Firearms training. A critical part of becoming an effective law enforcement officer. These people know it. They know that firing a handgun safely and effectively takes practice. Lots of it. They also know that good marksmanship begins with the fundamentals. Some of you may already be familiar with firearms and for some this may be a new experience. But for all of us there is one simple rule. Learn the basics and stick to them. In the next few minutes we'll find out what those fundamentals are. Things such as stance, grip, trigger control. We'll demonstrate how to align sights, how to load and unload, and to safely uncock a standard service revolver. By the end of the program you should be on your way to becoming an effective and accurate shooter. And in law enforcement that could be the key to survival. Your partners and your own. First things first. Consider your stance. This individual is standing in what is called the field interrogation stance. Facing the target. Feet shoulder width apart. Strong foot slightly back. This is a natural position for most people. It's comfortable, results in very little body sway and helps prevent the torso from twisting. To find your natural firing stance stand as if you were conducting a conversation. The key is stability. You want to minimize movement. On the other hand the stress of crouching will increase muscle tension and cause tremor. So stand up straight and don't lock your knees. A good field interrogation stance is stable, natural. And most importantly it minimizes movement. Now let's look at the position of the upper body.  Try not to move your head. Instead move the weapon. And remember don't lock your elbows. Keep your arms in a natural position. A correct grip is critical to good marksmanship. It allows you to pull the trigger smoothly and repeatedly without having to re-grip after each shot. Likewise a good grip helps control the recoil of your weapon. Notice the shooting hand is placed high on the back strap of the revolver. It's this positioning that allows for greater recoil control. It also allows enough finger to be placed on the trigger, an essential requirement of a good grip. You want to be able to pull easily with control. To do this most people find they need to place their finger on the trigger up to the first joint. Now let's take a look at the two-handed grip. You'll be using this grip throughout most of your training. The fingers of the weak or support hand are wrapped around the fingers of the strong hand. Note that the thumbs of both hands lie on the same side of the weapon. Some individuals will place the weak hand thumb over the shooting hand. This generally weakens the grip as the hand separates slightly. Moreover it's not appropriate when using a semi-automatic. You should now have a firm grip on the weapon with equal pressure being exerted by both hands. Notice I said firm like a sturdy handshake. The fact is you don't need a bone crushing grip to be an expert marksman. Indeed too tight a grip could cause shaking. A steady secure grasp is all that counts. The preliminaries are now complete.  To do so you must take aim. That means aligning your sights. All handguns are designed to fire in a line from the shooter's dominant eye to the front sight to the target. In order to find your dominant eye try this easy trick. Take a piece of paper, roll it up into a tube and look through it as you would a telescope. The eye you use is most likely your dominant eye. Now let's combine eye dominance with aim. To aim properly you need to align your sights. That means moving the weapon so that the front sight is in the middle of the rear sight and that the top of the front sight is level with the top of the rear notch. Give it a try. Pick up your weapon. Check to make sure it's empty. Now align your sights by pointing in a safe direction. Once we add the target you have sight picture. This is what you'll actually see. Notice you can only focus on one thing. Either the target, the front sight or the rear notch.  Not only is it impossible to avoid but it actually has very little effect on your overall aim. Just concentrate on your sight picture. Because that and trigger control will determine your success as a marksman. We've already mentioned how important it is to have enough finger on the trigger in order to pull without difficulty. Trigger control goes one step further. It means applying steady, smooth pressure while holding your sights in alignment. The result should come as a surprise. In fact, it should feel as if the gun fired when it wanted to, not when you decided. The key is smoothness.  You will pull the sights of the weapon out of alignment. Pull the trigger straight back, not sideways. Finally, follow through with the shot. That is, hold your weapon in position, focusing on the front sight a fraction of a second after firing. This helps ensure an accurate shot. There's more to marksmanship than mere aim, however. Safety is always the number one concern when handling a firearm. Loading and unloading your weapon safely is crucial. Accidental discharges do occur. Make sure they don't happen to you. To safely load your standard service revolver, make sure your muzzle is pointed down range. Take two rounds from your ammo pouch and drop them into the cylinder two at a time. If you drop a round, never bend over on the firing line to pick it up. Simply pull another from your pouch or pocket and load as before. For speed loaders, whether you're using the HKS type or the Safari land, the procedure is as follows. Hold the speed loader to the cylinder. Seat the rounds. Load the weapon by ejecting the rounds from the speed loader into the chamber. Then, simply close the cylinder, letting the speed loader fall to the ground. To safely unload a revolver with no live rounds in it, simply hold the weapon out at arm's length and depress the extractor rod.  