I don't have a real presentation, I'm just going to give you two more thoughts about this. When I was invited four or five days ago to this, I was really delighted. I feel very much a man from the UN, and I support the idea of an international community. But I will start saying something you say, there is no way to disengage. You said, well, unfortunately I feel I'm more pessimistic now after Brexit, everything is possible. And when I read the title of this, what is the role of the international community, they said, well, they are a positive guy. They feel they know that they think it's easy that everyone is in agreement. Yes, I came in my mind with my old professor in Oxford at Hellebun, he said, okay, do you need to, I'm a contrastivist, I believe in ideas, do you see things according to how you think about things. And in this case, it's clear we have an international system, but now we're not completely clear that many people, if we have President Trump and maybe another Bolton in the UN, will believe really in that we have an international community. We need to convince, I think we need to go outside, we are the, I think we believe on that, the international community. But I think the people on the street, you will need to go there and say, look, there is, there is a need of international cooperation, it's not just because we have this kind of crisis, but because, I mean, there is no real rational alternative. But there is alternative to go back, I think, an involution to a situation where power politics will be reigning and you will see a very complicated life. So my first general comment, and it is very general, don't be so optimistic in the sense that still people on the street believe that there is something called the international community, that is international good, international institution, and I, and it came to my mind what happened at the UN when we were at the Security Council and we were deciding on the intervention of Iraq, you know, the use of force is very much clear in the United Nations, you need to have authorization from the Security Council. But at the end of the day, we both, there was no agreement on allowing, you know, intervention in Iraq, but they don't care about that. I mean, there was an international group of countries that they went and intervened. And something like that happens with regard to Libya. There was the idea of, you know, intervention for humanitarian reasons, but at the end things were changed a little bit. I think we need to use those cases and say, look, we now, we have the Chilcot report, the UK, there is another report from the parliament there that made clear that it was a mistake. And you need to, you need to tell people that sometimes it is important to respect international law, that the rule of law at international level is important, that even if you are a great power, you need to follow the rule of the game or the international sort of institution. So now I think we have a situation where we can tell everyone, look, you try that way, you know, and sort of go in my way anyway. And now you can have a very impartial assessment. It's not coming from the south. It's not coming from a very radical group that it was a mistake. So I think that my first point, I just want to say, we need to do something in terms of telling everyone that an international society is something important, that we should not go back to a situation where there is no rule and that whatever it is, you can do whatever you feel is appropriate according to your own national interests. So there is the idea of, I will say, international cooperation on collective security. So I went back, let me say, to my first time when I was learning 30 years ago about the international relation, I think it still is relevant. It's something that we need to continue working on that. My second general comment is that whatever is the international community, whatever is the meaning of that, and in some way, you give it here, as you say, UN system, donors, agents, NGOs, so you give it kind of broad definition of international. And I will say in any case, when we think of international society, if you want, or international community, it is the UN system. I mean, when people think about it, they think about the UN, whatever it is, they're right or wrong, but that is what they think about it. And when you think how the UN must organize collective action to confront this crisis, you need some priorities, of course, because there is full of crisis there, but then again, you need an analytical way and you need to demonstrate that are the relevant one that you are going to start dealing with. And I think in the 90s, we have all this UN conference that create the agenda for the 90s. And at that time, what I have in mind, for instance, for us, we were very much behind the idea of the social summit. And I remember Brazil on real, on environment. And then you have another in China, we have the on gender issues. So we have 10 or 15 very major things that were the reals. And at the end of the day, we have the STGs today that maybe this 17 goals are what more or less we think as international community in a positive way that what where we must go. So I think that in any case, whatever you're going to be doing, you need to prioritize, you need to make clear what are the crisis that you are going to be dealing with as a priority. And I do like the very simple concept of sustainable development. It means that you need growth, you need environmental protection, and also social inclusion. I mean, if you just have that clear, you have a very important set of goals. And when we were thinking in the social summit, for us, the key things were employment, eradication of poverty, and inclusiveness. Inclusiveness in a very broad sense, including gender. So you need at least some kind of parameters. What are the main goals in a positive way? I mean, we need to fight for that things. OK, that's my two very general comments of my experience. And also, I may say, and I will remember what was the financing for development, because that was a very key and for personally a very important goals in the last conference of this 90 conference. Because, and why we organize that?  But you never have clarity where you're going to get the money. I mean, there was a lot of things on that. And then we have, I think, what was called the Asian crisis. And you'll remember that the people say this is cronism, and it's never going to happen to us, you know, et cetera. And it was the conference organized mainly. It was pushed by, I will say, the Asian countries and the Latin American countries. Because we have a doctorate in depth, so international depth. So it was a very different kind of conference. And we divided things, if those who know that, on national, international, and systemic issues. And the systemic issues was the most complicated one. Because we say, well, you need to have an inclusive group of institutions, the World Bank, the IMF, et cetera, with some participation from developing countries on meaningful participation. And also, we said, and that is my last comment on this, people said, why are you organizing at the UN something about, you know, macroeconomic things? We are divided, we have the IMF and the World Bank and the WTO. Why the UN? Because, I mean, maybe you can deal with ODA, you know, but not with finance. But I think that at the end of the day, we have a very good meeting. Still, I was reading the document. Still, everything is there. The question is political will. Everything that happened later, if you follow what we agreed at the Monterey maybe 15 years ago, we never had this crisis. But anyway, that was one of the other priorities. And that was a priority not of Chile, but mainly from developing countries. But I will say, not the big developing countries. But I will say, those middle and lower developing countries, and it was a very responsible document, I will say, because nothing radical. It was not the new. I was always saying, because I was working on that, this is not the new international economic order. Because people say, no, you're trying to bring back this idea of the 60s or 70s that was the new international economic order. No, no, no, this was a more, so that I will say, pro-market rules, but a responsible response to what we see a very unjust system. But that are my two first comments. And if I have some money, I'm going to go now to two other, but more specific one, what kind of response you can provide from the international community to this crisis. One idea that I think is a good one, and I know that some people feel it's perhaps through narrow, is coalitions. I mean, whenever you have a group of countries who are really relevant in some issues, and they are willing to do something, it's good that they should go again with that.  I remember some people were sort of as an academic way. First, I don't like it. I was feeling that something. But after being practitioner on this, I was three weeks ago in Washington, we have a meeting of our oceans. It is about environment, and they're taking care of acidification, of fisheries, and on creating marine environment, et cetera. It's a new way of doing things. And I think it's working well. And this is one way of doing things, I will say. And if you can have a problem, some kind of crisis, and you get together those countries who are relevant and who feel that they have the will to do something. And then with some champions, you can do that. I just gave you an example of our ocean. But I mean, we have for many years that the Antarctic Treaty, something like that, you don't have everyone, but you have the really relevant countries there. And they're doing a lot taking care of Antarctica. And then you can go to many other issues where I think these coalitions can be, there is a risk, of course, in coalitions, because you need to respect the global sort of rules and the global institution. And that is my problem sometime with the G20. But I don't think that it's a bad idea, the G20. They respond to crisis in a very strong way. But the risk, if they feel that they don't need to consult others and that they can go alone, and et cetera, that is the problem. And in particular, if they feel that they can treat the UN as something that's inefficient, there is too many people or whatever. But there is a problem of legitimacy. So we need to combine very well the global institution, the open with this other institution that are just group of countries that are doing something. And I think that we can manage that. But that there is a risk. And my last point on a more sort of narrow comment is regionalism and the sense of regional response to start, in some cases, are very irrelevant and very important. I'm thinking now on development and finance matters. We, as what I know is Latin America, we have a, and I know that in Asia now, you have different regional bank, et cetera.  And I remember the United States' first reaction to the bank in Asia was a little bit at this part of the chronism, et cetera. And you need the control of the IMF in term of just complying many things. But in regional response, sometimes there are institutions that are closer to your countries. They know better what you need. They are more easy to access from those countries. And in the case, I will say, it's not thinking of the Inter-American Development Bank, but we have also CAF, who is those who are from Latin America, know about that. We have some arrangement, let's put it that way, sometimes institutions that work very well. And again, this can be combined with the global institution. But on development and finance, we have many regional development banking, and even some national ones that like the big one you have in Brazil for promoting development that everyone looked at that sometimes support us. I think that is also so. I, to end, I will say, coalitions of those willing to do things just to confront any some challenges. And I must say that Secretary General made a proposal on partnerships that was about that. Unfortunately, it was not approved for some reason. Many people felt that was a risky thing. It's like a problem with global public good. Sometimes people feel that something is not there. But anyway, but the idea of partnership was in the Secretary General's mind, and I think was a good one. So these are my comments. I know that you get me exactly. So thank you very much for your attention.


