You know, there's this electricity at this this event. I'd love to bring that to the climate science Meetings that I go to and I will I'm gonna do that because it makes the events more, you know fun And you know to the extent that climate change is fun So I've dedicated my professional career to understanding ice climate interactions in Greenland and And so I want to share with you some of what I've learned to To transfer that knowledge to you and it's a strange privilege to bear the the climate change message because it's often kind of a bummer and it's a it's a You know something that you know don't want to worry really about we want to find ways to Move forward and I loved hearing that at the introductory remarks of this event That we need to look forward. We need to move forward and we can and we need to we must Because of the challenge that that climate change presents us with and I learned something from Bill McKibbin about the power that exists if we get outside of our comfort zone and it's not easy to stand out and Everything that we're kind of message from society is is not to go out far but I know that this community is doing that and you're pushing the boundaries and and we need to do that in terms of engaging the Climate change which arguably is the defining issue of this century Dark snow is a project. It was the first internet crowd funded Arctic expedition and It was we engaged with with media and social media and we were able to really amplify our message And I've learned a lot and we'll take that forward in climate communications This dark material you see accumulating on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet part of it and not a small part is bacteria So the ice sheet surfaces fermenting also and it's very important for climate change because it's a multiplier And I'll talk about that in a bit The world's largest island. I Like to call it the world's smallest continent Three times the area of France Eighty-one percent ice covered It's a dome of ice more than three kilometers thick and As it melts it contains enough ice to raise sea level seven meters The story for me in Greenland began with 11 years of installing and maintaining a network of automatic weather stations climate stations designed to measure the balance of energy coming down and upward and That gave me the the exciting job of touring around Greenland each year And I don't know if I would do this today, but it was very important to level those Radiometers so that we could calibrate satellite measurements and to understand if if the satellite data were accurate and Indeed they were and these these data are of the surface reflectivity of of ice you know snow and ice to be very reflective and it's the impurities that that darken The ice that's part of the dark snow message. So here's the year 2000. I'm gonna fast forward to year 2012 and look at the color change of the ice sheet I'll go back to 2000 forward to 2012 and What we've observed with this high quality record of satellite data is the darkening of the ice sheet 7% darker in just 12 years This is equivalent with about twice the United States energy consumption And that's going into additional heating of the ice sheet surface It's about 400 times the Danish annual energy consumption going into heating ice and some of that into melting there's this word albedo or whiteness and The this leaf on the frozen lake surface illustrates, you know that darker objects absorb more sunlight and that produces some local melting and that Locally melted areas darker than the surroundings and this has a multiplying effect This is the albedo feedback Just a time lapse of melting snow and just in one day. We measure the the reflectivity of the surface declining That's the power of melt and you can see it here on the microscopic scale that Fresh ice crystals have these jagged edges that scatter light and that's what makes fresh snow so reflective And it's heat that that rounds those crystals and they simply scatter less light. That's half of the the story Meanwhile a reconstruction I published shows the last decade of temperatures Being the warmest in at least 170 years Ten years ago. We couldn't really say that it was maybe the 1920s were warmer But just in the last ten years we can now conclude that not only is that the warmest decade in the last 100 the warmest summer in the last 170 years in Greenland But zooming out to the pre instrumental record from an ice core. It's now Reasonable to conclude that this decade is the warmest since 860 years ago when the Norse settled Greenland That intervening cold period we call the Little Ice Age and I think it's very reasonable to That we understand that that it's industrial pollution that that is a main source a main driver of this According to the position statements of all scientific academies around the world There's no longer any doubt that human activity has become a force of nature and that in fact According to a mountain of data Human activity is by far the largest single Agent for change in our environment and we can put the climate change story aside and just consider the impact that we have on rearranging our our environments How we've re sculpted the surface of the earth when you fly over it you can see that and These curbs are kind of what set my career in motion. I saw these spikes in Heat-trapping gases and I and I thought okay. I want to work on this problem. That was about 20 years ago These are the greenhouse gases and it was the industrial revolution that that set these these data spiking upward and We see that in the the red line is the instrumental record and it shows this warming trend and The the lines to the left are the pre instrumental Reconstructions from tree rings corals lake sediments, etc That you can see the medieval warm period the little ice age and then this rocket ride that we're on now We're on this rocket and it's it's started to blast off and that happened in the industrial revolution And you can see how steep that is this is called the hockey stick because it Resembles that and we