Live from Orlando, Florida, it's theCUBE. Covering Grace Hopper's Celebration of Women in Computing, brought to you by SiliconANGLE Media. Welcome back to theCUBE's coverage of the Grace Hopper Conference here in Orlando, Florida. I'm your host, Rebecca Knight. We're joined by LaFawn Davis. She is the Global Head of Culture and Inclusion at Twilio. Thanks so much for joining us. Thank you for having me. So let's start by telling our viewers what you do at Twilio. What does the Global Head of Culture and Inclusion do? That's a great question. It's kind of a newer title. So the culture piece is around our environment, our workspace, how employees feel, and it also incorporates employee experience. So we want to make sure that all the great talent we get in, we actually keep and develop and grow. And then there's the inclusion piece, the DNI piece, and that's the piece that people typically understand. So that is attracting, recruiting, retaining and developing top talent. It's making sure that we're looking at all of the diverse workforce that we want to have in the company that we're serving our employees in the right way. And so it's nice that it's kind of have both sides of that. So it's not just purely about recruiting. It's not purely about numbers. It really is about how employees feel and whether or not they feel included, but also belong. So how do you do that? I mean, that's what every company wants is to make companies, make employees feel happy about coming to work every morning. How do you do it? You have to ask. Okay, okay. So it's really important that we have values that we can stand upon every day. So we have what we call nine things and they're really our values.  Draw the owl? Draw the owl. It comes from an old internet meme that's around, the way you draw an owl is you start with two circles and then you draw the rest of the owl. Right, right. So you have to start somewhere. We have another one that's be humble, no shenanigans. That one you hear a lot. Like if you're in a meeting and people are kind of thinking of doing things a different way. There are a few tech companies that could have benefited from the shenanigans. But yeah. People call each other out. I mean you'll hear it around the office. Do they though? No, absolutely. They absolutely will. They'll say, it sounds a little shenanigans. Okay. Or we're not supposed to be doing shenanigans here. So let's really figure out how to do the right thing. Okay. And I think when you have values that are that specific, you can stand on them, you can count on them and you can call each other out. Shenanigans, I love it. Okay. So let's be honest and let's do what's right. But at the same time, I understand how that can become the sort of safe word and it's almost funny to say, hey, what are you doing here? But how do you make those employees feel empowered enough to be able to call someone out? Particularly if that person is a manager or a white guy that just has more bluster. I mean, what? Yeah, it starts from the top down. I mean, even before I got to Twilio, so I've only been to Twilio for six months, but I've been in this space for well over a decade.  So they were doing diversity inclusion and had employee resource groups before I got there, three years before I got there. And the CEO is fantastic, but it really starts from that messaging. You can tell the CEO he's being shenanigans. He expects you to. So we're hiring in people that expels our values. We're looking for that. We're making sure that people come in with that understanding of we don't want shenanigans here. We want you to be humble here. We want you to draw the out. We want you to really acquire knowledge and thirst after it. Those are the things we look for. And so if you keep hiring people like that, that already lend to your values, you're going to continue to have that culture.  So as you said, you've been in this space for a while. You worked for PayPal, Google, Yahoo. Yeah. What have been the biggest changes you've seen over the course of your career? Yeah. So it's really a journey, right? I think the diversity journey, especially 10 years ago, started with diversity, numbers, demographics. And it was really just gender globally in ethnicity US. And that's it. And that's what people talked about. And those were the efforts that people made. It was really about recruiting. And now it's gone into more of the inclusions face and making sure people feel like they have a voice that can be heard or they have a seat at the table. But honestly, right now where we're at is the belonging space, right? Inclusion is really about making sure other people feel included and that you're hearing other perspectives. Belonging is a personal feeling. I feel like I belong here. And I'll tell you a funny story. When I first started at Tulio about probably about two weeks in, I sat on the people team, which is next to the legal team. And the legal team's having this discussion and I'm like, wait a minute. Oh my gosh, are you all conspiracy theorists? And they're like, yeah. And I go, oh, you're my people. I'm the one with the whiteboard and the red string and the football hat. And I immediately felt a sense of you're my people. I feel like I'm supposed to be here. Everyone wants that feeling. And so the belonging space is really where companies are starting to focus. It's not just about having a seat at the table. Do you want to be here? Do teams work well together? Are we working on something that's important to you? Do we have a vision that's inspiring to you? And that's more around belonging. I think the next step in this journey is equality and we're a long way from that. And what do you make of that? I mean, you have been in this space for a while now at some of the biggest, most respected tech names in the industry and some of their names have been dragged through the mud around these issues.  Are you hopeful? What's your feeling now? I'm hopeful. I don't think I would still be doing it this long if I wasn't hopeful and yes, I get tired. Yeah, but we're still talking about it. Definitely get fatigued but I'm very passionate about it and that's how I ended up in this career. I started off in operations when I was at Google and I'm one of the founding members of the Black Googlers Network which is an employee resource group and I just got really passionate about being strategic. It wasn't just about building a sense of community, it was, no, let's figure out how to attract, recruit and retain and develop talent. Let's figure out what the company needs and how we can plug in.  And so I did lots of different roles within the DNI space. And so every time I think I'm going to step out, I get sucked back in, right? Just when I thought, yeah. And so I think there's so much work to do. I think people inherently want to do the right thing. There's some bad apples that have been dragged through the mud lately, absolutely. But I think for the most part, people are coming from a good place. They may not know what to do. I think we have to change the conversation because if we continue to do the same things over and over again and they're not working, that should say something, right? So these, in terms of your past companies, Yahoo, Google, PayPal, they're much bigger than Twilio. Twilio is less than 1,000 people. How would you describe the biggest differences in terms of trying to affect change? Yeah. So I think the nice thing is that this is the first company where I don't feel like I have to talk about the business case for diversity. Right? They already get it. They already get it. It's already got.  I'm trying to build a company. And then he really thought about it and said, well, when is the right time to think about diversity? Is it when I have 1,000 white male engineers? Right? At that point, you're fixing a problem as opposed to just starting with it and hiring people around that. And so it's the first company where I feel like that was already there, which is wonderful because now I can focus on the things that make the greatest impact instead of starting from scratch. And so a smaller company, especially with more of a startup mentality, they just went public last year. I think it's almost easier, in a way, to make more progress because of that. And just in terms of what your CEO said about having to fix the problem, how do you think Twilio's products, how can you, how would a customer be able to tell that this was made by a diverse group of people?  I mean, yeah. The whole goal of the Twilio platform is to power communications, right? That's the entire goal. And so I think as we're out and about, I mean, we have this really cool role, and it may exist elsewhere, I just don't know it, and they're called Developer Evangelists, which I would love to be if I actually coded a little bit more. And they actually are the kind of the middle of coding and evangelizing kind of what Twilio does, so a little bit of sales, too. And so they're actually touching the communities. We have community developers, so it's not just people sitting at a desk in a room talking about what's best for people. It's, we get out into the community, we understand what developers need, and we're constantly trying to figure out how do we create more doers? That's what we call people who create things. How do we create more doers? We have Twilio.org, which is our foundation, working with nonprofits, and there are social justice apps built on the platform. There are lifesaving apps built on the platform, and we're funding these organizations so they can continue to build more and more on our platform to change people's lives. And so I think that, in those examples, actually help people understand it's not just 400 white guys sitting in a room creating something for them. We're actually getting out and understanding what people need. And the research around diversity shows that diverse teams that may take them a little slower to get the work done, but the work is better, because it has taken in multiple perspectives. It has, there's been more sort of fighting, and I don't mean to say fighting in the majority of sense, but just getting to the right answer. Yeah, debate, exactly, to get to the right answer. I mean, would you say that's the experience, and I know you're not on the technical side, but what are you hearing from your... Well, I would challenge that. Okay, all right. Every employee is encouraged to build something on the Twilio platform when they start no matter what role they're in, and I am not in a technical role, but I know a little bit of coding there. But yes, absolutely, healthy debate is absolutely encouraged. How else are you going to build something for other people? It's really easy to just say, I think we need to do this feature, right? But if that's not what people need, or you're not getting other perspectives, then you're building an inferior product. And so, absolutely, you have to have that healthy debate. It's encouraged, and I see it, but it's not in a disrespectful way. So I have, being a part of the tech industry for a long time, I have seen some conversations that weren't so great, and people not treating each other well, thinking that that's how you... A little shenanigan-y. A very shenanigan-y, right? Or calling each other names because they think that's how you get your point across. And I just don't feel that way at Twilio. It's much more respectful. I'm not saying that they don't get into it, but I think you have to, in order to really innovate. Great. Lafon, thank you so much for joining us. It's been a really, really a lot of fun talking to you. Thank you so much, you too. We will have more from Grace Hopper, just after this.


