in science don't look at Islam today don't look at ISIS ISIS do not represent the true Islam the true Islam is represented by Imam Al-Baqir Imam Al-Sadr our imams Imam came in the 7th century 600 almost 560 years after tell me butlimous the Arabs they call him though the Muslims they call him butlimous tell me believe that the earth the sun rotates around the earth and the earth is the center of the universe at that time Imam Al-Sadr at the age of 11 he proved scientifically to his students in the city of Al-Madinah Al-Murawa that the earth rotates around itself and around what the sun that was the first man first man ever first man ever among the Christians the Muslims the Jews who stated that the earth and that is 1300 years old in the 7th century it is recorded that the Imam was the first one who said no the earth is not the center of the universe the earth belongs to that the solar system it rotates around itself to create the day and around the sun to create the year the Imam he takes that from the Holy Quran a theory in the Holy Quran and the sun rotates to create the year that is the knowledge and the moon rotates until you get the old stars the sun rotates and the moon rotates until night comes and all of them in the dark they will be happy but some people they read the Quran they don't understand Allah made Ahl al-Bayt the translators and the interpreters of this book the Holy Quran this is why we love them we love Ahl al-Bayt we take them to hearts because without them people cannot understand this book or maybe they would misunderstand it as some scholars even today in Saudi Arabia they misunderstand the Quran they believe that the earth is straight and he says because you move how does this Saudi Quran proves that the earth is straight he says because you move take a train from here whatever don't keep moving you don't fall so the earth is straight very genius this is now in the 21st century 21st century and those people they want to establish the Islamic caliph those people are the pioneers of Salafism and Takfirism and ISIS and Al-Qaeda and Boko Haram and Shabam every backward terrorist organizational and still America considers Saudi Arabia it is the strongest allies believe me our strongest allies are two Israel and Saudi Arabia Imam Al-Sada came to lead a revolution revolution intellectual revolution Islam was in danger at that time at that time Ben-Umeya were collapsing and they gave way to heretics to polythists to others to come and question Islam and question the holy Quran many of the philosophers at that time they would come and they say there are faults in this book but no one will answer that except Ahlul Bayt Ahlul Bayt will stand to defend Islam from the time of Imam Al-Baqir again Imam Al-Sada until the time of Imam Al-Ilah Imam Al-Ilah spent much of this time especially in Khorasan and in two weeks we're going to celebrate his birthday here insha'Allah not next Thursday the Thursday after that the celebration of the Milat for the 8th Imam Imam Al-Yub Al-Mosa most of his time Imam Al-Rada was spent dialoguing with interfaith leaders the leaders of the Jewish community the savior community the zolastian community the christian community dialoguing with them they converse people through logic when you have logic you win people who use weapon to crush others they don't have logic they don't have logic they use under they use emotions they use frustration but when people have logic they don't have to be angry they don't have to be frustrated they have logic other imams they taught us to use logic when we speak برحان بل هاتو برحانكم إن كنت صارق Imam Malik says لا رأت عينه ما رأت عينه ولا سمعت قدن ولا خطر على قلب بشر أفضل من جعفر ابن محمدنا الصادر Imam Malik is an intellectual man a knowledgeable man a truly knowledgeable man he says no eyes have seen no ears have heard no brain, no thoughts have other thoughts of someone greater in piety, in knowledge in righteousness in honesty then Imam جعفر محمد للصادر this is the testimony of one of his students who was instructed under the leadership of Imam Salih Imam Salih was not biased he will teach all all Muslims he doesn't care who is Sunni who is Shira, who is Christian who is Muslim in his lesson which almost 4,000 people would gather 4,000 students of his university there were agnostics there were atheists there were Muslims there were Shi'as, there were Sunnis there were all sorts of people an open university for all this is how we should be this is how our imams disseminate their knowledge without reservation without bucketing this group or that group this is the policy of our prophets for all people I am the messenger of God to all mankind to all mankind Allah wants me to preach my message to all mankind so Imam A.S was for interfaith for intrafaith he would speak with all and people would benefit from him and this is why these professors they come after 13 13 centuries to gather in Paris to praise this man this Imam to speak highly about let me say something because tomorrow I am going to continue we need days to speak about this Imam but let me say what the Imam said a story two stories one is Al Mansour Mansour Al Abbas he was the Abbasite caliph the second Abbasite caliph but that he came to the dener so all scholars they go and visit him of course the caliph is there they have to visit him accepting Al-Sarq he did not go to visit him he is a tyrant this man is corrupt so he sent a message to the Imam he said to him يبنى رسول الله all the son of the prophet of God لم لا تخشانا كما يخشان الناس why don't you come and visit the caliph just like other people when they come and visit why don't you visit listen to the answer of the Imam this is what makes Imam Al-Sarq a great this answer pay attention to this answer this answer distinguishes Imam the Imam of Ahli Bait from others this is if you want to know why our imams are great listen to the answer the Imam said to him ليس لنا من أمر الدنيا ما نخافك عليه ولا عندك من أمر الأخيرة ما نرجوه منك Imam said to him ليس لنا من أمر الدنيا because of two reasons one reason I don't have corporations and companies and lands and properties so I feel that you're going to confiscate that for me and take it away from me I have no business in this one my bank account zero balance why should I feel the government why should I feel the IRS or the FBI when your bank account is zero you don't own anything why do you feel some people they fear the government especially in the Middle East because they take away their land their homes, their properties their bank accounts, their assets Imam says I have nothing in this that I am worried about because of you the subhan and more interestingly more importantly ولا عندك من أمر الأخيرة ما نرجوه منك neither you have something of the أخيرة a good virtue that I come and learn from you you are bankrupt why should I come to learn from you knowledge piety, honesty, truthfulness you have nothing you are a corrupt person why do you want me to waste my time and come and visit you Mansour was smart see Mansour said to him I know I have nothing of the neither we have something for the but you come only تصحبنا لتمصحنا just come and visit me to advise me give me advice listen to the answer Imam says to him من يريدوا الدنيا لا ينصحك ومن يريدوا الأخيرة لا يصحك the one if someone is seeking dunya he would not give a good advice to a tyrant someone was seeking the dunya he would not go to the tyrant and tells him don't kill, don't destroy, don't steam because he is a thief himself so he wants the tyrant to help him من يريدوا الدنيا يسيك الدنيا لم يخلط ومن يريدوا الأخيرة لا يصحبك and someone who seeks the last would not come and sit with you next to him this is Imam Al-Sar those are our leaders do you know why and Mansour bothers him do you know why because the only threat to dictatorship injustice, corruption of the caliphs and the sultans were Ahmubites they did not see others as threats only in Ahmubites 2 weeks ago or 3 weeks ago how many of you heard of weekly leaks regarding Saudi Arabia did you read them do you follow the news there were articles on the Los Angeles Times New York Times everywhere the cables that Saudi embassies they sent to the foreign ministry they were exposed and leaked thousands thousands and thousands and thousands of documents when you study them when you research them according to the New York Times the only concern Saudi Arabia has in this world is Shiazim and Iran nothing else they only advise their ambassadors be careful of Shiazim in Thailand in the Philippines in Bangladesh in Pakistan, in America in Europe, in this country the only thing that the anxiety that they have is the spread of Shiazim today they have no other concern by the way no other concern only the truth the spreading of truth of the school of ahmubite this is exactly what Banu al-Abbas and Banu Umayya they had during the time of Imam Hussein Imam Zain Abideel, Imam Muhammad al-Bakl Imam Jafar al-Sadiq this is why they murdered them they had no other no other thing that would bother them except Ahmubite because the message of Ahmubite is the message of the truth and tyrants they worry they are afraid of the truth they are not afraid of falsehood tyrants are always afraid of the truth but Allah says whatever they do alternately truth is going to prevail I always say to my friends the scholars and others that I am not worried about the future of Shiazim I am not worried not because we have money and books and we have nothing resources zero but because this is the truth and the truth is self powered self powered once people are exposed to the truth they find it many people they tried to conceal it from their children from their own children yet he finds after 10 years that his son is a Shia the father tried hard for his children not to hear about Shia don't say anything don't mention but then the children they go and they discover and then they tell their parents you cheated on me this is what we see on a daily basis Ameer Al-Mu'min says Al-Haqqu Jadeed don't worry about Haqq Haqq is always a fresh even if it comes after 50 years it's a fresh they cannot crush the Haqq one last thing from Imam Al-Sadaq A.S. this is for us for me and you and you and you for us private message special message for us he says كونو زينا لنا ولا تكونو شينا علينا Imam Al-Sadaq says to me and you and all of us be all my followers all the Shia of Ahl al-Bait be an attraction and ornaments for Ahl al-Bait do not be a distraction for Ahl al-Bait so when you act when you behave behave in a nice way that people say yes those are the students the followers and the lovers of Ahl al-Bait are we acting in this manner do we act as the two Shia of Imam Al-Sadaq in our relationships at home outside home with our friends with our family members with our children do we act that way زي we become attraction for Ahl al-Bait do we كونو زينا لنا ولا تكونو شينا علينا حتى يقول الناس when people look at you you behave well they say فلقد أدر بشيعة they got the best they saw of Imam Al-Sadaq he taught his followers very well he disciplined them very well we are ambassadors of Imam Al-Sadaq all of you when you go home think about this always think when you go outside when you go to school when you go to the market place when you drive when you deal with people when you speak with people of Imam Al-Sadaq Al-Sadaq I will recite and then you jeep because we have dear friends and family members and sisters and brothers in our community who really really need your dua and the only window or opportunity of help and salvation for them is your sincere prayers when you pray do dua from the bottom of your heart so Allah سبحانه وتعالى bestows healing and salvation on that إن شاء الله أعوذ بالله من الشيطان الرجيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم أمان يجيب النصر وإذا دعاه ويكشف السوء أمان يجيب النصر وإذا دعاه ويكشف السوء أمان يجيب النصر وإذا دعاه ويكشف السوء أمان يجيب النصر وإذا دعاه ويكشف السوء أمان يجيب النصر وإذا دعاه ويكشف السوء أمان يجيب النصر وإذا دعاه ويكشف السوء أمان يجيب المريضة المنظورة اللهم أنبسها ثوب الصحة والعافية عاجلا الفاتح مع الصلاة على محمد وعالي محمد


