Well, welcome everybody. This meeting tonight is a meeting of the Mayor's Neighborhood Leadership Cabinet and we've set up this presentation on the census for 2020 as a program that we also invited many other people to. So we're gonna begin with the first part of their meeting, get into the program, and then if you wanna leave after that, that's fine. And then just the members of the Mayor's Neighborhood Leadership Cabinet will continue their meeting after that. So first of all, everybody signed in, so we're all set with that. Please stand and join me in the Pledge of Allegiance. I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Thank you. And then the Cabinet needs to approve their minutes from their July 16th meeting. I'd entertain a motion. Second, very good. Any additions or corrections to the minutes? Okay, seeing none. All those in favor signify by saying aye. Opposed? Thank you, those minutes will stand. Our future presentation today is on the 2020 Complete Count Committee. So we're in the process of setting this committee up. And tonight we have Tasha Jenkins here. She's a partnership specialist for the Census Bureau and she's out of the Chicago office. So I'm gonna turn it over to Tasha for her presentation. Good evening, everyone. Thank you for allowing me some time to talk with you this evening. As the mayor said, I'm a partnership specialist with the US Census Bureau. Wisconsin is part of the Chicago region. I actually don't live in Chicago, I live in Milwaukee, so my travel was not that far today. This is a, I wanna talk about the Complete Count Committee, specifically a partnership with Sheboygan and the Census Bureau as we prepare for the 2020 Census. I'll start with a video here on, if you click on that chat, I think that video will play. Yeah, sorry. I hear some, I hear some sound. Distributed to communities like yours each year and in 2020, can one girl in a small town, an architect in a major city and a suburban high school coach shape the future of the United States? Yes, they can, because every 10 years, the Census gives us that power. You can shape your future by responding to the 2020 Census. Where do we need new roads to make our lives easier? Where will new school programs help our children thrive? Where could a new health clinic benefit neighborhoods? The 2020 Census will inform these decisions and shape how billions of dollars will be distributed to communities like yours each year. And in 2020, you can respond to the Census online by phone or by mail. It's easy, safe and important.  Now is the time for you to get involved. Your community needs you. Together, we can educate and excite. Inspire and make sure every voice is heard. Together, we can shape our future. We can shape our future. You can go pass there. You can go pass that one. Marilyn Sanders is the Chicago Regional Census Center Director. And I would be remiss if I didn't start my comments with you by relaying her thanks for the opportunity to talk about partnership. This is just an overview of some of the things I'll cover tonight with you. I will be respectful of your time and be sure to not talk too long. In your folders, there's a series of information that's helpful as you have discussions about reaching populations that may be hard to count in Sheboyga populations that may be hesitant to respond to the census. Some of that information includes media materials. We do have the media materials available electronically and I've shared that with Chad. Chad is the Census Liaison for Sheboyga and so my communication is with him. He's the point of contact for anything that you need from the Census Bureau as you have those discussions. Also in the folder there's on the left side a guide that talks about the complete count committee and what some of the role of the complete count committee and just to summarize it for you, the complete count committee is really trusted voices in Sheboyga that could help talk about the importance of responding to the census when that information comes out in March of next year. That information is better heard from you guys than from the Census Bureau. Again, this is Marilyn Sanders. She's the regional center director out of Chicago. Our goal for the census is to count everyone once, only once and in the right place and she knows from her experience with working with the decennial censuses and this is her fourth one so she's been around for a long time. We can't do this work without partnering with you guys. In our region we have eight states, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Missouri, Michigan, Minnesota and fabulous Wisconsin. And so we have a lot of work we're doing currently to engage and develop partnerships throughout our region. There's six regions across the country and there's a number of partnership specialists doing the same kinds of work that I'm doing. In Wisconsin alone we have about 24 partnership specialists here, spread out throughout the communities. Some are focused on community-based organizations. Some are focused on governmental municipalities. We also have a couple of media specialists that are working here as well. In this state alone we have four area census offices that are open Milwaukee, Green Bay. You're kind of in the middle of those two, Madison and Eau Claire. So the field work in terms of hiring staff that will go out in the field, most of that work is happening in those area census offices with a connect to our Chicago Regional Census Center. Well that's a lovely picture. I don't know if you guys wanna take a picture. You certainly have the ability to take a picture if you want to at some point tonight. There are release forms in your packet if you do wanna take a picture and want that shared on the census website. We do have on the Census Bureau website all the municipalities and everywhere that complete count committees have formed and we certainly wanna make sure that Sheboygan is on that map. The purpose of tonight is really to provide an overview for you about the 2020 census and what it means to partner with us in terms of establishing that complete count committee. Why do we do the census? We do the decennial census every 10 years based on the constitutional mandate. Article one, section two of the constitution mandates that we count every one residing in the United States every 10 years. There are a number of important uses of the census data. The two big uses of the data that I'll speak to tonight, the apportionment of the House of Representatives happens every 10 years based on census data. So it's important that we have an accurate count for Wisconsin so that our seats are represented in the House of Representatives. Also, federal funding, $675 billion annually is allocated based on census data. So for communities that don't have a complete count, they can lose resources and they can lose those resources for 10 years. As we use the data from the census, it helps with a number of planning things that happen at the federal level, at the state level and at the local level. As an example, children under five is one of the populations that we count. The data from the census impacts planning around schools, impacts planning for daycares and other things locally. It impacts funding for schools, funding for SNAP and other federal programs. As households receive information about responding to the 2020 census, that information will start to come out and start to reach households in March. The first initial phase will happen March 12th through March 20th. People will be asked to respond to the questionnaire. And for 2020, people can still respond with a paper questionnaire. They can respond over the phone and new for 2020, they can respond online. Online is the new addition to ways to respond. And we're hoping with those three ways to respond that our response rate will increase from what we've had in the past census. These languages that you see on the screen are the languages that are available for people as they respond online and on the phone. We know as we put the message out about the importance of responding to the census, that the confidentiality of the data that we collect is an issue and is a question. And I can tell you, number one, the folks that work at the Census Bureau take a lifetime oath to not share data, to keep anything that we have access to confidential. And again, it's a lifetime oath. There are a number of penalties at the federal level for people that breach that confidentiality. As a bureau, we have a priority of working with federal partners to ensure that the data we collect is secure and we have not had any data issues at the Census Bureau. We also cannot share that data. That includes sharing it with other federal departments. This mail participation rate is one of the resource tools that the Census Bureau has on our website. This can give you a sense of what has been our response rate for the last census, which was 2010, and also the 2000 census. From this map, you can look from a statewide level. The statewide level is what you see on the screen, but you can zero down all the way down to a census tract level. In our region, Wisconsin had the number one response rate in 2010 that is also the number one response rate in the country. So as a state, we want to maintain that level of number one. We'd like to be number one for a lot of things, and this is one of them. Our operational timeline, we have done a lot of things up to date to verify the addresses that we have in our database. We started with some work with municipalities. One of the things that we sent out was a local update to census addresses. The acronym is LUCA. That information asks municipalities about new construction that's happening in their communities, new construction that will be occupied by April 1st, 2020. April 1st, 2020 is the important date because that census date, when people are responding to the 2020 census, they're responding based on what's happening in their household as of April 1st, 2020. So we wanted to make sure we captured anything that any new construction that was happening that would have folks occupied in those addresses as of that date so they're in our database. We also had a number of people out in the field verifying the addresses that we have in our database, and you may have seen some folks from the census in your community. The mayor's office may have gotten calls, hey, there's someone from the Census Bureau on my block. We did have people out from August through October doing that field work. As we move to the beginning