Hello people of the internet, my name is Johnny and welcome back to Jollibee's Phase 2. Night 5. Here we go. Um, as you could have probably seen, I didn't max out everything. Simply because I fricking forgot to. I literally, right before I pressed start recording, I did one shift of box checking where I got 500 and I upgraded the audio once. Now, I'm not sure if we're going to need everything that I just purchased, and by everything I just purchased, I mean just that audio upgrade. I think we should be fine, because the only difference here from last night is... I think it was Hetty that wasn't here last night. Excuse me, I'm all I just ate. Um, so we should be all set. Theoretically, right? Am I wrong? Oh, that's D. That's D. And people on the conveyors. That's exactly what I want to see. I don't know, we'll hack someone. I'm not sure who is coming this way. Yeah, that's all I had to say. Who is anyone close? Tourleys here. Here we go. This is kind of a boring section. You don't see me. I'm not over there. I don't know why you stop. I think she's going to go back one more time. Oh no, no, she will leave, she will leave. Interesting, interesting, interesting. No one's here, so let's just... Audio, why not?  Thinking about it, because honestly, I don't like upgrading the audio. I've said that since basically the very beginning. Hello. I don't like it. I straight up don't like it. Okay, so I know they left, so I'm gonna hack YUM. Let's get this going. I'm kind of scared for someone else though. What did I say? She's not really moving that fast. And why do I hear some breathing? Oh, that's me. Oh my god. Oh, I thought that meant they left. God, game, you're confusing me. You can't do that.  I'm not sure how difficult this is gonna be this night. Actually, Jollibee was... no, we're close to us. Hello, you're back again. I'm trying to trick them like I did last episode. Right, I make them start on one side, and then I quickly go over to the other. Didn't really work out, but they haven't spotted me yet, which is good.  I'm not sure how long you have to wait after they get out from under the desk to pop back up. Shouldn't be too long. And apparently YUM was actually pretty close. Let me turn this off. Jollibee, I'm pretty sure you just showed up. I'm pretty sure I flashed. He wasn't there. I flashed that side again, and he was there. Also, he went to that side twice, and he is moving real fast. But not fast enough. I'll tell you that. Okay, good, good, good. Anyone else?  It's popping. Okay, let's get out. Let's get out. Let's hack YUM. I just hacked him.  Okay, so that means he's probably around.  I kind of want to wait. I didn't have to. That means that this is gonna go offline again. Right? I'm pretty sure that's what it means. You're not seeing me. Uh, I don't know. She might have seen me. I don't really know what I'm supposed to do in that situation, though. That's kind of unfair that she can stop in the middle. Okay, hopefully that means she's gone, but I feel like that was pretty short. I might be dead, yeah. Uh, I feel like this is a little unfair that she can stop in the middle, but I don't know. First death, first death. That's number one for the game, me zero. Okay, I could put the audio lower up in the corner, like the uh, like the cheaters, but I want to give this at least a couple of attempts before we start hacking the game. You know what I'm getting on the conveyor belt, which I don't like, so I'm gonna quickly hopefully get them off it. I don't know if I can do that. Well, it's still running. I don't think that'll work. I don't know. Just a thought. Let's go back onto here. Oh, someone's here. Hey, great. Uh, cameras, anyone close? Popo got sent back. Yes, of course they did. Uh, okay, good. B, it's going to motion detect. Someone actually is here. Hey, that should send him out. Motion detect again. Someone's on a conveyor. That's a way to bed. Actually, I didn't think so. Did not think so. You can, and I've done this so many times throughout these videos, but I just like going under the desk whenever, especially when I don't have my flashlight. B, did ya? I'm not there. I'm not there. As a matter of fact, I'm not there.  Would die. That's fine. That's fine too.  Uh, don't make me, don't make me cheat, game, because I can. I know how to. I do have to max out my audio. I'll do that though, and I will cheat.  I literally dodged her. Ah, they're back on the conveyor. Damn it. Just throw it up there. I don't know if it gets them off, but I'm gonna keep shipping out the boxes. Okay, hey. You're fine. You're gone. That's what we like around these, wait, just a second. I feel like someone else's. Nope, I'm going crazy. That's at 97. That doesn't need to be rebooted. No one's even here. Great. Uh, let's go back to motion attack, because why not? Someone's close. You always hate that. Oh, they're here. Who is it? It's yum. Let's try and hack someone, why not? Uh, totally, because you're broken, I guess. I don't know why they killed me that last time.  Head to you, why not? Just throw everyone out the window. Um, Jollibee, I can't actually, his eyes don't light up. They don't illuminate when I'm looking at them on the camera, so you really gotta stay clear of him. Um, and I might try and just get him out of here. I feel like someone's going to be popping by. What's popping? Uh, yeah, that's what I thought. I might reboot the hack. I don't know what it's at, 93. Don't need to, but I might have to save for them, sorry. Uh, I don't have my light back. I'm going to wait. No one. Always good, always good, motion attacked. Uh, people on conveyors, that's never good. The good thing about the conveyors, actually, is that I can constantly see them moving. Who is that? Uh, they just went right into the office. Hey, he's gone. Someone else is here. Oh, totally brilliant. My favorite. Get over here. You don't see me.  She shouldn't see me. I don't know. If I die, that's dumb.  No, okay, good. You really would have made me mad, game. Why'd I do that? She was just here. Jesus. What's wrong with me? Someone's here. Yum. All right, he should be here now. It's insane how quick they can get to you. Why is that at 98? I've been using that so much. I don't know. I might wait for, I didn't have to. Someone's come in. Someone's here. I missed who that was. That was Popo. That's why the cameras are useful, boys. Someone's on the conveyor again. It's annoying. Flashlight. No one. Uh, someone is here though. And they hopped straight into the way. Yeah, it's yum. Good. Anyone? Was someone else there? No one else was there. That's good. Audio, I guess. I don't know. I kind of want to check the window again before I go back into the monitor for some reason. No, I did not. I did not have to. The someone's on the conveyor. Who is that? Someone's gotta be close. It's been a little bit. I might have missed someone if they won the... Okay, someone's here. Okay. Hetty. Don't get me. That didn't get me. I feel like if they got me, they would have ended their animation by now, so I'm guessing I'm safe. And that means they're gone. Yum's here. So you know what that means? We're hacking fuckin' Popo away. Window. I fuckin' knew it. You slimey. You didn't see me! You can stop all you want, but I know for a fact you did not see me.  Okay, I don't know. Probably should have gotten rid of... Damn it. Should have gotten rid of Jolly. Oh well, welcome. Hey man. It wouldn't have done anything, because he's here. I was about to say one, that's it. He's good. I think we're in the 40s for boxes, which, hey, I felt like I missed someone. Hey. Okay, I feel like what are we at? Oh, that means Popo's here. No? I guess not. Popo, go the fu- Sometimes I actually hate the hacking thing. Anyway, no, no one. Sometimes I just straight up hate it. God, I feel like I'm being goofed. I feel like I'm getting goofed when I am not hacked at the away. I don't know, I just picked someone randomly, and I feel like they haven't- Oh, missed that. Missed that. Luckily, you can stop it and correct yourself. Someone's here. Doubt it's Popo. I knew it, because I just finished hacking them, I think. Uh, I think this is why you gotta keep- This is why you gotta remember what you do, because I just got yum. I believe I just hacked Popo, which means it's someone under the desk. D, and someone's on their way. Fan, fricking task. No one's here, no one's here. Uh, that's what I thought. You were the one on the camera. People are real close. This ain't good.  Hey, so that means the next person is probably going to be someone under a desk. I, fricking, am missing everything. Hi, you always show up. Last flash I do. Ah, he's fun. Jolly's fun. It's just been him as well. He does about three, right? I think that sound, like the weird distortion sound, means that they've, they've left. Hetty, I feel like I didn't get rid of you. Oh, no, I didn't, because you're probably around here somewhere. Uh, what about Tworley then?   Had that feeling. Had that feeling.  