Hello, first time Next up we have Daniel Stanberg the author of curl and telling you it's What's cool when it's running on billions of devices? Hey, you can hear me, right? Let's go Hi first time. I just wanted to get this order into the spirit here By showing you little snippet from my inbox. I got an email It's actually a year ago now. It started out like this Nice and friendly right It was a woman She had even made me a couple of months ago.  She told me and wanted my help I had no idea why she would contact me about that, right? Talk to Instagram. I have no idea what you're talking about. Why are you emailing me anyway? Well, you know, I found your email address here So you must be sort of associated somehow, right? So please talk to your friends at the Instagram and sort it out for me So I tried to sort of explain to her that no, no, no, no, no, they use code I wrote so I had I didn't even know that until you told me so But she didn't really understand or she didn't really believe me. I think but in the end I think I convinced her that no, no, no Instagram did their thing. I did mine. It just happened to end up there So everything turned quiet for a while and then she made me again And she said yeah, well, I went aware that At my hacking code was used by Instagram. So well So she she brought me then some new evidence Sort of share with me that she had found my name also in the Spotify Terms and condition exhibit be right Dean look My name is a Spotify to Instagram and Spotify both on her phone. That's sort of that can't be a coincidence. I had been lying to her the entire time I was involved from the beginning. Please fix this and You know These are big companies. Have you don't want to mess with these guys You don't want to show that you're part of an Instagram and Spotify hacking ring So, please and she coined the phrase please unhack the hack And I sort of that that rhymes with me. So I'm trying to unhack hacks all the time. No That's sort of some interesting stories from my inbox. So I'd like to share some other stories from the hacking ring or perhaps More accurately an open source project that I've been Filling with for a while It's called current and we have a colon slash slash in the logo Carl is an old project, but just to make sure that We're all on the same page here. It's an open source project We make a command line to and we make a library and we transfer data Specified as URLs usually usually and it supports protocols basically, you know, HP FTP blah, blah, blah so of course We started a long time ago and a long time ago, of course We had sort of a lot of building blocks, but we didn't have a curl. So Like any other project we started some point and in my case I One point wanted to have a little tool to download currents rates from the web I was writing an IRC bot and in an IRC channel, you of course want to have some real-time currency exchange commands So I needed to just download currents rates like daily or so, right? It should be sites have currents rates. I just needed to download them so I Found a little tool In the same year this movie premiered 1996 So I started it that actually sort of make it download the HTTP couple of hundred lines of code HTTP 1.0. It's really really well It's probably not a simple protocol, but if you're doing it a bit carelessly and just fast. It's really simple. So Then then sort of yeah, that started to work and then suddenly we found out that wow They have currency on gopher sites, too I had go for support and Currency rates on FTP sites. So yeah, we added FTP support to and then the Previous to that moment. It had been called HDP get and it was called URL get and then one day we are added FTP upload support and suddenly the naming was wrong again, and we released car 1998 who supports HTTP go for an FTP Upload Yeah 1998 March 20. So and then Yeah, you know, we're an open source project.  We add stuff We like and we fix some bugs and other people come around and we Keep on working on it and the number of lines of code sort of grew over the years I Think it's rather suspicious that we can actually have that. I mean where is it gonna end? But anyway, so we've been working on this little project. It's not as small anymore So now in 2017 we support. I think it's about 21 protocol 21 protocols, I believe and a lot of features and Basically What you want to play with with URLs and internet protocols and transfers back and forth and blah blah blah a lot of things so when we've been working on this little project in our bedrooms and spare time hacks Overtime it's not really and you know, you're sitting there in your chambers and working on stuff and suddenly You look around in the world and wow Look at that. There's a lot of people using my code, right? When did that happen? So and and You start to hear from people that they're actually using it Then you look around and you search the web and you find out that there's a lot of companies using code So though wow that's and that's these are sort of companies that I've found proven that they're actually using curl I'm sure that there are one or two more and and even if you sort of yeah You drown in these names, but even if you just look at some well-known brand names Those are some really fun brand names It's sort of amazing but So what would what would all these? Funny companies use curl for curl and when I say curl a lot of you a lot of Whoever I talk to they think about the little command line tool, right? All of these these really using the command line tool No Well, we started out a long time ago, of course when Mac OS X started to ship curl as a default Thing in Mac OS so it ships with curl and live curled by default And they have a lot of tools nowadays that they build themselves that use curl and sort of yeah That's a lot of devices using Mac OS and for some reason TV's are also very fond of using curl So basically any TV you have today have curl in it And I'm done of course I from some iPads It's default in iOS too. So that's like what a billion active devices Curly is not default in Android, but I'll show you soon that all of your Android phones have curl anyway So and and of course it's sort of big in in Linux Linux service and stuffs and right games has turned out to also be very popular too It's portable so you can move your games easily and it'll download things for all games And it's been very popular in version control system like it's just in git and some others and Yeah cars big in cars You wouldn't believe that a couple of years ago, right? Why would every single car needed? transfer internet transfer plan PPSP sites, of course, it's a default transfer library sort of in PHP PHP is what like a quarter of the internet a Lot of set up boxes blah blah blah and all sorts of fun things Facebook right they use it on the site and I mean As they say it you've succeeded when you manage to sort of coin a verb right And I would say that most people would actually understand and most in this room I'm sure that many of you would understand if you'd say just curl it you would know what it means It's not sort of what you do with your hair So all of this and I mean it's always interesting so it's a sort of But how many are actually using this and I all I get this question a lot How many users do you have like and I say yeah, we have billions of users, but what is a user really? I mean all of those Devices I mean most of you you won't even know when you're using curl, right? It's just embedded somewhere So I tend to say that we have a bunch of users Many and looking closer. I mean with so all those things devices cars TVs printers scanners set up boxes I'd say that basically all of you are running curl at least a couple of times today and I'd say most of the world is And I show you some fun Since I mean it's a fully open source it I'm MIT license people are downloading curl They're building it in their corner and they're running it and then they never tell me about it, right? How would I know when someone is using curl? I don't know but sometimes someone figures that out and send me link whoo look at what I found your name in my washing machine and Look, so and I started to collect a few and this is sort of yeah This is the license screen in iOS look in every single iOS device. Oh, that's fun Or what is this? Ah, that's the YouTube app on both iOS and Android what's that like two billion devices, right or or Skype? That's also Roughly a billion the stalls and what sort of make me really popular with my kids I could show them that I'm actually in sort of this is ending sequence of Grand Theft Auto 5 That makes games, right? That was popular for a few minutes and then they run off But this is sort of more sort of obscure things, you know You can find these if you really really search for it this ending sequence. This is my name in 42 minutes in the into the ending sequence I think I'm the only one whoever so Well, there's a YouTube video of it's a possibly two others, but yeah But other fun things then we can have a this is a Billboard outside Silicon Valley Curl and billboard and take a moment and read the command line. Yes What does it do? Actually the the ad guy who made this sign he contacted me later and apologized Doesn't make any sense and this is a fun. This is the Nasdaq building in New York I don't know if you're seeing all the way in the back But it's a good card nice curl command line in the middle of the screen and that is actually a command line You can you could invoke that to order a t-shirt So it's actually a genuine Ad campaign I write you want to really see this but that's this is an excerpt from a fun email with Person at Facebook when they they tried the patch in production seems to work fine And the patch in production. I think it's extra fun when it's to Facebook, you know 1.9 billion users monthly or whatever it is And nowadays basically every Mercedes car has curling it this license agreement actually lists every car model with a little checkbox if there's car and why not BMW or Volkswagen Yeah, right sky TV. This is a TV set top box Or and Phillips television and Well, these are all funny things, but we just come back to today Instagram and hacking Instagram and Spotify hacking ring thing Having my name in this Scenario some surrounding that makes interesting other sort of all right, sorry, I forgot about PlayStation 4, but When people then have my name all they can find my name in all these weird places and if we run into problems They find my name and then email me So, yeah, I'm really good that GPS is in Toyota Corolla's so if you have any problems just come to me It's quoted as he wrote it or the person wrote it to me. I see it's a golden gem So why why would they use curl our little thing we made a long time ago that's been going on forever? Well, it turns out that the internet is sort of a wild place You can follow the internet specifications and doing protocols. Yeah, you know, basically every protocol you're talking over the internet It's documented in some specification RFCs and everything But it turns out that we're all into putting putting these specifications differently and if you try to use them over the internet you'll find out that There are a lot of weird areas and corners you have to sort of fix and adapt to and it takes time and accumulated over time It's not that easy to just Ride a new client in in a short time and we already done this and it works Sorry wrong way And we're of course open so I mean we're here first time of course we're open source So it's easy for anyone and is the fact that is MIT license makes it extremely easy for all of these funny Commercial companies because they're never scared of what of the license really and we have a ridiculously stable API You can actually the first time we made the library We released it in the in August 2001 