So, for the next 10 minutes or so, we will introduce one of the performance evaluation parameters for a fin. Anything that we do, we want to see how good it is. So, as engineers, you have put a fin, you want to see whether it is meeting the requirement well. So, there are two definitions or two parameters by which you study or you quantitatively say how good a fin is. So, these two quantities, one is called as fin efficiency, other is called as fin effectiveness. Now, both these quantities, in any heat transfer application, you are not going to put one fin and be done with it. You are going to put several fins or what we call as an array of fins. So, this definition of fin effectiveness and fin efficiency are for an individual fin. So, keep that in mind, we are talking of an individual fin and for that we are going to define two performance parameters, one is called as a fin efficiency, other is the fin effectiveness. So, what is the fin efficiency? Fin efficiency, I will go to the definition and then I will come back to this. Fin efficiency is defined as the actual heat transfer rate from the fin divided by the ideal heat transfer rate, if the entire fin was at the base temperature. That means, if I have a material of infinite thermal conductivity, for that material, there will be no temperature drop along the length, the entire fin would be at what we call as the base temperature T b, that for that fin, q will be h a T b minus T infinity, T b minus T infinity, because the entire fin would be at the base temperature. In reality, the actual fin would have h a T minus T infinity, where T is the local temperature at any given location and we have expressions for heat transfer through the fin for any given boundary condition. So, actual heat transfer rate divided by ideal, that is the best possible heat transfer rate. When is the best possible heat transfer rate achieved? The best possible heat transfer rate is achieved when the entire fin is at the base temperature. So, that is what is implied by the best possible heat transfer rate. Now, let me just go back to geometry and this is essentially what I had written in the beginning. q is h a T s minus T infinity. If I take a base area, remember when we started fins, we said this. I have this base area, which is on which I am putting a fin. So, this area is lost as far as heat transfer is concerned. This orange area is still there, but this red shaded area is lost. It is replaced by a extension or an extended surface, which has an additional area on the top and the bottom in addition to this area a fin or a base w times T. We have the top, bottom and neglecting the sides, we are going to have top and the bottom and this portion, the tip portion. We are saying heat will flow from the surface, base surface through the fin by conduction and by convection from the fin tip, from the surface here and this by convection to the free stream. The temperature of the fin would be T b at the base and will gradually decrease towards the fin tip and we do not have to go any further. We just have to look at this problem and we have this established already a few minutes ago that we are going to have a temperature drop, no matter how high thermal conductivity material we are going to choose. Even when we had copper of 400 watt per meter Kelvin, we had a temperature drop. So, irrespective of the material, we are going to have a temperature drop. So, that is what is implied here. However, cross sectional area of fin is usually small, the temperature across any cross section can be considered uniform. You might have a change in the temperature at a given cross section, but since these are usually thin, we say that entire at a given cross section, entire location has uniform temperature and fin tip can be assumed as insulated just for convenience for understanding this definition. So, in the limiting case of zero thermal resistance or infinite thermal conductivity, the temperature of the fin will be uniform and its value will be equal to T b. So, if I go back and write this, I will say q fin is h A T minus T infinity. We all we said T b minus T infinity is always greater than T minus T infinity. I think this everybody has understood, T b minus T infinity is always greater than T minus T infinity, when in the limiting condition, when k of the fin tends to infinity, T is equal to T b everywhere. I think this is what we are going to use. So, when k tends to infinity limiting condition, this would be the q fin. So, when k tends to infinity, when k tends to infinity, q fin maximum, I will write this as the maximum or the best possible situation is h A T b minus T infinity. Do I get this in practice? I will never get this in practice, because we saw even for copper with 400 watt per meter Kelvin thermal conductivity, we had a drop, but we are saying this is the maximum or the best possible performance and using this thing, we now define efficiency of the fin. So, efficiency of the fin therefore, is q actual divided by q max and this max is when the entire fin is at the base temperature, I do not have to keep writing that, it is implied that the entire fin is at the base temperature and if I put a mathematical representation, this is h A T minus T infinity divided by h A T b minus T infinity. So, we are assuming here that you do not have any variation in the heat transfer coefficient and for this, we already have an expression, why cannot we calculate this directly? This part, we cannot calculate directly, because this is locally varying T minus T infinity is locally varying therefore, we have four different expressions are there, we have derived those expressions.  So, it has T b minus T infinity, but instead of a plane h A T theta b, it is theta b times some parameter which has all the effects of the boundary condition that we have seen. And now we are saying with this definition let us just use it for a case where we have an insulated tip, why do we use it? Because that is the easiest case to show mathematically here. So, this relation enables us to determine the heat transfer from the fin when the efficiency is known, yes if I know the efficiency I can get heat transfer from the fin vice versa. For constant cross sectional area of very long fins with insulated tip the fin efficiency basically is obtained from q fin divided by q fin max and q fin comes from this formula h p k A under root tan hyperbolic m l times theta b that divided by h A theta b h A theta b.  So, this tells me that for an insulated boundary condition I will have tan hyperbolic m l by m l for an infinitely long fin I will have 1 over m l. We do not have to remember any of these expressions please again let us not ask our students to say for each of these cases please remember these expressions and come for the exam that is not the aim of this exercise. Here we are just trying to tell you that efficiency of the so called long fin is inversely proportional to m times l and now let us try to correlate this with what we saw m times l as it increases here. This is what we are going to say as m l increases you are going to get the effectiveness or sorry the efficiency of the fin is going to drop meaning larger and larger length if I keep adding the farther and farther away from the base temperature my fin material is going to be and therefore my efficiency or the measure of performance when the fin was at the actual condition versus the ideal condition is going to deviate more and more. So, I am going to have a poorer and poorer performance that is what we want to interpret from this rather than derive a formula and sit and do a memorize the same. So, since a fin is nothing but perimeter times length for fins with constant cross section area this expression for an insulated fin can be used for various other geometry if l is replaced by lc anyway. So, fin efficiency relations are developed for fins of various profiles and plotted and these are known to us from these kind of charts are there already available in textbooks this is what a student typically uses where a certain set of parameters are evaluated based on the geometry and this efficiency of the fin is read out based on the parameters that are calculated. So, this the next definition would be effectiveness. So, I do not want to start that now we will begin that at 2 o clock. So, keeping this in mind we will deal with effectiveness then merge these two efficiency and effectiveness we will try to combine together and keep in mind that these two are valid for an individual fin and not for an array of fins. For an array of fin there is something called as overall performance, but for individual fin if there is one fin how is that fin performance as opposed to the surface without a fin. So, that is what is quantified by these two definitions on chat there is been a message that equation 3.37 there is a typographical error q fin by q fin max has been written as 1 by m l that 1 by m l is correct, but the term before that it is 1 by l times it should be under root k a c by h p it has been typed as under root h p by k a c. So, please make a change equation 3.37 1 over m l is correct, but the term before that is 1 over l times under root k a c by h p. Fin's in the morning professor Arun has extensively taught us how we analyze a fin and he has introduce the concept of efficiency. So, that is what I will just brush through why because I need this for defining what is called as effectiveness. So, fin efficiency how did we define is that we define what is called fin maximum that is we realize that in a real life case the fin temperature is not going to be uniform is going to decrease with the increase of the length from base. However, in an ideal situation the complete temperature of the fin at any location is going to be same. So, that is that of same as that of base temperature that is T b. So, that can create maximum heat transfer that can transfer maximum heat transfer rate or heat transfer rate that maximum heat transfer is h into area of the fin into T b minus T infinity. So, the actual fin heat transfer rate to the maximum heat transfer rate or the ideal heat transfer rate was what was defined as efficiency. Now, let us see how do we define what is called as effectiveness. So, for fin efficiency the reference was the maximum heat transfer, but for fin effectiveness the reference is no fin case that is what is the heat transfer rate when there is fin and what is heat transfer rate when there is no fin. So, definitely effectiveness has to be greater than 1 as you can see. So, instead of just rushing through let me just write this fin effectiveness that is effectiveness equal to I would strongly encourage you to write along with me this simple definition q fin upon h a b into T b minus T infinity. This actually the denominator is basically no fin situation that is at the base there is no fin placed. So, the definitely the heat loss would be lesser in case of no fin compared to that of the fin if my fin is effective that is how the word effectiveness comes. So, if I take the effectiveness see the effectiveness is 1 if the effectiveness 1 means what if effectiveness is 1 means the no fin case heat transfer rate is equal to fin heat transfer rate. So, it is not doing any job why are we putting fin after all we are putting fin because we want to increase the heat transfer rate. If effectiveness is greater than 1 this is what is the ideal situation or not ideal this is what is the situation which we are looking for or aiming at this is what we are aiming at that is the heat transfer because of the fin is more than the heat transfer without the fin. Now, if effectiveness is less than 1 that means what that means what instead of actually helping us it is actually creating negative effect that means it is decreasing the heat transfer rate that is possible only when I use it is acting like an insulator it is acting like an insulator this is not at all required and of course this is also not required we are always looking for effectiveness greater than 1. So, that is the whole idea of this effectiveness so that is what is the summary of this whole transparency.  