Good morning everyone. Thank you for joining class. Good to see Asha and Susan, Srikumar, Christopher, Harrison and Kong. We'll begin class. Before we begin class, can one of you lead us in prayer please? Anyone? Anyone need us in prayer? Yeah, thank you Asha. Dear God, thank you so much for this day Lord, as we're about to end the book of Romans that you fill us with your wisdom and knowledge that we may grasp the traits and understand what you've done in the life of Paul and the deliverers and the great Lord. Dear Lord Jesus God, thank you so much for everything and I pray that my pastors and my teachers know as Lord that we may understand and fill it with your wisdom as your teachers know as God. We're at your spirit and our harsh teachers and bless your life and keep her safe Lord. Thank you for everything you're doing. Amen. Amen. Thank you Asha. Okay, so last week we were on Friday we looked at, began looking at Romans chapter two and in chapter two we see that Paul is addressing both, is basically addressing the Jewish believers even though the church at Rome comprised of Jews and Greeks or Jews and Gentiles and but here we see in chapter two he's you know a small part of it or the major part of it he's addressing it to the Jewish believers. Now Jews came from a very strong background of law and circumcision and you know they were proud that they had the law, the covenants, the circumcision ritual and the covenant of circumcision but now they have embraced Christ and so they're trying to figure out how all of this fits in their you know in their new position as Jews but also those who believe in Jesus Christ so we see that Paul is very logically addressing the Jewish believers here. He says he's sending them you have the law, you teach the law but you don't keep the law and when you don't do it it's of no use okay so he goes on to talk about the judgment of God and he says that you know even though you take pride in the law you Jews you have the covenant of circumcision you teach the law and because you know the law you teach the law you know what is right and wrong and you don't keep it then there is it's of no use because you will be judged and he talks about the judgment of God and he talks about the Gentiles who don't have the law but he says that they have the law of God in their hearts which he refers to as the conscience and then he says you know even though the Jews have the law and they'll be judged by the law and you know the Gentiles can't say that they don't have the law and since they'll not be judged they have their conscience but he says finally that both Jews and Gentiles will be judged according to the gospel of Jesus Christ and then he goes on to talk about circumcision and he says that you know the Jews are very proud about this covenant of circumcision but he says that God is not interested in the circumcision that this of the flesh that is outward but the circumcision of the heart okay so he goes on to all goes on to say a real Jew somebody who circumcised towards God in their heart so what basically Paul is saying is both Jews and Gentiles are sinners before God you know they're fallen short of God's righteousness and it's very interesting to see how Paul builds this up in Romans chapter 2 so we look at Romans chapter 2 verses 1 to 11 but we just ask somebody to read that and then we'll move ahead so can somebody quickly read Romans chapter 2 verses 1 to 11 for us please Romans chapter 2 verses 1 to 11 please show please thank you therefore the what inexcusable oh oh man who's over the what the what the judgment for wherein thou judges another thou come condensed thyself for thou that judges does it the same thing but we are sure that the judgment of God is according to the truth against them which commit such things and think as thou this oh man that judges them which do such things and do and do us the same that thou shall escape the judgment of God or despise it thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and non-suffering not knowing the goodness of God leadeth thee to repentance but after thy hardness and the impending heart the treasured up unto thyself wrath against the day of wrath and and revelation of righteous judgment of God who all who will render to every man according to these deeds to them who by the patient countenance in well doing seek for glory and honor and more immortality eternal but unto them are contentious and do not obey do not obey the truth but obey unrighteousness and indignation and wrath tribulation and anguish upon every soul of man that doeth evil to the of the Jew first and also of the Gentile but glory honor and peace to every man that worketh good to the Jew first and also to the Gentile for there is no respect of person with God. Thank you. So we looked at verses 1 to 11 on Friday but just give you a kind of a recap of it and then we'll move on to verses 12 to the end of the chapter. So Paul is saying here in verses 1 to 11 that Jews you have the law, you can teach the law and because you can teach the law you can judge others because you know what is right and wrong because you know the law and you teach the law so obviously you know what is right and wrong so you can judge others what they're doing is right or what they're doing is wrong but he's saying but if you are doing that yourself in spite of you knowing the law and you're teaching the law you yourself are doing what is wrong you're not practicing the same things then he's telling them don't think that you're going to escape the judgment of God because you will be judged by the law that you don't keep okay and then Paul says in verse 4 that you know the goodness of God leads to repentance and he says you know you know he's talking to us and he's saying we who know the word of God okay we once we know the word of God we also know what is right and wrong so obviously we can judge people we will be quick to judge people when they do something that's wrong and we can point out to them that what they're doing is right or what they're what they're doing is wrong but even as we do that you know let's not forget that the goodness of God leads to repentance that means we need to correct people in love show them mercy of course there is love and truth show people the love and mercy of God but also point them out the truth which means that we don't just show them that's not mean that we just show them love and care but we don't condone sin or that we must overlook or encourage sin no that's not what Paul is trying to say here that we need to deal with it but we need to be gracious and loving to them and do it in a loving gracious merciful way because we know that the goodness of God leads to repentance and Paul is also saying this verse is that you know God is a righteous judge okay and an impartial judge and he's going to judge everyone according to their deeds and then he mentions here the deeds like seeking for their own glory their own honor their own