Fan, fricking, task. Just got rid of Popo, just got rid of Yum. Okay. God, fricking, damn it. Someone's on a conveyor. Someone's here. You just got rid of you. That's real odd. Motion detect. Okay. Again, it's better to be safe than sorry. No one's there. People are on conveyor belts. Get back in the monitor. Jesus Christ. What do you think I just want to like admire the button to open the monitor? Uh, sure, 95. Why not? I think we're close to the 60s under the desk. No one's here. Been a while since I've gotten any desk people. Uh, oh no, but they're just gonna stop by. Hey. Like my fricking house is open to the public. I'm not over there. I was. I'm not anymore. I'm sorry. Um, what was that noise? Cameras, I'm very scared because I feel like I've missed someone important, but there's not much I can do. Kind of just hope. Oh, someone's here though. Uh, let's see. Just got rid of Yum, just got rid of Popo. It's going to be someone under the desk. 96, I don't know if it's just going to increase the difficulty if there, or if there is actually a new character. I don't know what that long noise is. Hi, that's an E. That's an E. Ooh. I nearly fricking missed that. That's a D. That means someone. I guess not. Uh, sure. I think Popo and Yum are here, which is fricking fan, fricking Tastic. I can't hack them away.  Hi, welcome. Someone here again.  I did not mean to do that. God. Oh my god. Hi, welcome. I don't know how I'm not dead. I will be honest. I messed up there. I messed up. I messed up. Hetty's here. Why are you not coming in?  Oh my god. Is that it? That's it. Hi, god. Go under. Not there. I literally cannot even see you. You are so far away from me. Good. Good. God. Go away. Like please. God, why are you not coming in? You always get me paranoid when you don't just. Hi. Motion detect, why not? I'm kind of desperate to see Popo. Fuckin' lie. God, where is... Oh god, don't. Don't. You're making me worried game. Thank you. I was getting scared. I didn't know where they were. Who's here? Hetty is in the building. It's easy to bait Hetty. Jollibee as well. Totally can be difficult because they can spawn in the middle and search for you in the middle.  So I can't complain too much. Ivan is a god for blessing us with that nerf. Hi. I think someone else is close too.  You're goofing me game. You're goofing me. Let's get the motion detect out. Someone's on their way. Should be in the camera soon. Hi, that's who it was. So that means the next person to appear is going to be a desk. Okay.  You were supposed to come in before Popo. I'm having a lot of fun.  You went to a different camera just to try and trick me. I'm telling you man, AI, it's crazy. Someone was in the... It was yum. Key word there was yum. I really don't trust that other side of the window because I did not flash that. My god. They want to annoy me. They want to make me mad. This is why you need to think. I had that feeling. I had that sneaky suspicion that someone was hiding on the other side of the window. Hi, Popo. Hi, Popo.  Oh, hi, Jolly. Hey, man. Hey, man. Hey, what's going to beat? That's it. Yum. Nope. You're so annoying. You spawn in the middle. You go one way and then you go the other way. Tor is the one that makes me mad most, especially because of those previous like two tries. That should be it. Unless Yum's here.  I don't know why I said that. People feel way too far away. That's what I thought. Who is it? Oh, it's Yum. Don't trust that other side of the building. So a window, not building. We're going to hop under for a little bit. No one. Was it Popo? No. It was no one. It was legit no one. Unless. No. Okay. Yep. Okay. Hey. Hey. Yeah, you're Popo though. Don't trust that other side. We're good. We're good. We're good. I'm going to wait.  That's why you wait. You be patient. This is a, this is a waiting game. Quite a lot like fishing. You gotta wait. And I'm baiting them too. So it really is like fishing. Hi. Hey. Hello. I'm just trying to make friends with them now. I'm going to wait again. I'm going to wait again. I'm going to wait till I have things under control in my office.  Have control over my office and then we hop into the cameras. Also, I hope you guys don't mind just how tiny cuts there are going to be. Like, there's going to be no editing here because we're getting this done in like, oh, one take. We should be done. Uh, this should be the last box right here. This D should be safe.  I don't know who that was, but I would have been mad. It was not that bad. Again, kind of like a like four. It's really not that bad. Oh, I'm getting to take this certificate of incompletion as you have not yet obtained all of the possible upgrades and decorations that this facility has to offer to get to it. That's from Jolly's. Mr. Johnson. This is from the trailer. And I freaking loved it. Not this, but there's that voice. Oh, hello. Is that it? Is that it? That's that's it. Oh my God. What a way to end. What a way to end. So those characters that were on the screen were from the Jolly's games. Kevin Johnson. I'm not quite sure who that is. I don't fully know the lore of the Jolly's franchise. So yeah. But I know those characters. Oh, Mickey worked on this night. But I do know those characters were from Jolly's. George. Huh. Terminal. This was nice. I don't know why we had so much trouble with night three. Yeah. I don't know why. Really. Hey, man. This was a great game. Besides the difficult, difficult episode three for some reason. This was good. So I'm guessing there are more sort of custom God. Of course, there's a custom night. God, do we really have to do the custom night? Maybe a stream. Oh, so we have Popo here. Yum. Twally. Hetty. God, I don't like Hetty. Jolly B. And then we have all of them. Interesting. Oh, jumpscares. All right. Jumpscare warning. Oh, there's no audio. That's nice. This is going to be good for some days. God, all of these models are so creepy, especially Jolly's. Behind the scenes. Let's look at this. Oh, so I think this was the original model. And then this is the phase two one. Oh, and then that's the real life yum from the actual restaurant. Twally Hetty. That's so creepy. Limeless Hetty. That's creepy. Oh, I want that to be a meme. Oh, God. It's just so creepy. Oh, oh, no. Oh, no. Credits. I think we've seen these and then the ending. Interesting. So the custom night. I'm just exploring now. So it is just the five. Oh, do we have to do it? Luckily, there's no leaderboard anymore, because oh my God, I do not. I remember fighting to get on the leaderboard and that was just real painful. We'll probably do this in a stream. I don't think it'll be that bad. I mean, really, we didn't have any real problems. Is there a night six? Wait, that's something to check. There was no night six. Okay, so let's finish upgrading. All we have to finish is the reboot. And then also, everything in the office. But I think that I'll wait till the freaking live stream for custom night. I don't know if there are more certificates. There's probably one for beating 520. Yeah, 520. That's probably like the ultimate completion. And then there's probably knowing these FNAF fan games. There's probably some more secret ending that I'm not sure how to get. So yeah, I did not think we were going to finish it in this video. I thought it was going to have a night six. I had a feeling I was going to have a custom night because no fan game can go without one. But I did not think that it was going to end right here. This was good. Like I said, besides the bumpy episode three, I did really enjoy this. I think the note that it got the other day was very necessary. And I left this in a comment from a, I'm pretty sure it was Flame Dragon. But a lot of people that have been playing this game, and by a lot of people I just mean the community around it, I feel like we're mainly focusing on the difficulty of the game and not so much about the game itself and the lower it has around the franchise. Like I said, I don't know too much about the lower, but I did recognize those characters. So maybe we can play Jolly's in the in the future because there's like two or three of those games. So yeah, I feel like this nerf was pretty necessary to just get people back into the game because Fusion and Darko both seem like they didn't really want to continue their series in their previous episode. And also Avid Ryan, he had some difficult times on his first episode. So those were just the people that I used as examples in that comment. But also the community, like I said, have really just been talking about the difficulty, which I'd rather people talk about the game and have the game be easier than have it be really hard and people just not care about the game and talk about the difficulty. But that is my, I still feel like transportation and printing need to be made easier. Box checking stores, that glitch which should probably get patched. It's nice, but it really should probably get patched in the next update. So yeah, this is it for Jolly Beasts, a nice five part series, including Custom Night, which is probably going to be a stream coming later this week, maybe. So thanks for watching and I'll see you all on the flip side. What an ending. Goodbye.