Auzhu Billahim Nishayi Tawana Rajeev, Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem. Very venerable viewers, today we are going to talk about personal and social skills. And very importantly, we'll see, first of all, the personal skills, which are very related with the abilities of a person, of a child, which leads towards manage and care itself. And we'll see about that how a child is going to wash hands. This is a small job that he can do on his own. There are things to eat and drink, where he has to manage his own utensils, and the other academic tasks, he manages himself. And we are helping him. And in social skills, his interaction with the other persons, and the other is how the person, the child, is to play. Play different games and also play with the others, children, and also to interact with them for the time being. And it's also understanding and feeling of the other persons, how they are talking about, and how they are interacting, and what they want to do. And according to the desire of that person, according to the desire of the other person, he puts himself into it. And in this, we see some social abilities, activities, of the infants, for the children, that if we want to develop them, what should we do? We enable them to feel different textures. We want to give them different colors, different environments. And in this, we have a lot of such experiences, which are related to different colors, different shapes, and in different ways, they are included in the object, which we interact with. And in time and for time, we bring a change, we change the color, the shapes, which are in the form of toys, or in the form of play games, we make the interaction possible. And in this, for the children, the objects, those are related with the music and also with the sounds play. And in this, we are reading out to the children daily, that what are the changes, those are coming, those are coming in their actions, in their reflections, or in their interactions. And in this, we can also say that the baby is about nine and around six months. So in that, we are seeing how the child or the baby is to play games like hide and seek with the objects. And this is a good interaction in which the child's abilities are improving a lot. And in that, we involve some puzzles, some of them are games, indoor games, which have blocks, which have nesting, and then there are drying different pictures, drying different objects on the paper with the help of color pencils and also with the brushes, and in that, if they are capable of holding it. But we take it towards that interaction. Similarly, we continue with the play music, and the child changes the tune, interacts with the button, and in that, we keep studying it, we observe it. And in the long time, what changes are coming in it, the things that are perfect, we move forward in that, we add new objects, new sounds, we move forward in that, and in this way, we change its games, and overall, we take care of the development of the child. Thank you very much.


Welcome everyone to our special film, today is slightly unusual time, but it's my great pleasure and honor to welcome Arno Außenburg, who visited us for today from Berlin. I think many of you know Arno from the pioneering experiments he has been doing over the years and inspired a lot of our work. And let me just say a few words, so before he did, Arno actually studied physics at several universities, as I just found out at Düsseldorf in London at the Imperial College and at the University of London. And then right after he again moved place and he went to Paris to pursue his PhD with a group of searchers, where he actually worked on some of the experiments that later were awarded with the Nobel Prize to search. And since then, basically Arno had, between 2005 and 2017, he was holding several professorships like Michael Mainz at the University of London and then in the end at the Technical University in Vienna. And since 2018 he is now at the Humboldt University in Berlin, where he is still now holding a chair for optics and electronics. And so there's a list that I'm not going to hear of national and international awards that Arno has been receiving for his research and for his results. So I think like most recently it's the Humboldt professorships, which is kind of the most prestigious award for international scientists that we have in Berlin. I'm looking forward to hear about your latest results and as I said, it's fair to say that Arno is a true pioneer in our field, so he has been setting the stage for this field of nano fiber optics and nano fiber optics. Quantum optics, so I think even back in mind, he had this brilliant idea to pursue this idea of pulling fibers to these extreme scales where they become like the thickness of just a few nanometers or thinner than our hair. And since then he has been doing a lot of inspiring experiments and led to many ideas like for fundamental science but also for applications and I think still continues to amaze us. So I'm really looking forward to the award. Thank you Tomas for the kind introduction and thank you for having me. It will be a dense day and I already learned a lot of interesting things and so interesting things. I'm looking forward to seeing more of you and your work and I'm very happy to show you some of ours this morning. So the title of the talk is pretty generic but it has ended what we are essentially working with or have been working with for more than a decade now, which is waveguide coupled atoms. And since I will be talking about several experiments, I just put how a simple quantum optical system can amaze you. And simple it is as Tomas said because it's just a waveguide with atoms coupled to it. And I say amaze you because I tend to be amazed, I hope that you won't be bored. And I would also like to start with a disclaimer. So some of the things I will be presenting I have never talked about, I mean I have never given a talk about. So if you feel like I'm not explaining it well just ask questions. I'm very happy to stop and spend more time on things and I don't have to get through all the slides. I think this could be a good setting also for just having an interactive seminar. I would be happy about questions during the talk. One thing that unites the experiments I will be talking about is that it's about collective interaction of emitters with a single field mode. And to introduce this topic let us just imagine that we are looking at the emission of radiation by two emitters which are separated by much less than the optical wavelengths. In that case we can actually say that these two emitters interact with the same electromagnetic mode which in the Hamiltonian is just written here hand-wavingly with one annihilation and creation operator and the two atoms here coupled to this mode. And in the Hamiltonian we don't assume any atom-atom interaction. And then when you look at the single excitation regime so either one of the two atoms being excited and no photon being present or both atoms in the ground state and a photon being present. Then the basis states that we find are actually a superposition of E and G where we either have a plus or a minus sign on depending on whether there is a plus or a minus sign here we refer to these states as being super radiant or sub radiant. And the reason is that if we look at the transition rate so of the rate of decay rate of this excited atomic state then for this super radiant state with the plus sign here the coupling is twice as large so the decay rate is twice as large whereas the sub radiant state here has actually zero matrix element with the atoms having decay to one photon being present so it does not decay. And usually when it refers to the super radiant state also as the dicker state and we can generalize what I explained here to n atoms by just writing sum over all possible states of one atom being excited. And the only difference then if we deal with n atoms is that this transition rate here n is then sorry this transition rate is n times as large and we have now n minus one sub radiant states but all of them in principle do not decay. But here of course there are two things which in the experiment are not so readily realized one is that the emitters are very closely spaced and the other one is that there is no atom interaction even though the emitters are so closely spaced and the typical situation in experiments is that the distance is larger than the wavelengths. And then we can have states or excitations of these n atoms with single excitation where if the atoms are excited with propagating light with a wave vector k then we still have a dicker state which looks exactly the same as before so one atom being excited however now we have a phase factor here which corresponds to the propagation phase of the light from to the position of the nth or kth atom here so we have this e to the i car i k r j and this state still exhibits a super radiant decay rate however the enhanced spontaneous emission will now be directed because we have here imprinted this propagation phase so our ensemble of atoms will predominantly decay for example if it's excited from the left with the propagating photon it will emit to the right and what we now do is explore such collective effects in a close to perfect one-dimensional setting where we define this propagating mode using a wave guide