of the year, we will send people out again to connect with places called group quarters. Group quarters are facilities that have a number of non-related people that reside. Those are places like shelters, nursing homes, dorms. We start our work with those facilities a lot earlier in the year because it takes us a little time to get that wrapped up. Then in March, we will start to send out to households the 2020 census questionnaire invitation to respond to the census. That will happen starting in March. We're asking people to respond. You don't have to wait till April 1st. You can respond before that. In the summer, we will send people out again to start to knock on doors and addresses that haven't responded to the census yet. Then we wrap up our work at the end of the summer. And then by the end of 2020, we deliver to the office of the president the aggregated data that we collect. And then we deliver to the states April 1st of 2021, that data. That's when states will find out if they've maintained, lost, or gained any house seats. That's when the work of redistricting and the state levels start to happen. So that's a quick overview of everything that's on that operational timeline. I talked a little bit about group quarters. And again, that work will start at the beginning of the year and we will take that work really the first quarter of 2020, that work will happen. In addition to the group quarters, we also know that we need to do some work to capture people that are homeless, for example. So we have a series of things that we will do to connect with anyone. Again, it's counting everyone in the right place. And we wanna make sure we're capturing everyone regardless of where they're at. This service-based enumeration is another way that we're connecting to ensure that we connect with people regardless of where they're at. And then enumeration of transitory locations, that really focuses on folks that are homeless, that may be at a soup kitchen. Our work to capture and count homeless folks really happens the night before April 1st, 2020. We definitely connect with communities to know where we need to be at and work with the municipalities and communities to make sure that we're doing that evening of April 1st, 2020. Again, another term for another focus effort on the targeted non-shelter outdoor. Again, we will find where people are and connect so that we're counting everyone in the right place. Complete count committees. Those are volunteer committees established by communities. We have not dictated to anyone what a complete count committee looks like, how many people should be on it, what sectors of the community they represent. The goal for complete count committees are really to have trusted voices from Sheboygan that can really talk about who might be those populations that are hard to count and what kinds of strategies can we be engaged in to communicate with them so that they can respond when they have the census information in their hands. The structure for complete count committees, again, can vary. I've seen complete count committees that have been a size of 40. I've seen complete count committees that have been one. The structure depends on what works best for Sheboygan and I'm sure you guys, along with the mayor, will talk about what that looks like for Sheboygan. The complete count committees are typically appointed by the highest elected official and that would be mayor, the mayor. The liaison for Sheboygan is Chad and he has been very helpful. These are some of the sectors in your community that have been represented on various complete count committees that have been established, someone for the library, the health department, the media, all ways and sectors that can participate and certainly have discussions about who we need to reach out to. These are samples of how complete count committees have been organized and again, our job at the Census Bureau is really to provide resources for you as you have discussions about how you wanna move forward to prepare for responding to the 2020 census. No size is the wrong size. The size that you determine is the appropriate size for Sheboygan. This is a different view of that timeline that I kind of reviewed with you a few moments ago. Here are some examples of who might be hard to count populations. Children under five is a hard to count population. Interesting enough, in the 2010 census we did from the self-response period, children under five was the highest under counted population. And some of what we've learned from that is that some more complicated households contributed to that number. For example, if a mom and a dad aren't in the same household and one thought the other counted the child and the child got missed, those were some of the examples of what happened. The homeless seniors for Wisconsin, we have a lot of snowbirds. Those are some examples of who might be hard to count populations for Sheboygan. The response outreach area mapper, better known as Rome, is another tool on the census website. This does some predictions of what the percentage of non-response might be for your community for 2020. There's a number of data feeds that help determine what that prediction is for Rome. On this map, the lighter the area, the better it is in that community. But you can also, for this, look at a state level and drill down to a local census tract level. The nice thing that you will find on Rome, there is a lot of data about your community. There's demographic breakdown of the population in Sheboygan, even by census tract. There's a breakdown of the number of folks that have health insurance, for example. The number of households that have computers. So a lot of data is on this Rome that, again, can help you have those conversations about where should we target our messaging about the importance of responding to the census. In some of the meetings that we've had, we've had groups that wanted to take some time to have some dialogue about who might be some of the hard to count populations in their communities. And I don't know if you wanna do that now. One of the questions I do wanna ask, has anyone participated on a complete count committee in the past? Has anyone worked with the... Oh, Chassie, that's why he's a liaison. Has anyone participated with the Census Bureau in terms of helping to get some of the field work done in 2010? There's a hand over here. You can go back. Again, for the discussion for Sheboygan is who are those hard to count populations? What are some resources and some ways you can get messages out to those populations? Organizations, people, however that needs to happen for you guys. Next steps are determined by you guys. I know this meeting will go on. There's some things on the agenda that you need to talk about, but in terms of some discussions about the 2020 census and getting that message out before March, when those things start to hit people's household is really the focus and the next steps for Sheboygan. In addition to promoting and getting the message out about the importance of responding to the 2020 census, we also have a great deal of hiring that we have to do to get the field work that's necessary done. We want to hire people in those communities where the field work happens. So we're asking for a partnership to also get the word out about responding and applying for jobs that are available. The process is a simple process. We don't require a resume. What we require is that you have to be close to 18 to apply. You don't have to be 18 when you apply. You do have to be 18 when you start the position. You need a social security number and you need an email address to start the process. During the process, you will be asked a number of situational questions that really just try to get a sense of what your work life experience is and then you will get a follow-up call from a recruiter asking more questions about what you're looking for, are you looking for part-time work, those kinds of questions. And then we try to match you and put you in a place that fits what you're looking for. As the CCC has formed and you have a meeting to talk about targeting messages, there are a number of resources that we can provide for you. Some of that data that I talked about on Rome, we can certainly get that information to you, specific for Sheboygan, specific for its census tracts, all of that information. And I'll stop there and see if there's any questions of anyone. Yes. One of the things we're doing, some of my counterparts that are covering the community side are reaching out and connecting with among associations and organizations so that they too can respond to the census. Maybe with an interpreter from one of those organizations. Yes. Yes. As we recruit, we definitely, even in terms of our partnership specialist, we do have a wide variety of partnership specialists in Wisconsin, including among staff. And then in terms of our recruitment, we do want to hire, again, we want to hire people that are in the communities that we need work done in. So hopefully with those efforts, we will have Hmong folks that are in the Hmong community connecting, partnering with them so that they are not undercounted. They're of the census. And I'm wondering in the 2020 census, not that I want the boxes and boxes of free stuff, but is there something, because a question came up, is there some, a lot of these people in the audience today represent public areas where people are coming and going. So is there handouts or brochures or rack cards or something that can be shared that can start to be disseminated in these public locations? Yeah. Have boxes and boxes of materials and things, better known as SWAC, like we had in 2010, but we do have things that we can get out to you. And I can share with you, Chad, a catalog that has a list of things. We have like Post-it notes, pens, lapel pens, back, chip clips, a number of things that we can certainly work with you to get here so that you have that available. That would be good. And then do you have just information? I mean, like a, I don't know, question and answer card or something that organizations can make available at their desk and start having dialogue with people that walk in the door to use their services? Yes, we do. We have some, there's a couple of brochures. We have, they're eight and a half by 11 size. Census 101, a document, two versions of that. One has a different format. One is a more visual format of that. We have a couple of messages about the confidentiality of data. All of those things I