immortality he says you know you will be judged for your deeds and twice he says here that you know to the Jew first and then to the Greek now why does he say this first to the Jew then to the Greek because the Jews where the first will be will be judged first because they have the law so in verses 12 to 16 then he goes on to talk about how everyone is going to be judged okay so he says Jews you will be judged according to the law Greeks or Gentiles you might not have the law but don't think that you will not be judged you will be judged and then he goes on to talk about in verses 12 to 16 how everyone will be judged okay so let's look at verses 12 to 16 can somebody read that please verses 12 to 16 for as many as have sinned without law will also perish without law and as many as have sinned in the law will be judged by the law for not for not the hairs of the law are just in the sight of God but the doers of the law will be justified for when Gentiles who do not have the law by nature by nature do the things in the in the law these although have although not having the law are a lot to themselves and 16 to 16 yes okay um who showed the work of the who showed the work of the law written in their hearts their conscience also bearing with this and between themselves their thoughts accusing or else excusing them in the day when God will judge the secrets of it by Jesus Christ according to my gospel thank you kung so here it was 12 to 16 Paul is saying that he talks about how everyone will be judged and then he says he says how the Jews will be judged now the Jews have the law so he says if they will be judged according to the law and the Gentiles they don't have the law but he says they too will be they too will perish or you know without the law which means they too will be judged without even though they don't have the law so in verse 13 he says you cannot just hear the law but you need to keep the law in order to be justified and so he's telling this to the Jews that you know you just can't have the law you can't just know the law and teach the law but you need to keep the law if you don't keep the law you will be judged according to the law now what about the Gentiles now the Gentiles or the Greeks they don't have the law neither Jews you know where the privileged people who had the law and hence Paul is saying in verse 14 the Gentiles he says by nature they do things pertaining to the law so what does he mean by this he's saying that the way people are designed they are designed with something inside them and the something inside them tells them what they're doing is right or tells them what they're doing is wrong so what does he mean by saying by nature they do things but turning to the law means he's saying that the way people are designed you know they're designed with something inside them and there's something inside each one of us or there's something inside all of us by which we know what we are doing or saying or seeing or thinking is right or what is wrong so what is Paul actually referring to what is as he refer me when he's saying that they don't have the law but there is something inside them in verse 15 he says the law is written in their hearts now what is this so the law that is written in their hearts is their conscience so their conscience is the law that is written in their hearts that means they don't have the the law the physical law that has been given to them like the Jews but they have a law that is written in their hearts and that law is their conscience and their conscience tells them this is okay this is not okay this is right this is wrong okay so every man is born with a conscience okay a law that is written in their hearts okay so every man is born with a conscience a law that is in their hearts and it's the capacity it is within them to know what is right and wrong which is built into every person that is how all of us are designed yes designed with this conscience that is inside us and now this conscience can be damaged okay and our own ability to know what is right and wrong can be damaged so how can it be damaged if we continue to you know when we do a sin our conscience blows the whistle so to say okay so the whistle blows loud now when you hear the whistle of course in our Indian context you know when you hear the whistle on the street you know the traffic we know it's the policeman who's blowing the whistle then you know automatically we stop because we think okay maybe we've broken some law or you know some people know they have broken the law and they'll just you know they'll just speed or they'll just drive away now just drive away where else do we hear the whistle you know when we're running a race and you know when the when you know we we love to start you know the whistle is blown we all start the race and then if the if somebody has a foul start you know the the referee will blow the whistle loudly and we all know that's a foul start and we all get back to the starting line or if you're playing football or any game we know that you know the the referee blows the whistle we know if we need to stop or it's a foul or whatever okay so our conscience is like that whistle it blows loud the first time and we don't heed that we don't listen to it we could we indulge in that sin we give in to that sin the second time when we are going to sin the whistle blows louder but this time it blows but it's not much loud it gets softer and softer and softer softer to an extent where you know our conscience is dead to that sin and that is why we see people indulging in in some sinful activity and we say how can they even do that for example I've seen people you know early in the morning they're totally drunk instead of drinking tea coffee in the morning they start drinking alcohol or you know they they're they're so addicted to to smoking at the whole day they're like a chitney pot to smoking they know that it's going to destroy their life I've worked with drug addicts I've worked with alcoholics I've seen young men come to the de-addiction center you know to just norm they look normal they're wearing their jeans and then they pull up their jeans their legs are like elephants legs because it's got gangrene you know they just come to the clinic get it cleaned and they go back and inject it in the same place they know that it's got gangrene they know that the leg has to be amputated but how can they do it because their conscience is so dead to that part of them so you know our conscience can be damaged and when our conscience is damaged you know we lose an ability to know what is right and wrong and the indulgence sin and we think it's okay you know it becomes part of us we think that's okay for us to do and then Paul goes on to say that we need to remember that the conscience does not replace the gospel the conscience though the Gentiles who do not have the law will be judged according to the conscience but the conscience is not an alternate law it does not replace