And now to our US State where the government has shown its confidence in the 2024 proposed budget, saying it has what it takes to cushion the effect of inflation and sustain the economy of the state. Our correspondent John Alaby reports that the confidence was reiterated during a budget breakdown and analysis in Ibadon. Commissioner for Budget Professor Babatunde noted that the 2024 proposal of 434 billionare or better the lot of the state economically as what remains in the impute of both the citizens, government officials and civil society organizations. of total budget. Why the government is going to be talking about is because we have to make certain provisions. The way it can work is that it is going to spin over to the next year, the first month of this year. And also the provisions that in case minimum wage change and they need to make sure they do what they want to do, we need to make the provision. Meanwhile, the professor of economics said with the 2024 proposed budget there will be no industrial strikes through the cooperation of the civil servant while the state will ensure every taxable entity in persons and organizations are modestly administered. We are trying to measure that between as much taxable entities as possible into the tax net. We are trying to work with the cages, through public financial management forms, and try to enhance the collection framework using the motion of Publication and Technology. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hello everyone. First I'd like to thank Professor Joe for inviting for this exciting workshop. Actually today I prepared the two talks but the first part will be about the molecular mechanism to filter a spathier temper noise inside of the cell. I usually study some rhythm in our body so called circadian rhythm. So circadian comes from the Latin which means about a day. So 24-hour rhythm in your body is called circadian rhythm. For instance your sleep makeup cycle is one part of the circadian rhythm. So how this 24-hour rhythms are generated in our body is via transcription and translation or negative feedback loop. So there is so-called period gene. When co-op email protein, activated protein bind to this period gene, period gene is activated so that it trigger the expression of the period mRNA and then they are translated to the protein at the cytoplasm. So this happened about for 12 hours so that around the 12 hour you can see that period level is keep increasing, increasing, increasing, increasing. And then after 12 hours they enter to the nucleus where they inhibit the clock and email so that transcription is now stopped. So that increasing of this period is now stopped and then now they are degrading, degrading, degrading for 12 hours. And when it becomes now 24-hour all the period protein is now disappear in the cell so that that inhibition is also now released so that now we can reproduce the period protein for 12 hours and then decay for 12 hours. That happens every day in your brain basically. That's the key mechanism for generating 24-hour rhythms in our body. And then this mechanism has been identified by these three American researchers and who got Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for this negative feedback loop of the circadian clock. So this is a really well characterized mechanism in biology but somehow when I read this thing I felt that this is too ideal because to generate this 24-hour rhythm this period protein need to enter the nucleus at the same time every day, right? Every after 12 hour they enter to the nucleus and shut down the transcription. But cell is not empty space. It's a super complex space. But how the thousands of the molecules enter, travel this complex environment and enter to the nucleus at the same time every day. Is it possible? Actually not easy, right? So to investigate this question basically what this means here is a New York map. Let's say different people leave at starting their travel at a different position but they travel through this old track picked jammed Manhattan road and then they enter, arrive at the center of the Manhattan at the same time every day to think it's possible. It's not an easy problem, right? So to investigate this basically what we did is we tacked the GFP protein into per molecule and we tracked the movement of this per molecule inside the cell. And then what we found is, so this is a nucleus, what we found is of course their arrival time is different. Some protein of course arrive earlier than others but surprising thing is you can see this ring structure that means they do not enter to the nucleus immediately. They are keep waiting their friends. They are keep waiting waiting waiting their friends and then when all of their friends arrive they enter to the nucleus together. Okay so they make whole this ring structure and then suddenly they enter to the whole nucleus together. So I was curious where this friendship between the molecules come from? So where this collective behavior of the molecules comes from? That's my question. So that for this we use the mathematical modeling approach. So first we use that Asian based modeling approach. So basically transcription occurs inside the nucleus and then they are translated into the at the cytoplasm and then they travel and then they enter to the nucleus and cross the inhibited transcription. That's that negative. But with the known current knowledge what we found is of course when certain protein arrive earlier to the nucleus they just getting to the nucleus earlier. There was no collective behavior. That means there is something missing in that negative period loop. So and first what it is known is when this period protein enter to the nucleus they should be phosphorylated. That's already known at the multiple site and then a couple years ago we found that with the Duke NUS group this phosphorylation occurs in a cooperative manner. What I mean the corporate manner is first the phosphorylation is very very slow but as long as that slow phosphorylation occurs the follower phosphorylation is very fast. So first phosphorylation trigger the neighboring phosphorylation. So with this cooperative phosphorylation what we found is we can make the switch. So what I mean the switch is let's imagine here is a cell and then let's make a very small circle in this cell. Then we can measure the local concentration of the purporting right. So here y x-axis mean is local concentration in this small circle in the cell. Okay and then y-axis is in this small circle what is the fraction of the purporting which is phosphorylated. So what means all of them are phosphorylated. So what we find is when local concentration is low majority of them are in the unfathombrated status. You can see that unfathombrated status it's maintained maintained but the local concentration is passing to certain thresholds suddenly we found that all these unfathombrated proteins are suddenly switched to the whole phosphorylated status. So really the collective behavior was possible in the locally. So when we merge this we call this is phosphor switch because this is off and on of the phosphorylation. When we merge it to that previous agent based model now we can finally see the friendship among the molecule. So here what I draw is here orange dot is unfathombrated protein and purple dot is phosphorylated protein so that they can enter to the nucleus. You can see that at the beginning they are accumulated accumulated at the perinucleus but around that time the concentration of this per molecule is not high enough. So that's why they are in the orange status. So that's why there are very few of them can enter the nucleus but more protein is accumulated so that finally they passing to this threshold now they they are suddenly switched to this purple phosphorylated protein and then they can enter to the nucleus all together. So this is a key of that collective behavior. Then how to prevent or interfere this collective behavior is one way is introduce the obstacle. So this is let's say normal level of the crowdiness of the cell this gray dot but that's increasing so that cell is more and more crowded. As a result the accumulation of this purple protein at the perinucleus is not occur. As a result you can see that the collective nucleus entry does not occur and this leads to the very weak and unstable circadian rhythm compared to the original circadian rhythm. So this collective nucleus entry is the key to generate the strong circadian rhythm and we wanted to validate this model prediction using experiment so how to make the cell is more overcrowded. One way is using the adipocyte basically we put the more artificial fat inside of the cell we can do it and what you can see is without that there is a normal circadian rhythm but you can see that we put the more fat that inside of cell circadian rhythm becomes very unstable and super long and here is a key experiment. So this is normal mice you can see that they sleep wake up sleep wake up sleep wake up in a very regular pattern but this is when day and night but even we make the dark dark complete darkness you can see that they maintain beautiful sleep wake up cycle but when we make the obesity mice so that cell is more crowded with fat you can see that there is a normal regular sleep wake cycle happen and then what else can make a site our cell is more crowded there are various things asing an autophagymal function and Alzheimer's disease are all known to increasing the cytoplasmic congestion level and we found that in the mice of all these three type of the phenotype have this kind of sleep wake up psychopath and then this was mice and then we studied a clinical study and we found that even in the human obesity human and aging human Alzheimer patient all of them had a sleep cycle problem but problem was we didn't know why but our study suggests that all of them has an unstable sleep wake cycle because their cytoplasmic congestion level is too high so this shows a way how to treat them to reduce to make the restore the regular sleep wake cycle and then so that so that we suggest that this this new concept this cytoplasmic tract pick gem could be the cause of the unstable sleep wake cycle so this could be a new target for the treatment of the unstable sleep cycle so this is my first talk and then let me move to the my second talk so this is about the inferring the network structure from the time-serve data it's a sort of reverse engineering problem and you know cell is complex and actually identifying the interaction between the certain molecule is not easy experiment it took a couple years in the experimental lab but nowadays due to the experimenter advance measuring the concentration change of the specific molecules are way easy to measure so that the natural question is from this time-serve data can we say that these two molecule have any interaction that's a very natural question so for this various inference algorithm has been used and one of the most famous one is like a grandeur causality or convergence cross mapping thing which is based on the predictability concept but the problem is previous previous inference algorithm has some common problem because I'm studying the circadian rhythm so module gene has a 24-hour periodic expressions so when I plug into the 24-hour same period gene expression profile previous inference algorithm stated always yes always the causation he exists because they cannot distinguish the causation and synchrony between the data set so that that means we need a some new method basically we need a some new method based on the unique property of oscillatory dynamics that's what I want to present at the remaining time so let me begin with the very simple and famous example it's a fish human argument model it's a two-dimensional OD model you can see that there are four type of the interaction between the V variable and W variable so for instance W positive will regulate the V because V dot has this positive term so let's assume that we don't know this equation so that we don't know this regulation but we just know their solution by just looking at this solution can we recover this for causation type that's my question so one simple approach is okay W positive regulate the V so maybe we can expect that as W increasing maybe V also increasing that's a one-knife approach but unfortunately that does not work even here W is increasing you can see that V is decreasing so it doesn't work oh right actually W regulate not V it's V dot right so then maybe we can say that as W increasing V that might be increasing right but as W increasing V dot decreasing so that's not also true and the reason is the V dot is not only determined by the W but also determined by the V term right so there's