All right. So, let's get started. I am Hisham. I work at Kong and I'm also the maintainer of Lurox, the package manager for the Lua programming language. I've been involved with Lua since 2005 or so. So, it's been working with Lua for a long time. And I'm here to talk about minimalism versus types. And the long journey about the hard relationship between like a minimalistic language like Lua and the desire for types. So, minimalism. Well, I love minimalism, as all of us here in this room probably do. And once someone asked me like, what do I like the most about programming with Lua? And the answer that I gave like right off the bat was that, well, Lua fits in my head. Like I feel like I know the entire language, right? It's like the whole reference manual is like this one web page that you can read top to bottom. And like there's no like corners of the language that I feel that I don't know. And it's just like in this, it's a very gratifying since the sensation like being able to work in a language like that. Like as opposed to huge languages where there's always like some kind of construct or part of the standard library that you have never touched. So, like this is a classic example of like huge language versus like small language. And like for reference, like the entire Lua reference manual is about the size of JavaScript, the good parts. So, the size of the languages and the size of their good and bad parts also kind of match, right? Actually, the last like JavaScript, good to the right. Hopefully, something like that. Well, it's actually older than JavaScript, but in many senses it's similar. And some people who are thinking of the other side of JavaScript, they get surprised and know they're nothing alike. But if you focus on the good parts of JavaScript, then they're surprisingly alike. So, types. I also love types. And one thing that I like to say is that programming with types feels like pair programming with the computer like you program a little bit and then the compiler comes and say, well, you missed like you made a typo here something and something like that or you cannot really pass this to that and all of that. So, you get this nice feedback loop that's different than running the program and seeing if it crashes, right? And so, this is like, this is my interest in types from a very practical perspective as a practitioner or as a programmer, like and not just a theoretical, like as a programming language, academic sort of interest. So, before we dive into types, just let's just get our terminology on the same page. Like when people often talk about typed languages and untyped languages and so, the more accurate terminology would be like, when you talk about untyped, you mean no types at all. So, that would be like assembly, everything's a byte, right? And those are not usually like the types of languages that like the kinds of languages that we care. And for all the other ones, like there are types, like types exist. So, string and number are different things. Automatic coercions can make this a bit confusing. So, I said, oh no, it's not typed because I can do like string one plus two and I get a number. So, now it's actually like it's just doing an implicit conversion, there are actually different things. Like in Brad's presentation, he mentioned that all originally in TCL, everything was really a string and then now everything is representable string, even though there really are different things. So, like modern TCL has types, like all of the other model languages do. So, people in the theory field, they say like you shouldn't even talk about untyped. You should just talk about untyped because when you don't have types, you really have one type, like the type of everything. So, the distinction that we usually care when we're talking about this language is typed or not. Like when we informally say that is that whether it's dynamically typed or statically typed. So, dynamically typed in a nutshell means that values have types, but variables don't. So, you can move values that have types around and they fit any variable. So, languages that fall into this category are like Lua, Scheme, Erlang, Python, Ruby, and so on. All of those typical, the ones that we call scripting languages and some that we don't, but that's it. And statically typed means that values have types and variables also have types. So, if you have an integer and you want to put in this variable, this variable better be of the integer type because otherwise it will not accept it.  So, for the purpose of the differentiation, we will totally avoid these terms like strongly typed or weakly typed because they're very confusing and like everyone seems to have like a different definition of what those mean. And the better distinction is really dynamic or static. So, this is what we care about. But we also care about minimalism and apparently all of our favorite minimalistic languages all fall in the first group. Like, there's Lua and Scheme and like all the ones, TCL also there. So, what gives? Like, what happens when we put minimalism and types together, right? So, let me go through a brief history of the efforts for typing Lua. So, back in Lua Workshop 2013, Fabian Flutua presented title lock, which was based on meta Lua, his Lua Metaprogramming Library, where he attempted to do like gradual typing of Lua programs. You could partially add type annotations that would verify them and all of that. In his presentation, like the main point of his presentation was that we all left like scared of the prospects of how hard that problem was. Because he started like showing like, oh, in the simple cases, this is in this work and then it starts getting messier and messier and messier. Because once you start to capture the way that Lua programmers deal with their data structures, he started to have to apply heuristics and things like that. So, he start scratch your head and say, well, wait, my type checker is going to be running heuristics on the code, right? So, because when you think of a type checker, you kind of want some certainty and in the end, it seems to be like a really tough problem. Nevertheless, tough problems is what research is made of. So, around that time, Andre Maidl was working with Lua in types. Two years after that, he presented his PhD dissertation on that was called typed Lua, an optional type system for Lua. So, he worked hard on many of those complicated problems and he came up with a super complicated type system that had many pages full of little Greek letters and the thesis as he tried to make sense of the whole thing. He made an implementation that's on GitHub. That implementation is a nice prototype of all those ideas. But really, it's not ready for prime time in a sense that you can't really feed real world programs in it and try to use it as a day-to-day tool. Because the type checker is just too strict, it complains about lots of things that you as a little programmer said, no, this is right, but the type checker just doesn't understand and it is a super complicated one. So, I got involved. Back then, I was doing my own PhD at the lab, like in a completely unrelated subject, but I got along with the people there. So, we decided to start kind of a side project on that. Two years later, around 2017, we started a project called Titan that would be a statically typed language that will be like Lua-like, but not try to type Lua, but create a new language that will be set like the type that will be somewhat like Lua and designed to interact with Lua. This is still an ongoing project, and it shows that we clearly at that point, we gave up on trying to type Lua. I said, let's just do something else. Really, Titan tries to fit more as when you're programming in that part C, part Lua like embedded language type of thing, Titan would be more suitable for replacing the C parts rather than the Lua parts. So, it's not really the same thing. At the same time, there's like super hard research questions on how to go about this, and like some of us were approaching it from a very practical standpoint, some of us were approaching from a theoretical standpoint. So, at one point, the project split off and like the research branch of it is the Pauline project in which they're really going like data structure by data structure from first principles and doing the research on that. So, yet here we are, 2019 and we still don't have a type checker for Lua. We don't have a way of like after that many years and so many people like putting efforts on all that. We don't have a way to use Lua and types together. So, what gives? Why is it so hard? So, I did some soul searching and thinking about the whole thing and I'm going to share like my thoughts about it. So, our first stab at that question, like when you think about it, like and we are here talking about minimalistic languages and I start talking about types, types, types and how everything's complicated, and from your own history experience dealing with typed languages and you think about like, I don't know, Haskell or Rust or C++. Languages that has huge complicated type systems, you start thinking, oh, they ended up being complicated languages because the types mess up everything with the minimalism. Like once you add the types and the whole enchilada with it, the language is no more minimalistic. So, maybe like, so, types make our tiny languages complicated? Like is that the problem? My conclusion is that the problem is kind of the opposite and this can be a little surprising. But, when we think about like our little dynamically typed languages like Lua and Scheme and like your favorite one, you might realize after you look at it for a while that they actually have huge type systems and very complicated type systems.  Yes, so if you think about the type system as being, well, the set of rules that describe what are the valid interaction of values in correct programs, which are the things that a type checker checks, right? So, essentially the type checker for those languages, it's in your head, right? You are the type checker. But, if you take like the C language and it has a type checker implemented inside GCC, you can look at the source code and you can see this is a type checker and this is what it does. Those are the rules, right? So let's open our heads and look at the type checkers that we have inside our heads for Lua. What are the rules in there?  