Awesome. So let's run this conversion ad and then does anything need to be changed on the post at all? Did you double check the post, the text? I looked at it right before I got on with you on the video. And it looked good because the other day we updated it to include that new Bitly link. Oh, that's right. That's right. You're right. Okay. Yeah, perfect. So we're good. It should be fine. Okay, awesome. Perfect. So then let's click the green button here. And then let's just go straight into conversions. Right. Okay, cool. So conversions. And then you'll scroll down a bit. And then you'll just name your titles here. So hit that dropdown. Yeah, just scroll down. So this is just naming your tabs, you know, doing it here. You can always do it as you go in, but doing it here is simple. So campaign name, I would just start naming all my videos. Like give your videos a certain name and then that's the name you'll use for this title right here. So whatever video that was or is. I'm just going to call it a hot sellers market. Perfect. That's kind of about that. Okay. And then, and then in parentheses, and this is the first title, the campaign, just put the campaign name so conversions. So just like we did on the other ones we did traffic did video views. This one conversions and then the ad set that title I normally title that the city that we're targeting. So that's perfect. And then the ad you can just do the same as the top hot sellers market video. Yeah, okay. Yeah. Yeah, so just go ahead and put in video parentheses. Perfect. Perfect. So that's that's kind of how you want to do it. So, name in the first one conversions name the bottom one video in the middle one just the city you're targeting. Okay, continue. And then now we come into step one, which is special ad categories always making sure that you turn that on. And then hit the drop down for for housing. Okay, cool.  Perfect. And then just hit next. Okay, so that's step one. So step one is choosing the objective, tidying everything, the three titles and then and then choosing our special ad category which is housing. And then step one, and then step two is simply the ad set level where we choose the targeting the city we're targeting and choosing our pixel making sure that that's the right pixel the forest team. So now we scroll down we don't need to change anything at the top website leave it as is, and then we always want to double check scroll up. We always want to double check that that's the correct custom conversion the conversion event. So that's our custom conversion that's the link that's the thank you page that's we always want to make sure that that's the right one. Right, so, so that is seller guide leads perfect. So now you scroll down.  It's kind of a, it's kind of up to you whatever it's the same dollar amount so 50 will be a little much. Maybe I start with five and run it, you know, run it for like a week or maybe two weeks and just is that you can you can either, you can do that or you can or you can shorten like five bucks for for two weeks is what is five times was at five times 14 is what five, five, five times 14 over 60. So, rather than, rather than doing. So now it's time to just kind of look at our variations and different options that we have for that same dollar amount rather than going two weeks at five bucks a day, I would rather go 10 bucks a day for seven.  And then, and then and then go to start the start the calendar. Let's start the calendar. And start it for the next day so always go April 9 at 6am. Okay, so you always want to start the next day at 6am. And then go ahead and put a put an end date as well. Okay, so we'll make it a week from the night. Now, typically, I wouldn't put an end date, only because I only because in the very, very beginning, you want to, you want you don't need to micromanage it so you don't need to be looking at this every hour. But what you do want to do is get in the habit of looking at it on the fourth day. So, so let three full days go by, and then review it on the fourth day. So, so I wouldn't even let this run for a second. So that's what I'm saying the end date sometimes, unless you're unless you're unless you may forget, right unless you're just like on vacation and you're not even thinking about it you said it and just don't even forget about don't don't even look at it. If that's happening and you guys are not going to be on a computer anytime soon in the next few days then then for sure an end date is important because we don't want to overspend on it at all right. Right. But but I'm going to have I'm going to I'm going to review this with you in four days. Okay, so you could put an date of seven days but we're we may we may let it run for seven days and we may not that's my point so we may not even let it run for seven days. On the fourth day we got to check that and make sure that the numbers are looking looking okay because if after four days if no leads came in then then I would have you shut it off. Okay, I wouldn't have it run the whole seven days. Sometimes, like, actually every time most of time faith actually all the time all Facebook will tell you to run it for seven to 10 days before you make a decision on turning off that add or are leaving it on. But mentors and coaches that I have like I spend a lot of money on these Facebook ad coaches as well. All of them test ads for three days. So it's letting it run for full a full three complete days and then looking at it on the fourth day. I didn't want you to set that end date for the fourth day, because I don't want it to end on four days I want to look at it in four days. Yeah, it might be going great. It might be going great right so then so then. And then that's my point so if we end up putting an end date of seven days. What if it's going great then I don't, then you can always come in here and extend the end date you can for sure do that, or just not even put an end date and just put on your calendar. So that's the ad, you know, in four days, review this ad. Yeah. So it's up to you I mean it's all preference it's up to you you can put, go ahead and put an end date just so you don't for sure overspend. And just, yeah, leave it at that but but just keep in mind on the fourth day you'll want to look at it. Maybe in four days we'll talk we'll look at it together. That'd be great. Yeah, so, so okay so nine to the 16th so that's perfect so yeah just leave it as is so let's scroll down. That's the budget. So we're scrolling down, we're going to go to, we'll leave all that audience leave that as is location change that. Let's target just your local area, and then age, gender, we don't need to change any of that. What we do want to change is that drop down at the top. So, I did something. Maybe I need to write. Oops, I'm sorry, I haven't done this in a while. You actually do need to click on that, but we can do that after go ahead and put in the city first. Okay, there it is I had to type out and always go with the drop down as well so as you type, always click on the drop down. Okay. Yeah, so. Okay, you can go above 15 here. And then what's super super important is that drop down right above. So people living in. You need people living in this location. Okay, not any of the other. I need the seller. Yes. So, scroll down. That's it for that and then all we're going to change down here is the is the language. So go down to language and go English all. So click on the edit for languages, and then let's go English and then just hit the drop down for all. Perfect. And then we scroll down and that is it. So that's, and we're going to leave it on automatic placement, let Facebook place it where they know the highest engagement is that. So we'll leave, leave that part to Facebook and that's step two, that's it that's just choosing the budget choosing the location and set in the calendar. That's it. That's that's step two so hit next, and then step three is simply selecting the post and and then put in our link to the landing page. So, right here the create yeah so you'll use existing post and then just select post and then grab it from here. Perfect. Yeah I think like one person has seen it, and nobody sees it when it's just on your. Yeah, yeah right. So that's why yeah running it is so important. Okay cool so if you scroll down so in right above you selected page click on that drop down and just go ahead and choose. Choose your Instagram, even though it's not going to run on Instagram but just hit it, click it and just go ahead and choose it anyways. Do you know why it's not going to run on Instagram. Is it the to do with the chart they house housing productions no I don't know. The reason why is because of the length of the video and because of the dimensions of the video the fact that it's it's shot widescreen. Yes, so that's not for Instagram Instagram is the vertical, whether it's an image or a video it's it's it's the vertical shot. Yeah, and then it cannot be no more than no longer than one minute. That's right. Okay, so. So it's fine even though we put Instagram account it's totally fine they just they just don't run it over there. And that's why with Instagram. You'll, you'll want to create a completely separate ad that way you can test it right you can you can know okay this one's going straight to Instagram and Instagram only. Yeah, versus trying to run them to both. You just want to always separate those types of campaigns. So scroll down and all we got to do is just add our link. And that's it will actually add our link and then create our custom audience so what do you think about. I was curious do you think video captions make a difference is it a big deal or.  And I'm not going to do it right now because I know you got to make corrections that have to make corrections. Before you come over here and set up the ad you'll do all that in your business man or on your business page excuse me. So as you look at that post on your business page you go into the edit from there and you can add them there. But yeah a lot of people watch video without the audio, right, like especially in the beginning. Yeah, yeah so caption is is that's the subtitles. Yeah, so yeah that that is that is important that is important you'll want to start doing that for your videos for sure. Okay, it's just time consuming that part is the time consuming part. Yeah, but it could be good it could be good. So, up at the top you're going to click on add button, and then just add your link to your landing page right here. Yes. Okay the link to the landing page. Yes. Okay, grab it real quick. Oh that doesn't look right. That's actually, but just take away. It's all the way up to sellers guide and then take away the question mark. Okay, yeah everything to the right of yeah just that we need HTTPS. Yeah, all of that that's fine. Okay cool so that will go right there perfect and then update post. And then, and then the select a domain hit that drop down. Select a domain. Perfect. Okay cool so so that's the that's the web event. Okay cool and then scroll down. You see. Is that as far as you can go down actually no you can go down. Further. I don't have anything here. Okay, you're good then. So now just publish hit the green one and you're good. So now what you can do is you can always hit the drop down once it publishes you can see what it looks like in the newsfeed. So that's always cool to just look at real quick so right there where it says view more variations click to the right of that the drop down to the right. No not that one so just exit this one. Oh sorry. I dropped down to the right. Yeah right there. Click on that and then score to the very very bottom. Facebook desktop newsfeed. I did not know you could do that. Yes, and then right over here so as you scroll through. It was just show you. Oh that is very cool. Yeah so. When is the best time to sell your home. I love that title so the title is always at the bottom of the video. Right so as you're working on that post you uploaded to the business page. You're working on the edits of the text you're adding the bitly link. You have the title, you know because when you're looking at it on the business page when you're editing it can be a little misleading because the title is above. Right title goes at the top right and so even when you're editing on your business page, the title is at the top. You know it doesn't go at the top it goes once the ad is live it goes there at the bottom. Right, right so that's as much space as you get you can always you know keep in mind that you can go a little longer. When is the best time to sell your home in St. John's County. Question mark. Click learn more to download a free guide. Or click learn more to download a free PDF or click learn more to find click learn more to learn more or something like that like you can always my point is that that title. That one's that one is catchy because it's a question. So anytime you can ask a question that stops people scroll. Like it does because if I'm scrolling through and I see when is the best time to sell your home in St. John's. I don't know. Let me find out right so it's actually catchy it makes me stop and think and want to click. It does to me at least. And so I'm thinking in general as well as I as I try to really coach on all this stuff. So the point is, is that that right there. You always want to make that catchy, the title. Yeah, that's what they see right to the left of the learn more button. So get me to want to click that learn more button is what that title should should reference you know, you do. Yeah, and then and then having the link above that never hurts. And then your your your emojis, that's perfect always a couple emojis in the text is always a good thing.  