Everybody forced here ripping two soccer boxes for John M. John has a 2022 prism world cup soccer hobby and a 21-22 Top C UEFA Merlin Chrome. Let's start with the Merlin box, and then we'll get to prison. Thanks John for the order. Good luck Subwoof Hey, just alchemy a jarard pk I've already all Suleymana rookie under 23 stars Gavi rookie Chuna Refractor Daniel Mallon Subwar zone Mr. Frank refractor auto of Jamie Vardy. None numbered Jamie Vardy I'll see a big parallel Honeyball to a many rookie base in awkward Gerard pk 133 of 199 rookie refractor of John Pacheco Prophecy fulfilled Weston McKinney Under 23 stars Sophie and up more packs here Bowsky sushi truckie Look Romero refractor of Ryan Cherokee base pack. Oh, nice color a purple wave of Yvonne Romero a rookie 14 out of 15 Nice card for you John Chaloba refractor Janice Hagi. There really is mayhem like like every single time to Under 23 stars Anthony Alanga on our refractor of Brendan Aronson yellow wave of Dooku Jeremy Dooku six out of 225 It's nice parallels now some deep some good young players But these tell base Boa do refractor Sandra Tonali Akomak and a prophecy fulfilled in Neymar. I know Gary. I don't I think Mobley and And Barnes are better Have higher ceilings at least prison World Cup hobby, but as far as like hobby love Kate might get the most Yeah, green too. Honestly like It's early to say but Yeah, silver rookie a juicy Baba And as we see what really depends and how you kind of separate yourself is you have to have the big moments Like the playoffs and stuff you have to be like John Marant Steph Curry Or just be crazy crazy good like look at Donchich. I have to a blue Naive sleazy Eight eighty eight of two ninety nine silver new era Nova, Okra for God hyper Sergei Malinkovic savage Silver rookie Fokundo Pellistry. I want to see a one-on-one out of prison World Cup so bad a cracked ice rookie of Mehdi Tyrami blue prism of Farin Torres Number 99 of 299 Warfords good though. He's pretty solid Yeah, I mean you honestly with those with those four you can't really go wrong Gary to be honest one of one of Bob Hey one of the one of one of Bob Bay's got hold. I think there's there's a second There's two sets, right?  All right. There you go Non-numbered pink. I think those are one a box is an international ink of William Gallas Bit of a legend there and a red mojo name our junior It's the last numbered parallel number 16 of 99 Nice name our number 299 silver a fan of Gion rookie phenom phenomenon and that is gonna do it for the break Thank you again. John appreciate it man. Get those right out to you


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discuss the following question which says, A, B, C, D is the diameter of a circle of radius 4.5 centimeters. The lengths A, B, C and C, D are equal. Semi-circles are drawn with A, B and B, D as diameters. If A, D is equal to 9 centimeters, find the perimeter and area of the shaded region. Take pi equal to 3.14. So this is the figure given to us. Here this A, B, C, D is the diameter of a circle which has radius 4.5 centimeters. And taking A, B and B, D as the diameters, we have drawn two semi-circles. And we have to find the perimeter and area of this shaded region. Let us recall the formula. For the perimeter of a circle, this is equal to 2 pi r where this r is the radius of the circle and the area of a circle is equal to pi r square where again r is the radius of the circle. So this is the key idea that we use in this question. Now let us move on to the solution. We are given that A, D is equal to 9 centimeters and we are also given that A, B is equal to B, C is equal to C, D. So we have A, D is equal to, from the figure you can see A, B plus B, C plus C, D. And you know that these three parts are equal. So this would mean that A, B is equal to, B, C is equal to, C, D is equal to 9 upon 3 centimeters. That is equal to 3 centimeters. From the figure we have that B, D is equal to A, D minus A, B. Now A, D is equal to 9 centimeters as given to us and A, B as we have found out is equal to 3 centimeters. So 9 centimeters minus 3 centimeters is equal to 6 centimeters. That is we have B, D is equal to 6 centimeters. Now let us find out the perimeter of the shaded region and this would be equal to arc A, E, B plus arc B, F, D plus A, G, D. Now since we know that the perimeter of a circle is 2 pi r, so the perimeter of a semicircle would be 2 pi r upon 2, that is pi r. So now perimeter of the semicircle A, E, B, that is arc A, E, B is given by pi into its radius. Now since A, B is equal to 3 centimeters that is we have the diameter A, B is 3 centimeters so its radius would be 3 upon 2 plus arc B, F, D that is perimeter of arc B, F, D which is given by pi into the radius of the semicircle drawn with B, D as the diameter. Now as B, D is equal to 6 centimeters so its radius would be 6 upon 2 plus the arc A, G, D that is the semicircle drawn with A, D as the diameter as A, D is equal to 9 centimeters so the perimeter of this A, G, D semicircle is given by pi into the radius which is 9 upon 2. So this centimeter is the perimeter of the shaded region and this is equal to 3 pi plus 6 pi plus 9 pi this whole upon 2 centimeters which is further equal to 18 pi upon 2 centimeters and this is equal to 9 pi centimeters is the perimeter of this shaded region. Now taking value of pi as 3.14 we get this is equal to 28.26 centimeters is the perimeter of the shaded region. Now let's find out the area of the shaded region and this is equal to the area of semicircle A, E, B plus area of the semicircle A, G, D that is the semicircle minus the area of the semicircle B, F, D. As you know area of a circle is given by pi R square so area of a semicircle would be given by pi R square upon 2. Now first let's see what would be the area of the semicircle A, E, B. This is the semicircle A, E, B. Now A, B is equal to 3 centimeters as you know so its radius would be 3 upon 2 centimeters so 1 upon 2 into pi R square that is 3 upon 2 whole square plus the area of the semicircle A, G, D. This is the semicircle A, G, D. Now this A, D is given as 9 centimeters and we are given that the radius of the circle is 4.5 centimeters that is 9 upon 2 so area of the semicircle A, G, D is given as half into pi into 9 upon 2 whole square minus the area of the semicircle B, F, D that is the semicircle. We know that B, D is equal to 6 centimeters that is the diameter for the semicircle B, F, D is 6 centimeters and so its radius is 6 upon 2 centimeters and hence area of the semicircle B, F, D is 1 upon 2 into pi into 6 upon 2 whole square and so this is equal to pi upon 2 common into 3 upon 2 whole square plus 9 upon 2 whole square minus 6 upon 2 whole square centimeter square is the area of the shaded region this is equal to pi upon 2 into 9 upon 4 plus 81 upon 4 minus 6 upon 4 centimeter square this is equal to pi upon 2 into 9 plus 81 minus 36 upon 4 centimeter square further we get pi upon 2 into 54 upon 4 centimeter square now 2, 27 times is 54 so this is equal to 27 upon 4 pi centimeter square putting the value for pi we get 27 upon 4 into 3.14 centimeter square is the area of the shaded region and this is equal to 21.195 centimeter square that is the area of the shaded region is equal to 21.195 centimeter square and we also got the perimeter of the shaded region equal to 28.26 centimeters so this is our final answer this completes the session hope you have understood the solution of this question


What's up guys? I need three minutes on this one just because there's so much information. So time has gone So human computer interaction comes from a book in the 80s And it was about it was called the psychology of human computer interaction I'm gonna leave a link in the description and you've probably come to this video because you may be thinking about studying human computer interaction or HCI and What effectively that is is it's the psychology of interaction between humans and computers? So I Am a practicing UX designer and UX actually is The wider spectrum human computer action is a part of that and so is graphic design and then there's other things like industrial design like the actual Physical design of the device so UX is I guess it's all the jobs who call that It's just the practice in version of HCI HCI is a form of I guess it's Studying and it's specifically studying the interaction between humans and computers. So because computers have a dialogue with people It's not like just a hammer that you use and you use it. However, it kind of feeds back There's a lot of psychology that goes on so the study of human computer interaction is really understanding and The psychology of the person using the device and there's lots of different ways you can and I Guess you can affect the psychology of someone using it and that might be Okay, just making things simple so people like using the product, but In my opinion, there's a part of graphic design which come into HCI So that could be Like the type of images that you use that affects people's psychology So when Obama was doing his campaign They did a lot of AB tests about the type of images that he used on his website to get people to sign up And they found that maybe color ones work better than black and white ones and there's a whole article about it I'll link to it in the description So that's interesting so that whole