a masking by the V so we cannot use this kind of approach so that means we have to investigate the relationship between W and V we have to remove this masking effect from the V so how to do is very simple when we let's pick up any time point then we can find another time point TV which has the same value at this V right okay then if we compare the W value at T and TV issue the following the W so what I mean is if we look at this two value here W is smaller compared to here that means this thing indicated W dot should be smaller compared to here right so that this can provide some information so based on this we define the regulation detection function which means the relationship between W value and W TV and V dot T and V dot TV so we can imagine that if WT is larger than W TV V that should be larger than V dot TV so that we can imagine that this term should be the always positive and then if we plug in this original OD we can prove that this is true so that throughout all this time cycle we can see that this regulation detection function should be positive so that we define the regulation detection score what this means what is a fraction of this positive area in this example that's a plus one okay so if we extend this idea you can see that here V to the W is negative regulation in this case this regulation detection function is always negative so that detection score is minus one and W to W is self-regulation is negative so that is always negative so it's minus one but what about the V to V it's a mixture of the plus and minus term so that the regulation detection function consists of blue and red parts so that its value is between the minus one and one so this provide a very simple criteria if there is a plus regulation this regulation detection score should be plus one and then minus regulation is minus one and then it's a mixture it's a plus and minus one between value and then we apply our method to this simple experimental data between the pre and pre and pre data population data and here is a calculated regulation detection function P to D if we bring the P to D data the regulation detection function is plus one that makes sense because this is food and this is a data so that should be plus regulation and opposite is minus one and self-regulation is between the minus one and one because current our population has both plus and minus regulation because births rate and death rate depending on current initial population so this indeed algorithm works even in real experimental data so that we want to use for the really influence of the extra network inside of the cell so basically we made a two assumption inside of cell when X protein regulate the Y protein we assume that it's monotonic what I mean is X regulate the Y either in positive or negative way but not the mixture that's one assumption and second I assume the self-regulation is negative the reason is inside of cell protein degradation is proportionate to the current population concentration so that we can assume the self is negative so by merging these two I made a three rules if X to the Y is plus one Y to the Y is negative one so self-regulation is minus then we can say that indeed X to the Y has positive regulation and X to the Y is minus one and Y to the Y is minus one we can say that it's negative regulation but except for these two all other value we can say that there is no causation so let's apply these three rule to the this simulated data set so for instance M to the P the value is 1 and 0.8 so that there is no causation M to PC plus one and minus one so that we can say that there is a positive regulation and then here no causation PC to P positive regulation PC no regulation P to M is negative regulation so we can recover original negative group structure from this time series data so let's apply to more challenging case now we have six time series data and then we calculate all this value for each pair you can see that there are five one and minus one which made this five positive arrow in this diagram and there is a one negative arrow so that we can again recover this original model structure so that based on this we made a package we call IN so inferring oscillatory network ION package and then we apply to the some real data set this is one of the famous synthetic oscillator called refrigerator so their data looks like and then they have this three repression structure and then when we apply our IN into this original data set we were able to recover this negative negative negative structure but when we use that grandeur causality or partial convergence cross mapping most recent inference method you can see that basically all of them are connected so that they fail to recover the original structure and then I tried this one as well I copy the original data set and I shift it so that now there are six time series data so that when we applied our method we were able to get this two independent repression structure but if we use the grandeur causality you can see the basically is say that everything is connected so that's the problem of the user inference method when the oscillatory time series data and then finally we also apply to this only complex system and again oscillatory time series data with our method there are only two regulations to regulation is detected but if we use other previous I would you can see that basically it predicted everything is connected okay so here is a summary what we did is basically when the time series data is given we asked the question whether this kind of ODE exists with the monotone function of F which can reproduce this oscillatory dynamic series if the yes then we say there is a causation if no then we say that there is no causation that's our model based inference algorithm then of course one can ask a question may what if we generalize this model right so that here we only consider that for the wide edge only single input right but there could be multiple input cases for to answer this question we have to use this generalized model and then fortunately my two talented students were success recently successfully extended our approach to this gender most the gender type of ODE so that when we apply this to this time series data you can see that now more complex that truck structure can be inferred and then and good news is now the new method can be applied for even for non-oscillatory time series data so any type of oscillatory any type of time series data can be applied for instance if we apply to this air pollution and cardio patient data in Hong Kong we were able to found that among the air pollution NO2 and this I don't know what it is but this two air pollutions are key for the cardiovascular disease in the Hong Kong population so let me summarize talk first at the first of we are we found that in the circadian clock search certainly some protein arrived to the perinucleus earlier but they are waiting there because they cannot be phosphorylated but they are more accumulated so that the threshold is past then suddenly most of them are phosphorylated and then they can enter to the nucleus and this is the key to generate the strong reading and then filtering the spatio-temporal noise of this arrival times even arrival time is very heterogeneous due to this by stable switch which they can enter the nucleus at the same time that's the first part and the second part we basically from the time series data we asked the question whether there exist a certain smooth model which can reproduce these data based on this question we were develop an inference method for the coding from the X to the Y and we name it as a general model based inference method and so the first circadian clock project is done by the sub to Chae and they were Kim now who is up and new assistant professor at University of Michigan and then the second causation project is done by sale Park and Sungmin Ha and as a professor Joe introduced me I launched this IVS biomedical mathematics group last year it has been an ear it's very new center here basically various background people math people biology and physics and chemistry medicine people work together to solve the biological problem and then actually we are organizing the online colloquium series it's a public event so if you have interest in this system biology or computational biology stuff so you're more than welcome and and if you miss to your the talk we also have a YouTube website you can see the our previous talks so yeah and finally we are hiring the senior researcher and post doctor so if you have interest in this kind of stuff please let me know yeah thank you any question yes and great talk I just have a couple of questions yeah if I took randomly selected intervals mm-hmm out of the time series mm-hmm right and I just treated them as independent variables except I demand the coefficients in the functions mm-hmm are the same between the different time intervals right would I get the same result or not because then I'm not I'm not claiming that I need to use the fact that there is a point at which that right yeah but at the same time kill our new approach okay so in that way we don't need a oscillatory dynamics so I mean that's really what you want right regardless of the time interval it should be the same function right yes yes exactly okay so in that way we don't need that selecting the two time points thing so that can be quite restrictive yes especially especially if it's a noisy system mm-hmm mm-hmm okay second question did you check the how did you quantify the the crowding thing because adipocytes when they get big mm-hmm unfortunately I have a lot of experience studying adipocytes size and and when mice are obese or rats or whatever you want basically adipocytes are very eight typical cells oh yeah yeah oh so I am just curious how you quantified crowding because in an adipocyte that's full basically all the cytoplasm is a tin sheath around a big blob of fat right I see yeah so for the adipocyte experiment at the in vitro experiment because I do was we make the adipocyte is keep increasing so that we are we are pretty sure that as time goes the cell becomes more crowded that was made sure a flea is sure but for the mice case it's just obesity mice so that obesity cell crowd is not just by the adipocyte there could be multiple thing happen but unfortunately there is a no way to actually measure the cytoplasmic congestion level at this point with the current techniques so every reviewer actually ask us can you map can't quantify this this but because fortunately there is no way to measure it at this point yeah no that just imagination yeah okay because the obesity in the actual mice is going to bring along with it all sorts of other complications like local inflammation for instance and so on so I think it would be very hard to distinguish biologically what exactly is going on yes so I have a live question in the end you are studying the dynamical systems and so you are periodistic of your time trajectory I was wondering how long it is and then I was wondering if you see some evidence of chaos in this in your time trajectory have you have you actually tried to look at the one car section something like this the first one or second one in general I mean you in first one second one it doesn't matter actually anyhow studying the dynamical system I'm first thing I want to see is the if you see the some period but it's not perfect yes yes there are some shifts maybe due to the noise but they get the punker section from there so kind of for the simulations today we use the first of perfect oscillatory series but and then we added some noise so that there is some kind of peak-to-peak is changing and amplitudes change but actually the pattern inference pattern doesn't change much even what that happened but for the real data set unfortunately we cannot test that kind of thing because if you look at the real data set it's usually just two or three cycle so there is no such long data series so that we were not able to test that kind of thing but just what we know is not every cycle not exactly same so there is a slight changes yes yes and you also saw that the method can be extended to the K with multiple input but still like how to say just input is a superposition of the total input is a superposition of pair why input can you come in on draw like way on your intuition like if you have high order interaction okay yes yes very good questions so let me begin with the one example for instance let's say where is multiple input cases oh yeah for instance this one this one has a two input right let's begin one input case our first this red a has a one input right then if this one first this one input is true then what happened is if I add additional things we found that our