bear witness now to abrupt climate change within our lifetimes We are in uncharted territory. This isn't something in the future. We we've just gotten off the launch pad I think it's going to get Unfortunately a lot more interesting to put it mildly We are going to go past the so-called two-degree guardrail That's about four Fahrenheit there where all countries in in Copenhagen in 2009 signed that that that anything above For Fahrenheit or to Celsius was put us into dangerous climate change territory The the red curve there. That's the trajectory and that's what we have a chance to influence now small changes We can we can change that and that's the challenge that we have today is to aim for a To restabilize climate and in terms of the food system. This is of course destabilizing agricultural system And we've known this for quite some time Remember this name James Hansen who published this in 1987 and This was a temperature change that showed that most of the warming was in the Arctic far away from where people are And here's a modern version of that graphic that shows that most of the warming is concentrated in the Arctic climate models For about four decades now have been reproducing this Amplified warming in the high latitudes in the Arctic and you can see in these two different scenarios the top one is The world gets serious about stabilizing carbon dioxide emissions the bottom one the fossil fuel intensive scenario That's business as usual the short-term economic problems always trump the long-term planning and and though that's the choice that we have really is between these two futures And you can see most of the warming is in the Arctic. Why is that? It's because of that Reflectivity feedback that a darker surface absorbs more sunlight and and if the snow cover and the sea ice goes away You have a much darker surface. It's absorbing more. That's why most of the the temperature changes in the Arctic Okay, and and these are measurements of Greenland how is Greenland ice Reacting to that and we see a doubling in the loss rate of Greenland ice from about a half a millimeter per year sea level rise in the first in just ten years ago and and Doubling so today Greenland's contributing more than a millimeter per year to global sea level rise Antarctica the Antarctic ice sheet much bigger nine times the volume It's more of a sleeping giant starting to wake up with there's evidence of that It's a similar curve Greenland is contributing twice Antarctica these days more than that for the last 20 years so it's like Greenland's the the sleeping giant that's awakening with a hangover and It's you know, it's not too pretty These are sea level reconstructions and The the hump you see in the middle. That's the middle of a warm period Then you go down into the little ice age where we saw ice advancing Around the world the the dark black line then is the instrumental record and it shows the the beginning of What is projected to be a kind of a hockey stick in in sea level? By the end of this century we should see something like a meter and a half or more and we cannot rule out much larger sea level rise because really small changes in that Nonlinear curve can produce big differences going into the future And I think that underscores the the message that we we need to influence the initial conditions now Now is the time when we can and some of that is underway and and we really need to get behind that and it's it's not Just in science and policy, but I I think in every segment of the economy Every activity and I I can see that the food movement is starting to lead in this and to do local Local food and local production that we're not eating the thousand mile salad That's very important. Of course. They also you get that message out and why it's important Because even with today's co2 concentrations if the ice and climate could equilibrate to that We already have cooked in about 20 meters of sea level rise. That's with today's co2 Concentration and that's what these data show that there's somehow a functional relationship, and it's it's uncertain And and we don't know how fast we get 20 meters of sea level rise it will probably take centuries and We to forge policy we have to do that with deep uncertainty So it's it's very challenging of course to do this in a way that's not disruptive Let me take you to the world's fastest glacier There on the the Western ice sheet a place called the Lula set that means icebergs this 1946 Photo shows that it took about a hundred years for this world's fastest glacier to retreat about 10 15 kilometers and then just 10 more years This the ice shelf in front of this glacier broke up. That's been since 1997 that that began and That's what this looks like the blue bar is the historical observed front of this glacier and then in 2002 2003 it loses an area of the the dashed line across that's the area of Copenhagen and And this fastest glaciers retreating as We were we're observing this we set up some time-lapse cameras And now I have this privilege to share with you the largest iceberg calving event ever captured on on film and There's there's not an audio track here So you'll have to use your imagination the sound that this kind of event could could take but in just 90 minutes an area of eight square kilometers Goes away and we were shooting a camera every 30 seconds so you'll see eight square kilometers go away and in about 20 seconds it goes in in a few stages and The cliff that's left behind is taller than any of the buildings in Copenhagen I try to give you a sense of the scale which is difficult, but let's just watch this Short animation that illustrates how quickly ice goes away, and it takes a long time to build up It's kind of a sawtooth pattern. It takes a long time to build up the ice. It goes quickly Here we go When that ice moves away from the front of this glacier it there's less flow resistance and it's it's tripled in speed In the last 10 years this this glacier that illustrates the the profound acceleration that that we can observe Let me talk about dark snow We