�� අදබහ ඕශතික්තු තඐම්ින්පවğı journ�ල්ව ගල්ඩිා Harshහිටක්රූක්ණයුම න්න්නයුපරට න්ී Frank acă�ි යදිටයයුම්්මයුම්ිර පවල්ඵවරස඼ට ම්වයනාන්මී元හේයුමիුමේ. All right, welcome back to the channel, you know already like, comment, share, subscribe. Welcome back to Tackling Miss Rona Trade Mark. Today we're going to be learning how to deal with people who had COVID, all the do's and don'ts, right? What you doing here? Sir, what happened? You put something here man, sir move there man. A video you making man, I have to be in it. Sir, don't have your business, but yeah, I do in a video. I have a message to tell you only. You message, so you feel anybody want to hear what you have to say? I said watch you. So, you don't feel because I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I don't have an opinion man. Where, where? How I feel people here sir? Jumping in love to it?  Okay, all right, fine, all right, fine. As I said, we're going to be talking about the do's and don'ts for people who have contracted COVID. Now apparently, we have a special guest on the show. So, take the floor. To all my internet people, my name is John Stans, Thanderson, the third. But people has just called me Stan. I have a message for you. I am representing all the Jumbies because I am the ambassador. You see if I want that COVID thing to end, you almost live like Jumbies. Get rid of all your worldly possessions because Jumbies don't have that. Jumbies live in a simple life. If you want to join us, just take all your things and put it outside. And when my associates see that, they will come and they will rid you of all the sin that you live in. Well, you heard it here first guys. Now, now, back to the important stuff. Guys, you cannot be discriminating against people that have COVID, long COVID, short COVID, medium COVID. We cannot be doing that, but it's sad. Now, once they watch our channel, once they watch my channel, they cannot face discrimination. All right? Yes, because you are discriminating against people just like you are discriminating against Jumbies. You are not in the video again, you do your part already. If you knew somebody that had COVID and they got better, you must be kind to them because they could have died, you know. But you must make sure you make them know how to wear their mask and how to properly make their sanitizer. Now, I'll be dropping the link for that video in the description for those that missed the video the last time. You better show them how to wear their mask properly and how to make their own sanitizer. Now, I'll be dropping the link in the description for those that missed that video. Y'all know me from my saying that is overdoing overdoing your thing because y'all know already. I don't want none of them by me. If they contracted the virus, we have to be kind to them. We cannot discriminate against them. Okay? If you listen to the tips on the show as usual, Miss Rona cannot never visit you. That's true. Miss Rona cannot never visit you. So, you're still there, sir? Anyway, guys, thanks for tuning in to the show again. You already know like, comment, share, subscribe now. I have to go because Mitz already harassed me there and I cannot take it because he self-believe my life is his. So, I have to go, follow the tips, practice everything I tell y'all and it will be fine. Bye-bye. Tell them bye-bye. Bye-bye. Bye-bye. Okay, okay, yeah. I can see you very excited and feeling much better. I'm just going to take your vitals, okay, before you can go. Now, you know, Miss, I was doing some reading on the Ministry of Health site. I had a plan in that a lot of these things that my partners told me and even what I read on social media, they were not even true, you know. I'm so happy to see that you've changed your whole mindset on this and it's very important to get a lot of the information from a reputable source. Imagine I do my research here that one of my partners told me that the vaccine changes your DNA. A little reading I went and I realized that makes no sense. I mean, come on, how can a vaccine change your DNA? Yes, people say in too many things. COVID is still pretty new. We don't know a lot about it. But I mean, the information that is going around, a lot of fake news and we have to make sure that we give the right or correct information out there. And since you know first time what it was like to experience COVID, I hope you tell your friends the real information. You know, things that would help to change the way things are going right now. You know, that's true, but I must say, you're doing a good job here. One thing about you always up and down, you're checking on the patient. And I know in the beginning, you know, I was a little rough, but it's just because of what I was here in. I himself thought that was a pandemic kind of vibe, you know, trying to poison people's mind. Honestly, that is just how I felt. I didn't want nobody to be but nurse. You're persistent and you stay, you check on me nurse and thank you for that. Just keep doing what you're doing. It's all in a day's work. I love what I do. It's a true passion. But you know, at the end of the day, I really want to make sure that people are taking the vaccines and I want to know, are you going to take the vaccine? Of course. Listen, both me and my woman getting vaccinated because I was reading again. You know, if you are unvaccinated, you are two times more likely to contract the virus again. You think I want to come back here? I like it so much.  Yeah, that's what I like to hear, that you're taking the vaccine is you're going to take care of yourself. You have the proper information. And that's all really good. So let me go and get the rest of the things to make sure that you can be discharged properly. OK, I'll be back very soon. Oh boy, this is not COVID thing and nothing is here, bro. I wish you a speedy recovery. Just make sure you take care of yourself. And when you come out, you all know how we vibe. Make sure you still follow the protocol as a matter of fact, both of us. Because I go in first. Both of us have to follow the protocol and make sure, you know, we sanitize, we social distance and we take care of ourselves. Because there is nothing easy, boy, I know I play like I was tough, but boy, that give me a blow, that really give me a blow. Because we are in the clear yet. OK, he's putting some good information. All right, everything is good right now. You're ready to go.  And at any time you feel unwell when you're at home, just don't hesitate to call 911. OK, just thank you. Michael, that's it for you. You're free to go. Thank you so much, miss. Again, baby. I will miss. And you take care of yourself as well. Thank you so much, miss. You made this. I don't know what I would have done if you were not here early dealing with me the way I was, miss. I appreciate that. I appreciate that. All right. All right. Thank you. All right. Bye bye. My girl, saying it's COVID, I have. I know it, my girl. I'm a pastor that day. He was trying to play like his doctor, trying to diagnose you. Just so. I even worry myself with me. A little call I have. Last week, I got wet in the rain.  And the rain wet me. But you know how it is. It's not COVID. When the rain beat down on you, that's just what happens.   Yes. You see use of the Mipap you showed it. You, it's you that pastor, Antonias. Don't know what happened to me. You just saying I have COVID. Well. My girl, you okay? You sure you all right there? I'm good. I'm good. It's the same call I told you about. It's that I mean I got wet and that's what happened. I don't have COVID. It's just a cold hand. It's been a few weeks now, but that's it. I know you say it's a cold. But just to be on the safe side. Let's go get yourself checked out. The respiratory clinic might still be open.  You see you just trying to tie up my speed as a matter of fact.  And I go kill all that cold story. Yes.


The new MOF nano-sheet, CoBTBLB, was successfully synthesized through a liquid, liquid interface assisted method. It was then characterized by SEMs slash EDX, XPS, HRTM, and AFM. The results confirmed its sheet-like structure and showed it to have excellent electrochemical properties. These properties were further demonstrated in an asymmetric supercapacitor device, where CoBTBLB was used as a positive electrode. The resulting device had a maximum energy density of 150.2 WHKG-1 and a power density of 1619.2 WKG-1, demonstrating the potential of this material for use in future applications. This article was authored by Qian Liu, Xinqigua, Song Wang, and others.


