Alhamdulillah, you know, this is a blessed occasion. It's a blessed moment. It's a blessed a time in your life Alhamdulillah and the the ones conversion to Islam I believe this outward manifestation of a conversion to Islam is only for an outward manifestation of what already exists inside of your heart between yourself and God and and That's what that's what we are here for and that's what we will do that in of itself is very simple. We'll just recite the the Proclamation of faith three times And then there's a few things that I'll ask you prior to that But what I would just say is that you know, is there would you like to share anything of your story? Would you like to share anything of your of your journey to Islam? We are you are welcome to to have an opportunity to do that as well I guess I It started last year during Ramadan and The It happened so fast. I didn't realize it, but I was just talking to a couple of my friends who are actually Muslim and they were talking about like Ramadan and how it is going to start the next day And they were going to fast and I was so curious like this I kept on asking them questions and then at the end of that conversation. I told them. Oh, I want to fast with you guys They're like, are you sure? And I was like, yeah, I really want to fast and I um Because I had spent some time talking to them before that and I didn't I still didn't know But I was telling the brother and sister earlier that When the next day happened and it was the first day of Ramadan like I woke up before pleasure and I was super excited and Like the sit the whole thing was very you made it very easy for me and during that whole time I Like down downloaded the Quran and I was listening to it and I found myself like losing myself with time and You know 30 minute turned into like six hours and You know all the heartache that I had or all the confusions in life I Found it very easy talking to Allah back in the mornings and he just made so many things so much clearer for me and It's been almost a year now and I had finished the Quran I had bought the translation portion of it and while driving I'll listen to it in Arabic I Did enroll myself in learning Arabic because I actually want to learn it one day inshallah But I'm doing really good I think and I enjoy it which is nice But I'm really excited to be here. I think thank you for sharing that and You know, I pray that your That your journey Continues to be filled with just blessings and this relationship and this nearness to to to our Creator To your Creator to our Creator When I think about this Shahada, there's there's a few things That we have to I have to ask you and the first and foremost is that that this is by your own volition Right, there's no one that is kind of making you do this or you're being forced into do it and something like that So we ask this because in the Quran we have la ikrah of the Dean. There's no compulsion in religion There's no compulsion to force someone to to convert. So we ask the person is this through your own volition This is through your own personal choice Yes, yes it is So with that For everyone that is here One of the scholars that I was with Actually, it was dr. Samar who comes here quite often when we were in Damascus when we were students He would recite the verse of Quran. Yeah, you'll be no aminu He was oh you who believe believe and the question is ironic, right? If you were a believer Then then then how do you believe or right if you owe you who believe believe? But the Quran what we say is that all you who believe Jadidu iman of kum renew your Eman or you who believe renew your faith and The renewal of faith is through la ilaha illallah Muhammad the Rasulullah So inshallah as we recite as our sister recites her Shahada that inshallah we can recite with her We'll recite once in Arabic and then we'll recite three times In English, okay, so once in Arabic will recite once in Arabic and you can repeat after me inshallah ta'ala and then after that We will recite three times in English and at that point that is required for a person Entering into the fold of Islam through the first time with the Arabic will be sufficient But we also include the English to ensure that a person knows what they're saying, okay, so Is there any of the male that have a scar for shawl or something So sister grace one of the things that we've read in this era is that when a the prophet's Islam Was would interact or he would give a shahada or something of that with the opposite gender as not to Engage in in touch with them that he would either he would give them something of a natural material of a shawl Or of a staff his stick or there's also narrations that they would put their hands in water in a vessel That was large, so if you'd like inshallah you can hold on to the end of that and emulation of a prophetic Sunnah Of this so inshallah with that you can repeat after me inshallah We can repeat inshallah Ash hadu An La La Ilaha Ilallah Ilaha Ilallah Ilallah And ash hadu And ash hadu Anna Anna Muhammadan Muhammadan Abduhu Abduhu And Rasuluhu Rasuluhu We say it again, ash hadu Ash hadu An An La Ilaha Ilaha Ilallah Ilah La Ilallah Ilallah And ash hadu And ash hadu Anna Anna Muhammadan Muhammadan Abduhu And Rasuluhu Rasuluhu I bear witness I bear witness That there is no God That there is no God Except Allah Except Allah And I bear witness And I bear witness That Muhammad That Muhammad Is his messenger Is his messenger And servant And servant I bear witness I bear witness There is no God There is no God But Allah But Allah And I bear witness And I bear witness That Muhammad That Muhammad Is his messenger Is his messenger And servant And servant I bear witness I bear witness There is no God There is no God But Allah But Allah And I bear witness And I bear witness That Muhammad That Muhammad Is his messenger Is this messenger? Is this messenger? And servant? And servant. Taqbir. Taqbir. Allahu akbar. Taqbir. Allahu akbar. Alhamdulillah. Sister Grace, you know as I will just give you some advice similar to those that shared advice with me when I became Muslim and saying that this is a marathon. It's a marathon of life and there'll be many, there'll be much advice, there will be much well-intended advice, but one should feel that they will go at a pace in which they can maintain. When Aisha, the prophet, saw Islam's wife, the daughter of Abu Bakr, she asked the prophet which action is most beloved to Allah. He said that which is done frequently even if it is small because there's nothing that is small with Allah. So our intention is that we have what's called istiqama, that we have a consistency in our actions and you are here and I see that our sister is with you, there are others that are close to you. One of the other most important things that the prophet has told us, he said to choose wisely who your companions are. And so may Allah keep you in the company of people who are righteous, people who are striving for the best in this world and the next, who are striving to be near to Allah and are always encouraging a good for all of humanity. So yes, you are very welcome and may Allah, as I said, continue to bless your journey, bless you and all that you love and care about in this world and make it easy for you in this world and in the next. Alhamdulillah, we welcome you, sister Grace. Alhamdulillah. Yes, Alhamdulillah. So as we heard, it's a journey, it's a long marathon, not a sprint, you're going to pace yourself and what we have here in the new Muslim boxes, what we feel that you might need to hit the ground running, inshallah. So it's a little gift from our congregation to you, inshallah. And your prayers are very special right now because all of us, we all have something we have to answer for, but I can just tell from your beautiful presence that you don't have a lot of sin, but whatever was there has been cleaned. So it's like the day you were born and very beautiful. So please pray for every single one of us here because your prayers are very special, go very direct. Jazakallah, sisters, if you want to welcome sister Grace. Jazakallah. Thank you so much.


