Hello, in this lecture we're going to talk about the issuance of a bond at a discount. We will calculate and record interest payments on the bond. We will be able to record the journal entry for the issuance of a bond at a discount, explain the effect of recording the journal entry on the trial balance accounts, calculate the interest payment and amortize the bond discount using a straight line method, record the journal entries related to interest payments and amortization of bond discount, explain the effect of recording the journal entry on the trial balance accounts. All right, so we're going to look at this in context of a problem. We're going to have the information on the left-hand side. We're going to look at a trial balance and post this within context of a trial balance. We can see it in relation to other numbers and see the balancing concepts within the trial balance. In the trial balance, we're going to have a simplified trial balance where we have just a couple assets, those assets being cash and accounts receivable. We've got the liabilities account payable. Then where we are focusing in this area will be the bonds payable, the discount on the bonds, and then we've got the common dividend payable as the another liability. Then we have the equity section and one thing in there at this time, retained earnings. Then we have the income statement being sales, income and expenses. We just have income over the 700 at this time. That is income, not a loss. The brackets representing credits and that will give us a net income number which we can use to see what will happen to net income as we post some journal entries related to bonds and bond interest payments as we go. Also note that debits are going to be represented without brackets and there are going to be positive numbers and credits will have brackets or negative numbers. This will be a simplified way for us to see the debits and credits. If we were to add up the debits minus the credits, it would add up to zero, therefore the debits equal the credits. It'll give us a nice simplified way for us to calculate everything we need to see within one page and limit the amount of columns we are going to need to use. First thing we want to do is just discuss what a bond is, how it is compared to a note and look at our information on this side. We issued a bond which pay interest semi-annually. It's a 15-year bond. It's a semi-annual bond. It's going to have a face value of 240 and it's got an interest rate of 6%. These are things that are going to be on the bond so if we were to actually have a physical bond which we don't usually have these days because it's all electronic, but they would be part of the terms of the bond. If we were working a problem, these are the things that you want to think are like set in stone in the bond. We cannot change these things. They are part of the bond. That means that we are the issuer of the bond. When we think of bonds as an individual, we often probably think of it as if we were thinking about investing into a bond. It's good to think on both sides of the table. It's often difficult when we think about problems to think on both sides of the table. In this case, we are the issuer of the bond and we then are going to pay the bond back to whoever is holding the bond at the end of the period, which in this case is 15 years. We will pay them the face amount of 240,000 and we will be paying interest on the bond to whoever is holding the bond semi-annually, so twice a year and we'll be paying 6% of the 240,000. We will then calculate that out. Notice the difference between a bond and a note payable. A note payable is very similar to a bond where we would borrow money and we would pay it back in the future in some format and most people have experience with a note payable in terms of a car payment or a mortgage payment and in those types of payments, what happens is we borrow money and then we're going to pay it back and we pay back both the principal and interest usually in monthly arrangements. In this case, we are only going to be paying the interest on the note, so that's going to be the difference. Oftentimes with bonds, bonds could be set up in many different ways, but this is going to be a common type of bond, common type of bond problem in which we are just going to pay the interest. That means that as we make the semi-annual interest payments, we are only paying, I call it like the rent on the money. So if we were to rent an apartment, we pay back just the rent, the use of the apartment. Such as a mortgage where we pay back part of the principal. We don't give back part of the apartment each time we pay the rent. We only pay back the use of the apartment. Similar to if we have borrowing money, in this case we're borrowing money. We are paying back the rent basically on the borrowed money. We're not paying back any of the principal, the stuff we're using. We're just paying back the interest until the end of the term in which case at which time we will pay back the principal of the 240. Also note the two things that change when we talk about loaning money. If you go to the bank and you say, I need a loan, you can say, well, I need this much money and they're going to then negotiate on terms of what the rent should be. What should the interest on the loan be? How much should you pay me in order for you to have the use of the resource being the money and you can adjust the interest payments? The problem on a bond you want to realize is that the interest payment is set in stone. Remember, that's one of those things that you want to think that the bond is already written. When we issue the bond, you want to think, well, the bond's already written and the bond already has a face amount. It already has an interest amount. If we are going to go on a market and negotiate over a bond, we can't adjust the interest amount as we would for a note. We need to adjust something else. That something else is going to be the same thing we would adjust for anything else we sell and that's going to be the sales price. So if we were to sell something a tangible good, then of course we would haggle over what the sales price should be. If we are selling a bond, it's kind of the same thing. We're going to say, well, this is set in stone, the interest rate set in stone, the face amount is set in stone, but we can haggle over the price that we will sell this for. In terms of this note, we're going to say, yeah, we're going to pay back whoever owns the note, 240,000. We're going to pay interest at a rate of 6% semi-annually. And how much would you like to buy this bond for? And if we put that on the market, then a problem is always going to have to give you kind of the market rate and the interest rate on the bond. So the market rate is kind of, it's not set in stone. That's the negotiable wet rate. So when you go on to the free market and you try to sell something, well, if it turns