Hello everyone, welcome to theCUBE's presentation of the AWS Startup Showcase. We're in season two, episode three, and this is the topic of Mar-Tech and the emerging cloud-scale customer experiences, the ongoing coverage of AWS's ecosystem of large-scale growth in new companies and growing companies. I'm your host, John Furrier. We're excited to have Tim Barnes, global director, general manager of advertiser and marketing at AWS. Here at doing the keynote, cloud-scale customer experience. Tim, thanks for coming on. Oh, great to be here and thank you for having me. You know, you've seen many cycles of innovation, certainly in the ad-tech platform space around data, serving consumers, and a lot of big, big-scale advertisers over the years as the web, 1.0, 2.0, now 3.0 coming, cloud-scale, roll of data, all big conversations. Has changed in the game. We see things like cookies going away. What does this all mean? Silo's, walled gardens. A lot of new things are impacting the applications and expectations of consumers, which is also impacting the folks trying to reach the consumers. And this is kind of creating a kind of a current situation, which is challenging, but also an opportunity. Can you share your perspective of what this current situation is as the emerging Mar-Tech landscape emerges? Yeah, sure, John. I, you know, it's funny in this industry, the only constant has changed and it's an ever-changing industry and never more so than right now. I mean, we're seeing with whether it's the rise of privacy legislation or just breach of security of data or changes in how the top tech providers and browser controllers are changing their process for reaching customers. This is an inflection point in the history of both Ad-Tech and Mar-Tech. You hit the nail on the head with cookie deprecation, with Apple removing IDFA, changes to browsers, et cetera. We're at an interesting point. And by the way, we're also seeing an explosion of content sources and an ability to reach customers that's unmatched in the history of advertising. So those two things are somewhat at odds. So whether we see the rise of connected television or digital out of home, you mentioned Web 3.0 and the opportunities that may present in Metaverse, et cetera. It's an explosion of opportunity, but how do we continue to connect brands with customers and do so in a privacy compliant way? And that's really the big challenge we're facing. One of the things that I see is the rise of modeling or machine learning as a mechanism to help remove some of these barriers. If you think about the idea of one-to-one targeting, well, that's going to be less and less possible as we progress. So how am I still as a brand advertiser or as a targeted advertiser? How am I going to still reach the right audience at the right message in a world where I don't necessarily know who they are? And modeling is a really key way of achieving that goal and we're seeing that across a number of different angles. You know, we've always talked about in the ad tech business for years, it's the behemoth of contextual and behavioral, you know, those dynamics. And if you look at the content side of the business, you have now this new massive source of new sources, new, new, new, you know, blogging's been around for a long time. You got video, you got newsletters, you got all kinds of people self publishing. That's been around for a while, right? So you see now these new sources. Trust is a big factor, but everyone wants to control their data, right? So this walled garden perpetuation of value, I got to control my data, but machine learning works best when you expose data. So this is kind of a paradox. Can you talk about the current challenge here and how to overcome it? Because you can't fight fashion as they say. And we see people kind of going down this road of saying data is a competitive advantage, but I got to figure out a way to keep it, own it, but also share it for the machine learning. What's your take on that? Yeah, I think first and foremost, if I may, I would just start with it's super important to make that connection with the consumer in the first place. So you hit the nail on the head for advertisers and marketers today, the importance of gaining first party access to your customer and with permission and consent is paramount. And so just how you establish that connection point with trust and with very clear directive on how you're going to use the data has never been more important. So I would start there by with a brand advertiser or a marketer, trying to figure out how I'm going to better connect with my consumers and get more first party data that I could leverage. So that's just building the scale of first party data to enable you to actually perform some of the types of approaches we'll discuss. The second thing I would say is that increasingly the challenge exists with the exchange of the data itself. So if I may data control if I own a set of first party data that I have consent with consumers to use and I'm passing that data over to a third party and that data is leaked, I'm still responsible for that data. Or if somebody wants to opt out of a communication and that opt out signal doesn't flow to the third party, I'm still liable or at least from the consumer's perspective I've provided a poor customer experience. And that's where we see the rise of the next generation I call it of data clean rooms, the approaches that you're seeing a number of customers take in terms of how they connect data without actually moving the data between two sources. And we're seeing that as certainly a mechanism by which you can preserve accessibility data. We call that federated data exchange or federated data clean rooms. And I think you're seeing that from a number of different parties in the industry. That's awesome. I want to get into the data interoperability because we have a lot of startups presenting in this episode around that area. But while I got you here, you mentioned data clean room. Could you define for us, what is a federated data clean room? What is that about? Yeah, I would simply describe it as zero data movement in a privacy and secure environment to be a little bit more explicit and detailed. It really is the idea that if I'm a party A and I want to exchange data with party B, how can I run a query for analytics or other purposes without actually moving data anywhere? Can I run a query that has accessibility to both parties that has the security and the levels of aggregation that both parties agree to and then run the query and get those results that sets back in a way that it actually facilitates business between the two parties. And we're seeing that expand with partners like Snowflake and Infosom and even within Amazon itself, AWS, we have data sharing capabilities within Redshift and some of our other data lake capabilities. And we're just seeing an explosion of demand and need for customers to be able to share data but do it in a way where they still control the data and don't ever hand it over to a third party for execution. So if I understand this correctly, this is kind of an evolution to kind of take away the middleman, if you will, between parties that used to be historically the case. Is that right? Yeah, I'd say the middleman still exists in many cases. If you think about joining two parties data together, you still have the problem of the match key, right? How do I make sure that I get the broadest set of data to match up with the broadest set of data on the other side? So we have a number of partners that provide these types of services from live ramp, trans union, experience, et cetera. So there's still a place for that so-called middleman in terms of helping to facilitate the transaction. But as a clean room itself, I think that term is becoming outdated in terms of a physical third party location where you push data for analysis this control by a third party. Yeah, great, great clarification there. I want to get into this data interoperability because the benefits of AWS and cloud scale as we've seen over the past decade and looking forward is it's an API based economy, right? So APIs and microservices, cloud native stuff is going to be the key to integration. And so connecting people together is kind of what we're seeing as the trend. People are kind of connecting their data, they're sharing code in open source. So there's an opportunity to connect the ecosystem of companies out there with their data. Can you share your view on this interoperability trend? Why it's important? What's the impact customers who want to go down this either automated or programmatic connection oriented way of connecting data? Never more important than it has been right now. I mean, if you think about the way we transact and still to today do to a certain extent through cookie swaps and all sorts of crazy exchange of data, those are going away at some point in the future. Could be a year from now, it could be later, but they're going away. And I think that that puts a great amount of pressure on the broad ecosystem of customers who transact for marketers on behalf of marketers, both for advertising and marketing. And so data interoperability to me is how we think about providing that transactional layer between multiple parties so that they can continue to transact in a way that's meaningful and seamless. And frankly, at lower cost and at greater scale than we've done in the past with less complexity. And so we're seeing a number of changes in that regard whether that's data sharing and data clean rooms or federated clean rooms as we described earlier, whether that's the rise of next generation identity solutions. For example, the UID 2.0 consortium, which is an effort to use hashed email addresses and other forms of identifiers to facilitate data exchange for the programmatic ecosystem. These are sort of evolutions based on this notion that the old world is going away, the new world is coming and part of that is how do we connect data sources in a more seamless and frankly efficient manner. It's almost interesting. It's almost flipped upside down. You had this walled garden mentality. I got to control my data, but now I have data interoperability. So you got to own and collect the data, but also share it. This is going to kind of change the paradigm on identity platforms, attributions, audience as audiences move around. And with cookies going away, this is going to require a new abstraction, a new way to do it. So you mentioned some of those standards. Is there a path in this evolution that changes it for the better? What's your view on this? What do you see happening? What's going to come out of this new wave?  