This is Witchspace news for Friday the 14th of January 2022, I'm CMDR Buur In Elite Dangerous News this week, both ends of the Brewer Corporation Colonia Bridge CG are smashed out of the park, there's a billion credit Bucky Ball prize up for grabs this weekend, there's a new World First solo Hydra kill from the AXI and the Odyssey Effect continues to bite Frontiers share price as it publishes its interim results and January trading update to the stock market. To make sure you don't miss any of our videos hit like and subscribe and remember to click the little bell icon and select all notifications and if you'd like to help directly support this channel you can also join our Patreon via the link in the video description. Next week's community goal saw the third part of the new Brewer Corporation's Colonia Bridge project crowdsourcing at least some of the resources needed to build a total of six brand new starports to complement the 56 new permanently anchored mega ships that have already been subject to community goals of their own all of which is strung out in a corridor stretching between the bubble around Sol and the Colonia area toward the centre of the galaxy. The stated goal of the project is to provide refuel and repair facilities for vessels making the 22,000 light year journey to and from the Colonia region. When completed the new corridor will further complement the already existing Colonia connection superhighway of surface starports. When you pull all of this together with the now fairly regular player driven fleet carrier trips between Colonia and the bubble the superhighways make the once moderately terrifying trip between Colonia and the bubble much more of a reasonable proposition to the more travel adverse commanders. The Brewer Corporation have further stated that they believe the creation of the stations in the third phase of the bridge will spawn micro communities of their own between the two previously largely disconnected pockets of humanity. If true this could potentially mean that you could trade or indeed pirate your way between Colonia and the bubble actually making the trip profitable. The community goal last week whilst making pure profits for its participants in terms of straight commodity sales as well as credit payouts from the CG's completion was also once again rewarding the hugely popular pre-engineered frame shift drives that commanders have so keenly craved from the previous CG's. Being in sizes 3, 4 and 6A the FSD's come pre-packaged with increased range and faster boot sequence. So popular were the FSD rewards in fact that between them the bubble and Colonia ends of the CG saw huge participation numbers all week from commanders eager to ensure that they got a chance at the freebie FSD's. The website in ARRA that is only capable of reporting what commanders report to it via the use of third party monitoring applications like the EDMC was reporting that the CG was being attended by upwards of 17,000 commanders. Again this is just commanders that are reporting to ARRA the actual number will be much higher. There was also a community driven push to ensure that the top tier was reached in time before the CG ended on Thursday morning with hashtag tier 5 for Alcor being just one of the hashtags being used on Twitter to keep momentum going. Overall a hugely popular and very well attended community wide event that should start to yield visible changes in the game starting on the 27th of January when the new starports are deployed with later services coming online further down the line. There's a new community driven and funded race event that is awarding a mega credit prize pot this weekend which will see prizes ranging between 250 million and 1 billion credits being claimed by 3 skilled pilots. In the joint venture between the player groups of the new pilots initiative and the Bucky Ball Racing Club the 1,750 million prize pot will be divided up for the first, second and third best entries in a simple time trial event that sees competitors getting the best time they can between 5 fixed starports. The race has been running all week in fact but as of this recording there is still time to take part in the event as entries have until 9am server time on Monday the 17th of January to be submitted. Full details of the new pilots hustle event are linked in the video description below. In a staggering world first this week Commander Mechon of the AXI did something that I honestly would have said was impossible a solo kill of the top tier NPC in the game a Thargoid Hydra class interceptor in wait for it the humble sidewinder. The full video of the commander's amazing achievement you'll find linked below suffice to say whilst the side he used was a highly engineered purpose designed custom build there is no small degree of inhuman level pilotry on display in the 28 minute video that shows just how capable the pilots of the AXI are. I'm glad they're on our side presumably now this has been done the next target is to achieve the same again but this time on foot nothing would surprise me anymore with these guys bravo commander bravo. Frontier developments published its half year interim results and trading update to the London stock market this week as a result of the financial analyst reports that are generated off the back of these updates from Frontier we end up with an interesting look behind the curtain at the company. One of the main headlines from the report is that the company has narrowed its financial profit forecast for the coming year and whilst some of that is no doubt due to the problems with Odyssey at launch and the resultant community backlash it is far from the whole story. Theater's latest Jurassic World game sold very well but it wasn't able to yet benefit from the expected extra boost in its sales that the latest Jurassic World movie release will bring as that was delayed a full year due to the pandemic that movie will now be hitting theaters later in the summer this year on the back of which they expect to see a further boost in sales. The time-twisting third party developed first person shooter Lemniscate performed poorly and player engagement was below Frontier's expectations so this also had an adverse effect on the company's financials and share price. Additionally the Warhammer real-time strategy title Age of Sigma that the company is currently working on has also had its release delayed until the financial year ending 2024 and Frontier themselves have stated that this specific issue is hitting the financial forecast the hardest. Whilst the financial reporting and profits downgrade has undoubtedly kicked the company's share price again it's not right to call doom and despair on David Brabant's Cambridge based development house despite seeing a 40% drop in its share price since November. Financial markets are notoriously twitchy and the story is often more subtle and complex than the pure numbers will tell. We know that in the last year the company has expanded its staff by a further 250 people bringing it to around 745 people with a lot of those new staff members being assigned to quality assurance roles. Presumably to help with testing on the raft of high-profile big-name titles the company has in its upcoming portfolio. Fdev also reported that December traditionally a financial highlight for games publishers was the single best December the company had ever had with record revenues being reported. The report from Frontier's stockbroker Liberum makes mention of Elite Dangerous Odyssey specifically saying quote elite dangerous Odyssey has had a very difficult period but Fdev continue to support the game and we believe management is reviewing plans for the Elite Dangerous franchise following the disappointing 2021 unquote. That last sentence is of particular interest nothing will get the attention of a corporation's upper echelons like a swift kick in the financials. But it was encouraging to hear it specifically stated that Fdev are to continue to support our favorite go-to space simulator and elsewhere we've also learned that Frontier are currently recruiting a senior gameplay designer for Elite Dangerous specifically encouraging to hear as gameplay is therefore clearly still being designed for the game. Mentioning Elite Dangerous Odyssey themselves Frontier developments say in their report on the stock market that it had a difficult year resulting from the poorly received Odyssey launch but do go on to say quote we continue to support the game and our passionate players with development updates and we have seen an upturn in player sentiment as a result unquote. Indeed looking at Elite Dangerous on the Steamcharts website which is a moderately reliable source for gauging player engagement with Elite Dangerous if not specific numbers of players we are seeing games in player numbers for the last four months over the previous four months that started with huge losses following the release of Odyssey. That evidence would seem to be further backed up by the large player numbers attached to the community goal last week that we reported on earlier. Whilst the gains from the last four months in player engagement don't bring it anywhere near the highs of immediately prior to Odyssey's release they are demonstrative of a general upward trend as the post release patches bring the game to a better place and it continues to recover from the Odyssey firestorm. We're certainly hoping here at the burpit that with Frontier's public statement regarding the upturn in player sentiment coupled with better communication and upcoming new features and development updates that it bodes well for them continuing this trend going forward in 2022. Understandably so the console release is going to continue being a major issue within the community until we hear something further on this. Whilst the console release was conspicuous by its absence in the financial forecasting we wouldn't expect to see it reported on there until its schedule had been released publicly first to the waiting console community customer base. It's certainly going to be a very interesting year for Frontier the company is clearly expanding and investing in itself but they equally need to see solid profits from those investments this year. They have stakes now in some very big third party IP franchises notably Formula One, Jurassic World and Warhammer and still lots of work to be done to get Odyssey to a more respectable place before addressing the issue of bringing the expansion to the waiting console market. Did you get yourself a pre-engineered frameshift drive this week?  Let us know in the comments below. That's it for now, thanks very much for watching, we'll be back later this week with more videos until then 07 CMDRs follow the Greens on the way out and do keep clear of the toast rack, we very much look forward to seeing you next time.