Take the revolver, dump the live rounds into your hand, hold the weapon at arm's length, and depress the extractor rod to unload the remaining empty casings. Just remember safety first. When unloading or loading, never point your weapon at something you don't intend to shoot. Keep the muzzle pointed down range at all times. Holding to uncock your weapon is another element of firearm safety. Holding the revolver in your strong hand, place the index finger or little finger of your weak hand between the hammer and frame. Note that your finger is beneath the hammer nose. Now, press back slightly. Begin pulling the trigger. As the hammer begins to move forward, remove your finger from the trigger guard. Ease the hammer down with the thumb of your gun hand. You've now safely uncocked the weapon. Sometimes, as you're releasing the hammer, it will stick in the half-cocked position. When this occurs, simply pull the hammer back until you hear a distinct pop. Then, gently ease the hammer down with your thumb. A word of warning.  And as always, point the weapon in a safe direction. In this case, down range. Well, now we've covered the fundamentals of marksmanship. You can memorize them and practice them, but you won't really know how well you've learned them unless you get some feedback. Ball and dummy exercises can provide some of this feedback. They tell you if you have good trigger control. Here's how it works. When loading, take two rounds and load together.  Spin the cylinder. Gently close it and prepare to shoot. Notice the recoil of the weapon during an actual discharge. There is virtually no movement when the empty chamber is reached. Slow motion gives us an even clearer view. Ball and dummy exercises are an important part of firearms training. Use this feedback wisely and you'll soon find yourself improving your technique and your scores. Another technique to reinforce your understanding of how a revolver fires is called indexing. It's important to realize that when you pull the trigger of a Smith & Wesson service revolver, the cylinder rotates counter-clockwise. What this means is that when you pull the trigger, the round to the right of the hammer will rotate up into the firing position. Why is this important? In combat situations, knowing that a live round is in the next chamber is vital. It might even ensure your survival. The indexing drill starts by loading two rounds in the first two empty chambers. Close the cylinder so that the chamber immediately under the hammer is empty. At this point, the first live round should be to the right of the hammer. As you pull the trigger, the round will rotate under the hammer. Now let's see that again. Notice the counter-clockwise rotation as the shot is fired. This then is the principle of indexing. Another step in understanding firearms.  A strong mind, steady concentration. These are what distinguish a good shooter from the mediocre one. But there is a physical component, and it does play a significant role. Upper arm strength, grip, wrist endurance, even finger stamina all affect how well you shoot over a prolonged period of time. To strengthen these areas, certain techniques are used. For instance, to increase grip strength, try squeezing a tennis ball. Keep at it, timing yourself for longer and tighter repetitions. Wrist curls can be done using traditional weights or any heavy object, such as this weighted gym bag. The more repetitions you do on each wrist, the stronger those muscles will become. Of course, the beauty of these exercises is that they can be done almost anywhere without suiting up, without going to the gym. Take the upper arm, for example. You can use the same gym bag that you used when doing wrist curls to strengthen your arms. Just hold it straight out until you feel the burn. Many students find the long hours at the range constrain their trigger fingers. The fact is, there's no substitute for pulling a trigger to increase finger stamina. You're going to have to simply pull, pull, pull, using a special trigger control device developed for this purpose.  And that we can all achieve. By now, you have a grasp of the fundamentals of marksmanship. You know enough to use the field interrogation stance when shooting and to realize that a good grip depends on firm and equal pressure between both hands. And most importantly, you realize that trigger control and proper sight alignment are crucial. It's that surprise shot that lets you know you're on your way to superior marksmanship. Of course, safety must be of primary concern. Make it second nature. And be patient. Recognize that expert marksmen aren't made overnight. It takes a lot of practice, a lot of hard work, and most of all, it takes a lot of concentration. With the basics that you've learned in this program and the exercises you've been given, you have every chance to become a good shooter. Now you decide if you want to become a great shooter.