And I like to put myself in the shoes of, you know, the Mark Richards of the world at Procter & Gamble and think, what is, what do they want? And frankly, their requirements and for data and for marketing have not changed over the last 20 years. I want to reach the right customer at the right time at the right message and I want to be able to measure it. In other words, summarizing, I want omnichannel execution with omnichannel measurement. And that's become increasingly difficult as you highlighted with the rise of the wall gardens and increasingly data living in silos. And so I think it's important that we as an industry start to think about, what's in the best interest of the one customer who brings virtually 100% of the dollars to this marketplace, which is the CMO and the CMO office. And how do we think about returning value to them in a way that is meaningful and actually drives this industry forward? And I think that's where, you know, the data operability piece becomes really important. How do we think about connecting the omnichannel, channels of execution? How do we connect that with partners who run attribution offerings with machine learning or partners who provide augmentation or enrichment data such as third party data providers or even connecting the buy side with the sell side in a more efficient manner. How do I make that connection between the CMO and the publisher in a more efficient and effective way? And these are all challenges facing us today. And I think, you know, the foundational layer of that is how do we think about, first of all, what is the, what data does the marketer have? What is the first party data? How do we help them ethically source and collect more of that data with proper consent? And then how do we help them join that data into a variety of data sources in a way that they can gain value from it? And that's where machine learning really comes into play. So whether that's the notion of audience expansion, whether that's looking for, you know, some sort of cohort analysis that helps with contextual advertising, whether that's the notion of, you know, more of a modeled approach to attribution versus a one-to-one approach. All of those things that think are in play as we think about returning value back to that customer of our customer. As interesting, you broke down the customer needs in three areas, CMO, office and staff, partners, ISV, software developers and then third party services. Kind of all different needs, if you will, kind of tiered. Kind of at the center, that's the user, right? The consumer who have that expectation. So it's interesting, you have the stakeholders who laid out kind of those three areas as customers but the end user, the consumer, they have a preference. They kind of don't want to be locked into one thing. They want to move around. They want to download apps. They want to play on Reddit. They want to be on LinkedIn. They want to be all over the place. They don't want to get locked in. So you have now kind of this high velocity user behavior. How do you see that factoring in because, you know, with cookies going away and kind of the converges of offline, online really becoming predominant, how do you know someone's paying attention to what and when, attention and reputation? All these things seem complex. How do you make sense of it? Yeah, it's a great question. I think that the consumer, as you said, finds a creepiness factor with a message that follows them around their various sources of engagement with content. So I think there's, at first and foremost, there's the recognition by the brand that we need to be a little bit more thoughtful about how we interact with our customer and how we build that trust and that relationship with the customer. And that all starts with, of course, opt-in process, Consent Management Center, but it also includes how we communicate with them. What message are we actually putting in front of them? Is it meaningful? Is it impactful? Does it drive value for the customer? I think we've seen a lot of studies. I won't recite them that state that most consumers do find value in targeted messaging, but I think they want it done correctly. And therein lies the problem. So what does that mean by channel, especially when we lose the ability to look at that consumer interaction across those channels? And I think that's where we have to be a little bit more thoughtful with, frankly, kind of going back to the beginning with contextual advertising, with advertising that perhaps has meaning or has empathy with the consumer, perhaps resonates with the consumer in a different way than just a targeted message. And we're seeing that trend. We're seeing that trend both in television, connected television as those converge, but also as we see about connectivity with gaming and other sort of more nuanced channels. The other thing I would say is, I think there's a movement towards less-interruptive advertising as well, which kind of removes a little bit of those barriers for the consumer and the brand to interact. And whether that be dynamic product placement, content optimization, or whether that be sponsorship type opportunities within digital, I think we're seeing an increased movement towards those types of executions, which I think will also provide value to both parties. Yeah, I think you're nailed it there. I totally agree with you on the contextual targeting. I think that's a huge deal and that's proven over the years of providing benefit. People are trying to find what they're looking for, whether it's data to consume or a solution they want to buy. So I think that all kind of ties together the question is these three stakeholders, the CMO office and staff you mentioned and the IS software developers, the apps or walled gardens, and then like ad servers, as they come together, have to have standards. And so I think to me, I'm trying to squint through all the movement and the shifting plates that are going on in the industry and trying to figure out where the dots connecting. And you've seen many cycles of innovation because at the end of the day, it comes down to who can perform best for the end user as well as the marketers and advertisers. So that balance, what's your view on this shift? It's got to land somewhere. It has to land in the right area. The market is very efficient. I mean, this ad market is very efficient. It'll be in itself. So from a standards perspective, I support and we interact extensively with the IB and other industry associations on privacy enhancing technologies and how we think about these next generations of connection points or identifiers to connect with consumers. But I'd say this with respect to the CMO and I mentioned the publisher earlier, I think over the last 10 years with the rise of programmatic, certainly, we saw the power reside mostly with the CMO who was able to amass a large pool of cookies or purchase a large sort of cohort of customers with cookie-based attributes and then execute against that. It's almost a blind fashion to the publisher. The publisher was sort of left to say, hey, here's an opportunity. Do you want to buy it or not? With no real reason why the marketer might be buying that customer. And I think that we're seeing a shift backwards towards the publisher and perhaps a healthy balance between the two. And so, I do believe that over time that we're going to see publishers provide a lot more, what I might almost describe as mini wall gardens, right? So the ability for a publisher a set of publishers to create a cohort of customers that can be targeted through programmatic or perhaps through programmatic guaranteed in a way that it's a balance between the two. And frankly, thinking about that notion of federated data clean rooms, you can see an approach where publishers are able to share their first-party data with a marketer's first-party data without either party feeling like they're giving up something or passing all their value over to the other. And I do believe we're going to see some significant technology changes over the next three to four years that really rely on that interplay between the marketer and the publisher in a way that it helps both sides achieve their goals. And that is increasing value back to the publisher in terms of higher CPMs and of course better reach and frequency controls for the marketer. I think you really brought up a big point there we can maybe follow up on, but I think this idea of publishers getting more control and power and value is an example of the market filling a void in the power law, you get the long tail, it's kind of a straight line and then it's got the niche kind of communities. It's growing in the middle there and I think the middle of the torso of that power law is the publishers because they have all the technology to measure the journeys and the click-throughs and all this traffic going on on their platform but they just need to connect to someone else that brings in the interoperability. So as a publisher ourselves, we see that long tail getting really kind of fat in the middle where new brands are going to emerge. If they have audience, I mean some podcasts have millions of users and some blogs are attracting massive audience, niche audiences that are growing. You know, I would say just look at the rise of what we might not have considered publishers in the past, but are certainly growing as publishers today. Customers like Instacart or Uber who are creating ad platforms or gaining, which of course has been an ad-supported platform for some time, but is growing immensely. Retail as a platform, of course Amazon.com being one of the biggest retail platforms with advertising supported models, but we're seeing that growth across the board for retail customers and I think that, you know, again, there's never been more opportunities to reach customers. We just have to do it the right way in a way that it's not offensive to customers, not creepy if you want to call it that, and also maximizes value for both parties and not for, and that being both a buy and a sell side. Yeah, everyone's a publisher now, everyone's a media company, everyone has their own news network, everyone has their own retail. It's a completely new world. Tim, thanks for coming on and sharing your perspective and insights on this keynote. Tim Barnes, Global Director, General Manager of Advertiser and Market AWS here with the episode three of season two of the AWS startup showcase. I'm John Furrier, thanks for watching.