out that people can buy similar bonds at a rate of 8%, meaning they can take their money, give it to someone else, and earn rent on it for a higher amount, just like if I was to take my apartment and sell it to somebody else and they're going to pay me more rent than this person is, then I'm going to sell it to the person who pays the most rent. Therefore, if the market rate is higher, then the interest rate on our bond, and we're trying to sell our bond, then we're going to have to sell it for less than the face amount of the bond. So we'll say, OK, you don't have to give us 240,000 for it. We'll give it to you at a discount. So that's the idea we're going to say. We're going to give it to you at a discount. When you think of a discount versus a premium, it's easier to think of it in terms of if we are the person purchasing the bond, because I think we have more experience with that. If you go to the store and it says the sticker price said something like the face amount, in this case, is the sticker price, and it said 240,000, and we paid for something less than 240, we would say that we got a discount on it. If, on the other hand, we paid more than the sticker price, we would pay a premium on it. Why would we ever pay more than the sticker price on the bond? Well, that would be, of course, the opposite here. If the market rate happened to be less than the rates on the bond, then we would have to, we would be selling it. The issue would be selling it at a premium. The purchaser would be buying it at a premium. And of course, either of those situations could happen because the interest rate on the market fluctuates due to a lot of different factors. So if we go through here and we think about the journal entry as we issue the bond, so if we're going to issue the bond here, then how are we going to record this? Remember, the reason why a company would issue a bond is because they're trying to get money. So we're trying to get money in order to fund whatever we're trying to fund for the business. And so is cash affected? We're going to say, yeah, cash is affected in this case. And cash is going to go up. Cash has a debit balance. We're going to make it go up by doing the same thing to it, which in this case would be another debit. Now, the next thing that's going to happen will, of course, be that, why did we get cash? Because we promised to pay at the end of the 15-year period, 240,000 plus rent on that money that we borrowed at 6%. So that means that we have signed an obligation to owe back the money in the future. That money that we owe back will be at the end of 15 years, 240,000. So the bond payable is a liability. All liabilities have credit balances. We need to make it go up by the amount that we're going to pay back at the end of the time period, which is 240. So we're going to credit the 240 increase in the liability that we owe. Also want to point out here that you could get this amount confused one with the issue price, how much money we're going to receive. And the reason we're going to say the bond payables for 240 is because that's how much we're going to pay back at the end of 15 years. It's also common for people to get confused on the fact that, well, we're not just going to pay the 240, plus a bunch of interest on top of that. But at this point in time, we have not yet incurred the interest. We've already got this obligation to pay the 240 because we are currently using that. However, we haven't used the money. Like it's similar as if we had rent. We can't record the rent expense before we've used the apartment or the building. So once we use the building, then we have incurred the rent expense. That's when we record that rent expense. So then, of course, we have a difference here. We have the cash that we received and we've got the bonds payable and that will be the discount. So the difference will be the discount. So the 198.44 plus the 41.516 will equal the debits of 240 will equal the credit of 240. How do we get the 41.516? It's the 240 minus the 198.484. That's the plug that we need in order for the debits to equal the credits. Also note the way that we thought this out is that we thought of cash first like we normally do and we thought of the bond that we've got to put out. And then we thought of the plug being the discount. That's how I would think through it. However, thinking through it in that way means that the discount is a debit and it's on the bottom. If you're gonna record this into a software that's gonna be great in you or something like that, then you probably wanna put the two debits on top. If this format helps you to go back and audit the information or helps you think through the information, I would think that is more important than having the two debits on top. So be aware of that. Now of course, if we posted this out then we would say cash has a debit balance. We're gonna increase the cash here by this 198.484 and it's gonna go up to 918.484. Then the bonds payable. We have a credit balance in the bonds payable. Bonds payable's a liability down here. So it has zero, it's gonna go up by the 240 to the 240 credit balance. And then we have the discount. So the discount is here. There's nothing in the discount. We're gonna debit the discount by the 41516. So note what we have here. We've got the bond payable, which is the 240 and we have the discount. So that means that the carrying amounts of the bond then would be the 240,000 minus the 41516, which would be the 198.484. That's the amount of cash that we've received. Now a couple of things to note. Remember that we're not gonna pay off the 240 till the end. We will be making interest payments semi-annually, paying the rent similar to paying the rent on a building. But we also have this discount. And what are we gonna do with that? We know that at the end of 15 years that discount's gonna have to go away because after 15 years, we're gonna pay back the 240,000. And we can't have this discount like hanging around on the books when there's no bond related to the discount. So we need to get rid of this discount somehow over the time period. So it has to go away somehow, some way. So what we're gonna do is we're going to basically amortize that, there's a couple of ways we can do it. The easiest way is a straight line method. And if the amortization is immaterial and that it will not materially affect the decision-making, then the straight line method would be an easier way to go to amortize the discount. And it would be calculated similar to depreciation in that we would just take the amount of the discount. We're gonna divide it by the number of periods and just amortize it at the same period in which we pay these interest payments. So in that way, we would just write it off, meaning we're gonna reduce it by crediting the discount. And what are we gonna debit then? We're gonna debit interest on the bond. And that might seem weird. Why do we debit interest on the