Okay, welcome to October 5th, Microsoft DevSync. So this is our sprint planning meeting for the next couple of weeks. Chris Baer has pulled up our backlog of stuff. Looks like we've still got a couple of things left to do before we're all done with everything. So let's go through here and before we get started assigning things to the next sprint or filtering out things that have already been assigned to the sprint, let's talk a little bit about the high level goals for the sprint. So the last sprint was about trying to get the mark two enclosure up and running and we had two activities around the wakeward tagger. One was getting the database side of things squared away and then starting work on the implementation for the tagger itself. And we got one of those done but we haven't sort of worked on the tagger yet. So I think we should continue with that work. I think this is a good time period while we're waiting for the next spin of the SJ201s to come in. So I think we should get right on that right away. I've got some ideas about how to do that in a minute. And on the hardware side, we should know that there's anything for us to do right now until the hardware comes back. But I do want to make sure that if we get boards back before the end of the sprint that we know exactly what we're going to do with them. So I want to make sure that we've got the priorities with respect to that setup. So with that being said, does anybody else have any opinions or ideas or remembrances that we've promised that we would do? Well, my question is did we actually get everything done in the last sprint that needed to be done? Do we have SJ201s integrated and operational and running the full stack? That's the question. Yeah, so all the SJ201 specific code, the leds, the volume control and the switches are completed. I have not put the pull request up yet because I'm not sure if we want to include the post stuff, the power on self tests in the enclosure code for that pull request. So the code's done and it's working. I'd like to get the new SJ201s in to verify that because the one I have is the one with the external amp and so I can't test the volume. But other than that, yeah, the code's done. I'm actually moving on to the power on diagnostic stuff. So yes, the answer to that is yes. Okay, and so my next question is for Chris Veier and Derek and maybe Gazz, which is there's a big piece of that hardware integration that involves simply the Pi 4, which is getting the Wi-Fi to come online, getting it to all of the stuff that's related to the operating system level or the compute module, let's call it as opposed to the sound card, which is what the SJ201 effectively is. So is that squared away? Can we do a demo today of us taking the Pi 4 and putting an image in and getting it up on Wi-Fi and so on and so forth? Wi-Fi, no. I think what we've been doing and what the current plan is is you can just use the existing Kivi image and everything should work just fine. Except for maybe the screen orientation. So yeah, I think that's... I haven't really taken any time, I haven't worked on the tagger, so I haven't taken any time to try to boot mine up and see if there is anything that's a problem as far as that image running on my device. That's a good point too. The code I have runs on Kivi. I haven't tested it on QT. So there's two things we could do. We could plug in a QT image and see how well it, and this is maybe something we should do all in Hawaii is compare the two, or maybe do before we go. But what can each do? What are the pluses and minuses of each, that kind of thing? Yeah, I did have a ticket to this sprint for benchmarking resources each resource usage of the two of them, because I know that's been a big question from everyone is like how much resources do they both take, and is that going to be a problem? So that's one of the things that I wanted to do in this sprint, so that we could help move that ball forward, so that we are closer to making a decision on that, and when we do get the ball, as we can move forward more quickly. I had a conversation this morning with Aditya actually, and we spent about half our 45 minutes going over that. So I've got some information to report there, but I think that's actually something that we could ask them for. He relayed some very encouraging information to me regarding the resource utilization of QT versus QB, and also about their commitment to the project as well. So it made me feel a lot better about taking on QT as the official tech GUI that we support going forward, but I would like to get some of that stuff in writing. We got into some of the details, but not necessarily all of the details that we identified in the matrix of things to evaluate. So maybe we could just ask him for some help on that. I know he watches and listens to these. I was actually going to suggest that we get with Aditya and have them do the work. I agree with Michael there. They've made a big investment in it. They're between the plasma image and everything else. There's a lot that's happened over there. So if I'm in the shoes, I would want to make my commitment to be the default. So since we don't really have a lot of personnel resources to chase that, and they've already made a big investment, then let's ask them to go ahead and benchmark the stuff so that we can have a little bit more visibility. My next question is, does this kill the company? So in other words, does the decision we make between Kibbe and Qt, does it kill the company if we go the wrong way? I don't think so. It may jeopardize our community involvement, which is if we kill the community, that kills the company. So that would be a deal killer. But is beyond that, is there a practical reason why, oh my God, if we select, you know, Betamax, we're done? No. Okay, then I would argue that we should make this decision quickly and move on. We just got so much time. We've only got so much time, and this is slowing us down. But we can have a separate meeting about that. We can crank it out here. I mean, I know that these meetings have a tendency to get into this subject like every week. Yeah. Yeah, I do look forward to having this resolved. Let's just take an item to forward all the stuff that we've talked about, all the questions that we've compiled. Let's forward that to a DJ and see if we can get him to help us out on that. Okay, Gez, is that on your plate? Eric and I meet with them every week, so we'll chat to them in about 12 hours or so. And he's in your time zone, yeah? Not at the moment. He's stuck overseas because Australia has a limit on how many people go back in the country every day. Yeah. Okay. So, okay. I've been kind of handing it out, but so a couple things. One, I don't know if Gez may have mentioned this, but we've kind of already planted the seed there. We talked about it last week about setting up some benchmarking stuff. But also, I have ran Qt on the SJ201 with the Pi 4 and did Wi-Fi setup and stuff. And it worked. So, we do know that at least. Michael, is it appropriate for me to check out the Qt image and scroll it and get this stuff working on that and make sure there's no issues or that still down? I think it's, you know, if we need to go that route, I think we can go there later unless you think it's going to affect the power on self-test work. I don't think it's going to affect the power on self-test stuff or hardware. I am planning on putting a module check in to make sure the necessary modules have been installed during power on self-test. And I suspect everything here, we're going over here. I certainly believe we can push it off possibly until the summit. Okay, yeah, let's just not do any work that we don't have to do until we have to do it. Josh, just flagging, I muted you because we were getting a lot of stuff, so you might need to be a computer at some point. I can do it from my headset, I just need to remember to do it. Okay, so just as a reminder, the description for Sprint 16 is going to be get the wake word tiger online. That's the number one new thing. And then the other thing is, what is the other thing? Is there another thing? We need to be ready for the mark two for the next FJ201 revision to come back. Are we settled on the form factor, Derek? Like you're not going to be moving any holes around or anything? We went ahead and did move the holes, I think. Yeah, so for this design we should be good. Hopefully. But are we settled on, can we start working plastics because what I'm seeing, I don't have like a fancy Gantt chart, but what my little internal clock is telling me is that if we don't get a mold maker, we're going to end up having a pile of SJ201s and no plastic enclosures to put them in. Well, right, but we have to do some basic engineering stuff before we can, I mean I can get quotes and stuff, but there could be you know, we might need more ventilation, we might need, we got to pass some engineering hurdles before we pull the trigger. But yeah, we can get quotes moving. Okay. So that means we need to get, I mean we need to get plastics design going. Do we have a, do we have, so Michael this spin of SJ201s is going to have all the holes in it and everything's going to be the way that it's going to be when we go to production? Yes, the physical form factor should not change. So we should, so Derek once we've, once they've frozen that you and I should get going like we should start, I mean we should start printing and cutting and drilling and sanding and get unit one done so that we can do DFM and get the, get the molds cut. Yeah, yeah, yeah, that's interesting. Yeah, we need to start cranking up our printers and making parts, yes. I'm literally cleaning my, my wash station now. And this is your resonating chamber that you sent me. So, yeah, because I don't want that to be I'm concerned that that will be the hold up, right, that we'll have everything else done electronically and software wise and it'll be like, hey, you're, you know, zero tolerance is another eight weeks out. Are we going to use zero tolerance or do you want to use somebody else? Well, I mean, I think there's a lot of things that we've got to decide, you know, we want to decide on how long we want the mold to last. We want it to be a 10,000 or 20,000 shot mold and, you know, aluminum molds. We don't have, we don't have 10,000 dollars to buy steel molds, so there'll be aluminum molds. Right. Yeah, I mean, I've got another possible around the molder in Kentucky that uses China that actually cut the molds, but they do the they do the injection molding in Kentucky. Might be a little cheaper. But there's a couple of different things that I would like to do. For example, right now when we're looking at this could be this could be a whole separate discussion too, by the way, so Michael, I think it is a whole separate discussion. I was actually looking into excuse me. I've been looking into some software along these lines when we get into managing our inventory and manufacturing process and that sort of thing. So if anybody has any favorite software of that sort, but they'd like to have us consider that would