This is TFNN the Tiger financial news network Good morning everybody, I'm Tommy O'Brien coming to you live from TFN and 10 a.m. Eastern Time 30 minutes into the trading day And we got markets accelerating off the open seems to be the trend recently, right? I mean look at all these accelerations man.  But guess what we've gotten enough rallies Okay, that we are at the same exact price point as we were at Wednesday morning pre-market Isn't that amazing? We've sold off every single day and meanwhile We're sitting at the same exact price point because we're getting moves of about 40 to 50 points in both Directions left and right in this market man.  Don't be afraid to take losses folks Because it you can take a lot of losses when you catch a run of 20 s and p points If you're keeping things tight to three to five points on your flip side Especially if you're able to pick an area and boy, I'd say that this thing's bound I mean look at the lower boundary line right 41 22 Seems to be an area of support going back and then we have the upper boundary line that I was talking about at the beginning Of my program. So markets roll over a bit. We're still positive by five in the S&P Nasdaq 100 barely in the red right now You get the Dow up by 82 points. You got the Russell flat. We jump over to target following their earnings They trade higher by 1.7 percent. We have Walmart out with their numbers tomorrow morning They actually trade lower. Not sure they liked what was coming out of target there on the open as Walmart down about a quarter percent On their numbers we got Home Depot yesterday. Look at that man. Home Depot gets it all back Between yesterday and today Home Depot is up 2% right now Excuse me at 288. We'll call it as I mentioned man, you know 48 hours ago Monday The last thing we knew was Home Depot for the fiscal year was gonna have sales that were basically flat on their earnings Tuesday morning They said they're gonna be down fiscal year two to five percent man And they shake it off in a big way We got lows next week with their numbers lows up 1.3% today folks stay tuned We got our man Jacob filling in for Basil Jacobs coming up next We got Steve Rhodes alive at 11 fast market at 12 Larry Pezzavento live at one Tom O'Brien my dad live from three till four Got a fast market going on stay tuned. Don't forget about Kevin Hanks's program at 12 today They're gonna be talking about Walmart. They're gonna be talking about Cisco. They're gonna be talking about take two interaction


What's up, YouTube? This is a video right up for the challenge twins for 50 points in the steganography category on HACCON CTF 2018. Challenge prompt here is two brothers separated long ago, finally decided to reunite. Each one holds a secret key but needs the other brother to read it. Can you find their hidden secret? So we're given these two files that we can go ahead and download. I'm just going to W get them and we'll have them ready to work with us. So if you actually take a look at these, these are both plain text files. They are simply this. Same with the other one. Just looks like garbage, a lot of nonsense. I couldn't tell what this was when I immediately looked at it. It didn't seem like base 64. I thought for a second, okay, maybe it's a different base like base 85. So I thought I'd go ahead and try that base 85. You can give it some of this thing here and you can try and decrypt it, but that didn't get anything. And I noted it might be base 85 because of this is their kind of style that they're used to. It doesn't always have to have these curly arrows at the very end, but that text looked like that. So I thought, okay, maybe that's base 85. Another option I thought was it maybe another esoteric language like Malboge or Malboge. I have no idea how to actually pronounce that. And that is an esoteric language that it also looks like gibberish. So I figured, okay, I'll try and find an online decoder for that. There were plenty of these online and I pasted it in, but okay, that also gave me an error, nothing in that regard. So I started a tinker with them. I started to look at both of these together. I thought, are these X-word or what are these things? So I tried to put them together in Python and started to work with them. You can get started with a script if you want to follow along. I'm going to go ahead and have a shebang line here. I'll have file one, f1.read, just for some quick short hacks, same thing with f2 here. And then I actually wanted to determine the length of these, which we could have just ran through, but they are the exact same. So I thought, okay, I could X-word them if really wanted to. I didn't get any results with that. So other things that I tried was I actually tried to loop through all of the characters in both of them. So for i in range length of f1 or either f2 if you wanted to, you could just print out that f1 index at that position. Same thing with f2, index at that position. And I will go ahead and run that, ape.py. Why do I have an error there? Okay, whatever. It's going to work just fine. So I got a lot of garbage here, stuff that didn't make a whole lot of sense. Again, just looking at each character beside each other and nothing particularly looked all that good and promising. I tried it by looking at even just the ordinal values to see if there was a difference in the number or like the asking number for each of those characters. So if there's something obvious or some translation going on between the two of them, nothing again in that regard. So eventually, I feel like I would have noticed this at some point because I did notice that some of these did share the exact same letter at a position. And that may have led me to the conclusion that eventually a teammate suggested in our Discord server. So if you haven't joined the Discord server and you want to play Capture the Flag with other cool people, please click on that link, join the server link in the description. So the idea was maybe all of the letters that are shared or the characters that are shared between file one and file two mean something. So the way we can test that is if f1 at the current i is equal to f2 at the current i. So if they're the same character, then we can go ahead and add them to maybe like a message that we're looking at. So we can say message.append, either one of these because again, they are the same character. If we wanted to, we could join that message together, go ahead and print it out. And that is our flag. So smart idea. I think it was Vic Frank that got that. So props to you, man. Really interesting thing that we were struggling with for a while. We just couldn't figure out what the what that text meant or really even what the challenge prompt was trying to hint at. But that was the flag trying to find the similarities between the two files. So I guess that in some regard is twins. If we wanted to, we could save that script, move it to a get flag if we wanted to make sure it's executable and mark that challenge as complete. We could submit it if we wanted to, but unfortunately the game is no longer running. But we did get the flag. Special shout out to the people that support me on Patreon. Thank you guys so much. It's incredible to see this list getting longer every now and again. I really appreciate everything that you guys do. $1 a month or more on Patreon will give you a special shout out just like this at the end of every video. $5 or more on Patreon will give you early access to everything that released on YouTube before it goes live because I normally record in bulk and then let the videos just gradually get released by schedule. If you did like this video, please do like, comment and subscribe. That really, really helps me out. Please join the Discord server link in the description. It's an awesome community of CTF players, programmers and hackers. If you want to join us for the next game, I think Nighthawk CTF is coming up this weekend and ICTF is coming the following weekend. So please come hang out with me and some, come hang out with other cool people. It's awesome. Great. See you in the next video.


This paper provides a detailed description of a peer mentorship program designed to help early career researchers in the field of implementation science, IS. The authors describe how the program was structured, the support and processes provided, and the products and outcomes achieved over six years. They also discuss the importance of balancing similarities and differences between group members, which they found to be essential for the success of the program. The authors conclude that peer mentorship can be an effective way to provide emotional, logistical, and professional development support for early career professionals. This article was authored by Kelsey Estixson, Joseph E. Glass, Mia El Barnett and others.


ocal guides. It falls into a fatal snare and is at the enemy's mercy. A ravine on the left, a mountain on the right, a pathway so perilous that the horses have to be roped together, and the chariots carried in slings. No passage open in front. Retreat cut off behind. No choice but to proceed in single file. Then, before there is time to range our soldiers in order of battle, the enemy's overwhelming strength suddenly appears on the scene. Advancing, we can nowhere take a breathing space. Retreating, we have no haven of refuge. We seek a pitched battle, but in vain. Yet standing on the defensive, none of us has a moment's respite. If we simply maintain our ground, whole days and months will crawl by. The moment we make a move, we have to sustain the enemy's attacks on front and rear. The country is wild. Destitute of water and plants. The army is lacking in the necessaries of life. The horses are jaded and the men worn out. All the resources of strength and skill unavailing. The past so narrow that a single man defending it can check the onset of 10,000. All means of offense in the hands of the enemy. All points of vantage already forfeited by ourselves. In this terrible plight, even though we had the most valiant soldiers and the keenest of weapons, how could they be employed with the slightest effect? Students of Greek history may be reminded of the awful close to the Sicilian expedition and the agony of the Athenians under Nishas and the monstenes. C. Thucydides 7, 78, S. Q. Q. 11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground, attack not. C. H. A. P. T. E. R. 12. T. H. E. N. I. N. E. S. I. T. U. A. T. I. O. N. S. 96. The rather let all your energies be bent on occupying the advantageous position first. So Tsao Kung, Mai Chuan and others, however, suppose the meaning to be that the enemy has already forestalled us, thought that it would be sheer madness to attack. In the Sun Tzu Hsu Lu, when the king of Wu inquires what should be done in this case. Sun Tzu replies, the rule with regard to contentious ground is that those in possession have the advantage over the other side. If a position of this kind is secured first by the enemy, beware of attacking him, lure him away by pretending to flee, show your banners and sound your drums, make a dash for other places that he cannot afford to lose. Trail brushwood and raise a dust, confound his ears and eyes, detach a body of your best troops, and place it secretly in ambuscade. Then your opponent will sally forth to the rescue. 12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy s way, because the attempt would be futile and would expose the blocking force itself to serious risks. There are two interpretations available here. I follow that of Chang Yu. The other is indicated in Tsao Kung s brief note. Draw closer together. I see that a portion of your own army is not cut off. On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies, or perhaps form alliances with neighboring states. 