So, how to relate fin effectiveness with fin efficiency if you know 1 you can get the other provided you know the areas that is all it is. So, what does that tell or how do we get that so that is effectiveness of a fin equal to effectiveness of a fin is equal to q fin upon q no fin that is the definition. So, q fin upon q no fin is h a b into t b minus t infinity. So, what is q fin we know already q fin has been defined as efficiency of the fin efficiency of the fin into h into area of the fin area of the fin into t b minus t infinity upon h a b into t b minus t infinity if you see here h is same t b minus t infinity is same. So, I end up getting efficiency of the fin equal to sorry effectiveness of the fin equal to efficiency of the fin into area of the fin divided by area of the base. That means you know efficiency you can get effectiveness provided you know the area of the fin and the base area. So, it is just the areas which are going to connect the effectiveness with the efficiency. So, that is what is told here effectiveness of the fin equal to efficiency of the fin into area of the fin upon area of the base. So, I have just taken again in long fin if I take the long fin we know that it is q fin equal to t b minus t infinity into square root of h p k ac upon h a b into t b minus t infinity a b is of course equal to a c. So, I am going to get effectiveness equal to square root of h p by k a c sorry. So, that is sorry it is k p by h a c k p by not it is not in terms of m it is square root of k p by h a c. Please note this carefully for a minute I also got confused, but it is k into p upon h into a c because here we are taking a c equal to a b why I can do that a c equal to a b because I have put it a b and my fin is along a b. So, a b is equal to a c. So, now what does this say this little fellow that is effectiveness of the fin equal to square root of k p by h a c tells that my thermal conductivity has to be very high. That means I have to choose a material whose thermal conductivity is high and p by a c definitely the perimeter has to be greater than the cross sectional area. I think that is very easy to see why I say very easy to see because the bathing area the bathing area is the one which is taking away the heat. If you remember our derivation which is taking away the heat conducted who is taking away the convective heat that is h a s into t minus t infinity who is having a a s a s is having the perimeter. So, perimeter is to be larger compared to cross sectional area that why because the surface area or the bathing area will increase. So, p by a c has to be very large and thermal conductivity should be very large. This equation tells us that h should be low do we have control on h no this only tells when not to use fins. See let us say if I take a heat exchanger what we are saying is h should be low means if you have let us say we will take a situation. The question what I am trying to answer is the equation effectiveness is saying that effectiveness is inversely proportional to square root of h. It does not mean that I should decrease h it only tells in which situations I should be using h. Now let us say I have a pipe and in which I am trying to put fins now outside there are fins, but now in this situation there are two situations in one of the situations there is no flow around these fins and in another situation there is flow around these fins. If there is no flow that means h of no flow here would be lower than the h of flow situation. So, that means when do you go for fins that means one would go for fins only when there is no flow situation why because h in no flow situation is lower than the h of flow situation that is what this equation is telling it does not tell that I have to decrease h no it does not tell that because I do not have control on decreasing h it only tells in whichever situation h is lower that is usually where natural connection is taking place you recommend to use fins that is the usual thumb rule one takes for taking the fin. So, that is what this equation is telling quite interesting or quite far reaching explanations we can give with this simple harmless equation. So, now this is book keeping this is the equation what is it telling is when I am using fins I am just not using only on the base see if you see here in this figure what is there for this cross sectional area there is a fin, but this surface which is between two fins is also contributing for the heat transfer it is not that it is not contributing it will be less in the next problem we will see how much less, but we are calling the area where there are no fins as area un-fin and where the fin is there we are calling that as area fin ok. So, in the area un-fin also there is some heat transfer rate that we have to book keep so that is what is being done here total heat transfer is because of the q of the fin and q of the area over which there is no fin that is area un-fin which we which we have called that is h into area of the un-fin that is when there is no fin that temperature is corresponding to T b that is the base temperature so that is h into area of the un-fin into T b minus T infinity plus q fin we know already has been defined in terms of or expressed in terms of efficiency of the fin that is efficiency of the fin into area of the fin into T b minus T infinity I am just doing taking common h into T b minus T infinity if I take common I get area of un-fin plus efficiency of the fin into area of the fin. So, this is the total heat transfer rate taking into account both the areas of the fin and areas of the base where in which the fin is not covered that is what is called as area un-fin so here effectiveness of the fin equal to q fin upon q no fin q fin is what we derived just a little while ago that is this if you substitute here this is what we get for effectiveness of the fin. So, with this I think we have the only summary what I want to express or tell is that proper length of the fin has already been covered by professor Arun all that I want to emphasize is that effectiveness or efficiency both the parameters can be used for expressing but one usually ask the question when do you use effectiveness and when do you use efficiency I think both can be used all the times it is a matter of convenience when do you go for effectiveness and efficiency. So, one would use either effectiveness or efficiency of the fin why effectiveness is little interesting because you want to check first in the first place whether your fin is doing any good any good or not first of all is it better compared to no fin case if you are comparing let us say 2 to 3 configurations of fins then perhaps you can use efficiency but still you can still use effectiveness whichever is having maximum effectiveness still can be used to compare different fin configuration. So, it is not that I will be using effectiveness or efficiency for a particular situations they can be used in all the situations so with this we will just move on to what is a simple problem. So we have a very interesting simple problem how to use this calculations of and fin fin all this several terms we have introduced let us see how do we use this situation use all fundamental for designing or calculating the heat transfer rate. So, now if I take this problem the problem what it says is my fins are as you can see they are circular fins so I have just put a circular rings around a circular tube. So, unfin is this portion where there is no fin or when before putting fin it is completely simple circular pipe in which steam is flowing what is happening let us read the problem once carefully steam in a heating system flows through tubes whose outer diameter is 3 centimeters that is outer diameter is 3 centimeters that is d 1 is 3 centimeters that is 3 into 10 to the power of minus 2 meters or r 1 is 1.5 into 10 to the power of minus 2 meters at what temperature it is being being maintained the temperature of the walls is being maintained at 125 degree Celsius what does that mean that means that T b is 125 that is T b is equal to 1.5 into 1.5 into 25 degree Celsius. Circular aluminum fins I was looking for thermal conductivity of aluminum here it is thermal conductivity of aluminum is 180 watt per meter degree Celsius but for copper it is 400 why do we go for aluminum although copper thermal conductivity is high as I said in the morning it is because of economics because aluminum is cheaper than copper. So thermal conductivity of aluminum fin is 180 so K is 180 watt per meter degree Celsius okay and outer diameter d 2 is 6 centimeters and a constant thickness of 2 mm are attached to the tube that is d 2 that is the ring diameter the ring diameter is 6 centimeters the tube diameter is 3 but the ring diameter is 6 centimeters. So that is d 2 is 6 into 10 to the power of minus 2 meters that is r 2 equal to 6 into 10 to the power of minus 2. Now what is the thickness of the fin and a constant thickness of 2 mm the thickness is 2 mm let us write that thickness is 2 mm if I convert it into meters 2 into 10 to the power of minus 3 meters r 2 is 3 that is right I made a mistake here r 2 is 3 into 10 to the power of minus 2 thank you. So now the space between the fins is 3 mm that is the pitch between one fin to another fin is 3 mm that we are calling as S. So S equal to 3 mm okay so now how many fins are there like that there are 200 fins along 1 meter per meter length of the tube so that means what is the tube length we are considering length we are considering 1 meter number of the fins 200 okay. So now heat is transferred to the surrounding air at T infinity equal to 27 and combined heat transfer coefficient of 60. So 60 is quite high let me come to that little later that is T infinity equal to what was that 20 so 27 degree Celsius 27 degree Celsius and heat is 60 watts per meter square degree Celsius okay. So you might be wondering why is this 60 so high natural convective heat transfer coefficients generally are between 15 and 20 or maximum a minimum of 10 we can take but why is it 60 because he has combined both radiation and convection that is why in the write up he writes very carefully with a combined heat transfer coefficient there is radiative heat transfer also because you see the wall temperature is at 125 we cannot neglect radiation he has combined both convection and radiation and given as a combined heat transfer coefficient as 60 okay. So that is why the number is significantly large okay. So now what is the question asked so determine the increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding fins. So actually this tube runs into few meters but we are not going to do for that many meters we are going to do only for one meter. So how do I go about this problem the first thing is we have listed out all the known things okay. The second thing what I should do is as we have been telling known is what properties of the fin ambient conditions heat transfer coefficient dimensions of the fin. So what is that I need to know I need to find out essentially is asking effectiveness the question asked is effectiveness so what are the assumptions what all assumptions we made for deriving the relations for fins are valid here also that means steady operating conditions. So we are assuming that nothing is changing with time that is nothing when I say nothing here I mean temperature temperature is not changing with time and the heat transfer coefficient is uniform over the entire fin surface this is a question which we need to this is a real assumption. So if you really see a natural convection will not take care that h is throughout uniform no there will be convection cells convection currents will be there h might be more at the center h might be less near the fins but we are going ahead and making the assumption that h is uniform when I say 60 it is same throughout here h is same on these walls and on these walls okay. So now next is heat transfer by radiation is negligible we are neglecting the heat transfer by radiation now first let us calculate area of no fin I am giving you two minutes time I want all of you to solve this problem along with me I hope you have calculators if you are not brought I hope why I should say I hope you have brought calculators for the tutorials you anyway need calculators you should have calculators when the class is going on. So what is what is being done here is what are we going to do is area of no fin that is when there is no fin what is the area what is the area of no fin pi into d 1 into L pi into d 1 into L that is pi into 3 into 10 to the power of minus 2 into L is 1 meter. So I get 0.0942 meter square q dot no fin is equal to h area no fin into t b minus t infinity that is h is 60 area of no fin we have just figured out it is 0.0942 and t b minus t infinity is 125 minus 27 I get what is the value I get 554 watts not a small number not a small number but still let us see whether putting fins is it going to take any higher compared to 554 watts anything wrong with the number some it fine. So now let us take up this is what I have put here you see this is what I just calculated area of the no fin comes to 0.0942 area q dot no fin equal to h area no fin t b minus t infinity if I plug in that I get 554 now how do I get the efficiency of the fin what is that we need to find out is how do I go about this problem is what we are saying is let us go to the definitions of the efficiency of the fin what did we say for efficiency of the fin we said efficiency of the fin equal to q fin upon q fin maximum q fin maximum is what we have calculated now is it not h no this is not h area of the no fin into t b minus t infinity is what we have calculated. So we need to calculate q fin maximum and also efficiency then that is efficiency of the fin equal to q fin upon q fin maximum. So if I calculate q fin maximum and efficiency of the fin I am going to get q fin so let me see how do I get q fin maximum and efficiency of the fin just if you are getting lost let me write this for the sake of completion that is efficiency of the fin equal to q fin upon q dot fin maximum. So now let me figure out if I get efficiency of the fin and if I calculate q dot fin maximum I can get the q dot fin. So efficiency how do I get efficiency of the fin so if you see we have drawn for this configuration efficiency of the fin see this figure what is it told what is it written here efficiency of the fin is a function of zeta that is which is involving length thickness of the fin heat transfer coefficient thermal conductivity and thickness again and area of the fin is 2 pi r 2 squared minus r 1 squared plus 2 pi r 2 t. So that is for the benefit of who are not able to see this let me write this that is it is a function of r 2 plus t by 2 upon r 1 and l plus t by 2 into square root of h by k t. What is r 2 we just now saw know r 2 is 3 into 10 to the power of minus 2 what is the thickness?  