All right, it's my great pleasure to present a fellow Lestrian, how do we pronounce that? Lestrian? Yeah, for all the way from Leicester in the UK, Tony Abbey who's going to be talking about the 1949 EDSAC rebuild, which is awesome. Please welcome, Tony. Cheers everybody. Thanks. Thanks for coming because I know there's a lot of opposition in one of the other theatres So I did try to get this talk moved away from sex robots, but I wasn't successful. Anyway, EDSAC, EDSAC means electronic delay storage automatic computer, and it was the the first real programmable computer that was built in the UK and it provided the computing service at Cambridge University from 1949 to 1958. So has anybody heard of EDSAC before? I won't be able to see you anyway. Ah, good laws. That's fantastic. And how many of you used thermionic valves or tubes as our American cousins would call them? Oh, quite a few of them. That's fantastic. Okay, so EDSAC was the first practical general purpose stored program electronic digital computer. That's a mouthful, isn't it? And it provided the first computing service for Cambridge University. And it ran its first programs, which was the squares of the numbers from one to a hundred printed out on a teleprinter on the 6th of May 1949. And it used three and a half, nearly three and a half thousand valves and took 12 kilowatts. Now it actually transformed science because prior to that everybody was using mechanical calculators. And it was 1500 times faster than the sort of calculators it replaced. And it's used as one of three Nobel Prizes. People like Fred Hoyle were involved. Guys that were working out the molecular structure of hemoglobin. All these things, these sort of things required lots and lots of calculations, signs and cosines on the x-ray crystallography measurements that were being made. And the computer, they claim it was the one that invented software. And it was used in extensive library of subroutines.  And when the person that wanted to run their program needed a subroutine, the operator would put the subroutine through a paper tape reader and it would be punched into the next part of the paper tape that the program had put in. So this was the subroutine. And it was the basis for Leo. And Leo was the first business computer designed by Lyons for their corner tea shops. And for a number of years, it was a commercial success in the UK. So how did it come about? Maurice Wilkes only died in 2010 at the age of 97. He had a BA in maths from Cambridge and he was in the Cavendish lab. He had got a PhD in physics. Now he was whisked off to wartime service. He was a radar boffin. He was also a quite a well-known radiometer. He appeared in various copies of the RSGB magazine as far as I remember. And he became the director of the University's Mathematical Laboratory. Now this came about because he went off in 1946 to the USA to the Moore School summer lectures. He only managed to catch the last two weeks of about a five or six week course because of problems with transport. Presumably Cambridge wasn't very keen to give him much money to get there so he had to go very slowly. But he went there and he looked to learn about their ENIAC computer. Now the ENIAC computer was actually used to generate the trajectories of artillery shells. And it was sort of, although it was in theory programmable, it was a fixed program which required lots of wiring and keyboard and switchboards like as used in telephone exchanges that set up the programs. And I understand it took something like two days to change from one program to another. But he came back saying to his mates at Cambridge University, look we've got to have one of these. And so this was 1946 and he recruited a dozen or so of his radar technicians and they set about building EDSAC with the valves that were available at the time. The biggest problem though was computer memory. In 1949 if they'd made it out of valves in sort of flip flops and things like that it would require five tubes or valves per bit. And he wanted something like 17-bit word, 1024 words. So that would have used 79,000 valves. And that they could not afford that sort of number of valves and that amount of power. The other possibilities were acoustic delay lines, cathode ray tubes where a plate was put on the front of the screen and the the electron beam addressed various areas and nought and wands were picked up by the charge coming through the screen. That was the Williams cathode ray tube. Very very very difficult with needing very careful screening. And then there were things like rotating magnetic drums which were subsequently used a lot. But at the time they were complex, expensive and very unreliable and they limited the speed of the computer. So they decided to use these acoustic delay lines, but the delay lines were mercury in five-foot steel tubes. So they made these banks and they were called storage tanks, each holding 16-36-bit words. And they were mounted in wooden boxes known as coffins. Now the problem with these was that transducers at each end of the pipes had to be aligned to better than a foul. And the mercury had to be distilled regularly to remove any contamination. And the speed of sound through the mercury was temperature sensitive. So the tanks had to be temperature controlled to maintain sync with the EDSAC clock. Now we get groups coming through the EDSAC display at the National Museum of Computing and the evolution of the valve transistor integrated circuits, etc. is explained. But the talk usually ends with the lecturer holding up a 32 gig SD card. And he says to the kids, anybody know how much it would cost if implemented with the mercury delay lines that you can see behind you rather than silicon. And I am told that the answer is, let me just look at this on my notes, it would cost £30 billion, it would weigh 10 million tonnes and it would fill 10 battleships. So that's what Moore's done in those 70 years since that early time. That's why you have all those gigabytes in your mobile phones. I mean it is incredible. So as with the mercury delay lines, and to keep down the number of valves, EDSAC uses serial computing. So it's got 16 or 17 bit words. I say 16 or 17 because one of the bits is a sort of guard band, a guard bit. But we pass on a single wire bus, main input and output buses, we pass a serial data stream running at 500 kilohertz. And these diagrams are from the original EDSAC report written in between 1946 and 1949 of how they were designing it. And it was divided into minor and major cycles, a minor cycle being the pulse train associated with one word and then a major cycle being the number of words that were in a memory tube. So you've got a repetition frequency of something like 870 words per second and that was typically the instruction rate of the computer, a bit under that. But it was had a 500 kilohertz clock and without doing it that way it would have used far more valves and far more power. But of course you can imagine it might be a bit of a problem. So we have the original EDSAC team, that's Morris Wilkes and his chief engineer, and you see the technicians there filling the racks, putting the shafts in the racks, building up the computer. And this is our reconstruction team in the last few years. This is a display at the National Museum of Computing which is on the Bletchley Park site. And we have tried to go from the original high resolution black and white photographs, identifying the positions of the valves, the name, the function of each chassis. And our leader there, the guy you can see on the front right in the base trousers, he runs the show. He was the European director of research for Microsoft. He used to take Bill Gates round on his lecture tours and things. And he has us all running around building the computer. So why build it? Of course, as with all things, it started in a pub in Cambridge. And it's Herman Hauser, the director of ARM Computers, met David Hartley, who was the former director of Cambridge University Computer Lab. And they asked Chris Burton of the Computer Preservation Society to do a feasibility study as to whether EDSAC could be recreated. The whole thing was destroyed, by the way, in 1948, sorry, 1958, when EDSAC 2 was built. Just one or two chassis were kept and appeared later. One was found in a garage in somewhere in America. And they did keep one of the, a very short mercury tank and one of the chassis that was used to put the bits into the tank and get them out of it again. So Chris Burton, he reviewed the documents and the availability of components and decided it was feasible, but it would cost a quarter of a million pounds. And that was to set up the new room at the museum and get all the parts and employ local contractors to build chassis and things like that. And he had already recreated the Manchester baby computer, which is in Manchester in sort of about the same sort of time of EDSAC. And that does exist. So let me, sorry, I meant to just say is there any other thing? Yeah, so we built it in order to celebrate the early triumphs of British computer technology and to sort of try and revive this expertise before it disappeared. And we wanted to learn about the challenges faced by those early computer pioneers. And I have to say they are challenges. So the charity was set up and the money has been raised. Now authenticity, authenticity, that's a difficult word. We didn't have a complete blueprint, but we aimed to be consistent with the photographs and the contemporary records and use period components and circuits when available and suitable. And otherwise use modern components if they looked right, but basically adhere to the principles that were laid down in that EDSAC report. Now we didn't have any circuit diagrams. Now that's a bit of a problem when you're trying to build something because you actually have to start from scratch just like the original pioneers did. Although we did have the photographs of the chassis and we knew they made it work. When they were building it, they didn't know whether they're going to make it work or not. But some way into the project in about 2014, a guy who'd worked at Cambridge was working on the EDSAC II computer. He remembered that he'd actually rescued these circuit diagrams. They were about to be thrown out. So he rescued them from landfill. And then he heard about this rebuild project. And he's presented the project with these circuit diagrams. And basically we found we're sort of on the right lines with what we're doing. So one or two of the original chassis existed. You can see the top picture there is one of the ones that's being rescued. And the bottom one has been created from computer AD design. Of course we had to work out where all the valves were going to be punched into the chassis where all the valve bases went. But that was from the knowledge of the sort of circuits it needed and the pictures. And we used a firm in Cambridge called Tevesham Engineering to make all these chassis. Then we needed to know how EDSAC works in detail. So we didn't have complete circuits. We had diagrams that weren't consistent. And there was evidence that they continually developed the project as they went along. So it was a continual changing computer we were trying to build. So a logic simulation was built which runs is available. It