and actually those if you rebuild those example programs from then they still work Exactly as they did then we never broke those We modify the API or the ABI slightly over time, but Only very very good And it's still then a powerful enough a API for all of these Devices all of these use cases to actually get get things done transfer data I still want it and And Nowadays well C library. Yeah. Yeah, I'm safe language buffer overflows blah blah blah But it's still the fact that you cannot Get close to the portability and availability everywhere with any other language and you can with C And I think that has been part of the popularity that you can build this for Basically any operating system and any CPU can you can think of at least if your CPU has 32 bits or more and you can run Coral on it and that's that's powerful That means that you can write your programs basically put it everywhere and still work the same and you slip curl the same way and Then of course we have I think I would like bindings for 45 languages so you can pick your own language and we have a documentation The good thing I think with maintaining the API over the years is that we can maintain sort of just keep polishing the documentation the documentation documents the same API Yeah, it's decent stability and it has a lot of protocols It turns out that users actually use more than one protocol when they do internet transfers So we try to ask our users like roughly yearly How many protocols do you actually use with curl because it sometimes it seems ridiculous to keep supporting all these weird protocols Why would we do that? But it turns out that users are actually Very keen on using many protocols in their in their code It's C code. It's really only there to Transfer stuff. It is fairly fast. It's usually as fast as you can get I mean apart from the network being a slow bottleneck often Since we're talking about all these embedded devices, most of them have gotten the curl source code They built it for their device and they're running with it. That also means that they're sort of They they enjoy having things like you know disabling features they don't want in their car or TV and so they can usually shave off size and features they don't like or don't want and we have an How many TLS libraries can you Mention when you get up in the morning we support 12 TLS libraries and That's that's a hard challenge to just mention all of them. It's also sort of a This also goes with it It makes it really attractive for all these device manufacturers because they usually prefer one of the libraries and they Want to have it the small one or the featureful one or the one that goes with the best license or whatever and it makes it really handy for all of these to pick the one you want bit curled with it and it'll just fly and Okay, I mean we're at fast them. So maybe Why anyone would do anything open source isn't really a surprise to you and we're all sort of yeah, of course It would be open source, but I still want to just fast iterate over this that I Get this a lot when I tell someone, you know, yeah billions of devices cool, right and Why would I do that open source if if I got just a tiny amount of money for every Installation right I would be a millionaire or whatever But you all know that it doesn't work like that and it was never an alternative and it had never been anything near whether You see I mean I haven't done this myself and I always enjoyed sort of the atmosphere of open source I appreciated the day I learned about it and I always wanted to contribute back and it's always been like that and It's always been a team effort And no, I wouldn't be rich anyway So that's basically sort of sort of what it is and I just want to explain a little bit about how This is done then We're a small project when we were never big. We're still small But counted together if you accumulate over the years we have roughly 1500 names in this sort of thank-you file Which is a lot of names most of all helpers or contributors that have Contributed something like once and never came back and that's fine but They're still in there. So we have about 30 to 40 contributors per release and we do releases Every eight weeks or every other month We're a really really small poor team Possibly five so and we're all volunteers. There's no particular Commercial backing here. There's no big company. There's no there's really no money at all in all and we're of course We're doing things like you know open source style everything is public and we have mailing lists and Right we're on on github these days. So when I Usually when when I try to It goes back to a little that you know, you know, I'm not a millionaire. I don't get money for this Trying to explain this to an outsider. Yeah, yeah, but okay, but who pays for all of this, right? There's some happen to be some organization. There's there's a lot of code all those devices are running car, right? Who sets this up and what's the organization chart and everything? But where where a bunch of spare time hackers it's never changed. I Well these days I'm actually I'm employed by Mozilla and I get to spend a part of my work time on curl So that is to some extent company backing but apart from that. We're all just Doing it on our spare times I'm sure that we have a lot of contributors who are actually doing I mean they're using curl at work and fix bugs or add features for their employers and send them back to us, but I Don't know and we don't keep track of that and they're sort of they're not really affecting the Trajectory of the project or anything We've had a few companies over the years who actually sort of step up and pay someone to work on a feature I implemented SFTP and SCP support for by company for a company who said We'll pay for your time. I worked on it should be to support a while ago Also like that's a company stepped up and say I will pay your work time for a while if you do this and that's fine But really if you want to have in this sort of scenario companies only pay for feature development There's nobody's gonna step up. Hey, we'll pay you for fixing bugs for a year No, that doesn't happen. It hasn't happened yet Right, but basically so how do you you write software that get used by a billion people or more? It's it's there's nothing magic to this at all. It is Plain old simple software engineering. You just have to write something It should be a bit useful, you know Review that's good Test it Write some decent documentation documentation is you know, we all know this but it's still not as Common as we would like it to be but it's really useful and important to get it to get something popular It needs to be understood and you put on the stood you need to document it and then we release often and then we start over again and you just iterate like that for a long long time and It'll be a success in the end. Hopefully Well, that's how it worked out for us So and when Okay Billions of devices you all have like three devices running my code Do you trust it really? Or Will curl give us the next heart bleed sort of yeah, yeah, that's same well roughly the same code in Many many many many places. What happens when you someone figures out the way to trigger Some nastiness in a lot of vast amount of devices. I wouldn't be too fun so I hope not But what do I know? I'm just wanting to mention that we're of course aware of the situation sort of There's some sense of responsibility sort of yeah One once you have when you have just a few users, you know, you could just do another release tomorrow or next week It's fine. Just upgrade everybody, but suddenly when you're sort of Letting this whole billions of devices really sink in whoa, that's a lot of lot of devices so We're of course doing reviews. We review it as much as possible. I Can't say that we review every single commit, but a lot of them And we'll learn that having strict guidelines on code style has turned out to be really useful So we're sort of over time. We're being more and more strict that you should follow the code style It doesn't matter if you like it or not having a common style is Helps for readability for security and for understanding things So that's what we're going for and of course documentation So we should document everything so that you actually understand what you're doing when you're changing things and why you would change things and And perhaps you would understand API is properly when you're using them So you don't inadvertently cause problems like that and we test as much as possible testing is of course always hard We use valgrind as much as possible on tests we do We do static code analyzing as well As much as we can I would say we use coverity and we use clang analyzer a Lot Yeah, and we're part of that the Google OSS fuzzing project now and we're doing some other minor fuzzing and so we're starting with that and we just recently had a code audit by the Mozilla open source secure software effort or whatever it's called the MOSS and That's a great effort by the way they So we got a grant and they could pay a company a lot of money to spend a lot of time Reading coral source code and they found a lot of problems and reported them back and we fixed them and Hopefully we learned something from that and we'll try to not to reproduce the same problems in the future Let's hope that works. Yeah, I think you'll do Right, so that's what we do in order to Fix or rather make sure that we don't get a lot of problems because all right we have right now 60 CVs I Think I'm counting. I'm sure that we will have more we have more in the pipe But as always, I don't think anyone should ever judge a project by the number of CVs Not only because we have 60 but number of CVs is never an important counter is what you do with the CVs How you handle this that's what's important You all know that and I know that too and that's sort of what we're trying to make in this project Just make sure that we have to take care of those the best possible way so I just wanted to sort of Make a bit more about me then so Carl started well and Carl wasn't really different. I mean Carl was the third name of the project So it started in 1998 as Carl. So I've been doing this for a while It has sort of sort of Marked my entire life This is my primary hobby. This is what I do Sometimes when I when people report problems or they say This sucks and then they say no blah blah blah and they say well, you shouldn't take it as personal and That is then it feels Of course, it's personal. I just told you I spent 20 years on this 20 years and I Work on this two hours every day roughly Sometimes more sometimes a little less Two hours per day in 20 years, right? That's I Guess I get to work extra much extra on Carl now since Mozilla pays me for it as well. So Sort of just accumulating this I Spent a lot of time on this So possibly that is part of the explanation why we actually sort of got somewhere by now And I must say that looking at this it feels good that at least those 14,000 hours wasn't completely wasted Most of those emails probably Okay, but so Then people tend to ask me okay them, but why why keep up with it been doing this for 20 years, right? but I Really cannot put the finger on it anyone In any way other than yeah, it's just so much fun You know deliverance and something and and making sure that yeah, it works and people appreciate it And it just runs everywhere. That's an awful. I'm sorry That's an awesome feeling and you're real. Yeah, and then someone reports a bug Ah, we can't have that and then sort of we continue and someone adds a feature Strike me that we really need another feature and we add that and we add a bug and we need to fix that and That's just how it is. We just move on like every other project. It never ends and Right Everyone needs a hobby, right? But because I often get the question right 14,000 hours, right? That's a complete waste because what if you had gotten just a little hourly rate on that time You would earn a lot of money, but but I try to get the focus back on this being a hobby Most of most people at least in the sort of in war in our sort of Western world had most people Have some sort of hobby you spend time you go golfing or go canoeing or you go walking in the woods That's hobbies, right?  