What's up trade hackers welcome to today's update today's Thursday, March 12th Felt like just yesterday Groundhogs Day was the slow grind hire in stocks and now it's a different story But almost like Groundhogs Day where every day it's another big day down today S&P's down 10% biggest one-day move to the downside in the SSP since the 1987 market crash so Crazy stuff and that's on top of an already massive move if we look at the S&P's year-to-date That puts us minus 24 percent year-to-date and about 28 29 percent off of the all-time highs so Big time correction my friends big time correction Dow down over 2,400 today Nasdaq down 774 Russell down 148 oil slides down about 6% Gold down also so not a flight to quality there not a safe haven in gold especially today We talked about that yesterday Bonds coming down as well so that flight to quality and bonds that did not happen today So interesting stuff there looking at some of these stocks that we track I mean Apple down almost 10% so it's not able to hold its head up Boeing Boeing down 18% now down at 53% year-to-date and Beware trying to short airline stocks. I think there's probably going to be an airline bailout Boeing might be in that situation as well From a standpoint of I mean they're one of I think two Companies in the country that produce airplanes for the most part. I mean they you know if they if they keep tanking I mean that's gonna affect the entire Travel industry for for years to come so I would think that the airlines to some extent are gonna get some sort of bailout speaking of bailouts the Fed has come out with another $500 billion in short-term cash to banks Raising the entire kind of package to 1.5 trillion in easing and cash that's being put into the system So they are they're trying to do everything they can you know sometimes you got to let free markets Do what they do now? I don't agree or disagree with with what they're doing But I would say you know sometimes this just needs to play itself out sometimes You just got to wash out what's needed and and let the free markets bounce back and they will they always do that is Part of being a capitalist society now. This is a worldwide pandemic So not just involving the US obviously and and so that the thought is basically How long is this gonna last right how long will it be until the coronavirus is kind of kind of subsides and starts to go away and You know, it's just it's reaching into every aspect of everyone's lives now no matter what business you're in the coronavirus is affecting you companies are shutting down travel. They're shutting down conferences They're shutting down the ability to meet but with today's technology. We've also you know like the technology I'm recording on right now, and you've got zoom and Skype and all these different things So web conferences and meetings, you know, they're still gonna take place but The factories and the shutdowns and all the things that go along with the pandemic like this are pretty pretty interesting And and nobody knows how far it's gonna go now the S&P's back in 2008. Let's let's take a little Trip down memory lane. Let's take a look at SPX and let's change our time frame to 20 let's just go back 20 years and take a look so Let's go back to 2008 Which would be right? Here. So here's 2008. Let me just zoom in just on this area here. So from the top, let's call it right here See at that point up 8% Down to the bottom down 49 so from top to bottom about 50% in any kind of in the calendar year I think the the most the S&P was down 40 So it did from top to bottom it did go about 50% in the peak to trough there So we are not there yet, but again, you know the velocity of the move I mean look at this just straight down line in the market. I mean that is just a Quick and dirty drop like we've never seen before and so how long will this go is the magic question But what did we do today? Well, we continue to roll down our deltas So as the as the market kind of goes down, we're rolling down our strikes Just keeping that short delta intact and so that has bowed very well for us in our portfolio We definitely need a bounce in oil. So we haven't done anything in oil yet bonds coming down helped our bond position So that's all good. We started to dip our toes back into selling a little bit of premium But staying extremely small sold an iron condor today Also added an iron duck with a big downside buffer to it What's interesting is if you look at a if you did an iron duck and spx today And if you did it with one that expires tomorrow on Friday You could get a 200 point buffer to the downside 200 points now I get that that could certainly happen right? I mean we're seeing in the s&p The s&p dropped 269 points today. So that can certainly happen But you know after a drop like this adding a position on where you have no risk to the upside and another 200-point buffer to the downside. Let me just let me change this back to pricing You know, so if you put this on at 2480, you've got all the way down to 2280 way down here And that expires tomorrow. That's pretty nuts Especially if you compare it just to a few weeks ago And I know this seems like 10 years ago But a few weeks ago when the market was grinding higher and implied volatility was low and the market was at all-time highs and you put on a Duck with 21 days to expiration.  Hope everybody has a good night. Talk to you tomorrow


Hi again, in this lesson we're going to talk about that how to find the square root of negative number in Python programming language. If you for example try to import MAT module and to use function for square root and as an argument put number minus one or any negative number you will get an error. If you want to find a square root of a negative number your result will be a imaginary number or let's say complex number. So in order to work and to get complex numbers results you need to import CMAT module and with this module and the usage of function for square root and putting inside as an argument any negative value you will get the returning value which is in our case imaginary or complex number. So if you want to work with real numbers and get real results you will import MAT module and use method for square root and if you want to work with negative numbers and get imaginary or complex numbers you need to import CMAT module and call exact the same function with the same name on the CMAT module. That's all in this lesson. Thanks for watching. Bye bye.


Hello and welcome to CMC Markets on Tuesday the 29th of July and the weekly market update. And once again we've still got what I would call a little bit of divergence going on between US markets which continue to make new highs, they continue to make new highs last week and European markets, notably the DAX which continues to slowly fall away from the highs that we saw earlier this year. Now it's been a fairly quiet start to the week this week thus far simply because we've got a significant data deluge starting on Wednesday. Now what have we got on Wednesday? Well we've got the ADP Employment Report, we've got US Q2 GDP and we've got the US FOMC Rate Decision and then on Friday we have the non-farm payrolls data on the 1st of August. So a significant amount of what I would call event risk going on. But I think more than anything I think the expectation is that given the fact that we're expecting another taper of $10 billion, the pressure will start to mount on the Federal Reserve to outline some form of exit strategy with respect to when it's going to raise rates. And we're seeing that reflected to a certain extent in the Dollar Index. Now we haven't quite yet hit the highs that we saw in February this year on the Dollar Index even though we've made new lows for the year in Euro Dollar. Why is that significant? Well Euro Dollar makes up 57% of the Dollar Index so the fact that the Dollar Index hasn't actually made new highs for this year could actually be significant in the event that Euro Dollar bounces back and we do have a significant amount of European data out this week as well. We've got manufacturing PMIs from Italy, Germany, France and Spain. Now investor sentiment in Germany is starting to look increasingly fragile simply because of fears or concerns about Russia sanctions and I think that largely accounts for the fact that we're getting a bit of a drop-off in European markets and the DAX in particular. I'm going to look at that, I'm going to look at the DAX and look at some of the key support levels on that particular index and as part of the US Dollar Story I'm going to revisit something that I looked at two or three weeks ago and a potential reversal in Dollar Canada because we saw a significant reversal on the weeklies and the dailies and I'm going to look at where we could possibly go to from there. To finish off it's also a fairly big week for banking stocks. Lloyds and Barclays in particular in the UK the key question is will we start to see a significant uptick in profitability or will we be weighed down by the same concerns about declining revenues declining investment bank revenues and increased litigation costs. So let's start with the Germany 30 or the DAX as we know it better. Now on this daily chart you can see in front of you we can see that since the highs in July we've been slowly seeing lower highs and lower lows. Now that suggests that we're finding significant upside progress that much more difficult and that's certainly being borne out by the sentiment data the German IFO data last week was particularly weak and the ZDW data as well. Now the PMIs on Friday will be I think significantly important with respect to the support level which on this particular chart is at the 200 day moving average. Now we've broken the trend line or we've encountered a minor breach of the trend line from the March lows but we haven't really pushed down beyond that pullback line from the highs that we saw in 2014 which is now currently supporting the price action. So if we look at the 200 day moving average and we look just below the 9500 level I think that is a very key support level in terms of the current uptrend in the Germany 30 so we should be aware and keep an eye on that. Before we move away from the Germany 30 let's have a quick look at the client sentiment and we can see from that that clients remain I think fairly evenly split with respect to buying and selling interest on this particular market. Now obviously these numbers can change on a minute by minute basis but so far today the long interest on the Germany 30 is actually down around about 7 or 8% on the day already and that's not really altogether surprising given the fact that we've seen a significant push higher today. So going forward client sentiment remains evenly split which suggests that clients are particularly undecided as to the future direction of this particular asset. So let's talk a little bit about the dollar story and the fact that the US dollar does appear to be starting to make gains on the upside. Now a couple of weeks ago identified a bullish weekly reversal on the Japanese candlestick charts and we bounced off a significant trend line from the lows in 2012. Thus far we've held above that trend line and the likelihood is that while we continue to hold above that trend line the uptrend is likely to remain intact. Now let's move on to the daily chart. From the daily chart we can see that we've broken the downtrend that's been in place since March but we are now currently pushing against the 200 day moving average and what we want to see now is a push through the 200 day moving average which is around about 108.40 to signal a further move towards 109 and potentially 110 and I think what will likely provoke that type of move is a continued improvement not only in US data but also speculation surrounding the timing of a future US interest rate rise. So let's finish off with banking shares. It's a big week for banking reporting this week. Last week we heard from Royal Bank of Scotland and they posted better than expected results for the latest quarter. On Wednesday we're expecting Barclays latest update and as we can see from the chart in front of us here since the news broke that Barclays was being investigated for irregularities surrounding its dark pool trading we have seen a bit of a bounce back but we need to fill that gap. Now that gap is circled on the chart. We've bounced off support earlier this month at around about 202p and that was a 61.8% retracement of the entire up move from the 2012 lows to the 2013 highs at 312p. So while we hold above 203p, 202p there is certainly potential for further rebound. So keep an eye on those numbers tomorrow morning, Wednesday morning. They could well provoke a little bit of a bounce back but do not forget that there's also an awful lot of event risk with respect to litigation costs and also concerns about drops in investment banking trading revenue. Let's finish off with Lloyd's Banking Group. Their results are out on Thursday, Thursday morning and as we can see from the chart in front of you this daily chart, solid support at around about the 70p level. That's going to remain the key level. Again Lloyd's have been at the mercy of regulators with respect to litigation and further fines but given the fact that we've seen a fairly good economic recovery in the UK and Lloyd's Banking Group is essentially a play on that I'm not expecting too many surprises from Thursday's results. So keep an eye on that support level. That's going to be key to the future direction of this particular chart. Okay, so that's pretty much it for this week's weekly market update. All that remains for me to say is we have a webinar on Friday non-farm payrolls. I will be hosting it along with my colleague Colin Szynski and we will be covering non-farm payrolls between 115 and 145 on Friday. Please feel free to sign up and listen in.