be appreciated. Yes, so my ideal situation has always been we find a PCB specialty full product assembler, so like their number one best thing to do is PCBs, but they can handle the full assembly of the product and do all the testing. And it seems like one of the companies that kind of fits in the small production role likes one of the companies that we've been quoting recently. All right, so we'll table that for now. Let's get into the Sprint 16 planning here. I think we don't need to go through this is kind of take forever to go through this line by line and there's a lot of people on the call. So let's maybe everybody can pull up the same backlog and we can skim through it and everybody can individually go through and add in or take out the issues that they think will build along here. So in particular, we want to leave in all of the stuff for the weight weight tagger for sure. And then we should prioritize the things for the Mark II that depend on the ESJ201 bring up. And we probably should add in a few more tasks here now that Kevin's in our system, we can add in some of the dependencies that he's going to be working on in terms of what he's going to do to bring up the ESJ201 and make sure that it works. Test all of the subsystems and all of that good stuff. We don't have to do that all right here in real time though. What I would like to talk about though is how do we approach the weight weight tagger and I think this is maybe an opportunity here or maybe not to try some development stuff that we haven't done recently at least in terms of getting two people working on the same system. So, Ken would you be comfortable working on the web stuff relating to the weight weight tagger? Well I mean I can learn anything but the back end is something called Selene so I'd have to come up with a speed on that but yeah sure. Well I was wondering so my question is would it be useful to consider maybe you and Chris doing some part of the sprint or some part of your days of the sprint doing some pair programming or having one of you doing maybe the design for sorry getting all my acronyms mixed up. So one of you working on the test stuff and the other one working on the actual code you know that sort of thing where it's you know two people working on the same system and you know compliment each other. I wonder if that might be something that we can consider for this particular sprint. I'm flexible. I mean I assume the power on self diagnostics can weight so yeah I can certainly pair up with Chris this sprint on this stuff. Chris any thoughts? I don't have a particular suggestion in terms of like how exactly to do it but it seems like it's work can some done some of this work in the past and so I just thought that maybe he could help make things more efficient for you and maybe you know offload some of the testing code or you know that sort of thing. Yeah we can certainly go to world. I think that makes sense. I'll get with Chris in the morning and I'll start sketching out some of the VK tasks you know under guidance from Chris and we can get the Chris could be working on the development while I'm working on the testing stuff so that certainly can be done in that manner. Okay great. So I was just wondering if I should be pushing some review tasks that can instead of Chris have been defaulting pushing things to Chris he knows the systems the most but this just sort of continues the same problem where we consolidate everything under the same people. Yeah I think it makes sense to push some of those reviews to me specifically since really Chris is the lynchpin this sprint but we want to keep him focused on the bagging stuff. I can certainly do the testing stuff as well as some code reviews and things like that yeah I don't see there being an issue but you know I think we should try to keep Chris free because he's got a lot of work with sprint. Is the tagging stuff going into production this sprint? Well that would be an idea. Wait a second. Well I would be surprised if it would be done before the end of the sprint but that's certainly a noble objective. Okay so Josh you said into production and then Chris you said no. So Josh what is your interpretation of into production first? We have the entire machine learning we've closed so somebody goes to their unit to say my crop it has a data volunteer it just flows into the appropriate folder you know that gets flagged in the Salini system is something that needs to be tagged it flows through first tagging and a validation it gets fed into the data set and we hit a button somewhere and retrain the wakeward tagger and importantly we evaluate the resulting model against the existing model to determine which one's better and whichever one's better we push to the remote devices and doing that for him let me give you an opportunity or alteration to what you just said so nobody puts the button each night possibly at midnight who knows what time a script a cron job kicks off it does a query against the database it reaches a determination on threshold being met and automatically kicks off the machine learning process the only manual intervention that would be in the system would be if the new trained model outperformed the current default model and that's where the process is kind of left at right now because only because there's no send mail running on the training server otherwise I would have emailed out the notification to a distribution so everything you said is done except for the actual and the notification at the end if it's deemed the model needs to be promoted but there's no manual intervention until the determination is made that the model needs to be promoted okay and then the next step of that that same exact process for arbitrary well there's two additional steps so that process for arbitrary so somebody goes and says hey Judy and it automatically sets up that entire flow for a hey Judy wake word so that's item one that is not essential and not mission critical but it would make us it would be a significant differentiator for our company against the other companies that's number one and then number two would be using a transfer learning mechanism on the device as part of the skill so that the end user can contribute 10 or 20 utterances and using transfer learning integrate those utterances into the resulting model so my guess is those two things won't be done immediately but they should be somewhere in the back of yeah I think it's safe to say they won't be done in the next two weeks okay but do you think we can get the first thing done in the next two weeks because that's a I think it's a pretty we spent a lot of time on it and I think I have a great deal of faith and confidence and you guys that you can do it in that timeframe do you think we can push to do it and as if so is there a place that I can be helpful that's a good question I still think there's a lot to do I think we might get this built in this print there are going to be a handful of API calls after the written tests a couple screens that have to be modified I haven't looked at the salinity code in the UI for a while we haven't figured out how we're going to have samples tagged yet for how we're going to select sample to be tagged we haven't figured out how we're going to do the prioritization of how we're going to do the tag depending on if there's still a lot of questions and if they were all answered then maybe that would be a thing of a different tune but I just don't think two weeks is enough time to figure out the stuff and get it coded and get it into production okay well the benefit of using Agile is we can give it a shot if we don't get there then we move it to the next print the first goal would be to get this built in the next two weeks because there's a lot to do so what if the answer to these questions being answered not completely actually it might not be a bad idea for us to enumerate the questions and maybe we just meet first thing in the morning and get them answered that's somewhat significant for you to be able to move forward yeah I mean the two big things I think are how we're going to select samples to be tagged there has to be something written for that I don't know I know there's some ideas I think Michael's probably got some and maybe you have some but how we pop up how do we pick the next one to throw on the screen and the other one the other one's just defining the what tags are there and how do they relate to each other yeah so the answer to the first question I mean if I was going to simplify it would be the oldest first the oldest untagged samples I suspect you have more questions around what exactly the UI is going to require of you regarding what classifications are we actually tagging is that where you were going in other words high low wake word not wake word stuff like that well yeah that's something that I have a pretty decent idea of how the screens look and how they're going to look I've got a pretty decent idea of what the database needs to look like but yeah we need to probably delineate what tags we're looking for because then if we the oldest first doesn't get us the nice spread that we talked about in the past too so if we have 5,000 samples from one person who was using number one we would actually my understanding is that we would prefer to tag a single sample from every user than 5,000 samples from the same user and so there's a few things like that that might help yeah we've outlined a lot of these requirements in the documentation already so I think we need to go through that and design a system just come up with an algorithm that satisfies those requirements yeah I mean I can stub in something that just something from the database and throws it on the screen you know there's a lot of stuff I can do without some of these questions being answered but you need to get them figured out before I can call it done do they have the working UI screens already mocked up regarding the initial process flow or are they TBD Derrick has got me something close enough that I can get what the tags are I can get them pretty well defined basically the idea is the screen stays the same for every different type of tag and just the information changes on them so determine the initial tags or what other than wake word or not wake word that I don't know I don't know what we want to what tag I thought we'd been over this ad nauseam we haven't been yeah I think we have but it depends on how you see it but I actually Chris I don't actually think it's a great idea to stub out the algorithm that we're talking about here just use a dumb algorithm get the whole system working with a you know whatever obvious easy to implement algorithm there is choosing which wake words to tag which get the system working and then we can make the algorithm better you know as the next pass right that's the way to get everything up and running quickly so let's not worry let's not let the the exact algorithm hold us up on making progress on the system while you know we can make progress on getting the whole system up and running while we're you know we have some design meetings