Like, once, once you you get that part those butterflies out of your out of your tummy on on wanting to be on video on camera. It's like dude now it's time to just dominate now it's time to really start putting money in a Facebook advertising. Like don't Mickey Mouse this stuff, like really really go all in. Like you need to go all in, because it's not this targeting your local area. How else do you get the attention to them. Like, we're gonna spend a few thousand on direct mail pieces. Like come on like what out, we're gonna have a networking event like what else do we do we do to to get the attention of our neighbors, especially in video form. Like how else would you do that if it's not this. Yeah, it's hard. I mean, I have a VA calling people like right we're cold calling cold calling all yeah nine to five yeah yeah yeah we can we can have someone doing that. Yeah, but but see I wasn't now low like I was a lender right I was I did mortgages from 2010 2016. We had 30 lo's I was one of them on the phone, all damn day, calling leads, I would call anywhere from and I'm not kid I'm a phone guy I come from the phones like let me just make that clear I've been on the phones forever. Like forever forever I am a crush anybody on a phone, only because I can sit there longer than anybody else, anybody else only because I can dial more than anybody else that's the only reason why it's not that I'm better, I can just sit there forever and dial. I come from that background but my point is is that that's all we did so. So to this day my best friend he still owns a company they do millions in volume they do very very well. But my point is is that I built our business that way mortgages on the phone. And we crushed it, but what one thing I did not get out of that is a brand. I'm just a phone like your your VA that that homeowner is also getting for their calls. Right. There's nothing that separates you at all like so she should be she she would be very very good on that phone to build that relationship but other than that. Yeah, there's no branding. There's no long term effect at all like it's just a you're just another phone person calling. You know so that was me as a lender I was just, there was four other banks calling that lead.  Right. But but I didn't build anything out of it. With this with the Facebook ads, especially a video you're targeting a local market.  It's a different branding. It's it's you it's you and video. Yeah, videos very effective. Right.  Run ads every week. Like you have to get in that habit. And again and again sometimes ads may be going well where you may not have to launch that second ad right away. Right. I'm telling you to run one every seven days run a new one every seven days that's what I'm really saying. But again sometimes you may not need to because that first one is going is going well in your caption leads. But even even when you don't capture lead off that one ad, run another one, run another one, like have X amount of dollars put aside to just put at Facebook ads, regardless of what's happening. You have. So you're saying be don't don't get discouraged after the first one I was going to ask you how long it's you see I was wondering too with your car to clients to just how long does it take for them to start seeing results and like after after a couple ads like after after after two to three ads. Yeah, at that point Facebook what what you start to do from from from ad one is it's all about audiences that's what that's where that's where everyone drops the ball is they don't run enough ads to create the audiences. So, so you have to run enough ads. It's in the beginning. 234 ads. It's your first month, maybe month and a half, where what you're doing is you're warming up the audience. Like you're, you're, you're, you're, you're getting these people to know who the heck you are. You're creating custom audiences and you're now retargeting those who landed on your page before but haven't opted in. You're now retargeting those who watched videos for the last three weeks. And once you get into into into your second third fourth ad, that's when you should be retargeting and getting back in front of that in front of those people who engaged before. So it's all about, it's all about building this brand. That's what this is about. It's about building your brand and getting that local area to see you multiple times. Not just once, not just once that's what every agent does they'll run an ad just once and because they didn't capture lead they don't run another one. It's like, dude, that cannot be so far from the, from how you do it like, like you, you have to stay consistent because again the consistency is what's building these audiences for you and retargeting the audiences is what it's all about. Mm hmm. So, so out of this you're getting two audiences you're getting one audience in fact let's let's do that right now let's go to as manager and click on the dots to the left click on audiences. So, you're getting two audiences out of every ad, you're getting the audience of those who watch the video, which is what we're going to set up right now let's create audience go to custom audience. That's not what this is is it. No, we're going to set up another one. Actually, we haven't set one up on that video yet, right. Um, no, we haven't yet. So, so what you'll do is always get in the habit of once you set up that ad, which is what we just did. Now we're going to come over here and set up the custom audience. This one. Yep, video. And then now we're going to set up this audience because again, every ad, we're getting we're capturing data. And in this case, it's the data of those who watch 25% hit the drop down. We're going 25% choose the video on the top right choose videos and we're going to choose this video. So, every ad we're capturing an audience of those who watch 25% of this video, and we're also capturing the audience of those who landed on the web page or the optin page but didn't opt in. Okay. Okay, and then and then we're obviously, you know, capturing the audience of those who opt in, but it's really in those are leads, those are who will be excluding in every ad. The real upfront data is, is, is for sure these audiences that we're going to be able to retarget. We're going to always want to retarget these audiences. So the retention just take it down to 30, take it on 30 days anyone who has seen this video in the past 30 days, they're going to be in this audience, and they're going to see my next ad.  You do the same thing. Yeah, yeah, be very specific. You don't have to put video views just put hot sellers market video, put hot sellers market video, and then in parentheses video not in parentheses in parentheses you're going to put 25%. Ah, market video and then it's the 25% and then create audience create audience.  You have to put your consumer hat on and really be be honest with yourself. When's the last time you were online. And you saw something or someone for the very very very first time you clicked and you gave up all your damn information. When's the last time you've done that like I'm talking where you're like holy cow, I need that. That happens, once every freaking few months, like where we yoga yoga clothes or something. Yep, yep, you couldn't have said it better or even maybe a badass guitar, because you're into that stuff right it's like, if you saw a badass guitar, then you're like holy cow I got to have that. But when's the last time you actually emotionally had that feeling. It's very rare. It's very rare that that person or that company has to be professional marketers to get you to see something for the very first time and get you to want to buy it. But if they're not that hardcore professional marketer which we're not I'm I'm not even that person I'm not that damn good. Like, like, so when it comes to us, we're quote unquote influencers, we're quote unquote solo printers. It's just us. I don't have no marketing team like it's just me so it's like, I'm not that hardcore good. And therefore, we have to show something multiple times, even the big brands need like look commercials, like I don't know how you grew up but I grew up like watching cartoons and TV a lot right like when I was a kid I was always watching TV.  I don't know if you remember this but when I was a kid when I was growing up. I would always watching TV watching cartoons. I would always see three types of commercials. I would always see commercials on cereal cereal so it would be fruit loops, lucky charms, you know different random kids serials. I would always see commercials on toys. Yeah, I would always see commercials on Pepsi or Coca Cola. And these, these are billion dollar billion dollar companies billion dollar brands. All of these commercials, every single one of them, every single one of them. They're spending millions of dollars to simply show you their brand. That was it. There's no call to action. There's no phone number. There's no button to click on to go buy now. It was simply a very general Pepsi commercial of Michael Jackson was a very simple brand awareness of a certain toy. It was a Hasbro commercial and they were showing their newest Barbie, but there wasn't no call now to order now, there wasn't no click here to buy now there wasn't hey make sure you go down to your local toys or us to buy now. Unless it was a toys or us commercial, but, but if it wasn't, and even with cereal, it wasn't they weren't specifically specifically same in the commercial hey go to your local Walmart and you can buy now. It's just a cool animated commercial on Lucky Charms. And the whole point of that type of marketing is to freaking brainwash us is to show us a product over and over and over and over and over and over again so the moment you walk into the local grocery store you automatically think Lucky Charms. Right. That's how you kind of you have to kind of look at this, we're showing our face over and over and over and over to a local market. And it might not be the first ad it might not be the second ad. It might not be the third ad. But as long as you're creating these audiences and retargeting these people. Eventually, they're going to fall in love with you. You're only targeting a local area. We're not targeting the country. So it takes a few videos before this entire town to know who you guys are. And alone has value. That alone has value you're going to literally turn into a local celebrity that alone has value. How much is that worth you know what I mean so, yeah, you're going to get a lot out of this man, you're going to get a lot out of this. Don't just look at the lead look at just the overall exposure of all this and what's about to happen like you're about to create something magical right now just trust me on this one. So, but you got to say consistent. That's the keyword you got to say consistent. Okay, so custom conversion ad is set to go live tomorrow. Custom audiences set right here for the video. Let's chat in four days and review these numbers together. Awesome. Well, thank you so much, David. You're so so welcome message me if anything else. Okay, I'll talk to you in four days set up a call as soon as you can. Okay, thank you. Thanks. Okay, bye bye.