which couples to the atoms and there's related works by Charles Adams Antoine Brouves and T. D. Toshikatori so check out their work on such phenomena and finally I would like to say that in the introduction now I was only talking about this single excitation regime here the situation can of course be generalized to more than one excitation being present but it turns out that then also the dynamics even on the theoretical level becomes harder to describe and to understand and we will also explore this multi-excitation regime so the outline is that we will talk about the collective radiative dynamics of such waveguide coupled atoms and one thing that we saw and we could actually see experimental evidence offers that in this time-dicker states there is a coherent coupling between the sub and super radiant states so such a sub radiant state will not stay sub radiant forever it's just a momentarily sub radiant state and also the super radiant state will actually evolve into sub radiant states then we will go from here these two are in the single excitation regime we will then go to the situation where we have more than one excitation and even close to almost inverted ensembles of atoms coupled to the waveguide and if I have time I will also then talk about the transport of light through this ensemble and how it modifies the photon statistics of the light that propagates through the ensemble so let's start with the collective radiative dynamics but before doing so I would like to thank the people who really did the work so first and foremost I have two senior coworkers Philipp Schneeweis and Jovi Foltz who supervised the sub-project on a daily basis and then the experiments were done by a post of my Ph.D. student initially which is Ashlyn Johnson and Martin Blauha Ashlyn is now with Markus Aspermaier and now the experiments gradually were taken over by the post of Ricardo Penetta and the Ph.D. student Daniel Lechner so I very schematically sketch our experimental setup as Thomas said we are working with ultra-thin glass fibers they are made by heating and stretching an optical fiber until the waist of this tapered optical fiber is thinner than the wavelength of the guided light in our case here 400 nanometers and if you now launch light into the fiber and you squeeze it into this very thin wire here then there's an evanescent field surrounding this nanofiber and if we now prepare in the first experiment simply a cloud of laser-cooled cesium around the waist of the nanofiber then this light couples to the atoms and what we then do is we launch resonant light which is resonant with the two-line transition of cesium which is pulsed so we actually use an electro-optic modulator to make pulses of say 150 nanosecond length and then we analyze the light transmitted that's the transmission of this pulse through the ensemble and we can also analyze the back reflection of the light and detect in both cases with single photon counting modules the pulse rise and fall time here is much shorter than the lifetime of the atom while the pulse length here is much longer than the lifetime of the atom such that we should see both transient dynamics after the switch on and switch off of the pulse and we should have a kind of steady state of the atoms at the end of the pulse before switching off so how do we now model the transmission of light through such an ensemble of fiber-coupled atoms for this we assume so-called chiral coupling meaning that the light that propagates through the waveguide from left to right can be absorbed by the atoms but then the atoms only emit into the direction of propagation of the light and there is no back reflection of the light I won't go into the details but indeed this is something that can be realized thanks to special polarization properties of the guided modes of nanofibers but it turns out that even if you start by assuming the chiral coupling you will find out that also if the atoms can in principle backscatter the light in general it will be enough to consider chiral coupling to learn about the transmission of light through the ensemble we can talk about why but take my word for it that if you want to know what is the output pulse after sending it through an ensemble of atoms it's enough to consider that the atoms only emit into the forward direction if they do emit into the backward direction it could be integrated into the loss so into the emission into free space under most circumstances so that's what I said here that it also describes the system dynamics for the case of symmetric coupling and in this case it's very simple to compute now the transmission of light so the amplitude transmission of light through the ensemble as a function of detuning of our light piles from the atomic transition frequency because it will just be given by multiplying the amplitude transmission coefficients consecutively of all atoms one after the other and the expression for this transmission coefficient per atom is given by the interference of the incoming light and the re-radiated light by the atoms and here we have this so-called beta factor appearing beta is the fraction of light that is emitted into the waveguide if the atom decays so beta is just the probability for an atom emitting its photon into the waveguide and 1 minus beta will then be the probability for emission into the radiation modes and gamma naught is just the free space decay rate and if we now want to know the temporal shape of the transmitted piles then we just have to decompose our input piles into its Fourier components then propagate all the Fourier components through the ensemble by multiplying the input spectral amplitude at detuning data with the transmission amplitude transmission coefficient and then take the inverse Fourier transform and this will then give us the shape of the output piles so then let's look at what we see if we do this so if we launch now light through the fiber so here I sketch the transmitted power as a function of time the light blue shaded area is actually the bare pulse so it's a square pulse that we launch into the fiber the blue dots are the measured transmission and the red line is the theory prediction for the transmission through the ensemble and this was done with around 900 effectively 900 atoms coupled to the waveguide which corresponds here to an optical depth of 19 and here we introduced the detuning and this detuning is like 20 line widths so it's relatively far detuned here and you see the theory prediction matches our experimental prediction very nicely and in particular what we see here is multi-mode ravi oscillations or collective ravi oscillations you see that the transmitted power exhibits oscillations at a frequency which corresponds to the detuning of the pulse but if you look at it you also see that this is not just the damp sinusoidal as you might expect from say ravi oscillations of an ensemble where each atom has a slightly different ravi frequency but we see that here there's a kind of reduction of contrast but then a small revival of the contrast and actually we can understand that if we look at the microscopic picture so in the sense that we now look here at atom number 1 atom number 100 in our array and atom number 600 in the array and we look at the excited state probability of each of these atoms on a logarithmic scale here as a function of waiting time and then you see that the first atom, atom number 1 which only sees the incoming laser light will indeed perform just a damp sinusoidal ravi oscillation so this is how a damp sinusoidal ravi oscillation looks on a logarithmic scale but if we now look for example at atom number 600 then we see that it starts like the first atom but then after almost already after performing a full ravi cycle here it stops and then oscillates in like reverses the phase of the ravi oscillation oscillates again, here again reverses the phase of the ravi oscillation so here you see it oscillates in phase opposition to atom number 1 and the same happens also for atom number 100 which first oscillates in phase with atom number 1 but at some point also here you see oscillates in phase opposition so it changes the phase of the ravi oscillation with respect to the first atom Is it okay to ask a question? Yes please You talk about atom number 1 and 600 and so I mean you don't understand, you have a fiber Is it either gas? It's in a cloud, in a laser coin For the moment it is just a laser-cooled cloud of cesium atoms Later on it will indeed be trapped atoms It looks like you talk about they're sitting in a row and it doesn't matter how they fluctuate in and out and does the distance to the fiber better the cesium? Absolutely, so we do So here we assume indeed, so this is just the model prediction to understand what's going on and you're absolutely right, if the atom is further away from the fiber it will have a lower ravi frequency if it's closer to the fiber it will have a higher ravi frequency and here we assume a constant ravi frequency for the atoms so for all atoms but you can show that the prediction that you find for the ensemble also when including the variation of ravi frequency from atom to atom leads to the same result 900 atoms, how do you know? 900 is that a bit? So what I said here, this 900 atoms are actually effective atoms I used this word when I said 900 which means that you take the average coupling strength of the atoms to the guided mode and then you have an OD per atom and what we really measure is an OD of 20 here and we divide it by the OD, the average OD per atom so this is effectively 900 atoms but indeed it's just an average number if you like for the average coupling strength and the model I'm showing here to motivate why we see what we see is a simplified model here where I assume that all atoms have the same coupling strength which will be the situation in later experiments but this one here is indeed a 3D cloud of atoms interfaced with the 1D propagating waveguide mode okay, thank you for the question okay, so this is just to understand really what is going on here so in this model where we assume constant coupling strength we see that actually if we sketch it here it's kind of the same thing as we plot here so here I sketch the probability of finding atom number 100, 200 or 300 in the excited state as a function of time and we see these damped Rabi oscillations for the first atom which go on and are just damped but if you look here, you see that the phase of the Rabi oscillations of atom number 200 switches phase after a while and you see these lines where the atoms switch phase and later the atom the faster it switches phase of the Rabi oscillations and there's even a second phase switch of the Rabi oscillations and the reason is