All right, good afternoon. So following the success of lab five help in order to get you out and finish the lab, Wednesday we'll do lab six help. So read it, all the test cases are there. It's fairly straight forward-ish. Lab five will actually help with it. So it's just file systems instead of page tables. But fundamentally it's the same thing. We're just pointing at pages of memory. But this time we're using iNodes instead of just nothing, instead of multi-level page tables. So read it, we're doing a file system from scratch. So you're actually implementing your own file system. You're creating a regular file, a directory and a sim link. And I already give you a directory to follow and we'll start, we'll open the code, we'll start experimenting with it. And hopefully that gets you doing lab six and finishing lab six, well before likely your hell week in the last week. So hopefully you get a jumpstart on that. So where we left off on page replacement is we looked at a bunch of different page replacement policies where if we're running out of memory we can use disk kind of as, or use memory as a cache for a disk and pretend that we have a lot more memory when really we're just using a disk for any spillover. So we saw some page replacement strategies. We saw the optimal one. We saw FIFO, our friend and least recently used. And we argued that least recently used you can't really implement and it's not realistic. So this is the first actual realistic one we will see. So it is called the clock page replacement algorithm and we will quickly see why it is called the clock because I had to draw a little clock for you. So that did not follow what? Come on. Hello. All right, switch my slides, but this did not switch. That's cool. Okay, close open. There we go. Okay, sorry about that. So here is the entire algorithm. So it has a few data structures and then the algorithm is actually surprisingly simple. So the algorithm is it keeps a circular list of pages that are currently in memory. So it's just an array that when you reach the end it just goes back to the beginning. Next thing it has is a reference bit for each page that's currently in memory. So instead of keeping track of a queue of the least recently used pages, instead of keeping an ordered queue it just keeps track whether or not a page has been referenced relatively recently. So it's just a single bit and on the slides in the next few slides it will be in the light gray. So the only other thing it has, it has a bit which just is supposed to say whether or not memory a page has been referenced. And then the only other thing it has is an iterator or a hand or if you don't know what iterator is it's just a fancy word for pointer. And it points to the last element or page that has been examined and this is the entire algorithm. So to insert a new page if we have to bring a page in from memory and we have to select one to evict. First the clock is going to check its reference bit whatever it's pointing to. If it's a zero that should indicate that it hasn't been referenced in a somewhat long time and that is the page we are going to replace. So you just replace it and then advance the hand to point to the next available page. And then the other part of the algorithm well is if it's a bit we have two options. So if it's zero we choose to evict that page. If it's one we just set that bit from a one to a zero and then we advance the hand to the next potential victim page and then we just repeat that until we actually find one to evict. And then now for page accesses in order to approximate least recently used on whenever there's a page access we just set the reference bit to that page as one. So that's about the least we can do. The least we can do to actually keep track of what is actually least recently used. So this is an approximation. So the quickest thing we can do whenever there's a page access is just set a bit to one. So whenever we have a cache hit it will just set that reference bit to one and if this isn't apparent now why this is good we'll figure it out very shortly. So again, same type of question. So physical memory only holds four pages and then we have the following accesses in this order and then you assume all the pages are initially on disk. So initially there is absolutely nothing in memory and we have to bring it in and then this is our clock that I've nicely drawn out for you. So around the circle is pointing from one element to the next to the next to the next and initially it's all empty everything is zero. There are no pages in memory and then the little pointer in the middle is supposed to represent the hand that is the next element to inspect for our algorithm. So if we access page one and we follow this algorithm while this bot we're currently pointing to has a reference bit of zero so we should replace the nothing page with page one. So we replace the nothing page with page one set the its reference bit to one and then just move the hand to the next element and then now we can do the next access.  Okay, so if we do the first few accesses they're gonna be really boring. So if we access page two, well, same thing my clock is pointing to a position where the reference bit is zero therefore I can evict that nothing and I would replace that nothing with two. Set its reference bit to one, advance the hand. Now I'm going to access page three. Same thing is going to happen. I insert a three and a one, advance the hand then I access a four. So my next access is a four. Do the same thing, oops. Do the same thing, insert the four, advance the hand and now my clock looks like this. So I have one, two, three, four all in physical memory and now my next access is a five. You're going to find this is really annoying with clock because I'm essentially going to have to go around the whole clock initially to actually find something to evict. So if my next access is five and I have to follow the algorithm while what I'm currently pointing to the reference bit is a one so I can't evict it. So according to the algorithm I have to set its bit from a one to a zero and then just advance the hand. So I will not evict page one. Now I'll just move it one position. So everyone okay with that? Because we're going to do this a lot more time. So we're still pointing at a one. It's reference, we're still pointing at a page, page two, its reference bit is one. So we can't replace page two. So we would set its reference bit from a one to a zero then advance the hand. Same thing with three. So three, its reference bit is one. We would advance the hand. Same thing with four. So we're doing the whole world tour here and then four, its reference bit is one. We'd change it to zero and then advance the hand. So now eventually our clock looks like this where we're finally pointing at something where the reference bit is a zero. So we choose to evict page one from memory and put it back on disk. So we would replace page one with page five, set its reference bit to one and then advance the hand. So now right at the beginning of our next access, this is what the clock looks like. So so far it did the same thing as what FIFO would do. So now we will have an access to page two. So unlike FIFO, well this actually does something. So we have a hit on two, it is currently in memory but its reference bit is currently a zero but because we just access it and it was a hit, we actually just changed that reference bit from a zero to a one to indicate, hey, we used it and now the intuition behind that is if we need to replace something, well we would have replaced page two if we just did something like FIFO but now because we actually used two right after and we set its reference bit to one, now we wouldn't actually evict it. It's not the next one being evicted because it would go on and try the next one. So any questions about that? So we were just after the access to two. Okay, so same idea is gonna happen whenever we access page three. Its reference bit is currently zero. We change it to one and that's it. So nothing really changes except we change the reference bit. So now the only change between this and FIFO is now we can see it coming in whenever we access page one. So now we need to pick something to evict. If we had, if we just had FIFO we would have evicted page two but and if we did least recently used we also would not evict page. We wouldn't evict page two but FIFO would. So hopefully this does the same thing as least recently used or at least does the same thing most of the time. So now if we try and access page one and we follow the algorithm while we won't evict page two because its reference bit is currently a one. So we just change its reference bit from a one to a zero and advance the hand. Same thing, we can't evict page three. Its reference bit is one. We change it from a one to a zero. Advance the hand. And now we are currently looking at page four. Its reference bit is a zero. So we get to evict that. So now we evict four, replace it with one. So that's reference bit to one and advance the hand. So now our access would look like this after page one. So we chose to evict page was at page four. So now it is gone.  Oh, and then there's a question. Why did the reference bit for three change from zero to one? So it changed from zero to one because of the access right before. So we had an access to three right before so it would just change the reference bit to one. Okay. So now we have one, we've placed one and now the next access we have is to page two. It's currently in memory. So we change this reference bit to one and then carry on with life. Same thing for three, we changed this reference bit to one. So now everything currently in memory has been referenced relatively recently. So we would have to go around if we actually have a page replacement. All right. So any questions about that? It kind of looks like least recently used except instead of maintaining a big queue. Yeah, good. Yep. Yeah, so the hand only moves when you're actually doing the eviction and replacement. So the idea behind that too is for memory accesses you want the fastest thing you can do. So if I have to play with the hand, every single memory access that's gonna be really bad. So the idea here is to minimize what happens on memory accesses. So on memory accesses the most I do is I set a bit from zero to one. And then other than that I don't do anything else. All the actual meat of the algorithm happens whenever you are picking a page to evict. Yep. Yeah, a bit only changes from one to zero whenever you're doing the replacement and it survives around. So you can think of, you can also think of the bit as it giving, getting like an extra chance at life of staying in memory. So every time it referenced it renews that life but it only has one extra life. So if something hasn't been used in a while it wouldn't have an extra life and it'd be gone. So this isn't exactly least recently used. It just kind of approximates it. So they're not in order or anything. It's just like, yeah, it was kind of used recently. I don't really know the order in but it's actually fast to implement. All right, any other questions about this? Hopefully kind of boring because this is fairly, just a simple little algorithm. Okay, so if we drew it with all the page faults and everything, so same order. So this is just so you have it on your record of all the page replacements we did and that was just what was outlined in the last slides. So for those memory accesses if we do the clock algorithm and we want to answer how many page faults we have while you just answer how many reds there are or how many times we had to evict