Hello, Myself, M.S. Basargaon, Assistant Professor, Department of Humanity and Sciences, Walsh Chandist of Technology, Sholapur. In this video, we are going to discuss beta function part 2. Now, learning outcome, at the end of this session, students will be able to apply trigonometric form of beta function to evaluate definite integrals. Now, we will see trigonometric form of beta function. Already, we have discussed about the beta function in part 1. That is by definition, beta of Mn is equal to integration from 0 to 1 x raise to m minus 1 into bracket 1 minus x raise to n minus 1 dx. Now, to express this in trigonometric form of beta function, we will substitute here x is equal to sin square theta, that is dx is equal to 2 sin theta cos theta d theta. And accordingly, we will change the limit when x is equal to 0, sin square theta equal to 0 means theta equal to 0. And when x is equal to 1, sin square theta equal to 1 implies theta equal to pi by 2. Therefore, beta of Mn is equal to we can write integration from 0 to pi by 2 putting x equal to sin square theta, that is sin square theta raise to m minus 1 into bracket 1 minus sin square theta raise to n minus 1 and the value of dx is 2 sin theta cos theta d theta. Now, we are taking to outside the integral, which is equal to twice integration from 0 to pi by 2.  Now, this can be considered as second form of beta function or trigonometric form of beta function. Now, here we will simplify the formula putting 2 m minus 1 is equal to p and 2 n minus 1 is equal to q, solving for m we get m equal to p plus 1 by 2 and from second one n is equal to q plus 1 by 2. Therefore, beta of p plus 1 by 2 comma q plus 1 by 2 equal to twice 0 to pi by 2 sin raise to p theta cos raise to q theta d theta. Therefore, we can apply the standard formula when evaluating the definite integral of trigonometric function, that is integration from 0 to pi by 2 limit should be 0 to pi by 2 sin raise to p theta and cos raise to q theta d theta is equal to we can write 1 by 2 beta of p plus 1 by 2 comma q plus 1 by 2. Pause the video for a while and evaluate integration from 0 to pi by 2 sin square theta into cos raise to 4 theta d theta. I hope you have completed. Now, by definition of second form of beta function or trigonometric form of beta function, we can write integration from 0 to pi by 2 sin square theta cos raise to 4 theta d theta is equal to one half beta of here p is 2 and q is 4 that is 2 plus 1 by 2 that is p plus 1 by 2 4 plus 1 by 2 that is q plus 1 by 2 which is equal to 1 by 2 into beta of 2 plus 1 by 2 means 3 by 2 and 4 plus 1 by 2 means 5 by 2. Now, which is equal to you can write 1 by 2 gamma of 3 by 2 into gamma of 5 by 2 divided by gamma of 3 by 2 plus 5 by 2 by using the reduction formula of gamma function which is equal to 1 by 2 and gamma of 3 by 2 can be written as 1 by 2 into gamma of 1 by 2 and gamma of 5 by 2 can be written as 3 by 2 into 1 by 2 into gamma of 1 by 2 and gamma of 3 by 2 plus 5 by 2 is gamma of 4. Now, by simplifying we get which is equal to 3 by 16 into gamma of 1 half whole square and gamma of 4 can be written as 3 factorial which is equal to 3 into root pi whole square because you know gamma of 1 half is root pi 16 into 3 factorial means 3 into 2 by canceling 3 we get pi by 32. Now, you will see the example evaluate the integral integration from 0 to pi by 4 cos cube 2 theta into sin dash to 4 4 theta d theta. Now, here we can write integration from 0 to pi by 4 cos cube 2 theta sin dash to 4 4 theta d theta which is equal to now here first of all we have to express this in term of standard form of trigonometric form of beta function that is keeping cos cube 2 theta as it is and sin dash to 4 4 theta can be written as 2 sin 2 theta cos 2 theta dash to 4 d theta by using the formula of sin 2 theta as 2 sin theta cos theta. Now, which is equal to 2 dash to 4 that is 16 we can take outside integration from 0 to pi by 4 that is sin dash to 4 2 theta cos cube 2 theta and cos dash to 4 2 theta means cos dash to 7 2 theta d theta. Now, again here to get in the form of second form of beta function limit should be 0 to pi by 2 for that we are here we can make use of those situation let 2 theta equal to t therefore, d theta equal to 1 by 2 d t. Now, accordingly we will change the limit when theta equal to 0 we get t equal to 0 and putting theta equal to pi by 4 you get t equal to pi by 2. Therefore, the given integral i we can write which is equal to 16 integration from 0 to pi by 2 sin dash to 4 t cos dash to 7 t and value of d theta is 1 by 2 d t. Now, which is second form of beta function with p as a 4 and q as a 7 which is equal to 16 by 2 means 8 that is 1 half of beta of 4 plus 1 by 2 comma 7 plus 1 by 2 which is equal to 4 times beta of 5 by 2 comma 4. Now, using the relation between beta and gamma function we can write which is equal to 4 into gamma 5 by 2 into gamma 4 divided by gamma 5 by 2 plus 4 that is gamma of 13 by 2 and now here we will apply the reduction formula of gamma function which is equal to we can write 4 and gamma of 4 can be written as 3 factorial and gamma keeping gamma of 5 by 2 as it is and gamma of 13 by 2 can be written as 11 by 2 into 9 by 2 into 7 by 2 into 5 by 2 into gamma of 5 by 2. Here gamma of 5 by 2 5 by 2 will get cancelled which is equal to 4 into 96 divided by the multiplication of 11 into 9 into 7 into 5 is 3465 which is equal to 384 divided by 3465 by simplifying we get which is equal to 128 divided by 115 which is the value of the given definite integral. Now, we will see one more example evaluate the integral integration from 0 to pi x into sin raise to 5 x into cos raise to 6x dx. Now, here we have to express now the given integral in terms of a trigonometric form of beta function that is integration from 0 to pi x into sin raise to 5 x into cos raise to 6x dx is equal to we can write integration from 0 to pi pi minus x into sin raise to 5 of pi minus x cos raise to 6 pi minus x dx here we are using the fundamental theorem that is integration from 0 to a f of x dx is equal to integration from 0 to a f of a minus x dx here a is pi which is equal to integration from 0 to pi pi minus x as it is and as we know sin of pi minus x is sin x that we can write sin raise to 5 x and cos of pi minus x is minus cos x and that can be written as cos raise to 6x dx. Therefore, integration from 0 to pi x into sin raise to 5 x into cos raise to 6x dx is equal to now here you see printing into two integrals pi is constant taking outside which is equal to pi into integration from 0 to pi sin raise to 5 x into cos raise to 6x dx minus integration from 0 to pi x into sin raise to 5 x into cos raise to 6x dx. Now, taking this second integral to the left hand side what you get twice integration from 0 to pi x into sin raise to 5 x into cos raise to 6x dx which is equal to pi into integration from 0 to pi sin raise to 5 x into cos raise to 6x dx. Now, which is equal to again here we are getting here the limit from integration from 0 to pi and to apply the trigonometry form of beta function the limit should be 0 to pi by 2 for that again here we will make use of fundamental theorem which we can write this as which is equal to pi into integration from 0 to pi by 2 sin raise to 5 x into cos raise to 6x dx plus pi into integration from 0 to pi by 2 sin raise to 5 pi minus x cos raise to 6 pi minus x dx. Now, here we are using the theorem integration from 0 to 2 a f of x dx is equal to integration from 0 to a f of x dx plus integration from 0 to a f of 2 a minus x dx here 2 a is pi therefore, a we get as a pi by 2. Now, again simplifying this we get therefore, twice integration from 0 to pi x into sin raise to 5 x into cos raise to 6x dx is equal to here again by making use of sin of pi minus x is a sin x and cos of pi minus x is a minus cos x and raise to the power here 6 we get which is equal to 2 pi integration from 0 to pi by 2 sin raise to 5 x into cos raise to 6x dx. Now, here 2 2 cancels from both side therefore, integration from 0 to pi x into sin raise to 5 x into cos raise to 6x dx is equal to pi into 1 by 2 and here p is 5 and q is 6 that is p plus 1 by 2 means 5 plus 1 by 2 and q plus 1 by 2 means 6 plus 1 by 2 which is equal to pi by 2 into beta of 5 plus 1 by 2 means we get 3 and 6 plus 1 by 2 means that is 7 by 2. Now, which is equal to you can write pi by 2 into gamma of 3 into gamma of 7 by 2 divided by gamma of 13 by 2 that is 3 plus 7 by 2 using the relation between beta and gamma function which is equal to you can write pi by 2 into gamma of 3 can be written as 2 factorial keeping gamma of 7 by 2 as it is and gamma of 13 by 2 can be written as 11 by 2 into 9 by 2 into 7 by 2 into gamma of 7 by 2. Now, canceling gamma of 7 by 2 from numerator and denominator we get which is equal to pi into 8 by 693 which is equal to 8 pi by 693 references higher engineering mathematics by Dr. B. S. Gravel.