13. On serious ground, gather in plunder. On this, Lai Chun has the following delicious note. When an army penetrates far into the enemy s country, care must be taken not to alienate the people by unjust treatment. Follow the example of the Han Emperor Cao Tzu, whose march into Qin territory was marked by no violation of women or looting of valuables. Note of Benny, this was in 207 BC, and may well cause us to blush for the Christian armies that entered Peking in 19-0 AD. Thus he won the hearts of all. In the present passage, then, I think that the true reading must be, not plunder, but do not plunder. Alas, I fear that in this instance the worthy commentator s feelings outran his judgment. Tu Mu, at least, has no such illusions. He says, when encamped on serious ground, there being no inducement as yet to advance further, and no possibility of retreat. One ought to take measures for a protracted resistance by bringing in provisions from all sides, and keep a close watch on the enemy. In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march. Or, in the words of 8, he says, 2, do not encamp, 14, on hemmed in ground, resort to stratagem. Cao Kung says, try the effect of some unusual artifice, and 2U amplifies this by saying, in such a position, some scheme must be devised which will suit the circumstances, and if we can succeed in diluting. This is exactly what happened on the famous occasion when Hannibal was hemmed in among the mountains on the road to Casillinum, and to all appearances entrapped by the dictator Fabius. The stratagem which Hannibal devised to baffle his foes was remarkably like that which time Tan had also employed with success exactly 62 years before. C9, SS, 24, notes, when night came on, bundles of twigs were fastened to the horns of some 2,000 oxen, and set on fire, the terrified animals being then quickly driven along the mountain side towards the passes which were beset by the enemy. A strange spectacle of these rapidly moving lights so alarmed and discomfited the Romans that they withdrew from their position, and Hannibal's army passed safely through the defile. C. Polybius, 3, Mandi 3, 94, Livy, 22, 16, 17, on desperate ground, fights. 4, as Chialin remarks, if you fight with all your might, there is a chance of life, whereas death is certain if you cling to your corner. 15, those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear, more literally, caused the front and rear to lose touch with each other, to prevent cooperation between his large and small divisions, to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men. 16, when the enemy's men were united, they managed to keep them in disorder. 17, when it was to their advantage, they made a forward move, when otherwise, they stopped still. May Yalchen connects this with the foregoing. Having succeeded in thus dislocating the enemy, they would push forward in order to secure any advantage to be gained. If there was no advantage to be gained, they would remain where they were. 18, if asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array, and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say, begin by seizing something which your opponent holds dear. Then he will be amenable to your will. Opinions differ as to what Sun Su had in mind. Cao Kung thinks it is some strategical advantage on which the enemy is depending. 2, Mu says, the three things which an enemy is anxious to do, and on the AC accomplishment of which his success depends. R, one to capture our far-vorable positions. 2, the ravages are cultivated land. 3, to guard his own communications. Our object then must be to thwart his plans in these three directions, and thus render him helpless. C, F, 3, S, S, 3, I boldly, C, H, A, P, T, E, R, 12. T, H, E, N, I, N, E, S, I, T, U, A, T, I, O, N, S, 98, seizing the initiative in this way. You at once throw the other side on the defensive. 19, rapidity is the essence of war. According to 2, Mu, this is a summary of leading principles in warfare, and he adds, these are the profoundest truths of military science. And the chief business of the general, the following anecdotes told by Ho Xie, shows the importance attached to speed by two of China's greatest generals. In 227 AD, Meng Ta, governor of Hsincheng under the Y Emperor Wen Tai, was meditating defection to the House of Xu, and had entered into correspondence with Chu Koliang, prime minister of that state. The Y general SSU Mai was then military governor of Wan, and getting wind of Meng Ta's treachery, he at once set off with an army to anticipate his revolt, having previously cajoled him by a specious message of friendly imports. SSU Mai's officers came to him and said, if Meng Ta has leaked himself with Wu and Xu, the matter should be thoroughly investigated before we make a move. SSU Mai replied, Meng Ta is an unprincipled man, and we ought to go and punish him at once, while he is still wavering and before he has thrown off the mask. Then, by a series of forced marches, he brought his army under the walls of Hsincheng within a space of eight days. Now Meng Ta had previously said in a letter to Chu Koliang, Wan is 12 O Li from here. When the news of my revolt reaches SSU Mai, he will at once inform his imperial master, but it will be a whole month before any steps can be taken, and by that time my city will be well fortified. Besides, SSU Mai is sure not to come himself, and the generals that will be sent against us are not worth troubling about. The next letter, however, was filled with consternation. Though only eight days have passed since I threw off my allegiance, an army is already at the city gates. What miraculous rapidity is this? A fortnight later, Hsincheng had fallen and Meng Ta had lost his head. In 621 AD, Lai Qing was sent from Qichu and SSU Qilin to reduce the successful rebel Hsio Hxin, who had set up as emperor of the modern Qing Chu Fu and Heupai. It was autumn, and the yangs being then in flood, Hsio Hxin never dreamt that his adversary would venture to come down through the gorges, and consequently made no preparations. But Lai Qing embarked his army without loss of time, and was just about to start when the other generals implored him to postpone his departure until the river was in a less dangerous state for navigation. Lai Qing replied to the soldier, overwhelming speed is of paramount importance, and he must never miss opportunities. Now is the time to strike, before Hsio Hxin even knows that we have got an army together. If we seize the present moment when the river is in flood, we shall appear before his capital with startling suddenness, like the thunder which is heard before you have time to stop your ears against it. C7, SS, 19, notes, this is the great principle in war. Even if he gets to know of our approach, he will have to levy his soldiers in such a hurry that they will not be fit to. CHAPTER12, T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S-99, oppose us, thus the full fruits of victory will be ours. All came about as he predicted, and Hsio Hxin was obliged to surrender. No way stipulating that his people should be spared, and he alone suffered the penalty of death. Take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack on guarded spots. 20. The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force. The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you. 21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food. CF, SUPRO, SS. 13. My Cheon does not venture on a note here. 22. Carefully study the well-being of your men. For well-being, Wang Hsi means, pet them, hewer them, give them plenty of food and drink, and look after them generally, and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Chen recalls the line of action adopted in 224 BC by the famous general Wang Qin, whose military genius largely contributed to the success of the First Emperor. He had invaded the Chu State, where a universal levy was made to oppose him. But, being doubtful of the temper of his troops, he declined all invitations to fight and remain strictly on the defense side. In vain did the Chu general try to force a battle. Day after day, Wang Qin kept inside his walls and would not come out, but devoted his whole time and energy to winning the affection and confidence of his men. He took care that they should be well-fed, sharing his own meals with them, provided facilities for bathing, and employed every method of judicious indulgence to weld them into a loyal and homogenous body. After some time had elapsed, he told off certain persons to find out how the men were amusing themselves. He answer was that they were contending with one another in putting the weight and long jumping. When Wang Qin heard that they were engaged in these athletic pursuits, he knew that their spirits had been strung up to the required pitch, and that they were now ready for fighting. By this time, the Chu army, after repeating their challenge again and again, had marched away eastwards in disgust. The Qin general immediately broke up his camp and followed them, and in the battle that ensued they were routed with great slaughter. Shortly afterwards, the whole of Chu was conquered by Qin, and the Qing Fu Chu led into captivity. Keep your army continually on the move, in order that the enemy may never know exactly where you are. It has struck me, however, that the true reading might be linked your army together. C-H-A-P-T-E-R-12, T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S-100, in devise unfathomable plans. 23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Shang Yu quotes his favorite Y-Li-O Tzu-C-H. 3. If one man were to run a mock with his sword in the marketplace, and everybody else tried to get out of his way, I should not allow that this man alone had courage and that all the rest were contemptible cowards. The truth is that a disperado and a man who sets some value on his life do not meet on even terms. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength. Shang Yu says, if they are in an awkward place together, they will surely exert their united strength to get out of it. 24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard. 25. Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the cleave vive. Without waiting to be asked, they will do your will. Literally, without asking, you will get. Without restrictions, they will be faithful. Without giving orders, they can be trusted. 26. Prohibit the taking of omens and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.  2. Mu called Huang Shikang, spells and incantations should be strictly forbidden, and no officer allowed to inquire by divination into the fortunes of an army, for fear the soldier's mind should be seriously perturbed. The meaning is, he continues, that if all doubts and scruples are discarded, your men will never falter in their resolution until they die. 27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches, if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity. Chang Yu has the best note on this passage, wealth and long life are things for which all men have a natural inclination. Hence, if they burn or fling away valuables and sacrifice their own lives, it is not that they dislike them, but simply that they have no choice. Sun Su is slyly insinuating that, as soldiers are but human, it is for the general to see that temptations to shirk fighting and grow rich are not thrown in their way. 28. On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep. The word in the Chinese is snivel. This is taken to indicate more genuine grief than tears alone.  