Like if you were to write it in Greek letters in a PhD thesis, what would that type system look like for Lua codes that we actually write nowadays with our tiny Lua language that fits in a, you know, in a 200K guitar ball, you know? So, if you are the type checker, what type system are you checking?   So that line on the top is not gonna work.  That's why I mean by you are the type checker, right? So what are you checking? What are those rules? Well, now we have to go to the state of the art of type systems, right? Because I was talking about dynamically typed languages. I was talking about statically typed languages but within the realm of statically typed languages there are dependently typed languages. Dependently typed languages is a new, like in the practical sense, category of languages in which values have types, variables have types but types have values and types have types, right? And since, well, since types have values and values have types, right? You get into an endless infinite tower of complexity there. And now there's a few examples of languages out there like Idris, Agda, there are not that many yet. Like people always say like the same three and the third one is actually like a proof assistant.  So really, but this is the kind of type system that you have in your head when you're working with a dynamically typed language, right? You have like a nice function F, A and B. What are the types of A and B? You know, A is an integer and B is, well, if A is less than 256, then B is a string, otherwise B is an array of string. You know, when we have, when we're programming with dynamically typed languages we do that kind of stuff all the time without like even realizing that we are creating these complex types that have like the definition of the type has a dependency. That's why it's called dependent types, right? On another value, right? So just pause for a second and imagine like how hard would be for you to write a type checker that would be able to check that, you know? Like you would have to go through the flow of every like possible path that leads to the first argument and determine that the integer that was evaluated could possibly ever be like less or more than 256. And then if you got a table, you have to prove that, you know? But isn't this just probably created because this is a very bad IPI, so. Yes, but if, but once we have a dynamic language you do come up with those things because essentially the dynamically typed language since it imposed no restrictions it lets you think those thoughts, right? So, but when you're doing the work in your head like it's kind of like it's not that hard you don't actually do like the flow analysis of the entire program in your head every time because suppose you have those variables here, red, green, and blue in there and you know they're all integers, right? You can know that, oh, those. If you see something like this and you know like, okay, so these are RGB components they go from zero to 255 and then I'm passing an RGB component there with an array and that's not gonna work because I expect like those numbers to be within the range and so I need to be strings and not to raise so there's probably an error here, right? But if the type checker had the information that read it's only ever between zero to 255 you had to specify that in the type, right? Or then the type checker would have an easier job we would be actually able to do that, right? But once you have the idea of a type system that has like all of arithmetic in it, right? And by I mean like a type system that encompasses our arithmetics it means like by the Curry-Howard correspondence it means like every type system corresponds to a kind of logic, right? So like first order logic, second order logic, you know and those things, right? So and by the way, since the 50s we know that arithmetics has proven undecidable in logic so if you can have a type checker that knows all of arithmetic. So yeah, so we kind of do those things all the time when we're programming here. Like for example, you do something like this like load values into a table you give them okay and an error. If not okay, then well, the type of error is like is dependent on the type of okay. Like if it's a string, if okay is false, right? Or if it's nil, right? And then what's the type of T? You know, when you get there T of one, right? Well, it might have failed in between and all those kinds of things like the flow analysis could get really complicated. And when you get to that like in the case like Lua where the table is the only structured type. So when we say like everything's a table like apart from the primitives, you know strings and integers and all that it means that a table is anything. So a table can be an array, it can be a dictionary, can be a struct, can be an object, it can be a dictionary mapping objects to strings or arrays depending on whether the field of the key object is true or false, you know and without realizing you start creating the super complex types, you know you start creating those super complex structures that if you were to type them those would be the types that they would have to have. So it comes to a matter of expressiveness, right? And when we mean like expressiveness in a programming language like how expressible it is I don't mean like really what language can express because you know kind of like touring completeness you know they're all the same blah, blah, blah but really it's like how can you express it, right? So in that sense the dynamically typed language is super expressive but it's super expressed in the same way that a blank sheet of paper is now the paper accepts everything, you know the dynamically typed language accepts everything and well it goes boom and you know if you do something wrong at runtime. On the other hand the type checker works both for good like oh thank you for catching my silly typo and for bad like and you know like I know that this use of the variable is safe here why are you complaining about this, right? So essentially the expressiveness is like the fuel of a language like regardless of the look, right? So in Lua you can have something like this like a table that stores like name fields like and also servants and array like both of them, right? If I take like if I do like a small transpiler that like took all of the keywords from Java and turn them into Lua like it was it would still feel like Lua, all right. So okay so I'm just gonna jump ahead and just going. So here for the final section like how so in the end like how much of the language do you change? Like do you make this illegal because like it's either a map or an array, right? Cause you could still represent something like this like in Java, right? You just make an object that has like the name field and then a list you put one inside the other so it's like you have to think those thoughts like in a different way, right? So the final point is if you wanna make it feel like Lua then the type checker is super complex. You wanna feel like 100% like Lua then the type checker is impossible, right? Because you end up with undecidable things.  So two options on where to make your cuts. Well first you can cut on program expressiveness.  You know items, right? Or and maybe say well I cannot make something that's like sometimes a nil, sometimes a string and I can instead of doing return x and y and return nil and error in the same function if I want to use those two things in the same function then we have to do return x and y which is always like an integer or an optional integer and the third one would be like the next free available entry would have to be like the error message. Like those are simple, those ones are fixable, right? But I'm just giving them as simple examples, you know? Otherwise you can cut on the correctness of the type checker. So you go from like the promise that every program that the type checker accepts has correct types to something like oh if I complain then it's probably like wrong but if I don't complain I give you no guarantee. And still it's hard because you made the equivalent logic of your type checker it's an unsound logic and once you add unsound logic you can start like proving absurd things and when you go back to the type checker it means that it will behave in very weird ways if you're not careful and probably even if you are. So the more sophisticated type system the deeper you are in research territory. Everyone has felt like whoever tried to deal with that ended up doing with this. So is that all lost? Like in the final minutes here? Well, TypeScript has proven to be like a successful attempt in the industry when doing that. And essentially their choice was to go for usability above all else. It means that the type system is intentionally unsound and this is not just a technical thing. If you go there to their bug tracker there's lots of bugs that are closed by design, by design, by design it's not meant to detect that failure. So what about Lula? I probably have like 30 seconds and just to give a glimpse of hope well I've been working on exploring this design space and playing with it so I decided to try to write a minimalistic type checker in Lula but just like what's the minimum set of features so that it could type check itself? That would be like enough to be like a real program. And not there yet? Well, when I try to run it like on itself it currently fails with 384 type errors. A week ago it was a lot more so that's progress. The thing is that once you start fixing it like you fix one thing that fixes 100 errors but now it's like Achilles and the turtle. But yeah, the idea is to do something a little alike. It's here because even if then though it's not finished it wouldn't be false then I'll talk about code and it's not a source. So in closing, yeah, the story will continue and thank you.