bond? But remember what the discount is. Why do we have a discount? Because it's basically a difference between the interest rate and the market rate. So really the difference is because of the difference between those rates. It really is interest that is the reason for it. And therefore it makes sense for us to write it off to interest as we go. So let's see what that would look like. So now we're gonna think about us in June 30th, record the bond interest and straight line amortization. So now we jumped forward in time. We issued the bond and now of course we're paying the rent on it. We only have to pay the rent twice a year. This is the rent has come up and do at this point in time so we will then have to pay it. So the first question we're gonna ask, well, is cash affected? And in this case, yeah, cash is. We're gonna pay the rent on the money that we borrowed and we're actually gonna pay it with cash. Remember that we are only paying the interest portion. We will not be paying the part of the principal as we would in many types of loan arrangements like a mortgage or like a car payment. So how are we gonna calculate this? Well, we'll pull up the calculator first and we're gonna take the face amount. Remember we're gonna take the face amount, not the issue price. This is gonna be the amount that is integrated upon on the bonds, the part that's written in stone. We already had this saying that we're gonna have to pay the face amount times the interest rate. Once again, it's the interest rate that's on the bond, not the market rate. Interest rate that's on the bond is part of the agreement times 0.06, 6%. That would give us 14.4. That would be interest for a year and I wanna stress that whenever we think about the interest rate, if I was to say that the mortgage rate on the interest is 5%, notice that that means 5% a year even though we pay the interest on a mortgage, for example, monthly. So we could break down the interest rate to a monthly rate by dividing it by 12 or we can figure out in this case, as we've done here, what the interest would be if the term was for an entire year and then break it down to what it's really over which is only going to be for six months. So six is half a year, I could divide by two or this would work for any fraction of a year. We could say let's divide it by 12 which is how many months are in a year. That's just how much rent we would pay per month and then how many months have passed since this date to this date, six months times six. And that would give us the 7,002. So that's how we're gonna take a look at the interest here. Now I'm gonna stop there and I'm gonna calculate the amortization. So that's how much of the cash we're gonna pay due to the interest on the face amount of the loan which was of course the face amount of the loan times the interest rate. Now remember that we have to get rid of this discount. So how are we gonna get rid of that? Well, we have to lower it. We're gonna have to credit it by something. Let's figure out a straight line method to credit it. So what we have here is we've got the unamortized discount. So if we take out our calculator, the face amount of the loan, 240,000. Minus the unamortized discount, the 41516. Remember that's the carrying amount. That's how much we bought. How much cash was received for the issuance of the bond. Now we're gonna have to reduce this 41516 over the life. So in order to do that, it's gonna look like this. We're gonna have the amortized amount 1384. How do we come up with that? Under a simplified straight line method, we're just gonna take that 41516. And I could say divided by 15, that's how many years. So divided by 15 and that would be how much per year. However, we're doing it semi-annually. So this is every six months or twice a year. So that would be for a year. So if I divide that by two, that would be the amount for one period being six months. Notice it is rounded of course here. So we've got 1384, 1383 point, blah, blah. So we could also do that. A lot of people will think about it this way. We don't wanna think about how many years. We wanna think about how many periods. So if it's 15 years, semi-annually twice a year times two, that would be 30 periods. So we can just take that same 41516 divided by 30 periods. That would give us the same 1384. And that means that our discount should go down from 41516 minus 1384 to this 4132. And then our new carrying amount, it's always gonna be the carrying amount will be the amount of the bond to 40,000 minus the unamortized discount, 4132, that give us the 199,868. So therefore, we are gonna credit the discount for the 1384. We're gonna reduce the discount here by 1384. And what will the debit go to then? It's gonna have to go to the bond interest. So the debit will be bond interest. Remember just like rent on a building, we're debiting the interest just like we would debit for the use of borrowing anything. And we're actually paying in cash part of that to the 7.2. And then the rest of that is the amortization of the discount, which of course is the difference between the market rate and the interest rate on the bond. So the 7.2 plus the 1384 is the bond interest that we will debit. So let's take this journal entry, let's post it and see what it looks like as we do that. So here's the same journal entry. If we were gonna post the bond interest, of course, we would be down here. It's an interest is an expense. Expenses all have debit balances. They only go up for the most part. We're gonna do the same thing too, which in this case would be another debit. So it goes up to here. What's that due to net income? Brings it down. So we had the 700,000. Expenses go up, income goes down. How do we calculate that? 700,000 minus the 8584. So this is when the income statement is affected when we expense it, obviously. And then the cash here will be a credit. So we have cash as a debit balance. We're doing the opposite thing to it, which is a credit. So cash is going down. So cash is gonna be reduced. And then the discount. So here's the discount has a credit balance and we are reducing it. So we're gonna reduce the amount by doing the opposite thing to it. And that brings us down to the new carrying, the new amount, the unamortized discount, which we calculated in the prior example. So now we're gonna move forward to 1231 and we're gonna do the same thing. So it's gonna be a very similar process. Once you calculate the discount on something like this, then it's always gonna be basically the same. We'll go through one more variation of it and it'll be similar as we go. So thinking through it the same way, once again, six more months have passed. Now we need to record the interest. We gotta pay like the rent, just like the rent has come around on the borrowing of this bond. So we borrowed, we got cash of 198 and the bond of course is for the 240. So is cash affected? We're gonna say, yeah, cash is affected