the gospel so in verse 16 Paul concludes by saying that God is going to judge the secrets of men according to my gospel so the judgment of God which is a righteous judgment which is an impartial judgment which is a judgment according to the truth will be done according to the gospel of Jesus Christ and not according to the law of conscience but the gospel of Jesus Christ so we can ask the question what happens to those who don't hear the gospel how will they be judged now we you know so far in chapters one and two Paul has explained so far that there are people who have the law and there are people who don't have the law and then he's he also has mentioned that there are two things in every person telling them that there is a God and telling them that they need to seek the true and living God so what are these two things that Paul mentions so every person has a reason and this he mentions in chapter one which he says through creation every person can look at creation and when they look at creation when they see creation they cannot deny the fact that there is a creator okay there is a God who's created all this and Paul also says in chapter one that the invisible attributes of God are seen as seen in creation so there are two things that's there in every person telling them there is a God telling them that they have to seek the true and living God and what is that Paul the first thing Paul mentions is reason okay through creation every person can look at creation and know there's a creator and the invisible attributes of God are seen in creation now the second thing is Paul says that every person there is a conscience so the reason and conscience whether they are Jews or Gentiles every person has reason every person has conscience okay so these two things reason and conscience in every person is directing us or is convicting us or telling us that there is a God that you should seek after this true and living God okay so reason and conscience that is directing us that is teaching us that's convicting us that is telling us that there is a God that everyone should seek this true and living God now every person who follows their conscience and their reason and listens to their conscience and reasons and who seeks after this God God in some way we do not know how but God in some way will bring the gospel to that person okay so if a person dies without hearing the gospel what will happen to them uh true they have the reason they have the conscience uh their conscience says there is a true and living God and you have to seek after him uh but they never hear about Jesus Christ and they die what happens to them now all we can state according to what the Holy Spirit is revealed to Paul and what he writes in verse 16 is everyone will be judged according to the gospel of Jesus Christ and no excuse which means will God have another way uh another way to judge people who have never heard the gospel now scripture does not mention that hence we cannot come up with another alternative we cannot say things which is not mentioned in the word of God we we don't have or we cannot come up with an alternate option all we know is what the Holy Spirit is revealed to Paul in verse 16 where it says in the day when God will judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel okay so everyone will be judged according to the um gospel now we need to know this okay that the conscience is uh an alternate or conscience is an alternative to the law reason and conscience seeks to convict people and lead them to seek God but everyone will be judged by the gospel of Jesus Christ and there is no option so how will people who are mentally challenged uh be judged well uh again you know we cannot say anything because we don't have that uh you know God will judge them according to the level that they are in or the situation that they are in okay so what we need to know from these verses is conscience is an alternate to the law or it's an alternative to the law the reason and conscience seeks to convict people and lead them to seek God but everyone will be judged by the gospel of Jesus Christ and there is no option so what should we do can we say that conscience is an alternative or a replacement to the gospel no that's not right that's not the truth you know the people who say that Paul says that conscience is an alternative and or replacement to the gospel no it is not an alternative or a replacement to the gospel but what is the gospel you know but what we read in verse 16 is that people will be judged according to the gospel now what is the gospel uh gospel is that we believe in the Lord Jesus Christ and you will be saved okay so the gospel is simple it's believe in the Lord Jesus Christ and be saved what else is a gospel without Christ there is no salvation there is no given uh there's no name given to men by which they can be saved but the name of Jesus okay so we cannot say that God will use conscience to judge people who have not heard the gospel that is a wrong conclusion but we know that everyone will whether Jews, Greeks, Gentiles will be judged according to the gospel of Jesus Christ and that is the importance here that we need to see the importance of us or the need for us to share the gospel and proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ to everyone around us because everyone needs to hear the gospel because everyone will be judged based on the gospel of Jesus Christ okay and in verse 17 you know there's a there's a strong rebuke to the Jews Paul is saying you Jews you're resting and relying on the law and boasting in God about the law the covenants that you've received the covenant of circumcision but you yourself are not following the law and in verse 18 he says um you know we know his will we can tell what is right and wrong and Paul is telling them you know what is right and wrong you're teaching it but you yourself are doing this and hence you are breaking the law so here we see that Paul is building up his case here okay very logically he's building up his case here he's telling the Jews Jews it's true that you have the law you know everything in the law but you're also breaking the law and he says because you're doing this you know the name of God is being blasphemed among the Greeks among the Gentiles okay because you have the law you know the law you teach the law but you don't keep the law yourself then you are basically blaspheming the name of God yourself so that is what he goes on to talk about in verse 24 I think we just read up to verse 21 right we read verses we read verses we read only verses 12 to 16 verses 12 to 16 okay we'll can somebody read verses 17 to verse 29 please I may read verses 17 to 29 yes ma'am behold thou called a Jew and rest is in the law and make us the boast of God and know his will and appraise the things that are more excellent being instructed out of the law and are confident that thou thyself are a guide of the blind a light of them which are in darkness