You're welcome back. We had to take that break for the news and We're back to discussing what we were we started with earlier on We wanted to save the letter which we started this year letter of Basangio former president of Basangio for last but I guess kept referring to it even When it was not directly asked because it's like the most trending thing nowadays By oh you have read that letter. What was your general take on that letter? very interesting letter and Like you said at the top of the program At this time the letter wasn't addressed to usually the letters that have been addressed to a sitting president But this time the letter wasn't addressed to the current president Rather the letter is addressed Not even okay generally to Nigerians or specifically to young Nigerians and I thought that president of Basangio made a painstaking effort to go back into history I Believe he recognizes that There's still a lot of the things that happened in history in our country that are influencing current approaches and Responses and he made an attempt in my view to try to disconnect Without asking people to forget about those things, but it was saying look there has to be a point in our history where we move on And where we give people Opportunities and chances based on their competence Especially in the political space because this is done in the private sector, right? But in the political space People often bring back Everything that was said by somebody or done by somebody 30 40 50 years ago, and I think he was trying to to get the younger generation to See things differently and if I recall the phrase in the letter he says don't inherit your father's enemies Yeah, yes, he said you go and make your own friends In other words, you take decisions based on your perception, you know Your analysis and your perception not because your father told you don't talk to buy a low-key When you see young will come in run away. Oh, any time which is Yeah, just just if I'm waiting I think basically this is a Call of that later and of course it's get was getting people prepare to vote in the next election Yeah, there were there was a particular place where he tried to tell the youth that you are not too young to Vi You're not too young to change the political landscape You're not too young to take those decisions because he started mentioning where he when he took part he was in his 30s and He left power as a military administration administrator at 42 he started in his 30s and at 42 He left then he came back as a civilian president and when he got to about 60 he left he left the political scene so He mentioned go on he mentioned a few other people that took the reins of power as very young Individuals so it is not something new that we even needed a bill for not too young to run Because a lot of people have been at the hem of affairs at that young age So what are the youths waiting for but our concern right now is a lot of people are discrediting that letter Not a lot of people the the party is concerned Especially the APC and then also the PDP and I was saying that of Abbas and Joe doesn't have the moral Compass the moral standing rather to write such a letter that he's maybe suffering from amnesia or something What is your own? Say to that. We also feel that he cannot write a letter of that nature. We cannot advise the way he advised Well, you know that in politics people will try to maximize what works for them And when it doesn't work for them, they try to discredit it and I say that with all sense of responsibility That's the nature of politics First of all, you recall that when the political parties are chosen their candidates Actually, all of them went to see president of Arsenal, you know, I Even you you you could see that they went to see him Because they believe that he counts for something. Okay Otherwise they would have gone to see him Secondly He is not just I think increasingly in the country. He has his own following, you know And his following is especially where it matters, you know, the political elite The same for the some of the political elite are dispelting his letter now But a large you remember when the central bank announced that they were going to redesign the Naira. Yeah Every single major political party said the passenger should be on one of the Naira notes Yes, yes, that discussion. So okay, so if he doesn't have to wait Or if he doesn't have a why why would they be saying that, you know, uh, thirdly Internationally a passenger is reckoned with and You know, any political figure in Nigeria who on who, you know, tries to diminish passenger's clout Internationally is not going to have it easy because he has the airs of key Key key leaders in the world. He has their airs. So Having said all of that, I think yes, he's just one person. He's just expressing his opinion and I I shared the view of Dr. Emotionally Who are guests today who said look, he should have just been better to just say we serve we respect you You're entitled to your opinion. Are you just move on? You know, not not start trying to dismantle the argument he made in his letter because I think that Basically what he's saying and many people in Nigeria will agree in principle that we need to move forward And we