Italy reveals connection between terrorist attack in Crocus, Putin's plans for world war. Head of the Russian Federation Putin does not need a world war, so all his talks that the Russian Federation will shoot down F-16s provided to Ukraine even at NATO's air bases in Europe are propaganda. This opinion was expressed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Deputy Prime Minister of Italy Antonio Tajani. This is akin to propaganda. Russia made a bad impression with the attack on the Crocus City Hall in the Moscow region. I thought it was strange that the special services did not stop it. Tajani said he also said Putin was trying to divert attention. I don't think Putin wants a world war also because he won't win it, he added. But Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said that the US and the EU have been obsessive in insisting on Ukraine's innocence in the Crocus City Hall terrorist attack to the point that such behaviour is suspicious. The West is actively trying to convince everyone that this is the work of ISIS and there is no longer any need to suspect anyone, especially Ukraine. Lavrov told Izvestia. They keep insisting that Kiev is not to blame to the point where it's becoming obsessive. Lavrov pointed out that four suspected gunmen were attempting to flee to Ukraine when they were caught by Russian security forces. We have repeatedly said that we do not make any final conclusions until the investigation is completed. The investigation is still working on the facts, new circumstances are being revealed, but we simply do not have the right to exclude obvious possibilities, the Foreign Minister stated. Meanwhile, the West is suspiciously active in trying to persuade everyone that Ukraine had nothing to do with the attack. Lavrov said. Did you see that we were hiding there?


Welcome, folks. We had the Dow industry close up 9, NASDAQ up 15, S&Ps up 3, gold contract, gold contract down $7.10, trading at 12.81 an ounce. We had Silver off 14 cents, $14.86 an ounce, light sweet crude flat, $63.86 a barrel, notes and bonds. They continue to want higher price, folks. They back down today, tremendously lighter volume. They're a 10-year back down with six ticks, $123.15, 30-year on 15 ticks down, $147.04, and $Kingdala, $Kingdala failed to hold higher price. After breaking out last week, $Kingdala traded down 161 ticks, traded $97.565, Euro is at 111 US dollar, yen is out here at 111.66, and the US pound is at 129. After the close out here, you're going to get lots of numbers. One of the biggest ones out here is going to be Google. Google closed at an all-time high today, 1287. That is going to be coming out in the next 60 to 90 seconds, folks. We'll see where Google is going to move this market. Google is definitely going to move the NDX. The NDX futures, you are going to see those futures run around and run around in a very large way. The S&P out here today hit an all-time high. Bottom line is that there's no sales in that S&P. The banking index took that baby up and took it up pretty good. We have the Fed coming out on Wednesday in a way that the banks are trading out here. The Fed is going to have a surprise for us. The consensus is that the Federal Reserve is going to stay on a dovish tone, but bottom line is that these banks, they moved and they had some action behind the move out here. Gold contract, what do we have with gold? Gold back down with light volume out here. Bottom line, gold still wants higher price. Gold closed out here at a price point of 1281.70. You did 197,000 contracts and bottom line gold looks like it's building cause to get up and into the area of 1365. Google just come out with numbers. Google closed at 1287. Right now Google is trading out at 1276. Stay right there, folks.  You're going to love this. We're talking marijuana edibles. Come right back.


Okay, testing 1-2. So as per usual give it a few minutes to get everyone on board And then we'll look to kick off All right, mr. Minaj James. I hope you're doing well Thanks for joining me. We'll give it a minute and then we'll have a bit of a chat about the Bank of England coming up momentarily Goombi How's it going gonna go with that the short work the short part of your name rather the long part I'm afraid Where are you guys tuning in from Always nice to know Where people are and and what do you guys think about Bank of England? I guess just straightforward.  So let's let's have your answers in the chat If you're if you can just access it below or on the right depending on where you're watching this Type in the chat if you think the Bank of England gonna hike hike or no hike What do we reckon? And then we'll give it a minute and then we'll kick off have a bit of a chat and look at the chart Robert Scotland good to have you tuned in Mamma my man. How's it going? No hike. Yeah, I'm your I'm in your camp. Let's see Okay, we've got a few other answers in Robert don't think they'll hike Taz zoos were I don't know hike Good morning from Trinidad and Tobago I'd rather be there than here in the UK at the moment Okay, CA going for a hike so Ganesh hike so 50 50 here you guys pretty much reflecting on what the market Or how economists at least to split let's let's get to it. Let's have a bit of a chat first About the general setup of the charts and how things reside at this moment in time. So Here's a quick look at where we left things Hopefully you would have caught the briefing this morning and and just have an update from the Fed and so on Not a great deal has changed to be quite frank in terms of first off starting with the equity market So you can see here equity index futures just pretty much tracking as they were Got a bit of a consolidation just happening at these elevated record high levels in the likes of the Nasdaq The S&P of course looking very similar here. So the surge that we had last night Post-fed and we just sat here up and around those higher bound levels at the moment currency markets kind of a wait-and-see I guess now for the Bank of England for short term the sterling currency to Take take the lead at least momentarily otherwise probably then more beyond today reverting back to dollar dynamics To really lead these currency pairs And then elsewhere oils had a pretty decent recovery But did come after the biggest kind of two-month rollover and prices that we had yesterday Again with the OPEC meeting. There's been a few murmurings the One again as per the briefing I think unsurprising OPEC plus likely to stick to plans to raise output by 400,000 miles per day despite calls from the US for extra supply and I'm sure I saw some comments earlier this morning The US were kind of pushing for things like 600 K to 800 K The US are not going to get that but as I explained at the time in the briefing This is about American optics to manage high prices at the pump and OPEC are not going to listen So they're decent reverse with oil quite an aggressive bid really from the open We're back trading an 82 firm handle up just shy of $2 at the moment. So just having a look at Cable and how that sits at the moment. We'll talk about some of the potential scenarios here first and then we'll have a look at The actual price targets that we could look at under bullish or hawkish and dovish scenarios But I guess you've got to look at this a little bit on a daily to get a bit of a sense of the context of Sterling movement of late You can see it was only back late September that we were trading down at 134 Pretty decent recovery though through the early part in the month of October Before some slight moderation in price that we've had of late. So Definitely on the downside levels here on the daily chart 135.73 looking at sterling futures here Would be an area to keep an eye on those previous lows that was seen mid-October Also was the lower that was seen in the summer in July as well Beyond that point 134 see the the more obvious target beyond 135 push under What would be more dovish outcomes today and on the reversal of that then looking back up to To the moves up towards that trend line from some of the price peaks that we've had over the last few months Let's have a look at this from a fundamental perspective. I'm just a recap kind of break down here really is to do with the idea of the market has priced in Rate hikes from the Bank of England very aggressively and the real reason for this is that inflation has been higher than expected There's been opportunities from very senior influential members of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee namely Governor Bailey to push back against that last week and he chose not to you've also had the chief economist Who also came out and said inflation could rise as high as 5% which would be indicative then of being much more hawkish And so therefore supportive as economists and analysts would believe to siding with more immediate need for action and raising rates So that's the context very much inflation driven to support that argument But on the flip side To counteract that has been a lack of clarity of really having a definitive idea of what the labor market looks like with the conclusion Of furlough which have with that data to reflect that end of the program It's not going to really be known for another two weeks or so And so therefore being blind to the potential of is that going to lead to an uptick? Let's say in the unemployed and Of what balance then is inflation and the labor market which is kind of one of the things that journalists were asking power last night And so is it better that they just hold fire and wait now one of the things here to support To pull the trigger now is that today we get the latest monetary policy report and if you will know that comes out in February May August and November and these are when in every alternate meeting on those months the Bank of England Unveiled their outlook for inflation and growth and that allows the markets then to have a kind of indicative idea of where The rate cycle will be in in the medium-term horizon IE two years and so Historically the precedence is the Bank of England likes to to act when there's more Transparency of their thinking and this also there is accompanied by a press conference with Bailey as he addresses questions And so in history these are moments when they release these reports these forecasts that they tend to move and so This is what's dividing The belief about what the outcome could be today one of the things that I think definitely to be aware of is This isn't just about hike or no hike. That will certainly dictate the initial Reaction effect. I think that you see in sterling and certainly from a vote composition How? Exacerbated that move looks whether hawkish sterling up Hike and also the opposite by subversa will first off be determined by do they do it and what is the vote split? Obviously the most dramatic hawkish being 9-0. They all vote to hike which is highly unlikely Because the members on the left the months who are kind of known as the Quite clearly as doves are very unlikely to back that kind of move So probably the most extreme hawkish vote split would be something more akin to 6-3 for example However, even that in itself could flip on the other side and it could be 6 feet to hold But one would say that that's an unlikely outcome given the fact that Saunders and Ramsdyn are outlying Hawks have called before to end QE The comment on inflation by the chief economist Hugh Pill and that lack of pushback from governor Andrew Bailey Means that really if they are going to hold it will probably be more like a 5-4 split One would think so as I said this morning a lot of the balance lying with cunliffe and broadband who sit a little bit more Neutral stance if they do hike though one thing to be mindful of is what does the shape of their inflation Expectations look like over their forecasted period one of the things to reiterate we heard from the HSBC this morning is Whatever they decide with interest rates the the they suspect essentially that they Bank of England will at least push back a little Against the extent of the tightening of market positioning for right hikes that has occurred in recent weeks And so what that could look like is a less aggressive rate Inflation trajectory and a more faster return to