something. So in this case we have what six page faults. So if we want to compare this to optimal or well, if we want to compare this generally we compare it to optimal and if we want to compare it to optimal well hopefully we know how to do that so we can actually do that really quick or do you want me to just skip it? So more practice with optimal? Sure, okay. So real quick optimal is you replace whatever will be used furthest in the future in order to maximize your cash hits. Optimal is the one where you actually look into the future and you don't actually, it's not actually feasible to implement, you kind of just evaluate it after the fact. So I will cheat a little bit for my first four memory accesses because they will be boring. So I will draw how I've been drawing and I know I have to fill up my memory on the first four memory accesses because they are all unique. So one would be a page fault, two would be a page fault, three would be a page fault and four would be a page fault until I fill memory. So my first four accesses are all page faults and it would look like that. So any questions about that? Hopefully I can take that shortcut. All right, cool. So now we are at five. So if we need to access page five well we need to choose one of these to evict one, two, three or four. So if we look into the future and we want to evict whatever one hasn't been, is not going to be used in the longest. Well, we can't evict two because it is used next. We can't evict three because it's used after that and then we can't evict one. So then we only have one choice left that's in memory and that's four. Whoa, that's a big eraser. So I have to evict four. So I would evict four and replace it with five. So now in memory is one, two, three and five. So any questions about that? Cool, and then questions. Last two slides from the clock example. Why does the reference bit for three change even though I think, yeah. So anytime you do a memory access and it's in memory we flip the bit from a zero to a one or just keep it as one if it's not. Okay, so for the rest of the memory accesses, page two already in memory, so I don't have to do anything. And in fact for all of the other ones I can actually take a shortcut because all the other pages are already in memory so all of these memory accesses are going to be cache hits. So in total I don't have to draw them all so in total I will have five page faults. So five page faults, I got six with the clock, optimal is five, so that's pretty good. Okay, so to practice we can do another clock if everyone wants to do another clock. Sure, so let's practice the clock a little again if you get really bored. I mean we don't really have any other plans today so you can just yell if you really wanna go home and we can wrap it up because there's a few words at the end. Okay, so for clock first the question will say oh, how many pages will just assume memory can only hold four so we can draw our nice little clock here. So again I put what page is at the top and then the reference bit at the bottom and I'll draw arrows to indicate where the clock is and then I'll set the hand initially pointing to wherever I like it just pointing at the top but it doesn't matter if it's empty you can point it wherever you want. Whatever makes you feel good. So this is my initial clock, it currently has nothing in it and then I do all my memory accesses so if I access page one well I just follow the algorithm so currently I'm pointing at something that has a reference bit zero so I would replace that and it currently doesn't even have any entry so I replace it with one, set the reference bit to one and then advance the hand. So if I also draw the memory accesses whenever I access page one that would be a fault for page one. So everything is good, hopefully any questions about that. So skip a few steps because this is gonna be really boring when we populate it so next access is two it's gonna do the same thing. It's going to put a two in and then advance the hand. Now we have an access to three it's gonna do the same thing, pop in a three, advance the hand then we access page four, same deal it would put in a four with a reference bit of one and then advance the hand. So that is our first four memory accesses if we are cheating a little bit and going somewhat fast because that part is very, very boring. So we are at this point, any questions? All right, so now the fun one well not even that fun so now we are here here I'll point to it in blue. So now we're accessing page one it's already in memory so we don't need to do anything and its reference bit is already one so you can think of it if we change one to one if that makes you feel better or you can just leave it alone as a one up to you whatever makes you feel good. So that's a page hit nothing gets replaced and now we access page two. Same thing's gonna happen it's already in memory. So it's already in memory we got one, two, three, four. Now something more interesting happens where we access page five and now we have to figure out something to evict. So this is where you actually move the hand and change bits from a zero or sorry from a one to a zero. So we're gonna go around the world as I like to call it where we look at this entry its reference bit is a one so we can't evict it we have to set its reference bit to a zero and then advance the hand one position. So same thing's going to happen for this page we set the reference bit from one to zero because we can't evict it and we advance the hand and we're going around the world again. So same thing the reference bit is a one so we can't evict page three so we would set it from one to zero and then advance the hand same thing with four one to zero and then advance the hand. So now we're pointing at page one its reference bit is zero so we can actually evict page one so I would evict page one put in page five with a reference bit of one and then advance the hand. Whoops not one we just evicted one. Okay well here's a question for you so why if I put in page five why do I just put in page five and then also advance the hand can I just skip doing that step or is that a bad idea? So what about if instead of putting in five and advancing the hand I just put in five and left it there. Yeah next time I go through well it was used recently because I just put it in there and it would immediately just change that bit from a one to zero and it'd be like it's not used anytime and then it's up for eviction which you probably don't want so that's why we move the hand afterwards so otherwise it wouldn't really make sense because we would just try and evict it immediately after putting it in on the next miss so that's the intuition why we move the hand after we insert something. All right so good cool. All right so now we have an access to page two so this is where also from question from the discord this is where we set reference bits so we set references whenever something is accessed and it's already in memory so page two right now its reference bit is one or sorry its reference bit is zero and we just tried to use it so instead of updating the iterator doing anything all we're going to do is update this reference bit of zero to be a one oops I should probably draw it and then that's it so we had essentially it was already in memory it was a cache hit so and we used it recently in fact we just used it right now so we update it but it would look the same if we're just keeping track of the number of pages in memory. All right any questions about that? All right same things are going to happen we access page three so same thing happens its reference bit goes from a zero to a one because we just used it so that's good we didn't actually have to do any replacement everything is still in memory now we try and access page five page five its reference bit is already one so we could just leave it as it is or if it makes you feel good you can erase a one and then write another one totally up to you but same thing at the end of the day so five already in memory so this also looks like it kind of looks like least recently used because now we can see by just looking at the state of the clock that we're going to evict page four next because its reference bit isn't set and it's also the one we haven't used in the longest so same thing so next access is to page two same thing we already referenced it so again if you want erase the one put a one or just leave the one completely up to you so now we go on to the next memory access to page one and we actually have to evict something so we can follow the algorithm and actually pick one to evict so it's currently pointing at two its reference bit is one so we're not going to evict that we'll just set its reference bit from a one to a zero advance the hand same thing for three its reference bit is one we change it to zero advance the hand now four its reference bit is zero so it's out of here so we would replace four with one set its reference bit to one and then advance the hand because we just used it and we don't want to try and replace it immediately so this was a bad decision as we will see but you know we tried but it would do the same thing as least recently used so we replaced page four with page one and that was our page fault alright any questions about that while we go into the home stretch pretty straight forward hopefully so now we have to we're accessing page four it's not in memory we got to bring it in we have to pick something to evict well we're going to save five because it's we're just following the algorithm five was used somewhat recently so its reference bit was a one so we will change the one to a zero whoops and then advance the hand now we're pointing at something the reference bit is zero so it is out of here so we would replace two with four make its reference bit one and advance the hand and now we replace page two with four so now we have five four three two in memory that was our page fault and that is our final memory accesses so if we counted all the page faults well we have one here one here one here one here one here so we have the initial four five and then six seven so we have seven page faults alright any questions about that that was a longer one same thing so this is something that you know hopefully this is like pretty much a gimme on the final exam because this will probably be on that so go ahead you can write that down now if you want so this should will probably be on the final so you know go ahead practice if you need to or just you know hopefully it's fairly straightforward okay so a few other notes so this is kind of odd and for most systems now you'll find out that no one really uses this um because for performance you may not want to because this is kind of done behind the scenes where I'm kind of running out of memory and it's going to start swapping the disk which is going to be much much slower and then you can run into situations where the algorithm doesn't quite agree with your what you're doing and it's constantly swapping information in and out as you're trying to use it and it's just going to be really really really slow and nowadays memory is pretty cheap you can just run to the store and just buy more ram or download more ram I guess right so you can go ahead it's cheap what Google will do they'll just disable swap completely where they're just like yeah I don't want things to run slow just run out of memory and tell me and then if I see an memory message I'll just run to the store and buy more memory or just or just pay Amazon to use a system that has more memory on it or whatever so this is an option you can do in your kernel so you can