psychology around there then there is other bits like typography and all these bits work into HCI So what I found is I found a couple of great resources for you. I'm going to leave a link in the description So I found the best colleges and universities in America that do HCI and you might want to check them out I've also got a free course on my website a bit of self-promotion so it takes about an hour you learn all the basics of UX design which HCI is a part of and That's linked in the description as well, and I'll leave a link to the original book from the 80s So I think HCI has moved on from the 80s. It's moved on to UX design because actually there's other things than just The one-on-one interaction between the person and the device there's things like sound and there's I think Asphetics is really really important the way you know Apple made the devices feel nice. They made kind of like luxury products With their like brawn reinvented the way products were designed and I'd say that's actually part of the human computer interaction Not just the actual interface design a lot of people ask what's best to study is it I studied graphic design It's a graphic designer human computer interaction. I think graphic design is great because you can Write time is done So graphic design is great because you can apply all of those all of those graphic design theories apply to computers But human computer interactions great if you just want to focus on the cycle more the cycle like psychological bits the research bits The the juicy bits of understanding how people interactive computers I hope that lesson made sense guys if you think of this area smash a like and Subscribe I'm trying to grow this channel as fast as I can make sure you check out the resources. There's some great Resources in the description actually. There's a course. I'm linking from the University of San Diego Which is free and it's like 11 months So it's a great resource if you want to do some free online training check out my course There's loads of students on there now and you might meet some friends and learn a few things along the way And until next time keep designing


Welcome to the tenth lecture in the course engineering electromagnetic. The topic for the lecture today is impedance matching using stub lines. We take up the two parts of the topic first. The first part is the impedance matching. First we need to understand what is the necessity for impedance matching. You would be aware of the maximum power transfer theorem saying that the source delivers maximum power to a load which has the impedance which is the complex conjugate of the source impedance. And therefore, first requirement for impedance matching the first point because of its impedance matching is required is to deliver maximum power to the load. So, the first point that we could list here is for maximum power transfer to the load impedance matching is necessary. What could be the second reason? We know that if the load impedance is not matched to the source to the characteristic impedance of the transmission line then there are going to be standing waves. The incident power is going to be partly reflected back causing formation of standing waves on the transmission line. Implying that there will be build up of voltage and current at certain points on the transmission line as well as some build up of voltage and current on the source also. And this build up particularly for high power systems could damage the source on one hand or could cause dielectric breakdown in the transmission line. And therefore, the second reason because of which one should carry out impedance matching is to avoid damage to the source to the generator or the transmission line or the transmission system. Can there be a third reason also for impedance matching? Yes. We know that in practice the transmission lines are going to have some loss. There is no transmission line which is going to be ideal. The losses will depend upon the voltage and the current on the transmission line. In fact they are proportional to the square of the voltage and current depending on which loss we are calculating whether it is the dielectric loss or the ohmic loss in the resistances. Since the loss is proportional to the square of these quantities voltage or current considering that the power generated by the source and coupled to the transmission line remains constant the losses are more when there are standing waves on the transmission line because the voltage and current are non-uniform in that case compared to the case when there is no standing wave on the transmission line. And therefore, to keep losses low also we require to carry out impedance matching. Now, these losses are in the transmission line this should not be confused with the power delivered to the load. So, to keep losses in the transmission line low which are strong reasons to carry out impedance matching. The next question that follows is how to do impedance matching how to achieve the condition that the impedance that the source or the generator sees is matched. The concept of this is fairly straight forward one could either attach reactance in series at an appropriate distance from the load impedance of an appropriate value. So, that seen at this plane the input impedance offered here taking into account the contribution of the added reactance appears to be equal to that of the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. A question could be asked why are we considering only reactive components the reason is straight forward if we add some an element which has a real part in it it will add to the power loss in the system. And therefore, particularly for impedance matching we will avoid anything which has some loss some real part of the impedance in itself. Therefore, we consider only elements which have reactive values and one possibility is as we have stated is to add some appropriate reactance in series. What is equally well possible is to add something in shunt. So, the same system can be matched by adding an appropriate value of a substance in shunt at an appropriate distance from the load impedance. How to estimate these values and how to estimate their location we will be doing in a short while conceptually this is what impedance matching would require. The next question that follows rather naturally is how are we going to realize these elements the required reactance and the required susceptance. We have seen earlier we have stated earlier that at high frequencies of the order of hundreds of megahertz the familiar configuration of inductors capacitors etcetera the lumped element configuration does not work very accurately. One cannot design very precise inductance and capacitance values and as an alternative we have stated that one could use sections of transmission lines serving effectively as inductors or capacitors. That brings us to the second part of today's topic that is the stub lines. What are stub lines they are sections of transmission lines. In principle they could be open circuited or short circuited but as some of you would have experienced it is easier more accurate to realize a short circuited practice and therefore what we would consider here are stub lines which are sections of short circuited transmission lines and more commonly they are added in parallel. A parallel connection in practice is somewhat more convenient to make on various types of transmission lines and therefore these are added in parallel or connected in parallel to a transmission line for the purpose of impedance matching alright. Now we will take up two examples to show how using stub lines one can achieve the condition of impedance matching. Going to the overhead projector let us say that the problem that we pose for ourselves is of this kind. We have a transmission line of characteristic impedance Z naught with a load impedance ZL connected here and in general this load impedance is not going to be equal to the characteristic impedance that is how the problem would arise. We have to find out the location of a transmission line stub made out of a transmission line of characteristic impedance say Z naught again for the sake of illustration and the length say D2 of this transmission line stub. So that seen looking into the plane denoted as A the input impedance appears to be equal to Z naught which would be the condition of impedance matches right. The problem of course can be solved using the various formulae for transformation of impedance that we have already discussed but the problem is quite simply solved using Smith chart and the Smith chart also provides a visual perspective to what is going on on the transmission line and therefore let us try and solve this problem using a Smith chart. Let us super impose our problem on a Smith chart and let us specify the value of ZL say ZL is equal to 150 plus J50 ohms and let the characteristic impedance Z naught of the main transmission line as well as of this stub transmission line be equal to completely real and 100 ohms. The starting point would be to calculate the normalized impedance corresponding to the load which is ZL upon Z naught. So that it is 1.5 plus J 0.5 and to locate this point 1.5 plus J 0.5 on the Smith chart. So 1.5 is a constant resistance circle like this which is not shown on the Smith chart and it intersects