Welcome to Bighorn County. You can see the beautiful Bighorn Mountains behind me in agriculture all around. Bighorn County occupies the northeast corner of the Bighorn Basin, known for its fertile fields and warm weather, making it an agricultural hub of Wyoming. This area has been occupied by humans for over 10,000 years, as is evidenced by numerous petroglyphs. In more recent history, ceramics made by Crow Indians, dating back to the mid-1700s, have been found. White settlers arrived in the 1870s and raised cattle and sheep. At the end of the century, a large party of Mormons came to the area to begin digging canals for farming. Sugar beets have always been a staple crop in the county. The Great Western Sugar Company built a beet processing plant in Lovell in 1916, ensuring a solid market for this locally grown crop. Ag production had twice the gross revenue of oil and gas before 1950. Bighorn County originally covered about 8 million acres, or one-eighth of the state, but was subdivided into what is now Hot Springs, Washkey Park, and Bighorn Counties. The Bighorn River was dammed in 1967 and provides power, water for irrigation, and world-class recreation opportunities. So come to Bighorn County for the recreation and leave with an appreciation of the history and numerous agricultural products produced right here in Wyoming. From the University of Wyoming Extension, I'm Mae Smith, Exploring the Nature of Wyoming.


You're laughing, you think that's funny? Do you think tomato cruelty is a thing? It's going on fellas, you alright? Do you want something to eat? I do here? Really?   You all eat animals, okay. I want to see like what's the point What's the point? To convince you, are you against cruelty to animals? You think it's okay cruelty to animals is okay? You don't mind it, okay, well then I don't want to convince you then No, you should, you should No, no, no Well, I could ask you why you think it's okay to be cruelty to animals Do you think it's cruel to kill an animal?  It depends on the way you kill it Really?  Yeah it is What about the way that I do it? Does the way matter?  Well, animals kill each other and they're from the same species, I want to know Is it cruel for me to kill you if I do it in a better way? It's not that it's cruel Yeah, but you want to live, don't you? So do I, so animals want to live too, yeah? Not really Yeah they do They are meant to be food If they don't want to live, why don't they just lay on the road and starve themselves to death? The plants also want to live The plants want to live Do you care morally about a tomato? Yeah I do So you're against tomato cruelty? Animals are still oxygen Do you think that's funny? I mean you're putting someone's They give us oxygen Wait a second Does a tomato have a brain? How do you know? How do you know? Because you can cut a tomato open sea Yeah, but then if it's a tomato it has feelings, doesn't it? A tomato has a feeling?  Yeah they do You know plants know when they're being eaten right?    Like as a biologist do you think they suffer more than a tomato? I'm asking you a serious question because you said plants feel pain You're saying suffering right?  No of course not There's no nerves in your throat?  Is that an unethical thing to do?   Ethically How are we going to survive without meat? Well I've been vegan for 7 nearly 8 years You grew up eating meats Yeah but I could have survived without it I've been not eating meat all my life I'm vegan for the animals for ethics And you believe animals suffer more than a tomato I think you're starting to think about it a bit When you see this there's something wrong with that in your heart like there's something that's morally wrong with this I mean when you think about it it's helping you survive to get the nutrients If you had to survive I wouldn't be here debating ethics with you Have you ever been able to enjoy it? It's this one from Tesco No turkey roast crown and there's no suffering No bird had to be killed for Christmas Last point you don't take much of your time That's okay If you believe animals can suffer Do you believe they want to live? So why should we rob them of their life if you don't need to? No that's the thing You're saying we don't need to You don't need to? They suffer They don't suffer when they get killed the right way Most of the animals here are factory farms so they're always suffering If you're eating dairy if you're eating birds if you're eating beef these animals are coming from a product of suffering But we're not saying we're saying yes it's bad the way they're doing it It's not wrong for us to eat it If you pay for it don't eat my brother forget the pain for it If I have a cow right there and I kill it it doesn't suffer Does that make sense to you then?  Trust me you would kill me if you had to In a situation Right now we've got this No turkey crown roast No reason to put animals through this So we can have a sandwich You can have this And you can scan it And this has this in it So it's a download pack for vegan Christmas It's got all a guide there for shopping Vegan you know If we're more important than animals right It doesn't matter It doesn't matter they're important enough Not to cut their head off They are of course they are Of course they are they don't feel pain Plants know when they're being eaten A tomato is less important than a dog So a dog is less important than a human isn't it It doesn't matter if they're less important than a human What matters is they're more important than your taste buds Yeah you see That's what matters Is that true I don't care I don't care about plants I don't care Do you know what I'm saying Of course I do You know people suffer to produce their stuff To make their phone What does that mean That's what I'm saying Wait a second Let me ask you a question People suffer People suffer to do everything They're suffering everywhere I want to know if To make their stuff that is used to make the phone Do you know that People in Congo You mean you're talking about mines in Congo Yeah You're talking about slavery Or low pay Or bad working conditions So you're saying buying a mobile phone is immoral It is According to what you're saying Even buying a techie is immoral No, no, but were you buying up a slave That's had their head cut off And you buying a phone from It's not Because buying a mobile Buying a phone from a company That's producing income And jobs for countries with low income But they're not It's based on people who are suffering There's not just suffering In a mobile phone There's also income and well-being That's produced If they were If they were enslaving them And then cutting off their heads so I can eat their body I'd be on your team, I wouldn't be buying mobile phones They are suffering every day Every day Well, some people need to work here So companies It's not about working Well, I'm against slavery But I don't know how much slavery is in these minds There's probably some But I don't know if it's all slavery And maybe the conditions aren't as good as over here But the conditions over there are bad for everyone So I think it's a little bit different To putting animals in a factory farm and cutting their head off If you're putting humans in these places You and I would be on the same team here But for some reason I'm saying Buying a mobile is not inherently In all ways immoral It's a body of someone It's messed up on another level The concept of buying a phone Coming from initially Slavery is worse than buying a body part I'm saying to you The entire mobile phone industry is not filled With slavery But it's against the law For starters, it's against international law They still might do it But this here is completely legal And there's a difference between buying a phone That was manufactured by a bunch of different people down the line Every single one of these animals Is having their head cut off for a sandwich Every single one of them The dairy cows, the egg-laying hens You name it, you name the animals that are exploited They're all murdered There's plenty of suffering in animal agriculture It dwarfs any human holocaust that's ever existed 74 billion land animals And 3 trillion marine animals are executed every single year That's more than any human beings that have ever existed We kill more animals in four weeks Than human beings have ever existed It's supposed to be like that So how can you compare it? Only 100 billion human beings have ever existed It's supposed to be that way How could you compare that? If we don't eat animals, right? Like me? And you? What's going to happen to you? Are you scared? Isn't the animal population going to increase? Isn't the animal population going to increase? No, brother I've been through all these arguments before I've been an activist now for six years And I appreciate your question The reason there's hundreds of