I can imagine Right and then when I've explained that they look at me a bit weird So, yeah, yeah, yeah You're a strange person anyway, so but seriously Isn't it ever done right 20 years? And it's just a command-line tool right and then a lot of people tell me that yeah I used to curl command-line tool in 2005 the first time or something like that and still works the same way, right? You can use the same options you use then they work now What happened? Did you spend 15 more years on making those same options work? Not exactly, but yeah, it feels like that sometimes But anyway, we're of course always heading heading forward upwards onwards and since we're Celebrating actually 19 years as a project in a month. We're actually having our first curl meet-up meeting in the real world In Germany in March, so if you're into Carl Check it up but Other things than happening apart from us meeting in Germany There's a future for for curl because now it's never really never Done it's never completed. It's never finished. There are always bugs And as you know the internet didn't really stop at any point during these 20 years So the internet is keep is keeping up. I mean it keeps Changing it keeps evolving and we need to keep evolving with that to in order to sort of work the way the rest of the internet does and make sure That everyone can do what they what they want to do on the current internet and the future internet Things like new protocol versions and new ways to do things and better ways to use compressions and blah blah blah I mean we introduced HP to a few years ago. We're gonna introduce the next protocols as soon as possible At 430 in the Mozilla room. I'll tell you something about the next protocols and Of course, this is open source. It'll just survive and It'll keep it rating. It doesn't matter if I get run over by a bus tomorrow or just get bored and just go home It'll be there. It'll still iterate. So it doesn't this doesn't sort of depend on me and There's truly no slowdown in sight If you're looking at sort of commit rates or line of lines of code or anything It's just going and going and going And of course you can help just join in and fix the bugs So I wanted to show you then a little peek of our roadmap going forward So this is sort of where how the magic is made in this project There it is Now the secret is out, right? So we have quite a lot of time I talk so fast or it's a little or whatever it is So if you have any questions, there are some mics or one mic at least or Something hi, thanks for a talk. Have you ever been approached by a Government agency or any other organization to build a back during the curl? Thank you for that lovely question If I had been contacted by a good foreign government to insert back towards in my code How would you know? But if they had approached me, I wouldn't tell you anyway, right? So I my my suggestion is that you go and review the code and tell me if you find it out Well, no, I have not been I've not been approached by a government or company or anyone to do anything of any sort of bad faith Not in the code and not a using the code in any way actually We are all friendly Hello, does anyone still use his gopher I But I every year when I ask this question to curl users, what are you using in curl? I asked them what protocols are you using in curl and there are always people marking that gopher? And it makes me curious if they're actually marking the gopher because they're using it or because they think I should keep it So I'm not sure but actually last time they Gopher was not the least used protocol out of the protocols we support so I Guess kind of following on from that I vote all the protocols you've had to implement which would you say? You spent the most time on it or has been the most difficult and I guess second part. Why is that Sam? Can you repeat that? So of all the protocols that you've had to implement as part of the curl project Which would you say you spent the most time on which has taken the longest to implement the longest to I don't The longest to write support for the longest to support there I think none of them ever stops being supported and none of them really stops being developed So I think all protocols that are the most used. They're also sort of most abused or Most most different flavors of them in the world. So like trying to support HTTP That's a never-ending game that will never stop and will never be fully compliant with everything in the world So so I'm not sure that we ever stopped developing sort of the HP support is going to be forever So if I was gonna name one protocol that is the hardest to support that is HP because it's a it's a Wild West to support it Hi, thank you for lip curl Do you think HTTP to will finally take over HTTP everywhere? I'll talk about that in a moseller on but yeah, I should be to it is As as it was made by the browser zone is supporting it should be to over HTTPS That is encrypted and if you're looking at if you're counting traffic in checking what Firefox records today Actually more than half of all the connections over HTTPS is using it to be to so it is already at least on its way Towards that. I don't think it'll ever truly reach a hundred percent because HP one and even I mean I should be one of one and HP that one of zero is going to remain in servers for a very very long time But there will also be new contenders After HTTP to so maybe it should be to will only be here for a period of time until the next one replaces it to be to Okay, a hypothetical situation the last license with your name in it has just been written What year is it and why is no one using curl anymore? Sorry, just just I'm asking you to predict the death of curl Why like under what circumstances will someone will will curl not be used anymore? I can't hear the question. Sorry why it like why Will like what would cause curl to no longer be used like it's on a billion devices Why would it stop being used ever? Is it because a new tool comes along? It's because it because you are like no longer supporting it like there's this massive open-source project What causes it to die? That's a really good question, and I think it's sort of As I never really understood why you took off. I think I would have a horse It's like well, I don't know But I would imagine that if I just listen into what people are saying then people I mean the constant mantra I get in my face every time I say something about Libcor is yeah It's written in C right buffer overflows bad bad bad So someone would would say that yeah the future of Libcor like would be another language That would be a safe language, and then everything would be grand and much better You can hear from my voice that I don't really believe in that, but maybe maybe that'll be what? Challenge it and replaces it eventually It's really hard to tell because I'm the ones are using it today They're using it for a reason and maybe those will fail for some reason and some other Devices or manufacturers will suddenly pick up something else and become much bigger. I don't know it's really hard to tell and For me it doesn't really matter. I'll just run this for as long as I think it's fun Maybe I'll get bored of it someday. Maybe I'm not but and maybe I mean it is good with competitors So it's fine as long as we should have many many competitors that won't be good for the ecosystem So fine make make more competitors. That'll be great Hi, thanks for the talk All those devices with your code in Many many of them are never gonna be updated and so there's gonna be bugs and maybe some serious ones How do you feel about that? Yeah, we have that's a sort of a major problem I think in a project that we have some of these Producers and of devices they have really really really long upgrade cycles like decades sometimes Someone shows up on the mailing list and asks us about hey, I have a bug in this version. All right We released that 14 years ago No, no, we don't want to update. We just want to fix So yeah, but I don't think I mean I think that is a pity and I think that is sort of It's drains our resources and everything because I think yeah, we fixed like we fix on average I think about 400 bugs every year Like 10 years, right? That's a lot of bugs that you have in your code. You should upgrade So I don't know I can't really affect that I can only suggest to them that they may be upgrade sooner or Consider this but I also think it sort of drives in the other direction as well I don't if you ever want to have some fun. You should follow me on Twitter and discuss URL syntax That is sort of a thing that Since we have devices using the internet with very very long update cycles We also need things to actually be somewhat stable URLs shouldn't change over time URL we have today should work in 10 years as long as the servers and everything is there the syntax shouldn't change the protocol That the things we do today. They should still work even in the future. Hi Talking about command line applications rather than the library. What do you think of W get and do you think it does anything better than curl? I I like to keep maintain the image that we renew fear struggle sort of the curl W get worse But W get is an excellent command line tool for getting things off the internet using a bunch of those Well, at least two protocols that curl also supports and it does a lot of other things So I think the W get is a great project and a great tool everyone should use it it has a small overlapping features with Carl, but Looking at what both projects can do that overlap isn't particularly large So by all means use whatever tool you would like the best tool for the job or the best tool you like Hi, thank you for the call so talk if you had to start over like from the beginning with Just a blunt draft we do something better or just something marginally better than the current curl because you said that there is like 50,000 commits something like that and it's it's very huge and I can think of a so big huge cut base without You know some design flow you want to fix or something that you let in your code and you never fix it because it just worked Which is do you want to have like starts all over again and do something better or is not just not possible It is I mean as an engineer is always attractive to consider the case Yeah, yeah, throw out the old rubbish just sort of clean plate and build a new nice house The way we see it now that it should work, but but I always resist that because I don't think that is a very long-term Solution everything is gonna be iterative all the time So even if I would rewrite everything today, it would still be an iterative process in a year's time So I don't really ever consider throwing everything out and starting over. I'm always in polishing what we have We making sure that we reach and change things so that it becomes better without Rewriting everything from scratch. So it's really for me. It's more of a No, I would never start over That's basically not gonna happen, but so Did we do decisions in the beginning and and Things that were stupid that we're suffering from today.  We just have to live with them and sort of make up for them over time and it tends to work out anyway Thanks No more questions for 30 in the museum. Thank you