Welcome to the presentation of the STM32WL5 Direct Memory Access Controller, or DMA. It covers the main features of the DMA controller module, enhanced by the new DMA Request Multiplexer, or DMAMux module. The main application benefit of the DMA is to offload the CPU for data transfers from any memory mapped source towards any memory mapped destination. STM32WL5 DMA features two DMA controllers. For each DMA controller, it is possible to do programmable block transfers with seven concurrent channels, each of which is independently configurable. Programmable channel-based priorities and data transfers via the AHB Masterport connected to the bus matrix. There is also a DMA Request Router, or DMAMux, with Programmable Request Source Selection, either from a peripheral in DMA mode or from a trigger and then internally generated. Synchronization mode, from a synchronization input or hardware event with a DMAMux Request Counter. And Request Chaining, with the DMAMux Request Counter to generate an event that is an input trigger or synchronization to another request or channel. There are 38 peripheral requests and four DMAMux Request Generators. There are 21 triggers and synchronization inputs. There are 14 DMA channels or requests. Let's focus on the STM32WB DMA controller. Each channel of the DMA controller is independently configurable. A channel can be assigned to a DMA hardware request from a peripheral in peripheral to memory or memory to peripheral data transfers. Alternatively, a channel is assigned to a software request in memory to memory data transfers. A channel is programmed with a priority level and a channel is programmed for a number of data transfers at a block level. The software can control a channel via the separated interrupts and or flags upon Programmable Events such as a block transfer complete and or a half block transfer complete and or a transfer error. A faulty channel is automatically disabled in case of a bus access error. A channel is programmed for a number of data transfers at a block level with independent source and destination data size. Independent source and destination start address. Independent source and destination address increment, either contiguously incremented or at a fixed address. Programmable amount of data to be transferred within a block. Up to 65,535 source data automatically decremented by hardware. In circular buffer mode, continuous data transfer from or to a peripheral when a block transfer is completed. The programmed amount of data to be transferred within a block is automatically reloaded by hardware as well as the source and destination start addresses. In memory to memory mode, a block transfer starts as soon as the channel is enabled. There is no hardware request. Whereas in peripheral to memory and memory to peripheral modes, a block transfer starts as soon as both the channel is enabled and the peripheral sends a DMA hardware request. A DMA hardware request identifies a single DMA data transfer. Each DMA hardware request is paced and granted by the DMA when each data is successfully transferred to the destination. In any mode, channels arbitration is reassessed between every data transfer. Each DMA channel can notify software with an interrupt triggered by any of four possible events. Half block transfer completion, block transfer completion, transfer error, any of the three above events, in other words global. The DMA MUX has two main sub blocks, the request multiplexer and the request generator. The DMA MUX request multiplexer enables routing a DMA request from the peripherals to the DMA controllers. The routing function is insured by the programmable multi-channel DMA request multiplexer. Each channel selects a unique DMA request unconditionally or synchronously with events from its DMA MUX synchronization inputs. The DMA MUX may also be used as a DMA request generator from programmable events on its input trigger signals. A DMA request multiplexer channel generates both a request to the DMA controller and an event that can be used as a synchronization input as well as a trigger input. Do not confuse DMA request generator channels 0-3 with DMA request multiplexer channels 0-13. For each multiplexer channel there is a configuration register. DMA MUX CXCR with programmable input request selection via DMA REQ ID field. For each request from a peripheral working in DMA mode, a DMA REQ ID is assigned. DMA REQ ID equals 0X00 corresponds to no DMA request selected. After having configured this channel and the DMA controller channel to which it is routed, the DMA channel can be enabled. It is not allowed to configure two different channels with the same DMA request input. For each multiplexer channel, a built-in DMA request counter is programmable via the NBREQ field. A served DMA request decrements the programmed DMA request counter. At its underrun, the DMA request counter is automatically reloaded with the programmed value in the NBREQ field. At its underrun, a DMA MUX event can be generated if enabled via EGE field. Two DMA MUX events from channel 0 and 1 are looped back and connected to the DMA MUX as trigger inputs and synchronization inputs. This allows request chaining for another different DMA channel via synchronization and or trigger. For each multiplexer channel there are two operating modes as programmed via the DMA MUX SE field. Unconditional mode. Input request is output as is. Synchronized mode. A number of requests is grouped and delayed or synchronized. For each multiplexer channel, security is enabled at the same time as the associated DMA channel as programmed via the DMA SECM field. When the request multiplexer channel is configured unconditionally, SE equals 0, the DMA request is transmitted as is and as paced by the DMA controller. When the DMA controller is served a day to transfer, the DMA request is de-asserted and the built-in DMA request counter is decremented. At the counter underrun, if enabled via the EGE field, an event can be generated. In synchronous mode additionally, the request is conditioned with a programmable synchronization input selection via sync ID field. A programmable synchronization event, none, rising, falling or either edge via SPOL field. Or the single built-in request counter via NBREQ field that may be also used for event generation. After the synchronization event, output DMA request is connected to the pending input request. At the counter underrun, DMA output request is disconnected from the multiplexer channel input. Finally, a synchronization overrun flag or SOFX in DMA Mux CSR is reported if a new synchronization event occurs before the counter underrun or an interrupt is then generated if enabled via SOIE field. When the DMA Mux channel is configured in synchronous mode, its behavior is as follows. The request multiplexer input or DMA request from the peripheral can be pending and it will not be forwarded on the DMA Mux request multiplexer output until the synchronization event is received. Then the request multiplexer connects its input and output and all the peripheral requests will be forwarded. Each forwarded and granted DMA request decrements the requested multiplexer counter set at a defined programmed value. When the counter reaches zero, the connection between the DMA controller and the peripheral is cut, waiting for a new synchronization event. For each underrun of the counter, a request multiplexer can generate an optional event to synchronize and or trigger a second DMA Mux request multiplexer channel. The same event can be used in some low power scenarios to switch the system back to stop mode without CPU intervention. Synchronization mode can be used to automatically synchronize data transfers with a timer, for example, or to condition transfers from any peripheral event that is mapped as a synchronization input. Additionally, a synchronization overflow can notify the software if a programmed number of DMA requests has not been completed between two synchronization events. For each request generator channel, a DMA request can be generated following a trigger event and selected as input of a DMA request multiplexer channel via the DMA-REQID field of the DMA Mux CXCR. The request is generated via the configuration register DMA Mux RGXCR, if enabled by GE field with Programmable Trigger Input Selection via SIG ID field, Programmable Trigger Event, None, Rising, Falling, or Either Edge via GPOL field, or a built-in request counter via GNB-REQ field. A served DMA request decrements the programmed request counter. At its underrun, request counter is automatically reloaded with the programmed value in the GNB-REQ field, and the request generator stops generating a request. A trigger overrun flag or OFX in DMA Mux RGXCR is reported if a new trigger event occurs before the counter underrun, or an interrupt is then generated if enabled via OIE field. On a trigger event, a program number of DMA requests GNB-REQ plus one is generated. There may be a trigger overflow if two trigger events occur before GNB-REQ plus one requests and data transfers are completed. The table shows the STM32WL5 mapping of the DMA Mux request multiplexer inputs for any channel. A signing request input is programmed by the DMA-REQ ID for any DMA Mux request multiplexer channel, or DMA Mux CXCR register. The same request input must not be mapped to two different channels. This table shows the STM32WL5 mapping of the trigger inputs and the synchronization inputs for any channel. A signing a trigger input is programmed by the CIG ID field of any DMA Mux request generator, or DMA Mux RGXCR register. A signing a synchronization input is programmed by the CIG ID field of any DMA Mux request multiplexer channel, or DMA Mux CXCR register. Each DMA Mux request generator channel can notify software of a trigger overrun. Each DMA request multiplexer channel can notify software of a synchronization overrun. This table indicates the state of the DMA controller and DMA Mux according to the power mode. In sleep and low power sleep modes, the DMA controller and the DMA Mux remain active and can be used, for example, to transfer UART or I2C received characters to memory, and afterwards to wake up the CPU.