So if I substitute this I am going to get this ratio as 2.07 okay if you check with the calculators you are going to get the same number. So what is here l what is here l? l is not the length actually l is if you see this figure if you see this figure you see this what is the additional length of the fin that is additional radius that means what here it would be r 2 minus l here is r 2 minus l here is r 2 minus r 1 that is 3 into 10 to the power of minus 2 in minus of 0.015 that means you are going to get 0.015. So if I substitute that 0.015 plus 0.002 upon 2 into square root of what is h? h is given to be 60 h is given to be 60 60 upon thermal conductivity is given to be 180 into thickness is again 2 into 10 to the power of minus 3. So you get this ratio as 0.21 remember these two numbers 1 is r 2 plus t by 2 upon r 1 which happens to be legend in our graph and the x axis is l plus t by 2 square root of h by k t is 0.21. So let me flash that graph you see 0.21 this is on the x axis is 0.21 and this graph is this graph this ratio is 2.07 I will just take something nearer to 2 and 0.27. So you will get somewhere around 0.95 0.95. So if you get back so the efficiency of the fin efficiency of this fin is equal to 0.95 but what is left out now we have got this efficiency of the fin now I need to calculate q dot fin maximum let us see how do we do that q dot fin maximum equal to efficient sorry h into area of the fin into t b minus t infinity isn't it. If I replace this fin with area of the fin with area of the base my q becomes q no fin case if I replace that area of the base with area of the fin it becomes q fin maximum. So now let me calculate area of the fin area of the fin is equal to 2 pi into r 2 squared minus r 1 square plus 2 pi r 2 into t I know you are not with me for this I need to go to that figure let me go to that figure yeah. So what is this 2 pi that is this area this ring area is 2 pi r 2 squared minus r 1 square but my fin is having a thickness there is a perimeter there is a surface area around the thickness. So that is that is this that is 2 pi r 2 into thickness t. So if I substitute these numbers if I substitute these numbers 2 pi into r 2 squared is 0.03 square minus 0.015 square plus 2 pi into 0.03 into 2 into 10 to the power of minus 3. If I substitute that I am going to get area of the fin as 0.00462. So q dot fin maximum is equal to h is 60 into 0.00462 into T b is what was T b 125 and T infinity is 27 we are going to get maximum heat transfer rate is 25.8 watts do not be puzzled earlier without fin we got 554 we are not taken all fins into account we have taken only one fin. So we have how many fins we have 200 fins so we do not have to get disaltern. So if we take all fins into account so what will what will I get q dot all fins so before we go to all fins we need to take into account see we just calculated what is the heat transfer caused by the fin portion. But there is some portion where there is no fin so that is unfin which we called so what will be that area unfin what will be that area unfin area unfin is equal to pi into pi into d1 into s. So pi into d1 is how much what is d1 0.03 into s is 3 mm so that is 0.003 so that area unfin turns out to be 0.000283 meter square. So q dot unfin portion equal to h into area unfin into T b minus T infinity h is 60 area unfin is 0.000283 into T b is T b is 125 T infinity is 27. So I am going to get a value of just 1.66 watts you see area of the heat transfer because of the fin one fin is 25.8 and one left out space where there is no fin is 1.66. So total heat transfer rate should be what total heat transfer rate q dot total because of fins is number of fins into q dot fin and q dot unfin is that right. So number of fins are 200 q dot fin is how much 25.8 and q dot unfin is 1.66. So I am going to get q dot total of fin is 5492 watts it is quite high if I have to calculate effectiveness what is the effectiveness q dot fin upon q dot no fin q dot fin is 5492 q dot no fin is what was that we found 554. So what is the number I get 9.91. So effectiveness in this case indeed is much larger than 1 and indeed putting fins is increasing the heat transfer rate almost 10 times almost 10 times. So this is how one evaluates how to put fins. So you can go on you can ask your students to decrease this spacing you decrease this spacing you increase the number of the fins you can go on optimizing this. So but then you do not have to really do that why I say that because you can figure out that from this figure itself you see we have already chosen properly why I say properly our effective efficiency of the fin is already hovering around 1.95. So we have already chosen spacing properly is that okay for R2 and R1 and thickness is fixed the spacing sorry the R1 and R2 is fixed here it is not going to tell the spacing the spacing if I decrease what will happen what will happen if I decrease the spacing yes number of fins will increase but can I increase the spacing in this problem no it is already 3 mm 3 mm is very small fabrication will become difficult if I decrease the spacing still further okay. So I think I am already running my fin at the best case in this problem. So that is how one can go ahead and solve any configuration of the fin we have just demonstrated for the fins the way it has it is handled generally. We will take questions for next 10 minutes and then maybe we will take introduction for transient conduction little later Hyderabad Mufakkam job college you have given effectiveness of the fin is proportional to 1 root h that is inversely proportional to 1 by root h can you explain me with respect to a 2 wheeler engine with fins when the vehicle is moving yeah let me rephrase your question if I understand what you are asking is the effectiveness of the fin we just now derived as square root of k p by h ac so in a moving engine I am having a fins compared to stationary engine and a moving engine so what will happen to the effectiveness definitely in if it is a moving engine so the h will go up compared to the stationary engine. So h will go up that is it is almost like forced convection so the effectiveness in a moving engine of the fins effectiveness of the fins in a moving engine is going to be lower than the effectiveness of the fins in a stationary engine because the h in a stationary engine is natural convective heat transfer coefficient which is less but while the engine is moving it is forced convection the convective heat transfer coefficient is larger did I answer your question so but we are providing these fins to increase the rate of heat transfer so here effectiveness is once again proportional to efficiency. I understand your question but we are using fins in a moving engine yes to answer your question I said that the effectiveness of the fin in a stationary engine is more effective compared to moving engine but when I when I am putting the fin I am putting the fin for moving engine only I will design my fin that is I will choose my perimeter cross sectional area and the thermal conductivity that is of course I usually use aluminum fins only having chosen aluminum fins I will play with my perimeter and cross sectional area such that the moving convective heat transfer coefficient is chosen and I will design my fins such that the effectiveness of the fin is effective is high for a moving engine so fins are going to be effective even in moving engine but definitely effectiveness or efficiency of a moving engine fins will be lower than that of the stationary engine no doubt about that okay I think I have answered your question over to saint joseph college kerala. Sir my question is that sometimes fins may not be of no use because in the case of some things the velocity of flow is very high so in that case what is the better option for effective heat transfer yeah fins are not always useful see as I said in the initial case itself if I if I took the example if I took the example earlier itself and I told that not always the fins are going to be useful so in fact if you see this I have explained here yeah so the question asked is if the velocity of the flow is very high fins are not effective yes it is true I have already mentioned that effectiveness is inversely proportional to square root of H and in the no flow case and the flow case if I take H of the no flow is going to be lower than H of flow so the fins would not be as effective in case of the flow situation so yes but if I take flow there again flow is of two types if I have a flow in air and flow in water let us say so H of flow in water to H of flow in air they would be different so H of flow in water will be higher than H of flow in air that is putting fin in a flowing medium with air it would be more effective compared to that of water why because heat transfer coefficient in case of water will be higher than that of in air so even in a flow situation we can use fins provided the heat transfer coefficient is less that would be the answer for your question so one more question so in the case of triangular fins is there any effect of this angle angle of the surface in the case of heat transfer often readily I cannot answer this question because it depends on the the question asked is is there any influence of the angle in a triangular fin that is the question asked by one of the participants the answer is I cannot answer it directly I am sure it will be having influence how it will have the influence the angle it will have an influence such that because I have to keep my what is the thing what I have to keep perimeter by cross sectional area should be high I have to choose my angle such that my perimeter to area is larger whichever configuration is having P by AC larger is the one which is going to give me the higher effect of course we have to sit down and calculate but by and large all that I can say is that I have to choose a case in which the perimeter is larger than the cross sectional area thank you Jaipur college kukas if you have any question please shoot them what is the effect of surface smoothness on the fin effectiveness surface smoothness on the fin effectiveness okay see this way we can look at it see again I will come back to this so what will happen if there is surface roughness on this smooth surface where there is the question asked by one of the participants is that what is the influence of the surface roughness of this smooth surface where there is no fin so I would answer it this way if there is no fin in this portion if it is rough let us say for natural convection perhaps this H is not getting influenced by the surface roughness but if it is forced convection the H in the flow if it is rough would be higher than otherwise that is the smooth surface so that way effectiveness would come down if it is flow if the flow is there and the surface is rough so we have created four situations now flow is there and rough surface H increases effectiveness decreases compared to smooth surface but if I have a rough surface but there is no flow it is simply natural convection then H is natural convective heat transfer coefficient generally is not so influenced by the surface roughness of course there are some special cases where there might be effect but generally the heat transfer coefficient in natural convection is not influenced by the surface roughness in that case the surface roughness has no influence on the effectiveness because it has no influence on the H but on the area of the unfin area of the unfin increases if my surface area if my surface is roughened because there are lot of serrations all over the place so but I do not know how much the surface area is going to increase that one has to sit down and calculate but the gut feeling is that it is not going to increase significantly it is like putting a sandpaper I do not think sandpaper is going to increase the surface area significantly higher as opposed to no sandpaper so that is the answer for your question thank you.