an instructor of the foolish a teacher of babes which has a form of knowledge and of the truth in the law thou therefore which teaches another teaches thou not thyself thou that preaches to man should not steal does you steal thou that says to man should not commit adultery does thou commit adultery thou that abhorous idols does thou commit sacrilege thou that make us the boast of the law through breaking the law dishonest thou God for the name of God is blaspheme among the Gentiles through you as it is written for circumcision verily profited if thou keep the law but if thou be a breaker of the law thy circumcision is made uncircumcision therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the law shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision and shall not uncircumcision which is by nature if it fulfill the law judge thee who by the letter and circumcision does transgress the law for he is not a Jew which is one outwardly neither is that circumcision which is outward in the flesh but he is a Jew which is one inwardly and circumcision is that of the heart in the spirit and not in the letter whose praise is not of man but of God thank you Susan so here we see in this verses you know Paul is saying verse 17 he is rebuking the Jews you can he's saying you know you you teach the law you know the law but you yourself break it and he says you who say do not commit adultery you yourself commit adultery and he says you know don't worship idols and you you yourself are all being in the temple of God and he says by doing all of this you know you're becoming blaspheming the name of God and here you know like I said in the introduction Paul quotes a lot of Old Testament scripture because he was well trained well thought in the Old Testament and so it says as it is written you know he's he's quoting an Old Testament scripture here he says a name of God is blasphemed among you and then verses 25 to 29 he goes on to talk about the issue of circumcision with the Jews are very proud of and he says you know because they knew that circumcision was a sign of a covenant with the Jews and with God so it the Jews say that we are circumcised and circumcision is a sign of the covenant with us and God and and you know and Paul is telling them look here you know you have the circumcision you know it's a covenant between you and God and when you're breaking the law and you don't keep the law you're not doing what the right thing you're not doing what is right in God's sight then the circumcision which is a covenant between God and you which is a physical sign the covenant which is between God and you basically amounts to nothing okay so there's no point in being proud of the covenant of circumcision that you have you know which is a sign of a covenant between you and God when you yourself are not keeping the law and breaking the law then you know the circumcision which is a physical sign of your covenant with God actually or basically amounts to nothing and then Paul goes on to say that if the uncircumcised that is gentiles you know if they keep the law or they do things that are right then shouldn't we say that their uncircumcision is good as being circumcised so even as even if they're not circumcised and the gentiles still keep the law they follow the law they do what is right then can't we say that they are good as being circumcised because what they're doing is right before God and then verses 28 to 29 Paul says what really matters before God is not you know circumcision of the flesh which means he's not just saying it's a physical circumcision or the outward circumcision that God is interested in or not just holding on to a covenant and boasting about it it's not something that is physical outwardly not of the flesh but he's saying that it's the change of heart a heart change okay and he's saying that you know a change of heart which is more important to God and the Jews knew this because they knew that you know that God would remove from them a heart of stone and give them a heart of flesh and they knew this very well they knew this old Testament scripture they knew that it's what God is going to do with them so the inward change that is what is important Paul is saying so the inward circumcision of the heart you know this is more important a change in heart change in the attitudes of the heart and that is more important and not just physical circumcision so he just builds up on this whole argument and this whole discussion in the very logical way and he goes on to say that it's not the law you know you can boast about the law you choose to gentile as you say you don't have the law so how will you be judged you'll be judged according to your conscience but then he goes on to saying verse 16 that it's not the law or the conscience that we'll be judged by but we will be judged by the gospel of Jesus Christ and then he builds on about the circumcision he says that God is not just interested in the flesh or the physical circumcision but the circumcision of the heart the inward change of the heart that God is more interested in that is what he's going to do he's going to remove the heart of stone and give them a heart of flesh okay so this is very briefly about you know Romans chapter two we if you notice we just did more like a study of or we examined this in a very different approach from what we will be doing from the rest of the other passages or the other chapters instead of examining this chapter verse by verse we just you know presented the main insights or the main truths from were presented from this chapter so we see in this chapter you know Paul challenging the attitude of Jews to a Gentiles he was presenting an understanding of God judgment how what and when he was revealing the work of the conscience he was presenting who a Jew is a true Jew is not somebody in circumcised the flesh or the physical circumcision but of the heart and so this is what he presents in this entire chapter okay so we just look at the notes I know that I have just shared a lot of things that you know not just follow the notes but we'll just go through the notes so in the notes we see that you know he's you look at your PDF in in this chapter Paul is challenging the attitudes of the Jews towards Gentiles the Jews you know who have the law and the Gentiles who don't have the law and Paul uses the word Greek here you know which which basically means you know Gentiles in general okay so in summary of all that is stated in Romans chapter 2 Paul challenges the Jew and their attitude by stating that judging others requires that I must hold myself accountable to the same standards judging others and practicing the wrong I condemn will not permit me to escape God's judgment and then we also saw that some goodness of God the forbearance of God that is the his tolerance waiting for change willingness to put up with and the patience of God that leads people to repentance we saw this in Romans chapter 2 was 4 and we also