need to make new friends and we need to keep history to guide us But not always let that history determine what we do in any society. This will be the general Philosophie and I think that's what he was trying to say, but perhaps there's this trident resistance Because that letter whether we like it or not has also tended to us in dusting one And I think that is actually the issue Not not everything else, you know, which is I see that about even the okay I totally want to agree with by, you know, the letter is generally Get to it moving forward, you know in one of the paragraphs he mentioned how that the three Major candidates had come to visit him and for every one of them that had come to visit him They had said they want to bring Nigeria to the point where he was at when he was president from 1999 And he was of the opinion that he doesn't think Nigeria needs to go back to where it was by 1999 We should be moving forward and even if you wanted to take it back to then The population is no longer the same technology has changed. There's been a lot of movement towards the future We should be looking at how to meet up with the people in the more developed climes And that was very exciting for me and also to drive on the point where that I said about, you know He looking forwards. He also mentioned How that the youths are not too young to run That is a big controversial for me because He was president for eight years and he took another president to come and you know Bring the bill of the not too young to run and pass it into law Why I say that that is a big controversial for me is because there's a lot of talk around it People has have politicized that statement that bill It is now a point that people a switch that people turn on when they want to get the Votes and the consideration and the love of the younger Nigerians, but as well that is okay It's also politics that is playing around with stuff But then moving Nigeria forward is beyond one man And he also made sure that he mentioned that stand up therefore encouraging young Nigerians To use the power that is already in their hands one of the paragraphs he also also mentioned that Use the power that is already in your hands if no one has said it I'm saying it today as a representative of the young Nigerians These men these older people who claim to be in a clenching so strongly To Nigerian political power are actually afraid of what we have to offer I mean by us by what we What I mean by that is the young people what we have to offer in the forthcoming 2023 Unfortunately, that is something that a man like a Bassenger has come to realize and he's writing about it And these people vying for presidency. I mean the three a major Candidates except of course for people who has come out rightly to show their alliance with the young Population of Nigeria, but we know all the presidential candidates has actually shown that alliance with the young Nigerians and then we still claim that we are the future of the country and the young Nigerians or The youth at if the future When the future is now it has started. How many young persons are your campaign organization? How many young persons are you considering to work with in the future? How many young persons have come to you for help in one way or another in their political aspirations?  Whatever, yes. Yeah, but you know there are a lot of young persons in their political campaigns trust me, but How many I'm sorry, how many of these young persons hold In the position where they come towards and change position Excuse me, I'm sorry Young people in a place that is able to earn you the favor of whoever else is following this But not enough to give the person the power to make changes to grow to actually get to the point where you are That doesn't that doesn't sit well that doesn't sit well at all and until we begin to realize I'm talking to everybody now We begin to realize and as young people is enough to have people speaking for us and saying give young people the chance Do you have your PVC as a young person? Have you done your own personal analysis? Have you done your own personal research to find out who I should actually really vote? Apart from all the shenanigans that is going on right now. These are questions we need to answer personally for ourselves Yeah, like I was saying there are a lot of people young people in their campaign trade But like you said, how many are in the position of significance because a lot of these media gurus media media Army men I would say that are doing a lot of things in the in the social media and all that Discrediting one person lifting another person. I'm sure all of them are youths But is that the position that there will be to change the the fortunes of Nigeria just staying behind the computer and Responding to tweets here and there and all that the youths will have to take a more significant responsibility But beyond getting the pvcs The youths are you ready to get Into that position and do the needful like now Abbas and Joe has said that when when he came into power for the first time all of them were young You know, you know, the question is whether they're ready or not that means they were ready So one thing is to be given the chance. The second thing is to