Not because they are afraid, but because, as Sao Keng says, all have embraced the firm resolution to do or die. We may remember that the heroes of the Iliad were equally childlike in showing their emotion. Chang Yu alludes to the mournful parting at the eye river between Qin Kou and his friends. When the former was sent to attempt the life of the King of Qin afterwards, first emperor in 227 BC, the tears of all flowed down like rain as he bade them farewell and uttered the following lines. The shrill blast is blowing, shilly the burn. Your champion is going, not to return. One, but let them once be brought to bay, and they will display the courage of a Chu or a QI. Chu was the personal name of Chu and Chu, a native of the Wu state and contemporary with Sun Siu himself, who was employed by Kang Siu Klang, better known as Hou Lu Wang, to assassinate his sovereign Wang Liao with a dagger which he secreted in the belly of a fish served up at a banquet. He succeeded in his attempt, but was immediately hacked to piece by the King's bodyguard. This was in 515 BC. The other hero referred to, Sao Qiyort, Sao Mo, performed the exploit which has made his name famous 166 years earlier, in 681 BC. Lu had been thrice-defeated by Kai and was just about to conclude a treaty surrendering a large slice of territory when Sao Qiyu suddenly seized Huyen Kung, the Duke of Kai. As he stood on the altar steps and held a dagger against his chest, men of the Duke's retainers dared to move a muscle, and Sao Qiyu proceeded to demand full restitution. Declaring the Lu was being unjustly treated because she was a smaller and a weaker state, Huyen Kung, in peril of his life, was obliged to consent, whereupon Sao Qiyu flung away his dagger and quietly resumed his place amid the terrified assemblage without having so much as changed color. As was to be expected, the Duke wandered afterwards to repudiate the bargain, but his wise old count, Seller Clan Chung, pointed out to him the impolicy of breaking his word, and the upshot was that this bold stroke regained for Lu the whole of what she had lost in three-pitch battles. 29. The skillful tactician may be likened to the S.H.U.A.I. Jan. Now the S.H.U.A.I. Jan is a snake that is found in the Chang Mountains. 1. Zhao's Biographical Dictionary. No. 399. C.H.A.P.T.E.R. 12. T.H.E.N.I.N.E.S.I.T.U.A.T.I.O.N.S. 102. S.H.U.A.I. Jan means suddenly or rapidly, and the snake in question was doubtless so called owing to the rapidity of its movements. Through this passage, the term in the Chinese has now come to be used in the sense of military maneuvers. Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail. Strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by its head. Strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by head, and tail both. 30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the S.H.U.A.I. Jan. That is, as Mei Yao Chen says, is it possible to make the front and rear of an army each swiftly responsive to attack on the other? Just as though they were part of a single living body, I should answer, yes, for the men of Wu and the men of U.A.R. Enemies, C.F., V.I., S.S., 21. Yet if they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other's assistance just as the left hand helps the right. The meaning is, if two enemies will help each other in a time of common peril, how much more should two parts of the same army bound together as they are by every tie of interest and fellow feeling? Then it is notorious that many a campaign has been ruined through lack of cooperation, especially in the case of allied armies. 31. Hence it is not enough to put one's trust in the tethering of horses and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground. He's claimed devices to prevent one's army from running away recall the Athenian hero Sophanes, who carried the anchor with him at the Battle of Platea, by means of which he fastened himself firmly to one spot. C. Herodotus, I.X. 74. It is not enough, says Sun Tzu, to render flight impossible by such mechanical means. You will not succeed unless your men have tenacity and unity of purpose, and, above all, a spirit of sympathetic cooperation. This is the lesson which can be learned from the SHUAI Jan. 32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage which all must reach. Literally, level the courage of all as though it were that of one. If the ideal army is to form a single organic whole, then it follows that the resolution and spirit of its component parts must be of the same quality, or at any rate must not fall below a certain standard. Wellington's seemingly ungrateful description of his army at Waterloo, as the worst he had ever commanded, meant no more than that it was deficient in this important. C.H.A.P.T.E.R. 12. T.H.E.N.I.N.E.S.I.T.U.A.T.I.O.N.S. 103. Particular, unity of spirit and courage. At enough foreseeing the Belgian defections and carefully kept those troops in the background, he would almost certainly have lost the day. 33. How to make the best of both strong and weak. That is a question involving the proper use of ground. May Yal Chen's paraphrase is, the way to eliminate the differences of strong and weak, and to make both serviceable is to utilize accidental features of the ground. That's reliable troops if posted in strong positions will hold out as long as better troops on more exposed terrain. The advantage of position neutralizes the inferiority in stamina and courage. C.H.A.L. Henderson says, with all respect to the textbooks and to the ordinary tactical teaching, I am inclined to think that the study of ground is often overlooked, and that by no means sufficient importance is attached to the selection of positions and to the immense advantages that are to be derived, whether you are defending or attacking from the proper utilization of natural features. 2. 34. Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand. 2. Mu says, the simile has reference to the ease with which he does it. 35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy, upright and just, and thus maintain order. 36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearances, literally to deceive their eyes and ears, and thus keep them in total ignorance. 37. Cao Khun gives us one of his excellent apoptems. The troops must not be allowed to share your schemes in the beginning. They may only rejoice with you over their happy outcome. To mystify, mislead, and surprise the enemy is one of the first principles in war, as have been frequently pointed out. But how about the other process, the mystification of one's own men? Those who may think that Sun Tzu is over-emphatic on this point would do well to recall. Henderson's remarks on Stonewall Jackson's Bally campaign, The Infinite Pains, he says, with which Jackson sought to conceal, even from his most trusted staff officers, his movements, his intentions, and his thoughts, a commander less thorough would have pronounced useless, etc., etc. 3 in the Year 88 ad, as we read in CH. 47 of the Hu Han Shu, Han Cao took the field to the science of war, P. 333. 3 Stonewall Jackson, Val. I.P. 421. C.H.A.P.T.E.R. 12. T.H.E. and I.N.E.S.I.T.U.A.T.I.O.N.S. 104. With 25,000 men from Conten and other Central Asian states with the object of crushing Yarkhan, the King of Kutcher replied by dispatching his chief commander to succor the place with an army drawn from the King Dom's of Wen Su, Khumo, and Y2, totaling 50,000 men. Pan Cao summoned his officers and also the King of Conten to a council of war and said, our forces are now outnumbered and unable to make head against the enemy. The best plan, then, is for us to separate and disperse, each in a different direction. The King of Conten will march away by the easterly route, and I will then return myself towards the west. Let us wait until the evening drum has sounded and then start. Pan Cao now secretly released the prisoners whom he had taken alive, and the King of Kutcher was thus informed of his plans. Much elated by the news, the latter set off at once at the head of 10,000 horsemen to bar Pan Cao's retreat in the west, while the King of Wen Su rode eastward with 8,000 horsemen or dare to intercept the King of Conten. As soon as Pan Cao knew that the two chieftains had gone, he called his divisions together, got them well in hand, and a cock crow hurled them against the army of Yarkhan, as it lay in camps. The barbarians panic stricken, fled in confusion, and were closely pursued by Pan Cao. Over 5,000 heads were brought back as trophies, besides immense spoils in the shape of horses and cattle and valuables of every description. Yarkhan then capitulating, Kutcher and the other kingdoms drew off their respective forces. From that time forward, Pan Cao's prestige completely overawed the countries of the west. In this case, we see that the Chinese general not only kept his own officers in ignorance of his real plans, but actually took the bold step of dividing his army in order to deceive the enemy. 37. By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, Mang Hsi thinks that this means not using the same stratagem twice. He keeps the enemy without definite knowledge. Chang Yu, in a quotation from another work, says, the axiom that war is based on deception does not apply only to deception of the enemy. He must deceive even your own soldiers, make them follow you, but without letting them know why. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose. 38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand, literally releases the spring CVSS. 15. That is, takes some decisive step which makes it impossible for the army to return, like Hsiang Yu, who sunk his ships after crossing a river, Qianhao, followed by Chia, CHAPTER12, T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S-105 Lin, understands the words less well as puts forth every artifice at his command. 39. He burns his bolts and breaks his cooking pots, like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep. He drives his men this way and that, and nothing knows whether he is going. Tu Mu says, the army is only cognizant of orders to advance or retreat. It is ignorant of the ulterior ends of attacking and conquering. 40. To muster his host and bring it into danger, this may be termed the buisiness of the general. Sun Tzu means that after mobilization there should be no delay in aiming a blow at the enemy's heart. Note how he returns again and again to this point. Among the warring states of ancient China, desertion was no doubt a much more present fear and serious evil than it is in the armies of today. 41. The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground. Shang Yu says, one must not be high bound in interpreting the rules for the nine varieties of ground. The expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics and the fundamental laws of human nature. These are things that must most certainly be studied. 42. When invading hostile territory, the general principle is that penetrating deeply brings cohesion. Penetrating but a short way means dispersion. Cf. Supra. Ss. 20. 43. When you leave your own country behind and take your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. This ground is curiously mentioned in 8. Ss. 2. But it does not figure among the nine situations or the six calamities in chap. X1's first impulse would be to translate a distant ground. But this, if we can trust the commentators, is precisely what is not meant here. Neyal Chen says it is a position not far enough advanced to be called facile and not near enough to home to be dispersive. But something between the two. Lang Hsi says, it is ground separated from home by an interjacent state whose territory we have had to cross in order to reach it. Hence, it is incumbent on us to settle our business there quickly. He adds that this position is of rare occurrence, which is the reason why it is not included among the nine situations. When there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways. 44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground. C-H-A-P-T-E-R-12. T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S-106. 45. When you have the enemy's strongholds on their rear and narrow passes in front, it is hemden ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground. 46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose. This N, according to Tumu, is best attained by remaining on the defensive and avoiding battle. C-F-S-S-S-11. On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all parts of my army. As Tumu says, the object is to guard against two possible contingencies. One, the desertion of our own troops. Two, a sudden attack on the part of the enemy. C-F-7. S-S-17. Mei-Yao Chen says, on the march, the regiments should be in close touch. In an encampment, there should be continuity between the fortifications. 