billions of animals being bred into existence every few years Of course there isn't We'd stop breeding them How would you stop breeding them? The farmers would meet the demand So if we all went vegan, the farmers would meet the demand And they'd stop breeding them They would cut their testicles off So that would stop breeding them And it would phase out slowly How can you convince an animal to stop breeding? Stop breeding? They're all artificially bred, my friend They're forcibly breeding them They don't naturally breed these animals I'm not talking about this I'm all talking natural Not factory, not nothing All factories stop the slaughter You're not eating naturally occurring animals You're eating human-bred selectively bred animals in factories That's what you're eating I'm talking about the population of animals No, brother The population is going to increase Majority of animals are factory farmed So you're getting human-manipulated, human-bred selectively bred animals When you stop eating them Everyone stops eating They stop breeding as many animals into existence And it slowly phases out Okay, after they stop breeding them Aren't the animals themselves going to breed themselves? No, no, no, no We control their breeding How do you control dogs and cats from breeding So they don't overpopulate? You de-sex them It's more ethical Because they end up in a... That's the cause Brother, you know, turkeys can't even mate Because they've been bred to be double the size So humans have to intervene and mate them Dairy cows are artificially inseminated Chickens have got something called parent breeder sheds Where they put hens in with roosters And they make them mate So all of this can be controlled But I'm just saying to you, they're not going to overpopulate Just because we don't eat them So there's other two They're either going to go extinct If we stop eating them They were created by us in the first place Look I mean, I know you're trying to find every single way out of being vegan here It's not that we're trying to find a way But you're using the concept of suffering And then when we bring it against you Suffering against animals You want to talk about de-sexing animals? No, I'm talking about say Again, let's bring up the points of When you said that the thing is different When the slaves are suffering To when we're killing Because you have to factor in well-being and suffering If I'm paying you 50p a day To do your work Well, what's the minimum wage in that country? That's what I want to know You can't compare their country to this country No, no, no You can't compare their human war to animal war Minimum wage I'm just saying No, no, in their country What are people getting paid? Of course, the whole country is rife with property So you want to take phones out of their country And make them even more poor So they have no job? All I'm saying is if you stop eating animal products Animals don't get their head cut off If you stop buying phones and everyone stops buying phones They don't have a job, what are they going to do? Forced into real slavery? If I stop, if all of us Everyone here stops eating The factory is going to stop Yeah, that's how it works People lose their jobs They'll have jobs in plant-based innovative foods Like these ones here These ones here, no animals get butchered and killed Animals get butchered and killed You know what I mean? Yeah Take care Take a look at that information You probably won't Look up Land of Hope and Glory See how your animals are killed I don't know if you're Muslim and you get hello animals But they're all raised in factory farms as well And hello animals Suffering is haram? Suffering is haram? But they're raising them in factory farms That's haram You're saying haram, but in Islamic countries There aren't these farms You live here You're eating suffered animals here, that's haram You can be vegan and there's no suffering And that's hello Vegan is always hello These aren't God made animals These are human made animals This is nothing from God This is something humans have created for our greed


Peter, after a remarkable price surge, Bitcoin is falling back below the 11,000s right now, so was it too early to call it the next bull run? Oh no, I don't think so. Just because we're correcting, Bitcoin has a record of correcting. If you look back to the price history of Bitcoin, I think there's been four or five times when Bitcoins have an 80% correction from high. We've barely come off 20% here, so yeah, we're still in a bull market. We just got ahead of ourselves. Now, everybody's freaking out that the market's somehow topped out, and perhaps it has topped out for the time being, but I still see Bitcoin as very possibly in another parabolic bull market, just because we've had a one or two-day correction. That really doesn't mean anything. You can go back in the Bitcoin's history and find out all kinds of 30% to 50% corrections within a bull trend, so I think this thing won't work itself out. We could correct back to perhaps 9,000. 9,000 is the level that I've had in mind as a level where I want to be a buyer somewhere over 9,000, so I think between 8,700 and 9,500 would be a reasonable correction that we could see, and that would, I believe, be a buying opportunity. You also said a few days ago that Bitcoin is experiencing its fifth parabolic phase since 2010, and that's what makes Bitcoin a market like no other. What did you mean exactly by that? Well, I mean, you can go back into the history of tradeable markets where we have various assets that can be traded, whether they be equities or commodities or interest rates or cryptos, where we've had Bitcoin from the 2010 low advancing to the 2017 high by more than 8,000 fold. There is no other market like that. There is no other market where you can see parabolic advances, a series of parabolic advances on a long chart. It's hard to find a stock such as Apple or Netflix or Amazon that's had a parabolic advance on the log chart. You can find parabolic advances on arithmetic charts. You cannot find them on log charts, but yet on Bitcoin, we've had a series of parabolic phases on the log scale that have taken place, and we've seen since the 2010 low Bitcoin advance more than 8,000 fold. There's no other market like that. You can't find another market like that in modern times. As a matter of fact, I tried to find a market that was similar that had that kind of a similar advance. The only market I could find was German interest rates during the 1920s. Bitcoin is really quite an unprecedented market. One can maybe point to the altcoins, but hey, the altcoins wouldn't exist if it wasn't for Bitcoin. That's the reality. Bitcoin is crypto, and crypto is Bitcoin. Coming to altcoins, I saw that you recently claimed on your Twitter handle that people that are expecting altcoins to follow the Bitcoin in the next bull run might be delusional. Why do you think so? Well, I think there's just a lot of scam out there. There's a lot of shammy altcoins. Perhaps there are some altcoins that will have traction, but Bitcoin is the gold standard. Most of these altcoins, look, they're out there because some fast buck artists wanted to make some money in the crypto space. They don't have really any meaningful purpose to exist. There are a few of them that are niche coins, but they're niche coins. Mainly these altcoins serve the purpose of market speculation and raising money for people who did the ICOs. I fully anticipate that 99% of the altcoins will end up being worthless. But of course, everybody who has their pet altcoin claimed that their pet altcoin will not be one of the 99%, but the reality is 99% or more covers an awful lot of altcoins. If you had to give a piece of advice to young crypto traders in this moment of particular uncertainty, I would say due to high volatility, what could that advice be? If you're buying more, then you can handle if the market corrects 50%, you're buying too much. If you really believe in the long-term narrative of Bitcoin, which I think the millennial generation by and large believes in the long-term narrative of Bitcoin. The proper position is to own some, but to own some that you'd be willing to ride to zero. If you can't ride what you own to zero, then you own too much. Own something and then take advantage of significant price breaks like we've had to add to that ownership position. Don't be buying on these huge $2,000 up days. That's the wrong time to be forcing yourself into buying a position. Buy it when it's the right time to buy it and then don't buy it otherwise. Don't get caught up into the emotion of advances. Buy it when it's smart to buy it. When it was smart to buy it was back when Bitcoin was at least under $4,500 if not under $4,000. To be buying Bitcoin at $13,000 and trying to make a wise decision at $13,000 to me just doesn't make sense.