can get to you. We have them electronically and we also have paper copies of that. I don't see it in this form, but I do, but I can get that to you. Because that would be, I guess I'd look to some of you organizational people that have people coming in your door would that be helpful in starting to have a, make it available to the public now to just start that dialogue? Yes. Right. So in terms of communication about what our census field staff will look like and how they're batched, we do send that information out and we'll send that out as we hit those various phases of our work. When we started our address canvassing, we did send that information out to all law enforcement entities. So we'll continue to send those messages out. We do also, there is on the 2020 census website a list of the questions that will be on the census and I'll share that link with Chad for that. And then was, I think there was another part. Sure. The other thing that I've heard at all of the meetings I've been at, that how, what does that, that invitation that comes in the mail, what will that look like? So once we know what that is, I will also send that out as well. So what I think is gonna happen from here is that being the liaison for the city, I have, we'll have all your contact information. I've got other people that wanted to come some representatives from the United Way and such. So we will get kind of a group of emails together and we'll keep you as we get information from the census. We'll forward that on to you guys. I'm thinking, given that this is kind of the introduction of the complete counts committee, in the next couple of weeks I'll be sending out a doodle poll to try to get the group back together and have some further dialogues on hard to count populations and how we might be able to engage in that and have a further discussion as it relates to what was just discussed this evening. So stay tuned for more information as we move forward with it. But I think it's a lot of us in the room depend on federal funding in our organizations. And this is a key part of that allocation. So I think there's benefit in us all kind of working together to make this the best it can be. Yes it is. I can't think of anything that's prohibited. In terms of helping, if someone needs help reading the question before they can answer it, I mean, you're certainly welcome to do that. All right, thank you very much. You have my contact information. If you think of more questions, certainly I feel free to give me a call, email, whatever. Thank you. Tasha, thank you very much. We appreciate your appearance tonight. Next, we can go on to the reports from the different groups. Let's start with Gateway. Tina? Mayor, maybe you could just wait till the ones that are leaving could just. That's fine. Yeah, if anyone would like to stay, that's okay as well too. Thank you. Okay, Tina, the floor is yours. I don't feel like there's enough to. I don't think that we can have the phone. Definitely have lots of us going on. That is Indian and Puerto Rican. Well, I'm not quite ready. So that are our partners in this program. They should not be here tonight. I don't think that's enough of us. We'll be back after that. I wish I could say it was a clean site, but it's really not. It's got no tanks, but it still has contamination. No tanks. We were being heard and we could work up the hall. And what were they? It's kind of one of those things that we kind of did in whole. And I was like that. I was like that's pretty smart. And all of us in the station have a loop thing. And all the staff were in the loop. We're kind of doing that every year. But we have a different team. Okay. The municipal building. The mayor's neighbor leadership was at the municipal building, I think. Any questions for Indiana corridor? Okay. Thank you for that. Next is near north. Five dollars in the W.A. that are, I think, of our safety and we have a good motivation. Okay. Thank you. Any questions for Joe? Hearing none. Nobody from Maple Heights. King Park. Nobody here from there. Memorial. Thank you for that. Any questions for Memorial? Hearing none. Is there anybody from Volrath North Point? Okay. Thank you for that. Historic grant. We had to live it. And we've got another coming opportunity with a late issue award. Natural resources partnership. Who has improved the persons of these friends of the North Point on getting ready to speak to people on time. A lot of people out there. And they're looking for neighborhood movement. And they're all here soon to do it. So they're meeting at our next meeting. And there was a lot of interest in that meeting about that. And to ask specifically about that idea. But about something as a group, kind of a social type of change. Hopefully that will freeze momentum and get around to the idea of the project. Sounds good. Any questions for historic grant? There's nobody here from End Park, but Janet's been attending their meeting.  They were struggling with it. They started to need to like to be more kind of things. And that's what we're doing. Okay. Thank you. I have one more thing. Yes. I thought of that. The library there, the table and the event. It's really well that we had. It's playing near grant. That ended up being like half the group that showed up. Now, all the people, letters, their events, they're really ways for it to go. She can't deal with them. And I'm sure they'd be happy to have it going. And in addition to that, each of them reached out with a wire for donation. And they were really in the way. They were responding to the bell. Six days went, they'll be in the hole. They're gonna go for that through the evening. So they were really responsive and thought that they were okay. Keep them in mind, they're looking for donation. Molly, yeah. Right. They're comfortable, probably. She would give her a present. We can follow up in a minute with her contact. And maybe that would give her idea. I wonder if we should bring her back and maybe do a presentation as it gets closer to the new block party season. Okay.  Thank you everyone for those reports. Next would be, we don't have Penny Weber here. Do we have anything about Sheboyga neighborhood pride? Okay. Then review of the neighborhood celebration at King Park, Chad. That's one of the things I guess that Rick Gork said, that's what you guys kind of seem like. They're all just like friends. It's just kind of, you know, that's what I'd like to see kind of all over the place. Three point for anybody else? Sounds like you like it. Okay. Okay. Then the next item is to discuss the update from the city's five year consolidated plan for the community development block grant program that's your future. It is. So we, this is timely because the census presentation, and I know, unfortunately, I don't think it's a subliminal way of getting a sign up for another meeting. Yes, it is. Because a lot of what we do on a daily basis for ending in 2019 is the end of a five year, we'll be gathering quickly from a lot of you guys. So you're gonna probably see the survey coming out in the near future, the hotline survey, the public survey, the needs of the community should be spent in relation to policy. I think, you know, the last plan was done in 2014. I don't think a lot has to change. So we've used a lot of our block grant projects we serve as students, projects, art project stuff. So, you know, I just want you guys to be aware that this is a serious issue in your business because that's how we fund it. And it's very timely with the census because everything in the census is true. And all the money that Chad's been coming up with for our grant programs, for these cleanup programs, it's all coming from that pile of money that he gets. So very important to us to maintain or improve that number. Chad, could you tell us a little bit about the TIF district that's been extended one year? Yeah, so TIF, TIF 11 is a TIF district that encompasses the Washington Square and the south side of the town. That district has been on the first one to be used and will be opposing the understate statute that will be open for one more extension and collective the increment that it generates. So the increment is any new tax base that we've generated with the new district based on development. So you can capture that increment and then you can use it for 75% of the tax base for the housing and the affordable and then you're able to use it as an energy in this part it should be used for solar. In this case, the city is capturing around 700 into the second day of the fund. For the EAP program to try to encourage the very central business buildings to convert the second floor, second floors, particularly in the history of the city, the life of the villages, the space, the use of doors, but not different. So you might be able to do more to do more storage funds. Some of it's gonna be targeted towards specific neighborhoods but nearly any Indiana corridor from 9th Street to 4th Street, Pennsylvania and 14th Street. So major corridors. So the idea would be to do a small facade by your predictable long side of your house or just the side of your house. Recycle the most kind of incentives in that. And then last but not least, there's some money in there for UW to continue to, city staff to continue to crosswalks and center city neighborhoods to a lot of corners that we have co-require crosswalks. It isn't stuff that you're supposed to be putting in so that will give you some money to do that kind of traditional street lighting. So the idea is for as TIF districts close to the city. Questions about those last items? All right, then we're down to adjournment. I entertain a motion. Before you adjourn, there's a number four. I don't know if there's any open forum on any kind of other best practices or anything like that, so I just want to say that small one at home, we're dividing up our, we've had a kind of a planning session and so Janet is a community planner and the part that she is thinking on more well. So as we move into the 2020 season, we're gonna be shuffling around and instead of seeing Nancy as only a couple, a little bit of Janet's gonna come, they put in for the only department that's hiring a new staff person, a great coordinator, or whoever that person is, and we'll talk about the solution. Thanks for sharing that information. Anybody else have anything else to add? Move to adjourn. Thank you for that motion in support. All those in favor of adjournment, please signify by saying aye. Opposed? Motion passes. Thanks very much for your time tonight.