with the 0.5 constant reactant circle at point P1 alright. So the impedance at the point the normalized impedance at the point P1 is equal to the normalized impedance of the load. The stub is connected in parallel and we know that parallel connections are more easily handled using admittances. Therefore the next step will be to calculate the corresponding normalized admittance. We have already stated that the admittance calculation on the Smith chart is particularly simple. If we consider a constant VSWR circle centered at the center of the Smith chart and with this as the radius this is the constant VSWR circle passing through the point P1. A point diametrically opposite this point P2 represents the corresponding normalized admittance. That point is P2 and the admittance at point P2 one can read it is going to be it is on the point 6 constant resistance circle and minus point 2 constant reactance circle and therefore its value is point 6 minus J point 2 which can be easily verified alright. The next step is to move towards the generator or away from the load. We have already discussed how this movement should be carried out. This should be carried out on a constant reflection coefficient magnitude circle or on a constant VSWR circle alright. In a direction which takes us away from the load or towards the generator which is marked on the Smith chart. This is the direction which is away from the load or is towards the generator clockwise direction. The question is how much to move. In fact that is one of the answers sought in the problem. So then we argue like this that the stub is going to add only some imaginary part to the input admittance seen here and therefore we must move up to a distance where the real part of the admittance seen here becomes equal to 1 in the normalized system. That is on the constant VSWR circle passing through point P2 we should move away from the load that is in the clockwise direction such that we come across the constant conductance equal to 1 circle. As one can make out there are two possibilities one leading to point P3 the other leading to point P5 I think alright. Let us consider these two possibilities separately. So let us say we reach point P3. Now at point P3 what is the admittance that one can make out the real part is of course 1 by design and the imaginary part is plus j point 58 alright. So which we put down here plus j point 58. Once we have reached point P3 two questions are answered. We know how much distance we have travelled in reaching point P3 from point P2 alright. That distance can be measured on the smith chart itself by taking a reading on the outermost scale corresponding to P2 in terms of wavelengths and by taking a reading corresponding to point P3 once again on the same scale in terms of wavelengths and finding the difference. When that is done then in this particular problem the distance D1 comes out to be point 194 lambda. Here itself one can make out that this particular choice corresponding to point P3 is going to lead to a shorter distance D1. There will be another advantage in the length of D2 as we will see later. The second question that is answered once we have reached point P3 is what should be the input susceptance seen at this point for this stub so that after the stub is added at the plane A the transmission line appears matched. The stub susceptance must be minus j point 5A so that one is able to move on a constant conductance circle from point P3 to point P4 where the conductance is 1 and there is no susceptance. This is how we say that the smith chart affords a graphical perspective. In this kind of problems the attempt will be to move towards the centre of the smith chart using steps which are permitted. And once we have reached point P4 we are sure that the transmission line is matched. We have still not found out the value of D2 the length of the transmission line stub that can be calculated since we know the formula for the input impedance or input admittance for a short circuited transmission line or it can be determined from the smith chart itself. Now instead of the main transmission line so to say we focus on the stub transmission line alright. This is the load what is the load admittance? The load admittance is infinite it is a short circuit the load admittance is infinite. The infinity admittance point can be located on the smith chart. The resistance is the conductance is increasing this way the susceptance is also increasing this way. So this point is the infinity infinity point the short circuit point. Now from the short circuit point or from the load end we have to move away from the load. So once again the direction remains clockwise away from the load towards the generator. What distance do we travel or first let us see what path do we travel on? The constant reflection coefficient magnitude path or the constant WSWR path because on this transmission line now there is no other discontinuity and therefore one will move on the constant WSWR circle that passes through this load point which is the reflection coefficient magnitude equal to one circle the outermost circle in the clockwise direction and up to what point does one move? Wherever one reaches the susceptance equal to minus j 0.58 value which can be read on the outermost on the on the circle. We are going from minus 10, minus 5, minus 2, minus 1. So somewhere here we reach minus 0.58 minus j 0.58 if you like. The distance that we have travelled is already available on the outermost scale in terms of wavelengths. Therefore the distance that we have travelled is 0.167 lambda which becomes the value of the d2 or the length of the stub that is used for matching the transmission line d2 is equal to 0.167 lambda alright. Now we were able to make out that d1 is the shorter length out of the two possible choices where we could locate our plane a is d2 also the shorter length corresponding to this point. Now one can make out that alternative to point p3 we would have reached say point p6 alright where the admittance would have been equal to 1 minus j 0.58 since this point is symmetrically located with respect to point p3 in any case one can read the value. So the required susceptance of the stub would have been plus j 0.58 and our experience of moving on the outermost circle tells us that the positive susceptance values require longer stubs. So had we chosen by mistake point p6 instead of point p3 we would have ended up with longer stub a point somewhere here which is certainly more than lambda by 4 since half the semicircular distance is lambda by 4 greater than the value we have obtained now alright. This kind of problems where we use a single stub is called matching using a single stub it has its features for example any load impedance or any load admittance can be matched using a stub of a variable length and which can slide or which can be connected anywhere on the transmission line that is an advantage of this scheme. Disadvantage of this scheme perhaps would be that on some transmission lines it is not possible to keep on sliding this stub for example in a coaxial transmission line okay. So there one would like to utilize a scheme where the stub a single stub or a double stub we would require two stubs actually so that we have two degrees of freedom to match the real part and the imaginary part. So we would like to have an alternative where we use two stubs which are fixed in location of course the lengths will have to be variable that will lead us to what is called a double stub matching problem. So unless you have any questions I will remove this. The double stub matching problem can also be introduced in a similar manner we have shown here a transmission line let us say the main transmission line with characteristic impedance Z0 terminated in a load impedance ZL and we have two stubs located at fixed points. Let us say that their distances the distance of the first stub from the load is lambda by 4 and the separation between the two stubs is lambda by 8. What is required in the problem? These are stubs of characteristic impedance Z0. What is required in the problem is the values or the lengths of these stubs that is D1 and D2 which are shortest so that at the plane A looking into the plane A just after the stub shown in green the input admittance or input impedance appears to be equal to that of the transmission line so that an impedance match condition is obtained alright. Now once again while one can use the formulae the problem is relatively simply solved using the Smith chart. Let us superimpose the problem we have set for ourselves on the Smith chart and put down some values of the load impedance say ZL is equal to 50 plus j 100 ohms and let the characteristic impedance of the transmission line be once again completely real and equal to 100 ohms. By now we are familiar with the first step that is since we are using a normalized switch chart we should normalize the load impedance so that the corresponding normalized load impedance is 0.5 plus j 1.0 which can be located on the Smith chart on the constant resistance equal to 0.5 circle and where it intersects the constant reactance equal to one circle that is point P1. So the normalized impedance at point P1 is equal to 0.5 plus j 1 the stubs are being attached or added in parallel it will be more convenient to work in terms of admittances