What's up everyone, it's your girl Kinsey here from Leighton Sports Guards and I am ripping 2022 Panini Contenders football hobby six box half case break, number 14, pick your team. Gonna go over the teams here and then we will get ripping. Again, thanks so much for filling this up. Do appreciate all the support so far today. Got, hold on one second, I'm gonna do that. Got Alifonso M Niners, Calum, F Giants, Chris S Bears, Christopher F Eagles, Dean I Lyons, Eric P Packers, Eric M, Saints Ezekiel M Barracos, Hooman H Jets, Hong Chi C Bills, Ivan P Rams, Jason A Vikings, Joe M Falcons, John W with the Texans, Joseph W Titans, Josh M, Washington, Kevin B Dolphins, Matt M Jags and Cardinals. Mathias S Browns, Nathaniel S Panthers, Nicholas T Seahawks, Philip R with the Bengals, Chiefs, Bucks, Riley D Ravens, Sean M Steelers and Cowboys, Shazid K Patriots, Stefan P Colts, Thomas R Chargers and Tim E with the Raiders. All right, good luck everyone. Here we go. We got 10 teams left in the next break. Oh and just a reminder that no vet based ship, everything else will, all the parallels, numbered cards, autos of course, no vet base. Good luck, here we go. Five autos per box. 30 auto break coming up here on average. Gotta throw that in just in case. Romeo Dobbs, Rookie of the Year, Packers. Got Powerplayers, Fred Warner. Got round numbers, gonna roll the dice. One, two, three, top, four, five, six, bottom. That'll go for the remainder of the break unless it's a one of one or an auto. Six again, going to the bottom team here on the round numbers. Kenneth Walker, the third. Got Garrett Wilson, Supernatural Rookie. Jets, round numbers to the bottom team. MVP, Tua. We've got for the Eagles, Rookie Ticket Auto, Mario Goodrich, Gladiators, TJ White. Legends, Jim Kelly. Rogers, Game Day Ticket of Andre Johnson. Got Packers, Rookie Ticket Auto, Tyler Goodson. Rookie of the Year, Trillin Burks. Got a Playoff Ticket to 199, Jalen Waddle. Dolphins, Game Day Ticket, Joe Montagna. Garrett, Powerplayers, Cam Chancler. Diggs, MVP Contenders, Tyree Kill. We have Steelers, Connor Hayward on the Playoff Ticket to 99, that's cool one. Nice one there, Steelers. Touchdown Tandems, Dolphins. Gonna have to pick some of those up on eBay. For sure. Those are probably fairly cheap. We got a winning ticket of Travis Kelsey. Definitely stepped up in the second half of the season. Trevor Lawrence-Taylor. Bills, Khalil Shakir, Rookie Ticket Auto. Rookie of the Year, Isaac Chaco. Judy, Game Day Ticket, Terrell Davis. Last pack here, box one. We have Lions, Rookie Ticket on card, Auto, Hutch. There you go, Dean, nice hit there for you, man. Nice Hutch on card. We'll mag that one for ya. And legendary Herschel Walker. Great way to start the break for ya. Box two, good luck everyone. We've got a Kyle Hamilton Variation 2 of 25. There you go, Ravens. I'm the Hamilton on card too. Winning ticket, Kyla Murray. Aaron Rogers Playoff Ticket to 199 Packers. Patrick Mahomes, Supernatural. MVP, Captain Kurt. Gladiators, John Riggins. We have Raiders, Rookie Ticket Auto, Chase Gabbers. Garbers, sorry. And gonna roll a dice here. One, two, three, left, four, five, six, right. That will go for the remainder of the break. And let's say one of one. Going to the left side. Trent Williams with the Niners. Game Day Ticket, Lamar Jackson. Romeo Dobbs, Rookie of the Year. Try, Dean, I try. Let's see if we can get you that dual auto.  Zachary Carter, Rookie Ticket Auto. Bangles, Power Players, Realquon Smith. Just a little bit. Aw, man, sorry about that, Riley. Herbert, Lam, round numbers. Again, let's go into the bottom. Got Touchdown Tandems, Vikings. Got Britain Brown, Rookie Ticket Auto. Ravens, MVP, Tua. Again, y'all, we had 10 teams remaining on the next break last time I checked. Gladiators, Mingeo Green. Oh, you got them in this break too. Sorry, I read that like as a sarcastic. Thanks, Kenzie. Legendary, Jim Callie, I'm like, dang, sorry. Well, there you go, Riley. Glad we could hit you something. We've got Eagles, Nacobi, Dean on the Rookie Playoff Ticket Variations, 7 to 49.  Heck yeah. Rookie of the Year, Traylin Burks. Diggs, Power Players, AJ Dillon. We've got four of the Chiefs, Carol Lafty, it's on the showcase ticket. I like this. This is gonna look really nice against like, what, Broncos? Yeah. Cowboys, Giants, you know, it seems to the blue and I'm gonna look really nice. MVP contenders, Tyreek. Ornette and Peters. Here we go. Let's see where we are on this one. Sam, might be jelly of you on that card, Riley. That's it. We've got Power Players, Daniel Hunter. This one's a 25, 23 or 25 Viking. This game, they take it there. Gonzales, Tony Gonzalez. Best tight end, I would say, in my opinion. Ah, history of NFL. Rookie of the Year, Alec Pierce. What do you think? Postal, I'd say. Yeah. Right there. Power Players, Jamal Adams. Down to eight to go on the next one, y'all. All teams remaining are on sale. Round numbers, going to the bottom. Skymore. Game day ticket, Aaron Rodgers. There you go to MVP contenders. Jalen Hertz. Got John Fitzpatrick on the Rookie Ticket Auto. Falcons. Touchdown Tandems. Graders. More legendary Tom Brady. Patriots, Tom Brady. Romeo Dobbs for the Packers. On each showcase ticket. Nice one there, Green Bay. Got him, this go round. She said, thanks for subscribing, Brad. That one's going to Eric P. Nice hit there, Eric. Showcase tickets, going to the left on these. You do get that, right? Left on these goals? Yeah. Okay, cool. Yeah. Got Kyler Murray, Supernatural. Percy Butler, Rookie Ticket Auto, Washington. Pierce, Rookie of the Year. WrestleMania 39, Saturday and Sunday. And we got a lot of people looking forward to that. Brian Dawkins, MVP contenders, CMC. We've got Ticket Stubb of Cam Jergens. That is 18 of 51 Eagles. Game day ticket, Jerry Rice. Winning ticket of Jalen Hertz, Eagles. Power players, Micah Parsons. Trent McDuffie for the Chiefs, Rookie Ticket Auto. Rookie of the Year, Wanda Robinson. Last pack, box three. Touchdown Tandems for the Lions. That face does not ship. Second half of the break. Eight still in this next one, y'all. We've got Cardinals, Falcons, Ravens, Broncos. So wait, hold on, let me refresh. Cardinals, Broncos, Colts, Jags. Rams, Giants, Bucks, and Titans. Still some great teams available there, especially the Titans. She is, Jalen Hertz, Supernatural of Hutch. People sleeping on the Broncos. Camara, we've got JT on the winning ticket. Chase, Gladiators, Romanowski. Name Jack, Rookie of the Year, Malik Willis, speaking of. We have Rookie Ticket Auto, Jordan Mason, Niners. Game day ticket, Elway, Smith, Legendary, Grunk. Got power players, Ed Reed. Got power players, Bobby Wagner, it's a 99 Rams. Power players, Simmons, Watson, Contenders, Jamar, Chase. Those dual autos are super hard to pull. I think I only pulled like one of them from last year's products. They're sweet though. Going to the Chiefs here. You've got Chris Alotokin, Rookie Ticket Auto, MVP, Trevor Lawrence, what's up, Flight? Touchdown Tandems, Colts, round numbers. Let's go into the bottom, Johan Dotson. Jets, Jeremy Ruckert, Rookie Ticket Auto. Gladiators, JT, Colts. Rookie of the Year, Isaiah Likley. Jones, game day ticket, George Kittle. Got easy E again. This one a 49 on the championship ticket. Stolphin's doing well these breaks. Going to the right, Parsons. Power players, Nick Bolton, last pack box, four. That's Washington. Rookie Ticket on card, Brian Robinson Jr. Justin Herbert, MVP's. Judge home run already. See, you can turn baseball on if you want. Right, right, Dany pulled one of those out of the first box too. Drake London, Rookie of the Year. Josh Pashale on the championship ticket to 49. Another hit there for you, Dean. Alliance, Randy Moss. Sit on like MLB Network or something. Yeah, we don't get it. Aw man. Got MVP contender, Saquon. Power player, Daniel Hunter. Zonovan Knight for the Jets, Rookie Ticket Otto. Winning ticket, Jay Jeff. MVP contenders, Lam Jack. Where y'all think he's gonna go? A lot of people say he's gonna go play for Belichick. Supernatural Rookie, Malik Willis. Probably have the best shot there than anywhere else. I can actually do something. Brandon Smith, Rookie Ticket Otto. Woodson, Herschel Walker, gladiators. Legendary, Jerry Race. Age, Marshall Falk. Got Alex Wright for the Browns on the Rookie Ticket Otto. Dak Prescott contenders. Cardinals, Broncos, Colts, Jags, Bucks, Titans. Six to go on the next break, y'all. All remaining teams on sale. Power players, Miles Garrett. Jones, Brown Numbers. Gonna go bottom with Drake London. Bills, Rookie Ticket Otto of Terrell Bernard. Game day ticket, Jalen Hertz. I don't believe so, I can double check though. We've got Touchdown Tandems, Ramps. No, Mack Jones does. We've got Desmond Ritter on the Showcase Ticket Otto. There you go, Falcons. Nice hit. Atlanta again. That one's going to Joe M. Nice hit, Joe. We'll bag this one for ya. Algea Rookie of the Year. Nice awesome pack there. Last pack, we've got a Kyler Murray, a championship ticket that is 21 of 99. And gladiators of Aaron Donald. All right, last box. Last box, y'all. Five left in the next break. There is the link for ya. Five to go. Cardinals, championship ticket to 49 on card. Trey McBride on the last team's taken. I believe that was what a $24 spot to. Very nice. MVP contenders, Dak Prescott. Off the look here in a second. It wasn't numbered, so it totally could've been. I'm not seeing it on the checklist. Playoff ticket to 199, Demian Harris. Jonathan Taylor power players. Times we've got round numbers. Again, this will go bottom Drake London. Just showing me like the autos that are SSPs. Ticket stub, or sorry, game day ticket of Ricky Williams. Alex Wright's rookie ticket auto, Browns. Kenneth Walker, third rookie of the year. Power players, TJ Watts, Steelers. This is gonna go left with Reggie, or Eddie George. Reggie. Jared Bernhardt, rookie ticket auto. Supernatural rookie, Drake London, Falcons. Falcons like Travel and Packs. Got MVP contenders, Patrick Mahomes. Gladiators, JJ Watts. Chad Muma on the championship ticket auto, 22 of 49. Jags, legendary Deion Sanders. Got game day ticket, Dan Marino. Rookie of the year, Aiden Hutchinson. Alliance. Got Nikopi Dean for the Eagles on the showcase ticket. Eagles doing well this break. Power players, Nick Bosa. Both break, I feel like they hit a couple autos out of the last case too. Wilson, Harris. Winning ticket of Patrick Mahomes. Dylan. Touchdown Tandems, Bangles. Got Jalen Tolbert, Cowboys on the rookie ticket variation. Cowboys is another team that's been doing very well. Contenders, Cooper Cup. Last pack, and then we'll do a recap. Ending with the Gladiators of Bo Jackson. Those ship, that face does not. Quick recap here for you. We had Jaron Bernhardt, Falcons. Alex Wright, Browns. Bernard Bills, Alex Wright, Browns. Brennan Smith, Cowboys on of a Knight Jets. Jeremy Ruckert Jets. Chris Alladekin for the Chiefs. Does have the Chiefs sum, thing there as well on the back. Jordan Mason Niners, Trent McDuffie, Chiefs, Percy Butler, Washington. John Fitzpatrick, Falcons. Britton Brown, Raider, Zachary Carter, Bangles. Chase Garbers for the Raiders. Hillel Shakir, Bills. Tyler Goodson, Packers. Mario Goodrich, Eagles. Jalen Tolbert on the rookie variation auto. Cowboys. Brian Robinson, Jr., Washington. Showcase tickets, you got Nacobi Dean, Eagles. Kara Laftis for the Chiefs. Romeo Dobbs, Packers. Playoff ticket auto to 99. Connor Hayward, Steelers. Eric Azucama to 49. Dolphins. Chad Mooma, Championship ticket. Jax, Josh Pashal, Lyons. We had the Nacobi Dean to 49. Eagles. Trent McBride, Cardinals. Our ticket stuff. We had Cam Jurgen to 51. Eagles. Kyle Hamilton to 25. Championship ticket variation. Ravens. Our match cards. We had the on-card rookie ticket auto, Aiden Hutchinson. As well as the showcase ticket of Desmond Ritter Falcons. Alrighty, that will do it for it. Number 14, we got 15 coming up once it fills. Thanks, everyone.