because we're paying like the rent on the borrowing of the money. And therefore we're gonna calculate that. How do we calculate the interest? Well, we take the face amount, not the issue price, the 240,000 times and the interest on the bond, not the market rate, the one that's set in stone on the bond times 0.06 and that would be for a year and we only did it for six months. So I'm gonna do it the other way this time, that last time I divided by 12 to give us a yearly total, then multiplied times six to represent the six months passed. We can also just say, hey, it was half a year, one half, one over two. So we can just say let's divide by two and say that's the 7,002. So cash is gonna go down by the 7,002. We also need to think about, of course, the bond pay, sorry, the discount on the bond payable. That needs to go down. It's gonna go down at an even straight line method and we already calculated it last time. If we do it again, it's gonna be the same number, just like straight line depreciation. So if we were to think about that, we put the calculator up here and remember what we had then, the original amount of four, one, five, one, six divided by, we have 15 years semi-annually, 15 times two, 30, divided by 30, that gives us our amount that we came up with. It's gonna be the same each time. And therefore, if the unamortized amount was 40,132 before 40, 132 minus this 1384 means the unamortized amount will be the 38, 748, and then the carrying amount will always be the 240,000 bond less the unamortized discount, 38, 748, giving us the 201, 252, which will be the new carrying amount. That means that we are then going to credit the discount. We're gonna reduce the discount because it has a debit balance. We're gonna credit it, reducing it, and then we're going to debit the interest expense. So we're paying the interest expense just like rent. We are expensing the use of the money in this case and therefore, let's take a look at this in terms of us posting this transaction. So now we have the interest expense once again, the same transaction. And if we look at the bond interest, we have the interest expense from last time on the same year and we're gonna increase it. We're gonna debit it, expenses always go up with a debit balance. So now it went up to 17168. What did that do to net income? It brings it down. So here's the net income, brings it down, expenses went up, net income goes down. How do we calculate that? If the income credits 700 minus the expense, debit 17168 gives us the net income. Then what happens to the cash? It's gonna go down. We paid cash. Cash is a debit balance. We did the opposite thing to it, bringing cash down, bond discount, bond discount as a debit. We did the opposite thing to it, bringing it down to 38. Notice that this what we would keep on doing this, of course, for 30 times. And at the end of that 30 times then, this bond discount would go down to zero. And at the end of this 15 year time period, what would happen? We would pay off the bond payable at that time. So now we are now able to record journal entry for the issuance of a bond at a discount, explain the effect of recording the journal entry on trial balance accounts, calculate the interest payment and amortization of discount using the straight line method, record the journal entry related to interest payment and amortization of bond discount, explain the effect of recording the journal entry on trial balance accounts.


Uh, 153s, that's all? Yeah, 153s. Yeah. Appreciate it. Be careful with this one. Yo, you know, first off, thanks for finding out.


J. Billis is kind of the face of college basketball in the United States and J. Billis works for ESPN and he has been a personal friend and mentor of mine for over a decade. J. was kind enough to write the forward to my book and on ESPN game day part of J's responsibility is before he calls the game he has to watch both teams practice the day before the game so that during the next day he has plenty of stuff to talk about on air because when you're on air in front of the the bright lights and the cameras they can't afford any dead time you have to have something to say at all times so he needs to know everything about their team about their personnel about their strategy well back in 2010 in early December there was a very highly anticipated NCAA college basketball game that was going to pit Duke versus Butler and the reason this game was so highly anticipated were those were the two teams that met eight months previously in the national championship game where Duke narrowly escaped with a very close win and it's very rare in college basketball in the US that the two teams that meet on the biggest stage meet eight months later in an early season game so there was a lot of hype around this game well J is actually a Duke alum so he went to watch Duke practice first and he goes over to watch Duke and Duke is led by the winningest coach in the history of college basketball coach K one of the best to ever do it and he hears coach K talking to his team and he says guys we're gonna win tomorrow because we have a distinct advantage we are bigger stronger and more powerful than they are we are going to beat Butler tomorrow because we clearly have the advantage we are bigger we are stronger and we're more powerful we're gonna pound the ball down low and get easy shots around the basket we're gonna out rebound them and we're gonna challenge all of their shots guys we're gonna win tomorrow because we have the advantage we are bigger stronger and more powerful and Jay left that practice and was thinking this could be a bloodbath tomorrow one of the best coaches to ever blow a whistle just clearly told his team why they have the advantage but he needs to do his due diligence so he goes over to watch the Butler practice who at the time was led by Brad Stevens Brad Stevens is now the head coach of the Boston Celtics and he is an absolute basketball savant one of the best young coaches that I've ever met and coach Stevens is talking to the Butler team and said guys we're gonna win tomorrow because we have the distinct advantage we are smaller quicker and faster than they are we are going to win tomorrow because we have a clear advantage we are smaller quicker and faster their big guys won't be able to keep up with us we'll get easy points in transition we'll be able to put on a smothering full court press and there's no way those big guys can get out and challenge our corner threes don't worry guys we're gonna win tomorrow because we have the clear advantage and Jay left that practice and was thinking I got no idea who's gonna win this game both of these brilliant coaches have the self-awareness the team awareness to know what it is that gives them a distinct advantage to know what it is that makes them unique and gives them a competitive edge and to know what they need to do in order to be successful and here's the cool part they