saw that God's judgment is righteous is without partiality but his judgment is on all who do evil Jews first and the Gentiles Jews first because I said they were given the oracles or they were given the laws by God first and then Paul says those who have the law God will judge them according to the law but God has his own way determined to do to judge those outside the law okay so then he goes on to say that Jews are very proud that they have the law the circumcision which is the sign of covenant and Paul makes it clear that just having these things or just hearing the law will not amount to anything if they don't keep the law if they don't follow the law and then he goes on to talk about you know an understanding of God's judgment I'm just following through the notes I've explained everything but just thought you know we just look at the notes and see what if you missed out anything okay so he presents an understanding of God's judgment how what and when so Paul states how God judges in verse 2 of chapter 2 he says he will God will judge us according to the truth and we know the God's word is truth in verse 5 it will be a righteous judgment verse 11 of chapter 2 he says without partiality and in chapter verse 16 of chapter 2 he says we will all be judged according to the gospel okay then Paul goes on to mention what God judges okay in verses 6 to 11 he will judge our deeds in verse 7 he says our desire seeking our own desires because of that we will be judged and then we will also be judged in verse 16 what drives our motives or motivations of the things that inspires us okay and in your notes there's a mention about 1st Corinthians chapter 4 verse 5 you know where Paul says therefore judge nothing before the time until the Lord comes who will who will both bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the counsels that means God will reveal the purposes and the motives of people's hearts so God will reveal your purpose and your motives then each one's praise will come from God okay so when God judges verse 5 of chapter 2 says a day of rock verse 16 the day when God will judge so we know from the chapter that there is an appointed time when God will bring about his judgment and then we look at the revealing work of the conscience okay I've already explained all that to us you know that we are all created or designed or something in us which tells us about what is right and wrong and that is our conscience and our conscience convicts us in your notes there's an example given from John chapter 8 verse 9 you know when the Pharisees and the teachers of law they brought a woman who's caught in the act of adultery and they said they told Jesus that you know such a woman the law says that she should be stoned and what do you say and they want to catch Jesus so Jesus said that you know if any one of you are without sin here be the first one to take the stone and throw it at the woman and we see that everyone leaves and those who heard of it you know they were convicted by their conscience and they all left one by one beginning from the oldest to the least and when Jesus was left alone with the woman standing there in in its midst he says neither do I condemn you go and live your life without sin so here is an example that just shows us that you know our conscience convicts us of our sin and all the other that notes that are there in the PDF I've explained that to you conscience instead of the gospel the two inbuilt indicators I talked about please in and conscience I've explained that to you as well when we want to see the conditions of the conscience now in various places in scripture you know individually you know we see from various places in scripture that individually the conscience can be in different conditions so each one of our conscience individually can be in different conditions we can have a good conscience a conscience that is functioning properly it's serving its God intended purpose to tell the person what is right and wrong the person is listening to their conscience and doing what is right and not doing what is wrong so their conscience is functioning properly so that is a good conscience that can we can see in some individuals some individuals also have conscience without offense that means their conscience has not been violated they have not done anything wrong in that area of their life their conscience is not violated some of our conscience is pure conscience is a clear conscience no offense okay so you know you know we can begin off our life journey when we accept the Lord Jesus as our person savior with a good conscience a conscience that is good because without offense which is pure but over time if you are not careful then our conscience becomes weak if you give in to sin and no longer our conscience has a strong voice to and tells the person what is right and wrong but our conscience becomes weak now and they're not listening to our conscience our conscience becomes has no strong voice it becomes weak and we're not following our conscience then our conscience begins to get weak and once it becomes weak it also becomes a seared conscience it can grow from becoming a weak conscience to becoming a seared conscience what is the meaning of a seared conscience means a conscience that is almost dead you know when our conscience is dead to that part of us that's how we can see you know a terrorist taking a gun and just shooting people randomly not even looking if it's a woman a pregnant woman a child a baby an infant why because their conscience is seared which means their conscience is dead to that part of them then the conscience can grow from a weak to a seared to a defiled conscience where it's basically thinking wrong because the truth has been covered by wrong and it's you know our thinking is wailed darkness covers our thinking and finally it becomes an evil conscience where we permit to do evil or we're living evil lives or we're living lives that are wrong and evil and not pleasing in the sight of god okay so what we can conclude from the study on conscience is that our conscience from go from can move from or can go from god's original state to a state where it's completely dead and defiled and become becomes evil okay so it goes from good to encouraging a person to do evil so we need to be very careful of our conscience we need to listen to our conscience but you know even though our conscience and reasons are two things that have been given to us to help us to know the truth to seek the truth to know the true and living god but yet you know it's not the conscience that will judge us but it's the gospel of Jesus Christ okay so that is chapter two we did not look at it you know verse by verse or phrase by word study we just did a you know a thematic study we'll be just following this in this chapter but in other chapters we will be doing a verse and word study any questions about chapter two i hope you'll understand chapter two of you are very quiet yes