be ready to take up the responsibility That's that's that's very key to me So when this conversation was to come up earlier beginning of the program, you said if we started to not Give us a final word. Let's let's let's move on the letter has been written We have heard all that the submission of the former president of Nigeria a final word from you to everybody This country is 206 million people and 70% of 206 million people are below the age of 30 So before you start Dismissing or not agreeing with what the former president has said which is mainly focused on young people Remember that demographic and this is who might actually determine who becomes the next president Thank you very much bio. This is where we draw the curtain. Thank you for being a part of the show My name is Nyam Ghul Agadje and my name is Uche Chuku Onado


Hey, what's going on guys? Patriot Prime here once again with another Transformers War for Cybertron Siege review But before we get into reviewing the figure, I have a milestone I need to announce to you guys this video this one right here is my 300th YouTube video. Yeah, I'm pretty surprised about that myself I opened up my channel earlier up the tops at 299 videos. So here we are number 300 and trust me No one's more surprised about this than I am and this is all thanks to you guys you right out there in YouTube land If it wasn't for your comments and your support and your subscriptions, I wouldn't be doing this So thank you very very much. Now the figure. We're gonna take a look at is the brand new War for Cybertron Siege Brunt figure. I got this guy from Hasbro Pulse I actually had a $5 off coupon that I forgot I had for answering a survey through an email So I got him for only 15 bucks. That's pretty cool Plus he was due to arrive tomorrow and I got him today and yeah, I played with him at work a little bit So let's go ahead and take a look at the box You've got the typical siege packaging you got Brunt here in the front Transformers War for Cybertron Siege on the side is that awesome Siege artwork on the back You have Brunt his tank mode and his pieces of parts and you see him combined combined with refractor there on the bottom The UPC code and words and then you flip around on the top Transformers War for Cybertron. So let's go ahead and get this guy out of the package and see how this Decepticon Bruiser fits in with the rest of my collection and welcome to Patriot Prime Reviews Now once you get Brunt open and out of the package, you'll see he does come with a sheet of instructions like all Transformers do This is the nice siege instructions that are fairly easy to follow. You can see Transforming him from robot to vehicle then on the other side is all the different combinations You can do with him as a weaponizer So very easy to follow instructions and it's kind of a nice change of pace from what we used to get Now let's take a look at the figure himself. I Love this guy. He looks so evil the purple the gray. It just really screams Decepticon He's got a nice Tampa graphs Decepticon logo right there on the chest of Very little paint applications, but what he does have really works. You got the yellow up here on the shoulders for lights A little bit of purple and yellow there on the claws yellow on the legs And a little bit of silver here on the chest. I love the face He's got that Cylon look to him from Battlestar Galactica Now supposedly he's supposed to resemble. I think it was Guardian robots from the IDW comics I'm not sure. Let me know in the comments. I haven't read IDW since the all hail Megatron series Now as far as articulation is concerned his arms Rotate all the way around and they go in and out.   He has a waist swivel Legs up and down all around and you can see he has a knee bend as well Plus he's a siege vigor. He's got that great ankle tilt so he can pull off those Jean-Claude Van Damme splits So yeah, pretty cool. I dig it My one complaint with robot mode is he's got this cannon here on his back shoulder But it's stuck pointed straight up. I wish there was like a little port right here on his shoulder so you could Bring the weapon up and over Not do that, but you kind of see what I mean Put the weapon up here So he has a gun in robot mode now. You can take the gun and peg it into this port here on his arm Or down there on these forearm rather But I don't really dig that So it is what it is. It's stuck there on the back, but still a great figure. It looks awesome All the way around Now let's get him transformed into tank mode and he is a weaponizer therefore a parts former So what we're going to do is we're going to take the gun off the back They're going to pop the arms off Then we're going to pop the legs off at the knees So then we're left with this you want to spin at the waist. Oops Gotta take this section off too and that's on there tight.  It's collapsed the head backwards. There we go.  You're going to peg the into Into the back of the half track like so Then you're going to take the arms You know flip this up Close the close the claw flip this up and around and then collapse it in on itself So it looks like that go ahead and grab the other Bring it up Turn that around And collapse into itself. You'll hear it click into place Then you're going to snap these on the front of the vehicle and the top port here So there's a little peg on the track goes in this top port That lines up Let's get the other And now we have that going on Now you're going to take the legs This is pretty cool underneath one of the feet is this little gray tab.  