can be downloaded from the web. And this is one of the typical logic diagrams from the original report showing accumulators. It's the same von Neumann design that computers are today. They actually hadn't invented the index register there which apparently gave a few problems with writing programs. But anyway the logic simulation was built. It's available. It runs very slowly on a PC. It's already been translated into verilog and runs on an FPGA. So we can see the sort of serial waveforms we expect from the computer. And this logic simulation does actually work. Now it was built by radio and radar engineers. So it tends to use AC coupled circuits and analog waveforms. And it uses the valves that are available at the time which are things like EF54s and EF55 pentodes, EB34 double diodes and EF50 single diodes and a few others. But those are the main contents of that. Those are the main valves that are used. Now interestingly they're actually available. You can still buy them new old stock. But what you couldn't do is get things like the valve bases because they'd all been in chassis that were destroyed. We had to go to China to get the valve bases. Now also digital logic is expensive and Angate uses three pentodes and three diodes. So the original designers had lots of space saving shortcuts. So the circuits are actually imperfect and it turns out they don't work very well together. So we've had to do lots of experiments to see how to make it all work. And here is a typical diagram from that early document. And it says it's a circuit of a flip flop. Now you probably know that flip flop is a bistable. However the sharp eye ones amongst you will probably notice it's actually a monostable. There's a single CR time constant in the middle. So it actually times out. It just produces a pulse when triggered. So what they cleverly did is they added the reset pulse circuit which can actually reset the monostable early. Now that means you can actually use it as a set reset flip flop. Now that was a big mistake because that's given us so many problems. It turns out it's very sensitive to the strength of the pulses that it gets. Sometimes it'll reset. Sometimes it won't. Sometimes you set send a reset pulse to it and it sets it. And that's given us the most trouble and it caused a lot of setbacks in the actual commissioning of the machine. And this is the boot ROM. Now you probably remember some of you might remember that in the very early computers one actually toggled the input code in on switches. And of course subsequent to that computers have had a ROM that operates when you first switch on. Now these are post office telephone uniselectors electromechanical switches and they're the noughts and wands of the boot code which loads in the paper tape are actually wired up on these terminals. So when it starts it goes click, click, click, click, click and that data goes into the first memory zero of the tap or tank zero of the computer. So the mapping the logic to the chassis is this is these are the high resolution black and white pictures we had. And as we zoom in we can actually see the sort of valves that were there. We can identify the EF 55s and the EF 54s and the diodes and things. And we can zoom right in to the you should just about be able to see that that says coincidence unit something other three possibly. So we know that's the chassis that does coincidence. Coincidence being when the memory word in the tank matches the word you have in the selection register and you have to wait for it to come round. So the coincidence unit puts out a pulse when the word you want is in the tank has come round. So we had to get these parts. I say valves were available as new old stock B9G valve holders for the EF 55s and 54s had to be bought from China and they didn't actually make them very well. Somebody had to go along with a dentist drill and drill out some of the some of the pin the sockets to make them fit a bit better. We couldn't use the original type of components because they would have been too unreliable but we've got we've got components which look similar and we've handmade tank strips and we have to use delay delay lines in various places to to to make signals wait a little bit while something else catches up with them. So we've got lumped circuit delay lines and you can see those pancake coils at the bottom right there. They've been specially wound for us to make these various delay lines. Now it so happens that Milton Keynes is the home of Marshall Amps who specialise in valve based guitar amps. So a lot of the the 20 regeneration chassis that are associated with the memory tanks have been built by them but nearly all all the other chassis have been built in people's sheds garages and I love that picture of Ed Shack so that's one of the guys I work with James. He he built quite a few of the chassis it's amazing he's got a carpeted floor though isn't it very impressive. And there we have an original 1949 chassis and the equivalent 2013 version. That's I'm not sure that looks like it needs a few more components in it before before it was ready to go in but you can see we've tried to adhere to the same it's the same build standards. Now as we've said with these mercury tanks now health and safety said you can't have all these huge great tubes of mercury and it's going to cost too much and we've already established that temperature stability was going to an issue. So it was decided to emulate the mercury delay lines with nickel delay lines that's a nickel wire and you use them magnetostrictive effective in nickel to actually pass a pulse from one end of the wire to the other to give the necessary delays. But at the moment we're using pic microprocessors as shift registers because the the nickel delay lines have been running as a parallel project and haven't been actually installed in the system yet. And there we compare a long nickel delay line in the left hand picture you can see the spiral wound wire and it's got transducers at either end and it uses modern components actually but it eventually produces signals that go back into the valve tanks and then the little pickboard that is used for the to simulate that and that's what we're using at the moment. So there we have EDSAC as it was in 1949 and as it is now at the National Museum of Computing. Now my my job oops okay I'm being waived at so I've got to move on a bit faster so the timeline was started 2010 and I won't go through that but we raised the money we've we've done the design prototyping we've started construction and we're now in the commissioning phase and that's where I came in. I I had a series of lucky coincidences I retired from space science engineering at Leicester University in 2011. I helped run Leicester Hackspace and I joined the mailing list of Betsy Park and the National Museum of Cuting and one day I was invited to help repair BBC micro power suppliers so I got involved with the TNMOC then I went to an open source FPGA weekend at Wuthering Bytes at Hedburnen Bridge where we simulated EXAC on a black ice FPGA board so I was fascinated by this project we had various talks about the history of the the computer so I became a volunteer then at TNMOC and I naturally asked to join the EXAC rebuild project so nearly all the chassis have been built and tested of the 142 they're all sort of working on the bench they don't work too well when they're put all together and that's where I've come in. Our first instruction has been executed and we've actually had the thing running several automatic cycles on its own now these are the sort of circuit diagrams we we're working with obviously I won't go into detail but those of you will with knowledge of vowels will recognize the various they're all pentodes here with with diodes that are used for DC restoration where you've got AC coupled circuitry now the top line you can say see one of the DC coupled things flip-flop FF1 and underneath it the bottom one is we've still got one of the original monostables we're trying to decide at the moment whether we need to change that flip-flop from a monostable to a bistable circuit to make it a bit more reliable now just quickly want to flip through that this is a tribute to the maker community because one of my colleagues there is using a 3d printer with an Arduino which is used to as the solid-state injector unit where we inject op codes into the system and we've even 3d printed nuts which weren't available for some of the front panel switches so they make made them very looking very realistic I've done a lot of debugging with oscilloscopes and the top left you can see the sort of problems I've had to deal with that's the yellow trace is a pulse which is turns on the output from one of the memory tanks and that was a series of ones which should all be the same level now they actually decay in amplitude from left to right that's because of some DC bias problem I've had to tweak things in an amplifier so you see we've got imperfect logic circuits here and then the bottom right shows what happens when you pass a signal through an AND gate the pulse that we want use the one towards the right hand end of the screen but we've had to deal with a DC level that shifts up due to the imperfections of the various diodes that are used in the AND gate so we've got signals that are too high for a nought and they don't go as high as they should do it's ideal it should go up to 20 volts that one it's 5 volt for a centimeter scale so it's going to about 15 or 16 volts that's quite good compared with a lot of the things I've had to deal with then we had oscillating cathode followers this was software designed radio receiver apparently the post office went round to the EDSAT when it was first built and said you're interfering with local shortwave reception and I found that when you have a pair of cathode followers that was driven by a signal and its inverter the whole thing forms a cathode coupled multivibrator and that's the the frequency varying as I squeeze together the wires coming from those the inter chassis connecting wires and the frequency also that's the third on harmonic so it was oscillating about eight or nine megahertz so I also use LT spice for simulating the various circuits we have the valves available the valve characteristics available in LT spice and I show the effect there of loading of a of an amplifier by a simulation of the wires connecting one right to the other converting a squarish waveform to a triangular waveform okay I'm being told I better finish I've done a lot with logic analyzers Chinese very cheap Chinese circuits and in fact only this week I built a four pound logic analyzer 16 channel using a knockoff Cyprus USB evaluation module from China and we've actually been using that only only a couple of days ago you can see the sort of waveforms I'm looking at using this analyzer trying to understand how the coincidence circuit is working and finally okay into the memory of the computer while I press this button here we'll execute the first of those instructions z instruction we'll ring the bell and stop the machine perfect it worked


Two. So I pivot and I do the sinking and grappling at the same time. One, two, three. One, two, three. Two, three. So come back and then we'll show you the next move from the wooden dummy form.