that the atom number say 500 is not only driven by the laser but also by the fields that are radiated by all preceding 499 atoms and the re-radiated light field has a high phase shift with respect to the incident light field this is what leads to absorption so actually what we see here is an effect of the atom 500 for example interacting both with the incoming laser light and with the re-radiated light by all preceding atoms and this leads to non-trivial dynamics and in particular this leads to super radiant decay if you look after the switch of the pulse at the decay rate of the different atoms then atom number 1 just decays as if it was on its own and atom number 100 already decays much faster and atom number 600 much much faster because its emission is stimulated also by the light that comes from the preceding atoms so this is a super radiant decay of atom number 600 now if we want to understand better this super radiant decay here then it's better to reduce the detuning a bit because then the energy stored in the atomic ensemble is higher and so the re-radiated light has a larger amplitude and we can now look at the decay rate of the pulse here after exiting our ensemble after switching off the drive pulse and we see that this looks kind of exponential here so we can just fit the slope at the beginning and then look at this slope and derive the decay rate as a function of for example optical depth so this was recorded again for an optical depth of 19 but we can vary the optical depth by varying the atom number and what we see is that the pulse decay rate indeed increases with increasing optical depth so there is super radiant decay of the ensemble into the waveguide modes however there is one important aspect that I would like to highlight here when you are dealing with super radians and try to look then you would think about super radians being a process that extracts the energy of our systems faster than say for the individual atoms the decay rate of the individual atoms but what we see here is just how fast the light switches off so the question is is that the same so do I when I see how fast the fluorescence from the atoms decays does that give me a good indication of how fast the energy disappears from the ensemble and interestingly if you now use the model that we have and compute because here we have a model Laguerre polynomial and this is what gives us here this switching off that after a certain waiting time the state of the atoms is fully sub radiant with respect to the with respect to the guided fiber mode so to explain it to you what I'm sketching here is the excitation amplitude which is in the case of resonant excitation a real is a real number so and it can be positive and negative and what you see is that while in the beginning I will have a state where all the atoms have positive amplitude after a while from this atom onwards due to these atoms being driven by the light emitted by the first 250 atoms here we have a sign change of the amplitude of the following atoms and if this area here is the same as this area here then there is destructive interference of the emission of light and this is what is predicted and happens here and then after waiting another time here of 30 nanoseconds then these atoms here again get this sign change because of the ravi oscillations stopping and turning the other way around so that I have now like positive, negative and again positive amplitude and again the interference of these amplitudes will add constructively and this corresponds again to a sub radiant state so when the filter goes on we have seen it's not visible here up to three like minimum of fluorescence emitted into the mode so maybe here is a good moment to ask for questions yes in your previous experiment if you change the time between the pulses this explanation that you get that it's a dynamical thing between the atoms that are in the ensemble will you see a change in this amplitude of this flash? as long, ok so what can happen if in this experiment I could change the time of the pulse of the time between the arrival of the pulses by simply making the fiber loop shorter and interestingly it's a question that we ask ourselves what happens in this case what you see will be a transition from waveguide quantum electrodynamics where you see just the single pass of the light through the ensemble and then how the light evolves to cavity quantum electrodynamics as soon as the pulses start to overlap it means that the modes of our resonator become so closely spaced that frequency components of the pulse excite several modes or in the time picture pulses start to overlap and we did experiments we are writing up the paper now where we changed the length of the fiber loop and could see a continuous transition from the dynamics I am presenting here to Rabi oscillations of an atomic ensemble in a cavity which however in the transition regime have these kinks and super flashes that come from waveguide quantum electrodynamics so actually you can we are able now to perform experiments which really unite two fields so to speak waveguide QED where the light passes once and cavity QED where you have periodic boundary conditions and if you make it longer like if you weight more nothing happens yeah you will not have these super flashes anymore oh yes the length as long as this condition is fulfilled the output will always look the same because all that happens is that my pulse propagates 20 more meters through the fiber loop nothing happens because of that as long as the atomic ensemble had had the time to decay and forgot about the pulse I can make the pulse propagate 40 meters or 400 meters okay there may be some losses because of propagation in the fiber but since this is here linear response theory it does not matter if the pulse reduces in amplitude a bit it is about the shape of the pulse the temporal shape of the pulse that dictates the response of the atoms and not the amplitude if I have a bit of losses it wouldn't change anything so the signal will look the same for a 100 meter long fiber skeptical yeah maybe I didn't understand well the effect of this stored energy inside the ensemble but I thought it was some kind of it has to be one long ensemble effective yeah effective super long ensemble effectively just increase the distance between some random atoms but purely in the ensemble yeah exactly it would be the same for example if you had one long ensemble of atoms with an od of 100 it doesn't matter if I change the line density of the atoms and like if I increase the inter-atom spacing by a factor of 2 I get the same result if I keep the optical depth the same yeah okay so I now I used up my 45 minutes that Thomas was calling out he's not here I mean I will skip the fourth part of the talk for sure but I could go on for another 5 minutes with the third part of the talk if you like I mean the fourth part is something that you probably know already anyways but this is what I now show is actually much is something that has not been discussed that I have never presented because all that I showed so far was in the weak excitation regime where I have at most one atom being excited at a time in the in the ensemble and then let us now see what happens if we increase the number of photons so the excitation happens from this single weak excitation regime to almost inverted ensembles so this was done again supervised by Philip and Jürgen and it was done by two PhD students chiefly Sebastian Pucher who's writing up his thesis now and Chris Liedl and there were two consecutive postdocs Shuai Jin and now there's Felix Tabin Newhans who joined so here we now work no longer just with a cloud of atoms but we indeed trap the atoms I won't go into the details just take my word for it that using a two color a two two detuned light fields propagating through the fiber we can trap the atoms in a periodic array of trapping minima and apart from thermal motion of the atom in this potential how the coupling strength is much better defined if the atoms at zero temperature the coupling strength would be the same for all atoms and now we do the same thing however our pulse we do the same thing in the sense we launch a pulse into the fiber but we now make the pulse much shorter than the atomic decay time much increase its power so that we are able to perform even up to optical pi pulses so that the atom becomes excited and then afterwards decays but the excitation takes less time than the decay of the atom so this means the pulses are 5 nanosecond long and in this case if we now look at the transmitted light as a function of time what we see I mean here I separate the time into while we launch the pulse so here the blue again the blue shaded area is the pulse without atoms so this is our reference signal and then the red data is when we have atoms coupled to the fiber and you see that when the pulse switches on then there is a transient regime where the atoms then start to establish a dipole moment and thus we get over time more and more absorption and then the pulse is switched off and we look at the fluorescence coming out of our ensemble this is magnified by a factor of 3 and we start here but then multiply by a factor of 3 for you to see it better and if the power is very low so this is a nanowatts here exactly the same as before so just this exponential decay of the fluorescence coming out of the ensemble at a rate which may be super radiantly increased so this is still linear response theory but now we are able to increase the power to the point where the prediction of linear response which is this dashed line starts to deviate both while the pulse is on and when we switch the pulse we look at the fluorescence so this is linear response theory as before and we see that our fluorescence signal is much less so this actually power here corresponds to about a pi half pulse and you see this because you see that here actually our absorption becomes lower because I start to actually excite the atoms and have some sizable like 50% probability of the atoms excited which means that we start to saturate the atoms and we see an onset of a ravi oscillation here and if we further increase the power here to 60 nanowatts or so then you see even a pi pulse so here the absorption of the atoms is almost gone again after this time here and we see that in this case we don't even see linear response theory anymore but we can nicely model our data so the black line is our model prediction but this model prediction now can no longer take the atoms as just Lorentz oscillators but we have to consider that the atoms are two level systems ok so our theoretical model is now extended in the sense that while between the atoms we always assume that there's a