I'm supposed to get the microphone. I'm supposed to be off to the on even where to get it All right, get back Shoot my leg listen down Bob be sweaty Let's win the day I need a bar here I'm gone. Oh, that's why I'm gonna shake it out of sloshing Let's go again. Come on. Let's go. Let's focus in. Let's focus in. Let's focus in. Let's focus in. Hey, come on. Let's focus in Let's go Hey, let's make place. Hey, we all win this Stop it. That's a whooping. You just keep being turned You need to keep being turned. I'm gonna be out there be turned every time be turned That's why you'll do be turn Yeah, that's all that's all guys. Thank you That's all that's all that's all Yeah, we gotta go I'm sorry Yeah, let's go. Oh, that's all that's all we gotta go. I gotta go I gotta go


Welcome to the Thanksgiving table. Happy Thanksgiving, so glad you all could be here. Charlie, you wanna say grace for the meal? Oh, great Satoshi, thank you for this bountiful feast for friends and for Bitcoin. Amen. Bit what, dear? Bitcoin? Yeah, pass the car. Wow, mom, that's a pretty small turkey this year. Well, you know, honey, it's called inflation. The Farm Bureau's annual survey shows that the beast is up 14% since last year. Oh, look, someone learned how to Google. But yeah, inflation is super high right now. It's kind of scary. At least anyone who listened to me the last few years is properly hedged.  Ah, yes, about that. Sold it a few years ago. Try not to think about it. Blair, what are you doing? Just trying to make your paper hands look more festive. I've been trying to talk Grandpa into buying some Bitcoin. Maybe you should tell him about a theory and I mean, cast his kind of a second language. You don't have to tell me. Hey, Mom, do you see the opening in Bitcoin City in El Salvador? It's volcanic. Oh, you're not gonna leave your mother and move to South America, are you? Hey, Grandpa, you were alive when the Constitution was written, right? Well, group of crypto investors almost just bought an original copy. Yeah, too bad they didn't get it. I'm sure four score and seven years ago, the founding fathers dreamt of being part of a dow. Did anyone invest in any of the cryptos I told you guys about?  What do you think the next dog coin will be? I pay attention. Let me check Elon's Twitter.  Hey, Mom, did you make any mincemeat? Who likes mincemeat? That's like the fiat of Thanksgiving dishes. We'll do any of you guys own NFTs. My NFT collection has a 0.5 eighth floor. What? Oh, anybody even grandma knows what an NFT is, right? Tea? Oh, I'd love some, dear. Okay, okay, enough talk about crypto. Who's ready for dessert? Do you have any of that orange coin? I mean, orange pie. Watch it, and you watch it too. Happy Thanksgiving. Keep stacking, and I'll see you next week. Well, everyone except me.


Mešljagovo malo bilo dokonflatoruousje z pleženju, ko je je vse strata vseh, da je vseh nek데čnej vizivnih. Mislim, da je vse 3 pravje dnečnje vizivnih, vem za tatozeneh klasek. In we actually were discussing how to define the mbar gn, so we had the side classes that were coming from the marked points, so if there are no marked points, they don't exist. But then by taking the push forward by a side class on the universal curve one gets the kappa classes. So these are in codimension one, these can have arbitrary codimension. And the lambda classes, that were the chain classes of the hodge boundary. And then we said, well, but these, there are things coming from the interior of mbar gn, so it's something which makes sense in mgn itself. So if we want to have something which is coming from the boundary, well, at least for sure we want to have the boundary starter classes. The fundamental classes of the law side of curve, of stable curves with a fixed topological type of view. Prefer the components of the space, of the closed subspace of mbar gn, in which we prescribe to have at least a certain number of nodes. And the last thing we were discussing was that if we want to identify a boundary starter class, well, we can do it in a unique way by giving the associated dual graph. It's a graph with a lot of extra structure, because if you remember, we had to put labeling on the vertices to keep track of the general of the components. And then, of course, we also had additional structure coming from the mild points, if there are any. Whatever, there are some restrictions on the types of the graph. Of course, it has to be connected, because of the fact that the curve is connected, but there are more restrictions coming from the stability condition. So if we gave an arbitrary graph, it may correspond to a class of curves which are unstable, because they have too many automobiles. So what we get is what we call a stable graph. Formally, we need a set V of vertices, a set H of half edges, because for each edge we need to remember that this starts where it ends. And then, we need a set of leaves or all the legs of the graph. They will give the marked points. And then, of course, as I said, we need to label each graph by its genus, which anyway will be a natural number, and you should give the genus of the normalization of the corresponding component, so geometric genus. There is some kind of attribution map that says, well, for each half edge and for each leaf to which component it is attached. So if we have a node, it's connecting two components, so it will be a self-intersection of one component. So it will give an edge, joining the two corresponding components and an edge is just to identify the half edges. So for each half edge we need to know where it starts and then we will need the information of which half edges we have to join. So each half edge should start somewhere and, of course, also each marked point should lie somewhere. We need attribution map from the set of half edges and leaves to the set of vertices. And then we need to know which half edges we want to join. So this is equivalent to 0.3 involučion on the set of half edges so we know which half edges we have to identify. And I guess, well, we also need so the set L should be canonically identified with the set from 1 to L. So the set of edges is just the set of orbits of this involučion. Once we do this, the graph should be connected and we need to state what the stability condition should be because once we are in this situation what do we need to do? Well, we need to count for each component the number of special points which are on it. So we need for each vertex to count the number of half edges attributed to it together with the number of leaves attributed to that. So for each vertex in V, the number of special points on the corresponding component is something we can denote by in V, so this is the number of things which may be either half edges of leaves, the start of the given point. And this is exactly the thing that played a role in the stability condition. So we just rephrase the condition on the genus and the number of marked points for each component. And then, of course, so it's clear how many marked points there are because that's just the number of legs. Yes. What happens if the graph is just one point so the curve is irreducible? How do you have a fixed point free involučion? I should be the empty set, H. If we have no, no singular points, then H should be empty. This is allowed. And then, of course. So yes, absolutely. So this corresponds to the marked points, so the number of elements of the number of legs should be N, so this may be this is empty with the other marked points. In this guy, of course, to have fixed point free involučion we always have an even number of them but then it may well be empty because it's related to the number of singular points Yes. And then I was saying it's very easy to tell from the graph what the number what the number of marked points is but you may wonder how we can reconstruct the arithmetic genus of the stable curve corresponding from that to that. So the idea is that the genus of gamma is just defined as taking the sum of the genera assigned to the vertices. So if this but then of course also the existence of singular points make the genus higher but actually it's enough to add to this the genus of the graph corresponding to our just of the topological realization of the graph. So in this way we can identify all graphs that are the correct genus. In such a graph we have an automorphism group which is just the elements of automorphism that the bijections of the sets V, H and L defining the graph that respect of the rest of the structure to take automorphism of sets that respect the additional structure. So once we have such a stable graph of genus G with n leveled leaves associated to it the locus of all curves in NGN bar with this dual graph So here the dual graph has to be gamma so for this as the number of singular points is not allowed to increase for this reason this is of course not closed it's a locally closed subset of NGN bar so it's open in it's a risky closure so this is the the closed starting associated to this and this is of course a closed subset of NGN So the question is how can we construct these spaces so this strata once we know what gamma is let's do it first in some examples Yes No it's not obvious I mean one needs to check that this is an open condition in the closure so what needs to do if one knows that these are the irreducible components of the locus of curves with a fixed number with a prescribed number of nodes then of course one knows that this is closed well this is also easy to check but then one needs to check explicitly that this is open but somehow here one can sort of use the fact that MG is open in MG bar and so on so somehow the only thing happening here is that for each component in the dual graph we can only attach a smooth curve so of course there is just one strata, but I mentioned zero this has just one vertex and leaves and this encodes this is the general strata if we take this to be our gamma then we have that M gamma is just MGM the open guide because these are the curves that are exactly this topological type and then of course the closure is going to be MGM inside but what does it mean that we are in code dimension one as I said is something about the deformation theory of curves that if we are in code dimension one then we have one edge so if we have one node and there are two types of nodes the separating nodes and the non-separating nodes so the idea is that a node can be a self intersection of a component and this means that when we resolve that node we get any reducible curves normalization that's the non-separated node and in the other case we get two connected components so that's a separating node so what does a separating and non-separating node mean this kind of characterization only works when we have just one point so it will not work