so we determine the corresponding normalized admittance. The procedure is straight forward we consider a constant VSTBLR circle passing through point P1 and consider a diametrically opposite point on that circle that is P2 in this case. So that the admittance normalized admittance at point P2 is equal to 0.4 minus j 0.8 P2 is on the constant conductance equal to 0.4 circle and on a constant susceptance equal to minus point 8 circle alright. The next step is also fairly straight forward we move away from the load by a distance lambda by 4 where the blue stub is connected. The movement will be on a constant VSTBLR circle so the circle that we have drawn through P1 remains unchanged and the movement will be by a distance lambda by 4 in the clockwise direction since we want to move away from the load towards the generator in any case the direction is marked on the Smith chart. So from point P2 we move on a constant VSTBLR circle in the clockwise direction by a distance corresponding to lambda by 4. The distance is also marked on the Smith chart this particular value that we have taken happens to be such that we come back to point P1. Now what is point P1 that we have got? It is the impedance admittance at the plane D before the stubs are added alright and the value one can read it is equal to the admittance at point P1 itself and it is point 5 plus j1. This of course does not happen in all the problems it is a very special case where the distance chosen for illustration is lambda by 4 which is a movement of 180 degrees so we have come back to the original point just a coincidence alright. What should be the next step? The next step is not obvious if we continue considering the right hand side. So we consider the left hand side we argue in the following manner. At the plane A once these stubs have been added what is it that we expect? We expect a normalized admittance equal to 1. So just before the stub the green stub is added what should be the condition? The condition should be input admittance equal to 1 plus minus j something because the stub can only alter the imaginary part of the admittance. The real part must become equal to 1 once we have reached plane A because the stub cannot alter the real part alright which is the circle which is the path which on the Smith chart represents all these points where the real part is equal to 1 that is the constant conductance equal to 1 circle mark as circle C1 which means that if we are to be successful in achieving an impedance match condition just after plane A then just before plane A the admittance must have some value lying on this circle C1 where how have we arrived at circle C1? Where the conductance is equal to 1? The argument is that the stub cannot alter the real part fine. So just before plane A we have identified in some restricted way this situation it must be represented by circle C1. Now we transform this entire set of possible admittances towards the load by a distance lambda by 8. Lambda by 8 corresponds to an angle of 90 degrees on the Smith chart a movement towards the load now anticlockwise. So this entire circle C1 is rotated by 90 degrees in the anticlockwise direction leading to circle C2 okay it is very interesting. Now what does C2 represent? C2 represents the possible admittances just after the blue stub has been added. If after adding the blue stub the admittances lie on circle C2 then as we have argued out we will be able to match the transmission line with us a green stub of a suitable length. Now where were we? Just before the blue stub we were at point P1 with admittance 0.5 plus J1 the stub can only alter the imaginary part. So from point P1 we move on a path where the conductance is constant because the stub cannot alter the conductance it can only alter the susceptance. Just before the stub we are at point P1 just after the stub we must be on some point on circle C2 the movement must be on a constant conductance circle right in which direction that is not known that is left to us and that will come out of the requirement that this stub lengths must be as short as possible alright. For illustration or using our experience that if this stub susceptance required is of negative value then this stub lengths are shorter either way let us say that we make the choice that from P1 we go to point P3. What is point P3? It lies on a constant conductance circle passing through P1 that is the first condition it satisfies and secondly it lies on the circle C2. The admittance at point P3 can be identified it is y P3 is equal to 0.5 again by design the conductance cannot change plus j 0.14 it lies on the constant conductance equal to 0.5 circle and the constant susceptance circle that crosses it at point P3 is of value 0.14 and therefore the stub must have a susceptance which is equal to minus j 0.14 which is the difference between the admittance required after the addition of the stub blue stub and the admittance without the stub the difference is going to be the difference between these two and therefore the change that we have sought is by a value j 0.86 minus j 0.86 in moving from point P1 to point P3 we have reduced the susceptance value by this amount which must be the contribution of the blue stub. Let me repeat just before the blue stub this situation is P1 where the admittance is 0.5 plus j1 just after the blue stub the situation is P3 where the admittance is 0.5 plus j 0.14 the susceptance is less because of the addition of the blue stub the stub must have a susceptance equal to minus j 0.86 had we gone in the other direction satisfying other requirements equally well say to point P4 the susceptance there would have been more than the susceptance at point P3 and therefore the contribution of the blue stub would have been of a positive susceptance value which we have seen earlier are going to require longer short circuited transmission line steps alright therefore P3 is the correct choice and the susceptance that is required to be contributed by the blue stub is minus j 0.86 minus 0.86 corresponds to short circuited transmission line of length d2 equal to 0.138 lambda using the procedure we have just described for the single stub matching starting at the infinite admittance point moving away from the load till our requirement is satisfied we see that the transmission line stub must have a length d2 equal to 0.138 where are we now we are at point P3 we have added the blue stub just after the blue stub this is the situation now we move to plane A before the green stub is added the movement is away from the load towards the generator by a distance lambda by 8 on a constant V SWR circle there is no discontinuity in this region so reflection coefficient magnitude must remain constant so with this as the center this as the radius we draw a part of a circle starting from P3 and move in the right direction by this amount that is 90 degrees and we will automatically land on the constant conductance equal to one circle this is the way we have designed the whole thing C2 was a circle which was 90 degree which was the circle C1 rotated counter clockwise by 90 degrees so now we are moving clockwise by 90 degrees we are bound to land on a circle C1 reaching point P7 yes any question Sir the admittance is 0.5 plus j 0.140 yes the conductance is 0.5 then as we move towards plane A the conductance should remain constant why the only the reflection coefficient magnitude should remain constant that is the only requirement which we are satisfying we are moving on a constant P SWR circle and this we have seen that as the impedance transforms on a transmission line the real part or the imaginary part do not remain constant so we should not be surprised that both parts have changed could you please explain the rotation of this C1 circle to C2 okay let me just run through the solution and then the points which remain outstanding we will discuss those we were at point P3 that was just after the blue stub now we rotate counter clockwise by 90 degrees reaching point P7 and the admittance at point P7 is 1 plus j 0.73 it is on constant conductance equal to 1 circle and the susceptance of the equal to 0.73 circle intersects this at P7 therefore this is the admittance at point P7 what is this point on the transmission line this is the point at this location at plane A but before the green stub is added and naturally the green stub should have a susceptance which is minus 0.73 so that we are able to move from point P7 to point P9 on a constant conductance circle achieving our goal of matching the transmission line after the two stubs are added the stub length for the green stub so that this is the susceptance that it shows can be found out using the familiar procedure and from these considerations D1 comes out to be 0.15 lambda just as there was an alternative to point P3 in point P4 satisfying all of the requirements except for the length of the stub there will be another choice corresponding to point P7 if we start from point P4 we will end up on a different point on the circle C1 the susceptance that the green stub will be required to have at that for that choice will be plus 0.73 plus J 0.73 and will naturally require longer lengths of the transmission lines alright and this completes the solution of this double stub impedance matching problem and these are the answers for this particular