somewhat a kind of More normal toward target direction Would be then the idea that it's a kind of Strategy of hiking to counter the short-term challenges that are being met by the inflationary conditions at the moment And so that's going to be the secondary key that will be quite key There's obviously the minutes as well and then the press conference half an hour later from Bailey when it's going to be very important to understand Then his description around these matters, of course All right go back to the We'll obviously tune in the squawk guys will do the normal shower. It's just having a look Good to have a couple of you in the chat Just looking more short-term on a 30-minute bar. Yeah, you've got the Kind of double bottom to the price activity that was seen yesterday afternoon and in the overnight Or early part of the European Open this morning Anything beyond there starts to bring into play the lows that were seen back on the 12th of October So any more dovish outcome you've also got the s1 sitting just around that same level Duvish outcome would be no hike more leaning heavy balance towards the vote split being indicative of I guess a a 6-4 or 6-3 or even 7-2 leaning if it's a 7-2 leaning of no vote then the immediate reaction One would think would be quite aggressive downside here in the sterling currency busting through the lows yesterday And a quick shift through 36 down towards that s1 level Wouldn't be that unsurprising then it's about the subsequent commentary that comes thereafter All right, gonna put the score con. Let's have a listen in. I'll keep the sterling chart visible So just want it now on the rate decision again I'll be to the rates whether I survey unless expected a change is yours But just to recap one more time the markets are fully priced in a 15 basis point increase here I don't even want to leave those bits the asset purchase decision And then I'll cover any commentary from the statement the minutes and the monetary policy reports Yes, remember as you said there the markets fully priced for our hike So no hike you'll see a big move downward in the initial reaction a hike It'll be a more moderated upside move on confirmation, but then it's about the subsequent comments Thereafter okay the cable charts on the screen now 10 seconds Unchanged that's unchanged at zero spot 1% and that was a 7 to a boat's place That's unchanged at zero spot 1% and that's a 7 to 2 of both split there asset purchase facility. That's been there unchanged as expected So the BUE says it will be necessary to raise the bank rate over the coming months if data Especially jobs in line forecast the MPC still sees value in waiting for official labor market data After the end of photo before deciding on tightening policy It's the Bank of England here They're using the labor market as justification for unchanged to bear by a lot of commentary ahead of this half of some inflation But I think they're now pitted towards the labor market in terms of the boat split for guilt purchases That was a 6-3 so it's next to the center here to disappear that man is now doing rounds and ensaunders in Descending in terms of those who descended on the rate decision unsurprisingly that was runs and ensaunders So they descended on both accounts there in terms of other Commentary they never supply chain bottlenecks and signs of weaker consumer demand Lowest near to growth outlook since August. Well, I'm gonna I'm gonna turn him off. So just having a quick look then Yeah immediate downside in cable so down to those levels We were saying at the s1 and those previous lows we're having a look at so again, no change This was priced in for a hike. So hence the move lower plus the vote split was 7-2 So people like Bailey and like the chief economist, they're full of BS basically They did they didn't push back Which would be to be taken as if they would be supportive of a hike and now it looks like they're leaning more on the labor market conditions around the furlough sit side of things and so Yeah, the the split remember we were just talking about that 7-2 So saunders and Rams then I can only imagine with the two that went for the actual Well, I'm just looking here actually the the headline tape that I'm seeing Yeah, 7-2 is what some people someone's printed 6-3, but it looks like it is 7-2 So I'm gonna imagine it's again Rams then saunders But Pew pill Bailey and then broadband can't lift the risks all standing pat And I think that makes sense hence the rationale. Well, I thought it was gonna be Unchanged is that you know, this isn't the time for taking, you know guesses about the labor market Just wait, I don't think a 15 basis point right hike would have really have made a great deal of difference to be honest So, yeah, let's just have a look at some of the subsequent commentary They said it would be necessary to raise bank rate over the coming months if if data Especially jobs is in line with market The asset purchase facility is what was Voted as a 6-3 split just so you're aware. So the rate to be maintained at point one with 7-2 the QE split was 6-3 The Bank of England said these effects are likely to continue pushing inflation up in the coming months We expect inflation to arise at around 5% in the spring next year But expect these high rates of inflation to be temporary Sounds very familiar to Jerome Powell last night when he was talking about the whole idea of transitory and and so on The other things that they've said Upward pressure on CPI to dissipate over time. So again starting on the dovish side Growth outlook as we can know since August on supply issues Sees UK economy returns to pre-covid sides in Q1 2022 And they see the monthly inflation peaking around 5% in April of 2022 Okay, so yeah, I mean that I mean that's that's pretty much it for the minute What I'm gonna do is I'll stay on for another one or two minutes But I'm not gonna stay on for the full press conference. I'll leave you guys to that to tackle on your own But if there's any questions at all, let me know Don't forget as well. I have mentioned this before but feel free to I know many of you are regular names that I see in these feeds, but just as a heads up. Don't forget to check out You can follow me on Twitter for my my daily notes and then Amplify me.com if you're a student just check out that web page some some cool stuff that you for sure be interested in in regards to Simulations that you can take part in that don't cost you anything and certainly we can give you an idea better The types of roles in financing in practical terms and there's a content hub you can access there as well that might be of interest to you But yeah, I really came on to see if there was gonna be Any surprises? I guess this is a kind of a surprise in a way against market consensus more broadly speaking Which was for a hike and that has not materialized So therefore sterling to make sense has weakened against that market expectation Further levels to the downside if that were to continue you've got one thirty five forty four which is that low You can see down here in the left-hand corner on the 6th of October. I guess from here. It really depends on The press conference that now follows But overall, I mean they've talked about UK growth being a little bit softer They've talked about inflation is gonna go up. It's gonna peak of around five percent in April but overall they see it dissipating over time and So with that again, this whole idea of the the current challenges being fairly short-term Not constituting the immediate right hike that the markets had been looking at for the press conference My only advice with the press conference really is about looking out for more clarity and detail around This idea of how the markets are priced He's probably gonna ask be asked by a journalist just does he feel this is governor Bailey does he feel that that's correct is that type of rate hike anticipation Warranted for how they see things at the moment and any movement on that could cause further subsequent reaction effects But this was one of the things that remember I was saying about HSBC this idea of It respects with the rate hike or no hike It's the idea of do the Bank of England look to push back a little bit and moderate The overextension of market pricing for really aggressive rate hikes Which is something I was talking about in the briefing this morning and I of which I think that this is and that they will so Yeah All right. Thanks very much guys gonna wrap it up there millen great to see you getting involved as well I hope your algo managed to get hold of the the announcement and Thanks guys. I'll see you tomorrow for non farm


So we know how to maximize or minimize a function, even if that function may have more than one variable that it depends on. But what we've seen is that finding the max or the minimum of that function isn't necessarily what we want to do. In a science problem, there's often some constraints on the problem. Not any solution is a physically relevant solution. We might have constraints, for example, that the energy of the system might be conserved or that we might need to conserve the number of molecules in the system. Or as we saw with the heads and tails example, we might need to conserve the probability. Probabilities have to add up to 100%. So what we really want to be able to do is maximize or minimize a function subject to some constraints. So to keep things simple at first, let's start out with a purely mathematical example. In fact, we'll stick with the example we considered before. Let's take the function x squared plus 2y squared minus 6x plus 5. We want to find the minimum of that function. But now let's make it a slightly different problem. So we want to find the minimum, but we want to find a minimum subject to a particular constraint. Let's say we want to require that x and y have to add up to 6. We know there's a minimum of that function at the minimum, the minimum of that function happens to be 3 comma 0. At the minimum of that function, it doesn't obey the constraint. We want to find out of all the combinations of x and y that do obey this constraint, which of those gives the minimum value of the function. So there's a couple of ways to consider proceeding with this problem. And we'll consider two of them. The first one we'll consider in this video lecture is the one that might occur to most of you first. So it'll seem perhaps most natural. So our approach number one is let's consider using that constraint to eliminate a variable. If we have more than one constraint, we can use it to eliminate, use the multiple constraints to eliminate multiple variables. In this case, we have one constraint that tells us something about y relative to x and vice versa. So we can use this constraint. So if I rearrange that constraint, the constraint equation, x plus y equals 6, tells me that y always has to be 6 minus x. So this function of x and y, everywhere I see a y, I can insert this constraint equation. So plug that into my original equation, x squared, 2y squared. If x and y have to add up to 6, then y squared must be 6 minus x quantity squared. I can subtract x and add 5. That gives me my original expression, but now only for y values that obey the constraint. So this is the constrained version of the original equation, and I just have a little algebra to do. 6 minus x quantity squared is 36 minus 12x plus x squared. If I combine terms in that equation, I've got 2x squared in this parenthesized term and extra x squared over here, so that gives me 3x squared. So I've got 2 times negative 12, gives me negative 24x here, another minus 6 from here, so that's a total of minus 30x's, and then I've got 72 as a constant term and 5 additional, so that's plus 77. So that's just rewriting my constrained original equation. Of course, what we are aiming to do is minimize the function, find the minimum of that function. So the derivative of that function with respect to x, if I set that equal to zero, I'm looking for the place where the derivative of this function, or 6x minus 30, is equal to zero. So this is only true at the minimum. Certainly 6x minus 30 is not always equal to zero, but at the minimum that's true. If I rearrange that equation, 6x is equal to 30, or x is equal to 5. So that's x