coherent field of approximation the atoms are described by density operators of a two level atom I don't go too much into the details of the theory just to say that here we of course when I couple a coherent state to a two level system after the two level system I don't have a coherent state anymore but we can pretend that it is the case by just taking the coherently radiated part coming from the atom and interfering it with the input light ok and this is what we do for this and this makes life much easier because then the computation in conjunction with this chiral coupling where the light only goes from left to right we can solve this equation plus the equation of motion for the atoms so the Lindblad master equation for each atom and then that time dependent quantities alpha k here and the coherence of atom number k and the excitation probability of atom number k and then we compute the transmitted power as being the incident power plus the this is the coherent part which is radiated but then so to speak by hand we also put the spontaneous emission which means that the power which we get at the end is not the same as the modulus squared of the coherent field according to this calculation because spontaneous emission is taken care of by putting it here and doing so we can really nicely model the dynamics of the system in particular if we here plot the number of absorbed photons per atom as a function of the pulse area so Rabi frequency times pulse time where we take the Rabi frequency of the first atom then you see that we can indeed almost get 80% probability of an atom being excited actually this is the solid line and the data is absorbed number of photons which can be inferred the difference of areas of the red and blue pulse here from that you can also compute really the excitation probability which is slightly lower because there is spontaneous emission also going on but still you reach like 75% after a pi pulse and then we can look at the fluorescence of the atom emitted by the atomic ensemble into the wave guide and again what we plot is the number of emitted photons into the wave guide as a function of pulse area and what I find interesting in this context here is that after a pi pulse where we have an inverted ensemble the emission into the wave guide is much less than after a pi half pulse it almost peaks after a pi half pulse it shows you that the directed emission into the wave guide comes from the coherent part which interferes constructively and emits into the wave guide and we can then also find the probability of an absorbed photon being emitted into the wave guide and you see that for weak excitation this reaches more than 60% but it falls down to the single atom beta factor at a pi pulse so the fraction of energy emitted into the wave guide is actually minimal for the ensemble being fully inverted so this is maybe counter intuitive or surprising but this is how it is because in that case the spontaneous emission does not give rise to collective emission which comes from constructively interfering radiating dipoles so maybe I switch to the conclusions in this case because I promise that I will skip the last slide now my computer is unhappy again yes so I hope that I could convince you that such coupled atoms are ideally suited for studying collective radiative effects from weak excitation to full inversion we saw experimentally coherent coupling between super and sub-radian states so we could show that the light that is emitted by the ensemble on its own switches on and off in a non-periodic fashion could see collective effects building up along the light's propagation direction and this is the part I skipped here for time reasons so these results I think can be used to better understand fundamentally the interaction of collective interaction of atomic ensembles with light but it could also lend itself to improve quantum memories or non-realized non-classical light sources or optical frequency standards based on collective super-radians and sub-radians this is something I skipped I told you that we are working on exploring the transition between waveguide QED and cavity quantum electrodynamics and what I said about the emission of a fully inverted ensemble into the waveguide being very weak is only true up to a certain threshold value of atoms turns out that when you have a high optical depth at some point when you have fully inverted ensemble the emission of a given atom induces stimulated emission of following atoms and we expect a super-radian burst of light so like a kind of stimulated bomb of photons coming out and actually our experiment should be able to access this regime and study such super-radian burst of light ok so with this I thank you for your attention and if you want to read up on the work then this is the references


ejudice.  I mean, it's it's you know, it's what are they teaching in DEI? What are they teaching anti-Jewish prejudice modules of since I don't know whatever training what you need to teach is respect for individuals. And that's it. There's there's there's no more than that. I mean, you need to teach history and the history of discrimination, the history of racism. I think everybody should know about that. But there's no that the only positive behavior that is involved here is treat people like individuals. That's it. And it's not what they teach in these modules. Yeah, I was going to say that the whole atmosphere of what I understand and what I've seen is by the time young people reach college, they've been marinating in exactly the opposite view. And then in college, they're given the more theoretical, more impressive versions of that that solidifies the kind of collectivist mentality and reinforces the wrong perspective. And so if your concern is to offset it, there's a lot of work to do. I don't I wouldn't say it's it's you have to do it the last mile when they get to college, I think it needs it's a lifetime perspective of you have to value individuals and judge them by their by their actions and their words. So mind span, wouldn't denying the Palestinians a state after Hamas isn't isn't in power and maybe with the help of other states, a form of collective punishment. No, I don't know what denying a state is. I mean, this goes back to why what should form a state and what context is a state appropriate. Hamas has to own a state in this in a Hamas can own a state. The Palestinians have to own a state. And they own a state by exhibiting the desire for individual freedom, not for not for state, but for individual lives lived under freedom. That is in pursuit of of pro-life values in in rejection of coercion, rejection of force and the Palestinians have to earn that. And you know, at that point, I would say two state solution, one state solution, three state solutions, who cares, right? If everybody respects individual rights and everybody is about freedom and liberty, then it doesn't matter how you divvy it all up. But we're a long way from there. We're a long way from the Palestinians showing that kind of respect for individual freedom and liberty. If you took if Hamas is eliminated and what are the Palestinians going to do, you think the Palestinians now liberal Democrats or the Palestinians now pocapolis, have they discovered reason? Are they entering a phase in the Enlightenment? I mean, they're the same people who voted for Hamas, supported Hamas, elected Hamas and, you know, cheered when Israelis were being murdered and slaughtered. It's the same people. So something fundamental has to change within Palestinian culture over a significant period of time for them to claim any kind of any kind of state or any kind of political entity or political identity. Yeah, and I just want to add to what you said that it's often brought in in respect of Israel's retaliation or Israel's policy that's collective punishment. There is such a thing as collective punishment, but you have to be careful about when you think it's happening and when you think when it's not happening. So if if you're retaliating against the essentially a state on your southern border that's been firing rockets at you since 2006 and that initiated a murderous attack that killed 1,200 plus people, that's retaliation.  War is about defeating an enemy and making them unable to fight you and giving up their cause. It's not collective punishment. So I think it's important for people to just differentiate between that idea and what's actually happening. And I think there's no there's no issue of denying anyone a state. As you put it, it's about you have to judge the way I put it sometimes is. The standard you have to meet to justify a state is way, way higher than people realize. And unfortunately, in the 20th century, a lot of states arose and they they they collapsed in blood and and in slaughter because they were not good states and they should not have arisen. And what you end up with is there aren't the intellectual foundations for a state and that leads to just massacres. And so you have to think about what, how would you meet that standard and what work would you have to do to demonstrate that? There's nothing like that that's been done. And it will take a long time, as you put it, to get to that level. Yes, unfortunately, that is true with regard to the Palestinians. OK, mind span, should we balance trying to create peace between Israelis and Palestinians and pursuing justice through a war with the risk of escalating conflict and further division? I don't God escalating conflict, isn't the conflict pretty escalated? Isn't October 7th suggest that we're in an escalated environment? What worse? How worse can it become? And indeed, I think that what history has shown us in history of this conflict, in particular, history, more broadly, if you study history, is that appeasement is what creates escalation. Appeasement is what division. The lack of justice is what emboldens evil. It would emboldens the bad guys. So no, I think the other way around, if you focus on pursuing justice through war and through any other means possible, if you focus on proper self-defense, then you don't get escalation anymore. You know, you don't have a lot of Japanese trying to kill Americans for what happened in World War Two, and you never had that even in the 50s and 60s right after the war. You don't get Germans hating Americans because they because they or hating the British because they flattened Dresden. You get the opposite. You get an acceptance of the evil of the regime that led the British to have to do that and therefore contrition and therefore change. And that's what happened with Germany and Japan. And that's what needs to happen with the Palestinians. They have to be contrite. And that's they're not. They're not not not, you know, because they haven't. Justice is not being pursued against them. All right. Last question to Dr. Giorno. I got I just want to clarify. I don't have a PhD. I have a I did go to graduate school, but I don't want to claim. Yeah, no, that's not a doctor. But yeah, are there any ARI events you plan to be in at? Any ARI events you plan to be at in 2024? Would you would like to reach out regarding institute activity in USA and elsewhere? What's the best way to do so? Yeah, I'd love to connect, Mark and everybody else watching today where, as you mentioned earlier, we're hosting our annual conference. Ocon Objectivist Conference 2024 in Anaheim, California. That's begins June 13, I believe I'll be there. And I hope a lot of you listeners and people watching will join us.  