Let's go to the ring, high school boys hockey. Bemidji hosting Rozo, no scores, second period. The Jack strike first, and Joe Leitner with the risk. Their absolute snipe top shelf. 1-0 Bemidji, but the Rams answered just moments later. Nathan Adrian, a pass behind the net, Alex Burboud gets a whack at it and scores. That ties it at 1. And just seconds before intermission, look at Hunter Olson off the draw. What an effort. Beats the keeper for his second of the season. This one goes to overtime, the second straight from Bemidji, but they lose a heartbreaker once again as Rozo scores to win 4-3. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Lux presents Hollywood. The Lux Radio Theatre brings you Mickey Rooney, Dula Bondi, and Virginia Weidler in Young Tom Edison. Ladies and gentlemen, your producer, Mr. Cecil V. DeMille. Greetings from Hollywood, ladies and gentlemen. Perhaps we should have wrapped it up in fancy paper and tied a red ribbon around it and called it our Christmas present to you. It's something a good many of you asked for and I'm sure all of you want. Mickey Rooney in Young Tom Edison. And tonight we are giving it to you with our best wishes for a very merry Christmas. Have you ever thought how much we depend on Mr. Edison here in the Lux Radio Theatre? For one thing, he developed the first microphone and motion picture projector and was one of the first to make pictures talk. Then too, he's responsible for the bulb which is lighting your living room right now.  Our play, however, which was adapted from the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer screen success is not a scientific report. It's an exciting tale of the adventures of a small town boy with a pack of original ideas, ideas that keep him in hot water. As a boy, Thomas Edison was a kind of Andy Hardy that makes the casting obvious. The arrow points directly to Mickey Rooney, who comes to us this week from the set of his latest Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer picture, Man of Boys Town. And with Mickey tonight, we have Bula Bundy and Virginia Wiedler. In his later years, Edison gained the gratitude and admiration of the whole world for the things he'd done to make everybody's life easier and more enjoyable. And today, behind the scenes everywhere, scientists are working to make life easier still. In fact, they've done a lot for every member of our audience who's a Lux Flakes user. And I hope that includes every woman listening tonight. They work for years and always will work to make our product outstanding in its field. That's our guarantee that Lux Flakes will continue to make your household tasks easier and pleasanter. We think science is doing an important job for us. And I'll make a little wager that the ladies will agree with us. Now here's the story of young Tom Edison, starring Mickey Rooney as Tom, Bula Bundy as his mother, and Virginia Wiedler as Tanny. The curtain rises on the first act. This is a story of triumph, the triumph of a typical American boy who was blessed with three gifts, courage, imagination, and faith. His name might have been John Jones or Bill Smith, but it happened to be Tom Edison. When Tom was 15, the seller of his father's house in Port Huron, Michigan bore evidence of great things to come. For this was Tom's laboratory. An old workbench supported a homemade telegraph, and the battered desk was filled with chemical bottles, all of them impressively labeled poison. On the wall hung a length of rope which ran up through the seller door and connected with his sister Tanny's bedroom window on the second floor. This was Tom's latest invention, an automatic window closer. It's an invention, a window closer. I pull the rope down here in the cellar and your window closes automatically. Saves you from getting cold in the morning. Sure it'll work. You want to see it? Yes, try it. All right, now watch. It's early in the morning and you call down and tell me you're awake and ask me to close the window. I go over here to the rope and pull it hard and the window closes. Something must have gone wrong. I'll be right up. Tanny, Tanny, why can't you be more careful? You might have killed somebody, slamming a window like that. Tanny didn't do it, Pop. I did. You, you were down in the cellar. I did it just the same. I pulled a string down there and it closed the window up there. I must have pulled it too hard. I suppose it never occurred to you that the broken glass might have hit someone, cut them badly. No, sir, it didn't. No, it didn't. Come on to breakfast and take your hands out of your pocket. Yes, sir. I'm sorry. I haven't got enough on my shoulders without paying for broken windows. Any other father'd warm your pants. Am I right? Well, I don't interrupt. Sam, don't. I'm sure he's sorry. After all, it was an accident. Accident. It's always an accident. No, Sam. All right, children, you'd better hurry or you'll be late for school. Goodbye, Tanny. Bye, Mom. Bye, Father. Come on, Tom. Yeah. Goodbye, Mom. Goodbye, Pop. I'll, I'll be over there. I guess I knocked it over. I guess you did. I'm sorry. I'll clean it up, Mom.  No, Tom. I'll do it. No, Mom, please. Tom, my coffee. Now what have you done? I didn't see it, Pop. It was right on the edge of the table.   I'm sorry, Pop. Go ahead, Tom. Go ahead. Goodbye. Goodbye, Pop. That boy's a real problem, Nancy. Every time you wake up with a cramp, Sam Edison, you take it out on Tom. I haven't got a cramp and you pampering too much. Well, he's a little different from the others. Yes. That's what I'm worried about. He has that Yankee trait of tinkering with useless things. Like the window upstairs. Like that telegraph wire of his that old man Dingle heard his leg on. If you remember, that cost us $11. Just wasted. You're inclined to be too easy with him, Nancy. If you're not careful, he'll be no good to himself or anybody else. Well, maybe you're right, Sam. You're wiser than I am. Oh, Nancy, when you agree with me so easily, it makes me think I'm wrong. No, truly, Sam. I'll handle the boy just as you say. After all, you're his father.  Yes, maybe I am. What are you thinking about, Tom? We better hurry or Miss Howard will be mad. You know, Tanny, I think I've got it. Got what? The way to fix that window. I'll put a spring under it so don't fall so hard and then the glass won't break. Oh, gosh, you're smart. Oh, no, I'm not. I only wish I was. You're smart enough for me. You know lots and lots of things. Not half as many as I'd like to.  But, Princess, look at that grass. What makes it green? Why isn't it purple or black or yellow? What becomes of a noise after we can't hear it anymore? Say, wouldn't it be great if we could keep a sound? Keep a sound? You mean like thunder? No, no, no, no. Good things. Great things that people say. Men like George Washington and Ben Franklin. Of course you couldn't do it, but it's a great idea, just the same. Yes, but don't think about it now, Tom. You've got other things to worry about. What things? Oh, just things. Well, go ahead, what? Tom, I didn't want to tell you, but Miss Howard's mad at you again. Yeah, what for? Well, you know, yesterday when she asked me to name the 33 states of the Union, you were tapping them out on the desk for me in Morse code? Yeah, I shouldn't have done that. That was cheating. Yeah, that's what Miss Howard said. You mean she caught on? Joe Dingle told her. He knows I can read Morse code, and after you left yesterday, he snitched on you. Oh, I guess I'm in for it, huh? She said she was going to make you stay in the cloakroom all day. Is that all? Oh, I don't mind, Dad. You don't? No, no, no. I got something I want to do anyway. What? Well, look, Tanny, you see this little bottle? It's hydrochloric acid, and this other one is concentrated ammonia. I'm going to mix them both together. Yeah? Then what'll happen? I don't know. That's what I'm going to find out. Tom, will it make a noise? I don't know. I never tried it before. But how do you know it won't blow up? I don't. That's why I want to mix them to find out. Hydrochloric acid? Yeah, that ought to be enough. No. Concentrated ammonia, just a few drops. You don't have to worry about hydrochloric acid and concentrated ammonia anymore. They don't mix. Come in, Miss Howard. Mom, it's Miss Howard, the teacher. Good evening, Mrs. Edison. Good evening. Evening, Miss Howard. Evening. I don't like to disturb you at supper, but I wanted to see you before it got dark. Of course. It isn't safe for a single girl to go walking around at night. Sit down, Miss Howard. Thank you. Is Tom at home? Yes, he's in his room. Then I can speak freely. I'm sorry to be the bearer of unpleasant news, but I suppose you've already heard what happened at school today. Yes, I did. We had a long talk about it, Tom and I, out in the barn. I can assure you it won't happen again. Mr. Edison, I don't believe whipping will help much. I might as well tell you, the school board has refused to accept any responsibility for the further education of your son. You mean he's not to go to school? Just that, Mr. Edison. Of course, if you want to appeal to the school board... I certainly shall appeal to the school board. I wouldn't, if I were you. Why not? Because I shall oppose any such appeal. Why? Not only because of what happened today, but because he distracts the other children, gazes out the window, hums and drums on the desk with his fingers. The other day, he wanted to know what a cloud was. Well, he's just inquisitive. He wants to learn things. That's all right, isn't it? In its proper place? Yes. But not in the middle of an arithmetic lesson. You don't understand him, that's all. Oh, nobody understands him. Mr. Edison, I don't wish to be unkind, but I suggest that you take the boy to Detroit, to see a doctor. There's no question in my mind, but that he's...addled. Sadly, addled.  You're the one that's addled. Hold on, Nancy. Compose yourself, please, Mrs. Edison. There's nothing the matter with my term that a good teacher can't fix. I taught school in Canada, and I know. You haven't the patience, nor the understanding to be a teacher. Well, I never.   Me? Yes, you. Now, Nancy, Nancy, you'd better go, Miss Howard, before something happens. With pleasure, I assure you.  