problem now one question that was asked is the role of the circles C1 and C2 so let us repeat the various steps we were given an impedance value load impedance we calculated the corresponding normalized load impedance located that point as P1 on the Smith chart since we have connections in parallel we consider the corresponding admittance leading us to point P2 with value 0.4 minus J 0.8 then we move away from the load by distance lambda by 4 on a constant VSWR circle in clockwise direction in this case by coincidence taking us back to point P1 which is the admittance at plane D before the blue stub is added. Now since we are at a loss as to what to do next we start from the right hand side from the left hand side and at plane A after the green stub has been added just after it the situation should be that the normalized input admittance is 1 the green stub or for that matter the blue stub they can only alter the imaginary part of the admittance therefore just before the green stub is added the situation must be that the conductance is 1 the susceptance may have any value therefore circle C1 represents all those possibilities where conductance is 1 this is the situation of admittance that we should have if we are to accomplish impedance matching successfully using this scheme C1 represents the possibilities of admittance just before the green stub is added all these possibilities the entire circle C1 is therefore transformed towards the load by this separation yeah so that C1 is the locus of the various admittance values at plane A before the green stub is added it is required that at plane D after the blue stub is added this situation is represented by circle C2 and circle C2 is nothing but circle C1 rotated in the counter clockwise direction which is a movement towards the load by a distance corresponding to the separation between the two stubs lambda by 8 if you have any other questions we like to take those now let us have some other question yeah it hardly matters because no matter what characteristic impedance of these auxiliary transmission lines the stub transmission lines you choose you will be able to make up the required susceptance these are the normalized susceptance values the actual values can be obtained using the characteristic admittance and no matter what characteristic admittance you use you will be able to make up the required normalized admittance for the sake of simplicity and also ease in practice these will have the same characteristic impedance as the main transmission line now before we stop I want to pose a question can such say a two stub tuner as it is called match any load impedance or any load admittance or is it going to have some restriction are there likely to be some regions where double stub tuner like this with a fixed separation cannot match the load admittance or the load impedance the answer is that yes there are certain regions which turn out to be out of bounds for which the matching cannot be accomplished using this double stub tuner the region which we cannot match is going to be different for different double stub tuners for example depending on their separation between themselves and the separation from the load in this particular example let us say that we calculated the normalized impedance then the normalized admittance and then transformed to plane D before the stub is added in this problem we reached at point P1 had we reached some point let us say on this circle now any amount of movement on this constant conduct in circle would not have permitted us to intersect with circle C2 okay and the load admittance or impedance values which cause that kind of values corresponding to point P1 we will not be able to match those using such an arrangement otherwise the double stub tuner is more convenient than the single stub tuner since no movement along the transmission line of the stub lines is required we end this lecture here in this lecture we have considered how one can use the smith chart for impedance matching in particular we have considered a single stub tuner and a double stub tuner thank you.


Hello and welcome once again to the rugged rockhound. Today's been actually kind of an interesting journey already So originally we were trying to take a road that took us down off the plateau Looking for petrified woods. So you got the Colorado River down there. We're in Utah actually Colorado's over that way and The LaSalle's are back that way. So this area apparently is known to have some old fluorite Prospects and mines. I think they also found maybe some copper ores and stuff Not entirely sure. Anyway, it was Eric who did the research on this one. We weren't actually gonna come out here These were just some pins he had on his map to Hopefully as a backup because we couldn't get to the wood. All right, so we tried to get to the wood We couldn't get there because there's enough runoff that a creek that's normally pretty dry was a river We couldn't get across so Here we are here just hoping so you've got these sandstone cliffs above us and then below us We've got a bunch of granite a lot of it's darker color But every now and then you see some lighter color veins of it And I'm just hoping We can find something out here. Anyway, if we do end up finding anything though, here's GPS to this area You can come out and give it a try as well. Well, I might be off to a better start than I thought I just right here saw this sticking out and I was like, oh some nice felled spar and quartz on it And I picked it up and look at the bottom of it So either that's some really weathered biotite or possibly tourmaline. I'm gonna Spray it off and see if maybe there's tourmaline. Okay after spraying it off for the good I think it's just weathered biotite But that's cool because these are large crystals So maybe indicative of a pegmatite somewhere around here, which is good because then you can get terminated crystals of quartz and felled spar and maybe larger books of Micah And who knows what else so okay, that's exciting Just found this one nice large crystals of pink felled spar some good quartz That looks like it's trying to turn into crystals and what might be tourmaline It does have the look of tourmaline small little crystals of it, but I Now I need to look at it closer to be sure I'll take it home What you're looking for while you're out here you'll get to this granite and it's this light color There's a dark colored granite That's out there. I'd have to put the other lens on to show you What you're trying to do is find little spots where the crystals were allowed to grow a little larger Kind of like that.  And in those spots What you're hoping for is to find so in this case it looks like we got a little tourmaline there Yeah, I think we got some little black tourmaline crystals going through some of this quartz But what you're hoping to find is a pocket where there was actually Empty space where the crystals could actually fully Terminate and give you really nice crystals Here's this cleaned off wanted to look at it a little better Take a look at that cool tourmaline that's in that quartz Really cool. That's a cool Micah book there Yeah Not too bad. I'm not gonna keep it kind of cool these beautiful sections where it's massive quartz Felt spark But as of yet Found any more tourmaline coming down this way And I haven't seen any fluoride that Was mentioned That's a pretty cool spot and see this Spot where it's just massive crystals of feldspar and quartz all growing together But I as of yet haven't found any terminated crystals that were exposed no fluoride and Up there or that way was the only spot. I found any tourmaline was just a tiny bit So I think what we'll might be do is just Head up throw it a little further and go check out one of the one one of the other areas. He's got a pin for for Other stuff. We'll go see and we're at spot number two So here is an old spot that's supposed to be an old copper and maybe fluoride mine So we're gonna go take a look and see if there's anything there It's supposed to be down below us here somewhere close to the river So just gonna have to hope that there's something good here because we didn't find much over there Except for some small black tourmaline. So yeah, let's hope this is a little better here. Oh and GPS Well, we found the mine Here's the old band and mine And it looks like mostly was fluoride. We've already been looking over there and we found some that are definitely fluoride So we're parked up there. So you have to walk walk down this old mine road across the river But there it is the old mine Don't go in old mines dangerous So I found this one this one's really cool. So you got these cool veins of fluoride and right here. We've got some nice Crystals of the fluoride. Hopefully you guys can see those. They're pretty cool though Yeah Okay, yeah, hopefully we can bust some rocks up maybe and find some better ones ones that haven't been out weathering Some of these pieces have another mineral growing on it, which looks like blades of buried so Yeah, I think that's buried. It's possible to gypsum, but I'm gonna go with buried This one looks pretty cool. I might have to clean that one off Here's this one cleaned off. This is a good example of that. I think buried that's on the top I mean gypsum makes this form too But I can't scratch it with my fingernail. So I'm pretty sure it's buried And you can see how the fluoride formed first underneath and then the buried formed on top Okay, so we've been pulling stuff up there and I decided to start digging some finding some darker colored stuff But I just pulled that out. Look at that Beautiful cubes all over it nice green color in there That's a good fluoride piece Here's this one washed off covered with fluoride crystals Really cool So many Just pulled that piece out. Oh, that's beautiful Really nice color Good at good crystals there. Yeah, I think we're gonna find a lot of good stuff He's also pulled out some good stuff already. I just pulled this out. It was really dirty So I couldn't tell but then I sprayed it off. Look at that beautiful translucent green. Oh That's pretty Got a few cubes on the top, but I would love it if those were big cubes, you know Well, maybe there's more of that down here. Here's this one washed off Nice band of green right there There's these interesting black inclusions in a lot of these Not sure what it is probably some kind of iron mineral. He just found some Though look at that. You got beautiful cubes here and he got the nice green band going through just like mine. Oh That's nice. Yeah, that green thing right there.  