star, that's the value of x at the minimum, the value of the function when it's correctly obeying the constraint and it's at its minimum, and then y at the minimum is 6 minus that value of x that we've just determined, so 6 minus 5 is equal to 1. So what we've just figured out is the minimum of this function occurs at not 3,0, which is the unconstrained minimum of this function, the position where this function takes on its absolute lowest value, but 5,1 is the value of the function that obeys this constraint. So that'll make even more sense hopefully if I draw a picture for you. I'll attempt to make this picture somewhat to scale. So here's my function, exactly this function x squared plus 2y squared, so it's going to be a parabola pointing upwards, concave up in both x and y. The minimum of that function, the true minimum of the function is at 3,0. So directly above 3,0 this function has a minimum. So it's a parabolic function that has a minimum directly above 3,0, but that's not what we're interested in finding the bottom of this parabola. What we're interested in is finding the point on this function that obeys the constraint. So this constraint x plus y equals 6, there's a few ways I can obey that constraint. I can have x and y add up to 6 if I'm sitting at 6,0, or if I'm sitting at 0,6 or 3,3. So any point on the line connecting these points, those are x and y values that add up to 6. So those are the x and y values that obey the constraint. What I'm really interested in is if I calculate the value of the function at 6,0 or at 0,6 and so on, that gives me certain particular values of this function, draw that a little better to scale. So directly above this line on the x, y axis is a slice through this paraboloid that is the values of the original function that do obey the constraint. And what we're looking for is the spot on these constrained original function that does, in fact, obey that undergoes a minimum. So the minimum of the constraint function is here. And if I were to trace that point down, that point is what exists at 5,1. So the minimum of the absolute function without any constraints, maybe 3,0. But we're only interested in a subset of the points of that function, the ones that obey some constraint. And their minimum may be somewhere else entirely. So summing up what we've done so far, this is only method one of two. The next video lecture will cover the second approach for solving the same problem. But what we've done here is maybe the intuitive feeling thing to do of using the constraint, substituting it into the original expression, eliminating a variable. So there's no more y's left, and then minimizing that function. The downside with this approach is maybe the constraint we have isn't easy to solve algebraically, or maybe it's very tedious because our function doesn't just have one variable. Maybe it has three, or five, or ten, or a hundred different variables in it. And then doing the math of solving that constraint equation can be very difficult. So there are occasions where the second approach that we'll consider in the next video lecture will be the more reasonable way to go about it.


So, in the previous hour we have seen the importance of being effective and efficient in communication. So, we have said that effectiveness means whatever we intend to communicate the person at the other end listening to you or reading your work should exactly grasp that. So, when that happens then you say you are effective now you must achieve this effectiveness with as little effort as possible that is where efficiency comes in we have also given the reasons why it is very important to be effective and efficient. In fact about 30 percent of the papers which are rejected the cause of rejection is poor communication. This is the statement of editors of most of the journals. So, poor communication which includes ineffective as well as inefficient communication is a very important reason a major reason for rejection of papers and that is why we need to be we need to spend sufficient time in developing or speaking and writing skills. We have discussed in detail what are the issues that we must take into account when we are doing oral communication. Now, today we will just see some additional points which are important in written communication. So, let us look at this like writing methodology. So, there are two broad writing methodologies one is plan and write and other is think as you write. So, plan and write involves spending a sufficient amount of time in first planning how you will organize your material and in what sequence you would like to present your ideas and then you start writing. On the other hand think as you write involves jotting down points as and when they occur to you and then you organize a material and write then you reorganize as you are writing and so on. So, this is an iterative process it all depends on our preferences there are few people who plan and write and they say that they do not have to make several drafts of their writing. However, by and large think and write is a methodology that is followed by many people and that is what one would advise people to take up because in think as you write or write as you think whichever way you look at it there as and when the points come to you you are jotting them down. So, it is somewhat easy to get started see one of the problems in doing research work as well as in writing is that you take time to get started. So, this think as you write or write as you think this strategy is very easy for getting started up. Second point is that nowadays almost all writing is done using computers for research scholars at least. So, rather than the first writing things on a piece of paper and then transferring to a computer one must develop the habit of writing into the computer directly it has many advantages as all of us know you can do paste cut delete revision and so on very easily in a computer. So, the next thing is generate the points putting them down as and when they come to your mind. So, we are now talking about the second strategy of writing that is write as you think or think as you write organize them into an acceptable structure and then convert them to grammatically correct and well balanced sentences. Active versus passive voice active voice makes the sentences short and more immediate. So, the modern trend is to use the active voice as much as possible. So, instead of saying the man was bitten by the dog you say the dog bit the man another important point particularly in the context of Indian scholars or students writing English is that every sentence must have a verb references there are broadly two formats of writing references and one must stick to these formats and one should not try to mix these formats. So, the first format involves numbering. So, you use numbers for referencing in this case the names of the authors are written with the first name converted to an initial and then the last name in this order it should not be last name first and then the first name when numbering is being used numbering scheme is being used for referencing followed by that you have the title of the paper some journals do not require the title of the paper. Then you have the journal then volume and if you want issue number then you have the pages then month followed by year. So, this one format as against this you have the alphabetical arrangement of the references which is what is shown here in the second reference below. So, here the last name comes first this is very important the last name comes first followed by the initial then you have the year coming in brackets followed by this you have the title then the journal volume and issue number and finally the page number. So, broadly these are the formats you must stick to this format. So many times what happens for example people use the numbering scheme but they write the last name first this is not correct there are advantages and disadvantages of each format. For example if you use the numbering format the advantage is that if you have a large number of references you can all refer to them in the text of your paper very easily it is very compact. On the other hand you know whenever we write papers or thesis you do not have all the references arranged in the perfect order in the beginning nor do you have all the references. In fact you go on adding references at several points in writing. So, in such case this numbering scheme becomes somewhat difficult to use because you have to go on changing the number of references right in the text and you may forget to do that some places you might forget. So, this is the disadvantage of the numbering scheme. The advantage of the alphabetical scheme is that you can go on inserting any number of references because whenever the numbers are given in the alphabetical form when you want to refer to this particular reference in the text of your paper you will give the name of the last name of the first author followed by the year that is how you will reference and if you want to locate the reference at the end you have to go in the alphabetical order like what happens in a dictionary and then locate the reference. Illustrations with the text alone most people remember just 10 percent of what they read this is the importance of illustrations. I have also said earlier that in your oral communication slides should contain as many number of diagrams or illustrations as possible this is the reason for it. When the meaning of the text is enhanced by carefully chosen illustrations people can remember almost 50 percent of what they read. So, it is very good idea to include illustrations in your work for explaining various things. So, there are different kinds of graphs that one can use in illustrations line graphs bar graphs area graphs pictorial graphs sector graphs pictorial drawings line and block diagrams cartoons even cartoons are very good particularly in introduction. Whenever you are introducing an idea you can use cartoons the cartoons are used rarely in papers in review paper sometimes you will find these things when people are introducing some very big idea but in thesis it is perfectly alright to use cartoons in introduction some more guidelines for illustrations use thick lines and big lettering for labels one of the problems in illustrations is students use the same font size for lettering in figures as they use in the text. So, for example most of the time the text is either 11 point font or 12 point font times in roman and they will use the same font size for lettering within the figure I am not talking about figure caption I am talking about figures within the figure now this is not correct actually your font size in the figure should be as large as you can use because normally the figures will be reduced in size when they are put in the publication and so lettering should be a legible after reduction. So, your figure is almost half of the effort size paper and in that you are using a 12 point font for labeling various lines and so on. Now, this figure will be reduced by a factor of 4 to 5 for example and then your font size is going to become very small. So, this is something that you must take care of. So, test your illustration by reducing it to the size it will be in ultimate publication use black and white colors for general publication and as far as possible for thesis also. So, colored figures you minimize as much as possible some more points about written communication write review rewrite. So, it is an iterative process next point review objectively by creating a psychological distance between you and your work this is very very important it is important and little bit difficult. In fact, you will you would have experience that it is very difficult for you to find mistakes in your own writing particularly have you know forgotten some words somewhere or you are not put a comma you are not put a full stop and things like that or you made a spelling mistake you do not detect it very easily because you are so much involved in writing that you are unable to be objective. Now, how can you create a psychological distance some of the methods are as follows given there one method is set the work aside for a few days and do something else in which you can be deeply involved