observe an increase in the fire season in Colorado where I'm from there's two months longer fire season in the last 60 years This is also happening in the Arctic Tundra fire, which is a natural process, but that's that's increasing in time So that's the the wildfire component probably the most important for dark snow But we're also concerned about Ship traffic in the Arctic that's increasing dark light absorbing material from industrial pollution and if drilling occurs in in Greenland we In the Arctic we're trying to understand this We actually made an expedition to Greenland this year we gathered samples and the samples are at NASA now and we're we're actually distinguishing wildfire from industrial source in terms of of its its impact and trying to unravel this this multiplying feedback loop So you can go to dark snow project org to learn more about that We're very fortunate to have satellite observations which give us for example daily views of where the fires are and This is just a typical June where we've got active fires upstream of Greenland and this fire in Labrador was the most obvious case it's going on for a number of days and We were able to by looking at these data to find a Few cases when we we could see smoke drifting in contact with the Greenland ice sheet surface And then we confirmed this with atmospheric trajectories that this material was arriving With my remaining two minutes, I want to upscale Try to put this into significance and and perhaps the most important thing is as our changing weather Because as the Arctic warms at about twice the rate of the lower latitudes We actually have a slowing down of this river of air in high above the surface This jet stream is moving more slowly and it's meandering more and that gives us more persistent weather And that could be more persistent warm weather more persistent cold weather and I we've already felt some of that We've had some cold winters. We've had some hot winters. We've we've we start to see this less stable Climate and this is where climate and weather overlap and that can produce drought or too much water too little water And that I think is really what's most challenging about our agricultural system So here's here's James Hansen that I mentioned earlier He's been called this this historic figure the Paul Revere who's who warned Americans that the British were invading and he's been called the Paul Revere of climatology and He's outside of his comfort zone for the sake of his grandchildren getting arrested at the White House Protesting a pipeline that if it's connected virtually guarantees This climate chaos that that we need to work together to stop there were More than a thousand people arrested in in front of the White House It was a transgenerational movement, this was the largest active civil disobedience in more than a generation in the United States and And I drew a lot of fire to from participating this as a scientist because we should not advocate We should just deliver facts, but you know when when you have kids. It's a lot easier to make that decision I'll wrap up by Pointing out. I think what we know we need to do is to stop treating nature just as a commodity but to to give nature value just to exist and To confront the consumer culture that is really the source of a lot of our problems and sustainability We know that we're we're harvesting too much and that's why this needs to happen sustainably and That's the challenge the balancing act this phrase Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations Who knows what what year what decade this this statement was was developed a few hands This was 1987. That's when we first come to terms with this this Concept that we need to develop without compromising the future that it's not long ago. So we've got we're reacting quickly and And I think thanks to the food movement in a in no small part. We can make This balancing act. Thank you


Good morning everyone. I'm Dr. Somya Uppalpatti, finally a resident from Mericity Institute of Medical Sciences, Thelungana. My topic is association between subcutaneous nephar thickness and conral Malaysia Patilla on MRI knee in a rural population. Conral Malaysia Patilla refers to softening and degeneration of the articular cartilage of the Patilla, which is characterized by thinning, ulcerations, conral defects and subcontral erosion changes. It is one of the common causes of anterior knee pain in adolescents and young girls. Traumatic causes such as chronic overuse, malalignment, Patilla position and prior dislocations that caused biomechanical and physical alterations in Patilla have been attributed to it. MRI has emerged as a reliable and accurate modality in the diagnosis of conral Malaysia Patilla due to its non-invasive nature and refinements and sequences that allow detailed soft tissue and cartilage imaging. Studies showed obesity as a risk factor for Patilla femoral osteoarthritis. In the study, we evaluate the association between subcutaneous nephar thickness as an indirect marker of obesity and conral Malaysia Patilla on MRI. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the association between subcutaneous nephar thickness as an indirect marker of obesity and conral Malaysia Patilla on MRI knee. This was a retrospective study conducted on 120 patients who presented to orthopedic OPD with anterior knee pain and were referred to Department of Radiology for further investigations. Patients underwent knee MRI on 1.5 test valve using a dedicated knee coil. The study was conducted at MediCity Institute of Medical Sciences from Jan 2019 to April 2021. Inclusion criteria. Patients with anterior knee pain and without any history of trauma or prior knee surgeries are included in this study. After meeting the inclusion criteria, MRI images are evaluated for the presence or absence of conral Malaysia Patilla and graded according to the modified outer bridge classification. Subcutaneous nephar thickness is measured at the level of maximum Patilla cartilage thickness on the medial aspect of the knee on axial T2 