There's a little Peg right there gotta make sure and punch that in all the way So now we're coming along Now according to the instructions you take this part And separate it into two pieces You put the orange piece up here on top of the turret And then take this gray piece and you can put it on either side Kind of like a Rangefinder. Well take it back. It's only got one port on that side So there we have tank mode According to the instructions. You can also just leave this on and pop it in Like so giving him an extended Barrel, excuse me. I can't even talk I'm not sure which I like better. I like the looks of that but I kind of like the rangefinder mode too Gives it a little bit more of a sci-fi look Now I love this tank and check this out. He rolls So good, which is really surprising and he's a great looking vehicle compared to the other weaponizers He actually looks like he is something Tank excuse me the barrel can go up and down And the turret does rotate and you can get a complete 360 with that Of course, it does tend to separate A lot of molded details. You can see the tank treads Both on the front and the back.  So here you got the war for cybertron siege brunt Compared to the g1 original now my g1 looks a little different because he's got some great Repro label upgrades on him. So it really improves the look of this figure Though the g1 has a special feature that the siege does not flip a switch Turn off a light And you can see my g1 still lights up So it was kind of nice to pop a battery in a 30 plus year old toy and have it work But it looks really cool and is a great homage To the original Of course, he gets a fantastic update considering this guy can turn into the robot This guy just turns into a bunch of pieces Now, of course brunt being a weaponizer He can break down into his component pieces which in turn transform into weaponry for other siege figures to use So we'll go ahead and do that right now. Let's take the turret off We will take This section here That is tight. So you won't be careful of that pop the Tank treads, which are the arms off And then you can actually pull the waste apart. So you've got one two three four five Six seven eight nine pieces to this guy Now what you're supposed to do with this little gun is you hook these parts together And flip this handle down So there you have a cannon. That's one of the things they've shown you So let's go ahead and combine a siege figure with these pieces just to give you an idea what i'm talking about Now here's but one example of how you can utilize brunt with another one of your siege figure I took my voyager class megatron and really beefed him up Thanks to brunt's weaponizer technology Now for some size comparison. Here is war for cybertron siege brunt With war for cybertron siege star scream Fellow trypticon enforcer full tilt And once again generation one brunt Now I couldn't go over brunt without going over how he looks on trypticon. So Bear with me. I don't have the space to do a good review of this guy So he's going to be in spaceship mode on this table Now the only way you're going to get a tower out of brunt is if you utilize full tilt you actually plug the section here Right there in that hole on top of full tilt where his gun would normally go Just use the middle port right there Attach it And now you've got a tower Or utilizing a tower just like brunt was in g1 You can also use his other pieces like you have little Radar stations on each end and I used his claws to beef up the towers So there is one example of how you can utilize brunt with your titans return trypticon I really like this war for cybertron siege brunt figure. This guy is a lot of fun He's a really cool robot that transforms into a really cool tank I've only got a few minor complaints with this guy One is I don't like the fact I can't position his shoulder cannon to point forward And the other is his weapons his individual Weapon pieces that can attach to other robots. They're just not that great I mean you've got a couple blasters, but then you just got claws and pieces But other than those minor issues this guy is great and a welcome addition to my siege collection So there you go guys. There is transformers war for cybertron siege brunt So does a war for cybertron siege brunt figure belong in your collection? Absolutely. This is a fantastic toy. He's an awesome looking robot. He's got an awesome looking alt mode He's my personal favorite of the three weaponizers that's out already Plus if you have a titans return trypticon, this guy is a must have if you see him on the shelf Pick him up. You will not be sorry And guys, I want to thank you for stopping by and checking out my video Don't forget to like and don't forget to subscribe I'm currently at 1717 subscribers right now and really hoping to hit 2000 by tf con at the end of october So please please please if you're not a subscriber hit that subscribe button below It's not going to cost you a thing, but it will help me out tremendously. So hashtag 2000 by tf con Also, check out my series the sit rep where I sit down and interview other Transformer collector youtubers and we have a blast talking about those plastic robots back there If you're needing a new t-shirt check out the patriot prime merch store. I've got this hua t-shirt With patriot prime reviews on the back and a reverse version of this shirt with the hua on the back And the patriot prime logo on the front You can find that in the description below Guys, I appreciate everything. Here's to another 300 videos. This is patriot prime signing out