I'll be I'll be doing some events. And we're doing a panel and a form policy right? That's right. Yeah, that's also true. So I'll be speaking with you on a panel and looking forward to that. I forgot a lot of fun. So I would encourage people to look it up. It's INRAN dot org slash Ocon or events dot INRAN dot org. I forget exactly, but we'll put the link in the show notes, as they say. And Google Ocon 2024. And it's the first link that pops up. So it's right there. And you can also go to INRAN dot org slash start here, which is the page for the INRAN book show. And there's a link there to the Ocon page. But yeah, come to Ocon. It's it's five hundred people. Most you'll show your values and you might not like all of them, but I'm sure you'll like some of them and you'll have a blast. So it's it's a lot of fun and very intellectually stimulating. And you get to meet all of us and we look forward to it every single year. So yeah, I hope to meet all of you guys there. I'll probably see you Elon next at Ocon, I think that's right. So thank you. I think we've done we've covered a lot more content and half the time that they did in the debate, two and a half hours. So it's still significant. Thanks. Thank you for joining me and doing this. Hopefully next time when you're on the show, you don't have to watch a torturous five hour debate before you come on. Thank you guys. Thanks to the superchatters. Thanks for all the questions. Really, really appreciate the support and all the intellectual ammunition that's in the questions. I really appreciate that. And let me see. I will see you guys in the morning, not in the morning, in the early afternoon tomorrow for a I'm doing a debate tomorrow. So it'll be it's it's being live streamed. I don't know if you follow me on Twitter, put the link there. The link will be on Twitter, but I'm doing a debate with somebody on the welfare state. So it'll be live, it'll be streamed. So you guys can watch it should be fun, I think. And so join join me for that. And my show is also tomorrow. Yeah, I'll see you guys tomorrow. Thanks, Yilan. Have a great night. Having me. Good night. Bye, everybody.


Okay Whoo, here we go into the year vlog happening now What's up you guys Rape DeRozzi here and this is my final video for 2018 So I've been thinking about what I want to talk about for my last video of the year and I decided that With the new year and all good things that are coming. I really just want to take a moment to say thank you to everyone to Recognize the growth that has been made this past year and appreciate everyone's support and comments and encouragement and love and Helping me build this awesome community where we can all be here for each other and and and talk about not only HIV But fitness and just living a healthy life and just becoming our best selves and living our best life So with that said thank you so much in the last Year About a year ago. I had maybe 85 to 100 subscribers I now am just about to hit 6,000. So that's really freaking awesome in one year and Let's see last year. I was putting out content. I would say maybe once Every two to three months and then towards the end of the year. I was slowly creeping towards once a month at the beginning of this year for the first like Quarter to half of the year. I was doing once a month Maybe every two weeks for a while and then in the fall I really started to ramp it up do every two weeks and then this last quarter I've been really shooting to do every week. So I'm putting out content a lot faster now a lot more I'm trying to improve the quality like I said before I got a new camera new mic set up and I just bought a new Macbook so that I can edit it's like so I've been working on this Macbook that's it was a late 2011 and When I had to export videos out of final cut it would take me three four hours to to export a video that was like three or four gigs now I I Export in under a minute. It's crazy. It's saving me so much time So I'm really stoked about that and then I'm of course, you know working on Improving my Photoshop and my editing and blah blah blah all that technical mumbo jumbo You don't really care about but hopefully and then at the end of the day it brings you better content you guys I get I get messages every single day from not just here in the US But all around the world from Europe Asia Africa, Australia Australia and Artica, no, I'm just kidding not in America, but all over the world and it's freaking awesome you guys are so supportive and you guys are so open sharing your personal stories and the hardships that you've gone through and I Don't know. It's just really really cool that we're all connecting in this way and that we're able to Be there for each other and help each other grow and learn and and have hope and optimism for the future for our health for like the the all the new What's the word I'm looking for all the new progress and New possibilities for a cure for HIV and all these things like Gamora came out and then recently There was this other study where the HIV and sleeper cells is being killed and yes We're not out of cure and we're not in certainly not at trials but there are so many avenues from which a cure can develop so that is so like motivating He agrees and It should inspire you guys to know that like people are working hard all over the world Coming up with ideas new things are cropping up all the time It's just a matter of time before things merge and make sense and we're able to come up with a practical cure But yeah, so I love I love the comments. I love the messages I try to do my daily My daily motivation on on Instagram stories. Some of you guys have seen that every day. I'll post a Message that I've received or a comment That's really inspiring and motivating to me and I'll post that up for you guys to see anonymously Of course because I know a lot of you guys don't want to be seen or known So I keep everyone anonymous unless you say otherwise never have to worry about that and then also I've received a couple Pieces of mail through snail mail, which is really cool You guys found my my address so that's good for you a good job on your sleuthing But yeah, I recently got this very Very nice thoughtful Card and letter you can see that let me come on. There you go This was very nice. Thank you to the gentleman who sent this to me also wrote a very nice thoughtful letter there so Appreciate that and also Right there another nice card that I had received in the mail to so thank you so much you guys You don't have to do that and it I don't know just any time I'm feeling maybe a lack of motivation or if I'm questioning what I'm doing and whether it's worth it whether I should keep going and These kinds of things really keep me focused and motivated and keep me on track to keep doing what I'm doing So thank you so much. I really really do appreciate it. So. Oh, yeah, so I didn't update you guys on my Citizenship I meant to do that. So I went and took the citizenship It was a civics test and the English test went into an office sat down with a guy and He did a verbal like English test obviously I passed that I've been here since I was five years old and went to school here since I was five years old so that was Really really easy and then the civics test. I just had to study for a few days. That was that was easy to you're supposed to get Six out of ten questions, right? The first six he asked me I got right so he didn't even bother asking me the last four. So that was cool So I was looking down so just to give story time So I was looking down at this little like he had a manila envelope. No, that's wrong. He had a What's it called? Is it a manila? I don't know. It's it's those it's those typical filing It's it's just a filing folder. That's like yellow.  Those are the papers From when we first came to America in 1990 like those are old. They're yellow. They're warped It was funny because there was even like a coffee stain on on the top paper. I'm like what? Who what? Who was drinking coffee and spilled coffee papers on my immigration and my mom's in my immigration papers? What? And then so I asked the guy was like oh my gosh are those the papers from when we came here And he's like yeah, these are these are these are this is everything we keep it all on a file We had it shipped here to Los Angeles for your interview and then he was like let's let's see what's inside he was he was super nice really friendly and Started sifting through the papers and then one of them. I saw had my baby Footprints on it my baby hand prints when I was you know four and a half years old That was that was cool, and then there was this envelope. It was like this big. It was sealed And I was like, huh? What's that? And he goes it's probably a picture from when I first came here And he's like let's find out. Let's open it up So we got a little letter opener cut that boy open and inside was this adorable Black and white little picture of me when I first got here a foby fresh off the boat When we arrived in Boston so and he's like all photocopy it for you So that you have it and you can show your mom and so he gave me a photocopy of that in 1990 I was not even five years old in Boston when I first came to America needless to say it went really well I passed and now I'm just waiting for my oath Ceremony where we all come pledge allegiance and that's the last step and that'll be Tuesday the 15th at 715 a.m In downtown Los Angeles. I'll be swearing in for my citizenship. Yay so now yeah, so now I got that done and then That's really what I was I've been waiting for so that I could start going on trips outside of the US I just didn't want to deal with Customs and all of that. I already get pulled aside when I come into the airport from out of the US Like the last time I came from from the Netherlands They pulled me into a room and just started questioning me badgering me really they're like did you did you go to Iraq? While you were