This 2021 Ford F-250 Crew Cab Short Box XLT is stock number 12430Z. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy duty truck headquarters. This 2021 Ford F-250 has the 7.3 liter V8 gas motor. It pumps out 430 horsepower. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off per the state of Wisconsin inspection process. And this truck is 100% ready to go. We're going to go inside all the way around. Check out the bed, start it up, take a look under the hood during this video. Anti-matter blue is the color. It is my new favorite blue color on the Ford vehicles. And I'll show you why in just a second here. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p, 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, and options of the truck before seeing it in person. And if you like the videos and how we do stuff here at Summit Auto, then the upper right-hand part of the screen is a subscribe button. Click that, and then click the bell notifications. You'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. This one comes with the 18-inch chrome-dallowed rims. They are in excellent shape and it has continental content track. LT 275, 65R, 18 tires. These tires have right around 60 to 70% of the tread left, maybe even a little bit more. Framing underbody. Obviously, being a 2021 is in really nice, clean condition. Front fender, no dents or dings on there. And the headlight lenses are crystal clear. Front bumper and lower valance are absolutely perfect. No dents or dings on there. And it does have the factory fog lights. You do get the chrome-trimmed grille. I like the redesign on the grille on these super-duties. Looks really good. The hood is in excellent shape. I didn't see any dents or dings on there. And the passenger side front fender is in excellent condition as well. No dents or dings on that. Passenger side front rim. No scuffs or scrapes. Now, this is why I absolutely love this color. It does have just a little bit of metal flake to it. So when it's out in the sunlight, it really shines, but it's a really dark blue. So you can see, but it's got a lot of almost purple flake in it. Maybe just a hint of green, too. But when it's dark, looks really good. My new favorite color, hands down. And as you go down this side of the truck, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. We take these HD videos, so if you are far away or even if you're in a car, you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the truck, you can see the truck, hear the truck, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's no surprises. And you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make a decision, let your salesmen know that you saw the video, that it helped you out, and that Brett sent you. Back rims in excellent shape as well, and the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires, maybe even a little bit more than 70 to 80% back here, looks more like 90% back here. Framing the underbody, very nice and clean. And it's like that all the way underneath has all the remaining factory exhausts. And the rockers and cab corners all look good. Comes with the nice factory chrome step bars. And coming around to the back, passenger side box, no dents or dings. You do get the chrome tipped exhaust. Rear bumper is in great shape. No dents or dings on that. It does have the backup parking sensors, full towing package, which includes the receiver hitch, four pin and seven pin wiring. The tailgate is just as nice as the rest of the truck, no dents or dings on there. It does come with a low pro soft roll up tonneau cover. No rips or tears on that. And it has a very nice spray and bed liner as well. That's a factory Ford tough bed spray and bed liner. I know that because there's a little sticker right there it says it. Coming around the driver side, just as clean as that passenger side, no dents or dings on this side of the box. Looks really good and for full disclosure, this back rim excellent condition as well. Driver side doors look great. And it does have the driver side door code entry. We do have the code for this truck and if you ever wanted to figure out what your code is, on your 17 to 22 Super Duty in the upper right hand part of the screen, I have a video that shows you how to find that code on your personal truck. Click that and check us out there. This truck has the blind spot monitoring. These are a telescopic tow mirrors. They are the power scope. So they power telescope out. Power fold in. I'll show you how that all works. And they have the directional signals and they're chrome trimmed on the backing. Inside the XLT package gives you the gray cloth interior. There are no rips. There are no tears on the seats. They are in excellent shape. This truck's never been smoked in. Smells very clean. This is the rear seat. Factory floor mats. Auto headlamps. Telescopic steering wheel. Power windows. Power locks and power mirrors. And like I said, these mirrors do power fold in. And I was like showing both sides so that you know that both sides are working properly. And then they do power telescope out and in. And once again, passenger side working good as well. We'll hop inside. Take a look at the miles, the radio and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior. This one has 89,000 or 8,933 miles on it. You do get the digital speedometer there. And the compass display instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Steering wheel is in nice condition. You get cruise and information center controls on the left. They're excessive wear on that steering wheel. Bluetooth and information or audio controls I should say on the right. Has the 10 speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift. Has the sync 8 inch radio AM FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities on here. You have all your Bluetooth obviously. You have all your different mobile apps. Ford Pass Connect, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto capabilities as well. So you can project your cell phone to the screen. So if you have a navigation system on your cell phone project it right to the screen. It's like you have nav on the screen. Pretty cool system. Stability control turned out four wheel drive. Down here your audio and climate controls, factory brake controller. There are your heated seat buttons for the front seats. USB, USB-C and a 12 volt power point down there. 12 volt power point and 110 volt 400 watt plug-in right here. Dual glove boxes. Passenger side format and seat are in excellent condition as well. No rips or tears. And like I said this truck has never been smoked in. Smells very clean. The headliner is in very nice shape. And you do get map lights right there. We'll take a quick look at the back seats. And then we'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system. The power sliding rear window with the built-in rear defrost. These seats do fold up for extra storage like so. It does have a collapsible floor back here. So you can put that up and store stuff. So it doesn't roll around. You have some tie downs for your box sides. You get the weather tech floor mat all back here. It keeps your factory formats and carpeting looking good. And side curtain air bags on this truck. Child safety locks on the back doors and the bottoms of the doors all look really, really good. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. And my new favorite color on this 2021 Ford F-250. And hopefully from this HD video you'll be able to verify the quality and condition of this truck all the way around and how great this color looks. Under the hood we have the 7.3L V8 gas engine. Engine maze very clean, runs very smooth. Once again this truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh steel and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this truck is 100% ready to go. There's your emissions sticker. It does have the clearance lights up top as well. And I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, half tons, three quarter tons, one tons you can go to that website right there. www.summitauto.com Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations, all at www.summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to www.youtube.com www.summitauto.com. Remember to like, subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. Click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Automotive. In fact, in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on the upper left. A link to more F-250 videos like this one on the upper right. A link to this video on our website on the lower left. And a link to one of our latest YouTube videos on the lower right. Click those check us out and we're super excited to help you with this ultra clean like new 2021 Ford F-250 Crew Cab Short Box XLT in anti-matter blue metallic. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe and share.