just choose to disable swapping if you really really want to if you start adminning systems or doing that and then what the kernel will do is whatever you actually physically run out of memory and there is no swap Linux will or any good kernel will try and save you and free up some memory so it runs what is you know nicely called an out of memory killer and all that does is basically select a process that is using the most amount of ram and then send sig kill our nice you know dash or our signal that is like dash nine that if you send a process it's immediately dead it doesn't get to respond it just kind of terminates and then disappears from the world so that's what the kernel would do it would whenever it detects you've run out of memory it would be like okay hey chrome you're dead okay there you go suddenly 30 gigs of ram is free right so that so that's what it would do and that's always an option where you don't actually have to do this and then there's also different different paging strategies so even with that risk five that three level page table you saw what you're what you did in lab five or are doing in lab five currently depending on how on the ball you are so that's not the full page table there are other options for page tables so by default your page size is four kilobytes which is pretty lame especially for now systems memories kind of cheap so there are actually larger page sizes you can use even with that architecture and essentially they just chop off a level of page tables and use that to make a bigger page so before we were doing what 30 sorry we've had a 48-bit virtual address or 39 I think you did 39 right yeah 39 so when you did 39 that was three levels of page tables and then we had a four kilobyte page size well you could also choose without making too much disturbance is to actually just use a two megabyte page size so instead of being two the 12 it's essentially 12 plus nine so it'll be to the 21 so my page size now is to the 21 and then if you still use four kilobyte page tables you only need two levels instead and then your page is just much much bigger so on that architecture you can actually have variable numbers so in the l1 you could just choose to skip the l0 page table and say hey no this page actually points to a two megabyte page and then the next level up from that is you can actually have gigabyte pages which are might unsurprisingly be called gigapages and the two megabyte pages if you look it up I think macOS supports it too and Linux and everything they're called huge pages so huge pages are two megabytes and they just skip a level of page table so we only need two instead of three and there's other benefits to this because for the same number of entries in our TLB remember that the TLB is just a cache from virtual page number to physical page number well if my pages are suddenly much much bigger and my cache just holds you know x number of entries well if all my pages are bigger I have a bigger coverage so if I only have I don't know 10 entries well that covers 20 megabytes of space as opposed to if I only had 10 entries and I had four kilobyte pages which is only like 40 kilobytes of space so the drawback is there might be more fragmentation if I only give out you know a page to a process and it only uses 12 bytes in a page well now instead of wasting you know essentially a four kilobyte page I'm wasting a four or a two megabyte page so you're essentially trading fragmentation for more TLB coverage and slightly faster lookups as well all right so any questions about that cool so again as a recap clock algorithm that was an approximation of the L or least recently used page replacement strategy that we can actually implement and the reason that we can actually implement is because on the normal accesses it doesn't actually do that much all it does is set one bit which is quite fast but of course nothing's in order but it's just an approximation so yep yeah so worst case so on accesses it only has to set a bit but yeah you're right for actual eviction and replacement worst case it's order n because it would swap through it might have to search through everything once yeah so on hits it just it just sets a bit that's all it does on a hit so our order n only happens if we actually are evicting something and we actually have a miss which is okay because hopefully our misses are rare anyways so it's okay and we can't do that much better than it so data structures has to keep a circular list of all the pages in memory keep track of all the reference bits and then it would use a reference bit for each page in memory which again was like grain the slides then the only other thing it has is an iterator that points to the last element examined which is basically which page was it and what is its current reference bit and then the algorithm only had two steps because essentially only looks at the reference bit so if it's a bit it's either a one or a zero so if the reference bits currently pointing to and again this only happens on a miss if we need to find a page to evict so if we need to find a page to evict that's not in memory or and we need to bring it into memory well then we check what the clock is currently pointing to check its reference bit if it's zero we place it there then advance the hand after we place it otherwise if its reference bit is one we set it to zero and then advance the hand and then we just repeat until we find a one then have a question why do we not advance the hand when setting the reference bit to one wouldn't that be an issue where we need the page but but then set its bit to zero immediately in the next page so yeah so we don't monkey with the hand whenever we do any accesses you're right that it may lead the situations where we get you know it's not as good as least recently used but again for accesses anything we do have an access is like literally any memory access which would just make everything way too slow so setting a bit is about the most we can do so that's why we don't monkey with that's why we don't monkey with the hand or do anything else if it is already actually in memory so that's the goal here for memory accesses like the last point in the slide all we do set the reference bit to one that's it don't change the hand do not pass go do not collect 200 dollars so on and so forth all right any other questions whatsoever all right so we have some more time so you can ask about lab six or bring it up or so lab six is somewhat well it's pretty fun so you are going to make a file system you're and you're going to start it from scratch so it's going to be a you're essentially given a one megabyte file full of zeros and you are making a natural file system where if you try and use it you will see a file called hello you'll find a sim link and you'll find a root directory so you can actually actually see what's in it so there will be no secrets after you're done lab six and it basically yeah it has everything there covers allocation the uh i-node structure and what it points to so unlike multi-level page tables where we have to hop that you've already done that so this is real easy remember in the i-node structure some of the uh fields actually point directly to a block so you're just pointing directly to blocks because all the files are going to be really really small so they're only going to need a block of space so you don't have to worry about hopping loops or anything like that you're just pointing to blocks so hopefully it's not too bad all right anything else all right well just remember pulling for you we're all in this together


So there are 3 versions of Hogwarts Legacy, we have the standard edition, the deluxe edition and the collect edition, each offering their own things, all different price ranges and today guys I bring to you the edition you probably should purchase. How's it going guys? My name's DP Jane, if you do enjoy the video leaving a like really helps out and if you like what you see and want to see more, be sure to subscribe. Guys I am giving away a Hogwarts Legacy Deluxe Edition version of the game so you guys can win and play this 3 days early as well as get that dark arts exclusive pack. To win this simply drop a like on this video and leave a comment down below, winners will be picked from one of my Hogwarts videos so check them all out and announced before the 7th. Good luck. Ok so all 3 editions come with different things, the standard and the deluxe editions are both physical and digital, the collect edition is physical only. You cannot obviously buy this digitally guys because it comes with so many of our goodies which look pretty cool.  Now the price of the standard edition is around £60 UK in a shop, I believe it's around £55 depending on where you go, you may be able to get a little cheaper, I believe it may be around $60, it's hard for me to look because I'm from the UK, but yeah that's the price range I believe it is. Now the digital edition includes the base game, but the big one for me is you get 72 hours early access to the game, this is PS5, Xbox Series X and S and a PC only, we'll talk about release dates later on, but yes three days early access guys for an extra tenner because it will be, I believe this is around $70 to $80 but it is £70 especially if you're bought off the playstation store or the Xbox store, but three days early access for an extra tenner, I mean I was sold straight away.  Also if you buy this digitally through your game store you get access to the dark arts garrison hat, this is a digital deluxe edition exclusive only, so keep that in mind. You also guys with this get the dark arts pack which is the festival man's the dark arts cosmetic set and a dark arts battle arena which we saw within the gameplay review, I think it could have been the second episode they dropped to this. Now the dark arts pack I believe you can purchase after if you've already purchased the standard edition you can go ahead and make a purchase of the dark arts pack so that's quite cool to know. Again this is £70 if you buy off the stores you're digitally and I believe it could be around that in stores as well like from game UK and things like this and I believe it's the same as in dollars which I believe UK folks are getting robbed there but either way. Okay so then we have the collected edition now this is physical only this includes everything you get with a deluxe edition so that's game and content again if you pre-order this which would have to do via a store you will get an onyx hippogriff which is good.  Now the price of this in UK is 280 quid £280 I'm looking on the game website here now I believe in America US in dollar I believe it's $300 which is a little expensive in my opinion I mean if you're a collector of this kind of thing you probably won't even be bothered because I mean if you're gonna showcase this wand in this book you're gonna purchase this anywhere and it will look pretty cool on your shelf but in my opinion it's a little expensive. Now out of all three editions what I would say is the best one for me if money is no issue for you I'd go with the deluxe edition because the dark hearts packs included you also get 3 days early access which is just a no-brainer so I'd definitely go with the deluxe edition if you can afford it. Now in regards to release dates guys the standard release date of the game is the 10th of February this is PS5, Xbox Series X, Xbox Series S and PC only again you get three days early access so you'll be able to play the game on the 7th of February if you purchase the deluxe edition or the collector's edition this isn't available with the standard edition. Now in regards to release date on old genp in PS5 and the Xbox one it releases on April 4th which is quite a while away now if you play this on Nintendo Switch or if you're looking for this on the Nintendo Switch it doesn't release there until July 25th which is what somewhat four five six months later which is quite a while to wait so yes guys there we have it everything you need to know about each edition again in my opinion if money is of no issue to you I'd definitely go with the deluxe edition this in my opinion offers the most is a reasonable price and you get to play it three days early so there we have it guys if you enjoyed the video leaving a like really helps out feel like what you're seeing want to see more Hogwarts be sure to subscribe and hopefully guys I will see you on that next one