Nobody's going to bother you. Oh! I'm surprised you didn't defend your son. Didn't seem necessary, Nancy. You were doing a pretty good job. Saying that Tom is addled, that's perfectly ridiculous. She's not the only one, Nancy. The whole town's saying it. Everybody thinks there's something wrong with the boy, especially after today. Oh, Sam, I wish they understood Tom as I do. He's different from other boys. He's looking for causes, not effects. I think he found both today. Where you going? I'm going to take him something. Now, Nancy, don't pamper him. He has to eat, Sam. Tom? Yes. Well, Tom? Hello, Mom. Your friend, Miss Howard, was just here. I know. I heard her. Have you been crying, Tom? Have you? It's not about the licking Pop gave me. It's just that what he said is true. By tomorrow morning, everybody will know I was kicked out of school because I'm amadled, crazy. You're not going to be afraid of what anybody says, not tomorrow, nor any other time. Port Huron isn't the whole world, Tom. There's a much bigger world beyond here. And someday you're going to be a part of it. An important part of it. Mom, you know I'm not amadled, don't you? Of course you're not, dear. Serious thing I ever heard. But Pop thinks I am. No, he doesn't. I heard him tell you. Your father's just a little upset. Now try not to worry him. He loves you. He loves all of us. All right, Mom. I won't do a thing to bother him. That's a good boy.  I don't feel like it. There's something there you like very much. Look. Apple pie and milk. My favorite. Oh, thanks, Mom. Yes, ma'am. What are you doing down in the cellar on such a nice day? Oh, just fixing up my chemical bottles. Oh, well, be careful of your Sunday clothes. I will. Tom, how in the world do you know what's in all those bottles? They're all marked poison. That's simple, Mom. I've got a secret number on every one of the bottles. I look up the number in my little book, and then I know what's in the bottle. Well, that's rather complicated, isn't it? Yes, but if any of the other kids come down here, they'll be afraid to touch them. That's not very sociable, Tom. No, but it works. Oh, Mom, I fixed that broken window in Tanny's room. I saw it, and you did such a nice job, I'm going to give you ten cents. Ten cents? Gee willikens. But I broke the window. Never mind. It was an accident. Here's your ten cents. Oh, Mom, gosh, that's great. Now I can send for that chemistry catalog. You'll do nothing of the kind.  But when I eat the candy, Mom, it's gone in the chemistry book. No candy, no ten cents. That's a lot of candy for one fella to eat. Well, you can share it with Tanny. All right.  Get a little air. Yeah, I told Mr. McCarney I'd be down to the station today. He lets me fool around with the telegraph stuff. Tom, you won't get into any trouble today now, will you? Oh, of course not, Mom. How could I get in any trouble down at the station? Oh, I don't know, but sometimes I think you could get into trouble almost anything. Hello, Mr. McCarney. Well, hello, Tom. Hello, Tanny. Hello. Uh, busy, Mr. McCarney? No, not much doing on Sunday. Sit down. Thanks. It's nice of you to let us come in here, Mr. McCarney. All the other kids are jealous. Well, seems to me, Tom, I owe you a lot more than I'll ever be able to repay. Oh, no. You mean about the time Tom saved your little boy from being run over by the train, Mr. McCarney? I mean just that, Tanny. Tanny, stop it. That's all over. But you were so brave. Wasn't he, Mr. McCarney? Tanny, keep quiet. Well, that's enough. All right, Tom. But you were brave. Uh, Mr. McCarney, will you have a piece of maple sugar? Well, no thanks. Oh, it's all right. I got a lot more in my pocket. Mr. Inchpin gave me a dozen for a dime. Well, don't mind if I do then. Here you are. Thank you, Tom. Mmm. Good. Can we look at your telegraph? Waiter number seven goes by, Tom. That's her coming in now. Tom, look at all the wires. Why do they need wires to telegraph, Tom? Why don't they send messages through the rails? You can't. Rails are grounded. What does that mean? They're short-circuited. Oh, gosh, you're smart. Could you be a telegraph operator, Tom? Like Mr. McCarney? I don't know. I guess so if I kept on practicing. Would you like to be a telegraph operator? Well, sure I would. Only, gosh, there's so many things I'd like to do. Sometimes I'm afraid I'll never get around to all of them. Let's go and watch number seven come in. All right. You know what I'm going to do someday? I'm going to build a telegraph for my seller up to your room. You are? Then we can talk back and forth and nobody will know what we're saying. Secret messages, huh? Like spies. No, no. Like telegraph stations. You'll have your secret call letters, and so will I. And nobody will know what they are. What am I supposed to do with a call letter? Oh, here. Wait until I get this rock turned out. I'll tap it out for you. Now, listen. That's... That's T.A. That's your secret call, T.A. Gosh, I've got a telegraph call. I feel like a railroad station. Let's go up and look at the engine, huh? Hey, sir, it's you there. Tom, that man on the train is calling you. Yes, sir, you're calling me? What you got in that bag, son? Maple sugar. Fine. You want to sell me a piece? Oh, yes, sir. For a nickel. All right. Hand it up here. Here you are, sir. There's your nickel.  A penny. Well, it's a nice little profit. Yes, sir. You got any more? Sure I have. Well, bring it in the train. There's a lot of hungry people here. I'll be right back. Tell me, I'm going to get on the train you wait here, huh? Tom, remember what mom says. Don't get in any trouble now. Oh, don't worry. I'll be right back. Here you are, son. Ten cents. I'll take two of them. Yes, sir. Right here. Let's have another one, boy. Just a minute, sir. Where's my... I'm getting it, ma'am. Let's see now. I've only got four left. Well, I'll take two. Here's a dollar. Can you change it? No, ma'am. I can't. Wait! Are you sure that's right? Yes, ma'am. Ninety cents. Excuse me. Okay, son, I want another one. I'm sorry, mister. I can't wait. I've got to... Hey! Hey! Hey, let me off! Let me off the train! Stop the train! I'm back here! Where do you think you're going? Conductor, I've got to get off. Stop the train. You're too late, son. We're on our way. Oh, please let me go. I've got to get home. Ma! Ma! Mister, please, my sister! No, no, no. Don't try to jump now. If you're on this train, you're going to stay. Where's your sister from Detroit? Detroit! Sammy! In just a moment, Mr. DeMille will present Mickey Rooney, Bula Bondi, and Virginia Weidler in act two of Young Tom Edison. And now let's look in on our favorite family, the Brownings. It's late afternoon, and Nidge and Dot are helping mother Browning with a batch of Christmas cookies. Uh-oh. There's the back doorbell. See what it is? Will you mage? My hands are covered with flour. Okay. Yes, mother. About the party? Party? What party? What are you two plotting now? Well, remember last year how we made snow for our Christmas tree out of luxe flakes? Well, all the girls were crazy about our luxe tree. And so this year... We want to ask the girls over tomorrow afternoon and have a luxe snow party. A party? So that's why you wanted to make an extra batch of cookies. Well, I think a party would be fun.  Let's see now. You'll need a big bowl. And an egg beater. And some luxe. Little lukewarm water. That's all you need to make this lovely, real-looking snow for your tree. Yes, you can make Christmas snow out of those same gentle white luxe flakes that you use for washing all your pretty things. It's such an inexpensive decoration, so easy to make, and it lasts right through the holiday season. Now, here's how you make this luxe snow. Take a large-sized box of luxe flakes and empty the flakes into a big bowl or dishpan. Pour in two cups of lukewarm water, just two cups. Then take an egg beater and beat this mixture until it gets soft and fluffy, just like clipped cream. Spread handfuls of this luxe snow on the branches of your Christmas tree. If you want more glitter, sprinkle on some of that shiny artificial snow that you buy in the store while the luxe snow is still moist. Snow-covered branches make novel and inexpensive table decorations, too. And a little of the luxe snow when your Christmas reeds makes them extra-Christmassy infested. The children love to help with this Christmas snow. Now, remember, use two cups of lukewarm water to each big box of luxe flakes. Now, our producer, Mr. DeMille. Act two of young Tom Edison, starring Mickey Rooney as Tom, Bula Bondi as his mother, and Virginia Weidler as Tanny. When the train that spirited Tom Edison away returned to Port Huron, a reception committee was waiting for him at the station, his sister Tanny, his mother, and Mr. Edison, looking very grim. But the boy who climbed down from the train that night was so chained that his family hardly knew him. On his cap was a sign, reading candy for sale. On his arm a basket pried high with sweetmeats and newspapers, and on his face a broad, self-conscious grin. Well, who, garnish, can't somebody say something? Here, Tanny, I brought this doll for you. Thank you. And, mom, here's a little bouquet of flowers. Tom. And pop, well, pop, here, have a cigar. Just what is the meaning of this? Well, I'm in business. In business. Sam, it's very neat. Suppose we talk about this when we get home. Come along. Come along, Tanny. Mr. Nelson, he's the conductor, you know. He fixed it up with a railroad, and I bought the basket of merchandise on credit. Mr. Nelson let me the cap, and I painted the sign myself. Tom, it's beautiful. Sam, don't you think it's all right? I mean, well, it might help out, you know, Tom making a little money, and Tom, you really think you can make money out of this, don't you? Well, no, not an awful lot. Not at first, anyway. But after a while, you can, sure. Huh?  You see, I was thinking that maybe I could get permission to put men on other trains. Who knows, maybe someday I'll have a lot of people working for me. People like to buy things on trains. Don't you think so, Father? Perhaps, but I hope you don't think you've talked yourself out of a licking. Oh, gee willikers. You've got to be punnies for climbing on that train and going away. But that's not fair. I didn't mean to do it. Don't, Tom. Not tonight, anyway, Sam. Sure. Run along, children. I want to talk to your father. Good night, Rome. Good night. Good night. Sam, he only wants to help out. The son of Sam Edison, a peddler. Well, if it keeps him busy till he goes back to school. He can't go back to school. They won't take him. I think they will, Sam. Something tells me there'll come a time when they'll understand him the way we do. We? Yes, Sam. When people find out he's not just a silly boy, but he's almost a man. And the deep down inside of him there's something very real, something very wonderful, struggling for expression. Nancy, you don't really think that, do you? I know it, Sam. I'm as sure as can be. I'm not as tolerant as I ought to be, I suppose. Father and son should be closer to each other. Know one another better. Why don't you have a talk with Tom? I think I will, one of these days. Nice brush.  