Well, good morning everybody. My name is Wim Bauman and I'm not a food scientist. My real expertise is into a neutron scattering. And I had the big pleasure to work the last four years together with Bai Tian. And she's educated in Beijing, thereafter in Wageningen University as a food scientist. And we've had a beautiful collaboration. And for that reason, she got awarded her PhD last year. And we worked on the structure of meat analogs using neutron scattering. And well, there's been quite some presentations before why people work on meat analogs. It's really now hard necessary. And why we have to do food research for this is also clear and has been mentioned by most of the speakers before me. And we worked on a special kind of sample. That was it's kind of a model system. If you have calcium caseinates, then sometimes they can form really nice fibers. And the reason to work on it with sheer is that you can make really huge pieces of a meat analog. The real purpose is to make something that's really representing a steak. And sometimes gets good texture, really nice fibers texture. And what we want to know is Wageningen University is what are the principles behind it? How can you steer it? How can you control it? And we had three questions that we want to answer. And one of them was what is the effect of the mobility of the proteins during processing on the kind of fiber structure you can get. It turns out that some of the calcium caseinates, they really form nice fiber structures that are sprayed right once. But if you roll or dry them, then they're not that coherent. And the texture is not that good and it's not perceived that good by consumers. So we want to know what is the reason that you get these different results. We did measurements, we did inelastic neutral schedule measurements, and there we prepared samples in different manners in different environments with D2O and with H2O. And we put them in a container just like this. And then we went to England to ISIS where you have a big neutron facility. It's a similar type as the ESS, but then there's some different properties. And there they got an inelastic neutron spectrometer. And what you basically do is that you have neutrons coming from here falling on your sample. And it's a time of flight mechanism so you know exactly the energy of the neutrons. The neutrons get reflected on the sample. You go to monochromators, do detectors, and then you know again exactly the wavelength and the energy of the neutrons. And if there's no difference between the initial energy and the final energy, then you know that it's due to the collision with the molecules with the proteins. If the proteins are moving, then they give energy to the neutron or they can absorb energy. The measurements look typically like this. Here you see the energy transfer of the neutrons when they scatter from the proteins. Here you see one of the cases this was a roller dried, dry protein at slightly higher temperature, 340 Kelvin. Now if you look to speak most of the scattering is elastic but you see these wings. The wings is the information about the mobility of the protein. Part fits here this black curves to resolution curve. That is the elastic part of the scattering. But then if you want to analyze this peak in detail, then there's one wider peak, which we have associated towards fast movements of the proteins. And then there's more narrow peak where you see that there's less energy in the movement. And that one is connected to the more slow movements in the protein. And then in addition, there's a background. And now you have to think what's the meaning of this fast and slow movements. And then you fit the red curve. With this model. Now, if you have casein micelles, they have different proteins inside them, and you have parts of them sticking out to more hydrophilic parts and more hydrophobic parts on the inside. And then if you have them, the milk powder and you dry it. Then they cluster together. And if you hydrate them. The amount of the protein will be more in the more water rich environment. And now we have associated the movement, the slow movement with something like 20 picoseconds with internal parts of the protein. And then the fast movement that had to with that's associated with movements with timescale of three microseconds is the external movements of the proteins. This is very typical value people find for proteins in solution. And now if you start to look at what's happening with the different proteins. If you first take a look at the spray dried ones that are the circles, the square ones that are the roller dried ones. And we compare them in water and the dried ones the filled ones are in water. Then we see that for the slow movements that you get a bigger amplitude for the spray dried ones and for the roller dried ones. The more material the movement is much less. You see the same effect for the fast movement the fast movement there you see also that the spray dried one is having a higher mobility. So we think that this higher mobility is connected to the possibility to get the good texture fibers texture. So I think that this is important way to look further so into the plant proteins, when you dare make try to make these shared textures. So now let's go to the next question. When you share your material. Then you get an orientation. But now you start off with isotropic proteins. And if they're very small than the forces on them are also small so you don't expect that you get orientation effect. Ready on the molecular length skills. It will happen at the longer length skills it will be more on the length skills of aggregates of the proteins, but at which length skill does this orientation start. What's there important. If you look at the samples and you can cut out part of the sample. And then you can take a look at the small angle neutron scattering. We've seen many examples already in this workshop. Instrument like this. I put sample in the beam, you look at your scattering pattern. And now, if you do this for our meat analog then you get an anastrophic scattering pattern. Now you can start to look at the samples were oriented in horizontal way. And now if you it's in reciprocal space. So now you have your sample is the fibers horizontally and you have a narrow dimension in vertical direction. That's where you get the widest peak. And in the length, it's much shorter and it's due to the length of the fibers. Now if you start to make sector cuts and look at scattering in your vertical direction and horizontal one, you can see it here. Then you see that for the large Q factors, the large angles corresponding to the shorts distances. The scattering is the same. So that shows that the short length skills. It's still is dropped protein at the longer length skills you get the anisotropy. Now, if you look at my cross peep then you can see that you can assign it to kind of cylinder like objects. Now, if you think of these fibers to be composed of spheres corresponding to the isotropic part. And these spheres together constitute cylinder like bits. They can start analyze the measurements that are the drone curves you see here. And the red one. Yeah, you cannot see the curve because it's really perfect fit. And from this fit, you can get radius of these spheres corresponding with the shoulder here. You can get the diameter of the cylinders corresponding here, which this shoulder and the length is a bit more difficult that is somewhere here and inside the intensity. And now you can look what's the effect of the share time on the different parameters get out of the system. If you look at the spherical parts, then you don't see that much variation. You see that the whole time you get radius of some 10 nanometers for the completely isotropic part. If you look these cylinders, then they have a diameter of some hundreds nanometers is very short share time, and it become thinner if you share longer. If you look at the length of fibers, which is a bit more difficult to retrieve. Then you see that the length is coming longer. It's going from 200 nanometers up to some 400. So this is telling you also that after 15 minutes, who reached pretty much plateau.  And that's I think quite unique of scattering methods. And also at the effect of the share rates, you can share to low rates or much faster. And there we see a similar effect that the faster you share, the longer fibers you get. And you see here that we didn't reach saturation yet. The machine in Wagner couldn't go to faster share rates, but there you might even get a better texture. Let's go to the final question that we answered. This is a little bit of preliminary study. We looked at if you can quantify the scattering the number of fibers and air bubbles. Recently found out it's really important to share that you need kind of two phase system. It can be, for example, if you have air bubbles, then you get more fibers texture. So air bubbles play a role. And we did third experiments in delfts on the instruments I pitched yesterday. And if you look at normally at refraction, that's happening at very small angles. And this is a normal sons instrument, you will never see it. But this our very high resolution, you can see it. Also with you sons instruments. And this is another sample this is earlier work I did this is really on plant proteins. It's a mixture of Lupina and gluten proteins. You can see the microscopy images. You see the fibers structure. And we put it. And if you now have your fibers, then they will work as lenses. And we did measurements with two different orientations. We did this one orientation where we were very sensitive to the scattering in one direction. From this measurement from the very fast decrease here on the horizontal axis you see the applied magnetic fields so we cannot directly connected to anything physically. But it is corresponding to the number of fibers that the neutral meets on its way through the sample. And this is the other orientation, when the samples were mounted in the direction where it should not be sensitive to reflection, and yet also a signal, but it's much weaker. And that is showing that these fibers are not perfectly oriented there's a spread in orientation. We get out of this measurement to different numbers. One of them is the number of fibers that we have that some 36 fibers in sample thickness of five millimeters. We see also that the spread in orientation is some 35 degrees. Now, this are things that you can get from microscopy. But now something that has been mentioned a few times in this workshop is that for me the holy grail would be to try to do something like this in situ.  But I think that it might be possible to do this with us for example in the future. One of the conclusions from the work that by Tian and I did was that protein mobility yield better texture for your meat and logs. We quantified where you get a fiber structure in these shared systems, and that's happening above them skills of 40 nanometers. We also quantified the fibers and air bubbles using a neutron scattering techniques. And I think that real challenges for this field time thinking also about these northern lights. It is sample environments very important. And to do in situ measurements that I think that can really make big steps for food science. One of the challenges that we had in the recent years, I've been working now for 15 years with food materials. That's a neutron scattering people are used to work with very nice model systems. But food is very messy, especially if you go to real systems. And it means that you need completely new way of modeling. And that's where we have contributed to a lot. So I think that if you have more modeling of what's happening with Monte Carlo modeling or let's Boltzmann systems that you can come up with more advanced data analysis. So I think that's the real future for the combination of food science and scattering methods. So instead, I would like to thank you for your attention.