We're here to celebrate, and celebrate is the correct word here, we're here to celebrate 10 years of Insight Research Centre. In these 10 years, many things have changed within Insight. We've changed chairpersons. I've been here for seven or eight years now. We've changed CEOs. Nodal Connor is our current CEO and longest standing CEO and deservedly so because Nodal is an outstanding leader and an excellent communicator. We've changed centre directors, two of whom remain from the original Barry O'Sullivan and Cork and Brian Caulfield and UCD. They were founder directors and they're still in situ. We've lived through new presidents in each of our four co-owning institutions, UCD, UCC, University of Galway and DCU, as well as new VPRs in each case as well. In this time, Insight has played its part in the national COVID effort and it has become a large-scale inclusive national research endeavor. It has developed an effective way of delivering valuable partnerships to industry, multinationals and SMEs and we look forward to welcoming more industrial partners and the relatively new technological universities in the near future. 10 years is in some places a long time but it is our view and intent that Insight will grow and develop into a larger more inclusive endeavor for the great benefit of Ireland for our people and for the national economy. Now, Insight represents a vision for a data-driven society. We believe in the power of data to help people live healthier, safer, more successful lives and in Insight we have been exploring how data-driven thinking can have a positive impact on many aspects of our society from health care and education to science and food and agriculture, even government and politics. Now, we're here to celebrate 10 years of Insight but of course the seeds of Insight were sown many years before that in the researchers and the research centres that came before Insight and creating Insight took a leap of faith by Science Foundation Ireland and involved bringing together many different researchers from many different fields to create a truly national research centre and this has helped establish Insight on the world stage. This is the sort of scale that Irish research needs to make sure that it's visible internationally and also to allow it to take advantage of the many different opportunities and collaborations that exist in the modern world of scientific research. Moreover, by bringing together researchers in areas such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, Insight has positioned itself really uniquely in terms of the opportunity that now exists to operate and take advantage of the new AI revolution that is all but upon us and I think that this really ensures that Insight is very well positioned over the coming years. I've been really lucky through my collaboration with Insight to be put in contact with amazing multi-disciplinary teams and governing bodies. Insight have linked us with Vision Sports Ireland, they're the national governing body for sports and leisure opportunities for people who are blind and vision impaired and with their help our research in physical activity levels barriers and motivators for people who are blind and vision impaired has improved massively. Vision Sports have let us take our research to the next level. As a direct result of working with Insight and Vision Sports Ireland we have had opportunities to present our conferences in Vision 2023 in January, Child Vision Research Society in London and the International Symposium on Physical Activity for people with vision impairments in Parma, Italy and none of that would have happened without the input of Insight. Before joining Insight in April 2022 and Insight alumnus told me how much of a family Insight is but when I came I found out that it is much more. In Insight there is a unique blend of cautious and research background that makes it such an exciting environment to work in. There are lots of training and career development opportunities for early career researchers like myself. Looking back at my PhD, my PhD was focused on a specific application of computer science in human motion analysis and I kept wondering what is going to be the use for all of this in practice but when I came to Insight I was pleasantly surprised because I realized that there is a place for me. I got to work on a really exciting project with Brian, Georgiana and Hannah on measuring human motion in a way that could solve reward problems and then it got even better when I got the opportunity to apply and was selected for the Neuro Insight Marie Curie Postdoc Fellowship where we would do even more exciting research in full prediction which could potentially contribute to the livelihood of the Hale Valley. I'm really really really glad to be a part of Insight and part to be a part of this celebration. I joined Insight back in 2014 to do my PhD. I was working on content-based image retrieval using Dilnerin and then after the PhD I did a short stay at Postdoc also in the center working in video analytics. That was a great preparation for me for later on my career when I decided to move back to Spain and work in industry. Currently I'm an applied scientist at Amazon and I'm still really grateful at my time at Insight because it was not only like a great technical preparation and growth as a scientist but also my state teach me to not to be afraid to new challenges and always keep the curiosity to learn new things. So happy 10 university insight and for many more. I just wanted to highlight some of the amazing things that the Insight Center has done for me over the years because for me this center has covered the majority of my career. It was through Insight that I got my first ever funded grant which was an innovation partnership looking at machine learning for online shopping environments and it was from that grant that I got my first major PI award through SFI and I've since set up partnerships with other companies looking at for example machine learning for medical data analytics and particularly focusing on cardiovascular risk. But most recently I think Insight has been funding my research on climate and sustainability. For example we build mathematical models but look at migration and diet patterns of endangered species and the methods and the software that my research team have developed from those scientists are able to track the effects of biodiversity loss of poor land management and the effect of invasive species on the on the natural environment. And so whilst I think that some of the research I've done has clear economic benefits other parts of it are much more blue sky and basic and I think it's wonderful that Insight funds that full gamut of necessary research.


you got a nice applause from the crowd what is it like to hear the fans again it always feels good Meredith when you back and they play the video and get a chance to see some of the things you've done in the past and of course being able to enjoy the appreciation of the fans and I think the New York fans and the people that come out to the ballpark here especially Yankee Stadium are special to be around and so it's always a pleasure was there anyone in particular you were looking forward to catching up with today really all of the guys I got I guess the most kick I got today was really seeing Hector Lopez he's gonna be 90 in a couple of weeks and he looks like he's 70 years old so seeing him and it's kind of seeing the health of all the guys is always good of course I always enjoy seeing Willie I see Tina quite a bit but it's always good to see the guys bucky dent with the memories that he has leave blue Pinela and the guys that you played with like Gator and all those guys it's it's always a pleasure to be here and to be a part of it is special I know you guys are always telling stories about what went down back in the day any good stories from today no not really it's just kind of you know most of the stories today were just about seeing each other and checking on the health of everybody etc. I'm in my 70s now so you know the health is most important and I was really pleased to see Dr. Brown who's gonna be 94 pleased to see Don Larson I don't know how old he's gonna be but when I saw Hector Lopez I was really impressed now you're on the IL with an injury but will you be back out there next year if I can make it I will be there I've always enjoyed playing Reggie thanks for the time thank you Meredith


Do you want me to do an AMA on Reddit? Ask me anything. If so, tell me in the comments below and if we get 200 people saying, George do an MMA and when I should do it, then I will commit to doing it perhaps this weekend, you tell me in the comments below and an AMA is not to be confused with an MMA, which is mixed martial arts and I've done a form of that back in the good old TGN days.  Tell me in the comments below. That was a lot of fun and if you like this kind of video, maybe I should do another one. Although I'm a little older, so I may not be quite as good, but I'd love to hear your thoughts. And guys, yesterday I made a video that gave you six ways to get more views. In that video, I did not list Reddit because I don't use Reddit. So this is the seventh way to get more views and if we do this AMA, it'll certainly be a really good example of how you can use Reddit to get more views. I'm eager to hear the response, so leave your comments below and let's do an AMA. Alright guys, my name is George, founder of Freedom and you've been watching. Click the first video for a fireside chat with George, where he shares our future and how he grew from $20,000 to $120,000 in just one month. And click the second video to see how to monetize all of your videos with just a few clicks to enable all ad formats and monetize in all countries. And we will grow together as a family because this is the Freedom family. You are part of it. We are all part of it and we're all growing together. So grow with us and partner with Freedom. That play now button right there on the video bar is all you need to click to get started.