around and taking a look at all the requirements that we that we have as Josh points out talked about that now see him I can do that cool I just there's one of my expectations is I am getting this introduction we've talked about it a lot I don't know that we've solidified any answers but certainly getting started with maybe I don't know a maximum of starting and just bagging on wake word not wake words now and then I don't know maybe Derek had it designed as a series of binary is it's beginning to sound like so the first binary would be wake word not wake word maybe the next binary it might be higher low pitch I don't know we got rid of the binary idea actually it's it's going to be you know like one crane will be is this a wake word and you'll actually have like four no it's not there's multiple yes it is or it's something I mean the other thing that I think is is kind of a monkey wrench into it whether we're going to start dealing with larger samples that have many words in them and trying to break them up and read pass them back through I I don't know if I'd be for that first iteration I try to keep it simple and yeah I think we did for now we just tag them as having multiple and reiterate on that later yeah okay I mean we take that as a first pass but I think that one point two is going to be oh hey we have to actually solve this problem because every single sample has multiple that's just my thought a prediction if you look yeah let's let's blow through this quickly we we've gotten kind of jammed up a little bit on the dev side and you know the we've got a limited runway but you know with with Michael's fundraising effort and some of the other things that have happened we have a really clear path towards towards actually shipping this thing and being successful and like being relevant but only if we speed things up we have to move faster from a calendar perspective we just have to and you know it's it's I know everybody's been working hard and there's a limited amount of time that people can kind of work at this start up pace but in my view we need to go back to this kind of insane start up pace for a couple of just a couple of months maybe two three months total through the end of the year until these things start shipping at which point you know we we become we go in a maintenance mode and and start incrementing and improving like we're we're really close to having a product shipping it's kind of like the video game companies with the what do they call it the crunch or whatever where we're getting really close we just need to you know apply some gasoline or some 91% pure alcohol would probably work fine remind me not to strike a spark in here yeah and I don't think we necessarily you know need to start a death march just yet we'll get there but the but I would like to you know take this approach of doing things in passes you know especially with this agile development approach which is not my forte but you know the the goal here should be to get a version up and running as fast as possible right and then we'll add features to it as we go right so one of the features is you know having a good algorithm for picking which things to tag right so by starting off we just have an algorithm whatever Chris can code that you know isn't totally brain dead but something that actually functions right you know so that we're not tagging the same way for over again other than that you know just make it work we'll make it better we'll make it better later and you know ideally we can get through a bunch of iterations like that within a sprint right if we can get the whole system up and running within you know the first you know half of the sprint or so then we can spend the next you know next half of the sprint making it better and sure I don't think we'll necessarily get to the point where that won't necessarily make things faster in terms of getting a you know production ready system online any faster but I think it will definitely help us with the perception of of progress getting us used to you know to getting things done and then continuously improving them the the one difference that I guess one thing I do want to keep in mind though is that I don't want to take a hasty approach to doing this in the sense of we're going to hack this and it's going to be you know much bigger to go at the end of it right I want to do it right and you know especially with respect to just testing and with respect to documentation so those those those are the caveats when it comes to you know doing things quickly so one quick thing that I just thought of is that ideally the samples shouldn't be provided chronologically sequential because if someone is doing you know if their device is triggering over and over again and then you start to be able to like just listen into an entire conversation and I know that's something that's happened in the past so I think you know just some kind of random you know just adding adding a random goal to the to the algorithm would be good okay it's a good thought yeah I mean a lot of ways to do that could be randomization it could just be you know tag more than one thing from the same user you know except out of one every ten samples or something like that yeah yeah yeah but that's a good that's a good warning but unintended consequences of sharing data you know along those lines we could add in fact maybe institute some policies if we find that it's actually becoming a problem institute some policies around just leaving out a percentage of samples you know just say hey we will never tag these like we don't tag odd member samples from each user you know something like that okay so do we have enough information to construct this sprint now I'm just glancing through it real quick everything that's tied with purple relates to the wake word collection so we can keep all that in here anything that's not tagged purple we should look at it to see if it's important for the SJ201 bring up and if it's not then we should punt it into 17 yeah so a lot of those are mine one I wanted to flag is core 331 currently doesn't have anyone associated to it so that came out of the ask yes no roll over stuff something that we should do you know before we ship them our two devices but definitely but it doesn't need to happen right now I don't think we should put a tag on that as you know with respect to what it's what it's associated with right I mean that seems like it could be a user experience issue in terms of making it user friendly but it also might be a functionality issue you know if it's if it's too slow it might actually be unusable in which case it's not just a user experience thing it's a you know it's a real problem so for example like Ken was noting that we can't talk over Microsoft when it's talking to us we can talk over Microsoft when it's playing music right but you can't talk over it to say okay you know stop telling me that so that might yeah that might be well I mean anything you can do yeah I want to get into the detail there but yeah I'll tag it with user experience for now the best tag we have I think but from a higher level it sounds like what we're doing is we're putting a full court press on the wake word tagging process which seems to dovetail nicely with the fact that we won't have new hardware for possibly a week or two and then when that sprint when this sprint ends we can basically put a full court press on everything hardware related right exactly you meet Josh's goal trying to get this thing in a shippable condition yeah yeah so you know we'll get as far as we can with the wake word tiger and it'll you know and then we'll take we'll see where we are and what it takes to get it into production but you know they'll you know if that bleeds into the next sprint then it bleeds into the next sprint but what I really want to do is get it into a maintenance mode where it's just one of the things where we're you know occasionally adding features to or fixing bugs with just like you know precise or mimic or any of the other parts okay so Gez makes a good point a lot of his activity isn't necessarily reflected in the wake word collection so we should expand our eyes to the 20.8.1 probably what are your issues that you can be telling us? Well a lot of it I mean a lot of it at the moment is around improving our CI improving the stability of our CI builds because you know we've just got a bunch of little niggly things that are sometimes failing and so getting those lined out is going to help us move quicker and then the other things are like helping progress the community side of things you know merging the hours just slowly slowly getting through our community contributions I have to keep remembering to meet Josh all the time I don't know how noisy that stuff is I also wonder if it's worth doing a project roll over epic so that we can tag those things because they need to stay on there. Yes yeah good point yeah Josh we keep muting you because I don't know if you realize quite how noisy that stuff sounds to the rest of us so just be aware Michael I'll create a new ticket for the testing stuff my headset was muted so I don't know what's sending you sound so anyway sorry yeah it's great so for tickets on your side we should create some tickets just like you can a couple ideas so create some tickets around managing pull requests for the sprint whatever your target is or if there are specific pull requests that you're looking at I know you've put some of the major ones in there dealing with like lingua franca the modules plug-in system and stuff like that so those kinds of things should be on the board as well but if you want to create a generic ticket for like you know review the incoming pull requests it'd be good to know it just as a reminder that you're working on these things you don't have to like list the specifics of every single model that you're like cool okay so can everyone take a look through this real quick in the backlog and push anything that you don't think belongs in the sprint over to 17 and we'll let's say in 15 minutes or so we can push this we'll start this sprint actually we can go ahead and start this sprint now and you can always push things to the next sprint yeah we don't care about velocity and all that kind of stuff when things are moving but if we get any further into agile it'll make a difference I'm starting it now okay so unless there's any other business people think we need to talk about we can call it here and just spend the next few minutes going through the sprint and making sure that everything in there is is relevant and if not push it out and we will meet again tomorrow or Wednesday depending on who we are Chris B I'll get with you in the morning and go over some of the VK test stuff and what my strategy is and what I'm planning on doing to make sure it's okay with you okay sure hey Derek can we stay on for a minute sure okay thanks everybody