Hi guys, oh welcome back to my channel. It's been a while since I put out a video and that's because I Gave birth about a month and a half ago. I gave birth to my Second as well to do this but that before and I definitely don't have four kids Second baby and we ended up having a boy. He's a surprise gender. So we had a boy He was 10 pounds one ounce, which was just crazy. I will insert a pic of him here. So you guys can see him But yeah, so it's been crazy It's been a big adjustment going from one kid to two the sleep deprivation that getting used to my you know routines and whatnot And this is the first time literally I've had a chance to sit down and record or when I've had a chance to record I've just had like no energy So I've been trying to like enjoy my maternity leave But he's officially six weeks and two days today and I'm finally sort of started getting like a little routine a little hang of things not really But I have a moment to record so I kind of wanted to just do a little update as far as now I've had my second baby and nursing and what I plan on doing and going forward and whatnot. So Yeah, it's gonna just be kind of a short little video, but I'm on maternity leave now I'll take about 12 weeks for that Which is the same thing that I did for my first pregnancy with my daughter or first after First maternity leave, I guess you could say But I plan on still going back to my same job. I've been with my current position in the ICU for Since 2016 so over going on five years now and I just I feel like that's just where I need to be right now I was part-time prior to giving birth. I'm still going back part-time But instead of doing two shifts a week like per pay period. I do four shifts I'm gonna do three shifts per pay period So I'm gonna do one shift a week and then two shifts the next week one shift the next week two one two one two Just cutting back one shift because I just it's just what I need to do at this point in My life and we can swing it and whatnot as far as like financially and our family life goes And it's just honestly cheaper for me to work a little less than pay for daycare and all that So I'm thankful that I get to kind of have the best of both worlds. It's still gonna be a nurse I can still be a mom, but it's just it's a little crazy. So That's kind of my general little update. I just want to keep it short so you guys can kind of hear that I'm still alive. I still plan on doing videos. I'm just so like caught up in just motherhood and being busy and I just I'm spread thin right now to be honest, so I have a couple good videos coming out for you all and That's pretty much it. I don't have much else to say if you want to see more like baby Family mom stuff you can follow me on my personal Instagram I will leave it linked down below or it's already linked down below But that's Ashley Lorena Atkins and I post more like family stuff on there If you want to see more of my personal life, and if you want to see more of my nursing life I have a separate Instagram for that as well. That's Ashley. Atkins are in of course But anyways, I hope you guys enjoyed this little update and let me know where you're at right now whether you're in nursing school Are you getting a new job? Are you on maternity leave? I know a lot of people that follow me here are also moms and they're always curious how I kind of balance both So if you're wanting a video more specifically on that, let me know and Yeah, I'll see you guys in my next video. Bye


Everybody forced here ripping two boxes of 2021 Don Russo optic football hobby from Michael W. Thanks Michael and good luck Stokes Mac Jones rookies insert Ian book rated rookie. It was a rekay. Hello, Miles Gaskin My house Dak Prescott Najee Harris Rated rookie followed by a pink velocity Steve young the 79 Joe trying sure yinka and an aqua rated rookie Zach Wilson Michael very nice card for you. That's out of 299 Steven and maggot for you rated rookie red auto D. Ami Brown That one's out of 75 Tom Wallace orange Tyler Higby That's out of 199 far more. We got blue TJ Hawkins into 179 Bateman Kyle Pitts Trevor Lawrence base rated rookie JC Horn Hollow Travis ET and junior rated rookie right silver circles rated rookie brevin Jordan to 125 Almona St. Brown rated rookie with an aqua seguan barkman to 299. I got legendary logos Justin Fields Travis ET and junior rated rookie there a round tree. Hello, Rob Grunkowski Shane Buchelle blue Carson wins to 179 Smith Marseille and a Davis Mills red to 99 rated rookie. Nice Good box. One more for you Michael right new some Jamar Chase elite series Chris Evans Remondres Stevenson rated rookie hollow rated rookie quity pay Chasarot silver circles Marcus Davenport to 125 aqua Christian McCaffrey to 299 Kyle Pitts rated rookie That is a rookies Justin Fields Gold downtown Baker Mayfield Do the gold downtown is sick looking six out of ten. That's really pretty nice one Michael Gregor so rated rookie good couple of boxes here Jay Fung hollow Travis Kelsey. Oh, yeah, it is Jersey number Good call. Thank you for calling that out. I'm too tired to notice. It's our nominee to 299 Heck yeah, Jersey number gold Baker downtown Orange shy Smith rated rookie to 199 Mac Jones base rated rookie my house Brady Quity pay Elite series rookie auto Devonte Smith. There you go. That's out of 99 Tyler Lockett orange to 199 Johnny Smith blue out of 179 It's even Collins legendary logos Joe burrow Jamar chase rated rookie hollow James Winston Elijah Mitchell blue Marquise Brown to 179 And reds to fondig's out of 99 That's gonna do us some good stuff for you Michael. Thank you again. We'll get it right out to you


I believe business is a good pathway for students to come through. I want students to be able to create their own businesses which in turn help the community. I think it's really important for young Māori to study business because it entails everything in one's career whether you're a builder, a farmer, even coming down to being an accountant everything involves business. Frankly there's not enough of us in the area of business and we're very underrepresented as Māori and Pacific Islanders. So you could go to university and get this qualification in accounting or management. You can use those skills anywhere. We don't know what other kinds of careers will pop up as we grow older. If you have an interest in a passion in something, especially for me when it was just business in itself and how I can see it as a means to give back, use that and use that as your motivation to succeed because you can do it.


Now, we'll take a closer look at the three stages of cellular respiration. While we've noted that each of the three stages does give off some ATP, the maximum efficiency is reached when all of the stages are operating simultaneously. 10 points if you've noticed I draw an animal cell, and we're wondering why, because animals and plants all do respiration, I just thought it was easier to draw. Okay, let's have a look at glycolysis. Glycolyco means sugars, lysis means breakdown, or splitting. So glycolysis is a stage where the sugars are broken down. If we're working with our model glucose, it's a six-carbon molecule, and it's broken down into two three-carbon sugars called pyruvates. The process of glycolysis takes 10 steps done by 10 different enzymes who each have a specific job to do. To start glycolysis, the cell actually does need some energy in the form of ATP, and so it draws on some ATP that it has stored. Another important part of respiration is electron transfers. Generally, this is done using an ion, NAD+, which stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. What happens here is that the cell takes some NAD+, that's got lying around, and adds an electron, which converts it to NADH, and another H+, which is a hydrogen ion, also known as a proton. This is a way that the cell holds on to electrons for use later in the electron transport chain. What's great about glycolysis is that it does not need oxygen. This first step, where we break glucose down into smaller sugars, is done anaerobically without oxygen. Using the steps of glycolysis, some water is also produced. So, to summarise glycolysis, for every one molecule of glucose, two molecules of ATP are produced, two sets of NADH and two protons, and two pyruvate molecules are produced.