ma'am okay thank you rupa rupa any questions you have about chapter two yeah sure sree kuman thank you pastor pastor i i just want to know as we as we discussed right now about the conscience on how the god is going to judge them so in that case the people i'm just asking about jews not gentiles so in that case the people who are following jewish law so how god will judge them like you know did god judge them based on only on their law and permit them to enter into the heaven or because they have not accepted Jesus they will be like moved to hell that is something which i thank you okay here we need to see we need to understand that the law for the jews helps them to know what is right and wrong okay and also the conscience helps those who don't have the law to know what is right and wrong but also Paul says that there are two things that we have reason and conscience the reason and conscience basically what are the reason and conscience too the reason and conscience you know it it helps us to you know it directs us it convicts us or it tells us that there is a god and it tells us to seek the true and living god but as the the law the conscience you know helps us know what is right and wrong it it directs and teaches and helps us to to seek the true and living god and when we seek the true and living god you know god promises that he would reveal himself to all who seek him all who seek him will find him but verse 16 Paul says that we will not be judged you know according to the law the conscience the final judgment we will be judged according to the gospel of jesus christ now we don't have anything much about that we can't speculate much we can't form theories we can't come up with alternatives because you know we come up with any of those things we will you will be misinterpreting the word of god going against the word of god but how god is going to do this we really do not know but we know that you know the gospel that jesus will judge everyone according to the gospel of jesus christ what we need to know for us ourselves is the urgency of us to take the gospel to share the gospel with others so that people do not land up in eternal fire or hell. Thank you pastor, thank you. Thank you Sikumar. Anyone else has any questions? No questions? Okay so next week we'll I mean on Friday we'll begin to look at chapter three but just a brief background to chapter three we saw in chapter two that Paul is telling the Jews you have the law and the circumcision that's of no use because you know it you teach it but you don't keep it and hence it's no use you're being a blasphemy god before the Gentiles and then what he's building up what he started in chapter two you know he continues to discuss about that in chapter three because what he's built up in chapter two he continues to discuss that in chapter three he says he tells the Jew but you are important you know we are the ones Paul is saying we because he's a Jew so he says you know we are the ones who god has given the law and and so we are important we're still important in God's sight even though you know we don't keep the law we don't believe in him and for the time being God has given the authority to the church but what Paul gets to at in chapter three is neither Jew nor Gentile is perfect before God he says you know he's built this all up he says you know none of us are perfect before God we've all sinned before God no one is righteous before God and having established this then he gets into the gospel message so he's already established the fact that both Jews and Gentiles and Greeks you know are not perfect there's sin before God there's no one righteous before God he's established this and now he gets into the gospel message as I told you that Romans you know Paul it's an epistle to the Romans is a very important book where it talks about in detail about the gospel message we can't find this in any other epistles so he gets into the gospel message where he says God has made a way for both the Jews and the Gentiles to be forgiven and then he goes on to talk about the redemption in Jesus how it's freely can be received by grace and then in chapter four he says that we receive this by only by faith and he says that we're all sinners God has provided a way but in chapter four he says it's only by faith that we receive it and in chapter five he goes on to say that it's by grace that we receive this forgiveness that we receive the righteousness of God the righteousness of God is imputed on us because of his grace which he talks about in chapter five but in chapter four he mentions about that we receive this in faith but in chapter three he builds on you know the gospel message that God has made a way for both the Jews and the Greeks to be forgiven so we look at this in chapter three okay before we end class anyone has any questions any more questions no questions okay there's no questions we'll end class here thank you all for joining class and i'll see you on friday have a blessed day god bless thank you ma go bless you thank you lisha thank you kong thank you mangy


Welcome back to the lecture which is devoted to connecting equilibrium constant with molecular partition function. In the previous lecture, we started with an expression for the Gibbs function or Gibbs free energy and we express delta G naught in terms of delta E naught and the molecular partition function as presented here in this expression. And then we were discussing that since delta G naught is equal to minus RT log K, we can equate the two. Once we equate the two, the new equation that I have is minus RT log K is equal to delta E naught minus RT log pi J Q J m naught by N A Avogadro constant and raise to the power stoichiometric number. This equation can be rewritten as log K is equal to minus delta E naught by RT plus log pi J Q J m by N A raise to the power stoichiometric number if I can further extend this as I can write log exponential minus delta E naught by RT plus log this product Q J m naught by N A raise to the power stoichiometric number if you carefully examine what I have done that I have expressed minus delta E naught by RT as log exponential minus delta E naught by RT. Why I did was that I have a logarithmic function on the left hand side and this is log A plus log B which is equal to log A into B and then I can get rid of the log on both sides. Keep this equation in mind and from this equation I can write K is equal to product of Q J m standard state divided by N A stoichiometric number into exponential minus delta E naught by RT. This I am getting from the previous one log K is equal to log exponential this into this log A into B and then you can get rid of the logs and you come up with this expression that equilibrium constant is equal to product of molar partition function under standard condition for species J divided by Avogadro constant raise to the power stoichiometric number into exponential minus delta E naught by RT. Once again reemphasizing that