Russia attacks the aircraft, passengers and sovereign territory of NATO countries jams GPS signals. Aircraft, flying over the Baltic region, are experiencing cases of GPS signal jamming. Russia is considered the culprit of these issues, reports Politico. The blackout episodes, known as GPS jamming, have been occurring regularly since the start of the war in Ukraine in 2022. The source writes Politico specifies that the interferences are concentrated in the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation. Russia is regularly attacking the aircraft, passengers and sovereign territory of NATO countries, said Dana Goward, president of the Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation. She called these incidents real threats and reminded how, during the accidental jamming in 2019, a passenger plane narrowly missed crashing into a mountain. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency is studying this issue, but regulators currently state that GPS issues do not pose a danger to flights. Cases of interference reported by pilots have steadily increased since January 2022. This was stated by the European Aviation Safety Organization, which receives reports from pilots through its voluntary incident reporting system, IVER. During the first two months of 2024, IVER recorded high increases in GPS outages reports. In absolute figures, we received 985 GPS outages compared with 1,371 for the whole of 2023 Euro control reported. They added that the number of incidents in the first two months of this year was almost seven times higher than in the first two months of 2023. Politico reports that last year, Israel began jamming and spoofing GPS signals at the border with Lebanon to protect its territory from Hezbollah missile attacks. Recently, Israeli disruptions have caused problems for civilian aviation in Lebanon. It was reported that planes bound for Beirut were forced to turn back due to signal shutdown. While disruptions may be inconvenient, they do not pose a significant risk to safety. An aircraft can safely navigate the globe without GPS, said Stuart Fox, Director of Flight Safety and Technical Operations at the International Air Transport Association. This time, Russia recruited mercenaries from Sri Lanka and Hungary for war against Ukraine. The Russian Federation has recruited citizens from Sri Lanka for the war against Ukraine. Some of them have already been killed, reports Al Jazeera. The news agency spoke with two mercenaries who fought on the side of the Russian Federation. They recounted how they came under attack by a Ukrainian drone in the temporarily occupied Donetsk region. We didn't know that it would be this dangerous, said Senaka Bandara. Russia promised citizens of Sri Lanka that they would be involved in bunker duty. However, the Ukrainian military managed to hit the bunker where the mercenaries were stationed. The material writes that hundreds of citizens of Sri Lanka are fighting on the side of Russia against Ukraine. Most of them joined the war for a salary of $3,000 and the prospect of obtaining Russian citizenship. It has also been established that some of the mercenaries have already been killed. According to Daily News Hungary, an allegedly Hungarian pro-Russian group has been recruiting Hungarian mercenaries through Russian social media with promises of high salaries, citizenship and social support in exchange for fighting against Ukraine. The so-called Legion of Saint Stephen began recruiting mercenaries for the Russian military in September 2023, as reported by Blick. While their invitation is open to all nationalities, Hungarians enjoy priority in admission. The group offers a high salary, though not specifying details on the exact amount and citizenship for Hungarians upon joining the Russian military ranks. Recently, the National Resistance Center reported that locals in the temporarily occupied territory observed the arrival of more Kremlin mercenaries, in particular invaders are bringing in fighters from Cuba and Nepal. Reuters also reported that India has asked Russia for the early release of some of its citizens working in the Russian army in support jobs. A representative of the coordinating headquarters for the treatment of prisoners of war Petro Yatsenko said that the Russian mobilization resource is running out, so the aggressor country is increasingly recruiting foreigners for the war against Ukraine. Ukrainian captivity includes representatives from Cuba, Nepal, African countries and Latin America. Polish General Russians may have fired missile into Polish airspace to test NATO response. Poland will demand explanations from Moscow after a Russian missile violated the Polish airspace during the mass attack against Ukraine on the morning of March the 24th, the Polish Foreign Ministry said. Poland, a NATO member, scrambled fighter jets to protect its airspace as Russian forces launched another large-scale aerial attack on Ukraine. The Russian cruise missile entered Poland's airspace for 39 seconds. Jasek Siwera, Chief of Poland's National Security Bureau, said on X. He also said the NATO allies had been briefed about yet another violation of the NATO border by a Russian cruise missile. The Polish Foreign Ministry spokesperson Pavel Ronsky called on Russia to stop its terrorist air attacks on the people and territory of Ukraine to end the war and address the country's internal problems. According to a Polish General Stanisław Koziacz, Russia may have deliberately fired a missile into NATO member Poland's airspace in a weekend test of the country and aligns his defenses. He said such situations may be deliberately provoked by the enemy in order to test the Polish air defense system. Stanisław Koziacz said in an interview with Polish press agency, you never know what a rocket like that can do. Koziacz said, all the more so because they are often dual-purpose missiles that can carry a nuclear charge, the former head of Poland's National Security Bureau added. Moreover, the Russians may want to use the border airspace while also violating the Polish border to attack Ukrainian objects with cruise missiles from the west where air defense is probably weaker. He said in an interview, the situation now requires very decisive actions. In my opinion, the only remedy to protect Polish airspace and Polish territory against this type of event is the establishment by NATO of an anti-missile defense zone extended in front of the Polish border over the territory of Ukraine, he added.


Nine brand foods is part of whole bake limited and whole bake make healthier gluten-free snack bars. They make over 150 million snack bars every year. Whole bake are based in Corwin, which is a little village in North Wales. Nine is our mixed seed snack bar. It's a fantastic product that harnesses the amazing power of seeds. Perkiat is a quinoa-based snack bar, combined with amazing flavours like goji and cranberry, crunchy peanut, cocoa orange and salted caramel and cacao. I'm Emily from Blue Stone Brewing Company. We're a brewery based on a working farm in Pembrokeshire, West Wales. Our beer has a unique flavour that you won't find anywhere else. Because the water that goes into our beer filters down through the hills that surround the brewery and collects in a well on our land. We don't add any chemicals or filter the water. It goes straight into the beer, which gives it that good wholesome Welsh taste. We brew a wide range of beers. We have around 10 bottled beers in our core range, but we also like to add seasonal exciting beers throughout the year, and we love creating anything new. Hello, my name's Simon Buckingham. I'm the chief executive of the Ebon Ovens Brewery, based here in Fondale South West Wales. We are one of Wales's oldest brewing families, and we have been brewing here in Wales since 1767. In addition to brewing a range of classic craft beers from kelp fruit to our new Fire Island brand, which are all gluten-free and vegan friendly, we also blend a creation of Red Hog Wild Cider, both in medium dry and very free flavours. And because we're a modern forward thinking brewery, we also brew lager, and we brew lager to a very high standard. Hi, my name is Karina, and I am a founder of Flossam Drinks. At Flossam, we transform imperfect fruit into perfectly crafted cold-pressed juices. Flossam is a range of 100% cold-pressed fruit juices and lightly sparkling juice drinks made from surplus and wonky fruit, with no added sugar, no sweetener, and absolutely nothing artificial. Starting Flossam has never only been about selling juice. Instead, we always focused on making a positive impact on everything we do. My name is Alison Lee Wilson, and I'm the sales director of our family company, Hallen Mawr Anglesey Seasult. We are organic-approved. We have Kosher certification, and we're a protected food name as well, which means that it's an absolute measure of the quality and the fact that we don't cheat. All our salt is hand-harvested from the waters around the Isle of Anglesey. We do a variety of different salts. We have a pure salt, we mix it with spices and other seasonings, and we also smoke it in our own smokery. As well as the salt, we can smoke sugar, and we also smoke water, and it's a very effective ingredient that we supply to chefs and manufacturers all over the world. We also have a range of condiments. We do ketchup's with a twist, and we also do a range of sweet and salty spreads. Hi, my name's Deanna Jones. I'm from HCC Meat Promotion Wales. We undertake trade development and marketing activity on behalf of red meat processors in Wales. We have a number of Welsh lamb and Welsh beef exporters including carcasses, primal cuts, and retail cuts in the Scandinavian market. Welsh lamb and Welsh beef are both protected geographical indications certified, and that means that the animals are born and raised here in Wales on much the same kind of country to what you see here behind me and processed in an approved site. Well, we started as a family diversification on the fifth generation here. We had a spring, and we thought we'd like to try and sell it, and that's how it all started. Now, everything we produce in our Raddenhills water brand is in 51% recycled plastic. Environmentally, we can hold our hand up and feel we've got some good credibility. My name is Tokis Dandu. I'm the managing director of Smosaco, a family business based in the south Wales, just outside Cardiff. We're a specialist in producing vegetarian and vegan plant-based products, and we actually produce them in the ambient, chilled and frozen formats. We supply into the food service sector, into the retail sector, as well as hospitality and travel sector as well. We are very customer-focused. We try to create products for what the customer requires, whereby we do not add any artificial flavouring, colouring, GM products. We do not use any MSG in our products. We do not use palm oil in our products. We're now coming out with a range of products very soon, such as Asian-influenced bison pasties. We're coming up with world flavours of burgers and sliders. We're also coming out with a range of independent, individual ports of curries from the world. We also have a new high-fibre tomato-based sauce for pasta as well as pizza bases. It should be coming out very, very soon.