if we have more nodes actually it can be more tricky to find out whether it's truly separating or not separating but we may discuss this later if you are curious but the idea is that a separating node if we blow it up we get something which is connected and of genus g-1 so we just take so this means that we have exactly one vertex because after the normalization we have just a component and the genus has to be g-1 because in fact we solve the node then on the resolution there are the two preimages of the branches of the node which will have to be identified and so this is the graph we consider in this case and then I didn't say anything about the math points but they are not allowed to do anything in this case because there is just one component in which they may lie otherwise if we have a separating node this means that the graph should have two vertices corresponding to the two components and the other priority is just any number between 0 and g and then it depends a little bit how many we need to consider because if we have no math points of course there is a symmetry between i and g-i so we can stop halfway but if we have a decoration we also need to keep track of which points were assigned to one side in which points to the other one so we need to take a partition in the two nodes and this may kill or symmetry in some cases so somehow it's clear that there is just one boundary component in this case but counting the number of components here is more delicate because it depends on the number of math points and the genus and then of course some possibilities are ruled out because of the stability conditions for instance if i is equal to 0 to g we need to check that there are at least two additional math points yes so the idea is that the half edges is telling us what we get in the normalization so in this case we have one edge so the one half edges are starting here the other half edge is starting so if we call this gamma 0 so the question is how do we construct the elements in gamma 0 is that geometrically the idea is that in the curve it has a node if we normalize it then we get a non-singular curve of genus g-1 at least if we start with the element in this open part and gamma 0 and we have two points the ones let's say one level by one half edge and the other level by the other half edge that get identified so this means the open starting so the non-compactified one what we need is to take all information that is coming from this graph is we simply delete the edge and we have a set of leaves 1 to n and the two half edges which is isomorphic to mg-1 n plus 2 here we want somehow to have as labels let's say 1 n and then two identifications for the half edges which are which we identify which in the general situation are not allowed to coincide with the nodes because of the where stable curve is defined is that everything will know because of course after we identify them h and h1 so we have to divide by an evolution this is my notation for the symmetric group this is the evolution interchanging and the idea is that of course geometrically we know that if we identify two points we don't know we can't we don't know anymore which one was the first one which one was the second one but more than that we can also say by in evolution the evolution interchanging h and h prime because this is the automorphism group of the graph so if you look at the graph an evolution has to respect everything but ok there is just one vertex so this is going to be fixed there are n leaves but there are labels so we can't move them because the label keeps them fixed but then we have two half edges and we can switch them part of the structure is the only part of the structure we have to consider is satisfied and they will the evolution interchanging them was part of the data but if you interchange them we get the same evolution so clearly this was the automorphism group of the graph so what this suggests is well if we want to construct a staton then we need to take to isolate what happens at all vertices special points we have on them as a label and then take the product for all components and then divide by the automorphism group of the graph and if you want to take the closure well if something lies here this means that the only thing that can happen is that we have some further the generation of the curve in which we have additional nodes and creating additional components but still there will be all controlled if we take the blow up we still get a stable curve of genus g-1 with n plus 2 marked points over there so we don't know how to describe this but this is controlled by taking the closure by mg n plus 2 in the sense that we can use the identification of points to obtain what we call a gluing map which I will denote with m gamma zero which starts from m bar g n plus 2 and ends in the closure of the staton and these factors through the quotient by the automorphism group of the graph yes yeah thank you let me check if I have the same mistake on the other blackboard yes I see that also this one of course as I pictured it so if you forget the leaves this is the graph and we need to have g-1 to get a graph of genus g because the genus of the anthropological graph is 1 because we have this loop and then we need to add g-1 and we can do something similar for the case of the separating node and then we will need to glue together two curves and which one has some kind of additional mark point on it corresponding to two half edges that we have so we get if we denote the graph we have by m gamma then the two ingredients we need is to have a stable curve of genus i so let's say that we have let's take a simplified situation in which we have the leaves from 1 to m on one component and the leaves from m plus 1 to n on the other one so we have m i m plus 1 times m dot g minus i n minus m plus 1 and this is going to start on the closed one and if we restrict this to the open part here and there we get the open part and this second map is an isomorphism once we quotient by the automorphism group of the graph which I mean depends so to be the automorphism group in this case can be non-trivial only if we have no mark points because otherwise the mark points so I would say the automorphism group is non-trivial only when i and g minus 1 are equal and there are no mark points so this was the explicit construction we had in the case of codimention one but actually the kind of reciproviews can be applied more in general because as I was saying the data encode in the dual graph is exactly the behavior of the normalization of each component of the curve so we take a stable curve of the of the right topological type to be a degeneration of normalization of one of the components in the smooth case and then the identification of the half edges is giving us a recipe to glue together a stable curve of the topological type we need so these are the most important kinds of gluing maps but of course the stable graph will give us a gluing map what does it start as I said we need to pick for each irreducible component if we are taking just a normalization of a typical element we need to take something which is smooth of the genus given by the labeling of the graph with the number of special mark points that correspond to the number of special points but because of the fact that it won't allow degeneration actually we need to take the closure here if we want to dominate the whole structure and in this way we get a subjective map and I said this map factors to the action of the automorphism group which will interchange branches of nodes of the curves and possibly components and if we prefer to work with the starter so the locally closed ones the ones which are disjoint the typical type is unique if you restrict to the case in which we are just speaking non singular components then we get again a subjective map this type to the stratum but now it's exactly the same as quotienting by the automorphism group so I'm calling the M gamma starter and there is this is natural when we are dividing into disjoint locally closed subsets but the concept of stratum also sort of implies that when we take the closure of the stratum we should be able to describe this as the union of other so the boundary of the stratum the complement of M gamma inside M gamma should be a union of the stratum so we may wonder in which cases we get for which other graphs we get something which lies in the closure of M gamma or equivalently we may wonder in which cases M gamma prime bar is contained M gamma prime so let us assume that we have two graphs gamma and gamma prime and the closed stratum associated to gamma is contained in the closure of the stratum associated to gamma prime so when we wonder what this means unless they are equal this means that the number of singular points may only have increased because the way in which we characterize them as components of the locus with a certain number of singular points but exactly how can we recognize which stratum with a higher number of nodes may be contained in this one well the idea is that if one looks at the combinatorial data this means that the graph gamma is substituted at gamma prime we can produce it out of gamma prime by substituting to a vertex a stable graph of the same type and this is phrase by saying that gamma is a specialization obtained by substituting one of the some of the vertices of gamma prime with some dual with some stable graph with the same invariance so how does this work I think that we start with chosen graph gamma prime I've taken three vertices no math points three, two and two the general and here we have two loops this is a possibility so this means we need to pick some of the vertices and make them degenerate somehow so the idea is that here this vertex is giving us genus three with two special points so we may insert for this any other thing of genus three with two with two math points for instance we may substitute it let me think if I take two things points of genus one then one plus one is equal to two and then I join them by two edges so that the genus of them the live graph is one this is something of genus three then we need to put two math points somewhere for instance both of them on this component and I substitute this for that so for the rest I take exactly the same things and I join them using the same recipe this is some kind of the generation of course I did it for one vertex I could have done for more vertices for all vertices then of course gamma and gamma time are equal so this would be trivial so this is how it works but we can also so this is the way to obtain the graph so to obtain gamma from gamma time if we want to go in the other direction what we do is that we need to contact some edges so if we want to go from here to there what we have to do morally