At work for more than a week now, Ministers have arrived, what do you guys want to see happening now with the wind time as well? Thursday the second to the last day is in a way more typical than the last day. You start at 7 in the morning, national meetings at 8 o'clock, G7-7 at 9 o'clock, consultations with your colleagues in other countries 10 to 12, meeting from 3 to 7 p.m., meeting again from 9.30 to 1.30 in all that process trying to arrive with an agreement. Sometimes you can eat if you're lucky, sometimes you don't eat and you just munch a chocolate bar or a biscuit when we go. We're trying to finalize the agreement on the LCA-RAD plus finance agreement which is about payments for the result space phase, so that is basically what we need to do this afternoon. The parties will have to negotiate how many? Three paragraphs, that's what they have to do, you know, over a hundred governments will be here. And your role? I'm the facilitator. What does that mean? Well, it means I'm the one that's responsible for trying to have the broker and agreement for this topic, which is the Red Plus finance. And which countries are moving ahead? Everyone's moving ahead, so the good thing about Red Plus is it's practically all the countries of the world, I mean, that have FARA, certainly. And the developed countries are actually interested in helping out, so it doesn't have the dynamics that other negotiations have, so, you know, hopefully we will be able to arrive with an agreement. You're not allowed. You can probably film from there. Last night we were negotiating up to midnight, so it was a tough negotiations, but I say we were able to clear up 50% to 60% of the tax, but we still have major disagreements, particularly on markets and how markets can be used for red, you know, to get resources and finances for Red Plus, so that's still up in the air. So today we'll spend the day negotiating that, I mean, this afternoon until midnight again to try to see if we can arrive with an agreement, but we're close. It will be difficult, it will be hard, but we're close to achieving an agreement. And how does it work between your role as facilitator of the Red Negotiations and then on the Filipino delegation? As a facilitator, you're not a Filipino, right? But you are yourself, so you do have your priorities and your agenda. The agenda is really subsumed under the agenda of your colleagues who drive this process. This is what's called a party-driven process. So the good facilitator helps the parties move forward fast, you know, but he cannot afford or the good facilitator should not take the wheels and run regardless of where the other parties want to go. Then you would have a contradiction, the other parties want to go here, other parties want to go to the right, to the left, backward. So you have to know that and manage that well. So we're all moving forward, even if sometimes it's lower than usual. The purpose of this is to give you a briefing on the state of the negotiations on red glass finance. I mean, and the only reason I'm doing this is because it's closing and I believe in the parties have actually given me sort of the mandate to leave different stakeholders. Essentially, last night, we were able to settle that regardless of whatever financing options that safeguards will be followed, there will be strong MRV, there will be an MRV system. The different requirements of red glass will have to be followed. That essentially has been settled. I have to say I'm very proud that I have pushed that envelope on transparency. I tweet about the negotiations. I Facebook about the negotiations. I do briefings with NGOs, with the business, the private sector, with indigenous peoples on red. Those are the key stakeholders. Whenever possible, I try to convince the parties to allow observers to listen. So it's a very secretive, confidential process, but I think it has potential of opening up and I feel very proud that I have opened up the process that I am responsible for, the red glass process. Don't misunderstand the issues are not many. There's really just a couple of big issues and there's already long-distance issues and it's just a couple of countries that are not accepting what might be the compromise. I'm tired, but I actually enjoy the work of negotiation as long as you're able to make a difference in trying to bring 195 countries, I think something like that now, nearly 200 countries together. There's nothing more satisfying than closing a deal that is a good deal. And I feel like in red plus, we will have that.


Schedule 1 Introduced by Section 6 Special Provision Where Early Dissolution of the Parliament Special Provision for First British Sign Language National Plan for Scotland Paragraph 1 Subparagraph 1 Subparagraphs 2 and 3 apply where A. The Parliament is dissolved before the period of 12 months allowed by Section 1, subsection 3, for the publication of the First National Plan has elapsed and B. As at the date of dissolution, that plan has not been published. Subparagraph 2 The session in which the Parliament is so dissolved is not to be regarded as the session in which the First National Plan is to be published. Subparagraph 3 Section 1, subsection 3 is to be construed as requiring that plan to be published no later than 12 months after the commencement of the session of the Parliament, which A. Next follows the session in which the Parliament is so dissolved and B. Is not itself a session in which the Parliament is so dissolved. Special Provision for Other British Sign Language National Plans for Scotland Paragraph 2 Subparagraph 1 Subparagraphs 2 and 3 apply where A. The Parliament is dissolved before the period of 6 months allowed by Section 1, subsection 4, for the publication of a National Plan other than the First Such Plan has elapsed and B. As at the date of dissolution, the awaited plan has not been published. Subparagraph 2 The session in which the Parliament is so dissolved is not to be regarded as a session in which a National Plan is to be published. Subparagraph 3 Section 1, subsection 4 is to be construed as requiring the awaited plan to be published no later than 6 months after the commencement of the session of the Parliament, which A. Next follows the session in which the Parliament is so dissolved and B. Is not itself a session in which the Parliament is so dissolved. Special Provision for Listed Authorities First British Sign Language Plan Paragraph 3 Subparagraph 1 Subparagraphs 2 and 3 apply where A. The Parliament is dissolved before the period of 12 months mentioned in Section 4, subsection 1 has elapsed and B. As at the date of dissolution, a particular listed authority's first authority plan has not been published. Subparagraph 2 The session in which the Parliament is so dissolved is not to be regarded as a session in which that plan is to be published. Subparagraph 3 Section 4, subsection 1 is to be construed as requiring that plan to be published as soon as reasonably practicable after and in any event no later than 12 months after the commencement of the session of the Parliament, which A. Next follows the session in which the Parliament is so dissolved and B. Is not itself a session in which the Parliament is so dissolved. Special Provision for Other British Sign Language Plans of a Listed Authority Paragraph 4 Subparagraph 1 Subparagraph 2 and 3 apply where A. The Parliament is dissolved before the period of 6 months mentioned in Section 4, subsection 2 has elapsed and B. As at the date of dissolution, a particular listed authority's awaited authority plan has not been published. Subparagraph 2 The session in which the Parliament is so dissolved is not to be regarded as a session in which an authority plan is to be published by the authority. Subparagraph 3 Section 4, subsection 2 is to be construed as requiring the awaited authority plan to be published as soon as reasonably practicable after and in any event no later than 6 months after the commencement of the session of the Parliament, which A. Next follows the session in which the Parliament is so dissolved and B. Is not itself a session in which the Parliament is so dissolved. Special Provision for First British Sign Language Performance Review Paragraph 5 Subparagraph 1 Subparagraph 2 and 3 apply where A. The Parliament is dissolved before the date by which, under Section 5, subsection 2, the first performance review is to be published and B. As at the date of dissolution, the first such review has not been published. Subparagraph 2 The session in which the Parliament is so dissolved is not to be regarded as a session in which that review is to be published. Subparagraph 3 Section 5, subsection 2, is to be construed as requiring that review to be published no later than 12 months before the date on which the session of the Parliament, which A. Next follows the session in which the Parliament is so dissolved and B. Is not itself a session in which the Parliament is so dissolved. Would end with the Parliament in that following session dissolved by virtue of Section 2, subsection 3, paragraph A of the 1998 Act. Special Provision for Other British Sign Language Performance Reviews Subparagraph 6 Subparagraph 1 Subparagraph 2 and 3 apply where A. The Parliament is dissolved before the date by which, under Section 5, subsection 4, paragraph B, a performance review other than the first performance review must be published and B. As at the date of dissolution, the awaited review has not been published. Subparagraph 2 The session in which the Parliament is so dissolved is not to be regarded as a session in which a performance review is to be published. Subparagraph 3 Section 5, subsection 4, is to be construed as requiring the awaited review to be published no later than 6 months before the date on which the session of the Parliament, which A. Next follows the session in which the Parliament is so dissolved and B. Is not itself a session in which the Parliament is so dissolved. Would end with the Parliament in that following session dissolved by virtue of Section 2, subsection 3, paragraph A of the 1998 Act.