47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear. This is Cao Kung's interpretation. Chang Yu adopts it, saying, We must quickly bring up our rear, so that head and tail may both reach the goal. That is, they must not be allowed to straggle up a long way apart. Mei-Yao Chen offers another equally plausible explanation. Supposing the enemy has not yet reached the coveted position, and we are behind him, we should advance with all speed in order to dispute its possession. Chen Hao, on the other hand, assuming that the enemy has had time to select his own ground, quotes Vi. S-S-1, where Sun Tzu warns us against coming exhausted to the attack. His own idea of the situation is rather vaguely expressed. If there is a favorable position lying in front of you, detach a picked body of troops to occupy it. Then if the enemy, relying on their numbers, come up to make a fight for it, you may fall quickly on their rear with your main body, and victory will be assured. It was thus, he adds, that Cao Xi beat the army of Qin, C-P. 57. 48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defenses. On ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances. 49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies. The commentators take this as referring to forage and plunder, not, as one might expect, to an unbroken communication with a home base. On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road. 50. On hemmed and ground, I would block any way of retreat. C-H-A-P-T-E-R-12. T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S-107. Meng Xi says, to make it seem that I meant to defend the position, whereas my real intention is to burst suddenly through the enemy's lines. Mei Yao Chen says, in order to make my soldiers fight with desperation. Wang Hsi says, fearing lest my men be tempted to run away. Qi Mu points out that this is the converse of seven. It says, 36, where it is the enemy who is surrounded. In 532 AD, Cao He-Lun, afterwards emperor and canonized as Shen Wu, was surrounded by a great army under Er Chiu Kao and others. His own force was comparatively small, consisting only of 2,000 horse and something under 30 feet. The lines of investment had not been drawn very closely together, gaps being left at certain points. But Cao He-Lun, instead of trying to escape, actually made a shift to block all the remaining outlets himself by driving into them a number of oxen and donkeys roped together. As soon as his officers and men saw that there was nothing for it but to conquer or die, their spirits rose to an extraordinary pitch of exaltation, and they charged with such desperate ferocity that the opposing ranks broke and crumbled under their onslaught. On desperate ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.  Mei Yao Chen says, the only chance of life lies in giving up all hope of it. This concludes what Sun Tzu has to say about grounds and the variations corresponding to them. Revealing the passages which bear on this important subject, we cannot fail to be struck by the desultry and unmethodical fashion in which it is treated. Sun Tzu begins abruptly in eight. As says, two to enumerate variations before touching on grounds at all, but only mentions five, namely NOS. Seven, five, eight and nine of the subsequent list, and one that is not included in it. A few varieties of ground are dealt with in the earlier portion of CHAP, by X and then CHAP. X sets forth six new grounds, with six variations of plan to match. None of these is mentioned again, though the first is hardly to be distinguished from ground no. Four in the next chapter, that last in CHAP. XI, we come to the nine grounds par excellence, immediately followed by the variations. This takes us down to SS, 14. In SS, 43 minutes 45, fresh definitions are provided for NOS. Five, six, two, eight and nine in the order given, as well as for the tenth ground noticed in CHAP. Eight, and finally, the nine variations are enumerated once more from beginning to end. All, with the exception of five. Six and seven, being different from those previously given, though it is impossible to account for the present state of Santizu's text. A few suggestive facts may be brought into prominence. One CHAP. Eight, according to the title, should deal with nine variations, whereas only five appear. Two, it is an abnormally short chapter. Three CHAP. XI is entitled the nine grounds. Several of these are defined twice over, besides which there are two distinct lists of the corresponding variations. For the length of the chapter is disproportionate. Being double. CHAPTR12. T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S-108. That of any other except IX. I did not propose to draw any inferences from these facts. Beyond the general conclusion that Santizu's work cannot have come down to us in the shape in which it left his hands. Chap. Eight is obviously defective and probably out of place. While XI seems to contain matter that has either been added by a later hand or ought to appear elsewhere. 51. For it is the soldier's disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when served rounded to fight hard when he cannot help himself and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger. Shang Yu alludes to the conduct of Pan Kao's devoted followers in 73 AD. The story runs thus in the Wuhan Shu CH. 47. When Pan Kao arrived at Shan Shan. Clan. The king of the country received him at first with great politeness and respect. But shortly afterwards his behavior underwent a sudden change and he became remiss and negligent. Pan Kao spoke about this to the officers of his suite. Have you no ties? He said that Clan's polite intentions are on the wane. This must signify that envoys have come from the northern barbarians and that consequently he is in a state of indecision. Not knowing with which side to throw in his lot. That surely is the reason the truly wise man, we are told, can perceive things before they have come to pass. How much more then? Those that are already manifest. Thereupon he called one of the natives who had been assigned to his service and set a trap for him. Saying where are those envoys from the H-Sung knew who arrived some day ago? The man was so taken aback that between surprise and fear he presently blurted out the whole truth. Pan Kao keeping his informant carefully under lock and key. Then summoned the general gathering of his officers. Thirty-six in all and began drinking with them when the wine had mounted into their heads a little. He tried to rouse their spirits still further by addressing them thus. Gentlemen, here we are in the heart of an isolated region anxious to achieve riches and honor by some great exploit. Now it happens that an ambassador from the H-Sung know arrived in this kingdom only a few days ago and the result is that the respectful courtesy extended towards us by our royal host has disappeared. Should this envoy prevail upon him to seize our party and hand us over to the H-Sung know, our bones will become food for the wolves of the desert. What are we to do? With one accord, the officers replied, standing as we do in peril of our lives, we will follow our commander through life and death. For the sequel of this adventure, C-Chap 12 SS 1 Notes 52, we cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are ac-clinted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country. It's mountains and forests. It's pitfalls and precipices. It's marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides. C-H-A-P-T-E-R 12, T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S 109. These three sentences are repeated from seven. SS, 12 minutes 14, in order to emphasize their importance, the commentators seem to think, I prefer to regard them as interpolated here in order to form an antecedent to the following words. With regard to local guides, Sun Tzu might have added that there is always the risk of going wrong, either through their treachery or some misunderstanding such as Livy Records 22. 13, Hannibal, we are told, ordered a guide to lead him into the neighborhood of Casunam where there was an important pass to be occupied, but his Carthaginian accent, unsuited to the pronunciation of Latin names, caused the guide to understand Casunam instead of Casunam, and turning from his proper route. He took the army in that direction. The mistake not being discovered until they had almost arrived. 53, to be ignored of any one of the following four or five principles does not be fit a warlike prince. 54, when a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy's forces. He overraws his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him. May Tao Chen constructs one of the chains of reasoning that are so much effective by the Chinese in attacking a powerful state. If you can divide her forces, you will have a superiority in strength. If you have a superiority in strength, you will overall the enemy. If you overall the enemy, the neighboring states will be frightened, and if the neighboring states are frightened, the enemy's allies will be prevented from joining her. The following gives a stronger meaning. If the great state has once been defeated before she has had time to summon her allies, then the lesser states will hold aloof and refrain from massing their forces. Chen Hao and Chang Yu take the sentence in quite another way. The former says, powerful though a prince may be, if he attacks a large state, he will be unable to raise enough troops and must rely to some extent on external aid. If he dispenses with this and with overweening confidence in his own strength, simply tries to intimidate the enemy, he will surely be defeated. Chang Yu puts his view thus, if we recklessly attack a large state, our own people will be discontented and hang back. But if as will then be the case, our display of military force is inferior by half to that of the enemy. The other chieftains will take fright and refuse to join us. 55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all in sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antagonists in awe. The train of thought, as said by Lai Chuan, appears to be this, secure against a combination of his enemies. He can afford to reject entangling alliances and simply pursue his own secret designs. His prestige enable him to dispense with external friendships. C-H-A-P-T-E-R-12. T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S-110 thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow their kingdoms. This paragraph, though written many years before the Qin state became a serious menace, is not a bad summary of the policy by which the famous six chancellors gradually paved the way for her final triumph under Xihuang Tai. Chang Yu, following up his previous note, thinks that Sun Tzu is condemning this attitude of cold-blooded selfishness, and haughty isolation. 56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule. Wu Tzu, C-H. Three less wisely says, let advance be richly rewarded and retreat be heavily punished. Issue orders, literally, hang or post up without regard to previous arrangements. In order to prevent treachery, says Wang HSI, the general meaning is made clear by Cao Kung's quotation from the SSU Ma Fa. Give instructions only on siding the enemy. Give rewards when you see the serving deeds. Cao Kung's paraphrase, the final instructions you give to your army should not correspond with those that have been previously posted up. Chang Yu simplifies this into your arrangements should not be divulged beforehand. And Qia Lin says, there should be no fixity in your rules and arrangements. Not only is there danger in letting your plans be known, but war often necessitates the entire reversal of them at the last moment. And you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had to do with but a single man. CF, Supra, SS, 34, 57, confront your soldiers with the deed itself, never let them know your design. Literally, do not tell them words. I, E, do not give your reasons for any order. Warb Mansfield once told a junior colleague to give no reasons for his decisions. And the maxim is even more applicable to a general than to a judge.  But tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy. 58, place your army in deadly peril and it will survive. Plunge it into desperate straits and it will come off in safety. C-H-A-P-T-E-R-12 T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S-111 These words of Sun, Supra, once quoted by Han H. Sin in explanation of the tactics he employed in one of his most brilliant battles, already outlooted to on P. 28, in 204 BC, he was sent against the army of Kale and halted 10 miles from the mouth of the Qing H-Sing Pass, where the enemy had mustered in full force. Here, at midnight, he detached a body of 2,000 light cavalry, every man of which was furnished with a red flag. Their instructions were to make their way through narrowed defiles and keep a secret watch on the enemy. When the men of Kale see me in full flight, Han H. Sin said, they will abandon their fortifications and give chase. This must be the sign for you to rush in, pluck down the Kale standards and set up the red batters of Han in their stead. Turning then to his other officers, he remarked, our adversary holds a strong position and is not likely to come out and attack us until he sees the standard and drums of the commander in chief. For fear I should turn back and escape through the mountains. So saying, he first of all sent out a division consisting of 10,000 men and ordered them to form in line of battle with their backs to the river Tai. Seeing this maneuver, the whole army of Kale broke into loud laughter. By this time it was broad daylight and Han H. Sin, displaying the generalismos flag, marched out of the pass with drums beating and was immediately engaged by the enemy. A great battle followed, lasting for some time until at length Han H. Sin and his colleague Chang Nai, leaving drums and banner on the field, fled to the division on the river bank where another fierce battle was raging. The enemy rushed out to pursue them and to secure the trophies, thus denuding their ramparts of men. But the two generals succeeded in joining the other army, which was fighting with the utmost desperation. The time had now come for the 2,000 horsemen to play their parts. As soon as they saw the men of Kale fall lowering up their advantage, they galloped behind the deserted walls, tore up the enemy's flags and replaced them by those of Han. When the Kale army looked back from the pursuit, the sight of these red flags struck them with terror, convinced that the Han had got in and overpowered their king. They broke up in wild disorder, every effort of their leader to stay the panic being in vain. Then the Han army fell on them from both sides and completed the route, killing a number and capturing the rest, amongst whom was King Yuh himself. After the battle, some of Han H. Sin's of fighters came to him and said, In the art of war we are told to have a hill or tumulus on the right rear and a river or marsh on the left front. This appears to be a blend of Sun, Tzu and Taikum, C9SS, 9, and note, you, on the contrary, ordered us to draw up our troops with the river at our back. Under these conditions, how did you manage to gain the victory? The general replied, I fear you gentlemen have not stood wide the art of war with sufficient care. Is it not written there, plunge your army into desperate straits and it will come off in safety, place it in deadly peril and it will survive. Had I taken the usual course, I should never have been able to bring my colleague round. What says the military classic, swoop down on the marketplace and drive the men off to fight. C-H-A-P-T-E-R-12, T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S-112. This passage does not occur in the present text of Sun, Tzu. If I had not placed my troops in a position where they were obliged to fight for their lives, but had allowed each man to follow his own discretion, there would have been a general deband-aid and it would have been impossible to do anything with them. The officers admitted the force of his argument and said, These are higher tactics than we should have been capable of. C-Chan Han Shu, C-H-34, F-F-4, 5, 59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm's way that is capable of striking a blow for victory. Danger has a bracing effect. 60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy's purpose. Sao Kung says, Fane's stupidity by an appearance of yielding and falling in with the enemy's wishes. Chang Yu's note makes the meaning clear if the enemy shows an inclination to advance. Lure him on to do so. If he is anxious to retreat, delay on purpose that he may carry out his intention. The object is to make him remiss and contemptuous before we deliver our attack. 61. By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank, I understand the first four words to mean accompanying the enemy in one direction. Sao Kung says, Unite the soldiers and make for the enemy, but such a violent displacement of characters is quite indefensible. We shall succeed in the long run literally after a thousand li in killing the commander-in-chief. Always a great point with the Chinese. 62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning. 63. On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies. These were tablets of bamboo or wood, one half of which was issued as a permit or passport by the official in charge of a gate. CF. The border warden of Lanyu 3. 24. Who may have had similar duties. When this half was returned to him within a fixed period, he was authorized to open the gate and let the traveler through and stop the passage of all emissaries, either to or from the enemy's country. CHAPT R-12. T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S-113. 64. Eastern in the council chamber show no weakness and insist on your plans being ratified by the silver aim so that you may control the situation. May Yao Chen understands the whole sentence to mean. Take the strictest precautions to ensure secrecy in your deliberations. 65. If the enemy leaves the door open, you must rush in. 66. Forstall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear. CF. Supro. SS. 18. And suddenly contrive to time his arrival on the ground. Chen Hao's explanation if I managed to seize a favorable position. But the enemy does not appear on the scene. The advantage thus obtained cannot be turned to any practical account. He who intends therefore to occupy a position of importance to the enemy must begin by making an artful appointment. So to speak with his antagonist and control him into going there as well. May Yao Chen explains that this artful appointment is to be made through the medium of the enemy's own spies who will carry back just the amount of information that we choose to give them. Then having cunningly disclosed our intentions we must manage though starting after the enemy to arrive before him 7. SS. 4. We must start after him in order to ensure his marching dither. We must arrive before him in order to capture the place without trouble. Taken thus, the present passage lends some support to May Yao Chen's interpretation of SS. 47. 67. Walk in the path defined by rule. Xia Lin says victory is the only thing that matters and this cannot be achieved by adhering to conventional canons. It is unfortunate that this variant rests on very slight authority for the sense yielded is certainly much more satisfactory. Napoleon, as we know, according to the veterans of the old school whom he defeated, one is battles by violating every accepted canon of warfare and accommodate yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle. 2. Mu says conform to the enemy's tactics until a favorable opportune idea offers. Then come forth and engage in a battle that shall prove to SS. 68. At first, then, exhibit the coiness of a maiden until the enemy gives you an opening. Afterwards, emulate the rapidity of a running hair and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you. C-H-A-P-T-E-R-12. T-H-E-N-I-N-E-S-I-T-U-A-T-I-O-N-S-114. As the hair is noted for its extreme timidity, the comparison hardly apt pairs felicitous. But of course, Sun Tzu was thinking only of its speed. The words have been taken to mean you must flee from the enemy as quickly as an escaping hair. But this is rightly rejected by 2 Mu. Chapter 13. The Attack by Fire. Rather more than half the chapter SS. 1 Minus 13 is devoted to the subject of fire, after which the author branches off into other topics. 1. Sun Tzu said there are five ways of attacking with fire. The first is to burn soldiers in their camp. So 2 Mu, Mai Chuan says, set fire to the camp and kill the soldiers when they try to escape from the flames. Pan Keil sent on a diplomatic mission to the King of Shan Shan CXI. SS. 51. Note. Found himself placed in extreme peril by the unexpected arrival of an envoy from the Hsang knew the mortal enemies of the Chinese. In consultation with his officers, he exclaimed, Never venture. Never win. 1. The only course open to us now is to make an assault by fire on the barbarians under cover of night. When they will not be able to discern our numbers, profiting by their panic, we shall exterminate them completely. This will cool the King's courage and cover us with glory. Besides ensuring the success of our mission, the officers all replied that it would be necessary to discuss the matter first with the Intendant. Pan Keil then fell into a passion. It is today. He cried that our fortunes must be decided. The Intendant is only a humdrum civilian who on hearing of our project will certainly be afraid. And everything will be brought to light. An inglorious death is no worthy fate for valiant warriors. All then agreed to do as he wished. Accordingly, as soon as night came on, he and his little band quickly made their way to the barbarian camp. A strong gale was blowing at the time. Pan Keil ordered 10 of the party to take drums and hide behind the enemy's barracks. It being arranged that when they saw flames shoot up, they should begin drumming and yelling with all their might. The rest of his men, armed with bows and crossbows, he posted an ambush gate at the gate of the camp. He then set fire to the place from the windward side, whereupon a deafening noise of drums and shouting a rose on the front. One unless you enter the tiger's lair, you cannot get hold of the tiger's cubs. 115. C-H-A-P-T-D-R 13. T-H-E-A-T-T-A-C-K-B-Y-F-I-R-E 116. And rear of the H sound new, who rushed out palmel and frantic disorder. Pan Keil slew three of them with his own hand. While his companions cut off the heads of the envoy and thirty of his suite. The remainder, more than a hundred in all, perished in the flames. On the following day, Pan Keil, dividing his thoughts, said with uplifted hand, although you did not go with us last night, I should not think, sir, of taking sole credit for our exploit. This satisfied QOH son and Pan Keil, having sent for clan, King of Shan Shan, showed him the head of the barbarian envoy. The whole kingdom was seized with fear and trembling, which Pan Keil took steps to allay by issuing a public proclamation. Then, taking the king's sons as hostage, he returned to make his report to Tuku, Wuhan Shu, C-H, 47, FF, 1, 2. The second is to burn stores, two mousses, provisions, fuel and fodder, in order to subdue the rebel Liu's population of Kaingden. Cal King recommended Wen Tai of the Sui Dynasty to make periodical raids and burn their stores of grain, a policy which in the long run proved entirely successful. The third is to burn baggage trains, an example given is the destruction of Yuan Shao's wagons and impediment by Cao Cao in 200 AD. The fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines, two mousses that the things contained in arsenals and magazines are the same. He specifies weapons and other implements, bullion and clothing, C, F-7, SS, 11, the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy, Tuyu says in the tum tine, to drop fire into the enemy's camp. The method by which this may be done is to set the tips of arrows alight by dipping them into a brazier and then shoot them from powerful crossbows into the