Of y dyfodol y gweithio ein bod wedi bod yn gallu gweithio gyda fit ynddeion, ac sy'n gwneud yn greu'r gweithio ddiogelad o'r productau yn gweithio'r gweithio'r productau. Mae chan—nillwch ar ôl i fyf! Mae'n myf i gofio'r gwahodd hyn, ond mae'n dysgu y gallwn y peth yn cynliad bod y gallwn hanfodol o fe wneud hyn yn cael ei ddechrau'n gweithio. Mae'n ambuddwch at y peth o ffrif ac mae'n gweithio'n gweithio peth. I helpu ei ddweud o'r tyfnod, a gwybod i'r tyfnod yn cael ei ddweud, yn ôl amdano. Ac yn ei ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. 64. A we're going to carry on from the last four podcasts all about driver behaviours. And in this one, myself and the wonderful Bob Cook, we're going to be looking at the hurry up and please others or please me, whichever term you like to use. Let's start with hurry up, because off air you saying, oh, let's get on with this next podcast. Sex and I made that very, I don't know, a cute observation about hurrying up. But Pat, you want to say a little bit as you used to do about driver behaviour if people haven't heard the last three podcasts on drivers. Well, if you haven't heard the last few podcasts, I would recommend going back and listening to the last four. You're going to sing it and we'll hang around for half an hour while you run through them at dawnspeak. But it is important if you want an overview to go back and listen to the previous ones because we've kind of covered them all individually. But our driver behaviours are a defence mechanism that we get when we're very young. We get them through recognition and validation, unspoken recognition and validation from our parents. So it's through gestures and things like that. You were not told this directly from our parents and also entwined in all of that are the injunctions, all the don't messages that we get.  And as we said in previous podcasts, it's usually these sort of things that bring people into therapy in the first place around communication. That's right. OK, hurry up. So if somebody is exhibiting hurry up driver behaviour, they will be feeling the pressure of life. They'll be filling their days with lots of appointments. They'll be getting up early in the morning to make sure they can get the appointments on time or even earlier and get their hapus eight instead of nine o'clock.  But anyway, because they don't want to waste any time in the day. They got lots of things to do and they are busy themselves with the many events and appointments that they put in their darwys. One of the interesting things I found about hurry up drivers and I can categorically say this with clients that are in the hurry up is that always late. They get up early for everything to give themselves plenty of time. But there's always something else that needs doing just as they're coming out the door or they aim to come to therapy to stop off shopping on the way and they get held up with something. So they're always either on the last minute or actually a few minutes late and come in. Bursting through the door. That's right, because there's always something else to do. Yes, yeah, 100 percent. You know, and that's very true. Like the skidsoi character will be always on time to the dot or a bit earlier or the highly adapted please driving person. But the hurry ups are always often a few minutes late because lots of in fact they've often double booked themselves as well. Quite possibly, yes, yeah. And I know we're smiling when we say this. But I think this is one of the ones that is really clear to see somebody that's in the hurry up driver. Some of them are quite subtle, but I think this is one where you will know if you're in your hurry up driver behaviour because it's a rabbit caught in headlights. It's that manic behaviour where you're just going from one thing to the other. The diary is always full. You're not very good at just sitting and being with yourself or your thoughts you just up and doing. Usually very slim people as well, I hear some to add, because of all the running around. I mean, these sort of people, you know, in their sessions will talk very fast. Yes, extraordinarily fast. I'm always having to tell them to slow down instead of like and then they start just as fast as that's before. There are people who don't pause for breath, actually, and they just carry on on. And I am often saying it's OK for you to take deep breath. The world won't collapse given the permission to just slow down for a moment while we can talk about what's really important. But there are people who I often think they're very agitated and they are agitated. But I think it's more like what you just said, it's phonetic energy. Yeah, constantly twiddling the legs or fidgeting or something. Yeah, and I think it's really interesting what you said about you say to them, it's OK to take some time and to just slow down. I've been in sessions where I found myself hurrying up. I'm kind of pacing myself to them before I realise I've got a minute what's going on. I need to slow it down rather than speeding up to them. That's right. So when you're taught to the counselor or therapist, it's very important to pace yourself with your client. Or you're very important to attune yourself with these types of people. It's really important to actually change the pace. Yeah, you know, even my heart, I notice my heart speeding up and it's like, what's going on? Yeah, yeah, and they do double book and I did smile on earlier on, they do tend to arrive a bit late because they've used double book to the gods, squeezing the final gym session before they actually get to the session or something like that. And there's no sense of being able to stop, reflect on life. They have to get to the top of the mountain double quick and back down again.  But they're always doing things, fitting in things, just like you said. And the problem about that, of course, is they don't really reflect on themselves, their life. They don't pay attention to their body. They're always running away from cells. Yeah, yeah. And I think it's important to mention, I know I've said it in a few of the other podcasts, is that we have access to all five of these driver behaviors. It's not, you know, we might have a few that are where I go to ones, but we can be strong at certain points of the day and try hard and please others and we can access all of these. So it's not that we just have one and that's it for the rest of our life. No, you're right. And we will have favoured drivers because we've been programmed that way. Yeah, my mum used to say it's awful to think about it and I can't believe that she used to tell me. She used to say, we always thought you were going to die very young. And I was like, what do you mean? She said, because you're always in such a rush, it was as if you knew that you weren't going to have enough time to finish everything. So I think even as a child, I used to talk in my sleep. It was like I never shut down. She said you wouldn't. And goodness knows what decisions you made, but you were programmed, if you like, to be a certain way. Yeah, but she'd say you'd sit up in bed straight away, you were wide awake and you'd just start talking and that was it. She said everything was like at 100 miles an hour when you were younger. Yeah, and the problems are, and it may not be with you, of course, is, again, I was thinking of couples particularly, and they come in and ask what they want and one of the partners says, well, actually, I want him to slow down. He's doing this, this, this, this, this, and there's no time for the relationship. No time for intimacy, no time to enjoy sex, no time to enjoy pleasure, because they always have to go on for the next thing. There's no real satisfaction. Satisfaction isn't completed because they go on to another cycle. That's it, yeah. You don't revel in the glory of achieving anything. You just straight on to the next thing. Which leads to very severe or can lead to very severe problems in relationships and specifically around satisfaction and intimacy. Yeah, 100%. And it's interesting being somebody that does go into my hurry-up driver sometimes, it's really difficult to be with people who are slow. Right. I want to pull them along with me sometimes. It's like if I go shopping with my mum or my sister, they obviously they're older than me, but it's just like, it's a trauma to go at a snail's pace sometimes. It's very uncomfortable. Yeah, yeah. And you can, of course, feel very vulnerable from that process. I just don't know how to do it sometimes. As a therapist, it's very, very important to give people commissions to slow down and say, you know, the world's not going to collapse if you take a big breath. Is this how it is for you in life? Do you think that if you just slow down or reflect something bad's going to happen? Yeah. I think I need to say in this as well. This is not how I behave in the therapy room. I'm talking about me personally. I'm completely different in the therapy room. If you were therapy with them when you were exhibiting your hurry-up driver, like you're just talking about in a very intense way, you'd be zooming through the sessions so quickly. You'd probably do three sessions in one. You'd be exhausted, and you wouldn't be able to see anyone for the next session. I do think I need to say that I don't hurry anybody up when they're in the therapy room with me. No, but it is. It's really interesting. One of the things I used to do when I was training, I think it might have been you that said to do it, was to people watch and see if you can work out what driver behaviour people are in. If you're in a cafe, just not listening into conversations, but just looking at the body language and how the sat and the expressions that they're using and things, and use that as a way of getting familiar with certain traits that we all have. Because it does come in useful in the therapy room. Yeah, and just as important to think about what are those defences covering up. Yeah. Because that's where you're heading in the end. Yeah, that's the end. Yeah. You could watch these soaps, but turn the volume down. Then you can look at these driver's behaviours and think about what they're covering up. That's an exercise often used to give students. I think you probably gave it to us, good old sorts. So we've touched on the hurry-up that I quite like, the hurry-up driver. Yeah, one thing about the hurry-up, as used like it, is if you've got a therapist who unconsciously comes from a hurry-up position, what do you think might be some of the problems for the therapy? If the therapist did it from that position unconsciously, not like you did a lot of therapy, you understand that word through all that stuff, but I was thinking about the therapist, or the counselor doesn't have any therapy, by the way, which is another story. What do you think therapy would have looked like if they were coming from that position themselves? I'm not sure if it would be evident in the room, but I think they would probably feel frustrated if it wasn't moving along at the certain pace. Right, the therapist would feel very frustrated if something wasn't happening, if cure didn't happen quickly. Yeah, or quick enough that they think it should happen. I think it's really important this, because I think therapists need to do their own therapy around these things, because otherwise, they may unconsciously come from these places. Yeah, yeah, totally. And we do all dip in and dip out of it all the time. It's just, for me again, and I know I say it virtually in every podcast, it's all around awareness, in a way that these things even exist, is the first step as a therapist or counselor. Yeah, well, hopefully our podcast is to help people here. Yeah. So, on to the last one, which is please others. Please, please, others. Yes. Well, I hope we're doing a good job pleasing people here. You please me every week, Bob. Every week. No, no. I always smile, you know, and I'll say to people in training, things like that, if clients come in with very intense please, me or please others, drivers, and you can get lots of cup of tea and biscuits and presents. They aren't the most pretty attractive clients in that sort of way. But the problem is if you have intensity with this type of pleasing others, drivers, then the