Yeah, cuz you don't get toads out here in the desert very often Look what he just pulled out. Oh, there's some good crystals on there once they're cleaned up. Oh, that'll look nice awesome Just pulled out another good piece. It's got some of that buried on top, but underneath it's got that nice green so Yeah, we're pulling out lots of good pieces Here's this one washed off bunch of little Cubes all over it and then some what I think is a whitish bearite As I continue to pour more pull more cool stuff out. I just got this one. Look at the color in that one Beautiful deep green It's really nice here right there Here's this one washed off. I love this one because right in the middle. There's a little bit of blue Don't know how well you can see that But in the middle there is blue fluoride and then you got the green on the top and bottom I've been digging this hole. I just pulled this chunk out and I think it's gonna be amazing So let me clean it off clean it off as much as I could here It's gonna need to go home to get a better cleaning But look at that. Oh This one's probably gonna be amazing probably Crystals all over beautiful green color Here's this one washed off Get some good green color right there. I just got fluoride all over a lot of it's broken Most of the crystals are small Still though, it's really cool Look at that Eric just pulled this one out. Look at that Crystal right in the middle is pristine That's a nice piece Good find Dug a whole bunch decided to kind of stop filming because you just can't really see it And there's all these decent-looking stuff.  Here's this one washed off Very nice green in this one Here's this one washed off That's a little cubes on it A bit of green in there Here's this one cleaned off It's nice green in there. Here's this one washed off Good green color in the middle there Some colorless fluoride on the top with some barite And then here's that good green vein again. Here's this one washed off Had a nice green color on this side And some good green right there on the bottom. Here's this one washed off Some crystals on it there Like the ones right there. Here's this one washed off A bit of green there so a lot of crystals on this one that are broken Unfortunately Here's this one washed off Not a lot of color in this one But the whole thing is just covered in fluoride All over it Here's this one washed off. This is a great one to look at the rock. It was growing off It's this really interesting granite Large pink felt sparse Here's the fluoride nice and green Here's this one washed off. This one had a great green color to it. Here's this one washed off Until little crystals Here's this one washed off. I lived the green right in the middle. It's Really strong green color. Here's this one cleaned off Once again nice green and that bunch of crystals on the bottom Here's this one cleaned off Nice big crystal Right there that is the single largest crystal we found over out there Here's this one cleaned off Really nice green right there Kind of just a bunch of stuff going on Crystals all over here and there Here's this one cleaned off Not much color in this one. I'll say it's just we've got some good cubes here.  Here's this one cleaned off Lot of stacked crystals on this one a lot of broken ones too Right there had a nice little pocket. Here's this one cleaned off Good vein of green down in there. Here's this one cleaned off Some nice crystals right on the surface there. Here's this one cleaned off. I Love how this crystal came through. That's just there All by its lonesome above the bear right. It's pretty cool.  I love this formation there too bad the crystals are really small and Kind of hard to see So after we had pretty much cleaned everything up and we decided to do a little bit of hiking around before leaving We went up higher and found some better Crystals not really green, but they were more yellow But here's an example of some of those Better looking crystals. Here's this one You can definitely see better quality of crystal But more yellow and here's this monster Look at all those crystals all over it I can't wait to get back out there and Really kind of maybe dig into the seams that are further up To see if we can get some really nice crystals coming out of some of those And we're back in the vehicle So after we actually dug We were down there. We realized There might be more we hiked up and sure enough. There's more mines dotted up there All with fluoride and some of it looks better and there's some veins we can dig so next time we come out here We're gonna go up there and see if we can get some better stuff. I think I think there's some good potential for some better stuff up there Yeah fun Anyway, it's time to go. We're tired and it's a bit of a drive back. So until next time remember there is treasure everywhere


What's going on guys got Kyle here relating sports cards. We are ripping. This is 2022 top scrim formula one F1 Or a top scrim formula one racing light five box break number eight formula one and F1 are the same thing Here we go We did a random before the break and see the results here We had Justin Oh with Alfa Romeo down to Michael T with Williams can always check those results on our website Laying sports cards all the way at the very bottom. We have a results tab Good luck on this one guys. These are F1 light boxes See some nice colors here. We've been seeing some really nice colors coming out of the lights a bunch of oranges couple reds Bunch of golds like it's really been pretty solid out of these light boxes. Let's keep that train going. Good luck here guys There was a first app into 15 last week. That's like the true number one like that's pretty solid These lights can do well. Mm-hmm. There's a max for stopping on the ground pre-winner Does I say Syria? Oh? No, Stereo Stereo there on the refractor Alfa Romeo. I don't think they raced in Syria last year They do yeah Yeah, Stereo, I guess is a thing There's a black checker that one's max for stopping again on the formula one award winners Red Bull I sit there on the checker got speed demons Leclerc for Ferrari We've got her stopping now Grand Prix winner Netherlands refractor speed demons of George Russell There's a ball three bow toss refractor for Alfa Romeo ART team card Got the race tomorrow in Canada should be doing qualifying here pretty soon. Maybe even right now Not sure might even be right now Got a team card for um Aston Martin and we've got purple that is Sebastian Vettel for Aston Martin there Number two one ninety nine nice car card The newly retired Sebastian Vettel. There is a Lewis Hamilton ray wave black and white ray wave Those are the uh light exclusives there on the ray waves See some low numbers here though I think we can keep that train going There's a refractor for red bull team card and orange Lando Norris. This one is number to 25 That is a uh error though. Wow. That is interesting It's Lando on the front and on the back. It is uh Clemente Nova lack MP motorsport, um I have to send a text to force about this one Usually don't we usually do go by the back of the card rather than who it is But I'll have to send a text on this one guys for these Lando Norris orange Give me one second here guys. Let me figure this out before we get too far into here Those aren't the same No Aston Martin Yeah, those are two different guys in the might Let me see what force says here guys um Because michael has mclaren and talon has mp. So we have to see on this orange We'll get back in just a second on that one Yeah, that's interesting. Someone was just talking about that in chat too the uh The uh card being the wrong name on the back. That's weird. I hadn't seen that from uh formula one There is a refractor of altitude botos and purple that is award winners max for stopping nice one there That is number two uh 399 On the max the very interesting one There's a ray wave mix shumaker going to haas Um haas there on the team card As we did just mark down price on the panthers for this next um Select coming up next there's a purple and green felipe drugovich mp motorsport