both were 100% right and I tell you that for a couple of reasons one I certainly want to make sure that you're internally looking at your businesses and you're constantly recalibrating and having the awareness to know what gives you the competitive advantage what it what is it that separates you because one thing I can promise you excuse me there's a lot of things in business that people can copy they can copy floor plans they can copy layouts they can copy logos and color schemes they can copy pricing they can copy your org chart there's one thing I promise you they cannot copy that you all they can't copy you they can't copy the relationships that you create and they definitely cannot copy your culture those things cannot be replicated so any investment you make into improving those relationships those three that I talked about is a very wise investment because it's something that will extend your lead and be a competitive advantage because people cannot copy you the relationships you forge and the culture that you create it's one of the best investments that you can take with pulling it down getting around zoom back at midcourt launches the shot is the king of the dance


Hi, my name is Illiana, and I'm a librarian at the San Francisco Public Library. Welcome to the MIX, the Teen Center. I am your host for the STEM Challenge Yourself series, where our extraordinary librarians walk you through some projects that you could do at home. Today you're going to learn a little bit about chemistry in a very, very tactile and messy way. But I'm going to let our Challenge Master teach you how to do it. Ready? Hi guys, I'm librarian Kimberly. Today we're going to be making some bubble dough. I've also heard it called dish soap slime. Not exactly slime, not exactly oobleck, not exactly silly putty, not exactly Play-Doh. So what is it? Well, today we're going to be doing some chemistry, which is a branch of science that studies things like liquids and solids. And we're going to investigate whether bubble dough is a liquid or a solid. 300 years ago, a scientist named Sir Isaac Newton identified the ideal properties of liquids. Liquids like water are not rigid. They move around and they have an easy flow. Solids like an ice cube are rigid. They're in a fixed state and they do not flow. So will bubble dough end up being a liquid or a solid? What do you predict? Today you're only going to need two ingredients for your experiment. We're going to need some cornstarch and some dish soap. So your bubble dough is going to end up being the color of your dish soap. So since I'm using a green dish soap, my bubble dough is going to end up being a greenish color. But if you use a different colored dish soap, your bubble dough will end up being a different color. You can also use liquid hand soap if you don't have dish soap or even shampoo will work. You're also going to need a large bowl, a third of a cup measuring cup, one tablespoon, and a spoon for stirring. You're also going to get a little messy during this experiment. So make sure you have adult permission and you might want to have a wet towel nearby just to clean up any spills or messes. So are you ready to get started? We're going to start with our cornstarch. And we're going to measure this out over our bowl so that we don't make a big mess. And you don't have to be super precise. That's good. And just dump that into your bowl. And then I'm going to put a little bit extra in there just in case I need some later. Because once my hands get messy, it's going to get harder to get the cornstarch out. Now we're ready for our dish soap. We're going to start with two tablespoons of the dish soap. All right. Now we're going to stir that with our spoon. There we go. And just mix that all together until your ingredients are combined. So depending on your ingredients and what climate you're in, you might need anywhere from two to four tablespoons of dish soap. So here we've only used two and you can see it's pretty dry. So we're going to need to add some more. We might not need a whole extra tablespoon. So I'm going to start with half of a tablespoon and add that to my solution. And we'll give that a stir. And now we're ready to start getting messy. So let's get our hands in there. You want to combine it with your hands just to help it all bind together. Starting to come together there. A little pretty dry. I think I'm going to need. I'm going to add another half a tablespoon and just do a half at a time. So it's harder to go back than it is to go far. Keep mixing it together with your fingers. There we go.  All right. So keep combining it with your hands. There you go. You can see why it gets very messy here. There we go. Starting to come together. All right. So knead it with your hands. You can knead it. You can mold it into different shapes. Can you break it? What happens if you hold it up high and then let go of it? Isn't that weird? Observe your bubble dough. What does it look like? What does it feel like? It's a weird texture, isn't it? What does it smell like? There's all kinds of different dish soaps you might have used.  Now don't taste it. So although cornstarch is edible, it's used in gravies and sauces and even pie filling. But you don't want to be eating dish soap. So keep experimenting. You only have two ingredients, cornstarch and dish soap. So you can't go too wrong. If it's too dry, add more dish soap. If it's too wet, add more cornstarch. And this is the consistency you are looking for. So what do you think? Is bubble dough a liquid or a solid? Well, it was actually a trick question. Some liquids, like water, do flow freely. But our bubble dough acts a little bit different. When you give it pressure, it acts like a solid. But then when you let it flow freely, it acts more like a liquid. So not all liquids follow Newtonian principles for ideal liquids. Some of them just act kind of weird. And those are things like slime and oobleck and, you got it, bubble dough. They're called non-Newtonian fluids. And they're just a different substance altogether. So what was happening in our chemical reaction?  The dish soap has a head and a tail end of their molecules. The tail end likes to be attracted to things like oils and fats, which is why it works so well for washing dishes. But it's also attracted to this long carbon train that the cornstarch has. As more and more of the dish soap attached to the corn starch, your solution gets thicker and thicker until it turns into a different substance altogether, the non-Newtonian fluid bubble dough. Thanks so much for experimenting with me. See you next time. And back to Ileana. Wow, Kimberly, that was pretty cool that you could do all that with just two ingredients. Be sure to get messy, but clean up after yourself. And for more information about this challenge and others, find out tips and tricks at sfpl.org slash STEM challenge. Keep experimenting and stay STEM-tastic.