problem is you can act and feel like a doormat. Yeah. Because you're always, hopefully, the thinking anyway from a young age is if I please other people all the time, then I'll get recognition for doing that. And the problem is in real life when they start realising that isn't the case. Yeah. Yeah, 100 per cent. They're doing all this good stuff and, you know, I don't know whether it's expecting or wanting the validation, but when it's not forthcoming, they get pretty peed off with those people around them for not noticing the effort and time and everything. Yeah, yeah. Both on. So if you're in a very intense please driver for whatever reasons, then you're not really honouring yourself. And the therapy is very clear to get helping you get to a place where you can have some self agency to be responsible for your own self definition to start reflect on yourself and all these things. How again, if you've been programmed a certain way, then that feels very uncomfortable to do that. Yeah, yeah. I think there's again, you know, I think there's drawbacks to all of this, but I think with the please others, there's an awful lot of guilt when we start to prioritise ourselves. And that, to me, is the thing that you're often working with, with please others, is trying to, you know, if you're talking about self love and self compassion, it's really difficult for them to focus on themselves rather than the other in a relationship. Yeah, because I think they're being self indulgent. Yeah, selfish. It's that's not what we do. Yeah. Yeah. So you get all these sort of, you know, these words that come from childhood, really. Yeah. Of any parent words, actually, put onto the child. Yeah. And they certainly do come with guilt and shame, if they're not actually compulsively cared for people. Or if they're actually, you know, spending time reflecting on themselves and quite often coming to therapy, of course, brings up this negative self critic that maybe they're self indulgent and they're gazing at their own navel, or they're spending the time to reflect on themselves when really they could be out saving the world or whatever. Yeah. It's a waste of money. Why are you doing that? All these things that go with that process. So in your book beside you, what's to say in terms of the behaviours that would be exhibited that people would see that might indicate the person is in the police, others, driver? It says that the tone of voice is usually high or squeaky, quickly raising at the end, like you're asking a question. Gestures reaching out with the hands usually palms up and head nodding. I do a lot of head nodding. Posture, shoulders hunched up and forward, leaning forward to the other person. So whereas the B strong might be sitting back with their arms folded, the police others would be more moving forward. And facial expressions. I must have wrote this at some point during my training because it's about the heads usually lowered and the eyes are open. Straight away, I must have thought about Lady Dye.  I don't know that the other person is higher than us somehow. I thought that was really interesting. Yes. That level of deferring, that level of moving away from the self can be very problematic again in relationships. And eventually what happens is they will resent, they put in all this effort, this extra work, pleasing and all these things hoping for recognition like they got from their mother and father when they did it or significant people. And if they're not getting that type of recognition or approval in the same way, they then start to persecute or resent process. And that's when communication starts to break down. And again, I think it's really interesting how sometimes it shows up in the therapy room as well with somebody that's please others or please me. They don't want to take up time in the therapy room. They will keep trying to switch the focus onto something else or asking how you are and following you into that. You mentioned the two biggest dynamics, one where they were weighed to talk about themselves to the 59th minute. And the second one, of course, where they'll continually ask you, they'll come in and you'll say something like, well, what's it been like in the last week for you? Oh, well, let's not talk about me. How have you been, by the way? How have you been? I noticed last week you had a bit of a sniffle. Have you actually recovered and what's been happening for you? Now, that scenario, I can smile about it, but it's tragically sad. Because they will have been taught that programme that got recognition of that type of behaviour as a child. So they've decided X and then they decide, but if they don't get back the recognition, the approval or whatever they're looking for, they feel very deflated. And will bring tremendous problems in relationship, that dynamic. And if they're with a sort of person who's, for whatever reasons, finds intimacy or certain difficulties in the relationship, they could easily treat them like a doormat. Yeah, and it's when the worm turns, so to speak. You know, when I think about, please others, I always think about the drama triangle, that they're a rescuer, but then at some point they turn into the victim and then the persecutor and get really peed off when they're not getting their needs met. But they don't want people to meet their needs. So it's like a catch-22 situation, a bit of a marvel at the time. That's right, and tragically it's all set up in childhood, because in childhood, or of course, it worked properly. They got some of their needs met, and of course tragically, if they still try to go along with those outdated behaviours, then when they move from the family of origin, problems may arise. Yeah. And then we will see them in therapy. The south referring, pleasing others, dynamic, which a therapist really needs to hear that story, understand it and look for what's missing underneath it, which is what I keep going back to with these drivers. The purpose folly is if they concentrate too much on the defences and behaviours without looking at what is being defended or covered up underneath. Yeah, and again, I just think it's a brilliant tool to use in the therapy room. This is one of the reasons why I love transactional analysis. It's just another wonderful method of working these things out, connected to the script and the injunctions and everything else. So, I agree with you. I've enjoyed the opportunity in the last, how many podcasts to talk about these defences and driver behaviours, and hopefully get the message out with us. First of all, it was a wonderfully bright adaptation, if you like, to work out what the parents would give them recognition for and adapt that behaviour, even though it might give them problems in life today, and that's why they're in the therapy room. But the other thing is to encourage the therapist to look at what's beneath the defence processes as the most important place to explore. In the service of health. Yeah, very gently explore. Yeah, it doesn't mean you get rid of the defence mechanism. It means understanding what the defence mechanisms are about, which will enable the therapist to go to help the person to discover the person that's been there all the time underneath the defence process. And I know I've mentioned it in a previous one of these ones. I think it was in the first one. But if you want to know a little bit more, I do have a quiz on my website, which is jackiejones.co.uk. And if you just check out under free resources, there's a little quiz that you can answer and little videos that go along with them that people might find useful because I'm a people pleaser and I like to please people. Yeah, you don't have to please Jackie by doing it. You can do it from your adult out of curiosity. But it is, these quizzes are interesting. I quite enjoyed doing a quiz when I was trying to work out which one I am. So until next time, Bob, I've not got a topic for the next one. So it'll be a surprise. Once again, people can just enjoy the curiosity, the spontaneity of listening to us next week to see what we're going to be talking about. 100% it's going to be a surprise for all of us. All of us. Until next time, Bob. Yeah, bye bye. Bye.


Welcome back. It is now time for us to do some exercises. So we have these exercises set E. There are a number of exercises in that and many of these are you know sort of standard exercises. Actually most of these exercises ask you to essentially derive partial of x with respect to y at constant z where x, y, z is a triplet of some thermodynamic properties. You select some thermodynamic property for x, some other for y and the third one for z and you can derive an expression. However there are certain basic exercises, some standard derivations which all of you should know. These are like standard moves in chess which all reasonably good chess player should know or standard strokes in tennis which all good tennis players should be very comfortable with. Let us look at a few of these. Some of these are formally part of this exercises set and some of these are hidden somewhere and are required. We know the definitions of CP and CV. Now we will derive some alternative forms of expression for CP and CV. One form is obtained by considering the expansion of H. We know that DH has a relation TDS plus VDP. Now consider H as a function of T and P because we are looking for an expression for CP and CP is defined as partial of H with respect to T at constant P. So for the definition of CP, H has already been considered as a function of temperature and pressure. So let us continue with that. Now on the right hand side we have a DS. So let us consider S also to be a function of T and P and of course we have a DP but P is already an independent variable. Now expanding this we will get the expansion of DH on the left hand side is partial of H with respect to T at constant P DT plus partial of H with respect to P at constant T DP and on the right hand side we will get T into DS is partial of S with respect to T at constant P DT plus partial of S with respect to P at constant T DP. The second term plus VDP remains as it is. Now since P and T are independent variables, the coefficient of DT on the left hand side and right hand side must be equal and the coefficient of DP on the left hand side and the right hand side must also be equal and that gives us comparing the coefficients of DT partial of H with respect to T at constant P equal to T into partial of S with respect to T at constant P but DH by DT is already defined as CP the so called specific heat at constant pressure and hence we now have an alternative expression for CP in terms of S, T and P. I will leave it to you as an exercise to show that CV which is defined as partial of U with respect to T at constant V turns out to be equal to T into partial of S with respect to T at constant V. Now the second term here is also useful. We have a coefficient of DP on the right hand side and a coefficient of DP on the left hand side. Comparing them we will get partial of H with respect to P at constant T equal to T into partial of S with respect to P at constant T plus V. Now notice that we have a partial derivative here and let us see whether we can replace it using the Maxwell's relation. So we have partial of S with respect to P at constant T expressed in the Jacobian form as Jacobian of S, T with respect to P, T. Now here we have T, S in the reversed order in the numerator so we multiply this with the Jacobian of VP with respect to S, T which is 1 and now since the numerator here and the denominator here are similar we can essentially cancel that. So we get the Jacobian of VP with respect to P, T. So this equals negative of partial of V with respect to T at constant P and hence partial of H with respect to P at constant T turns out to be equal to minus T partial of V with respect to T at constant P plus V. I will leave it to you to obtain a similar form for this partial of U with respect to V at constant T. This is to be derived as homework and for both this expression and this expression you will have to start from the relation for U, T dS minus P dV. Start with this and you will get the extended expression for CV as well as the expression for partial of U with respect to V at constant T. Thank you.