Welcome to the Learning Loop Podcast, your best source for educational insights and trends. I'm Chris, your host. Today's special guest is Erin. Erin is a kindergarten teacher at Thorson Elementary School in Wisconsin. Erin is a veteran teacher who enjoys blogging on the side. During today's episode, Erin will share how she uses powerful assessments to meet the needs of every learner in her classroom. Erin, welcome to the show. Hi, thank you so much for having me. I'm so excited to be here. Thank you. We are so excited you are here too. We'll start with a basic question here. What role do assessments play in your classroom? Oh my gosh, they're so huge. Like we are constantly using them all the time. Like as you mentioned, I teach kindergarten. So we're constantly getting those baseline, you know, assessments to see where they're at, those, you know, formative assessments along the way. Right now that we were just checking to see what letter sounds that they know, and then we can pull them into like little groups if needed.  We're really lucky at our school to have a special time for, we call it like ELA flex time, which is like the pullout groups. And then we also have a separate time of the day for math groups, so, which is amazing. This is our first year of being able to do that. We're still trying to figure out the kinks, you know, it's only day 20 in kindergarten. So we're working really hard on it.  So yeah, huge, huge, for sure. Awesome, awesome. I love how you're actioning that too. Like you're taking that information, you're putting it right into practice and really just delivering what these students really need to help move them forward. Love that. I'm gonna ask a question kind of related to what you just hinted at is like, how do you balance your traditional forms of assessment like using your clipboard with things like digital forms of assessment? How do you find that balance? And really, if you could share what works for you in your classroom also, that just really helps to provide some insight. Yeah, so we love seesaw at our school. So I mean, it's a seesaw thing. But so I created like during the pandemic, we had to put like everything for our little buddies up on seesaw on there. Thank goodness that they were so, they were used to it. So then I started making those assessments to be able to go on seesaw and then we just continued on with it. So a lot of our exit tickets for math are on there. So for every lesson we have, we have a little quick exit ticket and then I'm able to get it really fast and then I pull them on over and be like, hey buddy, I noticed that you didn't get this and I can put the, the, we worked on together, like right on the screen and right with them and then parents and then ready to comment at the bottom.  So parents are able to see that in real time. So we have those type of assessments and then I also have like those one-on-one conversation ones. So more of like, I would say like our formative, our summative assessments are kind of like one-on-one especially at kindergarten. Those formative assessments, like those quick exit tickets, those quick other things that I can do digitally, which is great that I can quick pull them on over and be like, hey buddy, this is just not working for you today. So let's do this right now. Or we do that with our phonics as well that we can, you know, see the things that are going and then same thing, I can share to the parents and then they're like, oh, they're not quite getting this. So this is something that we can do at home. So try to do a little bit of both throughout the day and just kind of what kind of works for us and the things that we've created before and then things that like, oh, this really is working. So we can continue to create other ones too. So yeah, a little bit of both that's happening right now in our room. Yeah, and I love to how many moments you have for that.  Having that amount of check-ins must provide you guys with so much information to be able to deliver for your students. Yeah, we definitely take that information then to like our PLT meetings or, you know, professional learning commutes and then we talk about with each other, with our team and say like, oh, this really works. This didn't work and like looking at the assessments and forming groups across the grade level. So we also get information from each other too. So it was, it's huge. Like, you know, like there's like so much, I mean, there's so much assessing but I think that it's really valuable data so that we can really help those kids where they need to be and we're, and keep moving them forward. And for a lot of times when it's on the computer, the kids don't think it's a, it's a disaster.  Absolutely, for sure. And you know, you could make the argument too that kindergartners, especially in the beginning of the year change a ton and so having multiple check-ins is so important for you to know. Yeah, you have to, you have to have a lot of check-ins in kindergarten. Absolutely, love it. So continuing off of, you know, assessing and ensuring where students are, this question has to do with feedback. So how do you provide quick feedback for students in your classroom, potentially even extending that over to your families as they're connected within CESA or your specific tools? Yeah, so with our CESA ones that the, like I said before, like we write the comments at the bottom if the child wasn't getting it or if they did get it, we just like like it and stars and hooray. And so parents are able to see that in real time. Also in our classrooms, like throughout our kindergarten team, we have little data binders. So then we have the graphs that you see like, this is how many we get now. And then they see themselves growing over time. And the kiddos are like, when they look back on it, they're like, oh my gosh, I only knew three letters. I'm like, yes, you only knew three. And so then when it comes to like parent teacher conferences, the parents are able to see that binder. They're able to see like the assessments that we did. They're able to see those graphs truth, like, you know, bumping it up.  How many of you think you can do next time? And they're like, oh, I can get five more. Like, I know you can. So we'll write it down and then we celebrate our goal later and we'll also tell, you know, those parents too, like, look, their goal was to do this. What can we do together as a team to help them out on that? And then we talk together as a team, you know, the parents and I, and about that. So there's a lot of communication.  And we also, you know, have those conversations on phones or email or, you know, all those things that teachers do to, you know, get that information out. But the parents have really loved those data binders and have like the previous year or the next year's teachers that we can share it with them or when a kid's moved to grade, they moved schools. Like I'll send it along with them and that teacher's able to just quick pick it on up and I'm like, oh yeah, they do know, you know, these things. It's already here for me. So, yeah. I love how all that information is being so transparent for everybody. I think that, you know, that just allows there not to be anything that will catch people off guard, but also more moments to celebrate successes as students continue to grow and change and, you know, expand their learning throughout the year. So I think that's an awesome practice just to provide that transparency for everybody, not only parents, but the students and then extending beyond that the next year's teachers and or the teacher that they transfer to. I think that's awesome. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, the kids just, they get so excited. They're like, I got my chart went to the top and they're like, yes, it did, buddy. Because of all of your hard work, we always put it back on them. It's because you are working so hard because we want them to feel that intrinsically, like, yes, I'm doing all this work. I can achieve all these things too. Like, there's people that are helping me, but I have to also help out a little bit too. Yeah, absolutely. I love that. That's so awesome. We'll go on to our next question here and I just really want you to continue to just share one success story that you've seen that has to do with a student assessment or how that connected directly with learning. Do you have anything that you've seen in the past or experienced of just like a moment where an assessment or the learning just really blossomed because of something you put into practice? Yeah, there was a little boy that came to my classroom last year. And, you know, those, we always have that little body that comes in, like not knowing all the letters of his name. He didn't know how to write his letters, like those sounds were just, they just weren't there. And you could tell that he was feeling really defeated on that and he, so he needs to be in own little group with me. Like, it's best friend time. We're gonna be best friends and we're gonna work on this together. So each day we were, you know, constantly, you know, working on like a letter and a letter sound and then we would review it and then, you know, do those quick check-ins and then he was able to see his little chart and his things grow and grow and grow. And eventually my little buddy went from not knowing any of the letters of his name to be able to read because we were doing fantasy panel at the time, able to read like a level D by the end of the kindergarten year, which is just like, oh my gosh, like, that's amazing because we were able to take where he was at and then just really celebrate those things and then keep building it on over and over throughout the year. And we were really lucky enough that I have like an amazing team to work with and, you know, from our, you know, reading interventionists to other ladies that are on my team that helping me out and get all that information and helping me to get those tools and, you know, really using those resources that he was able to, you know, to grow and also to like, his parents were lucky enough like that they were on board and willing to help out with that too.  