Hi, I'm Mark Wagner with Johnson Controls here. We're representing the Federal Performance Contracting Coalition, and what we're trying to do is promote energy savings performance contracting within the federal government. This is an initiative where we help make federal buildings energy efficient by installing a number of energy efficiency and renewable energy measures at no upfront cost to the government. The investment's then paid back to the energy savings on the utility bill, and they are guaranteed. So it's a real win-win situation for the government. We can save energy, save money, and create jobs. We can do HVAC, building controls, boilers, chillers, there's a whole range of energy conservation measures, and renewable energy. We just did a project where we're at Fort Bliss where we're putting in solar panels as packaged up in a number of energy conservation measures bundled together with renewable energy measures as well. The package goes up into a multi-faceted project. There is a project, an ESPC project, going up on the hill, and a number of them in federal agencies throughout the area, and also throughout the country. So we've done projects as far as Guam and not in Puerto Rico and in Europe, but most of the projects we've seen are for sure where we've done a number of projects throughout the country. So it's a proven program, it works extremely well, and we're looking to do more. I would say the president's initiative. We've got a number of projects, $2 billion worth of ESPC coming down the pipeline, so we're excited to get to work on those projects.


So this lecture is part of an online commutative algebra course and will be about completions of rings. So we will first define what a completion of a ring is. So we've got a ring r and it has an ideal i and its completion is just the limit of the rings r over i to the n. This is sometimes called a projective limit or inverse limit or something. So what this means is we're taking the ring r over i and there's a map from r over i squared to this and the map from r over i cubed to that and so on and we just take the limit of these which means we must take an element a0 of r over i and an element a1 of r over i squared and element a2 of r over i cubed such that a1 is the image of a2 and a0 is the image of a1 and so on. And it's easier to see what's going on if we look at an example. So let's choose the basic example. Let's take r to be the ring of polynomials over a field and we take i to be the ideal generation by x and then we see r over i is just k and r over i squared is just kx over x squared. So the elements of this look like an element a0 and the elements of this can be all represented as a0 plus a1x. We're sort of taking x squared to be zero and similarly r over i cubed looks like kx over x cubed and its elements can be represented as well. They're not quite degree to polynomials because you're really saying x cubed is equal to zero. So what we have to do is we take a constant and then a polynomial of degree one and then a polynomial of degree two and so on and these all have to be compatible. So the constant must be the constant term of this polynomial and this polynomial must be this polynomial modulo x squared and so on. So if we put these all together we're obviously just getting a formal power series so this sort of goes on forever. So the completion of a ring which is normally denoted by r with a little hat on it so we see that the completion of k of x with respect to the ideal i is just the formal power series ring which is usually indicated by putting two square brackets around it. Similarly if we take the ring of polynomials in two variables and complete it with respect to the ideal generated by x and y this just turns out to be formal polynomials in two variables and so on. Now let's look at a different example where we take the ring to be the integers z and we take the ideal to be the ideal of all multiples of 10 and then let's figure out what the completion is. Well the completion is we have to take z modulo 10 and z modulo 100 and z modulo 1000 and we take an element in each of these and we kind of stick them all together. Well an element of z modulo 10 can be represented as some sort of we can just represent the last digit of an integer so it's an integer mod 10. Something in z modulo 100 might be represented by a number up to 100 or integer modulo 100 z modulo 1000 we might have an integer modulo 1000 and if we go on like this we see what we get is an sort of infinitely long integer so it's a sort of infinitely long decimal integer. So you can think of this as being sort of the opposite of the construction of real numbers so for real numbers if we take a real number we have a finite number of digits before the decimal point and an infinite number after. For the completion of z we have no digits after the decimal point there's an infinite number before and you can you can check the usual rules of additional multiplication actually work perfectly well for these except of course additional multiplication now infinite operations. Well the ring this is called the ring of 10 added integers and people don't actually use it much for the following reason and by the Chinese remainder theme z modulo 10 to the n is isomorphic to z modulo 2 to the n times z modulo 5 to the n so if we take the inverse limits of all these it's basically so the inverse limit of z modulo 10 to the n is just the inverse limit of z modulo 2 to the n times z modulo 5 to the n which is the inverse limit of z modulo 2 to the n times the inverse limit of z Z modulo five to the N. So the 10-addict integers, so the 10-addict integers might be denoted by Z, 10. So the 10-addict integers are just isomorphed to the two-addict integers times the five-addict integers. And you can do this sort of reduction for any composite number. So you may as well just focus on the N-addict integers so these are the two-addict integers and these are the five-addict integers. And more generally, the P-addict integers for P prime are very widely used in number theory. And you should think of the P-addict integers as being a sort of analog of the ring of power series. So you remember that the ring of polynomials is very similar in some ways to the ring of integers. So these are both principal ideal domains, for example. And a maximal ideal Z kind of corresponds to a maximal ideal two in the integers. And if we take the completion of polynomials with respect to this ideal, this is just the ring of formal power series. And this is analogous to the completion of the integers at two, which is the two-addict integers. So rings of formal power series and rings of P-addict integers are in many ways rather similar. By the way, it's common in algebraic topology to write Z modulo two, Z two for the ring of integers mod two. In number theory and algebraic geometry, you never do this because you use, tend to use Z two for the ring of two-addict integers. And the problem with this notation is it's rather ambiguous. This notation for the integers mod two has the advantage that it's completely unambiguous. No one could mistake this for anything else. Anyway, notice by the way that Z 10 has zero divisors because it's equal to Z two times Z five. So you can take an element that's one in here and zero in here and multiply it by an element that's zero in here and one in here and their product is just going to be zero. So even though Z does not have zero divisors, its completion at this ideal does have zero divisors. Instead, it's not terribly easy to write down the zero divisors directly. You have to find a series of integers that are one modulo two to the N but divisible by five to the N. So it's, well, it's not exactly difficult but it's not completely trivially. So there's an alternative construction of the completion. So you know in analysis, you define the reals to be the completion of the rational numbers and that's certainly not a completion in the sense that I've talked about here. However, they are quite closely related. So you remember when you construct the ring of reals from the ring of rational numbers, what we do is we have a metric on the rational numbers where we define the distance from X to Y to be the absolute value of X minus Y. And then we can define the completion of any metric space. So R is defined to be the set of Cauchy sequences. Modulo, the set of Cauchy sequences that 10 to zero. And I'm not going to remind you of the definition of Cauchy sequences because it's got far too many quantifiers in and I always get muddled up by it. And now we can do the same for any other distance. So we can put a distance on the ring R by putting the distance from X to Y to be the absolute value of X minus Y. Well, what's the absolute value of X minus Y? Or rather, what is the absolute value of X in the ring? Well, we define the absolute value of X to be C to the minus N if X is in I to the N and X is not in I to the N plus one. And it's equal to naught if X is in all I to the N for instance, if X is equal to zero. And now it's not too difficult to check that the completion of the ring, of the ring R in this metric, this is just another way of writing down the inverse limit of R over I, R over I to the N. So that gives you an alternative construction. And there are some differences. For example, for the real numbers, we know that the absolute value of X minus X plus Y is less than or equal to the absolute value of X plus the absolute value of Y. So the distance from X to Y is less than or equal to the distance from X to Z plus the distance from Z to Y. For the, so this is for the absolute value of the reals. For the absolute value of R with respect to an ideal, we actually have a stronger thing. We know we find the absolute value of X plus Y is less than or equal to the maximum of the absolute value of X and the absolute value of Y. And the distance from X to Y is less than or equal to the maximum of