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Yes, first I would like to thank the organizers for inviting me and also for a very nice lunch today with plenty of wine, which undoubtedly should improve quality of presentations today. My talk today is a little bit strange, but the good news is that I didn't have any problems in publishing it. If I try to publish something similar, say, ten years ago, I would expect a lot of objections. The reasons are that, say, ten years ago, if something published in one of the same nature journals, which would indicate some microscopic quantum retrocazality, at the end, there would be a legal disclaimer which would say, this work must not be considered as evidence for causality violation. That's a must. This kind of disclaimer, they disappeared now. So there is not a problem discussing causality in one way or the other. So we're approaching technological evolution. There will be big changes, and I expect paradigm changes in science. And one of the areas in which we expect these big changes probably would be our understanding of time. So let us try to discuss what this understanding of time is and what's different concepts of time. First, of course, what we all like is the river of time, as a flow of time. Paetic words, they're very well aligned with our intuition. But in fact, of course, we understand that time cannot flow. It cannot change because there is no other variable so that time can change with respect to. What happens is that some sequence of events, and this sequence, which is shown here, changes in time. So it's a change of events in time, which we perceive as a flow of time, as a river of time. And again, each of these events probably causes the next one to appear. So now we speak about causality and what causality is a big question. First, of course, we've got a very good understanding, an intuitive understanding of what this causality might be. So if we have this vase falling down and then it's broken, the A is a consequence. The A is a cause and B is a consequence, obviously. That's what we intuitively understand. We also can conclude that these two events, A and B, they're connected to each other. But Y, A is a cause and B is a consequence. And philosophies, they try to define what is cause, what is consequence for a very long time. And they could not, to such a simple and intuitively understood relationship between these events, they could not give relatively strict and clear and simple definition. There are hundreds of papers published on this.  But then we come to a circle of arguments. We define time, error of time, direction of time, in terms of cause and consequences. And we define cause and consequence in terms of the direction of time. So we need to break this loop somehow. If we want to break something, we should go to some ideas which were expressed long time ago. And these ideas were first expressed by Boltzmann. As they were repeated many times over and over again, but perhaps the idea in form which was expressed by Ludwig Boltzmann was the deepest. He identifies, he identifies the direction of time with the second law of thermodynamics. All laws, all physical laws, we know that time symmetric. Mechanics is time symmetric. Relativity is time symmetric. General theory of relativity is time symmetric. Quantum mechanics is time symmetric. Relativistic quantum mechanics is time symmetric. There is only one law that we know which is time asymmetric. That's the second law of thermodynamics. His statement is very deep. It's not just identifying the time as we perceive it with the direction of the second law. He's saying that the time as we perceive it is the direction of increase of entropy. And he goes as far to say if it was some part of the universe in which entropy would be decreasing, then people living there would perceive our past as a future and our future as a past. Okay, so how this, how, what, how time works? First, if we deal with say a mechanical system of large dimension, then according to conventional laws, what we have, we have Hamiltonian systems, the volume would not increase. But generally, if we start from some initial conditions and go forward in time or backward in time, we will have something like a sponge. That's what I brought as illustration, as a prop from Australia. So the volume of material can be quite small, but sponge can occupy much larger volume. So in this case, the phase volume remains constant, strict phase volume. And entropy, which is logarithm of this phase volume, roughly speaking, does not increase or decrease. It stays constant forward in time and backward in time. Now, what is time? Time is a little violation, tiny violation. It's so small, we cannot measure it directly. We don't know what it is. It's a time primary. It's a process, a known process, which violates these idealistic, idealistic properties of conventional mechanics. And it makes a small deviation from these laws, which allow for increase of the volume forward in time and decrease of the volume backwards in time. It violates symmetry of time. And it creates direction. It wasn't suggested by me. It's suggested by many other people, and Pinrose will be one of this. And they have all different explanation what it is. I don't believe in the explanation. I simply think that the law is not known why we have... What process is actually responsible for direction of time? What physical process? All right. Now we need to go down to quantum mechanical level. At quantum mechanical level, we have unitary evolutions. And these unitary evolutions are time symmetrics. They can go forwards and backwards. And they don't increase or decrease entropy. It's analog of classical mechanics. But then there are some other processes. And these other processes are usually associated with the coherence. And coherence when we convert a pure state into mixed state. And then if you start from a pure state, then unitary evolution would convert it into another pure state, no entropy change. But the coherence would make it a mixed state. And now you don't know in which state you are. You can't be in any of these states in ideal, make sure this would be with equal probability. Entropy increases. There is uncertainty now. Information is destroyed. Again, what's the physical mechanism behind this coherence? It can be discussed. There are different theories. But what's important for us? There is coherence. It's present. It acts. It changes the world forward in time. Now, what it means for us? We remember the past, but we don't remember the future. Why? We look at a photograph and we see an image. This image tells us about the past, but it does not tell us anything about the future. And let us see an example, which is, I think it's very good example. You see footsteps in the sand. These footsteps tell you about somebody walked on the sand. Or somebody will walk on the sand. Of course it tells you about the past, but why? So if somebody walked, then footsteps appear, but they would be washed away slowly. Entropy increases. Information is cleared. And if you see, and if you see footsteps somewhere here, you always assume somebody walked. Let us try to assume somebody will walk on the sand in the future. So he will walk. Again, both lines are in accordance of conservation of energy. They don't violate any energy relationships. But here, instead of disappearing, it would appear from nowhere. And this line does contradict, does contradict to the law, to the second law of thermodynamics. It's impossible. That's why intuitively we always assume that's what happened. Somebody walked on the sand. And these footsteps can be seen here and then disappear. Nothing like this can appear without a cause. That's what we perceive. The second law of thermodynamics we perceive as causality. Causality helps us to understand this action of the second law of thermodynamics intuitively. Anyway, also initial and final conditions. You can set, for small intervals, you can set probably initial conditions as well as final conditions. But generally, you are much better off setting initial conditions than the final conditions. Because when these footsteps disappear, it's very difficult to solve a problem backward in time. This probably would be ill-posed. So also you start from this condition or that condition and you finish up with equilibrium. Information is cleared. It's very difficult to go backward in time if you are going to set the final conditions. So that's, again, it's a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. But it gives us a very simple, very simple rule how we should apply. We should use initial conditions, not final conditions. And that's nothing else but the principle of causality. We should start from initial conditions and we should proceed forward in time. That's the safest way of obtaining correct solutions. Now, matter and antimatter. What we know about particles and antiparticles. According to quantum mechanics, antiparticles are particles moving backwards in time. There is, in the microscopic world, in quantum world, it's a CPT symmetric. So when you switch from particles to antiparticles, you need to reverse the direction of time. And then you get exactly the same solutions. This universe is full of matter and radiation. It has particles and antiparticles, but there is no antimatter present at all. No one has ever seen it. And we are very lucky because can you imagine what would happen if a little stone made of antimatter would just fall somewhere nearby? There would be very large explosion. But no one, no one has ever seen any substantial quantities of antimatter. So what I'm saying is that we know properties of matter and thermodynamic properties associated with microscopic objects. And we know these properties quite well. But we don't know anything about properties of antimatter because it doesn't exist. No one has ever seen it. We know about microscopic properties in quantum mechanics. And we know particles and antiparticles. We know that this microscopic world is CPT symmetric and is not CP symmetric. But we don't know much about what these antimatter properties would be. And if we can see the microscopic properties, thermodynamic properties, they don't exist for elementary particles, but they exist for macroscopic objects. There are two possibilities. One possibility is conventional thermodynamics, which is valid for matter, can be extended into antimatter in two different possible ways. The time, thermodynamic time, can run for antimatter either forward in the same direction as it runs for the matter or backward in opposite direction. This