weighted images. So the measurements are taken from the medial skin surface of the knee joint to the posterior aspect of the medial femoral conduct. The square test was applied to the study to evaluate the association between subcutaneous nephar thickness and conral Malaysia Patilla. Here is an axial T2 weighted image which is showing the subcutaneous nephar thickness measurement. Modified outer bridge grading of conral Malaysia Patilla. On fast saturated proton density MR sequences, they're divided into four grades. Grade 0 is normal. Grade 1 cartilage signal abnormality but appears architecturally intact. Grade 2 surface frame or focal defects involving less than 50 percentage of cartilage thickness. Grade 3 defects involving more than 50 percentage of the cartilage thickness without bone edema. Grade 4 full thickness cartilage defect or loss with associated bone marrow edema. Here are the proton density fat saturated images. This is grade 0 where there is a normal articular cartilage without any defects or signal abnormality. This is a grade 1 where there is a hyper intense signal in the articular cartilage without any defect. Grade 2 where there is a focal defect of the cartilage which is less than 50 percentage of the cartilage thickness. Grade 3 where the defect is more than 50 percentage of the cartilage thickness. Grade 4 where there is a full thickness stare with adjacent bone marrow edema. The study included 120 patients with the age group of 15 to 59 years. The mean age of the patients with conral Malaysia Patilla was 39 years. Conral Malaysia Patilla were present in 28 patients out of which 13 were men and 15 were women. There was no evidence of conral Malaysia Patilla in 92 patients. The means up here in a sneer fat thickness in the study group was 2 centimeters plus or minus 0.7. Out of 28 patients with conral Malaysia Patilla there were 17.8 percentage with grade 1, 25 percentage with grade 2, 21.4 percentage with grade 3 and 35.7 percentage with the grade 4 changes. Majority of the study group showed grade 4 changes comprising of 35.7 percentage. The sex distribution of the patients with different grades of conral Malaysia Patilla. Higher grades of conral Malaysia Patilla and thicker means up to a sneer fat thickness were seen predominantly in females when compared to the males. In this bar diagram we can see the grades of conral Malaysia Patilla are more predominantly seen in females when compared to the males. The majority of conral Malaysia Patilla changes are seen involving the medial facet of the Patilla in about 75 percentage of the patients followed by involvement of later Patilla facet in about 20 percentage and a small minority involving both the facets. Mean subcutaneous sneer fat thickness in normal knees and different grades of conral Malaysia Patilla.   In grade 3 it is 2.8 plus or minus 0.7 centimeters and in grade 4 it is 3.2 centimeters plus or minus 1.8. Mean subcutaneous sneer fat thickness showed proportional increase with higher grades of conral Malaysia Patilla and highest in patients with grade 4 changes. Here is an axial T2 weighted image of the right knee showing the subcutaneous sneer fat thickness which is 3.9 centimeters. TD Facet image of the same patient showed articular cartilage defect with bone marrow edema suggest to have grade 4 conral Malaysia Patilla. The chi-square test applied to the study showed a strong association between subcutaneous sneer fat thickness and grades of conral Malaysia Patilla with significant p-value. Higher grades of conral Malaysia Patilla were present in women compared to men with correspondingly increased subcutaneous sneer fat thickness. Hereby concluding conral Malaysia Patilla is a common condition seen in young individuals with anterior knee pain. Subcutaneous sneer fat thickness as a macrophobicity was strongly associated with the presence and severity of conral Malaysia Patilla on MRI. Thus emphasizing the role of obesity as a predisposing factor in the development of conral Malaysia Patilla and early diagnosis of the same on MRI. Coming to the discussion, conral Malaysia Patilla is a common cause of anterior knee pain in young adolescents, usually diagnosed in MRI of knee and has frequently by arthroscopic evaluation. MRI is shown to be superior to the clinical symptoms and physical examination in diagnosing conral Malaysia Patilla with cross-sectional images providing new insight regarding risk factors which cannot be obtained by radiographic evaluation. The spectrum of pathological changes that occur within the cartilage can range from mild cartilage softening edema, fissuring, progressing to the full thickness cartilage loss and ultimately leading to the development of osteoarthritis. Conral Malaysia Patilla is much more common nowadays than was initially thought. In the present study, conral Malaysia Patilla was seen in 23.3% of the study group of which 35.7% were diagnosed with a grade 4 changes with associated bone marrow edema. The association of obesity and conral Malaysia Patilla has been recognized but poorly established. Few studies show that obesity and increased fat mass were both associated with more cartilage defects in the knee. Bentham demonstrated abnormalities in the knee articular cartilage in a population of 20 children and adolescents who were morbidly obese. Our results support these studies by demonstrating the strong association between subclinus knee fat thickness as a macrophobicity with the presence and severity of conral Malaysia Patilla on MRI. It is important to diagnose early stages of conral Malaysia Patilla on MRI and arthroscopic evaluation as they may be reversible, particularly in obese patients who may benefit from weight reduction programs. The main drawback in this study is since it was a retrospective study, BMI, weight of the patient could not be obtained. However, the use of subclinus knee fat thickness as a macrophobicity, although not an accurate reflection of BMI, showed a positive association with severity of conral Malaysia Patilla. Here are my references. Thank you.