is that we take the two additional edges here if we contact them we need to substitute for this so if we choose which edges to contact then we need to identify which vertices were involved so those are going to collapse all together so one plus one makes two and then because of the fact that what we made collapse had was given extra plus one because of its fundamental of the existence of a loop we get something of a genus tree so the idea is that in the other direction we can interpret this as a contraction of two edges and of course if we contact something else we get some other kind of of specialization so as an application let's just classify all possible stable graphs of a given type and let's determine the specialization so we want to do this in case of genus tree and no math points so the idea is that there are things we always have something we always have is the general statum of course and then the dimensional m2 where this is 3 times 2 minus 3 so this is equal to 3 so this means that we have room for up to three nodes as I said it's easy to know what the co-dimension one strata are because there are just two possibilities a no separating node and then the genus of the component goes down by one and then we have a loop and then we may have a separating node but because of the fact that we have no no math points if we take a separating node there is something of genus 0 and genus 2 because we have no math points to stabilize this so this can't happen for stability reasons so the only possibility to have 1 plus 1 and now it's more complicated what happens if we have two nodes so this means that we need to create more gas by specializing some of the vertices so what can we do here for instance we can say well we can specialize this graph of genus 1 this component of genus 1 with two math points with something which is of genus 0 so rational but with a loop and then we kept this so this is a possible co-dimension one strata else we can do this for instance to pop up a new rational component because this is a possible up to here we get a possible curve stable curve of genus 1 with two math points a stable one so now we identify this so in here is a rather difficult to guess what is going on so morally if one wants to do it right technically one should think of all possible degenerations of curves of lower genus classify them and actually as far as I know this is the only these are the only two possibilities and now as I said so they correspond to curves with nodes with with two nodes and then it's clear that this is a specialization of this one because if we contact this loop we get this one if we contact this edge that one so this is a specialization of both here because of the symmetry if we want to know which graph this is a specialization well it doesn't matter if we contact one loop we get something of genus 1 with a single loop so this is only a degeneration of that so if we think about the geometry of strata this means that this stratom is some kind of self intersection of that one and then there are only only two possibilities so we have stable graphs with three edges so in the maximal strata of course all components will have genus 0 because otherwise you would be able to degenerate things further and if we look at all components there will be three valent graphs this has to do with the fact that in this case we are looking at strata of dimension 0 and the only m, g, n which has dimension 0 is m, 0, 3 so here if we contact something we always get that one this is just the degeneration of this one and this is the degeneration so it looks like in disguise we have eight possible stable graphs so let us look at what the strata are and you will say that again I think these are the only two possibilities we can get in disguise there are two ways there are two strata which are easier than the other ones the the co-dimension one strata is easy in some sense but in some sense also the strata corresponds to points is easy because one knows how many components one needs to have and one needs that everything will be three valent so the idea is that one can check that these are the only ones just by taking the two components with three mark points and thinking about all possible ways of joining them by three edges giving something connected in all these by symmetry they are just for two possibilities but of course it is a huge combinatorial problem if you want to do it in general combinatorics of graphs so what are the other strata some of them we know already so this has always an automorphism group so this has a user description and one-two in this case divided by the evolution interchanging these two points in this case is in which also the other device comes with an evolution because in this case of course we can interchange the two components so this is something like the symmetric product of two copies or M11 but then it becomes more complicated because so this means that we have taken a rational curve with four points and we identified them pyro wise so in this case actually I think the automorphism group has order 8 and it's something like a station of s2 times s2 by s2 I'm trying to, I thought it was the same but I didn't so why are there so many automorphism the idea is that we can interchange these two half edges we can interchange any pair of half edges we have identified so this is going in an evolution but also but then of course if we wish we can interchange both half edges at the same time so we can interchange also the two loops so this is what I was saying clearly the automorphism group in which we have just fixing each one of the loops is giving this part of the automorphism is s2 times s2 and then we have an extension by another s2 I think the extension is actually trivial but I haven't checked anyway it's a group so this is actually so and then we can go on and do this kind of things so this is better because here we see there is just a single automorphism in the graph so this is actually m11 times m03 in which we are able to switch two points but m03 was the point so even if we cautioned it and then we have just two complicated guys but yeah we can describe them in terms of of m03 but anyway the strata in this case are closed and they are points and the idea is that one can do this in general but it's not the kind of combinatorics you want to have to do explicitly because it takes a lot of computation to get all possible stable graphs so in theory this works well but it's only useful if you are focusing on a specific problem in which the combinatorics is treatable if you want to get general formulas you can use this construction in a theoretical way but you don't want to use this directly in any explicit way but anyway the fact that we have a a stratification is something that will work well if we are working with some kind of additive invariant something like the older characteristic let's say with compact support of a stratum where this will then the one for the whole modular space will be the sum of the one for the open parts and the open parts have some kind of inductive structure in terms of something which is of smallest genus so what I was saying is the closed guy is more complicated so in some kind of additive invariant we can try to get it from the ones of the strata and the strata can be somehow controlled by taking the open modulate spaces which are, yeah are you forgetting the automorphisms there? this one? yeah well, yes, you're right I'm forgetting the automorphism so our points with automorphism so of course if we just want to know the homology the automorphism will not matter but for some kind of constructions I may be interested in prescribing something about the kind of representation we have if we interchange ideas for instance so it's not the automorphism we will play around and what I was saying, yeah but then we need the open parts so the genus will be at most G but how many mark points will we need at the end on a single component so it won't fit us a little bit and things realistically then one says okay the idea is that every time we lower the genus by one we may have to pay for it by adding two we lower the genus by one this means that we created an edge so we created two special points and we have bad luck and they all end on the same component we increase the total number of mark points on a component by two so anyway the number of mark points is increasing but not in a way we can control so these are the things we may potentially have to glue together of course this is an overkill because something like a single component the genus zero it may happen so I guess that's the most cases we will see so now the idea is that we have three families of natural classes so manfa's intuition was well these are the three kinds of classes we really need to do geometry most natural geometrical loci inside MGN bar will have a fundamental class which is just some kind of linear combination of monomias of products of these classes so where do they live all together so somehow if we are working on the open MGN we can say ok we may want to take the subding of the homology just generated by the side classes the kappa classes and the lambda classes so if we start to think about stable class we need a way to encode also the stable the strata classes into this so it's not so clear what the nature definition would be for the ring that contains everything we want to contain so logical classes we consider before can be viewed as elements of a nice subring either of the chowring or the homology ring and this is what is called the topological there is nothing topological about the ring itself is more something like the fact that the classes are coming from topological bundles over the moderate space when if I looked at the literature for some time people were not quite sure of what the best way was to define the topological rings but at some point Faber and Pandaripanda gave the definition which is now used and the idea is that because of the inductive way of constructing boundary strata by gluing maps the easiest way to define the topological ring this is actually an algebra is to do it for all values of g and n at the sign so if we are working homology we know it by m by g n and this is the smallest sub systems of collection of q sub algebras of the even homology and as I said we want to take the grading that comes from co-dimension so we will get twice the same degree we had before which is closed under push forward under the nature maps which are the gluing maps and the forgetful maps are just those that realize in all possible way n g n plus 1 bar as a universal curve over m g n bar please notice that there are n plus 1 possibilities so even if we fix g n n we are free to forget any point here otherwise we would get a theory which is not really