He did it. Like, you're just like the proudest thing. And so now, you know, he's now in first grade and I'll see him and like, oh my best friend, I miss your time, miss our time together. Even though, you know, sometimes you drive me crazy, but like, I don't kids do, but it was really, it's really sweet that now we have that really good connection too because we took that time together and he was being goofy. I'm like, come on, buddy. And he would totally, you know, turn it around. We had that time together. So I would say that was like a huge, huge success story. Absolutely. I mean, going from knowing as little as this kiddo did to where they were, I mean, that's at or beyond grade level, depending on what you're measuring. And so I think that's such an amazing growth that can happen and so huge. And the way too that, you know, you've been talking about how you're keeping tracks of all those things, how you're checking in, but you're making sure that everybody's moving forward. You know, that really helps that accountability that you were talking to earlier and helps more students really get to get to this type of learning, this expansive learning to get that much done. So what an awesome story and what a success that you can carry for the rest of your time too. I know, I know. So this child will come back like as a fifth grader. Hopefully, hopefully. All this time, yeah. Remember that time when we were best friends and we did stuff together every day and we'll see like he can be a stinker sometimes but like, no, I won't remember you like, yes you will. Yes you will, yes you will. So awesome. I have just a couple more questions left here. I wanna just kind of ask you about like self-assessment in your classroom. I know these are kindergarteners. I know that they're pretty young but is there anything that you do in your classroom around self-assessment and how students track their own learning? Like what parts have you passed to them and what parts do you always hang onto? A lot of the parts that I usually hang onto are those big data binders that I hold onto. So but they also, we have always a conversation about, you know, where they were at, how they wanna grow.  Or we also just did today, we were doing some new things with phonics and just a quick, like, how are you feeling about that? Like were you feeling really comfortable? Give me a thumbs up. If you're not feeling super confident, oh yeah, like give me a middle thumb and I'm like, I don't get it. We always talk about in our room, like it's okay if you don't know it right now. I'm learning it, you're learning it. We're all learning it together. We'll eventually get there. We always say a lot of times, there's lots of days in kindergarten. We're here together a lot and we're all gonna, we'll all get, we'll all grow. We'll all get to be something different than we were. So they're very excited about that. We've, I'm really, really lucky to teach, I have a co-teacher, Michelle Neville and I are really like also loving the seesaw as well. So there you go, yay, shout out. But Michelle and I co-teach. So there's 39 kindergartners, so all in one room. Yeah. Can you imagine? And so it works out really well because there's two teachers in there at all times. So we can, so she can pull a small group if someone's not getting it while I'm teaching whole group or then I can pull a small group or sit by those kids that need that extra time and doing those assessments with them too. Yeah, I don't know, I don't know if it's busy. For sure. Well, that's good though. I mean, I think you've struck the perfect balance of what you can actually hand off to a kindergartner and what you can't. So I think that there's a cap there. There's a, yeah. I can see it more like in the older and as we like right now my brain is still like beginning of the year stuff but I do know as the year goes on we will spread more things and send more things and have them be a little more responsible for their things but they're also five and six. So they're just so much they can do. There's so much they can do but they can do a lot. But they can do a lot, exactly. Awesome, we have two more questions. I'm gonna ask you now our loopy question. This is just a fun question that just is going to be a little bit fun for everybody to listen to. Would you rather go on a vacation in a house in the mountains or go on vacation in a house in the beach? House in the beach for sure. I would love, we out, my husband and I go on a beach vacation every five years for like that we've been like married. So we just got back from Aruba and that was amazing. So every, yeah. So a beach vacation, you know, sit on the beach to be nice and warm and sunny and have a grown up drink in your hand reading a good book and just feeling that sun and finding, I mean, I'm living Wisconsin. So it's not always the very best weather, so getting that warm. So if anybody out there has good ideas on where to go on my next beach vacation, I'm sure they can find me somehow. For sure, yeah. Being a fellow midwesterner too, the winter can be long. It's really long. I would agree that it's a great time to go on a beach vacation and just get away and enjoy the sun as you can get it. Yes, yes. We'll do one final question here to kind of close things up. For anybody who's listening, for anybody who's tuned in so far, we wanna end with just some tips or tricks that you have found super helpful. So what advice would you give to another teacher who's really looking to improve their assessment skills? What are two, three, four things that you would pass on to them that they can just take away and put in practice right away? Right away. I would definitely say start small. Like start with like a quick exit ticket at the end of your lesson, like a one or two question one, because then you're really able to see at the end of the lesson who was able to get it and who was not. And then you can quick pull those kids on over and be like, ooh, buddies, you weren't understanding this concept. Let's quick go over it. Like I'm lucky enough in our day that my kids will answer the question. Then we do a little math workplaces. We do bridges at our school. So they're doing workplaces and then I can quick pull them over. I'm like, we're not understanding this. Let's go fix that. So I definitely say start off with a quick exit ticket, which I think was super helpful. When you're feeling really confident, like just add maybe now add like another subject and now keep, you know, keep on adding that and don't feel like you have to do everything at once because I certainly did not do everything at once. It's been a process over the years. I would also really encourage if they're able to cause I know in kindergarten it's a little easier just to see the growth in, you know, we had like those very concrete skills of counting and everything is start to get out those data binders and keep them and making those charts. So kindergartners are able to see that they grow. Cause you've just said, oh, you knew five more. They're like, I don't know, but they can see like a chart growing taller that has been huge for them. And they get really excited to like get to the top of their charts. They're very happy about that. And then just also just basically be really patient with yourself because it is a lot and it is a lot of work, but it just so pays off in the end because you are then able to know exactly where your students are and then how to be able to meet their needs and what you can do to help them grow. So I know it's a lot, but I know that there's teachers out there that are looking for that and that I want to get those kids where they need to go. So again, start off small and then just keep on growing throughout the time. Love it. Those are super practical. And work with your team. Spread out the work, sorry. Yeah, spread out the work for sure. Like maybe you can do this, you can do that, you can do this and then get together. So hopefully everybody else out there has an amazing team like I do that we spread the work out. Love it. Super practical tips and ones that are also timely in a time when teachers have less time than ever before and they're more packed in with more standards and things coming. I think that those are super awesome steps for anybody to take as they want to think about how they can up their assessment game, how they can really deliver what their students need as individuals and start to get to that personalized instructional model in their classroom. Erin, I just want to say thank you so much for taking some time here today. Being here to just share some amazing things with us. We so appreciate your time and you shared so many amazing things for people to just glean, put into practice. So we just want to say thank you for your time here today. Well, thank you for having me. And again, we love CSAW. We're loving the new features of like the formative assessments was also I realized in my head that we started, you know, dabbling with those. So that's been super helpful. So check out. I know people have made those too on CSAW. So, but thank you so much. And I so appreciate, you know, anyone that was listening and thank you. Thank you so much for having me. I really appreciate it. Not a problem. Thank you. Thank you. Bye.