Hi everyone, I'm Joe for jaspeyscaserates.com and that is 2021 Panini Daunus Optic Baseball 6 box half case pick your team number 8. Second half of the case which I did not do the first half, what was the first half good? So whoever did this marked that 8 so we know it's from the same case thanks to that person. And here is the final printout right here for pick your team 8, here on a Sunday night thanks for spending your Sunday with me. If you have a little run it's kind of hard to see with this font and I know the toner is a little light right now but if you have a little rooftop next to your name that means you won that spot in the filler that we did. So congrats to you and thanks to everybody who bought their spots straight up, I appreciate that as well. Not most of the break filled up straight up, I appreciate that. And Tim you've got a star next to your name, that asterisk next to your name is last spot mojo. You bought that team, that was the last team picked up outright before I pulled the teams for the filler. So they say around these parts that last spot mojo, 70 percent of the time hits 100 percent of the time. Alright there's, I don't know how many hot boxes were pulled but there's two autograph hot boxes per case and two numbered parallel hot boxes per case. Let's see if we can find some here and in the background the white box are just kind of pouring it on Zach Ranke here. White box up 9-6 on the Astros after the Astros went up like 6-1, it's only the bottom of the fourth and the white box have bases loaded. And then earlier today in the Red Sox game, raised Red Sox game, the Red Sox were cruising until their bullpen gave up a couple runs in the top of the eighth and then it went all the way to like the 14th or so inning and then Christian Vasquez, two run home run, walked it off for the Boston Red Sox. Alright so TJ is reporting that there was one of each, an autograph hot box and a numbered parallel hot box in the first half so we should be expecting, unless we got shorted which I don't, hopefully not, but we should be expecting a one autograph hot box, a one numbered parallel hot box. And I know we weren't, I wasn't here yesterday, we weren't hanging out together yesterday but I think as a Dodger fan I was definitely breathing a sigh of relief yesterday, a lot of my Giants friends were very quiet on the text messages yesterday. So that was a relief, Dodger's coming back to life a little bit, Cody Belinger with a really nice hit, AJ Pollock you know looked really good so hopefully I know those two guys are struggling, Pollock more recently but Belinger for a better part of the season so it was kind of good to see both of them, both of them kind of get some hits going and build a little confidence. There's Charlie Blackman 199-249 for the Rocks, yeah it was a good night last night and then the Dodgers come home, they're playing tomorrow, next two games in LA so that should be a nice return. There's Juan Soto, Diamond Kings to 199 for Tim and all of those just in the interest of time I'm just going to sleeve those but our sorting and shipping team will have those top-loaded before they sorted and ship it out and there's our first autograph, nice low number 13 out of 15 Rated Rookie Blue, Ian Anderson, Chris Walker with the ATL, I think Braves won yesterday too, we've got a Garrett Cole Black 25 out of 25 or sorry Garrett Cole, Glaber I just saw a G and a Yankee and I just went Garrett, no it's Glaber, there's just a Hollow, Refractor Juan Soto, now remember it's just vet commons that won't ship, the Rated Rookies obviously will ship, inserts obviously will ship so that Anthony Rendon won't ship, right Hunter Green Rated Prospect will ship, Kenshin Ru will not ship and hits obviously ship, there's Isaac Perrettis, Tigers Travis with the Tigers, the Rookies will ship, this won't ship, that won't ship, Christian Patshe will ship, CJ Abrams of course will ship, alright and of course so we'll do a hopefully I remember we'll do an autograph recap at the end of the at the end of the break, alright good luck so this Astros White Sox game is pretty exciting what's on the what's on the docket tomorrow I think Monday we've got four games happening on Monday so tomorrow is in the morning my time in the morning Freddie Peralta versus Ian Anderson they're in Atlanta that series is tied 1-1 so yeah the series is tied 1-1 Milwaukee at Atlanta Freddie Peralta Ian Anderson we just pulled that autograph too hopefully has a nice start so we'll see what happens with the Braves now this game here I think the White Sox definitely want to want to win this one I don't want to get swept so if the White Sox hang on they'll be playing tomorrow another another Houston at Chicago White Sox I think the Astros starter is TBD but Carlos Rodone is slated to start tomorrow for the White Sox unless he has to be called into service tonight what is what a game what a walk-off hit by the Red Sox today so now they lead the series 2-1 they were flat in game one but then took one in Tampa Bay walked it off in Boston now they're up 2-1 they're playing tomorrow Ray starter undecided Eduardo Rodriguez on the mound tomorrow for the Red Sox and then the late game the last game tomorrow will be the Giants at my Dodgers Alex Wood former Dodger versus Max Scherzer that should be exciting does this look like a parallel hot box here I think so there's Hassan Kim to 125 for the Padres it's for Robert yeah I think it is Francisco Lindor to 50 for Tampa Bay or for a new for the Mets that is I just saw that Wander Franco at their Trevor Larnock for the twins to 199 JT Real Muto for the Phillies to 199 Chad Dawg with the Phillies gets the Real Muto Trevor Larnock goes to Karen and the twins Francisco Lindor goes to Michael and the Mets Hassan Kim goes to Robert and the Padres and that Wander Franco I know it's not a parallel or anything like that but he did hit a hit a Homer today for the Rays nice solo shot that'll go to Sherry so the Wander Franco the legend of Wander Franco steadily growing there's Pavan Smith to 249 Hyunjin Ru to 35 Mike Soroka to 199 and Kettle Marte I think that's a short print that's like the toilet paper pandemic shortage short print and Brady Singer to 249 Jacob DeGrom for the Mets to 125 so the Kettle Marte will go to Richard and the Diamondbacks the Jacob DeGrom for Michael and the Mets Brady Singer going to Oliver and the Royals Chris Walker with the Braves it's the red white and blue Toronto Steve Wright with the Blue Jays kind of like that teal parallel there that's pretty sharp and rated rookie Pavan Smith for the Snakes once again Richard next in this parallel hot box Brandon Woodruff Miguel Cabrera Brian Anderson there's a hollow Ian and if we should save him just in case he does something amazing tomorrow Ryan Weathers to 99 and the autograph is a nice one rated rookie Otto Ryan Mount Castle Patrick Davis with the O's it sure is a parallel hot box Oliver there's Ryan Mount Castle to 50 set that there yeah we're three-quarters of the way through that you might be lagging behind Oliver double-check that we're three-quarters of the way in of this box in and Oliver's asking if it's a parallel hot box which makes it sound like he's just seeing this box all right next Tom Siever reveals it Trent Grisham to 60 Ronald Acuna to 249 the Jason Dominguez rated prospect hollow and our second autograph is a Nico Horner autograph for Tommy and the Cubs Tommy won that spot in the filler oh you are live okay Ronald Acuna for Chris and the Braves Trent Grisham for the Padres for Robert Dominguez for the Yankees Robert and the Ian Anderson hollow for Chris Walker in the bridge okay you're only having tension I was like made it sound like there's Kwang Hyun Kim 70 out of 99 for St. Louis there's Kwang Hyun Kim again to 149 both of those going to Sherry and the Cardinals and there's Dane Dunning to 1976 1976 for that 1976 bicentennial parallel not I think it's more 1776 but Dane Dunning will go to the Rangers that will be for Michael and the two Kwang Hyun Kim's will go to Sherry and the Cardinals all right so now we're looking for a now we're looking for a parallel or the autograph hot box is the next thing next box who was that pitching for the White Sox oh it's a para next this is Picatin number eight I actually did not check to see if we had any more Dauners optic baseball so after the break I will I will double check to see and if there is I can post another half case yeah HP or I what a wild night of games do you think I could flip back to that we have Sunday night football on tonight too second half must have started right well maybe not Davis Mills look pretty good today I know it's a baseball break but a lot of football action today on this Sunday as well Matt Jones working his way back with a working his way to a comeback all right next box good luck got Devers here Tyler Stevenson to 125 for the Reds that'll be for Joseph and we got a Cabrion Hayes autograph nice rated rookie auto on card as well Sherry with the Pittsburgh Pirates nice grab that was a team picked up straight up 93 out of 150 it's a sharp looking card there nice got a rated prospect Luis Rodriguez and we've got for the Rangers Dane Dunning retro series signatures Michael with the Rangers and Jorge with the Dodgers supposed to be a big up-and-coming prospect for the boys in blue red white and blue Mike Soroka to 199 for the ATL under Franco's looking pretty good in his early career and there's Jared Kalanick back there part of the Mariners bright future all right halfway through this half case break still more baseball all right next box good luck still on the lookout for the autograph hotbox Christian Javier versus Luis Robert it's a good matchup Wayne writes in the booth all right next box Trevor Rogers rated rookie well this might be the autograph hotbox here's an early auto Luis Gonzalez optic autographs for TJ and the shy socks Luis Robert no just travel Rogers holo going up Capola there's William Contreras to 249 pink Velocity Wilson's brother going to Chris and the Braves here's another autograph Luis Camposano rated rookie autograph for the Friars Robert Runkle won that team in the filler 29 out of 75 it's the second auto this might be the autograph hotbox nice that's even better that wonder Franco there's Zach McKinstree for the Dodgers to 99 so here's a nice rated prospect holo for Sherry and the rays who does hit a solo shot today it is the autograph hotbox there's a Jose Garcia that'll be for Joseph and the Red Legs three of the five autographs here there's Luis Patino to 199 for the rays and the next autograph behind Alec Baum is Dean Kramer pink Velocity autograph for Patrick and the O's 51 at 75 on that one and Trevor Rogers is your fifth autograph of the box nice signature series auto for Capola and the fish and there was your autograph so both hot boxes we were expecting to we saw the parallel