symmetric and then the gluing maps because of the fact that we can always factorize gluing maps to other gluing maps it's enough to do them for divisors so this is the one that is connected that comes from a single separating node we glue together to go across i and g minus i by putting so the sum of our large policies is equal to n plus 2 because we have two additional edges it is two additional half edges the same way you want to create separating nodes we start with curves of g minus 1 with n plus 2 points so the first case gluing something of g minus i with additional mark points separating nodes and the other one is creating something of g minus 2 with two additional points a curve in which the two points are identified that is a very compact definition rather intuitive that in this way we will get the starter classes because we put the gluing maps into the ingredients it is less clear that we are obtaining the psi and the kappa classes so for sure we get the kappa classes if we have the psi classes because they are created by taking a push forward under the forgetful map but do we really get the psi classes in this way so the idea is that we will see later the lambda classes can be obtained from the kappa classes so the lambda classes are actually polynomials in the kappa classes so if we can obtain the kappa classes we obtain that and of course we obtain the kappa classes if we have the psi classes in the push forward so the question is are the psi classes there so what is the take the idea is that the psi classes arise naturally when we have the self intersection when we are considering the self intersection of starter classes so let us start with the curve of g to g with n plus 1 because of the fact so we want n to be positive so this means that we can that if we join a g and we leave all other markpoints on g with the irrational components so this black dot is just the component of genus zero on which we have a special points the last markpoints in the point i and we take it square then the self intersection self intersection so if we intersect the starter with itself there are no other ways to produce so if we want to intersect starter we need to look at common generations but if we think about this this is the only the generation this graph is in common with itself so somehow this means that is one of the cases where we are making an intersection supported on the on the starter itself and actually this morally should say that we have to when we take the square of this morally should say that we have to take a psi class here minus a psi class here so we have to to start with the class on mg n minus 1 here which has a psi class here and we need to decorate here but this is so small so the punch line of this is using formulas for self intersections this is actually related with the psi class which has something to do with this fixed markpoint special point of the component of genus g so if we take push forward to mg n by the forgetful map of this so this is the same pi we have here this actually gives us minus psi i so there is a geometric way to obtain psi i as the push forward on the forgetful map of an intersection of starter classes now the starter classes were there so their intersection have to be that we have a system of sub-algebra oh they are not small loops near vertices let me try to make this picture a little bit bigger so the idea is that if we take the closest atom corresponding let me call gamma this graph just to be this is dominated by taking mg so n because we still have n because we moved out to one of the markpoints n plus 1 so perhaps we have n but we have a special point and then this times m0 3 bar which is not doing anything so if we take this gluing map and gamma then inside here we have the class which is taking the height side class so with the one which is these are the other points and then i is the one that is identified with the additional half edge here so I could call it h if we have n things we can call it psi i so if you want so let me call this h prime so this is the psi class h prime this is just the point so we can forget this and then what I was saying is the excess bundle formula for the self intersection is giving minus psi minus the image of this class as a contribution so what I was saying is if we take the stratum of so take sigma square by the self intersection formula this will be equal to the image I hope I did it right never mind but anyway so geometrically this means that when we push it down we have to get this one and yes, we should also get the contribution of this component because of the fact that this component is zero dimensional space so it's not giving anything sorry? I will explain it later I'm becoming skeptical of the fact that I will do it today but I mean it has something to do with the general topic of finding relations between total logical classes so what I wanted to say is by an excess one word so people didn't realize this directly if you look at all the papers they were asking explicitly if you have a system of survival that contains the psi classes but actually if you have the fundamental classes of stata this is enough so of course this is enough because we are working on the compact space and then I gave this definition for mg and bar but we are actually also very interested in open subset of mg and bar for instance mg and itself so for open subset we simply take the restriction of the total logic so the open subsets we are interested in and of course when we work to work on mg and but there are actually also two other of open subsets which are useful for the theory those are curves of compact types and curves with rational taste so what are curves of compact type? curves of compact type are curves whose only nodes are separating nodes so the graph has to be a tree so if all curves if all nodes are separating nodes the idea is that we have taken away the closed divisor of curves with separating nodes 0 closure of the star I mean I want this to be an open subset so what to do we exactly have to yeah of course I need to move all further the generations but if there is at least one no separating node then the curve then the graph must be a specialization of this one so the curve must line there so if they have nodes so they may be smooth curves the curves are separating nodes so the underlying graph is a tree but it also means that the Jacobian of the curve is compact in the sense that if we define the Jacobian of the curve if we look at the line boundaries of degree 0 on the curve then what we find is the product of the Jacobians of the components there are no loops on the dual graph because the loops in dual graphs is what are contributing no separating nodes and of the curve is compact and it's in fact the product of the Jacobians of the component and curves with rational tastes are curves that are that contain a smooth component of genus G so this is the pre-image pi inverse of Mg under the forgetful mapping which we forget all markpoints so the idea is that we start with MgN by composing forgetful maps we can get to Mg bar and if the curve has a smooth component of genus G then the image that lies here lies in the open stratum Mg so we can take the pre-image of that so the idea of the curve with rational tastes is of course if we have a smooth component of genus G I mean this may will be empty if G is too small because this is only defined so this kind of definition is at most true is at least true so we may have n distinct points here but the curve is also allowed to sprout a rational trees of rational components on which the markpoints lie so somehow this is favorable because it has some kind of vibration structure of Mg because this is some kind of configurational points on a curve of genus G and of course if they have rational tastes then the graph is clearly a tree so it's an example of course of compact type and everything which is just given by a tree of curves will give a curve of compact type the restriction here is that all components but one have to be degree zero mainly the point is the tautological ring was introduced because working directly with the whole of the cohomology for some reasons but also working directly with the whole of the chow groups for some other reasons turned out to be incredibly complicated so the idea is that we want to have some nice subring where we expect to find all information we need and for applications that should grow more written theory certainly tautological classes and also there are several classes of geometrical subrises whose fundamental class lies there so this is nature but still if we want to find something for instance a relation between tautological classes how are we going to do this so the idea is that well this is very complicated combinatorially so first we check it on MgN then we try to say well how does it extend to the part of the boundary of M bar gn in which we have curves with rational taste so we check it there one may want to work here directly in many cases these two spaces are actually equal because of the fact that everything is controlled very well by Mg and then one tries to approximate the most powerful kind of result by allowing more and more types of the generations and I defined everything by taking homology classes because I like homology classes but actually everything we gave can be also defined the same way in the system of subalgebras in the charing so if one takes the same definition but as subalgebras charing of MgN bar what are the different definition which is how small powerful the definition of the tautological sublings which in this case denoted by R and not by IRH of MgN so one would expect that if one works in charing rather than working in homology there is more information there because there is a cycle map that forgets a lot of the structure but actually in all known cases these are isomorphic to the image in homology so it's an open problem but any additional information here which is not present in the image in homology cycle map in homology by definition in tautological class is always an isomorphism there is no reason why it should but there is also no counter example let me recall as theorem is more like proposition but has two parts some of the structure of tautological rings so as I said the definition with the with the system of subalgebra is very elegant, very compact but from that is perhaps not very clear how to generate the tautological ring as a cube vector space so what a system of linear generators would be and the idea is that the tautological ring is generated by what are called decorated strata classes so the images or products of tautological classes under arbitrary gluing maps I should give a simple example so the idea is that we take a stable graph and then we put monomials if this is the point mark point 1, this is going to be we take monomials in the we decorate it by putting kappa in psi classes if you want lambda classes so the kappa classes decorate vertices and the psi classes decorate either half edges or leaves so what is this kind of thing well this uses the fact that if we have the graph gamma given by 1 with the leave 1 and then 2 then there is m up m gamma from m bar 1 2 times m bar 2 1 this component and that component 2 m gamma bar which is contained gm and then here we can take arbitrary tautological classes obtained by product of psi, kappa and lambda classes so in this case we have psi 1 in this case and then here we decorated the only edge by psi so in some sense it is also psi 1 but we also took kappa 1 and we take this image gas let me call it gamma will be the push forward of the tensile product of these classes so the idea is that arbitrary gluing maps are going as ways to put arbitrary tautological classes on each product turn them into something and leaves on m bar g and these are the linear generators and are you suggesting that I leave the second part of this for tomorrow morning let's do it like that let me call it