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Mae'n cwrdd, yma, ond byddwn yn mynd i'r gwn i'r cyfnod oed, fel ydych chi'n gilydd ychydig yng Nghymru, fe oedd ymlaen yng Nghymru yng Nghymru yng Nghymru. Mae yna, erddangos weithio yma i'r Gwyrdd, yn y camp yng nghymru i ddod i gael i ddim yn ymlaen, ym gyfnod yn ei ddweud yng nghymru. Mae'r rhesymau ar y cyfnod yn llwylliant, Fy gennym ni'n goddwyd drwng ysgrifennu i'r Bryddon a'r ysgrifennu, gennym ni'n gwneud o'r helyniadau o'r Bryddon. Rwy'n cael ei wneud i'r ffruwyshwn. Fy gennym ni… Rwy'n cael ei wneud i'r fawr i'r fawr o'r fawr o'r fawr, rwy'n cael ei wneud i'r fawr o'r llun o'r llunio. Mae'r cysylltu'r ysgrifennu y Lennan yn ystod i naddwyd. Felly mae'n ffordd, mae'n wneud i'r comradu, mae hwn yn ymgyrch yn eu cyfnod ar gyfer y tîm ni. Yn y mwyaf, o'r ffrindau cyfnodol. Yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch ar gyfer y llai o fynd, o'r ymwyaf, o'r ymgyrch, o'r llennant, o'r enghwyls, ac o Trotsky. Ac y cwso, mae'n ychydig o'r ddisgolion, y ddisgolion gyhoch o'r ddisgolion yn y ddweud. Rydym ni'n ddweud ychydig ymrwyf yn cael ei gwaith o'r ddisgolion, ac yn ymdweud, mae'n ei ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweud y ddweud. mae'r ffordd rydw i'n gweithio, mae'r ffordd rydw i'n gweithio yn llunio'n gweithio o'r gweithio'n gweithio o'r frasgau sy'n teimlo'r llunio sy'n ymddangos, yn gwneud hynny'n yr ysgol. Rwy'n cael ei wneud y tawr gyda'r ffordd rydw i'r ffordd. Mae'n ffordd yn ymddangos. Rydw i'n gweithio'r ffordd rydw i'n gweithio o'r bwysig o'r ffordd. yng nghyd, y ysgol yn ysgol yn y Brifysgol yng Nghymru fel yw'r iawn, yng Nghymru yng nghymru yn ysgol yn yma'r ysgol yn ymddiad. Ond yw eich gwybod gweld i'r ffarnwg ymddiad felly mae'r bwysig hefyd wedi'i gweithio'r ysgol oки i fynd i'r wrthoedol. Mae hynny'n fyddai'n gweithio'r llennyn ac mae'r ysgol yn balsyfism. Yn ffaraes balsyfism mae hynny'n gweithio'r hynny'n攻hwch yng Nghymru o'r concept, y dyfodol. Rydyn ni'n balshwych. Rydyn ni'n balshwych ar ei ddysgu. As yw'r ddigon i yn ei tynnu. Rydyn ni wedi yw'r ddysgu. Rydyn ni wedi'n ddigon i'r ddigon. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'r lehau a wneud ystod o'r organ. Rydyn ni'n defnyddio'r iddiadau fathigol am ddegon ni'n ddym ni, llunio'r rhifigio, yr unig i'r myfgleddau a'r ddaf amser o'r myflethau. Mae'r ddaf, mae'r ddaf yn rhoi yn ymgyrch. Mae'r ddweud o'r ddweud ar y cysylltu newydd, mae'r ddweud o'r ddwyf yn ystod, ac mae'r drosio, dyma'r rhai ddweud o'r ddweud? Y ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud, sy'n rydyn nhw'n'n dweud o'r ddweud. Ond mae'n ystyried o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. sydd oedd ymddangos fel yno. A i'r bach yn ymddangos, mae'r cyfnod iawn yn gwneud. A'r cyflos wedi'u cyflos, mae gennym lle o'r gwleidio'r ymddangos yma. A, nifer o'r gyflos, ymdŵr i'r gweithio'n cyflos ymddangos, ymddangos yw'r gwleidio'n cyflos yn gweithio'r idea llwyniadau. a'r tassau yw'n dweud yw'n cael ei ddweud. A'r ddiwedd i'r ddweud y peth o'r ddechrau, y dyfodol y Refelwyr yn ddechrau'n gwirio'n dweud yw'r ddefnyddio. Y dyfodol yw'r ddechrau'n ddechrau'n ddegwyd? Mae'r ddegwyd yw'n ddegwyd. Felly nid oedd ymlaen i'r ddechrau. A yna ddim yn fwyaf o'r ddweud i'r ddegwyd, ond yn ysgolwyr. ac ydy'n gwybod i'n fwyaf am gweithio Lennin a bosialism, sy'n ddim yn ddifigwyrm iawn, a'r ddifigwyrm iawn i'r ddifigwyrm iawn a'r ddifigwyrm iawn i'r ddifigwyrm iawn, y rhai ddifigwyrm iawn i'r ddifigwyrm iawn. Fy enw, Lennin yn ddifigwyrm iawn i'r ddifigwyrm iawn, ystod amser yn ymdill yn ddechrau i'r ddifigwyrm iawn. Yn 1870, rhai ddifigwyrm iawn i'r ddifigwyrm iawn i'r ddifigwyrm iawn, yn ei ddifigwyrm iawn i'r ddifigwyrm iawn, y byddwch yn ymdill, ymwysig yn ddifigwyrm iawn, y botwll yn y gallu ddifigwyrm iawn i'r ddifigwyrm iawn, 150 miliwn yma, wasi'r hunu pedigol yn yma i'r hunu農 ar Bwb dynamic yma yn Aelodau Peethosburg yng Nghymru ac amllewch yn ymddrach o'r hunu hefyd, i'r hunu'r hunu'r hunu. Gyd-naw yma i Marks i Angles, maeth y gallai unrhyw yma, ychydig yma eich hunu a'r hunu dethau deutlau eich hunu ar rywun hyn o brydiau syddoddoddoddoddodd roedd y hunu llyfl. dwi'n bwysig o fynd i fynd i'r gwahodd, ac mae'n bwysig o'r ddweud o'r clas yw. Rwy'n dweud o ffraithio'r cyflog, o'r cyflogol yw'r cyflogol. Rydyn ni'n bwysig o phobl yw'r cyflogol, oherwydd mae'n ddod o'r ideaen o marxysm. Mae'n bwysig o'r dweud i'r cyflogol yn y rysyn o'r cyfrwys, a the attempt by a young generation to overthrow Zarrism. Mainly through the Norodnich movement, which was based on individual terrorism. They wanted to assassinate the the Zarr hoping that would change things. The problem is you assassinate one Zarr and they put another one in his place. That individual terrorism doesn't work. But unfortunately his brother Heirioech yn ddim yn ysgrifennu yn ei wneud ystod i'r ddweud ar gyfer yr arddangos i'r gyfnodd. Mae'r gysylltu. Rydyn ni'n ddweud bod y ddiwedd yn gweithio. I rydyn ni'n ddysgu'n ystod i'r ddweud. Rydyn ni'n ddweud o'r ddwyg Lennin, efallai yn sgwr ar gyfer ydy. Mae'r ddweud yn gweithio, mae'n ddweud o'r ddwygnu ar gyfer ystod. You could say that Lenin was quite a very intelligent young man, and he began at a thirst for ideas, and first he had sympathy with the Norodnix, thus I'm sure, but then began to be affected by these ideas from a broad called Marxism. Because Russia was obviously, as I said, a totalitarian regime. They were censorship. The ideas of Marxism weren't circled in a big way. Ond ydych yn hyn ymgyrch yn ei gwneud mewn senghor. Mae'r yng Nghaerlenion wedi'u bod yn gallu i'r ysgwrdd a'u wneud i ni'n gofio. Yn ystod, ac mae'n rhan o'n fath o'n rhan o'u. Yn ystod yw'r ar-ddiad, y coginion, y mae ysgwrdd y marx? Mae'n rhan o'n fath o'r rhaglenion i'r rhaglenion. Mae'n rhan o'n rhan o'n ysgwrdd y university. byddai'r brôn iawn. Mae'r Unifeil Cazan yn gyflawniol, a mae'n gofyn ni'n gwybodaeth a'r ystod ychydig, a gallai'n bosib, mae'n gwybodaeth oedd o ffordd, o'r ffordd, o'r ffordd, o'r ffordd. A mae'n gweithio i'r ddeudol a'r ddweud, i'r ddeudol, a fyddwch i'r mwythau i'n gweithio i'n gweithio i'r newydd i'r ddweud i'r ddweud ac mae'n gweithio i'r ddaf i'r Unifersiwyr Synch Pethysbwrg. Felly mae'n gyffredig, fel y bydd y gallu gwneud y cysylltu yma, fel y ffa, o ffais. A mae'n dechrau yn y ddweud yn y law. A'r ydym yn y gweithio yma, y 21, 22 yma, mae'n ddweud rydyn ni'n ddau'r marxism. Mae'n gwneud yn cyfnodol, mae'n ddweud o'r lawi, As long as he was concerned and realised himself he needed to basically make the sacrifice of voting his life in revolution in not only Russia but also internationally. This is a young man, and in St Peter's Bourg he established a group, a very small groups, a circle at that time. a chyfnodd, ymateb ymgyrch am yng Nghymru, a'r ffordd yn ymwyllfa arddangos. Maen nhw, ond, ydw yw'r ymdyn nhw'n ei ffwrdd, a felly mae'n sy'n ei gweithio. A'r gweithio mae'n ei wneud mae'n meddwl ymgyrchol yn ymgyrchol, fel yma ym 3 ymgyrchol. A'r bobl Bryde, mae'r bobl Bryde yn ymgyrchol, Diolch am yr unrhyw beth o valley, yna Tazmania. Roedd, bicyclesydd o'r llwyf ymlaen o'r legwyr, yno'r lefling gyda'i gwaith, a ydych chi'n dod o'r ddefnydd. bod yn amlwg i ddaliadu ac yn ond roedd yna, a'r lefling yn sybu cyfrifol. Mae'n ddarwm, ei wneud, mae'n ystod o'r holl diwrs o ddesig, eich oeddo, yno sut hwnna ychydig, yna bod nes сказала pwy fyddwn i quedion gynhal yng nghymru. Mae'r gwaith arnyfr oMusikio y t unwt yng Nghymru, mor hwn yn y bwyll yng nghymru, y Roedd, yng Nghymru, y Brannu, yng Nghymru, gweld o'r oran, o bwyny o'r oran, o'r oranau yn cyfdwyllol yng nghymru, ac roedd efo i euchaf i'r idea i fynd yma, mae'r awsiau a'r awsiau a'r awsiau a'r awsiau a'r awsiau a'r awsiau a'r awsiau. yn ymlaen. Mae'n gweld yma'n gwaith. Mae'r ymdyniau yn ymdyniau yn cael ei wneud y parwyr o'r cyflawn i ddau i'w rysg. Felly mae'n gofio i'n meddwl i'r cyflawn i'u wneud yn 1898. Mae'r gwybwch ymdyniau yn ei wneud, mae'n gyfer y byddwch yn cyflawn i'w gwaith. Mae'n rhaid i'w wneud ar y cyflawn i'r byw.  He was in touch also with other people who had gone to exile, forced into exile because of the conditions. Man called Kleckanoff, we were established a small group in Switzerland, you know the emancipation of labour group, only half a dozen people, trying to fight for these ideas of Marxism in Russia trying to smuggle back you know different copies into Russia of the works of Marx and Engels in particular and Lenin not only absorbed these ideas in a serious way which I think is an example perhaps to everybody, the seriousness in which he didn't just like-mindly skip over ideas, he tried to thoroughly understand them and therefore read and thoroughly tried to grasp what they were getting at which stimulated his whole approach you know what he was going to do when he got out of exile in 1900 for instance and he had certain correspondence with people about the establishment not of the partiness there or the re-establishment of the party but the beginnings of that which is the establishment of a newspaper. If they could in fact get a newspaper, a Marxist newspaper that could be the focus around which the elements could develop of a party. He later called it like the scaffolding you know in a building this would be the framework and he went and so Plec enough after after he was released in 1900 how old is he then 27 years of age I think he was yes 27 years you mean oh sorry when he went into exile he was 27 by the time he came out he was 30 in 1900 so it's an early young man who'd gone through all this experience and now has been thrown into this cauldron to try and found a revolutionary party in Russia um he brought out uh he wrote extensively in in Iskra he edited it together with others he even came to London on that basis but um he wrote a book called what is to be done and that book is quite a classic because in there he argues that first of all the conditions in Russia you can't have a kind of party like in Britain and so on whether you know this is going to be a revolutionary party that's going to be used to to lead the working class to overthrow the own order that has to be built up of professional revolutionaries who prepare to dedicate their lives in order to carry this through he says there's no point in an amateurist you know a setup this is going to be a dedicate after all he said that revolution is not a you know an incidental thing it's not an easy thing it's an enormous it's what it's a life and death question and therefore you have to have serious people who are prepared to carry it through and therefore he wrote this this uh this booklet where he says that um you know that without revolutionary theory you could have no revolutionary movement theory was the basis of it theoretically training cadres people are prepared to give their lives to the movement was the