hotbox and that was the autograph hot box so two regular boxes to go so a good chance to pull some heat out of these two boxes so even though there won't be officially hot boxes it's got away from Christian Javier hit Jose Ibrahim I don't even know how that how that happened right there at Nolan Aronado it's only a vet common but it's not on any of the other cards it was just that one card all right next box we've got Jose Barrios to 199 there's a rated rookie holo Bobby Dalvet he got some pinch hitting duty and there Karen with the Red Sox Barrios will go to also for Karen and the twins there's manny Machado 146 out of 149 is Cody Belanger being unleashed I hope Leody Tavares the toilet paper parallel goes to the Rangers that'll be for Michael Machado goes to Robert and the Padres and there's Bobby Dalvet 33 out of 50 nice little color match red parallel for the Red Sox Karen Steele nice there's Javier Baez Cubs edition 69 out of 99 Tommy with Chicago and there's Adrian Morajón Adrian going to Robert Runkle and the Padres won that team in the filler gets an autograph last box Randall three and two of the count two outs man on the White Sox pack on some more runs walked him so a hit by pitch then a walk see if Eloy Jimenez and Jimenez can do some damage here final box sixth and final box here in Donner's optic pick your team eight again big thanks everybody who knocked out the team straight up but there's Christian he's on the mound right now rated rookie hollow autograph Christian Avier struggling right now but he's got this stuff to be close to a top of the rotation guy Patrick Davis won the Astros in the filler yeah and thanks everybody who gone to the filler as well I appreciate that it was Rafael Marchand 108 out of 249 for the Phillies Chad with the fight in Phills we got a Zach McKinstree Orange right here 125 out of 125 for Jorge and the Dodgers and our final autograph behind Sixto Sanchez is Alex Kierlov rated rookie autograph going to Karen and the Minnesota Twins nice one all right any other fun parallels before we close things out yeah all right numbered car yes Shane Bieber 12 out of 75 for the tribe Patrick Davis with the Indians rated prospect Austin Martin still blue jays addition in this said Luan Diaz and a Nolan Jones at the very end and the Austin Martin will go to Toronto Steve Wright with the blue jays there you go gang thanks very much for getting into pick a team eight keep your eye out for more on Jaspie's case breaks calm here's a quick little autograph for you guys turn out to be pretty solid case here half case Alex Kierlov Christian Javier you know more home Dalbeck Trevor Rogers right got some nice color here Wanderfranco rated prospect hollow Cabrion Hayes autograph Nico Horner Mount Castle Paredes knee and Anderson pretty solid stuff thanks for breaking with us I'm Joe I'll see you next time for the next break


How to pay your fees offline? Go to web browser and type www.thatsacollege.org It will lead to our college website. On the top right of the screen, click on pay fees option. Now select your branch and type your college email address and type the capture provided in the image and click on search. Select the fee you wish to pay and click continue and pay. Click on download challenge and type on cash challenge. Select challenge and then cash and proceed to pay. Your challenge will be downloaded automatically. Using the printout, visit your nearest HDFC bank branch and pay your fees.


I found this job in 1970. 49 yrs. I've been on television in each home. Newspapers, radio stations were good to me. I'm 71 now, family are trying to get me to retire. I love the work so much so I can't stop. I tried to retire a couple of years ago, it didn't last long, I was soon bored. So I'm going to sing a Tony Williams. Rose can I share her head? Thank you. Let's be here for some more. Oh Rose, can I share her head? I'm done cement, I have no place to be. I'm done cement, I have no place to be. I'm done cement. Thank you.


Hey, John Crestani here. And I'm going to go over 10 small changes that you can make in your life to dramatically improve it. These are all changes that I made in my life. None of them takes too much time to do. They're actually all fairly, fairly short amounts of time. And they will have a dramatic impact in helping you become more financially successful, having better relationships, and just in general, feeling better about yourself. Let's get into it. So, 10 small changes to improve your life. I'm going to start off with a big number one. Now, I know a lot of you folks are probably watching this video right now on your smartphone. And I totally recognize that. But my suggestion is actually getting rid of your smartphone. I ditched my smartphone about 2 years ago. And it has helped my focus dramatically and has improved the quality of my relationships. And it's helped me make a lot more money in my business because instead of reacting to other people and reacting to other influences that are going on around me with beeps and boops and rings and buzzes and light flashes, that I am able to focus on what I want to do and what I want to make my life. Again, not going to go too deep into that. But let's go on to the small change number two. Now, small change to improve your life number two is drop out of school, okay? School is expensive. It is time consuming and you don't need it unless you're going to be a lawyer and engineer or a doctor. And that's 3% or less of you. If you're going to be an engineer, doctor or lawyer, let me know down in the description. If you want to learn business, if you want to go in a career other than those, there's a lot better ways, a lot more cost-effective ways to learn whatever business you want to get into. And also school just takes up so much time and you don't need it. If you want to learn anything, it's all available on YouTube. It's insane. Anything you want to do is at your fingertips. School I really look at is just a crutch for folks who are not self-motivated, who want to meet people that are around their same age. And that's great. If you're in a place or a position in life, you have rich parents who will pay everything and you don't really have a goal or a motive. I mean, school's a great place to meet people and to party, but if you want to learn, if you want to make money, if you want to design your life the way you think it should be lived, it's just not necessary anymore, folks. Small change number three is quit your job. If it is not serving you, quit your job or make a decision to quit your job. Now I know this may not sound like a small change, but it's really a mental thing. It's really a decision that you will make. I remember years ago, about 10 years ago now, I decided to quit my job. And again, it was a decision. And it was a decision that I owned fully.  And what I realized is I could make a lot of money on the internet and I started side hustles. I started taking them seriously because I took my decision to quit my job seriously.  Find a way to make income for yourself out. No, out here in America, there are more jobs than there are people. And the reason for that is is many folks just don't wanna work or they're learning to work for themselves. And it's a huge revolution that's going on. I encourage you to take part. And one of the best ways to earn an income if you're looking to create a side income is check out my software that we've built for anyone to become a local marketing consultant and start their own local marketing agency. Link is in the description. Small change number four. Again, this is a decision. This is a big decision, but it's a small change and it's removing all judgment from your life, okay? You don't need it. It doesn't serve you. It doesn't help anyone.  It doesn't matter. They have purple hair. They have green hair. They have blonde hair. They have a weird haircut. They're wearing weird clothing. They're saying things that are too direct. They're saying things that are too indirect. Forget it all. It doesn't matter. It doesn't matter. If somebody makes you angry, that it's not their fault, it's your fault. If somebody makes you sad, it's not their fault, it's your fault. Removing judgment lowers that anxiety. It lowers the fear. It lowers the aggravation. It lowers the depression. All of these things come from judging others and judging yourself. And in the words of another YouTuber I follow, Beahezza, it is what it is. And if you're dedicating to make these changes, type in, I am removing judgment or type in, I am ditching my smartphone or whatever that is in the comments below. I'd love to know which changes you're interested in making in your life. Let's go to number five now. Number five, again, this doesn't take long folks. I know you're thinking, this is gonna take forever. Books are boring. Yeah, you heard it. Number five is read a book. And here's a book I just read. It's called Turning the Flywheel by Jim Collins. This book, it's short. Look how thin this is. This book is, what is this? 36 pages, not a very long book, but an incredibly profound book. And it's the distillation of a very successful man's journey in creating marketing and software products that take off on their own. And this is the distillation of 10,000 hours of knowledge into a book that took me 30 to 40 minutes to read. Books are the most efficient form of ingesting knowledge by far, by a large margin. Now, the typical YouTube video, it may take folks maybe a couple hours to make and then it's distilled into a shorter video. Books are edited, they're re-edited, every word is thought over. And when you find a good book, you're getting the summation of that person's entire experience of life in that area.  