Hello, everyone. My name is Francesca Bonatt. I'm today's host of the Bite Size Talk, and with me is Maxime, newly member of the Zekera team, and he's here today to talk about, and of course, sub workflows. Very interesting. Hello, everyone. Let me share my screen. I'm trying some demo as well at some point, so I think it's a bad idea, but we need to try that. Okay, full-size screen. Hello, everyone. My name is Maxime Garcia. I'm working at Zekera Labs in the scientific development team. I'm still working in Stockholm, but remotely for Barcelona, but that's Zekera. So I'm going to talk about sub workflow. So basically, what is new with the sub workflow, like in NFCOR, what is our plan like currently and maybe in the short, long, medium term, whatever, and some demo time. So yes, tiny disclaimer to start. I think it's always important. More or less what I'd say are more or less like my own takes of what the community is doing. So other developers might follow my ideas. Other developers might have other ideas, but I think it's good because that's how we are forging the best practice. So it might and it probably will evolve some of the logic, some of the syntax, some of the stuff, but I think it's good that we try stuff and we figure out what is the best way to do stuff. So all of the new stuff. So I think the most important part is that we have no like sub workflow in a specific folder in the NFCOR module repository. We have a look there. If we look at the repo, we have a sub workflow folder, and in sub workflow folder, we have like an NFCOR folder and in that folder, we have all of the current like sub workflow for NFCOR. So this is the most important thing that we did during not the most important thing, but for me, the stuff that had the most impact of my work on the pipeline was actually the naming convention that we had, which is basically like explain all there. We want to have like a naming convention because that way it's much more easier to understand directly what is sub workflow is doing on it. Otherwise, like we have a lot of documentation here on this page, which is, which is DSL to sub workflow that's in the doc contributing DSL to sub workflow. So a lot of the logic is inherited from the module so we still keep the same terminology, which I think is super important. So remember like in NFCOR like a module will be like just the atomic process and then the sub workflow is a chain of module. And then all of the logic is like is pretty similar to all that. All of the underlying logic, then we also have like a lot of documentation for that and what we did new is like some new tools. We don't have everything there yet so I will, I will wait, where was I? Let's finish the presentation before we actually start the new commanding tool so I will show that in the demo time as well. So the plan we do have a plan, of course, so at least I have a plan myself, which is like translating all of the local like sub workflow that we had in Sarek and putting all of that into NSCOR, because that way I think it's very good for the community and I'm hoping also to help other pipeline to do that and to convert more and more like local sub workflow into and of course that way I'm pretty sure we can find like a proper logic to be smarter and to do smart things. And that's my plan. And I think with that we could find like really some new way to do stuff for new pipeline. I think like for me one of the example is that in Sarek we use a free base. It's one of the tools that we use like many tools but at least I know that free base is used by other pipeline and I'm pretty sure that we're doing some stuff in Sarek. We have like a spread and gather like solution that can help like speed things up. So we are trying to import that into the NFCOR module and I'm pretty sure once we have that in the NFCOR module, then other pipeline might be able to import this sub workflow and I'm pretty sure that will be a huge game for the world community. So I'm really hoping like really looking forward to project. So and now let's go into demo time. So I'm going to demo how to install a sub workflow. So I'm going to install like a sub workflow that I just created yesterday. Maybe I just ported a local sub workflow from Sarek into NFCOR module. So I'm just going to do that. So, first I already did that so I installed the dev version of tools. This part is the most important I think that I did that already. So now I'm going to my local repo. Okay, it's my own fork. Okay, I'm just creating a new branch. That's fairly simple. So now we have a new NFCOR tool. There's this like command sub workflows that's infrastructure team so Mattias, Julia and everyone else. I don't know who else is involved in the infrastructure team but they did a pretty good job before that. And I always like what they do like it looks like so fancy like what they're doing. Okay, no command sub workflow. Oh yes maybe just without the S sub workflow. No. Sub workflow. Yes, the S was there. Don't misspell stuff. Okay, so for the pipeline we have info install this remove an update to develop new sub workflow that will be like very similar to the same command that we have in for the modules. So I will not show that, but I will show all of that. So let's try like NFCOR sub workflow info. I want to have like an info about like the new, the new like sub workflow you want to install. So is the sub workflow local install. No, because I want to install it. Please select a sub workflow. So I want to select the VCF annotate VCF. So we have some nice information about all that. It does perform annotation with snippet fight and then bgz plus tabic index resulting VCF. That's perfect we do need like a metamab VCF version of the snippet effect database and optional pass to the root cache folder for snippet effect and then we have like output. So as VCF five plus tabic index HTML report and of course the version. So what were the other commands that we could see install list remove update. Let's check list. I want to list list local. That's some logic and this remote. Okay, that's the same one. Okay, then let's go for install. Wait, before I actually install, let's remove the, the one that we had. Let's remove sub workflow local VCF annotate. So I removed my, sorry, I removed my local version of this sub workflow. I will now install the new version. So that's sub workflow. And I want VCF annotate. I could copy from there but I want to try out what's happening if I don't do anything. This is so fancy. I love that.  