this stoichiometric number is positive for products and negative for reactants going back to your discussion in classical thermodynamics. Equilibrium constant is a dimensionless quantity and here if you now examine each and every term you will see that the dimension the units they cancel out and equilibrium constant turns out to be a dimensionless quantity. In classical thermodynamics you use to express equilibrium constant as the ratio of activities of the products and reactants and here if you see this N A which is included within the bracketed term whatever is the stoichiometric number this makes the entire thing dimensionless quantity. Therefore, in order to evaluate the value of equilibrium constant by using statistical thermodynamic principles what you need to know you need to know the molar partition function. You need to know the stoichiometry of the reaction you need to know 0 point energy difference and gas constant temperature Avogadro constant are anyway the quantities which are required. What we will do now is that this equation which we have developed is the same equation now written in a typed form that k is equal to pi j q j m naught pi N A raise to the power stoichiometric number into exponential minus delta R E naught by R. Now we can think of applying this developed equation to the variety of reactions. The first reaction that I will like to discuss with you is dissociation reaction x 2 gas forming 2 x items. Let us see we apply to this and in future I will avoid writing g because we are anyway discussing the situation in the gaseous state alright. Now our system is x 2 going to 2 x. So, we have to use this expression. So, k will be equal to this nu j is positive for products and negative for reactant for product it is plus 2. So, what I will write q of x m naught by N A this number stoichiometric number is 2 and then I will have in the denominator for the reactant x 2 that is q of x 2 m naught by N A this is going to be for the reactant into exponential minus delta E naught by R D. Now if you do the mathematical rearrangement of this you get q x m naught square divided by q x naught for 2 into 1 over N A because 1 over N A will come from excess N A in the numerator part and exponential minus delta R E naught by R D. We have come up to this expression that is easy so far. Now when you talk about the dissociation reactions like this then delta R E naught is twice the internal energy of x at absolute 0 minus internal energy of x 2 at absolute 0 and what is actually this is x 2 going to 2 x this is dissociation. So, instead of writing delta E naught I can as well write dissociation energy at absolute 0 of x x bond. So, that means, I need to have information on dissociation energy of x x bond alright. So, going back to my expression it was q x m naught square divided by q x 2 m naught into 1 over N A was excess into exponential minus into exponential minus d 0 by R D where from I get this expression from this one q x m square over q x 2 m naught 1 over N A exponential minus delta R E naught this delta R E naught we have said that this is equal to d naught and we have this expression. Now you carefully examine the numerator is for x is an atom the denominator is for x 2 x 2 is a molecule an atom can have translational degree of freedom and electronic degree of freedom there is no rotation and vibration in atom. For molecule there is translational degree of freedom there is rotational degree of freedom there is vibrational degree of freedom there is electronic degree of freedom. That means, for for x I will have q translational of x and I will have g x which is the degeneracy of the ground state electronic states I require this information for molecule x 2 I will require q translational for x 2 I will require q rotational for x 2 because being a diatomic molecule it can undergo rotation I will require q vibrational and I will also require the degeneracy of the ground state I repeat in the expression for k you notice that the numerator is q x square where x is an atom an atom can have translational degree of freedom and you also require knowledge of the degeneracy of the ground state why degeneracy of the ground state because electronic states are assumed to be or are far separated. So, therefore, their contribution is usually coming from the ground state term x 2 being a molecule diatomic you will have translational degree of freedom you will have rotational degree of freedom you will have vibrational degree of freedom you will have the electronic term that is the ground state electronic term degeneracy of the ground state. Now, with this information what I have I go back to this k is equal to q x m not I am just not I am not writing because we assume it is standard state this square over q x 2 m into 1 by n a into exponential minus d 0 by r d this is where we are now q x m is equal to V m by lambda x q fine and it will also have a contribution from degeneracy of the ground state overall partition function is multiplication of the partition functions q x 2 m is V m here I will put standard state left hand side you assume as standard everything is actually in the standard state over lambda x 2 q into I need q r into vibrational into degeneracy of x 2 what I have done is I have included translational contribution rotational contribution vibrational contribution electronic contribution what we will do is we will substitute these both q's into this expression and let us see what it turns out to be. So, what we will do is let us put k is equal to q x m square that means V m not square by lambda x it is a square. So, raise to the power 6 into g x square now divided by V m not lambda x 2 into q r x 2 into q v x 2 into g x 2 and there is exponential minus d 0 by r t molar volumes are same p v m is equal to you need to use p v is equal to n r t or I will say p not standard state into V m v by n is equal to V m is equal to r t that means according to this V m not is equal to r t by p p not rather this and this will cancel. So, what we have remember that there is one more n a term and we should include that n a somewhere here into n a I will just put here. So, what I have now k is equal to V instead of V m not I will put r t by p not into I will put g x square into lambda x 2 of course, this has to be q divided by lambda x raise to the power 6 q r x 2 q v x 2 g x 2 into n a into exponential minus delta e not by r t. Next is use r is equal to k times Avogadro constant. So, that means this r by n a I can just use k r by n a use k that is the k this temperature is there and g x square use this g x square into lambda x cube divided by p not p not is there then you have g x 2 is there q r x 2 q v x 2 lambda x 6 and into exponential minus d 0 by r t. Now try to understand that how to arrive at this expression from this expression the shape of this expression of the form of this expression is similar to that you used in chemical thermodynamics because there also what was it equilibrium constant