Hey everybody, Dr. O'Hare. We just got on talking about negative feedback, now we're going to look at when that won't work.  But positive feedback is needed when we need to see a lot of change. So think emergencies, when things have to happen very quickly and we know exactly what our destination is, we have a defined endpoint, then positive feedback is the way to go. So here you see labor and delivery is one of the two key examples of positive feedback, the other being blood clotting. So imagine if you started to go through the process of labor and delivery, you started to deliver a baby and the body said, wait, this is a change, we don't like change. So it would try to stop you from having the baby, that would be catastrophic. Or imagine we'll cover blood clotting in a moment. Imagine when your blood starts to clot, if your body says, ooh, we don't like change, we need to stop your blood from clotting. These would be catastrophic, these would be disastrous.  So positive feedback would not work in most situations. But in emergencies, when something has to happen very quickly, positive feedback is the way to go. So the two key examples of positive feedback, I already mentioned, are labor and delivery and blood clotting. So let's just look at these real quickly. I mean, enormous changes have to occur in a woman's body in order to deliver a baby. And it has to happen super quickly. The quicker you can get this baby out, the better. So that's why we have this positive feedback. So you see anywhere you want to start. So let's start with the bottom there. We stimulate some contractions. So you're already having some contractions. Oxytocin stimulates contractions, which is going to push the head of the baby into the cervix, which is going to send signals to the brain that lead to more oxytocin, which means to more contractions. And this is positive feedback. So the key with positive feedback is every step speeds up the step after it. It's like a snowball rolling down a hill. So this process is going to go, and it's going to get faster, and it's going to build, and it's going to build until this baby comes out. There's no longer pushing on the cervix, and this system would shut down. That's what I meant by a defined endpoint.  You only want it to go on until the emergency getting out the baby is done. So here we see blood clotting, and we'll cover the blood clotting cascade later, but still a really good example. If you're when your blood starts to clot, you want it to clot as quickly as possible.  So the blood clotting process is called a cascade. Whenever I hear the word cascade, I think of that, that snowball rolling down a hill. So the first step in the blood clotting process speeds up the second step, which speeds up the third step. It makes it hard to learn because we have these large, complicated cascades that are used to clot your blood. But in the end, if we didn't have this cascade and all we had was the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, your blood would clot a million times slower. So this positive feedback mechanism speeds up blood clotting by a million times. That's pretty unbelievable. So just imagine how important it is in these types of emergency situations that we do have a system that will take us out of normal because having a baby and bleeding are not normal. So it's good that we have these positive feedback mechanisms. OK, so that's negative and positive feedback in these two videos. And those are the two ways that your body maintains that stable internal environment. I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.


Thanks for taking your seat so quickly. This avoids Gail continuing to yell at me So again, please do see to get seated as quickly as you can I'm Richard Sharp from the Mayo Clinic. Delighted to be here been involved with both the e-merge network and the C-circuit Consortium So it's nice to have a foot in both of those worlds at the same meeting The next session is going to focus on communication of genetic information among family members and on family cascade screening in particular We have three speakers the first to whom is Kathy lepid from group health Kathy will then be followed by Janet Williams from Geisinger and Layla Jamal from Baylor College of Medicine The format here is that we're going to go through the slides very quickly Seven to eight minutes for each of the speakers, which should leave us about 15 minutes afterward for a conversation. So with that, let me invite Kathy up


Hello everyone, welcome back to OMFS lecture series. The topic for the lecture is peregromanibular space infection. Peregromanibular space is a part of the masticator space which apart from the peregromanibular space also contains other spaces like submissive quick space, superficial temporal space and deep temporal spaces. All these spaces are well differentiated but they communicate with each other as well as with other spaces like buckle, submandibular and paraferringial spaces. The masticator space is formed by splitting of the investing layer of deep cervical fascia into superficial and deep layers. So the fascia defines its lateral and the medial extant. The masticator space is again divided into mesotric compartment and tergoid compartment. Boundaries of the mesotric compartment are the mesotra muscle laterally and the mandibular ascending ramus medially. The tergoid compartment is bounded by medial tergoid muscle medially and the medial aspect of the mandible lateral area. Tergomandibular space is found to be the most frequently affected anatomical compartment in cases of severe odontogenic infections. The most common etiology of tergomandibular space infection is the pericoronitis of mandibular third molar. Infection can also be produced by a contaminated needle used for an inferior alveolar nerve block or a posterior superior alveolar nerve block injection. Talking about the boundaries of tergomandibular space, laterally the space is bounded by the medial aspect of the ramus of mandible. The lateral surface of the medial tergoid muscle forms the medial limit. Here is the lateral limit, this is the medial limit. Posteriorly the boundary is formed by the deep part of pedodic gland and anteriorly there is the tergomandibular raffia which is formed by the superior constrictor and the buccinator muscle. And the roof of the tergomandibular space is formed by the lateral tergoid. As already mentioned, the infection of tergomandibular space is associated with pericoronitis of third molar. Even the established cases of tergomandibular space infections do not cause much swelling of the face. The clinical hallmark of every masticator space infection is thrismus. If thrismus is not present, then it can be considered that these spaces are uninvolved in the infectious process. Tenderness can be elicited over the area which is swollen and present medial to the anterior border of ramus. Dysphagia is present, dysphagia means difficult swallowing, there is medial displacement of the lateral wall of the pharynx and redness and edema of the area around the third molar. Midline of the pallet is displaced to the unaffected side and also the uvula appears swollen. It is also associated with difficulty in breathing. Surgical access to the various compartments of masticator space is complicated by the containment of the infectious process within the muscle masses. Secher has suggested an intraoral approach to tergomandibular space by placing a vertical incision along the tergomandibular raffae on the medial aspect of the ramus. A sinus forceps is then inserted into the abscess cavity and opened and closed. It is then withdrawn. The pus is evacuated, a rubber drain is introduced and is secured in position with a suture. The oral approach is a less feasible approach in infected patients with thrismus. In such patients, the oral approach can compromise the airway postoperatively because of persistent blood and pus oozing out of the incision. Also there are chances that the drain which is suture will get loosened and the patient can aspirate it. In such cases, an extraoral approach can be taken. An incision is taken in the skin below the angle of the mandible. A sinus forceps is then inserted towards the medial side of the ramus in an upward direction and backward direction. Pus is evacuated, a drain is inserted from an intraoral approach and sutured in position. These diagrams show the pathway of spread of infection from tergomandibular space which is numbered 2 to its neighboring and distant spaces. The addon numbered 1 shows that the infection can spread posteriorly to lateral pharyngeal space and then to retropharyngeal space. This diagram here is the posterior spread of infection. The second path of spread is superiorly along the medial aspect of the ramus to involve the infra temporal fossa. Through this region, the infection can spread to infra temporal fossa. Through the lateral aspect of the ramus, submesicric space can get involved. Infection can spread along the front of the ramus to involve the buccal space. Number 4 is to involve the buccal space. It can also spread anteriorly below the lower border of mandible and also under the superior constrictor muscle to involve the submandibular space. Five is submandibular space. So this is regarding the spread of infection from tergomandibular space to the neighboring spaces as well as distant spaces. Therefore tergomandibular space infection should be diagnosed and managed at an early stage considering its potential communication with other spaces and also associated complications. So that's all for this lecture. Thank you.