and then take it up for review. So, for example, doing something else involves making phone calls meeting friends and so on these are some practical things which are suggested which people have to do right and so they can do some management of the time. So, you write and then sometime you set aside for doing all these other things another very simple and effective approach is to read aloud whatever you have written as hearing reveals the difference between what you intended to say and what you actually said this is a very effective method of locating mistakes and improving the written material. So, now some prescriptions for improving your written communication read the editorial of a newspaper daily the editorial of a newspaper the language is very good and it is also generally simple because newspaper is meant to be read by a large population and it has to describe in detail the opinions and situations. So, the language used there is very good do writing for 2 hours per week this is another suggestion this could be notes for lectures that you gave or description of an important idea it can also be presc writing that is somewhere for example, I have asked you to read something material for discussion one can prepare a gist of that this is what is meant by presc writing. So, this kind of things one can do. So, in fact these are the assignments which are suggested write a summary of the discussion material you and your research in about 600 words list the references of your oral presentation in proper format assuming they are being put in a thesis prepare any one figure of your oral presentation with a figure caption many times students prepare figures, but they do not provide a figure caption. Now, you may not have a figure caption in the oral presentation you may avoid it because you can say it orally what you are talking about, but in written presentation you should have a caption and that should be very effective what it means is that without reading a text when you look at the figure you should be able to figure out what is being talked about there the caption should be such. So, it need not be too telegraphic. So, caption of a figure is not exactly like a title of a paper or something like that thesis title of a paper or thesis is something that in which you cannot use too many words it has to be shot, but the figure caption can be a few sentences that is perfectly fine, but not too lengthy also some more points about writing. Writing is the means of discovering new knowledge see the importance of writing it is a means of discovering new knowledge. So, you should not think that writing is something like an input output unit of a computer many times what people think is take the analogy of a computer the CPU does all the processing and finally when all the processing has been done and results are generated the job of the printer is only to print these results out. So, many times people think that the writing is like printing activity right everything has been done all thinking is completed everything is over all that you are doing during writing is just putting things down this is incorrect because when we write our thinking is stimulated many ideas you get when you write. So, you have some ideas you start writing you get more ideas. So, writing stimulates thinking writing makes people think about their work in a different way some well established authors have said the only time when we think is when we write these are their experience the only time when we think is when we write it may be an extreme statement in fact some poets have said that how do they write their poems they can write their poems only when they have a piece of paper and pen in their hand. So, an idea passing idea comes to their mind and then as they write it develops. So, those who have done sufficient amount of writing know this very well the importance of writing up in generating new ideas also a lot is written when little has been achieved. So, you do not have if you do not have any point to say then you will go on beating around the bush and you write a lot writing can be the most difficult part of research both for you and your supervisor students tend to postpone writing towards the very end and also procrastinate. So, this is being is a word of caution therefore, the suggestions were made that you know you write every week something. So, that you develop the habit of writing and also because students are not aware that writing stimulates thinking they postpone it. It takes much longer than you anticipate to write it is inadequacy is the most common single reason for requiring students to resubmit their thesis or papers find quiet conditions in which to write and if possible always write in the same place. So, like you have a bedroom you have a kitchen where a place is devoted for a particular activity like that you can have a place right where go and sit there whenever you want to write it can help you to write you know get started very easily. Now, you know the stages in which a thesis goes through right meaning after a thesis is written it is sent to an examiner for review. This I have told in the beginning and then the examiners read it if they have any questions they ask and then which have to be answered and then you make a defense. Now, what is the structure of a thesis? We have discussed the structure of an oral presentation. Now, broadly the same structure is there for a thesis there are some more intricacies in the structure of a thesis. For example, you have to provide an abstract something that you do not do in an oral communication then you have to provide a list of figures and tables. Then there is a certificate and then you have acknowledgments introduction and then summary conclusion scope for further work at the end and in between you also have a review and your work. So, now let me set aside these things such as acknowledgement abstract and sorry acknowledgement the list of figures and tables right these things let us set aside and then look at the other sections. Now, just one thing I want to point out about acknowledgement many times people simply copy acknowledgments and the letters for acknowledgments the letters and I am sorry the sentences and so on. Now, while some things will be you know common even in acknowledgement you try to be original right whatever acknowledgments you want to pay you please do it in your own words right do not copy it shows that you know you really care for those people whom you are acknowledging. Now, the structure of a thesis let us look at it the sequence in which you write the various sections. Now, it is not necessary that the sections should be written in the same order in which they actually appear in the thesis finally. So, for example, you will have abstract first in a thesis and then introduction then you will have the review then description of your work your results interpretation and all that then you will have summary conclusions and scope for further work. So, what I am trying to say is it is not necessary that you should first write the abstract then start writing the introduction then the review and so on. In fact, it is suggested that your contribution should be written up first. So, which means not abstract not the introduction not the review all the conclusion your work right which is your contribution these middle chapters you should first write and even for writing these chapters a good approach is to prepare all the figures first and then write because when you prepare the figures you almost have a very good skeleton of what you want to describe and then you can write. So, after you have written up your main work then you can write the review then after writing the review you can write the introduction and the conclusion and after the whole thesis is written up like this then you write the abstract. So, abstract is something that you write at the end though it appears in the beginning of the thesis. Many times what happens is the students spend lot of time in writing the introduction and so on and when they have to write up their main work the amount of time available is less and they do not do a good job of it.  Another reason why people write introduction and review first nowadays is because they think you can do a cut and paste from somewhere else something that is actually not permissible. So, simply because these things appear to be easy to write your own work is always the most difficult thing to write introduction and so on it is like you know things which are already available somewhere you are putting them down. So, some sections are easier to write than others I have just mentioned that already. Now, length layout and typography. So, A4 size paper and justified text. Now, as because justification of the text that is left justification right justification and so on left justification should be there on that there is no difference of opinion whether there should be right justification or not. Generally, it is advised that you have right justification also, but recent research shows that your reading is more comfortable it is more comfortable to read particularly long write ups if they are not right justified. Because then there is some sort of break in the monotony some sentences you know are take up less length and some sentences are longer and so on. So, there is a break in the monotony of reading. So, one can choose not to justify the right hand side if one wishes. Now, type phases serif and sans serif we have discussed this point already in oral communication that if the font size is small 12 or less then you must use serif font times your Roman is the default. So, avoid using aerial font for example, for 12 point size unless some journal insists that that is the thing that you should follow. Line spacing double line spacing is recommended because then it is easy to review particularly long write ups avoid too much of emphasis of any particular word or sentence. For example, the way emphasis has been shown there it should not be done there is an example of too much emphasis. So, the word emphasis here you can see what are now what are the methods of emphasizing one is italics use of italics you see the first letter e in this emphasis the first letter e in emphasis italics here. So, italicizing is one method of emphasizing capital using capital letters is one method of emphasizing underlining is also a method of emphasizing and then putting words between stars is also a method of emphasizing bold using bold also is method of emphasizing now here everything has been used. So, these are an example of over emphasis normally it is suggested that you just use bold or you just underline do not use bold and underline that is not necessary or you just italicize use italics it is not necessary to use italics and underline not only it is not necessary it is better if such things are avoided it this is all from the point of view of comfort in reading, but headings they should stand out clearly heading should stand out very clearly you can use bold or you can use capital for headings alone like heading of the chapter you can use a combination of bold and capital if you like then preparation of camera ready copies I will not discuss this much some more guidelines titles of the thesis chapters and subsections should be shot and should wait the appetite and arouse the curiosity of the reader many times the students are not aware of the impact that titles of subsections chapters and thesis have on the reader you can make the titles interesting. So, you should spend sufficient time in deciding what titles you will like to give things of such titles is a pleasant thinking of such titles is a pleasant diversion from the boring job of writing routine portions of the thesis do not use abbreviations in the title this is very important do not use abbreviations. So, for example, if my title contains IIT right then I must write it as Indian Institute of Technology and not IIT this is one of the common mistakes committed by students particularly there will be some highly technical words which will have abbreviations and they will be used in the title. So, once the title is put in fact the unless you are working in the same area and the same specific area you cannot understand what is it yes. Some