Yeah. So the follow-up question, does everybody have a gift to bring to the world? Maybe some of us don't, or maybe some of us have important gifts, and some of us don't really have much of a gift. Einstein maybe had an important gift, but what if you're not that gifted? What if you're not that smart? So I would say, again, that we do not know how this world works. We do not know what choices, what actions on a 500-year time scale are going to have a big effect. You could be a magnificent inventor, a magnificent thinker, but it could be that your inventions are things whose time has come. And if you weren't going to invent them, somebody else would invent them. And from that perspective, are you really doing anything that special? Whereas another person could be doing something completely invisible. A stay-at-home mom maybe taking care of children with disabilities, or somebody working in a kindergarten for disabled children, or something like that. And maybe this woman is highly educated, but her gifts are going to very mundane things, you know, changing diapers and holding someone's hand and hugging them when they scrape their knee and things like that. And it doesn't seem that they're doing any kind of magnificent giving of a gift.  In a way, that's even a bigger gift because she's not getting recognition for it, or very much money for it. She's not being celebrated for it. So her gift is not only of her time, it's also of her ego. It's saying, yeah, I'm not going to be an important person, or a wealthy person in this lifetime, because what's calling to me is so immediate, and I have to do this thing. And so it's a trust. Ultimately, it comes down to this question, this almost like a forlorn question of, well, maybe I don't have an important gift. The resolution to that comes by stepping into trust in a coordinating intelligence that deploys each one of us exactly where we're needed as part of an inconceivably complex evolution. And maybe only looking back 500 years from now, could you say, yeah, I was in exactly the right place. I was put exactly where I was needed. And my heart called me to do exactly what had to be done in that moment. Short answer is everybody has a gift that is important. It just may not look important from the lens that we've inherited from a culture that celebrates scale and celebrates bigness.


So this morning we have a program that's going to take a few twists and turns and I think the place where it starts is one that has been on my mind for a few years in the ways that so many people in this industry are really amazingly focused on the well-being of others. They often sacrifice the well-being of themselves and so while there is a lot of conversation about consciousness I think sometimes the work the inner work doesn't get done when so much energy and effort and scrambling especially from our amazing social entrepreneurs that are here is spent externally making the world a better place. So I was really pleased when a member of the SoCAP community introduced me to Bo Xiao earlier this year. Bo is a very successful entrepreneur and venture capitalist but as you all know sometimes monetary success does not equate with happiness or fulfillment or an overall sense of accomplishment and well-being. So I was really I felt really privileged to hear about Bo's journey and I invited him to tell that story on this stage. It's worth noting also that in the theme of social capital markets and impact investing in October of 2017 Bo created a fund and committed a hundred million of his own family's capital to that fund to invest in a venture capital style but really specifically focused on investing in companies that are dedicated to reducing suffering in the world and they're using technology to further develop humanity's consciousness. So I think this is a really unusual piece of the social capital markets that you're going to be excited to hear directly from Bo. Please welcome Bo Xiao. I wish I could walk around a little bit but looks like I'm stuck on the podium. Actually I could walk around. Well thank you for coming bright and early to this to my talk. I enjoyed the opportunity to tell my story to you. I sold my company when I was 29 years old my first company and I retired and I was expecting all sorts of good things happening because I sold my company for a couple hundred million and I had everything that a normal person would want in terms of money, freedom, fame, time but it turned out that I wasn't particularly happy. The fireworks lasted for two weeks maybe not even that and what I discovered was that I actually become less happy than before. I had thought that I would actually before I sold my company I didn't worry about money and but however after I got rich I became worried about money. I worried about losing it and because before I know whatever I had if I lose it all I could make it all back in a couple years. I know I could get a job and do whatever and make it back but I knew that if I lost the money I had then after I sold my company I would never make it back without a lot of luck. Let's face it any kind of that kind of success requires luck and I wasn't sure I could make it back and the problem is I was perceived at this person in this position in society and life of this place now and then suddenly if I have to if I lose it all that's going back to the normal life that's very very scary. Another thing is I thought I would enjoy my time with my kids. I had a lot of time in my life I could travel I could spend time at home but turns out that actually I wasn't very relaxed around my kids even while we're at the beach I'll be checking email for no reason and I actually did not know how to spend time with them that I didn't enjoy spending time with them I'll be trying to teach them this scold them for that but I didn't enjoy a connection I didn't really have a connection so I discovered over time that pretty quickly actually that what I thought will bring me happiness and fulfillment doesn't that no amount of external achievement could bring a inner well-being or satisfaction or fulfillment or freedom that I thought and I think almost everybody thinks that they will get. In some ways financial freedom does not buy freedom financial freedom is not freedom unless one is truly free and and for me the past of freedom and I'm on that path and not like I have complete freedom is through working on ourselves the inner journey because what I found is that and not just me but my own personal experience has been that I grew up in our lives my in my life you know feeling inadequate in different ways and I wonder whether you do too as well that deep down inside me and inside a lot of people I know that we have harsh criticisms of ourselves and and we feel I feel I felt this kind of a lacking in some way and I think different people's lacking is different I feel a particular lacking so for example if I walk into a room I feel very nervous if I the room of cocktail party people I feel really nervous like I felt like nobody will want to talk to me or connect with me only when I feel like I'm superior to people in the room like I'm somehow I know something they don't I'm richer or more powerful more famous whatever it is or they need something from me then I feel secure but I get into a room where I have nothing to share I'm just a person I felt incredible amount of tightness and and nervousness and fear around being not connected with and I know I realized really quickly that no amount of fame or wealth or money will buy me the kind of freedom I need it would not it would not solve this problem and I suspect that I'm not the only one that in fact I know a lot of super wealthy people super successful people who are worth billions of tens of billions who really do not like themselves very much and but the problem is that we all seek to find this kind of fulfillment through the outside we try to fill that hole like imagine there's a hole in our body there hole in our soul that we try to fill that soul with these external achievements or money or fame or number of friends or even doing good it's a nice way to fill that up but it actually doesn't so when I realized that I decided that I didn't want to do traditional business anymore so because in the meantime I saw my company 16 years ago and then 10 years ago started venture capital fund in China that today manage about three billion dollars and in the past 10 years we invested about 30 plus unicorns companies worth more than a billion usually early stage when only a few people and and now very large ones so we have a very enviable record as an investor and we made a lot of money for ourselves and for our investors but as I look at those companies very few of them really matter in my newfound realization yeah I will get somebody faster by five minutes we invest in over China okay we get there somewhere faster great or or we might invest in a social network that enable people to waste their time chatting with each other was of some kind of a superficial connection and I found that to be increasingly meaningless so fairly recently I decided to leave the fund I co-founded and and set up a fund with our own capital my family my own capital about a hundred million to start with to invest companies that bring inner well-being to people and when I look at the world what I find is the world's problems today stem largely from the lack of inner well-being that we try to just like I said before try to find fulfillment trying to find inner health and wholeness through external achievements and that kind of a drive not only not fulfill the inner lack but actually is the root of lot the world problems so if you even take an example of say environmentally you know issues yes there are global warming you can look at you know all these technical causes of global warming and we find solutions through carbon rationing when not to solve it but I don't think it can be solved because we have a fundamental issue where we want to grow our economy a 5% a year and our resources simply cannot grow a 5% a year and no matter even yet we can increase our efficiency here and there and but fundamentally our we are we need for more and more things is insatiable because we have this inner being and we find that we have more and more things actually didn't fulfill the whole therefore we want more things we want to keep growing so that we have more things and if that's not stated then growth has to continue to occur I'll take the example poverty right about 30 billion dollars is needed to feel to feed all of the world's hungry people about 30 billion billion people they're living with was not enough to eat 30 billion is a big number but it's not very large right just even just think about in the US alone we spend about on diet products and programs annual spending the US about 60 billion dollars right it's a pretty starling statistic right it's like not only the having too much is not only did not bring well-being but actually it's hurting us so we have to spend more money so that we avoid the harm of having too much or eating too much and so I think what happened is we we have been the problem had been made worse because we have you know the increasing focus on materialism that we receive these marketing messages every day in our TV advertisements and other media programs about you know wealth and fame and consumption be important right every as you see on TV not every most of the ads is around you have to look better or you won't have more things right or the increasing attention economy attention economy Facebook and others that try to grab our