there. Did you go to Afghanistan? Did you go to soldier training camps? Just all kinds of crazy stuff because my name is Arabic and My biological father's side of the family is Moroccan so I immediately get pegged for stuff like that It's really annoying and I just don't want to deal with it So I've been waiting to get my citizenship before I travel abroad again And I'm planning to go to Bali Indonesia in October. I'm definitely going to film all of that I want to go for at least two weeks and I decided while I'm there for those of you living in Indonesia Bali I want to do some good Outreach work maybe working with some local HIV AIDS Organization see if I can help or if I can at least bring awareness I'd love to do some vlogging of all that so that's to come next Those are some of my ideas for next year and maybe I'll Do a trip maybe like a week in Australia. I do have some family on the east coast there So I'd love to go up and down the coast for like a week in Australia if I can manage it you guys I have so many ideas the more that I'm doing this the more that I Have been turning this stuff out every week and realizing that I can turn it out every week that it is possible With my full schedule, I can do it and I can get the editing done and have it out every week My creative juices have really been flowing lately and I've really been feeling inspired to do more and to talk about more So what I do is whenever I have an Idea I immediately just put it. I have a notepad I have a notepad app in my iPhone and I have a section that's just all for YouTube vlogging and As you can see I just Just put down all my notes as I go along and then that's how I decide what I'm going to do next and when you guys give me Ideas when you comment or DM me or whatever I definitely record those two and I add those to the list So please feel free in the comments below if there's things that you want me to talk about you want me to go over I'm definitely open to suggestions Anyway, is that is that it? Is that all I have to say right now? Oh, yeah, okay, so at my last doctor's appointment. I Was switched over to big tarvi I was currently taking gen voya and my doctor switched me over to big tarvi And I said I would be talking about my experience on big tarvi But I had a surplus of gen voya that I was running through First so that as I'm getting big tarvi every month. I'm still I'm still consuming the gen voya that I have And therefore I'm building up a stockpile of big tarvi. So I've just run through my gen voya. I decided January 1st I'm going to start big tarvi and I'm I will start I'll record my Experiences on that medication any side effects any like weird feelings or anything like that And I'll update you on that too because that's one of the latest best drugs that have come out recently thus far and I have my doctor's appointment on January 9th I am planning on recording that as well I'll make sure that we that we vlog that too so that you guys can stay updated on My journey with my doctor and I know that the last one was really helpful for a lot of you guys There was some really good information my doctor Jake Ladstein. He's awesome. He was in the interview in the recent vlog, too he talked about supplements and any interactions with With with the medication and basically said there aren't any interactions You have to worry about contrary to what a lot of you have been told by your doctors There isn't a concern with whey protein or creatine or any of that really unless you have pre-existing liver or kidney problems Then for the average person, it's really not an issue. The only other concern was with I believe it's magnesium Yeah, but you have to take magnesium in such high doses at the same time that you're taking medication For there to be any kind of interaction and the average person just doesn't take anywhere near that So even even as is taking as a supplement like I am for bodybuilding It's still not a concern and I take magnesium on the opposite end of the day as my medication anyway, so it's It's just it's just a non-issue. It really isn't anyway. My point is There was a lot of really good information from that doctor's visit So I definitely want to do that again because I'm sure that will uncover some more nuggets of Goodness related to that that will be helpful to all you guys Okay, so is there anything else hmm I feel like I'm gonna forget something. I think that's it Yeah, I think we're good Expect so much more to come this year you guys. I'm so amped. I'm so excited. I so many ideas and My momentum is only picking up and getting bigger and better and I want to start collaborating and I was thinking about even like Going out on the street. I live in West Hollywood. I mean hello.  So anyway you guys Thank you. Thank you from the bottom of my heart You guys make this possible you guys make this worthwhile Yeah, you really make my channel alive not just a place where I'm recording videos But it's we're turning into a community and there's so much good coming out of it And there's so much so much more good that's gonna come out of it I'm so excited and hopeful about the future. So thank you. Thank you. Thank you If you like this video like it if you haven't subscribed if you're new here go ahead and hit the sub subscribe button I've got so much more content coming for you. Happy New Year everyone. Happy holidays I hope you guys are all rocking it killing it out there living your best life Stay tuned I'll see you soon. Peace


Yeah, thanks. First of all, I would like to thank the organizers for giving me the opportunity to give us all And we've had some PhD students in the Netherlands working at the Leiden University and Yeah, I'm happy to present you our current project, namely incorporating Primordial non-casual entities in the framework of effective theory of logical structure This project is done in collaboration with Valentina Sassi, Daniel Baalman, Enrico Payer and Drian van der Waude who's sitting over there Yeah, they have been working actually quite hard to get the paper published this week and tomorrow it will appear on archive So stay tuned Yeah The bottom line of the project is that we develop a consistent perturbation theory for dark matter with non-caution initial conditions That's better The motivation is that we would like to improve our the sensitivity on measuring Primordial non-calcianities Suppose we were able to detect Primordial non-calcianities then we directly probe into the early universe and we will Yeah, we will Find the world of information Turns out that most extended models of inflation that they predict a certain amplitude of above a certain threshold of non-calcianity given by FNL of order one So if we would be able to turn to reach the sensitivity of FNL equal to one then even absence of a detection we Would learn quite a lot So are we going to look at logical structures or the CMB? The CMB of course is very nice because you can describe it by linear physics However, the amount of information you can get from there is quite limited because It's only a two-dimensional survey. So the info information skills with the area And more over we only have access to a limited range of skills because on large skills It's limited by cosmic variants whereas on the small skills. We have silk damping so We should probably turn our attention to logical structures Which is a three-dimensional survey so the information skills with volume However, there's many sources of late-time non-linearities which makes this problem very complicated and the range of skills we can describe is actually Yeah, a question mark. So the effective theory of logical structure is an approach to Going to the monthly non-linear regime Well to give you an idea of what all the challenges are if we want to start with Yeah, with primordial non-calcianities We first of all have to understand the non-linearities induced by a gravitational interactions Then secondly, we don't measure actually the dark matter distribution, but we measure galaxies or halos And we have to understand the bias between them Then also the galaxies they have peculiar velocity So that there are redshift space distortions and there are many other effects we have to understand So it's very challenging in this project. We only focus on the description of the dark matter perturbations and We focus on the biospectrum as an observable So dark matter biospectrum there So how are we going to extract this primordial non-calcian signal? The first first thing you have to do is understand fully understand the background so we fully have to understand the non-linearities induced by gravity and this has been done in This paper for example, and also a paper by Leonardo Senator, by the way and the second thing is that We have to understand how gravitational non-linearities affect the signal we want to measure namely primordial non-calcianity And from there we can if we understand this then We know we can try to answer the question how distinct primordial non-calcianity is from the background and How well we can distinguish between different types of primordial non-calcianity So let me illustrate this last point by this picture So here It's plotted the relative ratio of the contribution to the biospectrum coming from non-calcian primordial Initial conditions as function of scale and So that you can see for three types of primordial non-calcianity what the relative scaling is you can see on large scales They scale quite differently but on the due to the Corrections due to gravitational non-linearities on the smaller scales you can see they start scaling in the same way So actually that this is a bad thing Okay, let me just go back to the Problem so how how are we going to solve the fluid equations for dark matter? So dark matter is Collisionless particles, so it's described by the flash of equation taking the first two moments You'll end up with the fluid equations, which you already have seen before Which looks schematically like this so there's an Linear time evolution operator and on the right-hand side you get for the density contrast of dark matter And on the right-hand side There's the non-linear corrections and actually there's also some velocity dispersion term for the short scales and the the old way let's say to solve it was just by neglecting this velocity dispersion and then solve Protervatively for the density contrast so first solve the linear equation then use the green's function to solve order by order However as Matias Salariaka already pointed out there are some problems with this approach namely small skills are Don't have a small density contrast. So actually there's no well-defined perturbation parameter and Since we don't solve the short-scale physics by this approach