gives two fundamental possibilities. How thermodynamics, how conventional thermodynamics that we know, can be extended from matter into antimatter. It's either symmetric or anti-symmetric case. In some way, matter and antimatter are equivalent, but we don't know which of these cases, they are mutually exclusive. They cannot be valid at the same time, but at least one of them is correct and the other one is not. Okay, what it means for reaction mechanisms? Say we have reactants. We have two molecules. One has some energy and other one does not. They react and they exchange energy. Excited A at the beginning and non-excited A and excited B at the end. The reaction rate, as we know, is proportional to concentrations of reactants, but not concentrations of the products. And it's strange why we put reactants in, but never put the products. An explanation, of course, is this process of decaherence. Because before every reaction, these particles go through running time represented by decaherence. And decaherence actually distributes these particles equilibrium equivalently between all possible phase states. Now the probability, the probability of finding two particles in the same box determines the reaction rate. Determines the reaction rate. So the simple rule that we take decaherent components which are in conventional thermodynamics value of components before the reaction and product, product of number of particles would determine the reaction rate. Now what would happen if one goes forward in time, one decaheres and another one decaheres? Then concentrations which would determine the reaction rate would be A star and B star. Decaherent components, as you see, expression would be different. Now what it means for us in terms of energy exchange between matter and antimatter? What it means for us if we can see the conversion of matter and we allow for conversion of matter into antimatter and vice versa? I would just go to conclusion. So in case of symmetric thermodynamics, matter and antimatter are equivalent. Thermodynamics would predict equal quantities of matter and antimatter present. In case of anti-symmetric thermodynamics, it would favor full conversion of antimatter forward in time into matter and it would favor any conversion of energy from antimatter to matter. In very simple terms, according to anti-symmetric thermodynamics, antimatter is extremely hot. It's hotter than some, it's hotter than any other object you can imagine. It would just, any heat associated with any thermal energy associated with antimatter should be transferred to matter forward in time. Now how this agrees with equivalence of matter in antimatter and if you look, then this transition occurs forward in time as we go. We are matter observers, but if we imagine ourselves as antimatter observers, backward in time the same amount of energy and the same amount of mass would be, would be transiting from matter into antimatter. So antimatter and matter are still equivalent in some way. Now let's forget about matter and antimatter because no one has ever seen antimatter, although they, they actually tried to make it and there are some attempts to create antimatter atoms and it's not very far from here when sooner or later some quantities of antimatter will be created and then we'll see what kind of thermodynamic properties they have. Are they the same or different from properties, from properties of matter? But let us discuss something else is interaction between radiation and, and matter. And as you know, there is a classical theory which was published exactly 100 years ago by Einstein and it introduced two processes of emission, spontaneous emission, when you have excited atom which produces a photon and then induced emission. When you have excited atom and it produces another photon and this emission is induced by a photon and finally you have two photons. Absorption of course you have a photon and then it's absorbed by an atom in ground state and this atom becomes excited. If you calculate reaction rates, all these reaction rates they actually consistent with the classical Bose-Einstein distribution for photons. Photons are bosons and they need to have this distribution. But as engineer I always had these doubts about, no it's a correct theory of course. It's, it predicted many things including lasers. It was a great, great vision of Einstein, who actually formulated this theory a long time ago. But from engineering perspective you see this one reaction, that's another reaction. The one is the reverse of another one but there is no reverse reaction for this one. It's very strange. It's very strange. And I always thought why is the case? Why is this reaction is missing? It's correctly missing. It should not be here. If you put another reaction like this it would not work because then you wouldn't have this consistency with Bose-Einstein statistics. Now let us look what it means from these general rules that we just derived, that we always must use decayed components to determine the reaction rates. Irrespectively if they decayed forward in time or backward in time. And we try to apply different rules and see if we can get results which are consistent with the great theory of great Einstein. And first of course we would assume that say photons always decay here and then it would produce correct, correct equation for absorption and incorrect equation for emission. Another assumption would be okay, so it didn't work, let us try recurring photons. Maybe photons should behave like antimatter. And in this case again the reaction rates are wrong. The reaction rates are correct for emission but incorrect for absorption. And finally we choose something which matches Einstein's theory of radiation. We assume that decoherence neutral radiation interacts with matter. What it means? It means that on emission, when emission occurs radiation ricoheres and when absorption occurs radiation decoherence. Decoherence here and ricoherence there. This produces exactly the same results as Einstein's theory. So it gives another interpretation why it should be written in this form. It doesn't introduce any new theory of course. It just gives an explanation. It shows consistency between what we considered from general principles of decoherence and general principles of thermodynamics with existing knowledge about interaction of matter and radiation. Also this ricoherence is not just imagination. It's not just a mathematical trick. Recoherence is possible and is observed in lasers when photons form a coherent beam and they ricohere into unique structure. It's a physically observed phenomenon. All right, so what kind of conclusion we draw? From this perspective there is no difference between spontaneous and induced emission. Both are the same. Spontaneous emission is nothing else but emission which is induced by photon which is emitted but it's induced from the future into the past. Why? From the future into the past because it ricoheres and we know that this ricoherence process is possible because it's observed in experiments. So with this kind of topic I probably should leave some time for discussion but the last slide I want to show is this. That's a summary. That's a conclusion and fundamentally we have two possibilities. We live in one of these worlds. It cannot be both of them. It's one or the other. It's either anti-matter has opposite direction of time. Opposite direction of time as shown here. Direction of thermodynamic time of course and radiation must be neutral then. That's one possibility and another possibility is here when anti-matter and matter have the same thermodynamic directions of time but radiation does not. It appears to be ricoherence neutral. It must be there. So what tell a mechanism what tell a mechanism and next direction of time it does not affect radiation in the same way as it affects matter and anti-matter. Again I'm not saying which one is correct. I'm saying just there are two principle fundamental possibilities. We live in one of these two worlds and I believe sooner or later and probably more likely sooner than later we will know the answer. It would be one or the other.


Everybody Matt here for late in sports cars rip in 2022 panini one football hobby 10 box break number 15 pick your team We've Anthony G. Dolphins and Texans Bradley R. Steelers Colby C. Raiders Dylan S. Rams Edward P. Jags Edward E. Cardinals Panthers Browns Eric M. Commanders Florence B. Niners Harper B Chargers Henrik J. Colts Jeff M. Bears Joe C. Bucks John P. Seahawks Jonathan K. Patriots Jonathan B. Ravens Joseph C. Vikings Justin R. Broncos Lance H. Eagles Falcons Manny V. Saints Matt J. Cowboys Matthew M. Bills Matthew G. Titans Robert H. Packers Rory C. Jets Lyons Thomas A. Giants T. Tong Chiefs and Tyler W. Bengels. All right, let's do it. Let's see something crazy here. Nice hit to start us out. That is precision rookie patch auto Damion Pierce 74 of 75 great looking card You go Congrats Texans 74 of 75 This is Cowboys rookie patch auto green Cheyland Talbert 35 of 49 Some colorful looking rps here so far. This is Colts rookie patch auto to 199 Alec Pierce You go a nice hit Colts 153 199 box number three or four. I'm sorry. This is Jags rookie patch auto 28 of 99 Trevon Walker Box number five. Let's see a big hit in here. This is Niners rookie patch auto 114 of 199 Tyrone Davis Price Niners on the board. All right, let's see some bigger hits here in the second half of the break This is Falcons rookie patch auto 72 of 99 Drake London Nice Drake London. This is rookie patch auto 31 of 49 Aiden Hutchinson three more boxes This is Steelers formula one dual patch auto tj watt That is number 16 of 25 How about a surge? This is commanders precision rookie patch auto blue jahan dotson This is eight of 49 nice dotson All right last box This is patriots rookie patch auto 88 of 199 tyquan fornton All right. Well some nice hits but overall not the best 10 boxer. I hope that means the next one's going to be loaded Um, we had patriots rookie patch auto to 199 tyquan Thornton commanders rookie patch auto blue to 49 jahan dotson Yeah, it was Steelers formula one dual patch auto tj watt This is a 25 Lions rookie patch auto to 49 Aiden Hutchinson It's falcons rookie patch auto to 99 drake london Niners rookie patch auto to 199 tyrian davis price Jags rookie patch auto to 99 travon lacher Colts rookie patch auto to 199 alec pierce Cowboys precision rookie patch auto green Jalen tulber that is to 49 Texans precision rookie patch auto blue Amy on pierce That is to 75 That'll do it for the break. Thank you everybody uh 16s coming up next