cases say if you are writing something on MOSFET or something. Yes. So, on that case what to do. Yes that is why it is suggested that in fact when I was trying to give an example the first device came to my mind was MOSFET, but I avoided it because I thought some people may not know what is a MOSFET. So, MOSFET it is suggested that you write metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor. Now, one problem that can arise is if the other part of the title takes up many words then if you expand this MOSFET it can be a problem one of the things that you could do in with such cases is you can write MOS field effect transistor right use abbreviation for a small part of it and then right. So, whichever is much more easily understandable and you can use an abbreviation that portion alone. So, for standard abbreviations we can just use them like MOSFET is yes it is for that particular domain. Yes now the one of the things people say for example, you may address you are supposed to address wide audience you know cater to wide readership. This is the reason why they suggest that you avoid. Now for example, I am in doctoral committees of many students right you know there is a doctoral committee form for assessing the progress of research scholar. So, you may be in the committee of a physics student or you may be in the committee of a chemical engineering student right, but you are an electrical engineer. Now, you have to assess the work right yeah. So, this kind of thing. Even though for example, a paper may be published in a genre of electrical engineering there may be portions of it which may be of interest to other disciplines. So, mainly from that point of view it is suggested that you avoid abbreviations. So, actually I had one more question regarding the use of active voice. Yes. So, you mentioned that using active voice will help shorten the sentences. Yes. But is using active voice well appreciated like most of the papers still we find that passive voice is used. Yeah. I am talking about the recent trend. And it is based on my experiences such as I wrote a paper for IEEE transactions on education. Where? They are particular about the language. So, I got a review saying that I find that the paper is not so well written because it excessively uses passive voice. Now, surprisingly another reviewer said it is a very well written paper. But the fact that it is a very well written paper I do not take it as significant. I take the other thing as significant comment. Yeah. Then I have reviewed papers and there I did not bother about the voice. But I have seen other reviewers commenting that author is strongly advice to use active voice. So, in several instances I have seen this issue being brought up. Sir, because as such a thesis is a single author who although the papers which come in the thesis have. Thesis is not in a single author in the sense you at least your guide is there. So, it is okay to use active voice V. Yeah. You can use V. And we see several papers changing the voice somewhere in between Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Right. They say that a method has been proposed. And then they say that we have proposed. Yeah. Yeah. So, wherever possible active voice. So, now this thing that I have suggestion that I have made here that use active voice is not only based on this one or two experiences that I have quoted. I have also seen recent books on communication suggesting that you use active voice. Yes. Thanks. If your guide does not like active voice then of course it is better to avoid it. You can tolerate the reviewer. Right. I mean reviewer is it is okay. It is like guide or the editor. If the editor is saying you should use it. Right. Then you have to use it. I mean you have to avoid it. Sorry. Not use it. Avoid it. Okay. So, with that we come to the end of the various issues that should be borne in mind while doing oral or written communication.


The service provider network is connected to the consumer or the consumer network through the user to network interface consumer UNIC in This module we are going to look at how the consumer could possibly have access to the service providers infrastructure and program it to avail some deal or some package Like service provider provides a software as a service Utility or a feature as in a firewall that possibly customer could program and Provide to its own user base So let's look at the requirement of it and the overall framework for it the consumers could be Retail or consumers could be service providers in turn as well so the variation in programming Skills or the dexterity dexterity expectations is quite varied So we can imagine that there are some Turnkey services as Softwares which are provided to the customers by the service provider with some reconfigurability and reprogrammability provisioned to the customer the programmability would now be limited to configuration options like adjusting the values of certain Fields visible through a web-based interface the consumer could subscribe to the service provider for instance a service Of a firewall the service provider deploys now the firewall within its own infrastructure but the front-end or the API is provisioned to the consumer or the Customer base of the consumer All the traffic that is coming from consumer devices or the consumer network is now Routed through that is to and from the Service providers infrastructure Primarily through the firewall that the service provider has set up for the consumer Let's look at the Complete details of it the description is itself clear that the consumer Subscribes to an offer by a service provider for a firewall The firewall capability is only installed within the infrastructure of the service provider and The service provider only offers a limited configuration or editable parameters to the customer For instance opening and closing pinholes That is changing the port ports or changing the Applications which could be provided access to the through the firewall What happens in a more traditional approaches that? Traditional firewalls are deployed as stand-in-own elements and these are integrated into the customer premises equipment like Gateways or routers or wireless access points the Configuration of traditional firewalls is is a one-time affair and it only is updated through service patches It's it's difficult and it requires a specialized knowledge by the networking experts so the configuration actually would Allow the users to have Control over certain parameters, but would not have programmatic access to certain underlying features or more technically advanced options in programmability approach the Consumer possibly is now limited to configurable parameters To meet the market expectations While also allowing some add-ons the programmability could be achieved by Providing a web-based interface with tailored or customized access to Certain firewall features the network programmability would involve the modification of The Operator infrastructure, so this is essentially a firewall a virtual network function Infrastructure as a service in the more traditional network function virtualization context because it's all happening in the cloud The firewall could also be now deployed by the operator With some high-end hardware capability because the traffic is now going to be routed through the flow Which are determined by the service provider for the particular consumer the challenge that we are going to expect here Is not going to be much different from what we have seen earlier in offering services across Service providers infrastructure from the enterprise angle angle even from within the infrastructure of the operator So we can say that the firewall service could be applied To all of the consumer services each consumer service could possibly have its own Policy requirement this could lead to some more complexity, but this complex complexity essentially is on the service provider's end so We are going to look at the advantages that we are going to get the first and foremost is the availability of a Software utility that allows the customer to have the firewall capability rather than deploying its own Infrastructure involving the capital and the operating cost that's the first then The experience of the service provider in handling security essentially means that they have a more Systematic operational procedure and a more thorough outlook on how security threats are handled and managed Then if the firewall is deployed by the operator as a software application It means that the software could be changed could be modified and then All the Resources which are required are on the service providers end So when users move to their workplaces and they access the consumer network or Consumer infrastructure, they have to go through the firewall as an application. This actually means that The same cloud based the operator based infrastructure is now available To the consumer because the consumer is programmed at once for its own customer base whether they are at their offices or they are at home and then over time upgraded security profiles and At more advanced billing options and More scalable solutions could be provided as new service patches come in these software as a service features like Firewall the reference is essentially the same operational opportunities and challenges of SDN and network function virtualization programmable infrastructure by the at is the Alliance for telecommunication in industry solutions


Hello everybody! This video is about how to run disk defragmentation in Windows 10. Defragmentation is a process of updating and optimizing the logical structure of a disk partition performed to ensure that files are stored in an uninterrupted sequence of clusters. That is, if the computer works with the hard disk for a long time, large files will be stored in different areas of the hard disk, which in its turn slows down the process of reading and writing files. With the help of defragmentation, you can move all parts of these files to adjoining sectors of the hard disk, that is, speed up your PC and improve its performance. You can perform hard disk defragmentation without using third-party software. All you need is already in your system. There are several ways to perform defragmentation in Windows 10. The first method is like this. Go to the Start menu and click on Control Panel. Select the View option Large Icons. Then go to Administrative Tools and look for Defragment and Optimize Drives. By default, scheduled optimization, that is, defragmentation, is enabled in Windows 10. By clicking on Change Settings, we can view and change details of this function. That is, to enable or disable scheduled optimization every day, every week and every month. Choose if we need notifications when three scheduled defragmentation were missed. We can choose the disks we would like to optimize on schedule, or enable or disable the function of automatic optimization for new disks. Close this window. Now you can optimize disks manually or analyze them first to see if they need optimization. For example, let us select Disk C and click on Analyze. After the analysis, you will see the fragmented percentage of the disk. In my case, fragmentation is 0%. After that, click on Optimize and wait for the process to finish. I'd like to know that this defragmentation can take up quite a long time. The second method is the fragmentation of the hard disk in the command prompt started by the administrator. To do it, go to the Start menu and click on Command Prompt Administrator. Then type in defrag command and specify the letter of the drive to be optimized. For example, Disk C. Then enter the necessary parameters. The list of parameters is given below in the description of this video. And press Enter. After that, the defragmentation process will start. As I have already said, it can be quite long. After the defragmentation process is over, we will see a report saying that the operation has been successful and giving us general data on the volume we have optimized, the volume size, free space left, total amount of fragmented space and the maximal amount of free space. The fragmentation statistics does not include fragments of files larger than 64 MB. Thank you for your attention and good luck.