Alright, so it's just me and you. I have a list. I made a full list of everything, right? So we're just gonna go through it. For everybody out there who thinks that this is turning into a drama channel, I'm about to take Jake Paul to teach you about why anxiety is awesome as well as some neuro-science. Everybody, this is Chris from the Rewired Soul where we talk about the problem, but focus on the solution. If you're new to my channel, my channel is all about mental health. So what I like to do is pull things from the YouTube community.  So if you're into that kind of stuff, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell because I have a ton of videos and even more to come about the finale. So this is a video that I was actually talking about this in my live stream. Those of us who struggle with anxiety, we often think about all the negatives, right? We think about the negatives, all these bad things about anxiety and anxiety sucks, but there are actually some benefits to having anxiety. So I'm gonna talk about that in the second half of this video, but I'm gonna talk about neuro-science first and kind of explain Jake Paul's reckless behavior, okay? Now, something I always say is I'm gonna give you a reason.  I don't think that this is a good excuse for crappy behavior. And especially one of the examples that I'm gonna give in this video. So something that was brought up by one of my lovely subscribers the other day was the prefrontal cortex and how some of Jake's behaviors can be explained by the prefrontal cortex. So real quick recap of the prefrontal cortex. Prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that separates us from the animals. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for a lot of things like self-awareness, emotional regulation, impulse control, all of that. Well, the prefrontal cortex doesn't fully develop until your mid to late 20s. Some journals say that it doesn't fully develop in men until your early 30s, okay?  Wake up! Bro, what? This is pain. It's pain, man. My shoes. What are you doing? This is pain.  Even though they're like of legal drinking age, they can legally join the military, their brain is still not fully developed. So the one function of the prefrontal cortex that I want to talk about specifically is fear modulation, okay? Fear modulation. What does that mean? Fear modulation is the brain's ability to tell you what you should and shouldn't be afraid of, right? So one of the reasons that young people are so reckless is because they don't process fear in the same way. This is something that drug addicts and alcoholics also struggle with. Science has proven that drug addicts and alcoholics have a prefrontal cortex that is not functioning properly. So they don't get scared the way they should. So for example, drug addicts and alcoholics, they don't think that they're going to get in a wreck while driving drunk. They don't think they're going to overdose. But with young people such as Jake Paul and other reckless young people, they don't think that speeding around is going to involve a car accident, right? They don't think that jumping off a roof is a bad idea. They're not afraid. Young people think they're invincible. This isn't just a cliche thing. It's actually how the brain works. So again, these are reasons, but they're not excuses. And something that came up in this video, which was interesting because in my last video, I talked about how Shane kept calling Jake out on different things over and over and over again. Shane talked about how one of his friends was pregnant like a couple years prior. One of Shane's friends was pregnant, okay? And in a parking lot, and Jake Paul and his friends, they weren't even vlogging or anything, but they were speeding through the parking lot and like Shane's friend like hit him up and said, yo, Jake Paul almost killed me, right? And she was like that Jake Paul kid, literally almost killed me, my baby. I'm so pissed. Like what do I do? Like I don't like, I was just like, whoa. So I think it's one of those things where I don't think you would do that stuff now from what I saw yesterday. Why do you think you were doing stuff like that at that time? So immediately like Shane Dawson is like, what the heck? And this, this is an issue. This is an issue. And by the way, this is one of the reasons why young people need to meditate. I've been teaching my son meditation since he was like five or six years old because meditation actually helps strengthen the prefrontal cortex. Every time you meditate from anywhere to five to 10 minutes, it's like doing a bicep curl for your prefrontal cortex. So a lot of Shane's, not Shane's, but Jake's behaviors can be explained due to the lack of, what's the word I'm looking for, Zach? What's the word I'm looking for? Maturity, the lack of maturity of the prefrontal cortex. Again, it's a reason it's not an excuse, but like I think this is a good thing to talk about. We need to understand how the brain works. Like I made a video a long time ago called The Brain Mechanic.  It's the same thing as a mechanic. A mechanic doesn't get as nervous when their car breaks down because they understand the vehicle. You will not be so stressed about your mental health when you understand how the machine works. That is one of the reasons why I am such a big neuroscience nerd. I want to know how this thing works so I can work on, okay, should I be freaking out about this? Should I not? Or I can say, oh, this is just my prefrontal cortex. Not working the way it should. Oh, this is my amygdala making me anxious. Oh, my default mode network is going nuts right now. You know what I mean? I can understand what my brain's doing so I don't get anxious about what my brain's doing. And that transitions smoothly transitions smoothly over to the topic of why anxiety is awesome. So, did you know that on average people with anxiety like moderate anxiety, I'm not talking severe anxiety, but moderate anxiety these people are statistically more likely to live longer. All right, and the reason why, remember we were talking about fear modulation? Well, anxiety is a fear-based mental illness.  Like Jake Paul. We're afraid. We're afraid. We are the people who always put our seat belts on. We're the people who are defensive drivers out on the road. We are the people who make sure our doors are locked. You know what I'm saying? Like, anxiety is saving your life. A little background in evolution science for you is if you look at our brains and how they've been involving for all of these years, right? And there's something called natural selection, right? So, if you imagine I made this video a long time ago, but real quick, if you imagine two cavemen walking past a cave, right? They're walking past a cave and one of them is like, hey, let's go inside that cave and explore it. Well, the other one with a more active amygdala, what triggers anxiety, the other one is like, nah, man, there might be some lion or something in there, right? Well, the other caveman who doesn't have an overly active amygdala and anxiety, he's gonna walk into that cave and he gets eaten by a lion. So, a lot of us, our ancestors actually had anxiety because it helped them survive. You see what I mean? So, those of us who have anxiety to this day, anxiety is something that's actually help keeping us alive. And I think it's important to understand this. Like, I'm all about empowering people who struggle with mental illness. Like, I get it. I get it.  Mental illness sucks at certain points, but we also benefit in ways that other people don't. For example, people with depression are much more kind and empathetic than other people. People with bipolar disorder are known to be more creative. People with ADHD, they're more of a go-getter and they get stuff done because their attention gets locked in on something. So, I think it's a very, very important subject for us to, like, sit back and look at, like, okay, like, what is my mental illness doing? Is it bad or is some of it good? Like, what are the pros? What are the benefits? Like, a good example is my addiction. I used to think that having an addiction was a curse. You know, even when I got clean, like, when I got clean, I'm like, this is a curse. Like, man, you know, we get into that pity party. We go into that pity party of, like, man, why can't I drink like everybody else? Why can't I use drugs recreationally? Mm, mm, mm. Right? And, like, all I think is, poor me, poor me, poor me. But, like, the way I have to look at it, had I never developed an addiction, would I have never made this channel? If I hadn't ever recovered from my addiction and started working on my mental health, would I have this channel where I'm able to reach thousands and thousands of people all over the world to help them? Right?  I tell people, like, at the treatment center I was working at, I would tell my groups, I'd say, you are some of the luckiest people on the planet. I'm like, there are so many people out there who are just forever going to be oblivious about their problems because it didn't manifest into an addiction, like a life-threatening thing. So there are people who are going to go to their grave still miserable because they never, they never woke up to the fact that they had these issues or their struggles in their lives.   