the distance from X to Z and the distance from Z to Y. So this is called the ultrametric inequality. So the distance function that we've defined for rings has rather stronger properties than the usual distance function for the reals. Anyway, there are sort of three themes that appear for completions. So first of all, completions of rings are similar to the reals in many ways. For example, over the reals, we can define Bessel functions and Gamma functions and powers and we can sometimes define powers X to Y, Gamma functions, even Bessel functions for some rings that are completions. I mean, you can't always do this for all rings but you can do a certain amount of analysis on completions of rings. This is particularly popular when you take R to be, when you take the completion to be the ring of piadic integers and there's a whole branch of piadic mathematics where you go through all real analysis and generalize it to piadic numbers. So the second major principle about completions is that it is easy to solve equations, solve equations in completions of rings. We will be talking about this later where we use something called Hensel's lemma which is the specific thing that makes it easier to solve equations. The third principle is that completion is a sort of stronger version of localization and this is what I want to talk about. That's the third one that I want to talk about a bit more in the rest of this. First of all, we notice that if R is a unit, let's put that this is R in the ring, R is a unit in R over P to the N, P to the N, it is a unit in R over P to the 2N and this is quite easy to see because if we have one plus R S is in P to the N so this means R is a unit in R over P to the N then we just square if we find that one plus R S squared is in P to the 2N, well, this is equal to one plus R times something or other, don't really care what the something or other is, is 2S plus R S squared or something like this. So this indicates that R is a unit in R over P to the 2N and the inverse is unique so the inverses of R in R over P to the N for N greater than or equal to one are compatible and give an inverse to R in the completion. So this gives a way of finding units in the completion. All we have to do is to show that something is a unit in R modulo sum power of P and now suppose M is a maximal ideal and we're going to look at the completion of R at the maximal ideal M. Well, in this case, we find that in this case, R hat is now a local ring. This is because all elements of R not in M are units in R over M, which is a field. So any element of R over I to the N modulo sum R over M to the N, not in M over M to the N has an inverse. Also, we notice we get a map from R M to the completion where this is just the localization because this means you just invert all elements not in M and we've just said that if something in R is not in M, then it has an inverse in the completion R hat. If R is notarian and an integral domain, then the intersection of I to the N is equal to zero so R is actually contained in the completion. These can fail if M is not a maximal ideal. So all these fail if P is a prime ideal. For example, if we take P equals naught in Z, then the completion Z hat is just Z, which is not a local ring. So the completion of a ring as a prime ideal need not be a local ring in general. This doesn't matter because if you've got a prime ideal, you can first localize it to make it maximal and then take the completion if you want. Another example is if you take the ring Z and again, if you now localize it at zero, this is equal to Q and now this is not the subring of the completion. So the localization is a maps to the completion for maximal ideals, but not necessarily for prime ideals. We also get weird things happening if the ring isn't notarian. For example, suppose we take the ring R to be, say the ring of formal power series in X to the one over N for N greater than zero in Z. So it's the sort of pre-certed expansions. Then this is local and if we take the maximal ideal to be generated by all powers of X, all positive powers of X, then the completion is just C because M to the N is equal to M for all N. So the localization is not containing the completion even though we're completing the maximal ideal. But the problem here is the ring isn't notarian so all sorts of weird things go wrong. So generally the picture you get is that for M maximal, we get this series of ring homomorphisms R maps to the localization, which maps to the completion, which maps to R modulo M to the three, which maps to R modulo M squared, which maps to R modulo M. And you can think of all these as being a series of rings getting closer and closer to this field. And if you try and draw the spectrum of these rings, well, the spectrum of R might be something like that if R is the spectrum of say a nodal curve. The spectrum of its localization is sort of looks like this except we miss out the finite number of points. You remember the spectrum of the localization kind of looks like this except we delete all the points. So it's kind of, we've removed some points. The spectrum of the completion at say this maximal ideal looks much finer. It kind of looks like this bit here. So the spectrum of the completion in some sense just looks like this bit. So you can think of informing that we've got maps between these. Now here the spectrum just is a point and here the spectrum is a sort of infinitesimal neighborhood of the points. So in this case it might have sort of two infinitely close points, whatever that means. And this will be a slightly bigger version of this and so on. So you can imagine we're kind of getting, in the spectrum of all these rings is really a point but you can think of it as being a sort of multiple point in some sense. So what's happening is that we're getting sort of bigger and bigger spectra as we go in this direction as we go from the ring to its localization to its completion to various quotients by powers of M. If we look at a slightly more and a slightly more explicit example, suppose we take R to be say the ring K X Y modulo Y squared minus X cubed minus X squared. So in this case its spectrum really does look like that. And let's work over a field of characteristic zero. And now we can ask what does the completion of R look like? Here we're taking the completion at the ideal M, which is just generated by X and Y. Well, this is going to be the formal power series ring in two variables, quotient it out by Y squared minus X cubed minus X squared. Well, over formal power series, this actually factorizes. So this is now equal to Y minus X times the square root of one plus X times Y plus X times the square root of one plus X.  So we see that this ring here has zero divisors because in this ring Y minus X times the square root of one plus X times Y plus X times the square root of one plus X is just equal to zero. And as I said, the spectrum of this kind of looks a bit like this, where we've got two copies of the spectrum of a formal power series ring. You remember the spectrum of this as just two points, a generic point and a closed point. And we take two copies of this and identify the closed point. And you see what is happening is that we're just picking out a sort of infinitesimally small piece of this spectrum and that's the spectrum of this completion. And you can see that this is reducible. It's the union of two closed subsets, pretty obviously. This corresponds to the fact that this completion has zero divisors. So in particular, we notice that the if a ring R if a ring R is an integral domain, then a localization R S minus one is also an integral domain. But the completion need not be, even if you're taking a completion as a maximal ideal. And geometrically, this corresponds to the fact that if you're localizing at a point, you're sort of throwing away some points in some sense, but you can still somehow see most of the ring and you can see that it's still irreducible. But if you complete, you're focusing in much more closely to this point. And now you can't see this bit of the spectrum and you think that the spectrum is now reducible. So I'll finish by trying to draw a picture of a completion. And the completion I'm going to draw is just the two adding integers. So this is the inverse limit of Z modulo two to the N for all N. And you can draw a picture of it a bit like this. First of all, the last digit can be zero or one. And then if the last digit is zero, the next last digits can be zero, zero or zero, one. And here last digits could be one, zero or one, one. And then inside here, we have each of these, there are two possibilities of what the three last digits are. And then there are more possibilities for what the four last digits are. So you can think of the two added integers as being the sort of intersection of all these closed sets. So the first closed set is just going to be this disk and then we take these two disks inside it and then four disks inside that and take the intersection of all these. And you can see that this is now essentially what we've got is homeomorphic to a contour set, which is also homeomorphic to two point set to the power of infinity. That's a countable infinity if you care about the difference. There's an alternative picture of the two added integers or rather the three added integers, which is drawn by Fomenko, which I've got a picture of here. This comes from Koblitz's book on periodic numbers, which I strongly recommend it if you want to find out more about them. And this is Fomenko's picture of the three added numbers. I'll focus in on it a bit more so you can see. And it looks really impressive, although frankly I have no idea why this is a picture of the three added numbers, but that'll, I guess it's an exercise for you to puzzle out why this is the three added numbers. Okay, so that's the introduction to completions and next lecture, we'll probably be looking at Hensel's lemma.