Merchandising companies buy and sell inventory. Let's learn how to do that on a very simple level. When accounting for inventory, the first thing you must keep straight is there are $2 amounts we need to track. The first one is price. This is how much a company is going to sell the inventory for. The second one is cost. This is how much the company bought the inventory for. When we purchase inventory, this becomes the asset's cost. In this example, we bought $8,000 of inventory to resell. We debit inventory and credit accounts payable for $8,000. Now let's assume we sold that inventory for $20,000. We call the $20,000 the price. When we sell inventory, we have two journal entries to record. First, we debit accounts receivable and credit sales revenue for $20,000, the price. Second, we debit costs of goods sold and credit inventory for $8,000, the cost. We need to record both revenue and matching expense in order to adhere to the matching principle and not overstate income. When we follow the matching principle, we are matching revenues with related expenses in the period in which they were earned or incurred. Our sales, excuse me, our revenue is sales revenue. This type of revenue we earn from selling goods. Our expense is costs of goods sold. This expense represents the cost to us to sell the goods. As I noted in the slide, cost of goods sold is often the biggest, single biggest expense incurred by merchandisers and many manufacturers. Because of these two new accounts, merchandisers' income statements look a little different than those from service firms. We arrive at gross profit by subtracting costs of goods sold from sales revenue. Gross profit is the amount we sold our goods for above what we paid for them. Okay, more on gross profit and the new multi-step income statement in the upcoming videos.


In this segment, we are going to digress on the formula of rate of return. So when we have to calculate the formula, when we have to calculate the value of rate of return, we need three things. The first one is the coupon rate. The second one is the current price of the bond or the financial instrument for which the rate of return is to be calculated. And the third and the last thing is the initial price at which the bond has been sold or purchased. In the beginning of the time period for which the analysis is being done. So if we look at the formula, it will be given as a capital R, where capital R stands for the return or the rate of the return. And for the coupon rate or the interest rate, which is going to be earned using that on that particular financial instrument, I have used capital C. And for the current price, the symbol which I have used is Pt plus 1. So t plus 1 means that if the initial price is taken up as Pt with a t subscript, then the price of that instrument after a certain time period, which can be a year or two years or six months, whatever the time period is being analyzed is in a certain situation that would be considered as t plus 1. So all we need to do is we are going to take into account the coupon rate or the interest rate. And we are going to add it to the difference between the current price and the initial price. And we are going to subtract this particular thing by the initial price to get the value of the return on a certain financial instrument. And if we deliberate on this, if we analyze the components of the formula, we can break it into two parts. We can split this formula into two parts. If I take the C divided by Pt on one side and I separate Pt plus 1 minus Pt divided by Pt, I can state that the return formula is a combination, is a sum of two different concepts. The first one is given as the current yield for which the symbol IC has been used and that is equal to C over the initial price, which is Pt. So that would give us the value of the current yield. And then the next part of the return formula, which is Pt plus 1 minus Pt divided by Pt gives you the capital gain and that has been abbreviated as small g. So simply we can write down the return formula in terms of the current yield and the capital gain as IC plus g. And that is a simpler way of having a better understanding of what the rate of return is. So it is basically a combination of the current yield and the capital gain. So if somebody, if there is a financial institution or there is a company who want to increase their rate of return or they want to work on enhancing the values of the expected rate of return, if they know the components, it becomes easy for them to work upon the different factors that are added up together to get the value of rate of return.