was equal to the ratio of the activities of the products and reactants weighted by their stoichiometric number. Here also this actually is ratio and how it is ratio is since your reaction is x 2 going to 2 x. So, it is q x square divided by q x 2 and since each q is divided by n a you have 1 by n a in the denominator then exponential minus d 0 by r t. Now after that you have to decide that the numerator and denominator or for a given species what type of contributions can enter if you are dealing with only atoms then you will have translational degree of freedom electronic degree of freedom. If you are dealing with the molecules then the molecules since we are dealing with the gases you have translational degree of freedom you have rotational degree of freedom you have vibrational degree of freedom and you have electronic degree of freedom. And we already showed that for x 2 going to 2 x delta E naught is simply the dissociation energy and this dissociation energy you can obtain from the 0 point vibrational energy. We will take up an example later on to show that how dissociation energy at 0 Kelvin can be calculated from the vibrational wave number data. But for the time being remember that depending upon whether your reactant or products are atoms or molecules you need to take their partition functions accordingly. Remember that the number of terms appearing here or in any of the expression is going to depend upon your type of reaction. Here we have taken a very simple dissociation reaction there can be reactions in which you have atoms also you have diatomic molecules also you have triatomic molecules also and you have multiatomic molecules also and there can be more than 1 is to 1 type means there can be reactions of a moles of a plus b moles of b is equal to c moles of c plus d moles of d. That means you will have to account for the partition function of each one a b c and d each one of them that is a b c or d can either be simply an atom or it can be a diatomic molecule it can be a triatomic molecule it can be multiatomic molecule. The examples include for monatomic you have just ideal gases helium neon argon etcetera diatomic you will have carbon monoxide nitrogen cl 2 I 2 etcetera triatomic you can have water and similar other molecules carbon dioxide is another diatomic molecule then you can have multiatomic molecules. So, the situations can become more and more complex as the number of atoms involved in a molecule increase therefore, you will have to very carefully decide how many terms and which terms are to be include in the denominator or are to be included in the denominator. We will discuss this in more details when we take specific numerical problems and then I will explain to you that when you are using a particular formula when you are using a particular expression whether it is allowed under those conditions of temperature or not, all those we will discuss in the next lecture. Thank you very much.


Hi everyone, Tasha here from Start of School Crochet. Today's Stitch Explorers Saturday series is the Open Ridge Stitch. It's a great stitch, so go ahead and grab yourself an eye hook or any hook size you want. I'm using a pair of scissors, so you'll need those. And any worsted weight yarn, I'm using Heartland in the colorway Denali. This is a great stitch to learn. It has a great kind of open weave to it, but it's very sturdy too, and it has the ridges on the front and the back, so you'll get a good look for whatever project you like to use. So we're going to go ahead and start with a slip stitch. It's a very easy pattern. You're going to chain an even number of stitches, any even number of stitches you'd like. And when you're finished, we'll come right back. Okay, so here I've chained an even number. We're going to work single crochets across the entire row, starting with the second chain from the hook, and just single crochet in each chain until you reach the end. And of course, we don't have to crochet along through this because it's going to take forever. So meet me back on the other side, and then we'll do row number two. So I finished my row, and if you want to count them, you can.  We're going to skip the first stitch, skip the second stitch, and work a half double crochet into the third, both loops. Then we're going to work through that middle space with another half double crochet. So you're working around your previous half double crochet. Then we're going to skip one stitch, and work a half double crochet into the next stitch. And then we're going to work another half double crochet into that space. And that's your repeat pattern for the entire row. So you work one half double crochet, and then work a half double crochet around and into the space of the skip stitch that you created. And then when you come to the end, it's going to be a little different something that was a little awkward for me because I normally don't work into the chains. So here we go. We're going to skip one and then work our last half double crochet in the very last stitch of the row. And then we're going to complete our another half double crochet. It's just the repeat of the pattern. And then we're going to work into the chain, which I recommend using a stitch marker. I didn't, you probably should, but we're going to do one half double crochet into the chain one. And there's your stitch. So this pattern repeats rows two and three. So we're going to chain one, turn, skip the first stitch. This is row three. And then we're going to work a single crochet into the back loop of the half double crochet. And do one single crochet into each back loop of every half double crochet from your previous row. So I've come to the end and we're going to work our last half double crochet or our last single crochet into that one. Then we're going to work a single crochet into the chain again, which I'm having a little trouble finding mine. That's why I recommend using a stitch marker. It'll probably make a big difference in how your edging looks if you don't use a stitch marker. So here I'm counting and you'll notice you'll have one less stitch than what you started with. So we're going to do a repeat of row two and three up until you reach your desired length. And so we're going to skip the first one, skip the second and work a half double crochet into the third and then around into the chain space made. And you just repeat that until the very end. So you keep repeating rows two and three until you reach your desired length or height. And a link for this pattern will be in the description below. It's up on my blog. You can make a lot of things with this open ridge stitch. You can make scarves, hats, cardigans, whatever you'd like. So if you haven't already, please give this video a like. Go ahead and hit the subscribe button. And don't forget to click that little bell because then you'll get notified for all of my Saturday Stitch Explorer series. Thanks for watching you guys. Happy crocheting. Take care.