It's candy, sweet candy. I'm Edison. Yes, sir? I'm into the baggage car. I want to speak to you. Yes, Mr. Nelson? Look here, Tom. I'm the conductor on this train, and I've got a certain amount of responsibilities. One of them is to look after the baggage car. Now, watch all this stuff in here. That, well, just chemicals. Chemicals? Yes, sir. I thought I could set up a little laboratory in here and I wouldn't lose any time on my experiments. Well, I'm sorry, Tom. You'll have to get rid of some of this stuff. The car's so cluttered up there's no room for baggage. But, Mr. Nelson... That's my last word, Tom. Here I am, Mr. Hodges' baggage car. Well, I brought it for you, Tom. Oh, the printing press? Yep. Here she is. Where's it go? Right in here, Mr. Hodges. You better give me a hand with it. All right. It looks heavy. One, two. Oh, it is. Oh, gosh, it's a beauty, isn't it? All my life I've wanted to own a printing press. How much do I owe you, Mr. Hodges? Well, the car did it all the way over from the yard. Uh-huh. Two dollars. How much? All right, make it a dollar. Oh, that's better here. You taking the press back home, Tom? Well, I'm not sure yet. I sort of figured on keeping it in the car here. Well, bye, Tom. Goodbye, Mr. Hodges. Thanks again. Thank you. Good day, Bagnes. Come on and praise yourself, Tom. Oh, uh, just one piece, Mr. Nelson. Uh, here. Have a corn cob bite, Mr. Nelson. Huh? Well, go ahead and take a... Well, thank you, Tom. Thank you. I was, uh, thinking about getting a new one. Hey, what's that thing over there? Uh, that, oh, uh, that's a printing press. Printing press? Who's it going to? Nobody. It belongs to me. Oh. Oh, you're taking it home. Uh, light up your pipe, Mr. Nelson. See how it draws. It's a good one, you know, costs $0.10. Hmm. You won't have much time to use the printing press time. You're not home enough. That's just it, Mr. Nelson. I'm going to keep it in here in the baggage car. But you're going to what? No, no, don't get mad. Let me explain. Here, take your corn cob plate. No, listen, Mr. Nelson, please. I knew there was a catch to it. There's no catch. I want to print a newspaper on the train right here in this baggage car. A newspaper? Next, you'll be raising chickens in here. Listen, Mr. Nelson, there's going to be a war between the states. And people all along the line are going to be anxious for news. Well, I believe you. But we can give it to them fresh, hot off the griddle. Every time the train stops, I can run into the station and get the latest news. This railroad isn't in the publishing business. No, but it's patriotic, isn't it? Well, it is. If we can tell the people what's going on and tell them the minute it happens, we're not only doing them a service and the railroad a service, but we'll be doing the United States government a service as well. Don't you see that? Well, yes, I do. But suppose the division superintendent finds out. Oh, he'll thank us. He'll think we're loyal patriotic Americans. And that's what we are, aren't we? You bet we are. But remember, this is the last thing you're going to bring in this baggage car. Understand? Oh, yes, sir. Here, Mr. Nelson, have another pipe on it. Oh. All people here, we're going to appoint a commander-in-chief of the Union Army. Oh, good morning, Captain Brackett. Good morning, Tom. A paper, Captain. You've got a new commander-in-chief, you know. Yes, I understand. And a good choice, too. Yes, sir. Captain, I've been thinking... Boy, a stick of liquor, please. Oh, yes, ma'am, right here. Thank you. Thank you, ma'am. Oh, Captain, I was wondering... Yes? Do you suppose the Army would be interested in a new explosive? An explosive? Oh, they've got lots of explosives now. Oh, but this one's better than anything they've got. If that's so, then what's the name of it? Well, I call it the Tom Edison High Powerful All-Explosive Number One. Oh, something you made yourself. Yes, sir. You shouldn't play with explosives, Tom. They're very dangerous. Oh, what's a little thing like danger when you're doing it for your country? This is a wonderful explosive, Captain. You want to see it? I've got it right here in my pocket. Well, let's have a look at it. Here. In this little bottle, see? Well, what's it made of? Well, there's some sulfuric acid in it and there's some nitric acid. And let me see... Oh, yes, some glycerin. What was that again? Sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and... And glycerin. Yes, sir. Tom, that's nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin? Oh, guys. Yeah, still now. Now, don't move, Tom. Don't move a step. What's going on? That boy has a bottle of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin. Here, Mr. Nelson, you take it. No, not me. You stay where you are. Don't get excited, friends. There'll be no danger. Be careful. Tom Edison, are you crazy? I didn't know, Mr. Nelson. I didn't know. Oh, just you, age young man. Don't have to stop the train, Mr. Nelson. If he drops that bottle, that little blow is all high on the kite. Mr. Nelson, stop the train.  Don't you come near me. I'll pull the emergency car. No, no, no, don't let that. Don't stop too suddenly. You get to the engineer and tell him to slow down gradually. All right. Don't you move one step, Tom Edison. No, no, no. Just keep perfectly still, Tom. Captain Brackett, I'm nervous. I'm shaking. Well, stop it. Stop it. No, no, no. Don't you think you better hold this? Well, it doesn't make much difference. Who holds it, it's who drops it. And I'd rather it wasn't me. What if I could only... Stand still, stand still. I will, sir. No, we're slowing down. Somebody open that window. I'll open the window. I'll do it. No, no, no, no. No, we won't. Now listen, Tom. You walk over to that window slowly now and throw that bottle into the river. Yes, sir. Now wait. Wait. Throw it gently and away from the bridge. Downstream.  Yes, sir, I do. All right. Stand back, everybody. Oh. Now go ahead, Tom. Throw it. All right. One, two. It's all right, sir. It went into the river. Oh, dear. Oh, it's all right, lady. Everything's all right now. Oh, gosh! I guess it floated into a rock. Opposes the matter, doctor. He says he can't hear it out of that ear. We'll just pour a little sweet oil in there. That'll help. Keep your head over on the side, Tom. Yes, doctor. Mr. Nelson kept hitting him on that ear, doctor. Oh, you can't blame Mr. Nelson. Mom, that was my fault, the whole thing. Just the same. He shouldn't have struck you. Tom, just think. Your candy and peanuts and oranges. Oh, God. Oh, that's all right. A fine state of affairs. All you've got to show for your work is an earache. Everything happens for the best, Sam. The way Tom was going, it wouldn't be no time at all before he put the railroad out of business. Oh. Oh, hold still. Don't move, Tom. Does it hurt, Tom? Hm? What? Does it hurt? Your ear! Oh, well, little. Do you think it'll affect his hearing, doctor? I can't say. Not until the swelling goes down. Sometimes there's nothing like a good box on the ear to sharpen a boy's senses. Hey, Sam. Well, I'll be running long. I'll see you to the door. Oh, by the way, how's that pain in your side, Mrs. Edison? Been bothering you lately? Not a great deal, doctor. I think it's getting better. Tom. Tom. Oh, yes, sir. There's one thing I shall insist upon from now on. What's that, sir? You're to get rid of those chemicals. Throw them away or dispose of them any way you like. But you're never to bring them in the house again. But why, Father? Why? Because I say so. That's why. Oh, that's a fine reason. Right, I'll give you another reason then, since you don't like that one. Because you are not competent to handle such things. You're too irresponsible and... And addled. Is that what you mean? Yes, Tom. I'm afraid that's what I mean. And from now on, there'll be no more experiments.   Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Mr. DeMille will bring our stars, Mickey Rooney, and Andy and Virginia Weidler back for the third act of young Tom Edison after a short intermission. Have you ever stopped to think how often old proverbs contradict each other? For instance, too many cooks spoil the broth. Yet, many hands make light labor. Well, when it comes to preparing that swell Christmas dinner you'll be eating on Wednesday, I imagine most mothers would vote for proverb number two. Mothers appreciate helping hands at Christmas time, they help in a lot of ways, like washing the dishes after dinner. Speaking of dishwashing, here's a cheerful thought. Helping hands needn't ever fear they'll become dishpan hands. There's wonderful new quick lucks to save you from that. I've told you about the dramatic one-hand tests made by hundreds of women in a laboratory under conditions similar to home dishwashing. The tests were absolutely impartial. One hand put one hand in luck's suds, or other hand in suds from a different soap, for exactly the same time. Twenty minutes, three times a day, for weeks. All told, five popular soaps were tested. At the end of the tests, the luck's hand still looked soft and smooth, while the other hands were red, rough, unattractive. Luck's proved kinder to hands than any of the other soaps tested. Now, there's a very simple way you can prove this for yourself. Just change from harsh soaps to new quick lucks for your dishes. You wouldn't wash your face with a harsh laundry soap for even one day. So why expose your hands to such a soap in your dishpan? It's foolish, because new quick lucks is not only gentle, it's thrifty and it's fast.  We pause now for station identification. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System. Curtin rises on the third act of Young Tom Edison. Laughed out by the townspeople, scorned by boys of his own age, Young Tom Edison couldn't stand his troubled life in Port Huron any longer. So late one night he left a note where his mother would find it in the morning. It's no use, Mom. I'm a failure in this town, so I'm going away to Detroit and start all over. Love. Tongue. P.S. I love you better than anybody else in the world. Please say goodbye to Father and kiss Tanny for me. An hour later, found Tom in the telegraph office at the railroad station. And you know I can read and send Morris Code as good as, well, almost anybody, Mr. McCarney? Yeah, it's no time. Well, then would you recommend me for a job? Well, yes. But who's going to hire a 16-year-old boy as a telegraph operator? Maybe somebody will in Detroit. Detroit?  