attention but they have an engine to grab our attention regardless of what costs us right so if I'm a perspective these companies more attention to these apps and to these devices makes it more valuable for those companies well-being is not on the car in the cards and therefore but if you think of a company what's the best way to get attention is through addiction addiction is a very kind to hit our animal brains of dopamine hits and all that so that we feel inadequate without getting a like on Facebook and then somehow we think if we're getting more likes and getting other four words and whatnot these somehow will make us feel better that's a almost an accelerated version of what I was talking about of finding sources of it sources of freedom and sources of fulfillment and healing from the outside and the system today is working against us in some ways the system is is accelerating through advertising materialism attention economy to lock us further and further into this seeking satisfaction from the outside and and unless we do something about it I think our inner well-being will be continue not get better but actually but get worse so that's why I don't if you know one out of six Americans are on adults are on anti-depressants one out of six and if you think about from a company perspective companies is no more than an organization of people company any company today is a group of people organized for a common purpose that's really no more you mean all these fancy terms of fiduciary duty limited liability whatever it is but I really look at the core of it any single company is a group of people organized in a particular way for a common purpose and different organizational structures and motivations all about just how do we get people work together toward a common goal but unfortunately today we have a mantra of companies purposes to make money it's success value is primarily in the most cases only event measured by how money how much what's a long-term DCF this kind of cash flow of a company in a cash flow stream that's how we value a company that's like a mantra today but if we in some ways it reflects our inner journey in some or the lack thereof right when we believe that a person's journey is about maximizing consumption and maximizing our outer well-being things coming from the outside then it's not too far a stretch to believe that companies purpose is the same thing that it's since a group of people then the group of people need to maximize the external accolades and and value rather than doing what it's really the people need what the what the society really needs which is not the same thing as what maximize a particular company's profit and the worst thing is this is the vicious cycle because when company wants to maximize the external and value and profit it sends the messages out to all of us to consume more to seek value from the outside and locks individuals further in this in the buddhist internal because and Sarah or some kind of illusion of well-being or seeking well-being and of course when we feel inadequate we want our companies are investments to do better to make more money so then we push our companies to do you know not push implicitly we will vote without the dollars right we invest in companies that that maximize their profit and and the whole the cycle goes so I know I know people here do not need convincing that a company needs to have multiple bottom lines but what I'd like to point out is that the problem of what we see on the outside of company seeking profit and all that stuff ultimately comes from ourselves comes from our inner journey so that's why the fund that we're we have started is to focus on inner well-being and also we very explicitly say that our fund is not to maximize profit the profit is secondary to doing good and in some ways I hope that 50 years from now we will look back you know and our grand our kids or grandkids will look back on on this era and say why did we actually go through this phase where people a group of people would what they will spend their lives trying to make more money and maximize profit of a company when we know max in a process marketing profit it doesn't do society so much good shouldn't be we organize every shouldn't every single company organization have a primary goal of increasing human wellness in whatever way defined but hopefully is as much wisdom as possible and profit being secondary that of course being sustainable how I think being competitive to be able to serve your customers better is always good and I'm not advocating losing that but shouldn't the primary purpose of any group of people working together including the limited library companies public or private be focused on social well well-being of mankind or society and I hope that's will be the case and and to do that I think the things we need to do first is to start with our individual selves to be on a journey of self-discovery and healing to find our vulnerabilities our fullness and our wounds and our infinite possibilities thank you


I was quite concerned recently about the size of my energy bill in my home. It was way higher than it should have been. I know we all feel that right now in England. So I called the energy company. After 20 minutes, the guy said to me, it looks like it involved in what we call an erroneous transfer. I said, what is that? He said, it's when your bill and the neighbor's bill is fortune fused and your bill is spent when he is paying yours and clearly he uses far more than you do that your paying is anything you're paying for his high use. When I came off the phone, I thought, what else in my life am I involved in an erroneous transfer? Who else's bill am I paying? Who else's emotional bill am I paying? Who else's drama bill am I paying? Who else's stress and anxiety bill am I paying? Who else's negativity am I paying for? And I want to ask you the same thing. Who are you in close proximity with, like my neighbor, and you're so close that you can't tell your energy bill from theirs as it were. What you do know is that when I'm around that person, I feel a massive energy drain on me and they're charging me for it. But I don't think it's me. I think the demand and the drain is not coming from me because when I'm not around them, I don't feel that. Who is that possibly in your life? So do you need to call as it were today and question the bill that you're paying knowing this is not my energy I'm paying for someone else's energy and I'm going to call.


What's up everybody? Jason here for jaspyscasebreak.com. Happy new release day guys 2021 Panini Impegable football is here This is a three box case break pick your teams number one, and this is also a Saint Nick promo break So if you see the Saint Nick promo In the title that means it is part of this promotion where we're giving away $25,000 plus in prizes And all you had to do guys is join to any break that has Saint Nick in the title All full spots that are bought in the break are only entered So no random number blocks no filler breaks only the customers that bought in straight up We'll randomize the customer names and the top two names in the randomizer Get a spot in the promo meaning you are guaranteed something top prize is $12,000 in break credit paid out by $1,000 a month for the next 12 months Flux case spectra football box Hobby box of contenders basketball ship sealed and a bunch of mystery packs and break credit being given out So at the end of this break guys What we'll do is we'll randomize only the customer names so all these teams are bought straight up So everybody has a shot put them in a randomizer and remember top two get a spot in that but again new release day Box break contains five autographs three base our parallels one silver or gold card per case and again Some beautiful beautiful stuff here so here we go guys here is the break sheet and And Shanga last Balmogia by eagles. Let's go Let's go All right, and again Small little case right here, but contains a lot a lot of heat a Lot of heat three box break again pick your teams number two and three are on the website already as well guys Later today I Dig the color here reminds me like Jaguars color right here And here is our metal part it looks like Or no, actually the metal part at the bottom, but blanks no metal part in this one We try to raise this up just a little bit Like it's too low first one is 59 out of 75 for the Patriots Hunter Henry and a 7 out of 10 T Higgins for the Bengals Sean and David Those first two hits Again, even the base parts are very nice guys very very nice And CD lamb a little chip here on the bottom corner But 27 out of 50 that is for the Dallas Cowboys and Joe with that one Greg Newsom is our first autograph there that is to 99 for the Browns.  There's like 1314 the whole first three quarters and the fourth quarter was just madness Cheese going to Tom Shaquille Barrett two-color patch and autograph a little chipping on this corner The one thing I didn't notice about impeccable sometimes the cars are gonna be a little chipped Which is unfortunate, but just the way it is Another one there for the buck shamanic Joe green mean Joe green that is award winners. It looks like a gold unless it's just color match Looks very nice Steelers Pittsburgh Steelers going to David Botterino you go man very solid here right there and Najee Harris four out of ten and look at that it's a piece of the Steelers helmet And it still has the sticker on there that is awesome and a three-color patch to the left four out of ten That is a very sweet hit back-to-back hits there for David Solid all right there you go first box in the books Let's go with the next one What's up David? How's it going, buddy? That was a nice one right there, man Metal card is gonna be at the bottom box then I assume to 75 David DJ charred junior collect the first three base Keenan Allen to 50 for the Chargers DJ more to 35 and our first autograph is Aziz O'Jillard That is 57 and a 60 for the GM and Giants David nice David hit him pretty well so far the first box or first break I should say This product is nice David. It really is man So one of the cheaper actually high-end boxes if you you can call this cheap Obviously now with the hobby being a little bit more pricier, but out of like NT and flawless and immaculate Impeccable has always been one of the nicest and one of the most friendly price points for personals Elijah Moore nice three-color patch and autograph 1099 for the Jets Jets Jets Jets going to Adam Coverman What up, Brody? You got our first redemption Let's leave that to the side. Whoo Whoo, I'm a little Justin Herbert canvas creations nine out of ten No matter if it's a first year second year third year who cares Justin Herbert very nice hung with that one solid hit and that is Nine out of ten, it's actually much better Fits in a 100 but and Javante Williams Very nice 26 out of 50 fire starter for the Denver Broncos Wanted Derek. Yes, Brody. This is impeccable one This is impeccable one. All right, let's check it out. Let's see what this redemption is guys. Good luck Elegance rookie helmet and patch autos card number 120 Ron Dale Moore, which I believe is an Arizona cargo I always get him in the Rashad Bateman mixed up But I believe Ron does a cargo Card is going to Adam Coverman last blocks of the break guys again impeccable two and three are on the website Let's run those back today guys And those all today and here's your metal card guys will save that to be last hopefully to gold obviously really tough to hit the golds, but you can And still looking for you know that nod your arrows is very nice, but I'm