And you should always, always be proud of that, okay? And that's why I try to make these videos and reach as many people as possible because we need more people to care about their mental health. Okay? But anyways, did I tell you, did I tell you in that intro, all of you who thought this was a drama channel, we just talked about anxiety as well as neuroscience. Mike, drop. But anyways, anyways, I want to hear from you guys down in the comments below. Okay, let's do this. How do you think your anxiety has kept you safe? All right? Down in the comments, let me know how you think your anxiety has kept you safe in certain situations. Maybe you didn't walk down a dark alley or maybe you didn't do something else risky. I can't wait to see what you guys say, all right? Anyways, that's all I got for you with this video. If you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up. If you're new, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell. And a huge thank you to everybody over on Patreon. We have a ton of new people supporting the channel over on Patreon. If you would like to help me spread a message of hope, go ahead and click the top on that icon right there. All right? Thanks so much for watching. I'll see you next time.


The scope of events over this past year reflects the extraordinary range of challenges and opportunities for America that sometimes appears overwhelming. And it is tempting for us to step back from robust engagement to simplify our presence in a complex world, to limit our definition of what is important to America to that which seems most easily achievable. I think that would be a profound mistake. For the threats to America's interests only grow more dangerous if neglected. More important, this is a time of unprecedented opportunity for us as we stand at the height of our power and prosperity. An honest assessment of how we've used that strength must begin with an acknowledgement of what has changed since Bill Clinton was first elected president. I want you to consider the convention of wisdom about America in the fall of 1992. A magazine which reflected a widespread view across the spectrum of opinion makers asked, is the United States in an irreversible decline as the world's premier power? Today, as President Clinton leaves office, America is by any measure the world's unchallenged military, economic and political power. The world counts on us to be a catalyst of coalitions, a broker of peace, a guarantor of global financial stability. We are widely seen as the country best placed to benefit from globalization. Clinton understood before most the challenges globalization posed to how we think about the world. First, for half a century of Cold War struggle, we viewed the world largely through a zero sum prison. We advance, they retreat. We retreat, they advance. Today, zero sum thinking increasingly must give way to win-win thinking. A stronger Europe does not necessarily mean a weaker U.S., indeed a stronger Russia and a stronger China, if they develop in the right way, could be a lesser threat than if they unravel from internal strains. Second, while globalization is inexorable, it is not an elixir for all the world's problems. What is important is that we can benefit and we can harness the desire of most nations to benefit from globalization in a way that advances our objectives of democracy, shared prosperity and peace. Some of the most hopeful developments in the world have come about because we sought to do that, not simply because globalization preordained them. For example, if China has begun to dismantle its command and control economy despite the huge risk, is it simply meeting the demands of global markets in part yes, but it has also decided to fulfill the terms we negotiated for its entry into the WTO? If people from Croatia to Macedonia are rejecting hardline nationalists and embracing democracy, it is in part because they have concluded that is the best way to join NATO and the EU, an opportunity made possible by our expansion of NATO and more attractive by NATO's victory in Kosovo. If the dividing line of the Cold War was represented by the Berlin Wall, the dividing line of the global age is between those who seek to live within the international community of nations, respecting its rules and norms and those who live outside of it either by choice or circumstance. We must ensure that those international systems are open to all who adhere to accepted standards. We must defend those standards when they are threatened and we must isolate those who choose to live outside the system and disrupt it. These foundations of a foreign policy for the global age are reflected in the principles that have guided us these past eight years and hopefully will serve as the touchstone as our next president takes office on Saturday. The first principle is that our alliances with Europe and Asia are still the cornerstone of our national security, but they must be constantly adapted to meet emerging challenges. Eight years ago in Asia, it was far from certain that we would maintain our military presence at the end of the Cold War or that allies there would continue to see its legitimacy. In Europe, NATO's continued relevance was seriously questioned ironically at the very same time that the security and values it defends were threatened by an out of control war in Bosnia. So in Asia, we formally updated our strategic alliance with Japan. We stood with South Korea to meet nuclear and missile threats while we moved together to test new opportunities with North Korea. We dispatched naval forces to ease tensions in the Taiwan Strait and helped our allies to deploy an international coalition to East Timor. Today, no one questions the legitimacy of America's military presence in Asia, not even Kim Jong-il. In Europe, we revitalized NATO with new partners, new members, and new missions. After agonizing differences with our allies over Bosnia, we came together to end a ghastly war and later acted decisively to end the carnage in Kosovo. Today, we are closer to ever than building a Europe that is peaceful, democratic and undivided for the first time in history. Southeast Europe, which has been the flashpoint for European conflict throughout the 20th century, now has the potential to become a full partner in a peaceful Europe if we don't snatch defeat from the jaws of victory. Our European allies already are carrying the overwhelming share of this burden, 87% of the peacekeeping troops and 80% of the funds. We can't cut and run, or we will forfeit our leadership of NATO. NATO's future and that of Europe's new democracies also depends on the future answer to another question. Will more of Europe's new democracies be invited to walk through NATO's open door at its next summit next year? To stop at Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic would defeat the very purpose of NATO enlargement. To erase the arbitrary dividing lines and to use the strength and magnetism of NATO membership to strengthen the forces of democracy in Europe. A second principle is that peace and security for America depends on building principled, constructive relations with our former great power adversaries, Russia and China. Now with Russia it is tempting to focus on what this troubled company has failed to do in the last decade. It has not developed a full feathered democracy or demonstrated consistent respect for the rule of law. It has not rooted out corruption or learned that brute force cannot hold an ethnically diverse country together. But we should not forget what it has done. Russian people have rejected a return to communism or a turn toward fascism. In five straight democratic elections they have voted for a democratic society that is part of the modern world. And it is largely for that reason that we have been able to work with Russia to safeguard its nuclear arsenal, to secure the exit of its troops from the Baltic states and to cooperate in the Balkans. What now? I believe that President Putin seeks to build a modern Russia plugged into the global economy and that he realizes that the only outlet lies to the West. What we don't know yet is whether he will do that while tolerating opposition, respecting the independence of his neighbors and conducting a foreign policy that does not revert to a Soviet era mentality. What can we do? If Russia seeks to exert coercive pressure against neighboring states like Georgia or Ukraine, we must do all we can to strengthen their independence. But at the same time, when Russia seeks partnership with the international community and membership in international institutions, we should welcome it, insisting that Russia accept the rules as well as the benefits that go with integration. And when the Russian people work at home to build a free media, to start their own businesses, to protect human rights and their environment, we must continue to sport that effort in dollars and deeds and not cut back on these programs as has happened in the past several years in the Congress. For a little else will be possible in our relationship with Russia unless it builds a pluralistic, prosperous society inexorably linked to the West. With China, our challenge has been and will remain to steer between the extremes of uncritical engagement and untenable confrontation. That balance has helped maintain peace in the Taiwan Strait, secured China's help in maintaining stability on the Korean Peninsula. The passage of PNTR last year represents the most constructive breakthrough in U.S.