All right, okay, James P. Madonna here after the storm Okay, give a shout out to the guys Jeff Zambello Kent Thieson Anthony Laura Nathan Bates, Mick von Raven And everybody near dear red Natalia All right out to the storm as you can see everything has melted All right, Bart Simpson is no longer Bart's Bart Simpson anymore The wind is kicking up a little Little bit and I added some more windmills Tulip windmills. I got all the colors now red yellow orange Here by the sage I got the The Puerto Nuevo Langosta the lobster in the Congrejo lobster and crab ornament And this is this is notice I got today at the dollar zone. I think it's a big giant mutated Dragonfly of some kind Interesting very interesting Flopping in the wind. It's cute sort of a bizarre science fiction way sci-fi sci-fi dragonfly fake of course But these things actually do spin when the wind hits them they do this all the time This is what the time the herb called time is coming up here that of course is sage which believe it or not survive winter All right, this is lemon balm mint All right, this down here is oregano See the frog See the wind hits him the other frog Of course the jolly Roger is flying with pride. That's pretty much it I'm complete Got a couple ornaments bumblebee and a turtle also a dollar Solar-powered lanterns that really do work a dollar and as you can see the garlic chives are coming up They're the first things to come up in March and the last pot is Akanesia very powerful immune system builder and These are the only windmills that really don't break from from high winds in the storm because of the shape my buddies and that's that the post supposedly last storm of 2018 it is officially springtime and we shall see what happens But I put the lobster in the crab close to the pyrofly because it kind of goes together You know what I mean? And then before you know it the herbs will be up and Very full and growing quickly Wind is seems to be dying down after it picked up and the star of the show


Uh, these niggas were killed, you said. How did they want me back then? I seen Bishop, man, I seen Bishop. Do the dumbest thing I ever seen. This boy came in the door with three girls. He won't. He was thirsty to meet my buddy. He was glad to meet us, man. He was glad to walk in the door of the famous play and come in the door with a bishop. Say, man, what you working with? He said, uh, he introduced Bishop to his girls. Yeah, we on boss talk one on one. One on one. Yeah, we gonna talk. Well, let me ask you, I want to go back to the, the, the, the. You said something really about somebody getting peeled. I've talked to different guys that somebody getting peeled for they, for they, you know, he used a different word. He used a different word. Yeah, when they went to get bumped. Like, I talked to Ken about that. And I talked to Ra Lo the Pimp about that. And and he was saying that it was a way that, you know, etiquette. It's a, it's a etiquette. It's a way that they pass off.  And they pretty much they okay with it. Well, sometimes, sometimes they not. You ever get peeled for your bitch, man? What? That's when I thought I was, that's what made me think I was really in the game. I didn't think nobody knew who I was. And whatever. And then somebody called, you know, my little female I had, and she wouldn't give me about 37 dollars a day anyway. You know what I'm saying at the time, but that was my game. But I was saying that.  She wasn't there. So I'm like, oh my God, damn. Okay. So, you know, I was waiting there for a little minute. So I go on by my business and later on I get a phone call.  And whoa, whoa, whoa. So, you know, I was, I had mixed emotions. I was like, damn, you know what I'm saying? Because that was the only thing I had going at the time. But then once I hung up the phone, you know, I was, you know, I thought about it differently. Like, damn, he called me.  So I just had to go out and give him a no. That was in the young, this new generation thing. Let me tell you something, man.  Say, how did they want me? Back then, I seen Bishop, man, I seen Bishop. Do the dumbest thing I ever seen. This boy came in the door with three girls. He won't. He was thirsty to meet my buddy. He was glad to meet us, man. He was glad to walk in the door of the famous player coming in the door with a bishop. Say, man, what you working with? He said, uh, he introduced Bishop to his girls. What do you do that for? Hmm. Bishop say, hey, man, you want a fellowship with us? He said, yeah. He said, well, go to liquor store with them. Let's fellowship. We drink Dom Perignon round, and they smoking him and Snoop Dogg, they smoke. I don't smoke that weed. It was smoked up in the joint, man. Man, why would he leave his woman? I was just about to say. Why would you leave your woman? Man, he came back. They gone. When he came back. I feel sorry for him, man. He was quiet. I said, man, you a mac. You got to accept the game.  He called the police. When the police came, he said, I'm here. The young man said he left his woman, his girls in the room. I said, is these the young ladies? He said, yeah. And she told the police. She said, sir, why are you looking for me for? She said, I'm not with him. No, I'm with Don Juan. All clear. He peeled him just that fair. He peeled him. But why he think he could call the police and what the police going to do? These are grown women that choose where they going to be. And so the game is so different. You must, you got to pay for the game. Anytime you're dealing with me, I'm not going to get you this game for you. You got to pay for it. All them young brothers, you want to play those cards. You want to join the organization. It's not free. You can't go to Jews. You can't go to Burger King. You can't go to Walmart to get nothing free. You got to pay. Man, I'll interview one, Martinita, Kenny Redd with R.I.P. to Kenny Redd. Oh yeah. Like Martina. Martina, did you know Kenny Redd? Kenny Redd was a great friend. He was an enforcer. He was with the famous players organization. He was coming. He under Bishop Don Juan. That's what I'm saying. These brothers be so funny when they with their wives. But you got to check in with Bishop Don Juan, man. You got to check in with me. That's why he told Kenny, I man, IceT, you sure? You sure you want to be with Coco? He cry, yeah. Bishop said, turn your players card in right now. He turned his card in and got with Coco. He ain't never looked back, man. He living good, IceT living good, man. I know he went over and I talked to IceT. I pulled up in that last time a few years ago, IceT was in Chicago. I pulled up in my great front. He said, man, that's sharp, Jack. Man, that's sharp. He said, man, I can't go back, man. I got to stay with Coco, man. That's my baby. Then he got a little pretty baby girl. Yeah, yeah, yeah. She beautiful. Man, that's the baby girl in the family. And she made him cut his hair, man. Yeah, he did. He cut his hair. It's all gone. So it's gone, man.  But look, coming up under Bishop, see, when they come in like they've been Bishop summer, make sure you show me what you're here for. You come in this church. You got to show me. So IceT stepped up. He was a good member and showed himself approval. What, what do you want to do? And there it is. Now Kenny Ray at the same, Kenny Ray was a cold man out of Vegas. He was a concrete jungle. Kenny Ray was our man. And the young lady he talked about, I didn't know he married him. So he fell in love with her too. Cause he married him. And everybody didn't know that was his hope, but he married her. So it happens like that. Yeah, it's happened like that. That's what I'm just saying. Right. Excuse me. Hey man, I done seen. But when he married them, do you have to turn, cause he didn't turn in his player's card when he got married. So how did, why did. Well, he was still pimping though. So he didn't turn, he had to turn his card here. He didn't have to turn it. It's like bringing sand to the beach. Yeah. You know, he didn't bring sand to the beach. But what he did, he had his sand already. He brought, he brought Martina with him all the time. So that's how she became, got famous hanging around him. So I guess he loved Martina. That's why he married her.  You said one more time. You can be in love, have and be married and still be a pimp. You can be whatever you want to be, but out of Vegas and California, now they got one guy named him, the great, great, great grandmaster out of California. He's not good. So him and Kenny Revers wanted to get him for you. See, when they said he brothers, a lot of these brothers just came around this year and they think you're supposed to come in. But if you're not crying right, you got to be step right in order for to be in the church. You can come in, but you're going to be over out of the paths of quiet. You're going to be back at Deacon Boy. You can probably wear it by the ursas. You ain't going to be in. Ain't nobody going to know you. One dude said, man, I've been coming around y'all 20 years. I ain't won none yet. He said, man, let me give you this 100,000. I said, 100,000? He handed it. I said, come on, let me bring you in the church.  He brought you in the church, you today. I brought him in, I brought him in. And today, believe me, he loyal to Bishop, man. He love Bishop, man. This boy love to him. I ain't going to say his name out, but he loyal to Bishop.  This y'all built this. Hey, man, I'm going to tilt my head off to him. This Bishop organization, famous player, I said, it's his organization. He's my friend, but somebody to head. He the head of that. Did you ever meet, you knew Phil Moore? Phil Moore Slim? Phil Moore Slim? Yeah, I met him. He just had a party this Saturday. He did? I didn't get a chance to make it because, man, like me, I've been, I never turned my players card in. I'm going to keep my players card all my life. Yeah, we on boss talk one on one. One on one.