still looking for a big quarterback potentially Hopefully this hiding in this box AJ Brown to 75 four out of 50 and Tyson Campbell, it's your first autograph there nice Barry Sanders, though That is at a 60 there for the Jaguars going to shod Matic Nice Ricky Williams very nice indelible ink. I love these carts eight out of 35 That is for the Miami Dolphins going to Jeremy Patrick Sartain 33 out of 35 Denver Broncos going to Derek Jason Witton That is 10 out of 25 three color patch and autograph Dallas Cowboys with that one Which is Joe Christian and last one here is cow pits landscape autograph 80 out of 99. Wow, is it gonna be really tough to hit the top quarterbacks in this? so it seems like Figured at least throwing like a Zach Wilson or something Maybe maybe it's a good metal car Still solid hits though, but I was expecting at least a big big quarterback Let's check it out. Maybe they're big quarterbacks hiding in here Well, it is a quarterback, but it's Justin Herbert 11 out of 20 Little tryouts of fine fine silver for the charges. What a break chargers young with that one So herbie metal car again, they said is like kind of lines going across through the back of it If you guys can see that right there Again with a figure card, it's kind of hard to keep him in mint condition But again guys also the kind of cool thing about this is you still have a chance of the Saint Nick promo So there you go guys that Herbert was the metal car. Like I said, we've got a nice cow pits Ricky Williams a Rhonda more redemption John Vonte Williams nice Justin Herbert. I guess we got a Herbert, right? I still do love this nodgy hair. This is one of my favorite cards out of this break. Joe mean Joe green All right Cornell, Pauel Some solid stuff guys solid solid stuff as always But again next case is on the website you guys want to run it back Jaspies case breaks.com Let me quickly just Switch scenes and do the Saint Nick promo. All right, so again, everybody's entered since all the customers bought in straight up So there it is right there we're gonna copy and paste your names and Remember top two get a spot in the Saint Nick promo. Let's roll it say three and a one four times. Good luck one two Three bone four times Three and a one four all 32 in All right, so that a bonus but sad times down from Derek down to Adam But thank you guys. Hopefully you guys got some nice hits in the break and in the top two We have Jay Graggs and Timothy Schwartz Congratulations, I don't think I called Jay Graggs in the break. So there you go. Timothy. Boom. I don't know if I called Timothy either Well, there you go guys. Congratulations. You guys are now in the Saint Nick promo. So let me put your guys's names right here and Boom you guys are spots 11 and 12 and again that was for impeccable NFL three box picker team number one Remember these are we're gonna keep track of the breaks And what breaks have been put put into the promo so again guys the next impeccable is in the store and Down to four left you guys want to try to run that back again We have a quick team meeting right now at three o'clock So just wanted to squeeze this in before contenders because that's gonna take about an hour But we'll come back after the meeting do contenders and hopefully by then we'll have some more breaks sold out So appreciate you guys Jaspies case breaks calm. Thank you


So, welcome back in the last class we had looked at steric kinetic effects and these were seen because the CH bond is longer than the CD bond. We had also looked at heavy atom kinetic isotope effect and I had told you that these effects are very very small because the reduced mass difference when you substitute with the heavier isotope is very little compared to substitution of hydrogen with deuterium. So, to study this simple tricks have been used such that you measure the concentration of the reactant and measure the enrichment of the heavier isotope closer to the end of the reactant. So, using these techniques you can actually measure very very small kinetic isotope effects and we had looked at examples where these have been used to study the mechanism for reaction. Now, towards the end we had started looking at equilibrium isotope effects. So, equilibrium isotope effects can be very small essentially what it is that when you do an isotopic substitution it shifts the equilibrium. So, we are looking at large k instead of small k which is the rate constant and we had started looking at the ring flip of cyclohexane. So, we will continue with that and in the last class what we had seen is that cyclohexane ring can flip. So, when you have 1, 3 dimethyl cyclohexane the cis dimethyl. So, what you see is you can have the axial-axial and the equatorial-equatorial so this is more stable. So, then what we had seen is if you have 2 methyl groups at the 1 and 3 position. So, now what happens is when you flip the ring so when the ring flip happens you again have 2 methyl in the axial position. So, what that essentially does is it makes both these structures equivalent and if you remember I had told you that in these cases there is a mirror plane going through this C2, C5 position. Similarly, here you have a mirror plane so because of this mirror plane these equatorial methyl are symmetric and the axial methyl are identical. So, if you measure the NMR spectrum at room temperature all of these will come as a single line because the ring is flipping. So, it is not that you are arresting the axial methyl or the equatorial methyl separately it keeps flipping. So, what is axial here becomes equatorial here. So, because of this you are not able to differentiate the axial and equatorial CH3 peaks. But when you lower the temperature this ring flip does not happen because of which you see separate peaks for the axial and equatorial and the peaks are separated by 9.03 ppm. So, what I had asked you to think about before I left you is that if I make a substitution now so I am substituting one of the methyl with CD3 again are these 2 structures equivalent in terms of energy or will one of these conformers be more stable. So, to understand this again you can use the concept of CD bond being smaller than the CH bond. So, when you try to visualize this you can think of the case. So, I am drawing out the CD bond. This is the CD bond, this is the methyl so this is a destabilizing 1-3-diaxial interaction. You also have a hydrogen which also leads to a destabilizing methyl hydrogen and CD3 hydrogen interaction. So, when you compare this with another structure where you have CH3 remember the CH bond is longer than the CD bond. So, in which case do you think you will have greater problem because of sterics it will be this case because the CH bond is longer. So, having CD3 at the axial position is better than having CH3 at the axial position. So, if I were to call this A and B, B would be slightly more stable than A because it has CD3 in the axial position. But the shift in equilibrium will be very very small it will not be like a large shift in equilibrium. Let us say this K is the equilibrium constant for this. So, what you see here is now at room temperature you get 2 signals for the CH3 axial and CH3 equatorial because now what is happening is you have a slight preference for one of these geometries and the value that it is shifted by is actually very small it is 0.184 ppm. So, the value is pretty small, but because of the small perturbation in equilibrium you see at least a small difference between the axial and equatorial methyl groups. Now using an equation given by K is equal to delta plus delta divided by delta minus delta. So, here delta is given by low temperature difference between the two. So, this is 9.03 ppm and delta is once you make the substitution you have a shift in the equilibrium that shift is what we are trying to see. So, that shift is given by 0.184. So, if you substitute this value in this equation what you see is the equilibrium constant you get is 1.042. So, what you are seeing is a very small shift in equilibrium 1.042 but which is also measurable. So, there can be a very small perturbation in K value due to substitution with an isotope. So, this is a classic example for that where you have made the substitution and because of this very small perturbation which you are experimentally able to measure you can determine the equilibrium constant change. So, this gives you one example where we have seen a small perturbation. We will look at how this can be useful for you to determine the mechanism or the nature of the intermediate. It is shown on your screen are two structures. The structure on the left you have a carbocation next to CD3. A structure on the right you have a carbocation next to CH3. So, if you compare this with an example where you have both methyl's, so you have a plus sign here and then so in the other case you will have a plus sign here but again both are methyl. So, both these structures would be equivalent. Now with the isotopic substitution of CD3 what I want to ask you is do you think there will be a perturbation or a change in the equilibrium or in other words are one of these structures more stable. So, if I have the carbocation next to a CD3 versus a carbocation next to CH3 will one of these structures be more stable? You can press the pause button and think about this and try to rationalize your answer in your notebook. So, if you are still thinking I will give you a hint think of hyperconjugation. So, when you think of hyperconjugation in which case would you have greater stabilization? Remember it is easier to break a CH bond as compared to a CD bond. So, when we were studying kinetic isotope effects that was the very first thing we had looked at because the zero point energy of CH bond is higher than the CD bond. So, it is easier to break the CH bond. So, keeping this in mind can you now say which of these would be stabilized more due to hyperconjugation? It will be the structure on the right because essentially when you think of hyperconjugation so when you are looking at hyperconjugation as I told you it is a type of no bond resonance. So, you have CH, CH and then CH. So, you are thinking of almost as if this bond is breaking to give you a structure where you get. So, you are looking at a structure like this. So, when you compare CH versus CD, CH would be easier to think of I mean the no bonded resonance would be greater for the CH 3K. So, which is why the structure on the right is more stable. So, now when you try to study the NMR of these species what is seen is that the delta value big delta will obviously be very very large here because you are looking at a charged center versus an uncharged center. So, the delta value would be very large. Now, when you make the isotopic substitution what you see is the small delta value you get is 82 ppm. Remember in the earlier case it was 0.185 because the delta value was also very small 9.03. But in this case the delta value is very high big delta so that is why the small delta value is also pretty significant. So, what this gives you is that the perturbation of equilibrium in this case is 1.9 which is much larger than what we had seen in the case of the ring flip for cyclohexane. So, now let us look at another example. Now, in this example this is essentially again a carbocation rearrangement. So, you can also think about it in terms of resonance where when you write the resonance structure you get the other carbocation. So, is it a rapid equilibrium that you have here or is it a resonance structure? So, the actual structure is a hybrid of both of these structures. If that were the case what you would