Hi, everyone. I'm Charles One. I'm with the Public Interest Group, Public Knowledge. We work on consumer issues in the technology policy space. So thanks, Yarden, for organizing this really interesting conference. I've really enjoyed the discussion that we've had so far. So my background is that I used to be a patent attorney. I prosecuted and litigated patents and now work on primarily patent policy issues before Congress and the agencies. When I look at matters of patent reform, I generally break them down into two categories. The first being patent assertion, the ways that patents are used. The second being patent quality, the types of patents that issue and that exist out there. My original plan was arbitrarily to go with only the patent assertion side of things. But it seems like we've actually had a lot of discussion of that already. And there have been a number of threads talking about patent quality. So I'm going to attempt to make up an entire talk right now on the second topic of patent quality, which I think is actually really interesting. So hopefully I say something that's somewhat useful. Patent quality is the question of what sort of patents should be out there. Initially, when people hear patent quality, they think good patents versus bad patents. And there's a large degree of that. I think that this is one of the big initiatives over at the USPTO. I know that Dana's been looking at this quite a bit. But patent quality, the word quality doesn't just imply better or worse. It also implies type. And so I think that there's been some discussion of what sort of patents ought there be within the system. I mentioned in one of the previous discussions that I see patents as a form of government marketplace regulation. And if the government is going to be saying, well, we want to encourage certain types of behaviors, we want to encourage certain types of market practices, it makes a lot of sense for the patent system, thus to say these sorts of patents are more valuable to that sort of marketplace behavior, and these sorts of patents are less. Recently, subject matter of patents has become a pretty big topic, as some of you know. This is the Alice versus CLS bank decision and the Bilski case that came before it that decided the patentability of things such as software patents, computer implement patents. But patentable subject matter goes back much further. Probably the most famous origining case in the United States at least is O'Reilly versus Morse, which is the case over the patent on the telegraph. Morse had filed a patent that had a number of claims direct to telegraphy, methods of sending telegraphs. And then he had this one claim at the end of his patent. And he said, besides all of that, I claim the use of electrical signals to cause things. I think he might have said like motion things, but it was more or less, I claim the use of electrical signals to cause things at a distance. That could be used for communication or any number of things. And the Supreme Court said, telegraphy that's okay, but saying that, claiming the broad idea of electromagnetism to cause things is just a step too far. You shouldn't be able to claim, to preempt an entire field of technology. I think this actually is fairly important when it comes to university patents because as we've mentioned, I think a number of people have mentioned, a lot of the technologies that come up in this space are technology that they're very inception. They're very, very new technologies for which the applications aren't very well known. And there is a pretty substantial risk that when somebody's trying to patent one of these new, very early stage technologies, that the patent does tend to cover a large portion of the field without knowing where the direction of that field might go, how expansive it might be. I think that Yardana alluded to this a bit with regard to some of the CRISPR patents, which I will not comment on for various reasons. But I think that patent quality is a fairly important thing to be considering and of course the courts have rules of dealing with this, but it's also something that I think is important for to be dealt with kind of on the private sector side as well or on the side of the applicants as well. There ought to be some sort of like filtering process to determine whether or not somebody is trying to claim too large a portion of a technology. For many years, I think, at least in the software field, the incentive was to try to claim as broad a technology as possible because the rules that the Federal Circuit had enunciated on software patents allowed for this sort of thing. Besides, before the Supreme Court saying that these sorts of things were impermissible, we did see a pretty good amount, we did see the problems of that sort of regime in which people would get patents on very, very broad technologies. One of my favorite examples was the EONnet case. This wasn't a patentable subject matter case, it was decided before then. But what happened was that the patentee had a patent on a method of transmitting files by faxes, so paper files by faxes. Through a number of continuation patents, they were able to convince the patent office to grant them a patent not only on transmitting pieces of paper via fax, but also on transmitting files, which they didn't define, via electronic communications, and then basically said that this was a patent on email. This would be an example of where somebody has taken a fairly narrow concept and attempted to take advantage of the patent system to broaden the patent out to a far larger thing, and then to attempt to assert this against authority. I think my first point would be that besides all of the discussion of patent rules that we've had, I think it's very important to be looking at the types of patents that ought to be applied for, that universities ought to be looking at, and especially the degree of breadth that ought to be sought in these sorts of patents. Now, of course patent assertion is fairly important with regard to universities as well, and the other thing that I want to talk about, so I'll skip all of this, what are some lessons that we can take from other areas in terms of ways of licensing or making arrangements with patents to further the commercialization of technology? Three examples came to mind when I thought about this. The first was the compulsory and mechanical license in copyright, and copyright, of course, if you want to make a cover song, you are allowed to make a cover song by providing notice to the original composer and paying a certain specified fee. This has a pretty substantial advantage that it allows for all sorts of innovative creativity upon existing songs, because you can take advantage of an existing song, come up with some sort of new electronic or metal version or something like that, and make for substantial innovation in the creative space by taking advantage of that. A lot of times the problem that you would face as a small composer is if you wanted to take advantage, if you wanted to make a cover version of a song, absent the mechanical license, you would have to negotiate with potentially a fairly large, with a fairly large copyright holder, and that would be fairly difficult from an information perspective and just from a negotiating perspective. So the mechanical license, I think, is one example of a way in which we can look at licensing in sort of a different light. The second is this guy, so this is Elon Musk, of course, and he did a thing about a year ago, which I think was pretty notable. He declared that all of the patents on Tesla's electric vehicle technologies would just be dedicated to the public. He said, no license is required, you just get all of this. His reasoning for this was they had applied for the patents on the theory that potentially this technology could become very big and they wanted to have the value of patents for commercializing their electric vehicle technology, but it turned out that that didn't work. And at the point that they realized, look, this isn't going to work, the only way we're going to have substantial development of the electric vehicle space is if we allow a lot of people to come in is to allow people to take advantage of our patent and technology without having to pay licenses. And so I think that that's a second example of a way in which, of an approach to looking at patent licensing. First, try out your commercialization strategy. If that doesn't work, just have at it. The third is how many of you are familiar with these three acronyms by show of hands? Anybody? One, okay, a couple people. These are reflective of a patent licensing strategy used by standard-setting organizations, SSOs. So IEEE, I am now blanking on other, NIST is another example of these. Organizations who make technology standards that allow for communications between computers, that specify the format of DVDs, things like that. And one of the issues that comes up in standard-setting bodies is they take a lot of technology ideas and from different companies that they consider incorporating the standard, some of those might be patented. And so if the standard's body were to just say, all right, we'll take this technology because we like it, even though there might be a patent on it, that means that anybody who's implementing the standard suddenly now potentially is at risk of patent infringement and the patent owner can charge more or less as much as they want because if you don't make something that complies with the standard, then you're not gonna be compatible with other people, with other companies' devices. So standards bodies basically impose a number of requirements on people who contribute ideas to the standard saying, if you're going to contribute an idea to a standard and you have a patent on it, then you're required to license the patents on what are called fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms. And the idea behind this is it helps to accommodate the dissemination of the technology. I think, again, the dissemination of technology is something that we've talked about quite a bit. And so in terms of looking at ways that universities can use their patents, I think that this is actually another area that's definitely worth looking at for getting ideas for how to go about licensing. All right, I think that's it. All right, thanks.


Most people have wrong misconceptions about autism. Here are four common autism myths and facts that every parent should know. Number four will shock you. So watch till the end so as not to miss the most important one. First myth, autistic children don't want friends. That's just not true. Autistic kids might struggle with making friends because social stuff can be a bit tricky for them. They might not catch onto social cues, find it hard to see things from someone else's point of view, or not know how to keep a chat going. Sometimes they might end up not talking at all or talking a lot about something the other kids not into. It's not that they don't want friends. There are just reasons why it can be a bit tough. And get this, some families get a late diagnosis because doctors thought their kid was super friendly and cute, clearly wanting friends so it couldn't be autism. Number two, autistic children like to be alone. Some folks think that kids with autism prefer to be alone and do their own thing, but that's not true for everyone. There are many autistic kids who really enjoy being around other kids. They can be super friendly and social, but sometimes they just face challenges with those social connections. They might not always get personal space or they might not pick up on what other kids are feeling depending on the situation. So, yeah, it can be a bit tricky for autistic kids to click with others, but as a whole, they don't all prefer to be alone. Myth number three, autistic kids cannot be diagnosed as toddlers or preschoolers. But guess what, that's not true. Sometimes kids can get diagnosed as early as 6 to 12 months old depending on what's going on. We're actually getting pretty good at spotting autism early. You might notice some early signs like delays in motor skills, issues with sleeping or eating, or the kiddo being really reactive or super passive. Actually, it's even better if you start early because you'll likely see better results. Early diagnosis means you can help your child understand what being autistic means, focus on their strengths, and make sure they're socially successful and supported without getting blamed for stuff that's not their fault. Number four, my child cannot be autistic because he or she is too smart or too verbal. This is also not true. That's just not true. When we look at big studies covering a lot of people, it turns out about half of autistic folks have averaged to super high IQ scores. The other half might have below average or much lower IQ scores. There's a massive range. So if someone tries to tell you that your bright child can't be autistic, that's just a myth. There are tons of autistic individuals who are super bright, even brilliant. It's crucial for parents to get that straight. Like and follow this page for more. Have you heard about Cheek Oil PEMF therapy? This technology used frequencies that help with autism to enhance focus, improve communication, and nurture cognitive development for a brighter future. Comment Cheek Oil below to learn more.


Almost 75% of self-made billionaires were in direct sales early.  If you look at Steve Jobs, he was as a teenager almost. When he was starting Apple, him and Wozniak, he was going to Hewlett Packard guy, forget the guy knocking on his door, like will you help me grow my brand? Elon Musk, if you read one of the autobiographies, previous one, or biographies, he's talking about every night at 9 p.m., he would call all the sales managers in the entire United States and help them sell, teach them how to sell, because he knew the importance of that. Bill Gates, at age 16, 17, 18, was on the phone selling computer stuff that he would lower his voice so they couldn't realize he was a teenager. He'd be like, oh, this is William Gates. He was doing phone sales. Jeff Bezos, before starting Amazon, was working as an investment banker. Investment bankers are the fans who were for a Wall Street sales guy. I work with investment bankers, good ones are sales people.