algorithm says always there is a causation to reason is basically we are testing computer yes actually this is a single input cases but let me ask this question you IDT equal to and this is actually yes case and then other variable if really x causing the y if this multi-dimension there are od exist then of course the answer should be yes because all these other variable coefficient could be just to zero right there are these things in between the direct input so yeah so direct input here in direct one because you have a network system so you have a multiple pathway going from one node to the other node so if the method it just like how the method work when you have the when you need to take into account multiple pathway this is a question so regarding that our algorithm distinguished the indirect and direct input it can it in our algorithm indirect causation is not considered as a causation only this algorithm detected direct causation if you now to have a x1 to xn all of them have some influence on y but what can happen is in you you have some kind of high order relationship like x1 multiplied x2 multiplied x3 and the combination of that is also okay because x1 x2 x3 is also part of this model this f can be any general function so it doesn't depend on any specific form of the regulation function as long as it's continuous function okay so that's why we call it a general or the general model based approach rather than specific model based approach so it doesn't depend on it could be heal function or mckelsmann to function polynomial function sign function whatever is okay yeah yeah any other question I want to ask you second talk so for example for oscillatory system I think we need some continuous data and I guess the required time interval for the data would be one period or several periods but however for the non-oscillator system we could not determine how much time required yeah so what is the solution for this okay so for the first part of course we are experimenting the data they are not continuous right so what we did is for this discrete time point we just interpolated and then we treat as just continuous data and then it worked so that's for the first question and for the second question for the oscillation we know that where we finish but for the non-oscillator system of course if we have more more data it's always better so that our second algorithm what is newly added is with the current data can we tell or not there is what first algorithm say that from this data we cannot tell anything so so that we need more data there is a we add that part so that how much data we need to tell the causation or not so for this case is as long as one oscillatory time series data is given we can clearly say yes or no but for the non-oscillator time series data in our new project a new algorithm we add an algorithm say that current data is enough or not first and then we if it's enough then we say yes or no so that algorithm output consists of three yes no not enough data set yeah okay thank you yeah other questions okay fine yeah what happens if there is a time delay yes very good question so that's the big issue currently we assume that the observed time variable at the regulation is immediate but for certain level of the time that it's okay but the problem is if the time delay is super long then our equation is ODE equation right so that we cannot use it so that actually our follow-up project is now we extend this to some DDE equation and then we are trying to figure out this issue yeah thanks for the question yeah so you have another question i like you have a lot of questions okay shall we start here let's thank professor kim


Let me break Broly as we all know a relatively weak character, not the strongest by any stretch of the imagination. Oh no, I actually lost, hold on, the bit can't go on any longer fellas, he's ending the bit fellas, the bit's over, oh no, how's it going everybody? Dots and I hear back with some more Dragon Ball Fighters rank matches, this time playing a team of legendary Super Saiyans including Kefla and both Broly's. And we're leading with Kefla of course because she's fast? Oh no, it didn't work out. I always really just want to, oh you're using Broly's C-Assist, come on, who would ever use DBS Broly's C-Assist other than me because I also got DBS Broly's C-Assist and I'm about to use it to get a really cheap combo.  Oh, you're gonna DP? Well then I'll definitely take this, jumping medium is the one with two hits.  That's not gonna hit, I'm just gonna go into this one, I made a mistake, cost myself a bar, but that's fine, I kind of want Broly to be in that anchor position anyway. Does this guy, don't jump, I'm gonna read that, don't jump! He didn't jump, he punched me in the stomach.  Oh, knock me down but I get up again, oh I'm looking for that Vanna, he held it too long, grab this man, Broly, just doing Broly things, oh the resets, I could have killed the other right there but I just thought, oh I should have, oh nice, nice, I could have killed but I just forgot, I was too happy with what happened. So DBS Broly is going to go down but we are in a very good position to win here, I think we should look out for the tag, I think he wants the tag, go ahead, I won't believe you, no, no, no, he doesn't want a tag, he's brave, okay now he wants, no tag, no problem, Patara, kick this man into the destroyed city, if I gotta be a Patara I'm a player, I'm a played Patara, I got crossed, I got crossed, please don't kill me, Mercy, oh my god, he almost didn't give me mercy, DBS, level three, level three was the only thing with any invincibility we could have gone for there, instead we just have six bars with limit break Broly, let's be honest we probably can't even win here, I mean limit break Broly is actually one of the weaker characters in the game, he's just really weak, he just doesn't have a lot of combos at all, no damage, and that's kind of something you accept when you play DBS Broly, you kind of accept that he doesn't have any damage, but you know that's what you get when you play a good character, oh and the game's over, I didn't even notice, that's what happened, I didn't see, I was playing the, you know, Dragon Ball Z Broly, he's not a good character, he's not a good character, that's all I was saying, I can't keep the bit going, the double level, Broly's a monster bro, they built Broly, I know we say this a lot, but Broly is built differently, he's just assembled, oh my goodness, would have done the super in time, I'm an idiot, I just barely dropped it, oh no my hands are too numb, I went silent dude, I was so focused, I could see the light at the end of the tunnel, and now I'm getting combo'd, alright we gotta get Gojin out here, if we can't get the kill, we at least deserve to, we at least, that was nice, good DP, that was really nice, we at least deserve that blue life right, surely we deserve some blue life, surely I deserve, surely I deserve the blue life, please, Kevlar, no, oh this is my fault, wait, second chance, it's Petora, let's go, I never give up on my dreams, or my friends, oh I gotta give up, I should learn to give up, keep last, keep last, keep last, boom, oh no, oh no, into a seers, that was actually kinda sick, do something then, I bet you wouldn't do that twice, whoa, that was actually clean, damn it, we had such a good lead, we had, it's almost an indescribable lead off that double Sunday combo, but I didn't finish it and lost all my momentum, and mostly I'll just say it confidence in myself, you know, I lost all my confidence, he DP's, that was very risky, but I mean what does he have to lose at this point, he's still a spark, he still has Gojin at full health, oh sit down, come here, let Broly talk to him though, Broly, Broly does kinda wanna talk to these guys, we will say that, we will say Broly does wanna talk to these individuals, Broly does wanna talk to these guys, and you know what, this Broly does too, let me slip into something a little more comfortable, get this armor off of me, scream at him why don't you, you know Broly, alright now we got the character lead, and we have a 10%, well how much is the damage percentage boost, it doesn't matter, I'm sure Broly has a, he's got the damage, nice EX fall, I'll do one myself, you just got all the, you got all the moves, this guy has all the answers and the questions, this guy's a teacher taking his own test dude, he's the author taking his own AR test, now the hard part here is going to be winning with Limit Break Broly, Limit Break Broly as we all know, a relatively weak character, not the strongest by any stretch of the imagination, oh no I actually lost, hold on, the bit can't go on any longer fellas, the bit's over, he's ending the bit, he's ending the bit, he's ending the bit fellas, the bit's over, oh no, good game though, to think we had it all and let it slip away is what hurts the most, that's what hurts the most, oh yeah also I wanted to, sorry to bring it up in the middle of video, but we are so close to 400,000 subscribers and I just wanted to thank you guys for all the support, 400,000 it sounds, that key is incredible, yeah that's pretty much me right now, I just wanted to thank you guys as we approach that goal, I'm trying to do some like you know some big merch things, so like a try something sure, I don't know, there's just ideas, I just wanted to say that, we get back into the beating, but thank you guys so much for almost getting us to that goal, I got two end, okay I got to stop being thankful, I got to stop being thankful, I got to start being good at the game, so let me be good at the game for a second, he's doing supers, I don't know why he's doing supers, this is soft knockdown, oh my god okay I'm gonna use, oh no please, I am nervous dude, I just want one win, get down Kevlar, we almost, I mixed myself there, I wasn't sure where I was, okay he really only has one assist to use here, I don't even think it's a C assist, no it's just an A so he gets sliding, oh I forgot Broly could do that, that scared me, oh the double reflect, this is bad, this is bad, we've gotten real sloppy, we've gotten real sloppy as of late, hold on we got to clean it up, clean it up, clean up the play, all right we're doing a level one here, just to set up this level three, I don't think this level three kills if we're being completely honest, it's not really the goal of it to kill if it kills, that's great, I'll take it dude, I didn't think it was gonna kill but I'll definitely take it, I needed that, woo, I was gonna hope to mix afterwards kill all right let's be safe, he likes the EX option, he didn't use it there, I'm gonna go all in, I'm just screaming, we're just, we're Broly players, you play a team of the legendary Super Saiyans, you're not gonna scream, 2M, why am I, how many, I've dropped that twice today right, just do the normal combo me, all right just go for that, oh my god I wasted my Super Dash, all right we're gonna switch combos then, we're gonna switch, we'll take quarter, oh no, get off me, forgot he had the blink move, sit down, Broly, hit him one more time, okay Gojira, it's not over yet, we gotta focus up, there's six dragon balls and he actually does have quite a considerable amount of bar, he's gonna be rushing us down with his EX moves I believe, I can't believe we dashed into a full auto in neutral, he blocked that, yo this guy's kind of nuts, oh my god that was kind of a sick block, wait Broly's not getting hit by this as well right, okay good, that would have been upsetting and probably game determining, but now we're still in it at least, sit down, I just, I can't get a word in, the sparking Super Dash is so strong, oh no dude, don't level 5 me, oh unless he drops it it's over, oh and it was close, wait, wait, no one's side that was gonna end up on, that was disgusting, the full auto combo into a roll over DP, what the wow, oh my god, wow that was sick, great games, we kind of let ourselves down but wow that was sick, alright we are back with set number two and man I am still thinking about that full light crossover, you know what I also just remembered after I hit cooler, that double Sunday combo we dropped, I am upset still, we're not gonna let it get to us though, we got to focus on, I did just drop a super but that's fine as well, we could just go ahead and do some of this, I didn't do the combo, I should have done it but that's fine, I could still make this work, let's do the super boys, let's get these orbs up and running, how do you, how do you handle it, oh, get in the corner, stay there, don't hit a button against Kefl, don't do it, it's too risky, alright now Kefl is in the driver's seat, man I'm still thinking about that full crossover, it's fine it's just, it's in