see is you will not see any great perturbation in the equilibrium constant. So, that is essentially what you observe. You observe a small delta value of 0.3 ppm. So, this is very small considering the fact that the large delta value in this case would be very large. So, what this isotopic substitution experiment tells you is that in this case you have a single intermediate structure whereas in the case that we saw first you have a rapid equilibrium. So, this method is actually very nice for you to get mechanistic insights into what is the nature of the intermediate. So, to summarize we have looked at kinetic isotope effects where based on the difference in reaction rates of CH versus CD you get a rich information about the mechanism for a reaction and we looked at several different types of kinetic isotope effects. We also looked at equilibrium isotope effects where we are not looking at kinetics but the perturbation of the equilibrium due to isotopic substitution. Now isotopes play a very important role in determining mechanisms by what is called as isotopic labeling. Now, just like the name suggests whenever you have a book you put a label on it to tell you what book it is, right? A label essentially helps you identify something. So, in this case what is done is a position of the reactant is labeled with an isotope. So, a particular position of the reactant is labeled and then what is seen is how that label moves when you go from reactant to product. This is also called as isotopic scrambling sometimes. So, don't get confused when you hear both of these terms. So, when I discuss some of these examples with you the concept of isotopic labeling would be clearer to you. So, shown below is a reaction. You must have seen this reaction before do you know the name of this reaction? Think about it. I will give you a second. Does the name Claeser ring a bell? So, this is actually an example of a 33 sigma tropic shift, alright? And this is the aromatic Claeson variant of that. So, what I want you to do first is I want you to write the mechanism for this reaction based on whatever you have studied in your textbook and also think of other probable mechanisms that could be possible for this reaction. So, press the pause button and go ahead and write all these mechanisms. So, let us see. So, one is the concerted mechanism. So, this is the textbook mechanism which you must have studied. So, in the concerted process essentially what you have is you have and as I told you it is a 33 sigma tropic shift. You can number this as 1, 2, 3. So, you have a new bond forming here and then you have this to give you the intermediate. Nothing happens to these 3, these bonds so I am just leaving it as it is and then this new bond is formed between the 2, 3 positions and then you have this double bond and then this tautomerizes to give you the final product which is shown. Now, this is the concerted process. Now, what if it is a stepwise process? I can also argue that maybe it is not a concerted process. Maybe it is a stepwise process. So, if it is a stepwise process you can think of a radical process. So, you can think of, so you can think of, okay I am using the fish hook arrows to give you and then once you have that radical you can also imagine this coming together. You can think of the resonance structure for this where you have again nothing is happening to this. So, I have this double bond O. I am generating this radical. This can combine with the allyl radical. The allyl radical can also rearrange to its other resonance form and you will get, so you will get this product which again will tautomerize to give you the product. Let us call it P. You can think of a polar mechanism, again a stepwise mechanism, right? Theoretically, you can think of all of these pathways. So, obviously when you are breaking this bond you will break it such that you put the negative charge on the electronegative oxygen plus you have and of course, again you can write the resonance structure for this and then and once you write this resonance structure it can combine with the allylic cation to give you this product. So, all these mechanisms you can technically write. Now, how will you distinguish which is which mechanism? So, to do that, this is the experiment that was done. So, you have now done isotopic labeling. So what is done is you have labeled these two positions here with deuterium. So, why you do that is you can follow where the deuterium goes. So, this reaction is carried out under two different conditions heat and light. In the case of heat, you get one product whereas in the case of light you get two products. So, in the previous slide we had gone through all the possible mechanisms. So, now can you tell me based on the labeling of deuterium that when the reaction is carried out under heat which is the mechanism that takes place and when it is carried out under light which is the mechanism that takes place.  So, let us first look at the light. So, in the case of light there is a greater chance of homolytic cleavage. So, radical generation is highly probable in when you do this reaction in the presence of light. So, in the presence of light the homolytic bond cleavage occurs readily. So, you will generate this radical as well as this other radical. If you have doubts you can see the earlier slide where we do the arrow pushing. Now this has the following resonance structure again we had written the arrow push in the previous slide. Now, I can also push arrows here to generate another intermediate. So, if this is A, intermediate A can interact with there is a radical here either this radical I will call it as R1 or the second radical R2. So, if intermediate A reacts with radical R1 the product that you get is one where you have no rearrangement. So, let us call this product 1. If it interacts with the radical after rearrangement you get the product 2. So, this tells you there has to be a CO bond cleavage in order for this kind of mechanism to take place because had the CO bond not cleaved to generate these radicals you would not get the rearrangement and you would not get the rearranged products. Now let us look at the second case. So, in heat since you are getting only one product it indicates that you do not have formation of a radical or a polar intermediate at all it indicates that the process is concerted. So, what you have is essentially a concerted process like I had shown you where it is a 33 sigma tropic shift. So, this is a very nice example by labeling you can actually figure out what is the product that is formed specifically what is the nature of the intermediate to form that particular product. Another example is in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. So, there are two reactions shown in the screen in front of you shown in red is actually a labeling of carbon here. So, you have isotopically labeled the carbon atoms which are shown in red. In the first reaction what you see is when you add sodium ethoxide in ethanol so you are essentially displacing the Cl at the same carbon. So, whichever carbon was labeled you have displaced the ethoxide. Now, in the second case what you see is you have again the labeling on the carbon you treat it with a base and liquid ammonia. So, your nucleophile here is your NH2 and what you see is the NH2 can be at the position with the labeled carbon or right next to it. So, now what you need to think about is the mechanism for each of these reactions. So, obviously the mechanism is not the same because you are getting a different product distribution in each of these cases and the starting material the big difference here is you have a nitro group here. So, now I want you to think about what could be the mechanisms for both of these reactions and write them in your notebook. So, in the first case since there is no displacement or no scrambling of that carbon which is labeled what you can say is you can say that you have OET- adding directly to this position. So, this will generate an intermediate. So, this intermediate is highly stabilized because you have this nitro group next to it. So, if I were to draw out the structure of the nitro group you can have resonance stabilization because of this nitro group. So, you have this additional stabilization because of the nitro group that is why this reaction goes via direct nucleophilic attack at the labeled position. So, your labeled position here is this carbon. So, once you have the direct nucleophilic attack so then you can think of this coming back in and this leaving to give you the product. So, this mechanism is proved by the fact that the label does not change. So, your product also has the label at the same position. Now what is happening in the second reaction? In the second reaction the mechanism has changed. So, what is happening here is since you do not have the nitro group to stabilize this negative charge which is generated in the intermediate and you have a very strong base in the form of sodomyde. So, you can think of a different mechanism where elimination takes place first followed by addition of the nucleophile. So, when you have your base here will abstract the proton to give you a product sorry not a product it will give you an intermediate and this intermediate is called a benzyne intermediate. So, as you know the benzyne is not very stable now let us put the labels back so that you know. So, see labeling helps so much to keep track of the carbon atom. So, this is where the label was and in the benzyne you have the label here. Now once your nucleophile comes in your nucleophile can actually add in at either of these positions because both of these positions are identical in terms of reactivity you just have a carbon isotope label. So, what you have is your nucleophile can either come here or it can come here so then what you get is you get the two products which you see. So, in one product where the nucleophile directly attacks at the position which has the isotopic label you get this product whereas in the other case you get the label next to the position where the nucleophile attacks. So, using isotope label you can actually get lot of insight into the reaction mechanism. So, shown here are very similar substrates the main difference being in one you had an electron withdrawing group and what you see is the mechanism differs and this difference in mechanism is evident when you have isotope labeling. If you had not put the label then what would have happened both of these would have become identical because you would have just without the label both of it would have just given you aniline two products identical without label and even in this case the first case without label so the first case because you have the nitro group you can still figure out the mechanism without the label because the nitro group essentially acts as a place for you to determine what is going on. So, shown here is an example of how you can use isotopic labeling to determine the mechanism of the reaction. So, now before we finish this lecture I will leave you with a question. So, shown here is hydrolysis of this amide. So, what I want you to do is before the next class I want you to think about the possible mechanism for hydrolysis of this amide ok. So, write all possible mechanisms for hydrolysis of this amide. So, one hint I can give you is it need not always be direct addition of water. So, I want you to think of all possible mechanisms for hydrolysis of this amide and we will discuss how isotopic labeling can be used to distinguish or determine the mechanism for this reaction. So, thank you and see you in the next lecture.