First of all, allow me to join my fellow panelists in thanking Thierry for giving us the opportunity to express ourselves at the World Policy Conference and thanking Patrick for facilitating these discussions. So I have a very ambitious title. I'm aware the future of health care and how to get there in eight minutes. So please bear with me. I think what most fascinating thing about health care is that it impacts all of us from the day we are born to our last day. It is a crucial part of the interaction with our loved ones, yet its basic principles have not changed for centuries. If you look at this picture from the Middle Ages, you see in the middle a knowledgeable doctor, possibly assisted by a nurse on the left, which tries to solve one narrow issue of a helpless patient on the right. Of course, the tools and remedies have changed, but the basic principles and the way we approach health care today are still the same. What I'm trying to convey to you today is that we're on the cusp of a health care revolution and that there is truly a time, which is now, where health care is going to profoundly change, especially in the way it is delivered. And I'm going to give you four main items for which I think health care is going to change. Health care is going to be highly personalized. Health care is going to be unified. It's going to be preventive. And it's going to be embedded. Of course, this is an optimistic scenario, and it carries many risks. But I'm going to go into those topics and provide you with examples of startups and companies that did not exist five or 10 years ago and that are trying to go in this direction. Thinking about personalization. Today, drugs and treatments are rarely differentiated, yet we know every single human being is unique. There's the development of autologous therapies, which is a very fancy word to say from the self. And you have companies like Novartis and Kite Pharma that just received FDA approval for therapies that are reprogramming your own immune system to find cancer cells. So we are taking your own immune system and using its power so that you can treat yourself, the tumors in your body. Of course, many of you have heard about genomics. And companies like 23andMe are trying to democratize genomics. The way they work is they send you a little tube, you spit in it, and a week late, you send it to the post. And a week later, they give you a full detailed genomic analysis of your ancestry and what health care condition you may have. And this is only for a couple of hundred dollars. So this is extremely impressive. And looking at the quantified self and all the wearables you have, like the Fitbits and all the things that measure anything from your head rate to the number of steps you take, this is truly happening now and allowing each one of us to start measuring what we do in order to better act on it. Now, looking at how health care is unified. Today, health care is still very fragmented. You have cardiologists, you have orthopedic surgeons, you have people trying to treat each and every single organ. Yet we know many diseases such as diabetes or cancer are whole and you need a truly holistic approach. But this goes beyond physical and mental. The physical and it goes beyond the body. It also goes to physical and mental. Body and mind are truly integrated and a number of startups are starting to tackle mental health, examples of which include Mindspace, which is a meditation app that from your iPhone allows you to meditate five to 10 minutes a day, which has been scientifically proven to improve both your mental, obviously, but also your physical health. Interoperability is going to be crucial and companies like Flutiren are developing electronic health records for cancer patients that allow to track all the individual health care steps that a cancer patient is undergoing, all the interaction it has with different doctors in order to provide the next doctor a truly unified vision of the patient's state. And of course, there is interdisciplinarity and we talked a lot about it already on this panel. If you think, for instance, about this amazing lens that Google and Novartis developed, which has a blood glucose monitor on the cusp of the lens, so just by wearing this contact lens, you get your blood sugar measured in real time through your teardrops. And this is something that has been done by sharing the expertise of tech people, designers, and doctors. Thinking about how health care is going to be more preventive. In order to have truly prevention, which is an often word, but not still very effective at the moment, you need three elements. You need awareness. So you need to know what diseases exist and what you can do about it. And social media are increasingly playing a huge role in addressing millions of people about serious health issues. And you can look, for example, a couple of weeks ago, there was an Instagram campaign about the risks and danger of mental health and it could reach many people, especially young people, by talking their language. Once you have awareness, you need access. So what if you don't have an amazing hospital or a doctor next door? Again, digital companies like Babylon are trying to bring the doctor to your house and they offer a service that allows you to connect to a GP within minutes. Once you have access, you also need behavior change and this is probably the toughest. We all know we need to exercise. We all know we need to eat better, yet we fail at doing it most of the time. Some companies are looking at gamification and fun ways to introduce behavioral changes. So I encourage you to try Zomby Run, which allows you to run every day in the park by making you believe that you are followed by zombies and that you have to run as fast as possible. And this has been proven very helpful in making people to exercise far more than gyms or other things. Now finally, healthcare is going to be embedded. Healthcare is going to be embedded within your home and there are already home agents like Amazon's Echo, which is built on its AI platform, Alexa, that is playing the role of providing basic healthcare insights within the comfort of your home. In your workplace, and companies like Limeed are helping companies engaging with the well-being of their employees in a fun and social way, but also in your environment, thinking about physical exercise, you know if you want to bike or walk to work, for instance, for your physical health, then it may do much more harm than good if you're in a very polluted area. Companies like PlumLab are trying to have very small captors of air quality so that they can provide you with the best way to walk or to bike to work so that you don't have more harm by doing this physical exercise in your daily commute. Now, how to get there? And I'm just gonna give a very brief lessons from the incubator I've just joined. So it's an incubator based in London that aims at building new tech companies to solve the developed world's toughest social issues. And our first mission is to improve women and girls' emotional and mental health, which is a very crucial topic for which awareness has raised, but still many solutions are lacking. What makes it efficient in terms of innovating? We have a very diverse crowd, so we have 50 people from extremely diverse background. There are doctors, there are tech people, there are designer, there are business people, there are policy makers, and we are all put in a bag and we're trying to shake this bag, hoping that innovative solutions are going to come from this cross-fertilization of different people. It's mission-led, so we are not just innovating for fun or because entrepreneurship is fancy, we're innovating to actually solve social issues and looking at ones that have been massively underserved like mental health. It is time-bound, we have six months to find ideas of businesses, otherwise we are gonna be kicked out, which puts a bit of pressure, but it's also efficient. It's supportive but not prescriptive, so we are supported by the incubator, but they do not tell us anything about what we should do, where we should look, or the solutions we should get at, so we may end up building the next zombie run. And finally, it's user-centric, and we've talked about the importance of patient and I just wanna end on this final note, which for me is the most crucial. It's extremely important to live and breathe like your user or like the patient you're trying to solve the issue of. You need to make sure that what you're building is truly adding value to them by ideally being as close as possible to them and living their life. It's the only solution to make sure that what you're doing is gonna have a truly profound impact. Thank you.