the past now, how will you block this, it's a trick question, it's to vanish, yeah, why do my guys scream like that, yeah, that might be one of the best boy slides in fighters, oh that is plus, oh that is plus, yo cooler calm down, yo cooler kind of, cooler kind of hitting buns right now, let me hit a few buns myself, one two three four, that's been to win, you know what, let me hit him up with some of these, the orbs, that was not the combo, but that'll work, I mean it'll work, it's just, it's not what I want to see out of Kefl, I got an idea of what I want, well I'm just gonna block, okay, okay I should have, I was really passive there, I should have shown some offense, that's fine though, base Goku combos, Kaioken maybe will kill, didn't want to risk it, I can't say I disagree, I really wanted him in that corner, he got out but not the way I wanted, that's fine, Kefl did a lot of work, we still got some characters that can do, that can, that can still handle this, obviously we got Broly, I'm gonna switch, we'll save Broly for the anchor, if we're going base Goku against Broly, that's just a boss fight at that point, boom, just take a two H there, I dropped it again but that's fine, he didn't tech out of it, oh he's good, he's good, nice reaction, jump, don't hit a button, I want to see something here, oh he did it, oh my good he's just hit a button, do I still have Super Dash, I don't right, it's fine, we'll vanish, we'll vanish, we'll take the vanish, it's time for the Broly mix up, sick with that event though, how sick would that have been if that worked, oh oh oh he's really on me, okay please don't let me lose this dude, he could Kaioken me out right now and I'd panic and lose, I just hope he doesn't know that and I also have enough for a level three, I'm gonna spark right away to be honest, oh my god we got it, okay sometimes Broly all you need to do is be intimidating and that's more than enough, he's more than suited for that, Broly going to take the big first win here, I'd like to make this one a two and out if possible, I need a two and out for the legendary Saiyan team, can we get that rematch, I need that rematch, I'm starting to get worried, 20 seconds is usually the worry point, okay the stamps come out that usually, that's usually the sign, oh hold on he's got me on hold, he's got me on dial up right up, come on man, I don't know why that stamped out of it, speed, nope, oh we got, we both got C.S.'s beams, we all love a good C.S.'s beam every, you got, I didn't know you had two C.S.'s though, I forgot, I forgot what kind of evil I was dealing with here, don't, okay, alright I'll take a 2H, this means that we do have to vanish to get Dragon Rush for sliding but more than okay, I would have loved to keep him in the corner, not gonna lie, would have loved it, he's got combos, he do have combos, down on my look, down on my health as well, two bars does it kill, two bars does it kill, oh my back, at least put me down gently, oh no, okay we went outside, we went, Kevlar went outside on that one but Broly's still here, nice, alright set up the Yoki, bit of set play, I'm gonna go over again, you can't even see, you can't see through the green dude, you just can't see Broly, nope stay in the corner, I put up the barrier again, okay back there, couple of keyblasts, make sure he's being honest, I don't want to see any buttons, no buttons other than Super Dash, alright let's be honest, he does something there, oh I'm mashing on that, you know I gotta mash, you know I gotta treat myself, you gotta be honest with Broly dude, be honest, you gotta be honest with me, Broly's just doing it all dude, Broly is just doing it all right now and it feels great, oh I could have probably killed, oh I did the slow one, I did the slow one, he probably blocks here, I mix him, never mind, what the, what, how did he clash with that, I'm scared now, I was perfectly confident before, freeze the combos, just don't go gold, okay three bars still enough to go gold if you want to, or wake up level, I tried to wake up level three, I might be an idiot for that, oh no, alright end it right here DBS Broly, I hit a button, I hit a button, I hit a button, he's got the disc combos, we've seen it once, I didn't think he'd read guard cancel, wasn't that like my first one all game, I didn't think he'd read it, now it's gotten even closer to before I'm gonna jump, okay, he clearly wants to keep the game at a distance, for the double DR, who would have seen the double DR coming, I should have just mashed, we should have mashed it out, but I felt scared, I didn't want to get caught by the pressure, that was a good game, I didn't want to get caught by the disc again, okay, this time I think what we need to do, honestly, we need non-stop confidence, I want non-stop aggression, just flying at the screen, are we going down to 15 seconds again, what, are we going down to nine seconds, okay, I thought we were getting iced again dude, I need confidence, I need my time, no, no, and no drops dude, no drops, I'm sick of dropping stuff, I dropped that combo, what, I thought for sure that season, oh stop that, poor cooler man, poor cooler, it said we'll get freeze out, that's good, Frieza, Frieza was giving us a lot of problems, cooler, honestly cooler's the least one I'm scared of, base Goku's a little higher on that list, but come here, I'll still deal with, oh, he's still a threat though, he's still a threat, cooler's still a threat, just one that's got to be dealt with, you know, hold on, let me hit him with Keflu's level three real quick, let me teach him a lesson, maybe I should have won with the level one, but I'm gonna go with the full level three, hit him with the beam, alright, what's the mix, I went low, I did go low, I won't lie, alright, we've got a bar, I'm gonna force him, force him to play a mind game here, he didn't think he'd get hit by it, should have just continued the combo that would have been death for cooler, I'm just trying to get a cheap little kill, I'm sparking dude, don't, I'm panicking, that was all panic, it was all panic decisions, I just, when you have that little health, I don't switch out, oh, there's no way that works, I would know about that, okay good, oh come on, oh come on, awkward angles, okay there we go, there we even drop that too, awkward super dash goes DP, he didn't even DP, oh my god, see this is what I meant by confidence, this guy has the confidence right now, the dragon rushes like that, hold on, we gotta put a stop to this, and this is just the character to do it, I'm putting a stop to this tier and he, wait, yep, that's confidence right there, did I mean to do it, no, but did it work, yes, so I'll take it, we take those, a little bit of set play here and there, a little bit of set play, I'm just gonna take a level one, I wasn't in range to do a level one, I am a fool, I should have known that, dude it's just like, what I'm just trying to, oh that should be it, alright just mash, just mash, dude when I'm like in a position to win a game, my mind just like alright, let's get this over with, but we'll take it, we'll take the two wins, losing my mind here, or wait, that went three games right, oh my god what a long video, I completely forgot, hopefully you enjoyed it though, if you did definitely let me know down below and make sure to hit the like button and subscribe if you want to see more videos like this and also check out some more that should be on your screen right now, other than that I've been Datsudoe, thanks again for all the support on the channel, appreciate it so much and I will see you all in the next one.


All right, the recording is on. Welcome back to the second lecture and lecture hour. Now this should be our last lecture hour for this course. We're just interacting and taking any other questions that people would have and we're just discussing and learning through that. So we go in with questions from Samuel and I think Therese. So go ahead, Samuel, please with your question. Thank you, Pastor. So one kind of like criticism or, yeah, so something that I've often seen people point out is on the Old Testament description of God, especially in parts where God orders mass murder and genocide, kind of thing as Israel is marching into the land of Canaan. And also the anger, the wrath, the destruction of the nations, is how would you respond? Samuel, I'm kind of lost to you a little bit in between. So I could hear until the Old Testament description of God, genocide, and all of them I lost a little bit. Would you be able to repeat that? Right, the same thing was like so when people point out the angry God of the Old Testament who orders mass killings, even threatens to wipe out the nation of Israel a couple of times to a point where even Moses intercedes and God changes his mind. So on that aspect of God, that aspect drawing criticisms. So just in terms of our response, a believer's response, especially to that description of God in the Old Testament. So as far as our understanding is, God has not changed. The God of the Old Testament is the same God in the New Testament. And even in the New Testament, most of the New Testament is the four Gospels on the Epistles. But then when you come towards the end of the New Testament, again you see God now who sits as a God of Judges and he's going to judge the entire human race. And he's going to send many who whose names are not written in the Lamb's Book of Life to an eternal destination separated from him in the lake of fire. So again, that's God who judges. So like the Apostle Paul mentions, he says, I think it's in Romans 11, I'll give you the exact words. He talks about the goodness, Romans 11, 22. He talks about the goodness and the severity of God, like the goodness and severity of God. So there's a goodness of God, there's a severity of God. And this is in the Old Testament. There's also the New Testament. God himself hasn't changed. So he's a loving, compassionate God, but he's also a holy, just and righteous God, both in the Old and the New. So God has not changed. As believers, we know God has not changed. Now just that the writings are different in the sense in the New Testament, of course, it's all about the life of Jesus. And it's about the Epistles and helping us understand the cross and how the cross works out in our lives and how we have to live. And so the emphasis is so different. Whereas the Old Testament is leading up to the coming of the Messiah, which is God dealing in a natural way with a nation, positioning them and getting them ready for the coming of the Messiah and to understand what the Messiah will do. So it's a lot of natural journey work that's happening. Unlike the New Testament, which is, I think Samuel has maybe lost his connection. OK, Samuel is still there. OK, we'll just give Samuel a minute. Yes, Pastor, still here. Samuel? OK, OK. Yeah, so the Old Testament was God's dealings with this group of people, bringing them to a place where then the Messiah would come. And so the New Testament is the cross and beyonds. But God himself hasn't changed. Now, in the process of them making the actual physical journey to occupy their land, the land that was promised to them and them taking possession, yes, they have battles to fight other tribes to overcome. Because obviously, another tribe is not going to just vacate because you come here. They're just going to be fighting in possession of territory and so on. And so God is leading his people through those things. And therefore, you see God in the process of leading them. You just see God, for example, Exodus 15, verse 3 says, the Lord is a man of war. The Lord is a warrior. And now that is really jars without thinking because, hey, God is a warrior. How can you say that? But that's one aspect of God. He's Jehovah Nisi. And I think Isaiah 40 to 13 says, the Lord is a man of war. He's a mighty warrior. So all of this in the New Testament, we are told to fight the good fight of faith. So now the realm of our engagement has changed from the natural to the spiritual. But it's still the same God who empowers us in our spiritual battles. So he's still the warrior God, just that the realm of engagement has moved from natural to spiritual. But the same God, the Lord is a man of war. He hasn't changed. He's still the warrior God. He still empowers us in our spiritual battles. So I think when we look at the text in the Old Testament, especially those dealing with fighting, destruction, and so on, I understand it's a natural journey process. People are moving. They have to occupy territory. They have to be positioned where they have to be positioned. And God is taking these people through that. And therefore, there are these engagements. There are these battles. There are in the