It's like giving your wife, asking a woman to marry you and giving her a lump of coal versus giving her a diamond, right? A diamond is just a refined form of coal. You want to get the diamond. And books are the diamonds. They're the most efficient way of getting information by far. Read a book. Now, small change number six is listen to live music.  Music is one of the oldest forms of communication. It might be the oldest form of communication. And it's a worldwide universal form of communication. What I found in my travels around over 50 countries is that there's two universal languages. One is music. It doesn't matter what language you're singing or what instrument you're playing. You can make friends in any country in North America and South America and Asia and Africa and Europe, if you play music or if you're around music, if you're enjoying music. And the second form of communication is soccer. Shout out to LAFC, I'm a, I love playing soccer and met a lot of friends around the world doing that. Little change number seven is a fun one. And this is something I did back when I was in college and it is test driving a car that you can't afford. Why? Why test drive a car? Well, first off, it's just fun. Second off, people don't know what, people don't know experiences that they don't have.  There's no better way to visualize your goals, to visualize your dreams than actually experiencing them. When you test drive a car, you can't afford with which dealerships are happy to let you do if you're considering purchasing it. It's an amazing feeling. Going a hundred miles an hour on a test drive in a Lamborghini, which is another thing I did in college, made me realize, wow, being rich will be freaking great. Being rich will be amazing. I'll be the king of the world. So I was driving Lamborghinis before I had a dollar when I was in debt in college because I wanted to feel it. I wanted to experience it and that experience helped pull me forward into the life that I am living right now. You gonna do it? What are you gonna test drive? Let me know in the comments. Now I know what you might be thinking.  Why do I have to do this? This won't really improve my life, will it? It'll feel a little uncomfortable, but try it out. And suggestion number eight is sing and dance. I know that seems like a, maybe an awkward change, it's a small change, but singing and dancing, allowing your voice to just have fun, singing along to your favorite songs, or just dancing around to whatever music you like. I know that seems awkward, but it's great. Singing is one of the easiest ways to release endorphins.  I'm not the type of guy who would just bust out dancing in random places, but in order to maintain our mental and emotional stability, we need to do things that lift us up. We need to do things that get us moving. I do a lot of yard work too. I love gardening. I know that may not seem like the person to do that, but doing all of this movement and even just harmonizing or whatever with your voice is fantastic. I sing a lot to my girls. I have two young girls, one is two, one is four. And this is just, this really helped me out at a time last year actually during the pandemic, that whole crazy thing. I don't, I still don't know what actually went on if you guys have ideas. I love to hear your thoughts, but basically we were cooped up. We were super locked down here in California. They didn't want anybody going out. My families, my family was all super anxious about what was going on, didn't want to leave the house. So I just decided, hey, if I'm not going to see any live music, I'm just going to play some concerts at home.  And that helped my emotional and mental stability so that I could always be driving forward and making money in my business and staying focused. Small change number nine is do something out of your comfort zone. Now, a couple of these things may have been out of your comfort zone. Maybe all of them are out of your comfort zone, but getting out of your comfort zone is good. Getting out of your comfort zone is frustrating. Getting out of your comfort zone is aggravating. Getting out of your comfort zone is confusing. And it's meant to be. That's what growth is. Growth is frustrating. It's aggravating. It's confusing. It's saddening. It's all of these things. Because again, if you're trying to change, if you're trying to grow yourself, you are getting out of your comfort zone. You're doing things you don't normally do. If you want it, if you, if doing the same stuff you always do and always did got you to life where you want to be, that's great. But you got to change something. If you want to change something, if you know what I mean, right? And change can be hard. So I've exercised this muscle throughout my life, okay? Dropping out of school, way out of my comfort zone. Quitting my job, way out of my comfort zone. Starting a business, way out of my comfort zone. Starting marketing campaigns and failing campaign after campaign after campaign after campaign. Just failing over and over in my business. Again, horribly aggravating out of my comfort zone. But all of these things, all of these decisions that have made me who I am today have allowed me to exercise the muscle of free will. They've allowed me to exercise that muscle so I start moving towards my goals and my dreams rather than staying in my little box, my little salary, my little corporate ladder, my little, you know, horrible, you know, whatever relationship patterns that I had been in. All of these things, these muscles of uncomfortability have allowed me to live a life where I'm living on my own terms. Are you? And the last suggestion, the best one yet is subscribe to my channel. Smash that subscribe button, also spank that like button and leave me a comment about what small change you found to be the most impactful for yourself or which small change you are dedicated to doing. Again, subscribing to my channel is probably up there for most of you folks. And the reason why is because I release videos on business, on mindset, on marketing, on income ways, ways to generate income through both on, you know, using the internet and also through investing. I've been able to make millions and millions of dollars per year in my business and I'm devoted to sharing some of that knowledge with, you know, really anyone I can hear. If you wanna read more about my story, check out my channel, looking forward to seeing you in a future video. Thanks for watching. Goodbye for now.


Thanks, William. It's great to be here. Welcome everybody to the this side event. That's already been described So I want to repeat that in the interest of time It's really great to be here in a cop in an Amazon country Even if we technically are in the desert right now, but it's it really provides a new perspective on the efforts that we are all going into The along the efforts that are behind this side event I want to speak a little bit from seafor's end of the spectrum that of course seafor has been involved in for a very long time Since red's inception seven years ago and always provided This is long before my time so I can't take all much credit for it But provided a lot of new insights at at the cop meetings ever since this year. We are Focusing on two things one is the subnational initiatives, which is pretty much represented in this side event and the other is safeguard information systems Which will be dealt with in sessions in the global landscapes forum over the weekend So on subnational initiatives, it really provides us with a whole new perspective on the red effort And I think this is really really interesting and useful It really provides the conditions and the context on the ground that we are actually operating in and also provides the Conditions and the context of the policy actions that we need to deploy So this is really where the rubber is hitting the road. I'm really interested to hear from from the panelists on On their experiences here and also Of course, one of the backgrounds is the launch of seafor's book this year It's good carbon storage It contains 23 case studies of subnational initiatives. It's really interesting reading It really provides a lot of insights and of course William will present much more in detail what this is all about In the introduction of this book it says Among other things that subnational initiatives are the laboratory in which the red experiment is being conducted I think that's a very nice link to the science and research that needs to go underpin the red effort And and as as William already said is red going in the right direction There are some challenges sure, but I think there is a great deal of reasons for optimism as well clearly the the payment part and the money part of red is is Crucial, but I think the studies on subnational initiatives reveals a whole range of other Issues and outcomes that are necessary. So so we were finding a much more interesting combination of issues Clearly the variation is great as William mentioned already We need to embrace that variation when we deploy red in different parts of the world. So I Guess my main point here is that we need to see red in context to a much higher degree than perhaps we did initially Red in context meaning read in the context of realities on the ground and embrace the variation on the complexities complexities on the ground and in my view if I can do some marketing here I think this comes pretty close to the ideas on the landscapes approach that we're going to debate over the weekend It's really a lot of things going on on the ground and red is one of them I'm sure we can I'm convinced that we can deliver on the red priority within all these priorities on on the ground, but We need to figure out the synergies with other objectives other priorities it needs the wisdom that we will hear about in the side event from all the rest of the speakers and I Think that we can zoom out and put the red context in F in in context And that's really what this item is all about. Thank you very much and welcome again