-China relations since normalization in 1979. For China, it is a declaration of interdependence and a commitment to start dismantling the command and control economy through which the Communist Party exercises much of its power. Can China manage this economic transition at a time of uncertain political transition? For countries seized by a history of intermittent disintegration, will China seek stability in greater control over its people or in giving its people greater control? Only China can decide, but we can help it make the right choice by holding it to its commitments made to join the WTO and continuing to make clear that we believe China is more likely to succeed in this information age by unleashing the creative potential of its 1.2 billion people than trying to suppress it. A third principle that must guide American foreign policy is that local conflicts can have global consequences. I don't believe any previous president has devoted more of his presidency to peacemaking, whether in the Middle East or Balkans or Northern Ireland, between Turkey and Greece, Peru and Ecuador, India and Pakistan, Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is more important than ever that America remain an energetic peacemaker, not a meddler, but a force for reconciliation even at times when our interests are not directly involved. Why do I say that? First, because the challenges of foreign policy in any age is to diffuse conflicts before, not after they escalate and harm our vital interests. But because in this global age, as we witness distant atrocities, we can choose not to act, but we can no longer choose not to know. While we should never, in my judgment, send troops into conflict where our national interests are not at stake, where our interests and values are challenged. The American people increasingly expect their government to do what we reasonably can. Those who ignore America's idealism are lacking in realism. What's more, the disproportionate power America enjoys today is more likely to be accepted by other nations if we use it for something other than self-protection. When our president goes the extra mile for peace, as he has been doing these past weeks in the Middle East, as he did in Belfast last month, or in Africa last August when he joined a fractious conference seeking peace in Burundi, it defies perceptions that an all-powerful America is a self-absorbed America. It earns us influence that raw power alone cannot purchase. The fourth principle is that while old threats have not all disappeared, new dangers accentuated by technological advances and the permeability of borders require expanded national security priorities. Indeed, I believe one of the biggest changes we have brought about in the way America relates to the world has been to expand what we consider to be important. We intensified the battle against proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the complete denuclearization of Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan to the agreed framework with North Korea. We are diverting billions of dollars in Iraqi oil revenues from the purchase of weaponry to the provision of food and medicine. We persuaded the Senate to ratify the Chemical Weapons Convention and I hope that President Bush will work with the new Senate to address the concerns raised in the debate over the comprehensive test ban treaty and ratify. One of the most important decisions America must make is how to meet the future ballistic missile threat from hostilations. The emerging threat is real, but national missile defense is a intensely complex issue, technically, internationally, and strategically. I earnestly hope the new administration will not be driven by artificial deadlines. And it is inconceivable to me that we would make a decision on NMD without fully exploring the initiative with North Korea and its potential for curbing the missile program at the leading edge of the threat driving the NMD timetable. A fifth and final principle that should continue to drive our foreign policy is that economic integration advances both our interest and our values, but it also increases the need to alleviate economic disparity. During the last eight years, America has led the greatest expansion of world trade in history. With the completion of the Ergway Round, the creation of the WTO, approval of NAFTA, PNTR with China, our conscious decision to keep our markets open during the Asian financial crisis, notwithstanding the impact on our trade deficit in no small measure is responsible for Asia's recovery. In the last two decades, more people than ever before have been lifted from poverty around the world, but yet 3 billion people still struggle to survive on less than $2 a day. Globalization did not create the gap between rich and poor nations, but there is a gap in globalization. To dismiss global poverty and disease as soft issues is to ignore some hard realities. Few nations can survive the onslaught of AIDS that already has hit Southern Africa, where half of all 15-year-olds are expected to die of that disease. And this epidemic has no natural boundaries. The fastest rate of growth today is in Russia. Working to bridge the global divide is not merely a matter of national empathy. It is a matter of national interest. These are basic principles that I believe must define the contours of America's role in this new global age. And some of the specific challenges we will continue to face. Many are daunting, but the new administration takes the reins of a country at the zenith of its power with the wind at its back and clear objectives to steer toward. And there are several steps it could immediately take both to seize the opportunities so plainly ahead and to signal to the world that there will be no fundamental shift in America's purposes as it reviews our global role. Let me respectfully and briefly mention just a few. You might call them five easy pieces for the next administration. Give our European allies a clear sign that there will be no change in our commitment to NATO, its Balkan mission, and its next round of expansion. Make clear to our allies in Asia that we will explore the opportunity presented by North Korea's emergence from isolation. Tell our partners in the hemisphere that we want to finish negotiations on a free trade area of the Americas by 2005, by 2003, so it can enter into force by 2005. In preparing its first budget signal to the world that our determination to win the fight against global poverty will continue to rise. And finally seize the chance to work with Russia to reduce nuclear arsenals without abandoning negotiated agreements. One good way would be to move with Congress to repeal legislation that prevents us from going below the start one level of 6,000 warheads while we bring start two into force and negotiate much lower levels in start three around 2,000 warheads. Our extraordinary strength is a blessing, but it comes with a responsibility to carry our weight instead of merely throwing it around. That means meeting our responsibilities to alliances like NATO and institutions like the United Nations. It means whenever possible shaping international treaties from the inside, as President Clinton recently did with the International Criminal Court, instead of packing up our marbles and going home. Otherwise we will find the world resisting our power instead of respecting it. Let me conclude with a distinction that I think goes to the essence of America's role. There is a difference between power and authority. Power is the ability to compel by force or by sanctions and there are times when we must use it for there will always be interests and values worth fighting for. Authority is the ability to lead and we depend on it for almost everything we try to achieve. Our authority is built on qualities very different from our power. On the attractiveness of our values, on the force of our example, on the credibility of our commitments and on our willingness to listen to and stand by others. In the last eight years, I believe President Clinton's most fundamental achievement is that he steered America into a new area of globalization in a way that not only enhanced our power but our authority in the world. And I have been proud to be part of that journey. As the new administration builds on that achievement, no one will work harder than its processors and turn common goals to reality. Thank you very much.