Nine tips to make networking for introverted people profitable Hey, you feel like an introvert you feel like when you get around crowds you kind of tighten up you get all stressed out I used to be there. I used to be the same way. Believe me. I know what it's like I understand that scary feeling you get dizzy. You just want to run out of the room Well in this video I'm going to share with you things that you can actually do to not only make you more comfortable But maybe change you from being an introvert to an extrovert Don't forget if you haven't subscribed already click that big subscribe button down there turn it from red to gray Don't forget to ring the bell Bring the bell so that you are notified about every single time I go live or I upload a new video So you know and I know that meeting more people networking with more people can always present more Opportunities for you, but it's tough to do it's tough to work a room. It's tough to be around people I'm getting ready now to go to Las Vegas for affiliate Summit West and I'll be doing networking I'll be around a lot of people But I'm going to use a few of the skills that I'm going to teach you in this video to make Connections to make money and to meet new people. So here we go. Okay, let's talk about the pre game Okay, the pre game the first thing you want to do is set your goals. What is your goal? I think a lot of times we get anxious and we get scared to talk to a lot of people because we don't have an end goal What are we trying to do if you're trying to go into a room and just introduce yourself and meet people? That's one thing but it's another thing to try to go into a room and find people that are in the same niche as you and Maybe make a business relationship. So to sign up front. What is your goal? If you go to a room with no goal whatsoever You're going to be heading in a whole lot of different directions and probably not accomplishing anything So prior to getting there set your goals. What are you trying to do? You're trying to get leads business associates, or you just trying to meet people. What is your goal number two lower your bacon score? What's your bacon score? Well, I don't know if you remember it, but years ago They said that there was only six degrees of separation from Kevin Bacon and just about anybody So what that is is somebody knows somebody who knows somebody else who knows somebody else It's been said that nowadays with the internet and with zoom calls and networking and all that that number has gone down to 3.57 I don't know if it's true or not But by attending these things by meeting new people you can lower your bacon score And what that means is you can be closer to people that you want to talk to by meeting more people around you number three Dress up a little bit now I don't personally like to dress up not my thing But I know one thing when I dress up when I wear a nice shirt a coat nice shoes and guys by the way Women are looking at your shoes check out your shoes. They got to look nice Okay, but when you're wearing nice clothes It has been associated with work if you think about it You know a lot of people come home from work and they kick off their shoes And they take their tie off or whatever the case may be take their dress off and put their jammies on that attire Symbolizes work you will tend to get more done if you're dressed for the part now some people say well I don't overdress chair. That'd be terrible. No, what's terrible is when you underdress, okay? That's the bad feeling when everybody's dressed up and you're not if you're dressed up more than everybody else That doesn't seem too bad, but when you're underdressed that could be a real problem that could cost you some relationships Number four prepare for conversations prepare for conversations. Now when you get to a room Here's the here. Here's the utmost truth People care more about themselves than they do about you. They just do A person who is a really good conversationist usually will ask really good questions So if there's certain people in a room you want to meet or certain types of people in a room You want to meet prepare those questions know what those questions are in advance When you ask people questions and they tell you about themselves and you must act interested Okay, if you act interested, they're going to automatically like you people like people who act interested in them That's just a fact now if you can have some things that Maybe are similar to them, you know, maybe you guys went to the same school or from the same state Or maybe you both, you know, live in a certain neighborhood or work for a certain company Any association that's similar to a person will make somebody like you more people like people who are like themselves So the other thing I try to do is I try to rhythm a conversation Based on how that person is acting. So if the person talks slow moves slow I'm probably going to talk slow and move slow if they talk real fast and they move real fast I'm probably going to talk real fast and move real fast too by mirroring them They will like you. They'll say, hey, here's somebody that's just like me. I like that person It's all about location. So I've talked about going into big rooms of people or conferences or meetings that type of thing but Meeting people on a daily basis matters too You never know if you start up a conversation with somebody in a store or somebody in some business and you start to talk to them What relation they may have and then my wife is a dog trainer And the other day I was talking to the person who's in charge of the HOA for our residents here And I said to her and while my wife was there, I said, do you have a dog? And she looked at me kind of backed up. She goes, yes, I do. I have a rescue dog I said, you got to check out my wife's channel So you never know when you're talking to somebody if they have something that is going to click with you So don't just think of this networking thing as always some big conference or some big meeting Think of it as everyday life when you talk to people you're networking anytime you meet a stranger. Number two We're all in this together. That's right. We're all in this together. What do I mean by that? We're very similar to everybody else. It's it's been proven that anywhere from one third to one half of the population Identifies as an introvert. Did you know that so the people that you want to meet in that room Probably are just as scared to meet you as you are to meet them So what you need to do is kind of force yourself to introduce yourself If you wait for everybody to come up to you, you're not going to meet near as many people It's super important when you get in one of these rooms walk around Introduce yourself. Say hello And I like to use the five four three two one thing that mel robbins talks about and you can look up mel robbins She has a great ted ex speech about her five four three two one But when you decide to do something you start counting from five down Never count up to five count five down and when you get to one do that thing that you said you were going to do Ask that person to dance go up and introduce yourself to some Business associate walk up to somebody in a store and talk to them whatever it is You wanted to do count from five down now. Why do I say five down because if you count from one up You could just keep going right you could say well, let me move it to 10 Let me move it to 15 and pretty soon that person's gone So it's always five down five four three two one and do what you know You should do number three know when to recharge The pomodoro principle says you should work for 25 minutes and rest for five minutes work for 25 minutes And rest for five minutes So you don't want to go into a room full of people and for three hours keep going up to people and talking Okay, that can be exhausting for you after 25 minutes And you can set a timer on your watch or whatever you want to do But after 25 minutes take a five minute break go to the restroom Go get a drink sit down and relax for a second do whatever you want to do Don't try to work a room for hours on in that's exhausting for anybody Number four are your conversation topics. What are you going to talk about? I like to have a little speech about what I do now I have several different businesses. I own a survival food company And so I can talk to survivalists and people in that niche I own another company called jr fisher training And I teach people how to make money online and quit their jobs And that's basically what I say to people I teach people how to make money online and quit their jobs A lot of people respond to that very well.  Don't say you're in anything if you're not I was out to dinner the other night with somebody and they said they were a digital marketer I was like great, you know, I'm a digital marketer too. Do you know this person or this person or this person? They're like no no no and I named some of the top people in digital marketing in the world And this person didn't know any of them never heard of them So I knew at that instance they weren't a digital marketer and I wanted to get them out of it I wanted to somehow get them out of it and they said well, we deal mostly with businesses Which would have had nothing to do with it. I said, well, yeah, I usually deal with the end consumer So I kind of get how you wouldn't know any of those people But the fact remains don't say you're something you're not don't try to make yourself more impressive than what you are You know, I've sold millions and millions of dollars of products online But I don't lead with that.  It's just weird to do that Because there was a time that I sold $10 online and I still remember that time and I try to keep that humble level And you should too now there was a time When the way you networked Was actually Hand them a business card. Uh, and I would say up until maybe five or six years ago I actually had business cards. I would hand people and I don't do it anymore I don't do it because I can send my contact information to somebody I can, you know, use a qr code and they can scan that and get all the information about me And I think that's the best way to go about that now. So when you're conversing with people Have some pre-planned way of getting your information to them and you getting their information too I would say use a qr code Those those work really well So you could use one of those codes, but if you just want to send your contact information You can do that too It the only problem with sending contacts is it may not work between let's say apple and android So you may have to have a different kind of phone or whatever, but that's what I use a lot I don't really give out my personal information that much i'll give out my business information Which I can text somebody I like texting people because I can get their name And I say let me text this to you what's your number So now I've got their name and number and I can text them whatever information it was and I can store them in my phone And I just made a new contact for me too Now after this is over with after the event is over with don't forget to follow up You know, don't forget to follow up. Don't say to somebody. Hey, we ought to have lunch one day Or we ought to get together sometime or we need to share our experiences in advertising on facebook on youtube Whatever and then not do it. Don't do that. You got to do it. Okay, so you got to really follow up If you don't plan on following up, don't tell people you're going to follow up. That's a huge mistake Now if you do all of these things all these things Even though you're an introvert and keep in mind one third to one half of the population identifies as being an introvert So you're just like everybody else.     We're all here for a short period of time. Enjoy your life Get to know people get to meet people make new friends Make new contacts if this video helped you out at all do me a favor In the comments below put something down there say hey, I like this jr Or write on or whatever you want to say, but let me know that you enjoyed this Also, give me a thumbs up if you don't mind on the video and don't forget if you haven't done so already Subscribe my goodness now's the time to do it click click that subscribe button there do that and don't forget to ring the bell Because when you subscribe a bell will pop up and you need to select all notifications That way when I go live or i'm doing a new video, you will be notified Thank you so much for watching this video as a consolation prize There's a course below. It's a 97 dollar course. You can click and get it for free All you got to do is click and learn no credit card required. Thanks so much for watching this video And i'll see you in the next one


Today, Pennsylvania stands at a crossroads. We have an education crisis and skyrocketing property taxes. But instead of looking for real solutions, Harrisburg Republicans are doubling down on cuts to school funding. We know all too well the result of Republican budgeting over the past four years. Bigger classes, fewer teachers, slash programs, and higher property taxes. Now Republicans want to only provide three cents per child per day in new education funding. Isn't it time to move Pennsylvania forward?