risk-killing, so on. I think what we can do is to separate that from, that's the natural. The New Testament, we are focusing things on the other side of the cross. God himself has not changed. He is still the loving God, and as well as a just and the righteous God. And so that we look at things from that perspective. Now to respond to somebody who outside, who questions us about that, while we can say the things that what I've said, that God doesn't change, and this is a natural process of moving people into a territory. And that's why these fighting and battles and conquering conquests happen. They may understand it. They may not understand it. But for us personally, at least, it's not a stumbling block. It doesn't change our understanding of who God is. We know there is the goodness and the severity of God. God is compassionate. God is righteous. Yeah, that's how I would look at it. Does that help you, Samuel? I'm not sure. It does, in this person. I had another question, slightly different. But I think in regards to Jews, I've seen a broad spectrum of believers' reactions towards Jews. So on one end, I hate all Jews because they are the ones who crucified Christ to the other side of the spectrum, which is Jews are very special people because they are chosen nation of God. So that being the range, in moderation, how not that we interact with Jews a lot, but when we do. And one is the perspective of how do we view Jews? Because when it comes to looking at people from other religions, like Hindu or Muslim, you can say to a certain extent that they are in darkness and there's idol worship and they've been misleading. But with Jews, I think it's a little complex because in one end, they're still following the Old Testament, which is half the Bible, and worshipping God the Father, that aspect. And also, say, a Jew invites you to observe the Sabbath with him, ask you to participate in the Sabbath, and would you participate in the Sabbath? Like in clothes, even in practice, maybe in theory, we have it all sorted out. But when it comes to interacting with the Jew, it's a little bit longer than it was in the past, so thank you. Yeah, so from a theological perspective, you know, Paul really explains that for us in Romans chapters 9, 10 and 11, and also in 2 Corinthians chapter 3, but mainly in Romans chapters 9, 10, 11. So essentially what Paul is saying is, you know, temporarily, temporarily. So there is no question that the Jews are God's special people. So that's how he begins Romans 9. To them, they're given the covenants, to them, they're given all the promises, and they were the people God chose, et cetera. So they are chosen people, no denying of it. But they have temporarily rejected Christ, so they have rejected Christ. Now, because they want to pursue the law instead of accepting righteousness by faith. That's the end of Romans 9. And so then what Paul tells us in Romans 10 is, but while they're trying to receive righteousness by law, we are receiving righteousness through faith in Christ by believing in him and confessing him, believing in our hearts and confessing with the mouths of Romans 10. And this was something already given in the Old Testament, and God said he would take the gospel to the Gentiles. And then we come to Romans 11, he says so. And in Romans 11, he uses many metaphors, many pictures. And he basically says that, look, there is the original olive tree, which represents Israel. But now God is grafting in the Gentiles. So Romans 11, 25 is probably a verse, Romans 11, 25, which sums up everything. What is he saying? That temporarily God has placed on hold, or temporarily God is focusing on the Gentile world till he brings all the Gentiles in, and then he's going to work salvation among the Jews. So theologically, this is what it is, that they are definitely God's chosen people. But at this moment, it's the period of the gospel, the time of the church, where Romans 11, 25 is at work. God is bringing all the Gentiles in, he's grafting them into the main olive tree, and then he's going to work salvation among the Jews and bring them also to understand the gospel. So that's what God is doing right now. Practically, how do we as believers relate to the Jews? One is, of course, we do recognize they are God's special people, and God has not abandoned them. But the emphasis that we are to place is on the church and not the Jews, because we are part of the church. So our focus is on the church, bringing people to be saved and discipling them, which would include the Jews. So just as we preach the gospel to a Hindu or a Muslim, we preach the gospel to a Jew, invite them to come to faith in Christ. So that's how we interact with the Jew in the terms of the gospel. It's the same that we would with any other unsaved person that is we interact with them as, look, you need to believe in Jesus Christ, because right now that's what God is doing, bringing people to faith in Christ. Thirdly is, should the church embrace the practices of Judaism? Answer is no. That's a big mistake many of the Western church are making. They're just kind of going back into Judaism and talking about believers, the people part of the church, they want to keep all these feasts and they think they're becoming closer to Jesus by practicing Judaism, but that's the actual opposite of the gospel. The gospel is taking people out of those practices into simple faith in Christ. Paul explains in Romans chapter seven, we are dead to the law so that we can be married to Christ. We are dead to the law so that we could serve God in the newness of the spirit. And there are these, this whole movement of Christians back into Judaism, they think they're getting closer to Jesus, but it's not true. Now, so that's something we should avoid, stay in the liberty of the gospel and not get trapped into the keeping of the feasts and things like that. Now, if a Jew were to invite me to come and sit off for a Shabbat or come and observe in a Yom Kippur on the day of atonement or something, I would go for the experience once, just to experience what it is because then it helps us understand the Bible better and understand some of these things better. But I do it just for the experience, not because, and just, it's as a one-time thing, not something that I want to practice in my life for the rest of my life as a Christian. I would definitely step, go there and sit and experience it because it will help us understand things in the Bible better. And from that perspective, I would accommodate that request or even be interested, more of a learning, but not necessarily as a spiritual enhancement or, you know, of course, God can speak to our hearts and give us revelation and understanding through the process, but our focus is on the person of Christ and not on, you know, the practices, these things. I hope that helps. Yeah, it does. Thank you so much, Pastor. For both my questions, you gave me references from Romans, from the Book of Romans, from the Internet, so it just makes me want to go back to Romans and do a more in-depth study, but this helps a lot. Thank you. Thank you. Christopher, you had your hand raised for a long time. The question, please. Yes, Pastor. Thank you.  And you also touched upon, you know, the, you know, some of the, some of the things that are happening in the current environment. I'm not sure, maybe I missed it, maybe I'm not sure how much you covered on the cards.   And so what would be the different approach and, you know, how we could, you know, actually get them to, you know, get that move and make that more stronger because I think there is definitely a large proportion of teenagers and the youth who are moving away from, you know, the traditional sort of church and even from God and how Christian politics, I mean, the entire, you know, how that defending of the faith can be done with them. So that's really my question.  This is not some prepared, well-curated answer, just maybe I would say random thoughts. One is definitely, these are very challenging times to be a believer, to be a Christian and definitely very challenging for, you know, the younger generation, for the reasons you've pointed out, you know, so technology is good, but then technology itself can become a channel through which a lot of wrong information is disseminated very easily and is also very accessible easily. Technology can also be debilitating in the sense that the younger generation spending so much time not on really deep work, but on very fluffy kind of things, you know, social media and those kinds of things which are very entertaining, but they're not really deep work. And so the entire attention span is, you know, reducing drastically, so on. And so it's very challenging and added to all of this. You know, I'm so troubled by the way the Western church is going, you know, when you look at, let's say Western church, I'm really pointing to America and Australia primarily. You know, these two regions that were, and UK, where which were once the strong basis for missionaries and the godly influence to brought into the world. But today, you know, if you look at the church, especially in America, it's so sad, it's so sad. And so, you know, what should we do, what should we do? What should we do? And I think one is we need just to stay with what we really call to do, which is to preach and teach the word of God and embody Christ's likeness. Because that is a very powerful testimony to the younger generation that what we believe is so real. Because what the younger generation is seeing, and if you look at what's happening in America, there's a whole movement of people out of the church. Because that's what the solution with the church, especially even the evangelical church and the charismatic, spur-filled side, just the solution by the disparity between what we say we believe and how we live, you know, and that especially when this is embodied in quote-unquote Christian leaders, we're supposed to be representing Jesus to us, but then they're living dual lives and they preach something and live totally something different. Then obviously, you know, the church loses tremendous respect, loses respect in the eyes of the younger generation saying, hey, why should I even bother listening? Because your life doesn't match what you're preaching, and so this is a big disparity. So what should we do?  Because if we don't live this Christian life, there is no amount of ministry that we do that's gonna impact the next generation. They're gonna see this, and if we want to use the word hypocrisy because we're saying something, we're living something different, you know? And the younger generation aren't gonna be impressed without preaching if our life doesn't match it.  We've got to live the life, we've got to be Christ-like, and at least then we can, you know, say that, look, this Jesus thing is real, right? And then of course, you know, as far as technology itself is concerned, we can't rein that in, in the sense, it is what it is. There is the internet, there are all kinds of platforms and every other day you have somebody starting their channel and talking what they want and saying what they want, I mean, we can't stop that. It is what it is. But if the young people see a true reflection of what the church is supposed to be, then they will most likely gravitate towards that and choose that instead of, you know, the numerous voices that are there online and all the things that are being put out there online. Because we can't fight that, you know? We can't fight with every person that's putting stuff out on online. It's, they're gonna keep doing it. It's just gonna keep getting more and more. But what we can do, the church can do is lift the word of God, teach the word of God and embody Christ-likeness, you know, and stay away from things that are divisive, hurtful, abusive, political in nature. Stay away from those things. Just stay with the word and be Christ-like. And that, I think, will impact, I believe, will impact the younger generation much more than all the other things we do. That's just my random thoughts in response to your question. But I believe that, I believe that. Yes, Samuel, I see a question about dinosaurs, come on. Apart from that, on Chris, on the current topic that we're talking about, Master. So, I mean, one perspective that I have is the church is trying to, in some ways, innovate in order to attract, keep, however you want to call it, the younger generation that's coming, you know? And which is, I think, practical because, you know, social media coming up with new technology and new gadgets. Worship has changed. The way sermons are being preached has changed. The way engagement is happening is being changed. We are no longer in the era where the Bible is accessible to scribes and educated. So, I think, so on one end, so I think the balance between, I'm searching for the question, but the balance between innovating so that it's relevant to the Christians who are growing up in this age, but at the same time, not like completely getting lost in that. I mean, especially, I think there's a lot of criticism around how worship, which is meant to praise God, but because the worship leader and the music has gone so good that worship leaders get worshiped in some way, or even the worship itself gets worshiped. So, I think that I see as like the necessity, at the same time, the danger of innovation and getting good. So just some thoughts around that question because it's such an interesting topic for me. Yeah, I think, I mean, to answer your question, you know, simply in a short sentence, the answer is definitely the church needs to be relevant in the sense that it should, you know, definitely use, make use of, especially urban churches, make use of resources, technologies, the audiovisual tools and all of that media to reach out and minister to the young people. So definitely the answer is yes. But yet we can learn a lot from what's going on or what has happened in the Christian world, especially in the last 10, 20, 30 years. And I've been spending quite some time just following, you know, at this moment, there are two big churches. One is Hillsong from Australia and the other one is of course, Mars Hill from the United States, which has wrapped up. But there are these two big case studies that are being investigated or looked at very closely. Now Hillsong, of course, for the last 30-some plus years has turned a lot.  