key aspect and that's what he put forward and that's and that tendency around Iskra this newspaper one a majority of the of the circles in Russia there was other confused ideas at the time I haven't got into I haven't got the time to go into them about economism and legal Marxism obscure ideas at the time to water down the ideas and try they combated those ideas and by the time they established a new conference which in reality was the founding conference in 1903 they Iskra did one a majority of of the opinion of the delegates the majority were supporting this the ideas that Lenin and Iskra had been arguing for over the previous two or three years which is an amazing achievement and in this congress they hammered out the fundamentals of what this party was going to be like on the national question about reformism and revolution with the character of the party and so on and so forth and the interesting thing about this I did write an article recently I think in the social appeal which carried about this congress where a split took place Iskra was the dominant force everybody had all the majority and suddenly there was a division in the ranks of this Iskra and the division wasn't very clear to begin with it was over like secondary as you would have thought organizational questions what is a member how do you define a member who should be on the editorial board you wouldn't think these are sort of earth shattering questions but Lenin in particular the faction he led at that time uh was called for what I better known at them as the hards as opposed to the other tendency that was there around Matoff which is called the softs they had a more softer attitude Lenin had a more harder attitude that was the kind of difference a quite a strange way of looking at things but he was a bit of an anticipation of what was going to come his anticipation of political differences that were going to emerge a year or two later and what they what the significance of it they then became they had a vote at the end of the day I don't want to go to all the ins and outs but the Bolsheviks and Bolshevism arise from the name of majority and Menshevism and Mensheviks are always from from the as a Russian word for minority so it was only a question of majority and minority within this historical conference at the time the Bolsheviks were the majority and the Lenin and they uh carried the day but it led to a split quite a bad split really and people walked away uh disgruntled Lenin tried to explain what had gone on what does get the bottom of this and what are you saying was the party had to be professionalised and there were those who didn't want the professionalization they wanted to make it a come over a loose knit kind of amateurish body kind of thing you know open to the middle class intellectuals you know could come and go that kind of thing what does Lenin said no you need a firm revolutionary party based on discipline based on you know a courageous movement and membership not a loose knit party and that was the split in 1903 and it began this idea of Bolshevism and Menshevism but it was only organisational questions later became political and the political differences were quite stark that the Menshevik tendency because the revolution in Russia was coming you could see that but what it was the character of this revolution well it was a revolution to modern to get rid of the czar to get rid of nationalism give land to the peasants and bring about national unity of the country solve some of the basic questions that we had solved in Britain 200 years ago in other words prepare the ground for capitalism really modernising the country that was the basis of it and of course you know under Oliver Cromwell you know that was our bourgeois revolution but this was a lot later with the working this young working class in Russia now began to emerge and come out of the scene in fact that was the big thing in 1905 the first revolution in Russia actually arose from a defeat of the war war actually is the midwife of revolution which is interesting for us today um there was a war between Japan and Russia and Russia was defeated it spurred on an impetus to revolution in Russia and that night you know a five revolution was an incredible year long event as a matter of fact where the working class came to the fore and the debate the debate in the movement was amongst the metrics in the bolsheviks the metrics thought that revolution well it should be led by the by the bourgeoisie led by the capitalist and the workers should be subordinate in support in the capitalist because after all it was bringing in capitalism Lenin on the other hand and the bolsheviks said hang on no no no the the ruling the the bourgeoisie in Russia are tied to imperialism they tied to the landlords they're tied to the old regime they will not play a revolutionary role in fact they're going to play a counter revolutionary role and that the only class in Russia that was revolutionary was the young working class which was shown in 1905 and they could win went over the peasantry on that basis as well so you have an alliance of workers and peasants carrying through this revolution which Lenin thought would have a big impact on Europe a successful revolution in Russia doing away with the tsar would have a big impact on Europe and would actually spur socialist revolution in Europe which will then you know come back into Russia itself so it's a very internationalist outlook that Lenin had very advanced there was one other person or perhaps had a more clear review and that was Leon Trotsky at that at the time he said yes the bourgeoisie account a revolutionary the working class is revolutionary it should lead the revolution but and it should get with the monarchy and and yes give land to the peasants and and all those things that the the capitalist did you know along two centuries ago in the west but it shouldn't just stay like that it should proceed to carry through nationalisation the economy proceed to have socialist measures and this was what the theory was of permanent revolution because if you had a socialist revolution in Russia which no one had ever thought of Russia a most backward country you could ever think of in the whole of of Europe how could ever Marx never certainly thought that he thought you know it would be Britain, Germany, France, where the industrial working class is strong but he was trotsky he had the idea no the working class could come to a come to power even before the west in Russia but of course it could not complete the revolution it would actually be the beginning of a world revolution because there was no no basis for socialism in backward Russia but if they had revolution could spark other revolutions in Germany, France, America and so on they then would provide Russia with all the material basis to move towards socialism you know those world revolution was the prospect as what Trotsky was putting forward even but even a bit more advanced if you like than Lenin at that particular time but the main I think lesson from it was the intervention of the of the Bolshevik Party and Lenin in the 1905 revolution and the experience that that gave Lenin later on said he was a dress rehearsal what a wonderful expression a dress rehearsal for a future revolution in Russia itself he drew out the lessons he said there's no more almost movements of the working class movements of the peasants and so on they threw up the workers in organizations that you've never even heard of before they're Soviet which was a workers committee a workers council which was an embryo of workers power precisely that's the lessons that he was learning this shows the independent movement of the working class and their organizations they've thrown up is the basis of a new society in the future that was a quite an almost again Trotsky had the same idea in fact Trotsky became the leader of the Petrograd Soviet in 1905 so they learned a lot out of this experience the first movement of the of the revolution was through the working class that was clear they were thrown up independent organizations and they showed their capacity to struggle all it was lacking if you like was the revolutionary party with the ability to pull it all together and of course the Bolsheviks and the Menshiviks grew enormously by the way because of revolution in a period of revolution people would draw huge revolutionary conclusions and they looked for revolutionary way out so the Bolsheviks and the Menshiviks all in one party by the way called the the russian social democratic labour party that they all grew enormously tens of thousands joined this organization and so on and so forth the only thing is that by the end of the year the revolution went down there was a defeat of the revolution there was an insurrection in in moscow in december and after that there was a defeat of the revolution and as a consequence the tsarist regime came with a male fist and slammed down on the working class and the revolutionary movement at that time so there was a normal reaction came was introduced a period of reaction a period where the working class was on the retreat where there was enormous then disillusionment there was a big setback the obviously the parties began to fall apart a bit on that under those circumstances people committed suicide because of the of they had so much illusions the thing was going to happen and then they were destroyed because people were being sent to Siberia were being shot were being hanged I mean the regime was absolutely vicious to say the least so this is a period now enormous difficulties having gone through 1905 now this is a period of reaction and this period of reaction would last until 1911 1912 was the revival so it lasted quite a bit of time within that period even the Bolshevik party was very very reduced to a skeleton if you're like you know under those conditions bear in mind that Lenin was then exiled all the leaders practically were in exile they couldn't stay in Russia for fear of being arrested and therefore they worked in those mainly abroad and in Lenin's case mainly in Austria and Switzerland to prepare to try to smuggle into into Russia you know illegal revolutionary newspapers and so on and so forth there was a debate that took place in the Bolshevik movement what under the impact of this disillusionment I would say which was looking for an easy way out one was saying let's dissolve the party just have an open party forget about the illegal it was called liquidation as you can spread they want to just a legal party illegal party I mean how can you have an illegal revolutionary party and desarys I mean just it wasn't going to happen but that was you know let's do something of that character then others thought you know let's uh uh you know up to left and up to left way boy caught everything because it was correct that boy caught the doom out in a revolution because the revolution was taking over everything you don't want to call for elections under those conditions but when it was a period of ebb then obviously conditions changed and they were those saying oh no boy caught everything boy and Lenin's position no use every opportunity you have because there's not many there to fight for our ideas so it'll be wrong to boycott things because you'd be boycotting yourself and therefore try and use the avenues that were available there was a bit of a bit of a struggle within the Bolshevik party under those circumstances and Lenin if you like stood his ground there was was clear and what if you can put it that way was clear as to what was needed at the time not to go around the down the road of ultra