Hello everyone, this is Alice Gao. In this video, I am going to talk about why we cannot use a perceptron to represent the exclusive OR function. In the main lecture video, I gave an intuitive argument by drawing these pictures for all the logical functions, and intuitively you can see that with AND and OR, you can draw a line to separate the positive and the negative examples, but you are not able to do that with the XOR function. However, this is now the rigorous proof, and some of you are asking for rigorous proofs in this course, so let's look at a rigorous proof to show this. I've drawn the examples for the XOR function again. Now, this proof starts by assuming that we can represent the XOR function using a perceptron. We're going to assume that the activation function is a step function, just to make our argument simpler. Given our assumption, the weights w01, w11, and w21 need to satisfy the following inequalities. For example, the example 1, 0 is a positive example. That means if we plug in x1 is equal to 1, x2 is equal to 0, the weighted sum should be positive. I've written the first inequality, but I realized that I should probably remind you what the perceptron looks like, so I've drawn a little picture of the perceptron as well. So the first inequality says, well, if we plug in 1 and 0, the weighted sum should be positive. And similarly, we can come up with three other inequalities for the three other data points. So these are the four inequalities. The first two are for the two positive examples, and the last two are for the two negative examples. Let's simplify these so that we can get rid of the terms where the value plug in 0. Here are the four simplified inequalities. Well, next, our goal is to eventually derive a contradiction using these inequalities. So we need to arrive at two inequalities that cannot be true at the same time. Well, all of these inequalities have w01 in there, so perhaps we can use that to make a connection and derive the contradiction. Let me do some manipulations with these inequalities. So I rewrote the first two inequalities and named them 1 and 2, and then added those two together to get this one. So w21 plus w11 is greater than negative 2 times w01. And then I also took inequality 3 and then rewrote a little bit. So on the left-hand side, we also have w21 plus w11. So comparing 4 and 5, you can see that their left-hand sides are the same, but their right-hand sides both only involve w01. So let's look at the right-hand side and see how do they compare with each other. Well, this inequality 6 says that w01 is a non-positive value, either 0 or negative. So either those two are the same or minus 2 w01, which would be a positive value, is greater than minus w01. Which means the right-hand side of inequality 4 is greater than or equal to the right-hand side of inequality 5. So combining inequalities 4 and 5, I get the following inequality, and then taking out the intermediate steps, I get a contradiction, right? Because the same number cannot be strictly greater than itself. That's it for this proof. It's basically a mathematical exercise, right? If we can represent this function, then the weights have to satisfy these inequalities. Well, turns out it's impossible for the weights to satisfy these inequalities. That's it. So, were you able to come up with this proof yourself? That's everything for this video. I will see you in the next one. Bye for now.


Okay, hi everyone. So good to see so many people here. As she said, I'm Anna and this is my colleague Conerva and we are part of the Moodle team at the University of Helsinki. So we as a team not only test new features and plugins and whatnot but we also advise and instruct the teaching staff in digital pedagogy and as well as technical issues related to Moodle. And as I think all of us Moodle's know there's a lot of that sort of silent knowledge, those little tips and tricks that we might know but we sometimes struggle to actually impart them to our teaching staff. And that's why we wanted to talk to you about a sort of informal sort of easily digestible way of giving teachers valuable Moodle tips. And well basically what we did because it's in our job description to test and evaluate new features. So when one of our team members found the advanced calendar we just decided to test it on our teachers basically. And in the presentation I'm also going to talk about a bit about the activity itself, the advent calendar but we're also going to talk about the response we got and what type of content we created. So the advent calendar, the content type is fairly easy to modify visually both in terms of the overall looks but also the content of the individual doors as well. It's possible to embed videos and create sort of more visual content and it does seem to help engage teachers or well users just by its visual nature. It's automatically timed and the content can be edited even while the calendar is running which was very good because we didn't have to have all of the material ready already at the beginning of December. And also the design mode enables you to sort of preview the calendar but also open the calendar. We opened it in January for the teachers because not many of them for obvious reasons checked are logged into Moodle on a Christmas Eve and we actually sort of hoped they wouldn't. Some of them did. But I have to point out that unfortunately the advent calendar is not fully accessible so take that into consideration if you're planning on using it. But yeah more about what we actually did. As I said we always try to find new ways to engage our teachers and find easier ways to impart our knowledge to them. But I don't know if you've noticed this but teachers are incredibly busy. They do not have time to sit in long training sessions or read long instructional texts and they might not even know sort of what questions to ask. And here's just a quick preview of a couple of doors. I'm not sure if you can see them but if you want to check out the entire Moodle calendar we will be able to show it to you. So just give a shout out if you want to hear about it. But yeah we also actually wanted to boost our sort of holiday spirit within our team as well and ended up producing some well fairly unconventional content that we'll be sharing later. But this is more of a technical side of the content we created. Yes so now let's go to some statistics as we like to call them. So in our university we have a lot of training sessions for teachers. Well not a lot a lot. But last year we had around 300 of our teachers participate and that's around a quarter of the teaching staff. And if we compared that information to the fact that we had 532 participants well enrollments from the teachers that means that we almost managed to double our engagement with the teachers just by the with this one activity. To get the teachers to join the course the calendar we didn't do any special marketing we followed our normal procedures. And that for me tells that the activity itself is something exciting for teachers. And also we got teachers to come back day after day and that means that there was also something important something special within the calendar itself. Here are some graphs looks really nice high and then goes low. But as the first one shows many of the teachers visited during the first week of December. And after that the visiting numbers decline. But they are still at a really nice level from our points of view. The last one where there are 11 visits that's from like late December early September January yeah last month. But also we had teachers coming back even in August to this activity which is was really surprising to me like why would they come back. But there's something interesting about this activity in H5P. So it's good to put behind your ear. Also the second graph shows you the how many of the teachers returned. So that's around 50% and that's a really good number. And the visit interval between visits from teachers who returned for the second time and more was 11 days. And how the H5P advent calendar works. It's like a normal Christmas calendar. You can if you come on the 15th of December then you can open all the doors until the 15 days. So the teachers were able to get the information that we had put behind the doors. So we are not too worried about these teachers not coming every day because they were still able to get the information. And also some super loyal ones who wanted to come every day. So that's also nice. Quickly, through some feedback that we got from the teachers on the calendar itself the teachers like the tidbit approach that we had. We had small texts like not too much information. And it was also a new and like activating way for teachers to learn about Moodle and his features. And that led the teachers to be more comfortable with Moodle because they have used it a lot but they're still not comfortable with it in most cases. And that is leading to a better use experience for them. The teachers also presented us with some ideas for this year's calendar which we are making and also for some technical aspects as well as asking for this type of content to come all year round. What was really interesting is that the teachers specified that they wanted to have this like tidbit approach also in the future because more longer the texts are they said that if it's too long I will not continue with this. So all in all based on the results that we got and the amount of resources we as a team used this will save really nice lights and fun way to share the knowledge that we have on Moodle and engage the teachers. And finally just a couple of things I wanted to mention what we learned from this first run. We're definitely bringing the calendar back this year. It's been requested and we're starting to build it. But also we've added short presentations to our we have a weekly DigiPedoc cafe online an online cafe where teachers can come and ask questions from our experts on matters of relating to digital pedagogy, continuous learning, all kinds of educational technology. But now that we've added these 10 to 15 minute presentations to the beginning of those cafes, the number of attendees in the cafes has more than doubled for those sessions. And many of the teachers have also stayed off to the presentation to chat with us and our experts about the topic or something else entirely. And many of the attendees had never before been to the DigiPedoc cafe. Yeah, we've only had a couple of these presentations so far. So we aren't yet sure if this is an ongoing trend, but we have received some really good feedback. So and some teachers have actually mentioned that that's the reason they came to to the to the DigiPedoc cafe was precisely that it was 15 minutes of their time, even if they then ended up spending the entire hour talking to us. So as a final thing, I mentioned that we produce some some more unconventional content within our team. And we're going to share a shortened version of our holiday greeting to our teaching staff. Enjoy your Moodle courses. Enjoy your Moodle courses. Enjoy your Moodle courses again next year. Good tidings we bring to you and your king. We wish you a merry Christmas and a happy... That was fantastic. Thank you. Any questions? I already have the mic. Thank you so much. It's so inspiring. I'm so doing that this year. I just have two quick questions. The first is, does it send a message beforehand when a door is available? Unfortunately, at least last year it didn't. So it was up to the teacher to remember to go back. And that's also why on the third week there was a bump because we reminded the teachers to go back. So I wish that at some point there would be that feature or that we can build it to the Moodle area to send automatic messages like every week or every day. Unfortunately, at least last year, it wasn't already in the activity. Okay, cool. And my second quick question is, was the emphasis on Christmas in any way problematic in terms of religious sensitivities among your staff? Yes, so we come from Finland and still in Finland around 73% are Christians. And that's the same thing in our staff and it's really part of the culture. So we didn't get pushback on that aspect. Also, the things that we had in the advent calendar, that was the only Christmas thing that we had the videos. It was all information, happy independence day stuff. Here's Moodle, Moodle user associates and this will come up in 3.11. So we really focused on Moodle except on the 24th one. And I think this is the only mention of Christmas. We changed the song as well. So that it wouldn't like be the most religious. Yeah, yeah. So we tried to take that into consideration but an advent calendar by its nature is, I mean, it does come with those issues, but we didn't get any any negative feedback on it. And there are actually several advent calendars at our uni produced by other teams as well. So it's a sort of a common practice within our university. There are a lot of calendars going around. Cool. Thank you. But I hope that the teachers when they start using it, you can get creative with it. Like Daily Teeth Sports students or little discussion points. So that's how we use it. But I hope that you get ideas from this one. Silly question, but is high quality harmony singing a requirement to work in your team? That was great singing. Well, we do hold auditions every year for this project. And it's as you can hear, it was really high quality. And we totally did practice this for more than one hour, including the recording time. So yes, it is a requirement.