But what is actually happening inside?  We are, you know, using these tools, but in the process, how are we impacting lives? What's happening to the actual people who are serving and making these productions happen week after week, you know, because every Sunday is a big production. There's all these things happening on stage and of course, you know, you are impacting thousands of people, but what's happening to the people serving in the church, in the local church to make these productions happen week after week and sometimes several times during the week. Same thing with Mars Hill church, which wrapped up in 2014, but, you know, there's a lot of things going on about that and people are investigating to try to understand, okay, here was a very contemporary cutting edge church in America at one point. What happened to the people? You know, again, it was leveraging technology. It was based in Seattle, one of the, you know, high tech centers and so on. And so what actually happened to the people and what happened, you know, how was media being used? And so there are a lot of lessons coming out of it, you know, so answer is, yes, we should be contemporary, but let's not make the same mistakes that have been made over the last 30 years, you know. And for example, you know, just listening to, again, this was from Hillsong, New York. And if you know the story, I mean, what's happened to Hillsong, New York and so on, it's just very sad. But look at the insider story, you know, this was somebody who was the stage director and she was serving there. And it was basically like everybody's serving a man's vision and everybody's helping put up a good production, Sunday after Sunday. But what's happening to that person, that individual, you know, or the individuals who are serving, you know. And yes, we want to be contemporary, yes, we are putting out this, you know, post-modern type of service, casual, and entertaining, exciting, et cetera. But what's happening, who's the one making it happen? And I mean, you look at all these details, you know, it just says like, look, we've got to be careful that while we definitely need to use tools, technologies, we shouldn't deviate from the Christ likeness that we're supposed to embody as ministers of God and as a church of God, that's number one, more important than being contemporary. And I agree, we have to be contemporary, we have to relate to the youth, but not of the sake of compromising being like Jesus, you know. First be like Jesus, then use the tools, you know. This is what I would just say, yeah. Christopher, you have a comment? Yeah, just a follow-up comment, and I mentioned earlier about a different approach, and I guess what I was trying to imply is that, I think these are also times, you know, when there's just to be a level of aggression and a level of, I mean, in the Bible, we know there are times when we refer, you know, the devil as a voting line, and I guess I'm just trying to get it to how Christians and possibly in the apologetics area, what is the level of intensity that is exhibited by that group of people or by that group of people or that body of believers.   Yeah, definitely we need to, you know, make our voice heard, so we need to speak out or, you know, let the truth be known. And I thank God for, you know, especially Christians, people of faith who are also qualified, maybe they're a scientist or others, you know, in a scholarly way to be able to respond to what's there. So, and I think the church is doing, the body of Christ at large is doing there. God has raised up people who are responding, providing answers and all of these things are being available online, being put out online. So to that extent, a work is happening and God has raised up people who are making their voices heard on these different themes around apologetics and information is available, you know, in for young people to go and people to go explore and listen to and find answers, yeah, so that's my observation. I mean, I'm not sure if you were getting at something else, Christopher.  Okay, let me see, you know, look at what, yeah, so about dinosaurs, Samuel, we did kind of do a little brief. This is in one of the PDFs, which is actually page 36, lesson number eight, Auditional Questions on Science and Creation. We did mention about dinosaurs, and I think a good website, AnsweringGenesis.org has quite a detailed response, so I'll just put it here. Answering, A-N-S-W-E, AnsweringGenesis, A-N-S-W-R-I-N-G, AnsweringGenesis, okay. So AnsweringGenesis, did I get that right here? Okay, there's only one G on my mistake. So AnsweringGenesis, so there's one, just one G. So that has, this website has Answering and they've just used one G, AnsweringGenesis, A-N-S-W-R-I-N-G, AnsweringGenesis, okay. So they have a good write up on, you know, the response to dinosaurs. Essentially the answer is that dinosaurs, or these huge animals, are not as old as they are supposedly claimed to be because, you know, their bones have not been fossilized and I'm just looking at the notes here that red blood cells and protein tissue, protein other soft tissues and DNA have been found on some of these fossils. So, and if you actually look at how this whole thing has been happening, they claim something then that claim is retracted. They, you know, call something as, so many years old and then they, that's retracted, they say, oh no, this is actually the bone of something else. So if you look into the depth of, or the deep things in detail, this is what is happening in the whole space. That one is that these bones are not as old as they are claimed to be and second, many times, initial statements about these bones are then retracted quietly, but the public is left with the impression that, okay, these were what was originally claimed, but all that information is available there answering Genesis and so our response is, okay, these animals were created there in Genesis chapter one when animals were created, I think on day five or something and whatever got created was there and of course, you know, they, you know, over time things have been going, animals have been going extinct and there's still today that's happening, we're very aware and we're trying to preserve the life of certain animals, but animals are birds, but things have been going extinct, but they're not as old as claimed to be when you look at things closely and information is out there answering Genesis. Okay, okay, we'll take a last question from Maggie and then we're going to pray. Maggie, go ahead please. I think it's not a question, just like adding to the dinosaur question. If I'm correct, in Texas there's a rock where they have footprint of dinosaur and human. So my question, not question, just adding to the question that if human footprint and dinosaur footprint were all imprinted at the same time, so at the same age, how can the dinosaur be millions of years old if they were still alive when humans were working on the world and that if they were alive when humans were working on the world, so that means even if it might not be written in written form, that means human, so dinosaur, and it's not long ago that they were on Earth. Thank you, sir. Thank you. Thanks Maggie for sharing. Okay, so we're going to take some time, Charles, to answer your question. It's not a question, Pastor. It's an appreciation and thank you for the time you spend in researching, because we can't take it for granted. I would like to move a vote of thanks for the work that you do, especially in researching, in praying to get this, that even allowing the Lord to reveal this information to you so that you are able to store it for memory, because again, information can come and it can be lost. But I appreciate the fact of storage in writing, in electronic format, but also in human interface. Thank you so much. God bless you. Thank you Charles. I appreciate it. Hopefully we get to meet someday. I know we're all in different parts. I am coming for my graduation. I'll come for graduation. Wonderful, wonderful. I believe God. Wonderful. Good. All right, so let's take a moment to pray as we close off this course. And I want to thank all of you for being part of this course and just interacting, learning, asking questions, discussing. I appreciate you doing that. Okay. So we're going to pray together a couple of minutes. Pray and then we will dismiss and of course we will meet right after the break in the Keester Supernatural Ministry class. So I just request one person to please pray with all of us and we will then dismiss who wants to pray. Can I pray first? Please go ahead. Father, we thank you and praise you for this wonderful journey that you've given to us. Thank you for the word of wisdom and Lord and Master enlightening. Lord and Master, our knowledge, we thank you for the wonderful word for Lord and Master, strengthening our faith, strengthening, giving us more sharper knowledge on your word. And Lord and Master, you are clearing our doubt. I thank you for your servant of God. Lord and Master, you blessed us. This time you blessed us ten. Lord and Master, release the right word of Father God. I thank you for everyone of Father God. Lord Master, who all are blessed through his word and Father God, which is strengthening every day. O Lord, I never walk with you. And Father God, let these words, Lord Master, let it not be taken away from our heart, but let these words of Father God bring fruit in our life for God. Let the crisis and the challenges of the world, the temptations of the world should not choke these revelations. But help us to stand strong. Help us to, as Jesus said, help us to build our faith on the stone, on the rock of Father God. When the winds and the waves come against our Father God, against us, against our ministry, against our walk with you, O Lord Master, let these words of Father God be able to strengthen us for Father God and let be able to be fruitful and let be able to fight this, Lord Master, the fight of this fight with faith of Father God. As the Paul said, I fought a good fight of faith and I pray for the same thing for the pastor that let he also be able to fight a good fight of faith of God. And as you have given that strength and wisdom that we all should be trained under him. So Father, we pray that the grace which is flowing in his life, Lord, as we are also partnering with him, O Lord, give us the same grace that we could be able to fight this, Lord Master, a good fight of faith. Thank you once again for giving us this grace to stand together and listen to his word of God. And in Jesus' name we pray. Amen. Amen. Thank you. Thank you, everyone. So we won't have class next week. Just look out for any assignment that we put out, finish it, and it'll be done, okay? Thank you. I appreciate all of you. God bless you all. See you after the break. And we'll meet you in the next class. Thank you. Thank you, everyone. Thank you. God bless you. Thank you for all your comments there in the chat. See them. Thank you. God bless. God bless you. Okay. See you shortly, the next class. Bye now.