leftism and not to go down the road of opportunism but to steer a course to preserve the cadres to educate them for the next for the move forward and that's that was the whole essence of Lenin's work I think in these particular years because by 1912 you have a revival of the movement you know you can't keep the the movement down all the time just like in Britain in a sense what have you had in Britain I think you've had about 30 years perhaps 40 years of really semi-reaction in Britain to be honest about it you know trade union membership fell by half number of strikes fell to the lowest level since I think the 1880s right or the 1890s it just collapsed and you've had that for one reason or another but now there's been a new revival now they they recognize that even the even the sun isn't it I think the other day I don't read it but it's sort of online you know a class war they know what's coming that's the whole point and we should we should understand what's coming they've drawn the same or similar conclusions to ourselves in that regard and in 1912 there was a revival in Russia and because Lenin had done the work it holding the Bolshevik party together in a in a clear way and educated it and training it although it was in difficulties by the time then this this movement occurred in 1912 they were in a really a reasonably good position so they launched a daily newspaper an open legal daily newspaper called Pravda it was called and they published articles of course they're you know they've obviously been shut down by the by the censor in many cases but they they try to keep this paper going for a few years and the readership of the paper another was the support for the Bolshevik party and the ideas he was offering grew was estimated to do four fifths of the working class in Russia supported Pravda or sympathised with Pravda the big support in the working class and this was this was obviously you know extremely positive this was they also won elections in the Duma after you know in 1912 there's new elections they won six MPs if you like in the Duma which acted as again a lever to as a a tribune for the people to argue the case of the people argue the case of fundamental change and so on so there was quite an advance you know and things were looking you know pretty good if you like at that time of course nothing stays still as we know and all those commas are aware that by 1914 things took a turn for the worst that is the world war broke out august 1914 an imperialist war which had been brewing for some time because the the rivalry of the imperialist powers that the second international all the all the big socialist parties come to get past resolutions against the war before that and how they were going to oppose the war and that was the line that they had right up until august 1914 and then when the test came they capitulated all the all the main parties all the socialist parties gave in through through down this tower of internationalism and adopted a nationalist chauvinist position of supporting their own ruling class in the first world war it was a betrayal of international socialism a betrayal of the movement uh Lenin of course to be honest first of all Lenin didn't believe what he what that they had betrayed he saw the german paper called vorbets and it said that he's supporting the war he said it must be a forgery of the german general staff he did not believe it but then obviously it dawned obviously on him what the real situation was that they had betrayed the working class and as rhoda Luxembourg said that time as far as the german party was concerned it was a stinking corpse this organization now these parties which had betrayed the working class could never lead the socialist revolution they could never lead the working class as a power because they have capitulated to their own bourgeoisie their their own ruling class and therefore we have to realize that Lenin very early on we knew the third international a new international with a clean banner defending Marxism and internationalism and he wears the water for like a a campaign within starting with the bolshevik party the main enemy is at home in other words against this poison of chauvinism and we are almost you know almost lined up with the ruling class which obviously had an impact at that time in at that moment in 1914 because the barrage of propaganda by the ruling class against germany against russia against all the other powers whipping them up you know if you like and that that has happened today as well in relation to ukraine we know the poor ukrainian people are being used as a pawn by western imperialism in order to do the dirty work for western imperialism it is an imperialist conflict and as a consequence we've seen on the british tv and other estates whipping up this this ferori you know of support for the poor well we understand that but it's done in a cynical way they're they're not interested in the plight of the ukrainians they're interested in one thing is that their interest of imperialism and how they can position themselves you know both in relation to their power politics and their interests which rules their own which rules their policies and of course behind them is american imperialism the biggest imperialism of all they're out for what they're out for their own interests of course they're collided with russia but that's an imperialist rivalry if you like and we our task was to expose what was going on to cut across this sham this propaganda that was going on and stand yes as lenin did now the words yes you're in a minority with so what you know we have to resist the the impact if you like of bourgeois public opinion because that's what it is or petty bourgeois public opinion which should be mobilized and can be mobilized at certain points and the revolutionary party has to has to stand up to that and stand on its principles and fight against it because we know that the situation will change and this propaganda will eventually die down that they will not have the same responses that they have at apricle time people will change on the basis of events it's events that change and they through the experience of the world war on the bloodshed and the horror obviously result that in a changing consciousness of many workers and was preparing a revolution at that moment but lenin's if you like rose to come out very very hard against the leaders who had betrayed and to fight for an internationalist policy and if you like you bent the stick to say this is what I we expect from every one of our comrades to to to understand they must not bend to this bourgeois campaign they must not bend to imperialism and so on and so forth and as a result they stood firm and but they were a tiny minority the member of internationalists in the world at that time was very very small well from Lenin Trotsky the Bolsheviks in Britain you had John McClain in in Scotland you had James Connelly in Ireland you had Eugene Debs in America you had Rosa Luxembourg and Carline it but it's a handful you know struggling against the the stream they come together in Zimavild in 1915 but that's mainly a kind of pacifist conference if the truth has been told Lenin was on the left of that you know arguing for revolution you know arguing for the if like civil war that's what he was talking about turn the war into civil war I mean these these are quite sharp language and the reason why the sharpness was to pose things bluntly not them not to to fudge things because the pacifists were obviously there's a lot of pacifism and ideas that that nature peace there's no how can there be peace in the middle of an imperialist war we have to overthrow the ruling class if you want peace and that's the way that Lenin posed it a revolutionary approach to the to the to the first world war itself but he was isolated when he was in well in Switzerland he went to Australia he was in Australia he went to Switzerland and trying to camp you know hold the thing together from abroad the war he said he he he gave a lecture actually in January 1917 to young socialist in Switzerland swiss young socialist it was a lecture about the the lessons of the 1905 revolution and in it at the end he says look I know that Europe appears to be a graveyard you know it's it's it's it's dead it's shattered there's no movement out there far from the war the din of the war he says but what is being prepared is a revolution that's what's being prepared now and they were all quite taken aback by this this this incredible prophecy if you like that revolution's being prepared in Europe but he did say that he said well I'm getting on now he said and probably the older generation will not see it in my time he said it'll be the youth that carries through the revolution and yet within one month the Tsar had fallen and the Russian revolution had taken place shows sharp and sudden changes in the situations he said which is prevalent that we have at the present time it shows the the enormous instability and crisis underlying society that's the reasons for it so we had this this the revolution breaking out in Russia in February 1917 the Bolsheviks didn't win a majority they only had 8 000 members at that time in February 1917 the Menshviks actually had a bigger force many because they may have mainly had intellectuals and people that people knew them and so on and so forth they took the line of least resistance I suppose a provisional Government was established the Tsar had been overthrown and what else happened? Soviets were created by the working class that was the decisive feature of the revolution but Lenin shows the genius of Lenin he recognized that the whole situation had fundamentally changed your bourgeois government you've got the Soviets being being established big organizations which could have taken power at that time by the way that they were so powerful the bourgeois were very very very weak and yet they were propping up a bourgeois government the Soviets were through the Menshvik majority were propping up the bourgeois government and from a fraction from from Switzerland he wrote a telegram no confidence in this bourgeois government no confidence in Karenski above all only of confidence in yourselves the independent movement of the working class that initials initial reaction because there were those in Russia even in the bourgeois party were wavering you know oh you know intoxicated by revolution oh look at this it's all happening you know and but no Lenin had a very level ahead and then he suggested they came back he wrote what was called letters from afar these these several letters he wrote before leaving Switzerland which basically said this is just the beginning of a revolution that is that we get there's going to be a second phase to the revolution where the working class will come to power and we can have it'll be a socialist revolution he'd never said that before it's what Trotsky said in 1904 1905 per revolution he'd come over to that kind of position and when he went to the to the Bolsheviks on coming back from exile he had a conference how he got here he had to argue to change this perspective that from this you know modernized bourgeois state no we want a socialist revolution he was in a minority of one he the others were just astounded what the hell is Lenin on about you know he's gone mad talking about and the on the basis of his his powers of persuasion particularly of the worker members of the Bolshevik party were more closer to the revolutionary feelings or the masses he was able to convince the majority of the Bolshevik organization the Bolshevik party at that time because it became a party