That's just what I'm doing. Does your mother know it? You know you'll break her heart if you go. I'll break her heart if I stay. Would you lend me some money, Mr. McCarney? Now, hold on, Tom. I'm willing to do almost anything for you, but I'm not going to finance you into breaking your mother's heart. I'm doing it to help her. I've got to get away from this town.  Have a talk with your brother, Bill. Maybe he can straighten this out. Bill doesn't know anything about it.  I'll pay you back. No, Tom, I won't. All right. That's number nine coming all right on the engine with Mr. Miller.  That's what you think of me, just like all the rest of them. Well, I'm going and you're not going to stop me. No, I...  Don't, Tom. Tanny, what are you doing out at this time of night? I found you, no, Tom. Tom, Tom, you've got to come back. Mama, Mama's sick, Tom. What's the matter with her? I don't know, but she's awful sick. Pop left early tonight to go to Fraser. He isn't back yet. Dr. Penders says we've got to get him and Bill right away, Tom. Well, Father's probably on his way home now. I'll go to Fraser and get Bill. No. You go to the house and stay with Mom. You can help. I'll get Bill. You can't ride on the train alone. You're too little. But Mom needs you. Please, Tom. All right, but be careful. Come back on number seven and bring Bill. I will. Hurry. Mrs. Edison, Tom's here now. Tom. Where were you in all this rain? I was down at the station talking to Mr. McCartney.  No, they must be soaking wet. Mom. Doctor. Doctor, what did she say at that last? I didn't hear her. Come outside a moment, Tom. Dr. Penders, is she awfully sick? Yes. I should operate immediately. It's her only chance. Well, why don't you? There's no light. I can't perform a delicate operation by lamp light. I can't risk it. But if you don't, what then will she... No, son. We'll do the best we can. But we'll have to wait. Mom. Mom. Mom, can I do anything? You can help the doctor. Anything he wants. And tell Tanny to go to Bill. You're the head of the house now. And your father comes home. All right. Mom. Yes, dear. I was going to run away tonight? Yes. I wrote you a little note. I know, Tom, whenever you're hurt. Write a long letter saying exactly what's on your mind. Then read it and tear it up. I was mad at father. I understand, dear. After all, when a man is hurt, he has to get pain-free with someone. That's what mothers and fathers are for. I'm never going to leave you as long as I live. Of course. Of course you're not. You try to sleep, Mom. I'll be right outside. Dr. Pender, it's dangerous to wait till morning, isn't it? Yes, Tom. Every moment we lose permits the infection to spread further. We've got a lot of lamps, Tim. Maybe 15 of them. Amplight won't do, my boy. But you said yourself that if we wait around, she may... Dr. Pender, you've got to do it now. You just got to. You can't wait. Tom, stop it. Believe me, son. It's the only thing to do. A doctor can't work in the dark. He needs light. Someday it may be different, Tom. Perhaps someday the world's work won't have to stop when the sun goes down. But that won't be in my time. I was just thinking. Suppose I got a mirror. A big mirror. That'd help, wouldn't it? Mirror? What good would that be? Well, don't you see? A mirror reflects light and magnifies it. We get set it up in the dining room and put all the lamps in front of it.  But Dr. Pender... What's the matter with you? There's nothing to matter with me. I'm trying to save my mother's life. You need light to operate, and I can make it for you. Have you got a mirror in the house? Large one? No, sir. But I can get it. I'll go down to Mr. Dingle's store. He's not open. Then I'll just break in and take it. They can't blame you if I'm trying to help my mother. Tom, I don't believe this will work. Take your way back. Bring Mrs. McConnie. We'll operate as soon as you provide enough light. Is it... is it over? Did you operate? Yes, Tom, we did. Well, is she... oh, tell me. You'll know very soon now, Tom. But I'm pretty sure that she'll be all right. Oh, gosh. Thanks, Doctor. Thanks. Don't thank me.  That mirror was an inspiration. Oh, the mirror... the mirror? Oh, say I'd better bring it back before the store opens. He's mad.  They broke in that door right there, see? What do they steal, Mr. Dingle? Well, they steal just a special looking glass imported from New York. I'd like to get my hands on him, that's all. Oh, excuse me. Oh, Mr. Dingle. Here's your looking glass, Mr. Dingle. What? There it is, Dingle. Tom Edison's got it. Come here. Oh, I'm sorry, Mr. Dingle. Somebody get the sheriff. Wait, listen. I had to have it, Mr. Dingle. You see my mother... Never mind your excuses. You stole it. That's burglary. I've got a good mind, too. Mr. Dingle, let me go. I'll break into my store, will you? But look out for the looking glass. I'll hand you good for this. Oh, please, look out. Oh, now look what you did. You broke it. I couldn't help it, your sheriff. I'll teach you to destroy people's property, break into my store, steal my looking glass, and then break it right in front of old knives. I'll teach you all right. Please, Mr. Dingle. I'll present an attack. You let go of that coin. You hear howl, listen, Mr. Edison. Let him go, and I'll break it. Now wait, Mr. Edison. Hold on. He broke into my store, stole a looking glass and smashed it. What? Is that true, Tom? Yes, Pop. I had to because... That's enough. Go on home. I'll attend to you when I get there. But, Pop, if you'll only listen to me... You heard me. Go home. Yes, sir. Say, what's that about? Something must have happened. I don't see any smoke. Can't be a fire. There's Ed Hodges running up the station. Hey, Ed! What's the matter, Ed? The bridge is out. What did he say? What's that, Ed? The bridge is out. The storm last night, it gave way 10 minutes ago. Give me the railroad bridge. That's right. The vessel's gone to the gully 10 miles up the line. Number 7's due to pass there any minute. Number 7? Wait, that's the train. Can he use a... Number 7! Tom! I'm back here. Pop, I've got to go down to the station. Tom! Tom! No, it's not to do it. Come on, let's work right down. Are you getting through with them yet? Can't you get any answer, Mr. McConn? Give me a chance. Give me a chance. You've got to reach them. You've gotten lost. No use. I can't get through to Ridgeway. The wires are down. Number 7 passes there in three minutes. That's our last chance of flagging. Then she took on her. Which means she'll hit the river 40 miles an hour. Quiet! Quiet! Please! Bob, if you could get across the river, you might be... Give me a chance, Mac. That'll take hours. Mr. McConn. Not now, Tom. Not now. But maybe I can help. I've got an idea. I'm alone, Tom. Can't you see I'm busy? Get out of here and let us alone. I won't. My sister and brother are on that train. I've got as much right as anybody else to be here. Is that so? Go on home. No, please, listen. I can send a message to the train. The wires are down and he can send a message to the train. But I don't need any wires. Tom! Quiet!  Mr. Miller, I can stop number seven if you'll only let me. Well, go ahead and stop it. Only get off of here. But please listen. I can send a message with that whistle. With what? With your engine whistle. Watch.  I can send Morris code. Listen. Morris code? What's that you're saying now? I'm spelling out danger. They might hear it on number seven and stop the train. Who's blowing that whistle? I am, Mr. McConn. That might work. That's what I've been trying to tell you. How can it work? It's cold. Who's going to read it? Danny's on the train, my sister. She's only a little girl. Of course she understands code. You know she does, Mr. McConn. Yeah, she does. I suppose she's sitting in the train just waiting for you to... She'll hear it. She's got her own call letters, T.A. Please, Mr. McConn, let me try it. All right, we got to do something. Miller, get your engine moving. Run down as close as you can to that bridge and hurry. Tom, you keep on that whistle. I can't leave my station. Go ahead and good luck. Thanks, Mr. McConn. Tom, we're pretty close to the bridge. They ought to be able to hear us from here. I'm ready. All right. T.A.T.A.D.A. M.G.E.R. Oh, Danny, listen. Please, listen. T.A.T.A.  Is Mother very sick, Danny? I don't know, but Dr. Penderson, go and get your father and Bill. I suppose... Well, then it must be pretty bad. I only hope we get there in time. What's all that whistling for? I don't know. Honey, you know, it sounds like Bill... Yes? It stops and dashes. What? Force cold. Dash, dock dash, dash, dock dash. That's me. That's my secret signal. It's Tom. Tom's sending it. What? How could it be? Listen. I.N.Train. S.E.B.E.N.7. S.T.O.P. Bill, Dr. Nelson. You hear that whistle? Of course I hear it. You think I'm deaf? Somebody's trying to stop this train. Listen. Seven. S.T.O.P. D.A.N.G.E.R. What is she talking about, Mr. Nelson? Yeah, she's an Edison. They're all little tets, you know. Get the train number seven. Stop. Danger. Be quiet, Tanny. No, listen. B. R. D. Stopped all right. About 20 feet from the washout. What do you think of my brother, Mr. Nelson? Finest lad I know. I said it before. Oh, hello, pal. Tom, I'm proud of you. Oh, Tanny's the one father she... I don't mean only this.  Oh, how is she? Is she going to be all right? She's going to be fine. Why didn't you tell me about the looking glass? You wouldn't let me. That's right. I wouldn't. Sorry about that. Hereafter, Tom, maybe I'll learn to listen to you a little more carefully. Ladies and gentlemen, as you all know, we're all down here at the station to say goodbye to young Tom Edison. Wish him well and his new job as telegraph operator. Speaking for the railroad and myself, we're giving you this job, Tom, because you're a competent man, not just because you're a hero. Mr. McCarney, I don't care why you're giving it to me. I'm glad to get it. Real telegraph operator, my boy, and you're going to be a credit to the Grand Trunk Railroad and to me. Are you ready, son? Yes, sir. Oh, Mr. Edison, meet Mr. Jackson, superintendent of the line. Excuse me, sir. I'm Edison's pop. Oh, how do you do, sir? Goodbye, pop. We're leaving. Goodbye, son. Goodbye, Kenny. Goodbye, Tom. And, Mom, goodbye, Mom. You know what?  