And um mclaren on the team card Panthers aren't marked down. They are the last team available for um, can you select number 23? There's a kevin magnuson for haas so brian appreciate you subscribing There's a ecebon ocon for um alpine there speed demon latifi There's a oracle red bull racing team card. There's a guanyu joe freshest rookie Come on team card for alpine Really lo-fi. I hadn't seen one yet. I'm surprised Surprised I hadn't seen one yet if they're pretty common There's a carlo signs refractor there for a ferrari And lando norris on these speckle number to 299 nice one there mclaren to 299 All right guys here's box two Oh, it's always the orange checkers, huh lo-fi. Okay. Okay. That's interesting If I hadn't hit one of those yet, then What's up timmy? How are we doing today? This here to south park timmy from somewhere behind me I like that I like that there is jq's refractor um, that is red bull Timmy Yeah, that's what I heard. That's what I heard. That is the one There's a refractor for nando alonzo ground pre winner. Um, or driver of the day katar speed demons louis hamilton There's a nicolas latifi black checker for williams That is louis hamilton nice one there on the black and white ray wave Fernando Alonzo Yeah, I appreciate you lo-fi appreciate that That's interesting information that is good to know for sure There is future stars fit the paul d on the purple and green not numbered. That is going to charu F2 carlin team card there There's george russell on the ray wave A refractor charles la claire nice portrait there for ferrari kevin magnuson haas on the refractor speed demons russell speed demons sonoda There is a mixed shoe mucker for haas on the ray wave for shore a williams team card a mercedes team card and valterie botas number to 75 this one is for mercedes on the grand prix winner turkey botas for mercedes nice one there typically he's a Alpha rameo in this product. There's a daniel ricardo grand prix winner italy that's mclaren And louis hamilton nice one here number to 399 on the portrait We go mercedes on the purple louis There's a black and white ray wave louis hamilton their winner in barrain There's an alpha rameo team card claren team card speed demons of la claire There's a pier ghastly refractor Alphatari Aston martin team card Alrighty guys got box three here Panthers sold out in 23 just working on spots in number 24 Select six box got four spots left cardinals panthers chiefs and rams guys four spots left for the morning shift here Appreciate you guys filling us up here If you did have those team one of those teams in the first half could get them in the second half It would be a full sealed case. We got behind us here. All right guys.  We're going to send this to mp motorsport We always go by the team on the back So we'll send this to mp, but we're also going to send a box for the damage Can get that replaced for you mp This should be a clements nova lat card. So this will go to mp motorsport and we will send a box for the damage. So get that uh information somewhere on the thing Make sure that that gets to mp and that the damage goes Alrighty guys. Good luck. Let's keep going here Let's see some more low numbers Fernando Alonso refractor And green this is going to be daniel ricardo for mclaren there number two ninety nine The green way rate uh ray wave nice one there mclaren There's a ray wave luis hamilton winner brazil Is a team card for alpine team card for aston martin Then guys just four spots left for the morning shift. We got sam ripping at five He'll be doing some more group breaks random styles. Uh, he's got a couple pyt's There's a lance stroll there for um aston martin He's got some uh Fanatic signed baseball jerseys for tonight. He's got some more select There's a luis hamilton. Uh, grand prix winner saudi arabia on the rayway Definitely check out what sam's got ripping tonight guys Definitely some fun breaks. We'll have um more personals tonight after group breaks as well starting around midnight And tomorrow morning starting at 10. I'll be back for uh all day personals. We go until about 3 30 So plenty of time for personals tomorrow guys as well There's a refractor winner Bahrena luis hamilton Got a speed demon's luis Speed demon's oakham. There is pier ghastly alfattari on the refractor and team card for carlin f2 Williams team card and toto wolf. This will be for mercedes number to 2.99 on the speckle toto ray wave amari cordial Danny rick that is gold and purple on the rookie card. Uh, joe guanyu Nice one there alpha rameo not numbered on the gold purple Short printed insert there nice hit alpha rameo. That is uh, justin The joe guanyu McLaren team card there. There's a ray wave luis hamilton another ray wave luis spent a lot of these Got award winners luis hamilton on the refractor on the team card We got match up a noto on the fuchsia number to 75 I was going to ferrari refractor latifi for williams team card for williams speed demons of yuki alfattari Box four. Good luck guys. Let's see some more. Uh, some more little numbers come out of here There's another luis hamilton portrait this time on the ray wave feels like all the ray waves have been luis There's a uh team card there for aston martin Uh, prema racing on the team card. There is charles leclerc and gold It is gold wave luis hamilton. There we go. Mercedes kevin with the gold wave luis award winners Nice one there 13 of 50 Mac that one for you kevin nice hit on the gold luis A driver of the day us. That's max Ferrari team card speed demons of okon Yeah, what's up, Jeremiah You got me tomorrow morning as well I'm all over I'm everywhere We got a black checker that is nicholas latifi for williams Covering for uh matt usually does sunday mornings. He's got uh father's day off tomorrow, so i'll be covering for him So you'll have me tomorrow morning doing some personals We've got max for staffing award winners refractor main sounds like a restaurant almost calls on main or something Costs schumacher, maybe a bar. Dennis hauger future stars See you Maybe one day. There's a kevin magnuson haas. Is it the mustache? Tell the truth. There's a drugging sergeant there for uh carlin f2 You gotta have a mustache. You're gonna own a bar come on got to There's refractor george russell from Mercedes speed demons sergio speed demons up here ghastly for alphatari There's a uh speckle. This is going to be sebastian vettel a nice one there for uh astin martin It's a 299 there sebastian Very nice one astin martin There's a mercedes team card there Lewis we have carlo signs on the gold and purple. This is not numbered It is short printed though for the ferrari team there Very nice. That is uh shan with ferrari nice carlos Braywave is lewis hamilton again Always there is a grand prix winner. Um katar Bunch of lewis hamilton raywaves in this case or this five boxes. I should say There is refractor teopor chair for art and purple is sergio pares driver of the day mexico That one is the 399 nice hit for uh red bull on the checo And one last box. Good luck guys Got select half case breaking after this first one is sold out second one has Has cardinals panthers chiefs and rams left cardinals panthers chiefs and rams four lefts in the last break for the morning here Good luck here on box five. Let's see some more color Williams team car. We've got fernando alonzo for alpine numbered to 299 or 399 sorry purple for alpine speed demons of charles leclerc There is a black checker of clements a nova lag future stars that one's going to np There's a raywave denny rick for mclaren There's a refractor of lewis hamilton. Um winter portugal speed demon sonota Ferrari team card There is lance stroll refractor for alpha or asthen martin And purple is oscar piastri nice one there formula to uh prema racing getting the purple checker to 199 piastri on mclaren now He got uh, he got promoted There's a ray uh ray wave rookie jo guanyu nice rookie there for um, that is alpha rameo Refractor haas team card Alpine team card. We have daniel ricardo. This is the fuchsia rayway to 75 Sick-looking card there the close-up on his helmet Nice daniel rick there for mclaren to 75 I'm just not going to do a recap on this one There's alpha or asthen martin team card It's a speed demons of george russell lando norris on the refractor And alphatari team card There's a uh, alexander albon on the black and white ray wave for williams Esteban oaken There's a future stars ralph bow shung that one's for campos racing refractor future stars carlin f2 team There's a ray wave of freddy viscer He is the uh, ferrari guy now, but he's alpha alpha rameo here alpha rameo here Carlos signs and last pack guys. Good luck. Good luck. Have select six box coming up next Any green on the back Team card red bull and it's lewis hamilton nice one there on the portrait to 99 We go mercedes doing well with this break 66 of 99 on the hammy All righty guys that will do it for our break here. Um tops chrome f1 light five box break number eight I'm not going to do a hit recap there. No autos. Just a few colors Um, we did have that one. Um, ericard. It was um Merce mclaren on the front, but it was mp on the back So that card is going to mp motorsport and it is also going to be getting a box for the damage Since it was um a eric printed card there All right guys, that'll do it for f1 got select coming up