Okay, that was super fat. So it's done. Use the following statement to include sub workflow. So I will grab that copy. I'll launch my code. I have a sub workflow. I have that local. Okay, this is my meta sub workflow where I do everything. So I'm just copy pasting this new command here. Okay, let's just align everything well. Okay, that looks good. So annotate. I will use this new sub workflow which is located there. That's nice. I don't have my VCF annotate. It's not perfect enough because it's not there. That's wonderful. That's what we expect. Okay, where are you with the kit? So we deleted some file, we added some new file and we modified some file. Let's add the new file. Okay, so we removed two files. So the meta is different enough so it's like a new, it doesn't register as a renaming. The script itself for the sub workflow is exactly the same, which makes sense because I created it yesterday and I basically copy paste everything. What is happening is a module.json file. Okay, this is new installed by module. Okay, that's interesting. It's just looking. I like to check everything. I think it's important. Okay. So let's add this new file. Let's commit everything. Replace local. Okay, let's push. And let's create the pull request. We want to do that in dev. Replace sub workflow. That's one VCF annotate. It's not perfect. Okay, create the pull request. Okay, that looks good. I'm thinking there is just one lesson that I need to do, but this is like very specific to Sarek. Yes, I need to change the path to the file here. We are doing like pie tests with like tags and we are watching like if some of the files are being changed or not like from one PR to another, and then we are triggering the test just on that. So for that, because of the past is not the same anymore. I just update the pass. He's done. Let's commit that as well. Let's push. And I see I'm hoping that we are done with this request. So, yes, we can see that it was failing before I'm pretty sure because of the test that we're failing now everything is triggered. And as we can see, hi test workflow is being triggered at the moment. I'm guessing once it triggered it will like figure out like which test it has to run or not but that's like something else. So I think that's good for for that. So I like to hear. So I'll paste like the wealth of the history like here in my slides, and I will share my slide at the after this talk. I think now it's time like to thank everyone and to go for the question so these are like the institutes that are participating between the four. I really need to update the slide because I think it's already one year old and I'm pretty sure we have like multiple now. I'm not a contributor but I really want to like thank everyone that is contributing to NFC because it's a community and that's a community effort and like without like everyone else we wouldn't do anything. If you have any question, please ask them because that was mainly like just a demo and that was fairly simple, but you're like people have more questions. Thank you very much. So you're now able to unmute yourself. So if you have questions either put them in the chat or ask them straight away. I think I saw some questions. I will stop sharing. It is not a question it was a comment. Okay, yes. Someone is being very happy that they're already 24 sub workflows. Yes, because we started like the sub workflow at the hackathon like properly. So that's, that was when last month or two months ago. Yes, so 24 like just in a month. That's good. I'm pretty sure we'll have like more and more coming. And I know that Mattias is working on adding the command line help for NFCore tools like soon. I'm guessing we're waiting for release of tools for that. John, do you have a question. Yes, can you hear me. Yes. So thanks. Very interesting talk. I'm, I'm quite new to this but I use next flow. And I am also a little bit used to NFCore but this thing about sub workflows is this specific to NFCore or is it something that can apply to other next flow pipelines. So this is something that can be applied like to any any pipeline like we developed that like, I think first in mind like often of course like the module, but then every module like, like in next flow, everything can be a module like every process can be a module, every chain of process can be a module even like the workflow itself can be a module so you can import whatever you want or whatever you want. So basically what we are creating here with NFCore like this sub workflow stuff. It can be used like in the broader next community without any issue. Okay, okay, thanks. So I also have a question or maybe comment also. Okay, so that was a great presentation. However, I was going to ask a, maybe my first comment is similar to what John just said. So my other question sounded more like sub workflows where NFCore thinks instead of a next flow thing, you know, so I think that's why he was asking that question about whether sub workflows were NFCore or next flow. So my other question is that what's the naming convention for sub workflows in NFCore so is it like the first word is a verb followed by the, the names for the tools that you're chaining together in that sub workflow because I noticed some pattern like that but maybe I'm wrong. So we have this convention is definitely like an NFCore thing only. I'm guessing like other people that develop like stuff might want to follow convention as well so yes I'm happy like to talk more about that. But I think we have this convention I think it's the file, the input file type which is like first, then it should be like a verb and then the list of the tools that are used. For example, like in that case what we were doing with like this sub workflow that I just added it was VCF underscore annotate underscore snippet. Okay. Yeah, thanks. Thank you very much. Are there any more questions. It doesn't seem so. So if you have more questions as usual you can go to Slack, either in the bite size channel or there's actually a channel also for sub workflows. A channel for tools as well obviously. Obviously, or you can directly ask Maxine. Otherwise I would like to thank Maxine for the talk and as usual for funding the Chan Zuckerberg initiative, and you all for listening. Thank you very much. Thank you. Goodbye.