Goodbye, Tom. God bless you. And, Tom, you mustn't forget this. It's a little package for you. What is it, Mom? Apple pie and milk. Apple pie and milk. My favorite. Oh, Mom, thank you. Yes. A little while back, he was Sam Edison's son. Now I'm Tom Edison's father. And you know, I like it. In a moment, Mr. DeMille brings Mickey Rooney back for a curtain call. And now, since we've reached the night before, the night before Christmas, I've asked Lou Silvers to play for you an old Welsh Christmas tune which I've always liked.   Deck the hall with bows of holly. It is the season to be jolly.  Troll the ancient Yuletide carol. We, of the Lux Radio Theatre, and our sponsors, the makers of Lux Flakes, join in wishing all of you the gayest, happiest kind of a Christmas and a very prosperous new year. You have made 1940 a good year for Lux Flakes. And we know that that means Lux Flakes have proved helpful to you. Certainly it is a tribute to high quality. When we find new Quick Lux, America's favorite way of washing nice things by a vote of two to one. And that's what our Coast to Coast survey shows. Yes, from San Francisco to New York, from Boston to New Orleans, twice as many women use new Quick Lux for stockings under things, nice dresses and so on, as use any other flakes, chips or beads. It's new Quick Lux Flakes, two to one. You like it for its speed, thrift, safety. It will always bring you these qualities. Always give you the quick, thrifty, gentle care that keeps everything safe in water, lovely longer. You'll find it ideal for so many things, stockings, under things, dresses, sweaters, glosses, gloves. In fact, everything safe in water. Remember, new Quick Lux comes in the same familiar package and it costs you no more. Now, here's Mr. DeMille with our star. Two kinds of magic brought us this play tonight. Engineering magic of the kind that Edison invented and the acting magic of Mickey Rooney. And here's Mickey now for a curtain call. Thank you, Mr. DeMille. I was pretty scared, you know, when they gave me this assignment in the picture, a genius like Thomas Edison is nobody for a kid like me to fool around with. For our money, Mickey, we're just about right. You know, it got so that every time I turned on the lighter, put a swing record on the phonograph, I'd get the shivers. I couldn't push a button without it turning out to be something he had invented. You certainly seem to have regained your courage. Yes, sir, I finally remembered about the alarm clock and that did it. I've heard of it, Mickey. How did it work? Well, it was a deli and I figured that anyone who could think that one up was a regular fellow. You know, he'd get up early and run down to his workshop in the cellar.  Sounds like a sound deduction, Mickey. He must have been a regular fellow. Oh, Mr. DeMille, what's going to go on here next week? We'll ring out the old year next Monday night, Mickey, with a new universal hit recently released, A Little Bit of Heaven. And you'll hear the same star who appeared on the screen, Gloria Jean. And with her we'll have C. Aubrey Smith, Helen Parrish and Frank Albertson.  We have an all-star cast and the 12-year-old singing star, Gloria Jean, in the leading role. Gloria Jean, C. Aubrey Smith, Helen Parrish and Frank Albertson. How can you miss with a show like that, Mr. DeMille? Well, may I say now, so long and a merry Christmas to everyone. Good night, Peggy. Good night and thanks for you. Before we meet again in this theater next week, the most joyful day of the year will have come and gone. In 1940, there can't be anyone in this audience who isn't thankful for this blessing that is still ours to enjoy. Thankful that everywhere in America there's still time for Christmas. So when your family gathers from far and near to join the celebration at your fireside and the lights are blazing bright on your Christmas tree, when the children begin to laugh and play on Christmas morning, please add this hope of ours to the joy and blessing of the day. The sincere wish of our sponsors, the makers of lux flakes and lux toilet soap, and of all this radio family, that all your family enjoy the happiest of happy Christmas times. Our sponsors join me in inviting you to be with us again next Monday night. From the Lux Radio Theatre presents Gloria Jean, C. Aubry Smith, Helen Parrish, and Frank Albertson in A Little Bit of Heaven. This is Cecil B. DeMille saying good night to you from Hollywood. Virginia Weidler's forthcoming picture is the Metro-Golden mayor production Keeping Company. Bula Bondi is now working in the Columbia picture Penny Serenade with Kerry Grant and Irene Dunn. Heard in tonight's play were Griff Barnett as Mr. Edison, Lou Merrill as Mr. Nelson, Earl Ross as Mr. McCarney, Warren Ashe as Captain Brackett, Arthur Q. Bryan as Hodges, Stanley Farrar as Dr. Pender, Noreen Gamill as Miss Howard, Jack Lewis as Miller, Clarence Strait as Bill, Charles Seal as Dingle, and Celeste Rush and Philip Steep. Our music is directed by Lewis Silvers and your announcer has been Melville Roick. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System.


Welcome to All Hands Update. I'm Petty Officer Brandy Wills with your headlines from around the fleet. The amphibious transport dock ship, the future USS Anchorage, will be commissioned May 4th at 10 a.m. Alaska Daylight Time in the port of Anchorage in Alaska. The ship pulled into port May 1st, kicking off a four-day celebration that will lead into the commissioning. You can watch the commissioning live on Direct to Sailor and Navy Dot Mill. May 15th through August 31st is the peak move season of the year when more than 65% of service members and their families enact a permanent change of station. Navy officials recommend that sailors plan their move as early as possible. To book your move, go to move.mil. You can read more about these stories at navy.mil. From All Hands Update, thanks for watching.


Hey everybody, this is the extremely quick guide on how to filter audio in OBS Studio. This guide assumes you know how to set up a scene and a source. If not, quick refresher, click the plus sign, create a scene by clicking OK. A scene is simply what you're going to see and hear. I'm not going to do that, otherwise you'll stop seeing and hearing me. In your scene, you're going to want some sources. You'll probably have nothing when you first set up OBS Studio. Click the plus sign and add in your source. A source is, well, exactly what it sounds like. It's a source of media, in this case, audio. So click on audio input capture and you'll get this screen, create new or add existing. I'm going to add existing simply because if I add new, you'll stop hearing me. So once you click create new, you're going to get a screen that looks something like this. Simply select your device. In my case, it is the blue microphone analog stereo or the blue Yeti. From there, you're going to notice your audio quality is well probably crap. So you're going to want to right click on it, go to filters and you'll see none of this. I'm disabling it. This is what the microphone sounds like. Raw unedited microphone. If you see down in the audio mixer, this is your best buddy. When you're troubleshooting your audio issues, it's picking up a lot of background noise.  You're going to need to add some audio filters and we're not going to deep dive into each. One of these, we're just going to pop these on and show you what they do, but we are going to explain them a little bit. To add them, click this plus sign and then select the filter. First one is noise suppression. You probably immediately noticed a massive increase in sound quality just from noise suppression because my office has a lot of background noise. Clicking on noise suppression, you'll get two methods. I put mine to RN noise, which is higher quality. If you have a laptop or a slower computer, use the SPX. I don't know how to pronounce that. Next up is noise gate. Again, plus sign is your friend, plus sign noise gate. I'm going to turn it on. Noise gate takes a little bit of explaining and I wish these two were reverse, but think of it like a doorway. The door is closed, the door is open. You ever hear the term you have an open mic? That's really what we're talking about. If the mic is open, it is recording. If it is closed, it is not. So we have our open threshold at negative 34 dB. You can see the audio mixer down here. We are now closing at negative 40. What this really means is when I start talking, as soon as it hits negative 34, boom, shoots up. I'm going to start recording and it's going to limit out a lot of that background noise. As soon as I stop talking, it's going to close or turn off the mic. So again, you're not going to hear a lot of background noise. Literally as I'm recording this audio, I can hear a neighbor's dog barking and another neighbor's driving by with a noisy stereo, but I'm rest assured that the microphone is not picking up any of that. Next up is the compressor again, plus sign is your friend. The compressor, well, this takes a little bit of playing around with it. It's really not super helpful if you try to dive in and understand every single setting. The thing that's helped me the most is ratio. If you are noticing your quality is not that great, play around with the ratio.  For example, if I were to slide this over here, it's extremely loud. I'm going to put mine right back at zero because my microphone has a physical dial. Next up is limiter. Limiter is really useful if you've got multiple people that are, say, like raising their voice and arguing and things like that. Really what the limiter does is keeping that from spiking too much and just kind of smooths out the audio quality. There's other videos out there that explain it way better than I am, but I'm trying to keep this video extremely short because I know your time's limited. Last up is invert polarity. In case you're wondering what invert polarity is, it's right out of the manual. Used to correct phase cancellation issues, but it's not super helpful. What is phase cancellation? I put this in as an honorable mention in case you're just getting really weird events in your audio. Enabling it, you may not even notice a difference in your audio. So what is a phase cancellation event? Basically it's two sound waves that are competing, but they cancel each other out.  That's basically what we're talking about. Phase cancellation is an audio phenomenon where the waves of multiple tracks work against each other to eliminate certain frequencies. You can get the same effect by hitting two tuning forks at the same time and you don't hear what you're supposed to hear. You may actually even cancel it out.  Again, we're not going to dive too much into the science. I hope you liked this video.  Drop a hint below on what you would recommend. And if you found this video helpful, give me a big thumbs up.