in 1912 so it was the Bolshevik party at their task now was to prepare a second revolution for the working class they come to power a socialist revolution as the beginning of a world revolution it wasn't a russian revolution it was the beginning of the world revolution that's the way you saw it not like later on it's the Stalinist society you know socialism one country and all the rest it's nonsense Lenin always says it's the world revolution which is more important this is just the beginning of it and therefore that was the plan that was the idea he won over the Bolshevik party and then skillfully if you like was able to patiently explain these ideas they were growing they were developing the Bolshevik party and winning over sections of workers who obviously were impatient because of war the the lack of food the lack of bread and obviously the the peasant who were in up in arms as well because they didn't have any land and they used the slogans bread land and peace all power to the soviets because the soviets were in the hands of the right wing were in the hands of the reformers so he said yeah but we can patiently win them over we'll win the working class over by propaganda by by agitation and that's exactly what happened because the the old regime couldn't answer the problems couldn't bring about peace couldn't give the workers bread couldn't give the land to the peasants they they did nothing they were impotent all they want to is pursue the war let's let's keep the war going that was the whole basis of their program so the Bolsheviks were able to to gain more and more of a majority even by by june when the the the soviets when the mensurex had to call a demonstration of the soviets and they thought they'd had the majority all the placards came out in the demo all power to the soviets bread land and peace it was all the bolshevik slogans and uh and this that was that intolerable and that's why they launched uh a campaigning of slander against the bolshevik party lending was they denounced lending as a as a a german agent of course as the usual stuff using a german agent which was obviously serious because if they arrested him as being a german agent they would have shot him and the party advised him to go underground and he fled to finland at that time uh just like unfortunately what should have happened to to um Carl Liebnik and Rosa Luxembourg because they were hunted as well in january 1919 by the counter revolution and instead of escaping berlin which they should have done and got into hiding they didn't and they were caught and when they're caught they were murdered and that's what would have happened to to lending if you hadn't escaped at that particular time and from exile he was uh always say um in touch with the comrades from finland in touch with the bolsheviks we're now underground party they smashed up all their printing presses they drove them underground they arrested the leaders trotsky was in in jail and other leaders where it were put in jail and they were only released in august when there was a counter revolution taking place of cornell off journal cornell off was marching his troops to overthrow the provisional government and they were so terrified they allowed the bolsheviks to to act if you like which they did act to um subvert the counter revolution but in doing so they won more support and by september october they won the overwhelming support of the support in the soviets in moscow in petersburg and a lot of many others as well and lenin from afar was demanded they take power all power to the soviets if we've got a majority they should take power the party now should be on course for insurrection and of course they were those in the party in the leadership were a bit evident about this and that's what you always have a crisis within the party in one sense is a decisive turn isn't it in events this is not just you know go about your daily paper sailing around the corner this is actually preparing to take power and because trotsky was in a position as leader or became a leader of the milit the revolution military committee because they wanted i was i was the garrison in in petrograd in that in that sense they were able under his tutelage were able to organize the insurrection which took place on the 25th of october the old calendar on the 7th of november which had to be trotsky's birthday what a great birthday present they came it came to about lenin comes into the hall the old leaders of the of the soviets disappeared they scuttle out and basically lenin says this we are we are here to create a new world order you know and this was a revolution in the making and this was an amazing feat that shocked the entire world despite everything but the only way this could come about was the borschwick party without the party it would not be possible to do anything you you cannot just improvise a party the whole role of lenin and he was he i would say was the most advanced thinker in relation to the importance of the party trotsky no luxembourg no none of the none of the leaders understood the real significance and importance of building the revolutionary party but lenin and that's what he devoted his life to do build this this instrument this steeled instrument of those who are prepared to make this understood and prepared to put their lives on the line to carry through the revolution and he he gathered those two together they became the cadars on which they were able to win the working class under those revolutionary conditions but if he wouldn't if it didn't exist it wouldn't have happened i think trotsky compared it to a piston box you know and the energy of the masses is like steam you know the energy steam is very powerful you put it through a piston box you can drive a locomotive but if without the piston box it disappears into the air it's nothing and that's through the energy of the masses has to be directed to take power that's the basis of the revolutionary party and that's what we're trying to create today for the revolutionary events that are coming in britain you cannot wait in order to build the party as it comes along you have to organise it train it educate it pull it together shape it if you like on the basis of the experience of bolshevism of lenin and the experience of the last hundred years as well of learning what what the score is in that way preparing for the ground that emerges they came to power i haven't got as i've run out of time basically but lenin they come to power but they knew that they would have to extend the revolution internationally they couldn't have socialism in russia it was too backward you know 70% of the people illiterate so backward country if you couldn't establish a material bit new class society on that basis it needed to extend it to the west and that's what they tried to do in 1919 they established the communist international the third international and with that they put a call out for the formation of communist parties all over the world and within a year huge communist parties out of the old organisations crisis emerged and mass communist parties were created in Germany in France in Italy in Czechoslovakia whole number of countries apart from britain which was very very small as another another lesson going to another time probably but here showed the potential unfortunately a revolutionary tie did break out as well after the after the the first world war but it was betrayed these young communist parties either didn't exist or they were very very embryonic and therefore the leadership fell to the social democracy your reformers leaders who then betrayed the working class power could have been in the hands of the german working class in november 1918 but it was squandered you know all the attempts of the working class that come to power because but Trotsky summed it up to me the crisis of of mankind is a crisis of leadership the revolutionary leadership that's the essence that's the the real essence and he hoped that the third international would solve that problem unfortunately uh Lenin had been shot in 1918 by a social revolution left social revolutionary he had a stroke in 1922 then a series of stroke strokes that put him out of action and by that time you had the growing bureaucracy within the Soviet Union because of the backward country very very few people could read and write the old official started to come back in the state apparatus and Stalin was the figure head of this bureaucracy in Russia itself and when Lenin was on his deathbed he carried out a struggle with Trotsky alongside Trotsky against bureaucracy within Russia itself asking for the removal of Stalin unfortunately he was paralyzed and then he died and then there was a manoeuvre against Trotsky and he was sidelined and eventually as we know Trotsky was expelled from the Soviet Union launched the idea of a new international the fourth international unfortunately in 1940 he was hunted down and murdered this whole family had been wiped out by actually so he he was the standard bearer for Lenin you're in a continuation like Lenin continued the struggle of marks and angles when they died but Lenin died it was Trotsky who carried on the struggle of defensive Marxism and we our heritage goes back to those days of the Russian revolution of Trotsky's left opposition where the the comedy who founded our tendency Ted Grant was brought up in the left opposition and absorbed the ideas and prepared the way for the defense of those ideas that we have today our tendency the international Marxist tendency internationally has the only ideas that can overthrow capitalism win a majority in the working there's no one else this is no one else the sex don't make me laugh the reformists where we we've had a guts full of the reformists are capable of doing they have no faith whatsoever in revolution revolution they have a good laugh about that they have no idea what's coming therefore we alone have that responsibility it sounds like an enormous task as Lenin pointed out to the young socialist in January 1917 what's coming but events comrades events will throw up this revolutionary movement but if we have the embryo we develop a small organisation that has the capacity then we can build on that we can go from five ten thousand fifty thousand and become a factor in the situation a British revolution on the cards a successful revolution will transform the entire world it would set the whole world alight and that's what our aim is on the basis of this crisis coming up we and we alone if we do our job correctly if we put ourselves on the line and if we link up with best work is in Britain we can overthrow capitalism and lay the basis of the socialist republic in Britain as the basis for the world revolution itself that's the lesson of Lenin that's the lesson of Bolshevism and we must learn it


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This is an image which, to me, shows the future of the real Afghanistan. There's two Afghan national police inviting me into their hut for breakfast. On the left-hand side, you have a brand new Ford pickup truck, which the United States government has given to the Afghans. On the roof, you have a British Heskoe wall, an Afghan flag, a Chinese or a Russian rooftop to a jeep, a broken chair, and on the ladder, you've got a pair of socks that have just been cleaned. These are the people we're leaving the country to. This frame, for me, shows the challenges that lie ahead, whether or not we're going to be able to leave this country in capable hands with sufficient training that they're going to be able to take on the responsibilities of running their own country.