at the dance that is Friday and he's going dancing tonight in Donegal Town and he's a man who's backing out on the road with a vengeance and delighted to say that he's joined us in studio the one and only Michael English Michael good afternoon hi David great to be here great to see you how you get on very good yeah yeah all around the country no more than yourself enjoying it yes great to be out and you took a little break from the dances for a while but now you're back and you're flat out at them again oh yeah we are we're fierce busy at the minute I mean people are going out more than ever as you know and and since COVID and all that kind of thing people want to go out more and more and I'm really enjoying it now I love it love it and you are one of the most dynamic and diverse artists that be out there on the road and you've been putting together a wonderful concert show I've been to your last few concerts that you've done in the Millennium Forum but now you've changed the whole show again and you're coming back with a brand new one yeah we've a brand new show David I had a I released a song that I wrote a couple of years ago called a million memories and this is like a play on the title this is called a million medleys okay and it's well it's all of the songs that people will know us for but but besides that it's medleys of all of those great artists that people love to hear and listen to and sing along and you know whether it be Elvis the Beatles John Denver David James David James we'll have to we'll have to put that one together but like Charlie Pride and and all you know party medleys and all of that kind of thing so we decided to come up with this new show called a million medleys we put it obviously my own band is in it but we've augmented the band that made it bigger and put in harmony back in vocals and brass and all that kind of thing and as well as singing our own songs it's this kind of an idea of a million medleys a million songs that people made hits all around the world songs that people want to sing and that's the type of a show it is it's kind of a bit of a party atmosphere and people singing along to their favorite numbers that's that's the idea brilliant and whenever you do a concert you bring a ferocious energy to the stage from the minute you step on to the minute you leave there's a great buzz on there and it's clear to be seen that you love what you're doing but not only that the band get heavily involved within your show as well and they obviously love it yeah I mean you know at the end of the day when people go out they want to be entertained and we try to be as entertaining as we can and I'm very lucky with the band I mean the band are of the same mindset as myself they want to have a good time they always put a hundred percent into it and I'm very lucky to have each and every one of them and as I said we've augmented the band and made it bigger for this concert tour but I think I love what I do David and I love the theaters I love the dance it's great to get the opportunity to do both and the variety as well but when you get out there in front of a crowd there's nothing like it in a theater like the Millennium Forum or wherever it may be and and and singing the songs and people singing along with you know yourself it's it's there's no greater feeling in the world really and you've obviously worked really hard at your craft and it stood the test of time because how many years have you been out and about on the road now like you've been here for a long bit longer than you know I came up here to Highland Radio 97 1997 I had the nearest to perfect and been on the road ever since really brilliant stuff and here you are all these years later and we still can't get ready out of the studio and I thought you were going to say on you and he says look young looking as ever and you're going you're going dancing tonight in Donegal we're in the Abbey Hotel tonight with Robert Mazzell and it's always a great dance and looking forward to that yeah Donegal town tonight yeah a double bill there and the concert comes to the Millennium Forum on the 6th of October and it is described as a spectacular musical extravaganza and I've no doubt that that's exactly what it is but Michael a lot of planning goes into you know of course you have your dance show but a lot of extra planning will go into the concert show wouldn't it? It does I mean we started months ago when I first came up with the idea we started to work on it then with Wayne Thoreau's who's my piano player in the band and also the musical director and I record with Wayne as well so it's it's it's great that he's in the band as well but I went down to the studio and put the plan in place and came up with the idea and since then really we've been recording these medallies and writing different arrangements putting them all together so I suppose we're at it now about three months but that's what it takes to get it to the level that I be happy with you know and I want to I want to walk out on the first night it was just the marketplace and the theatre and our ma two weeks from today it won't be long coming so I want to walk out that night as if it's as if we've done ten already yeah there's no point in walking out and say will we try this and will we try that you know I like to have everything yeah done and dusted and and hopefully it'll it'll all go well I'm looking forward to it really looking forward to this tour really brilliant and of course you're an incredibly accomplished musician as well which sort of differentiates you from a lot of us on the scene who might be just out there and singing in the sense that you can musically direct your own show and have things exactly the way you want them in and hear them in your own mind I yeah I mean it's great you know I play the piano and the accordion and that kind of thing and it's good to have I suppose the bit of knowledge that's to do it the way you want and to explain what you want but really it's the people who decide really you know I mean it's the people who come to the shows decide what songs you sing really or what what songs not to sing you know if I were I write a song I write a good few of my own songs I'll always put it in the show beforehand and see will the crowd say they like it or they don't like it yeah I mean and then that's a great if people say they like it or they start to request it at the dance of the concert it's a great indication then to record it yes that's the way I've been doing it all through the years really and it's been working really well like whenever you think of the amount of songs that you have actually written yourself that have become hits for you know Friday at the dance Joey on the fiddle the list goes on and on and on and you've had some great ones and there's a lots of people texting in to say hello to you here today so we'll try and get through a few of those but how would you like to take on the role of presenter you could read a few requests could you Michael yeah yeah happy birthday to Logan McCool who is 40 today and she loves Michael English on a great taste hi Michael say hello to Declan and Ernie who love the music and laughing oh are we on are we of course we are Logan McCool and Declan and Ernie and Derek and Ryan Michael it's not often we get a wee joke out of you but today it's one of those days okay we're going to take it was taken for your stupid guitar so Michael English and be back after this stay tuned