We don't know What they are and we also don't know how they back react on the long skills more over the the loops in This approach which coupled the long skills to the short skills They give the wrong result because we don't solve in the right way for the for the short-scale perturbations all right, so I put all those problems in the left-hand side of this table So the effective theory of laska structure is a way to solve solve all these problems and the idea is that You're going to smooth over the short skills so integrating out the short skills This means that you end up with a set of equation which are which only describe long wavelength perturbations So it means that then then you will have a well-defined perturbation parameter. So that already solves the first problem Also because we integrate out the short skills this will give this should can rise to correct corrections to the equation of motion because Which yeah parameterize the back reaction of the short skills on the long skills. So this will give rise to an effective stress tensor But it doesn't mean that we know the the physics of the short skills So the only thing we can do is parameterize our ignorance So we assume that the short skills depend locally on the the long wavelength perturbations and then we expand and Also consistent with the symmetries of the problem and then we expand the stress tensor In the long wavelength fluctuations and this will describe the back reaction of the short skills then Turns out that these new terms in here in the equation of motion will exactly provide the right right counter terms to renormalize the loops and then We end up with the right results. So the effective theory of laska structure solves all the problems at the same time now in this paper we Want to include primordial non-gaussianities So we in the in this framework so we smooth over the short skills and expand the stress tensor. It was done in the In these papers before and especially this one for the for the biospectrum and Because we start with non-gaussian initial conditions the long and short skills are initially correlated So this will give rise to new terms in the effect of stress tensor proportional to the primordial potential So this is a very sketchy way to To show it but in the paper we define large classes of non-gaussianity by by the scaling and angular dependence and We classify all the contributions to the stress tensor in a systematic way Anyway, so this will give us a consistent perturbation theory and We solve the perturbation theory to first order in non-gaussianity and loops and We check explicitly that all the counter terms gift provide the right counter terms to renormalize the loops then in second part of the paper we do in numerical evaluation of all the con non-gaussian contributions to the biospectrum so we I'll compute the linear contributions the loop contribution the counter terms and a question you can ask is how how well can we distinguish primordial non-gaussianity from the gravitational non-linearities for example and this The answer will depend on for example the amplitude of the signal the scale dependence relative skill dependence and the range of skills We can reliably describe We didn't do a full analysis, but I will just show you a couple of plots to give you an idea so This is an example where we started with local primordial non-gaussianity with FNL equal to 10 and Here are plotted all the contributions to the biospectrum in the equilateral configuration Again as function of scale And so the here the blue lines. That's really the part which comes from gravitational linearities. So this is the background The red part is also The background, but it's just an estimate of the background so Actually, the red line will denote How bad we actually know our background and Then the the black lines denotes the non-gaussian signal So here you can see in the equilateral configuration. We don't really trust a large a large range of skills because here the The higher order corrections to the background become quite seem to become important. So 10 yeah So here we can only describe the non-gaussianity up to this this skill and but if you go to the squeeze configuration the situation looks much better and We see that the estimate of the higher order contributions are lower than all the non-gaussian contributions to the Biospectrum so this gives us hope that we might be able to detect non-gaussianity in the primordial non-gaussianity in the in the biospectrum and More of also the counter terms I Mean, okay, we plot is actually the counter terms with a coefficient But actually we don't know the coefficient so it could be also a little bit lower or higher But they seem to be an important seem to be important and we have to include them in the analysis For the full analysis we would like to do a Fisher analysis So that's what we are working on right now to make more precise how well we can constrain primordial non-gaussianity from The biospectrum Then another thing Which would be nice to do is fitting to embody simulations to fix the parameters and the effect of stress tensor So it's that if we if you in the end want to compare to observations, then you only need to measure FNL But before you can actually compare to two observations You first have to understand the halo bias or galaxy bias and redshift space distortions So including primordial non-gaussianities also have to be has to be extended to these Things So the summary of the project is that We have extended the effective theory of a logical structure with non-gaussian initial conditions we found new terms in effective stress tensor which Provide exactly the right counter terms to renormalize all the loops and We did a numerical evaluation of the contributions to the biospectrum and tomorrow you should check the archive Yeah, and I would be very happy if you want to have more details to discuss it Maybe later on or you can of course ask me any question right now


Hi, good morning guys, and welcome to today's products and focus well on the back of the Malaysian airline jet allegedly being shot down On the Ukrainian border coupled with the ground invasion of Gaza We have seen a storm sell-off on the global equity markets and an increase in safe havens like the Japanese yen and gold overnight As you can see there bearish engulfing pattern on the US 30. We are trading below potential support currently at 69 69 Also Google disappointed last night with their earnings the current kind of geopolitical issues over in the Ukrainian Russian border is likely to be short term I'll be having quite a pronounced effect last night and that will spill over until today as well looking at the UK 100 As you see there another bearish engulfing pattern on the wrong side of potential Support slash resistance at 6713 next potential support is at 666 6 And a lot of people are obviously waiting to see what happens if it does get proven that it was shot down by Ukrainian separatists armed by Russia a lot of pressure on Vladimir Putin this morning I'm sorry to see that there's been some big moves and dollar rubble overnight and obviously the Russian stock markets have also been impacted by the by the news as well Japan to do five breaking down below Sliding trend line right there and next potential support at 49 77 She recovered modestly this morning after that last night selloff if we look at dollar yen Dollar yen obviously a lot of yen buying your yen is also quite interesting to look at We're below one-on-one spot 35 next potential support is at 100 spot 80 We've had rebound this morning. So as a retracement back up to that broken support which may now act as resistance But we've not yet broken above there. So that level one one-on-one spot 35 will be strategic in the short term If we look at crude oil crude oil went massively up yesterday as Russia basically produces 10% of the global oil supply as You the US had already ramped up its sanctions The eurozone had not and I think it's about 147 Dutch passengers were on board the flight MH 17 There's big international outcry more sanctions possible and that's causing that huge massive spike there combined with all the other Fundamentals we talked about We're finally above 103 next potential resistance at 105, but we're in the middle of two ranges right there So if we move on to gold very quickly We did get a move high last night why I'm really confident now that this this trend line is is firmly intact Look at all the previous history here all the bounces and then look where we stopped yesterday and look where we stopped again today Very interesting formation right there at 1332 is the next potential resistance anyway We have I guess the resistance is kind of holding right now for the end of this trend line anyway And that's also the turning home period SMA So moving on to your dollar for a second. I continue to drift slightly lower So we're in the middle two ranges potential resistance one spot thirty five sixty eight next potential sport one spot thirty four fifty five Nothing much else to say on your dollar and if we move on to cable His scripting down lower as well next potential support one spot seventy forty eight and one spot seventy one eighty four still the potential resistance So cable is not that interesting today your dollars in the middle of two ranges Dollar yen I guess is for a lot of people who are interested in effects will be looking because you've got this retracement back up to the potential Broken support slash resistance. So that will be worth having a look at depending on your views of how the markets are going to continue to react to to plane crash and the Gaza invasion and all the other issues that we're having over in the Middle East right now especially in the markets are all-time highs, but crude oil as well I'll be something that will be worth looking at but again. We're a little bit away from the From the potential resistance. So one or three will be the level to look at and obviously indices will be Heavily looked at especially heading into the weekend. I believe so Not much to move economic data today. Do you have Roy or is University Michigan Consumer Sentiment Survey? Don't think it's going to have a huge impact But if you're looking for fundamental set your alarm via the economic calendar today And then every part of me if you fast-forward on to Monday, which is 21st. Nothing much on Monday You actually have to go into Tuesday there. So nothing on Monday. Very surprising. So you have to go into 22nd there and you've got Japanese retail sales UK public finances net sector borrowing and US CPI Look forward to keep it on the chart form as ever make insights popular and join me again on Monday to find out what happened next