enemy's lines. Two, in order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. Cao Cao thinks that traders in the enemy's camp are referred to, but Chen Hao is more likely to be right in saying, we must have favorable circumstances in general, not merely traders to help us. Xie Lin says, we must avail ourselves of wind and dry weather. The material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness. Two mousses suggest as material for making fire, dry vegetable matter, reeds, brushwood, straw, grease, oil, etc. Here we have the material cause. Cheng Yu says, vessels for hoarding fire, stuff for lighting fires. C-H-A-P-T-E-R-Thirton. T-H-E-A-T-T-A-C-K-B-Y-F-I-R-E-117. Three, there is a proper season for making attacks with fire and special days for starting a conflagration. Four, the proper season is when the weather is very dry. The special days are those when the moon is in the constellations of the sieve, the wall, the wing or the crossbar. These are, respectively, the 7th, 14th, 27th, and 28th of the 28 stellar mansions, corresponding roughly to Sagittarius, Pegasus, Crater and Corvus. For these four are all days of rising wind. Five, in attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developments. Six, one when fire breaks out inside the enemy's camp. Respond at once with an attack from without. Seven, two if there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy's soldiers remain quiet. Bid your time and do not attack. The prime object of attacking with fire is to throw the enemy into confusion. If this effect is not produced, it means that the enemy is ready to receive us. Hence the necessity for caution. Eight, three when the force of the flames has reached its height. Follow it up with an attack. If that is practicable, if not, stay where you are. Sau Kung says, if you see a possible way, advance. But if you find the difficulties too great, retire. Nine, four if it is possible to make an assault with fire from without. Do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favorable moment. CHAPTER 13 T-H-E-A-T-T-T-A-C-K-B-Y-F-I-R-E-100-A-10 Garrison was very small, and a general feeling of nervousness pervaded the ranks. So Wang Fu Sun called his officers together, and said, in war, there are various indirect methods of attack, and numbers do not count for everything. The commentator here quotes Sun Tzu, VSS. Five, six and ten. Now the rebels have pitched their camp in the midst of thick grass which will easily burn when the wind blows. If we set fire to it at night, they will be thrown into a panic, and we can make a sortie and attack them on all sides at once. Thus emulating the achievement of Tain Tan, CP-90, that same evening, a strong breeze sprang up. So Wang Fu Sun instructed his soldiers to bind reeds together into torches and mount guard on the city walls, after which he sent out a band of daring men, who stealthily made their way through the lines and started the fire with loud shouts and yells. Simultaneously, a glare of light shot up from the city walls, and Wang Fu Sun, sounding his drums, led a rapid charge, which threw the rebels into confusion and put them to headlong flight. Hu Hanshu, CH, 71, 10, 5 when you start a fire, be the windward of it. Do not attack from the leeward. Chang Yu, following to you, says, when you make a fire, the enemy will retreat away from it. If you oppose his retreat and attack him then, he will fight desperately, which will not conduce to your success. A rather more obvious explanation is given by Tu Mu. If the wind is in the east, begin burning to the east of the enemy, and follow up the attack yourself from that side. If you start the fire on the east side and then attack from the west, you will suffer in the same way as your enemy. 11. A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls. Cf. Lao Tzu Sing. A violent wind does not last the space of a morning. Tao Te Ching. Chap. 23. Mei Yao Chen and Wang Hsisei. A day breeze dies down at nightfall, and a night breeze at daybreak. This is what happens as a general rule. The phenomenon observed may be correct enough, but how this sense is to be obtained is not apparent. 12. In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known. The movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days. Tu Mu says, We must make calculations as to the paths of the stars, and watch for the days on which wine will rise before making our attack with fire. Chang Yu seems to interpret the text differently. We must not only know how to assail our opponents with fire, but also be on our guard against similar attacks from them. 13. Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence. Those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength. C-H-A-P-T-E-R-III T-H-E-A-T-T-A-C-K-B-Y-F-I-R-E-119 14. By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his. The longings, Cao Kung's note is, We can merely obstruct the enemy's road or divide his army, but not sweep away all his accumulated stores. Water can do useful service, but it lacks the terrible destructive power of fire. This is the reason. Chang Yu concludes why the former is dismissed in a couple of sentences, whereas the attack by fire is discussed in detail. Wu Tzu C-H 4. Speaks thus of the two elements. If an army is encamped on low-lying marshy ground, from which the water cannot run off, and where the rainfall is heavy, it may be submerged by a flood. If an army is encamped in wild marshlands thickly overgrown with weeds and brambles, and visited by frequent gales, it may be exterminated by fire. 15. Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise. For the result is waste of time and general stagnation. This is one of the most perplexing passages in Sun Tzu. Cao Kung says, Rewards for good service should not be deferred a single day, and to Wu, if you do not take opportunity to advance and reward the deserving, your subordinates will not carry out your commands, and disaster will end Tzu for several reasons. However, and in spite of the formidable array of scholars on the other side, I prefer the interpretation suggested by Mei Yao Chen alone, whose words I will quote, those who want to make sure of succeeding in their battles and assaults must seize the favorable moments when they come and not shrink on occasion from heroic misures. That is to say, they must resort to such means of attack of fire, water and the like. What they must not do, and what will prove fatal, is to sit still and simply hold to the advantages they have got. Sixth in, hence the saying, the enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead. The good general cultivates his resources. Two mu quotes the following from the San Lu, C.H. Two, the warlike prince controls his soldiers by his authority, kits them together by good faith, and by rewards makes them serviceable. If faith decays, there will be disruption. If rewards are deficient, commands will not be respected. Seventeen, move not unless you see an advantage. Use not your troops unless there is something to be gained. Fight not unless the position is critical. Sun Su Mei at times appeared to be overcautious, but he never goes so far in that direction as the remarkable passage in the Tao teaching. C.H. Six, nine, I dare not take the initiative, but prefer to act on the defensive. I dare not advance an inch, but prefer to retreat a foot. Eighth, no ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen. No general should fight a battle simply out of peak. C.H.A.P.T.E.R. 13. T.H.E.A.T.T.A.C.K.B.Y.F.I.R.E. 120. Nineteen, if it is to your advantage, make a forward move. If not, stay where you are. This is repeated from X.I.S.S.17. Here I feel convinced that it is an interpolation, for it is evident that S.S. Twenty ought to follow immediately on S.S.S. Eighteen, twenty, anger may in time change to gladness, vexation may be succeeded by content. Twenty-one, but a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being. The Wu State was destined to be a melancholy example of this saying.  Twenty-two, hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of Kaution. This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact. Chapter Fourteen, The Use of Spies One, Sun Tzu said, Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss on the people, and a drain on the resources of the state. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver. C.F. Pi, I.S.S. S.S. One, Thirteen, Fourteen, There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on the highways. C.F. Tao Ti Ching, C.H. Thirty, where troops have been quartered, brambles and thorns spring up. Chang Yu has the note, We may be reminded of the saying, On serious ground, gather in plunder. Why then should carriage and transportation cause exhaustion on the highways? The answer is that not victuals alone, but all sorts of munitions of war have to be conveyed to the army. Besides, the injunction to forage on the enemy only means that when an army is deeply engaged in hostile territory, scarcity of food must be provided against. Hence, without being solely dependent on the enemy for corn, we must forage in order that there may be an uninterrupted flow of supplies. Then, again, there are places like salt deserts where provisions being unobtainable. Supplies from home cannot be dispensed with, as many as 700,000 families will be impeded in their labor. May Yao Chen says, Men will be lacking at the plow-tail. The allusion is to the system of dividing land into nine parts. Each consisting of about 15 acres, the plot in the center being cultivated on behalf of the state by the tenants of the other eight. It was here also, so Tumu tells us that their cottages were built and a well sunk to be used by all in common. C2, SS, 12, Note In time of war, one of the families had to serve in the army while the other seven contributed to its support. Thus, by a levy of 100,000 men reckoning one able-bodied soldier to each family, the husbandry of 700,000 families would be affected. 121, CHAPTR 14 T-H-E-U-S-E-O-F-S-P-I-E-S-122 2. Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's conditions simply because one grudges the outlay of 100 ounces of silver in honors and emoluments. For spies is of course the meaning, though it would spoil the effect of this curiously elaborate exhortium if spies were actually mentioned at this point. It's the height of inhumanity. Sun Tzu's agreement is certainly ingenious. He begins by averting to the frightful misery and vast expenditure of blood and treasure which war outweighs brings in its train. Now, unless you are kept informed of the enemy's condition and are ready to strike at the right moment, a war may drag on for years. The only way to get this information is to employ spies, and it is impossible to obtain trustworthy spies unless they are properly paid for their services. But it is surely false economy to grudge a comparatively trifling amount for this purpose. When every day that the war lasts eats up an incalculably greater sum. This grievous burden falls on the shoulders of the poor, and hence Sun Tzu concludes that to neglect the use of spies is nothing less than a crime against humanity. 3. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign, no master of victory. This idea that the true object of war is peace has its root in the national temperament of the Chinese. Even so far back is 597 BC. These memorable words were uttered by Prince Chuang of the Chu State. The Chinese character for prowess is made up of the characters for the state and the spirit cessation of hostilities. Military prowess is seen in the repression of cruelty, the calling in of weapons, the preservation of the appointment of heaven, the firm establishment of merit, the bestowal of happiness on the people, putting harmony between the princes, the diffusion of wealth, 4. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and conquer and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men is foreknowledge. That is, knowledge of the enemy's dispositions and what he means to do. 5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits. It cannot be obtained inductively from experience. To Mu's note is, knowledge of the enemy cannot be gained by reasoning from other analogous cases. C-H-A-P-T-E-R-14. T-H-E-U-S-E-O-F-S-P-I-E-S-123 nor by any deductive calculation. Mai Qiun says, quantities like length, breadth, distance and magnitude are susceptible of exact mathematical determination. Human actions cannot be so calculated. 6. Knowledge of the enemy's dispositions can only be obtained from other men. Mei Al Chen has rather an interesting note. Knowledge of the spirit world is to be obtained by divination. Information in natural science may be sought by inductive reasoning. The laws of the universe can be verified by mathematical calculation. But the dispositions of an enemy are ascertainable through spies and spies alone. 7. Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes. One local spies. Two inward spies. Three converted spies. Four doomed spies. Five surviving spies. 8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the secret system. This is called Divine Manipulation of the Threads. It is the Silver Ain's most precious faculty. Promwell, one of the greatest and most practical of all cavalry leaders, had officers-styled scoutmasters, whose business it was to collect all possible information regarding the enemy, two scouts and spies, etc. and much of his success in war was traceable to the previous knowledge of the enemy's moves thus gained. 1. Nine. Having local spies means employing the services of the inhabitants of a district. 2. Mu says, in the enemy's country, win people over by kind treatment and use them as spies. 10. Having inward spies, making use of officials of the enemy. 2. Mu enumerates the following classes as likely to do good service in this respect. Worthy men who have been degraded from office. Friman Alts who have undergone punishment. Also, favorite concubines who are greedy for gold. Men who are aggrieved at being in subordinate positions. 1. AIDs to scouting. P. 2. CHAPTR 14. T-H-E-U-S-E-O-F-S-P-I-E-S-124. 11. Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy's spies and using them for our own purposes. By means of heavy bribes and liberal promises detaching them from the enemy's service and inducing them to carry back false information as well as to spy and turn on their own countrymen. On the other hand, H-S-I-O-S-E-H-C-N says that we pretend not to have detected him. But contrive to let him carry away a false impression of what is going on. Several of the commentators accept this as an alternative definition. But that it is not what Sun Tzu meant is conclusively proved by his subsequent remarks about treating the converted spy generously SS. 21. SQQ. Hoshi notes three occasions on which converted spies were used with conspicuous success. One by Tain Tan in his defense of Kaimou-si Supra. P. 92 by Kaohsiung is marched to OUCP. 57 and by the Wiley Fan Choo in 260 BC. When Lee and Poe was conducting a defensive campaign against Chen, the king of Kaoh strongly disapproved of Lee and Poe's cautious and dilatory CHAPTER-14. 12. Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly for purposes of deception and allowing our spies to know of them and report them to the enemy. 2. U gives the best exposition of the meaning. We ostentatiously do thing calculated to deceive our own spies, who must be led to believe that they have been unwittingly disclosed. Then, when these spies are captured in the enemy's lines, they will make an entirely false report, and the NMI will take measures accordingly, only to find that we do something quite different. 3. His spies will thereupon be put to death. As an example of doomed spies, Ho-shi mentions the prisoners released by Pan Kaoh in his campaign against Yarkhan. 4. CP. 132. He also refers to Tang Qin, who in 630 AD, was sent by Tai Tsung to law the Turkish Khan Chi lie into fancied security, until Lai Qing was able to deliver a crushing blow against him. Chang Yu says that the Turks revenge themselves by killing Tang Qin. But this is a mistake, for we read in both the old and the new Tang history CH. 58. Fao, 2 and CH. 89. Fao. 8. Respectively that he escaped and lived on until 656. Lai Kai played a somewhat similar part in 203 BC, when sent by the King of Han to open peaceful negotiations with Kai. He has certainly more claim to be described a doomed spy, for the King of Kai being subsequently attacked without warning by Han H Sin, and infuriated by what he considered the treachery of Lai Kai. Ordered the unfortunate envoy to be boiled alive. 13. Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring back news from the NMI's camp. CHAPT R-14. T-H-E-U-S-E-O-F-S-P-I-E-S 126. 14. Hence it is that which none in the whole army are more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies. Tu Mu and Mei Yao Chen point out that the spy is privileged to enter even the general's private sleeping tent. Man should be more liberally rewarded, and no other business should greater secrecy be preserved. Tu Mu gives a graphic touch. All communication with spies should be carried mouth to ear. The following remarks on spies may be quoted from Teren, who may perhaps larger use of them than any previous commander. Spies are attached to those who give them most. He who pays them ill is never served. They should never be known to anybody, nor should they know one another. When they propose anything very material, secure their persons or have in their possession their wives and children as hostages for their fidelity. Never communicate anything to them but what is absolutely necessary that they should know. 2. 15. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive sagacity. Mei Yao Chen says in order to use them, one must know fact from falsehood and be able to discriminate between honesty and double dealing. Wang Hsi in a different interpretation thinks more along the lines of intuitive perception and practical intelligence. Tu Mu strangely refers these 2. Marshall Teren P. 311 Attributes to the spies themselves before using spies we must assure ourselves as to their integrity of character and the extent of their experience set and skill. But he continues, A brazen face and a crafty disposition are more dangerous than mountains or rivers. It takes a man of genius to penetrate such so that we are left in some doubt as to his real opinion on the passage. 16. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and strafe rewardness. Chang Yu says, When you have attracted them by substantial offers, you must treat them with absolute sincerity.  17. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth of their reports. Mei Yao Chen says, Be under guard against the possibility of spies going over to the service of the enemy. Eighten, be subtle, be subtle, and use your spies for every kind of business. C. F. V.  Word for word. The translation here is, If spy matters are heard before our plans are carried out, et cetera, Sun Tizu's main point in this passage is, whereas you kill the spy himself as a punishment for letting out the secret, the object of killing the other man is only, as Chen Hao puts it, to stop his mouth and prevent news leaking any further. If it had already been repeated to others, this object would not be gained. Either way, Sun Tzu lays himself open to the charge of inhumanity, though Tumu tries to defend him by saying that the man deserves to be put to death. For the spy would certainly not have told the secret unless the other had been at pains to worm it out of him. 20. Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants. The aides to camp, literally visitors, is equivalent, as Tuyu says, to those whose duty it is to keep the general supplied with information, which naturally nieces Citi's frequent interviews with him, and doorkeepers and sentries of the general in command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these, as the first step, no doubt towards finding out if any of these important functionaries can be won over by bribery. C-H-A-P-T-E-R-14. T-H-E-U-S-E-O-F-S-P-I-E-S-128. 21. The enemy's spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out. Temp Ted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed, lest they will become converted spies and available for our service. 22. It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ local and inward spies. Tuyu says, through conversion of the enemy's spies, we learn the enemy's condition, and Chang Yu says, we must tempt the converted spy into our service because it is he that knows which of the local inhabitants are greedy of gain and which of the officials are open to corruption. 23. It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy. Chang Yu says, because the converted spy knows how the enemy can best be deceived. 24. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on app-pointed occasions. 25. He end the name of spying in all its five varieties as knowledge of the enemy, and this knowledge can only be derived in the first instance from the converted spy. As explained in SS, 22 minus 24. He not only brings information himself, but makes it possible to use the other kinds of spy to advantage. Hence, it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the utmost liberality. 26. Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty, Sun Tzu means the Shang dynasty, founded in 1766 BC. Its name was changed to Yin by Pan Keng in 1401, was Dudlai Qin, better known as Aiyin, the famous general and statesman who took part in Chang Tang's campaign against Qi Qili. Who had served under the Aisha. Likewise, the rise of the Qi dynasty was due to Luya, Lu Xiang rose to high office under the tyrant Qi Huixin, whom he afterwards helped to overthrow. Popularly known as Taikang, a title bestowed on him by Wen Wang, he is said to have composed a treatise on war, erroneously identified with the Liu Tao, who had served under the Yin, C-H-A-P-T-E-R-14, T-H-E-U-S-E-O-F-S-P-I-E-S-129. 27. Hence, it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will use the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying, and thereby they achieve great results. Two Mu closes with a note of warning, just as water, which carries a boat from bank to bank, may also be the means of sinking it, so reliance on spies, while production of great results is oft times the cause of other destruction. Spies are a most important element in water because on them depends an army's ability to move. She cruise says that an army without spies is like a man with ears or eyes.


Meanwhile, the Royal St. Lucia Police Force is in the process of hiring 200 individuals to boost the capacity of enforcement of the COVID-19 protocols, from a remark report. Prime Minister the Honourable Alan Chastney announced that 200 wardens are being recruited to assist the Royal St. Lucia Police Force and the village and city councils with the enforcement of COVID-19 protocols. This is a part of new measures enacted to control the spread of COVID-19 in St. Lucia. We're looking to recruit approximately 200 new people that will be working with the police and also the village councils and city councils. But we know that enforcement is a critical component to this. We are working with the business communities who are also looking to make resources available, i.e. specifically with the bars, to help in the enforcement of these protocols. Some of the areas of concern which require additional enforcement are the adherents to grabbing group services at local bars, the illegal entry of persons into the country, and the compliance of organisers to the suspension of social gatherings. Prime Minister the Honourable Alan Chastney says while enforcement is a necessity, solutions also need to take responsibility by adhering to the protocols and exercising personal protection. We have to be disciplined. Persons must wear their face masks, must continue to practice social distancing, and all forms of hand sanitisation and body hygiene. The Prime Minister made the announcement during an update to the nation on the 13th of November 2020. From the Government Information Service, I'm Hermione Mark.