From Dr. Phil to collaborating with the biggest social media stars and releasing an app, Danielle Bregoli is the newest celebrity after appearing on Dr. Phil. Welcome to World's Best Videos, we've come by the list of facts about Danielle Bregoli, let's get into it. Born on March 26, 2003, Danielle was born in Boyton Beach, Florida. She grew up in Florida where she got herself in trouble with the law several times. She was running away four times in one day, stealing cars, credit cards, and just being a menace. She also admits that she stopped going to school in the 7th grade. Bregoli's rise to internet fame started in September of 2016. She went viral after her appearance on Dr. Phil. Danielle was part of an episode of the Dr. Phil Show that dealt with parents and their unruly teens. On the show, she directed the words Cash Me Outside at the audience. The phrase started an internet outburst of memes using her image. She starred in Kodak Black's Everything's 1K music video that released on February 9, 2017. She was reportedly getting paid between $30,000 to $40,000 per appearance. On February 7, Danielle was thrown off of Spirit Airlines flight along with her mom and another passenger. Barbara Ann got in a fight with a female passenger who complained she was taking too long to put her carry-on bag in an overhead locker. An argument erupted and Danielle claims the woman put her hands on her mom's throat. In the video footage of the fight, the woman calls Danielle and her mom a whore and spits at them. The trio have been banned from Spirit Airlines flights for life. February 28, Danielle was caught in a brawl outside a bar. The fight allegedly broke out after Danielle's friends threw an ice cream at another customer at the bar. When she was 6 years old, she stayed by her mother's side while she was going through chemotherapy and radiation for breast cancer. Her father works as a Palm Beach County Sheriff's Deputy and has insisted that he did not abandon her even though she says otherwise. He even created a GoFundMe campaign to save his daughter. Her manager said that there are seven production companies who are interested in working with the Cash Me Outside girl. Four of the companies won a reality TV show based around her and her mother's lives. The other three are more interested in doing a scripted series. Well that concludes the video guys, hopefully you guys did enjoy it and if you did remember to smack that like button, let us know in the comment section below what's your like to see next and if you haven't already subscribed please do subscribe to keep up with the world's best videos.


The David Feldman radio program is made possible by listeners like you.  Michael Maria Delgado is a certified cat behavior consultant. She's worked full time as a cat behavior specialist at the San Francisco SPCA. She's also founded Feline Minds, which I'm reading her bio from felineminds.com. She's been featured in Cat Fancy, The New York Times, Slate, and The Huffington Post. And I read about her this week in The Washington Post. She comes to us today from Berkeley, California. Michael Maria Delgado. Hello, Michael. Hi. Thanks for having me. Thank you for doing this. I'm currently a PhD candidate. You see Berkeley in the psychology department. That's right. I am wrapping up and hope to be a doctor by next year. Okay, Dr. Delgado, may I say that? It's a little... I don't want to jinx it. I have so much to ask you, but is YouTube changing the way people like you are learning about cats? I wouldn't say it's necessarily changing how we learn about cats, but it's changing how we share information about cats. I think the problem with YouTube is that there's a wide range of quality in what's getting posted on there. I think a lot of people are just trying to make their cat famous.  Those kinds of things are not necessarily beneficial to cats as pets. But on the other hand, cats are getting a lot of attention. They're naturally cute.  So I think overall that could have benefits like increasing the number of cats who are adopted because now everybody thinks cats are cool. Cats are cool, but did you ever see something on YouTube and say, I didn't know that? I mean, there's always idiosyncratic behaviors that... And these are the things that people always want to know, like why is my cat afraid of cucumbers? That was the trend last year. And a lot of times we don't necessarily know the answer to the question. It's like your cat is an individual.  So yeah, occasionally you do see things and you scratch your head and without more data, we can't really make a conclusion about what that means for cats overall. We might know that that one particular cat maybe got attention for doing a cute behavior or for whatever reason it enjoys a particular behavior. But we don't necessarily learn a lot about cats in general. You know, I have three friends who are psychiatrists. Actually, it's transference, so I'm seeing three psychiatrists. Okay, that was going to be my next question. Yeah, I think they're my friends, but no, I know three psychiatrists who insist that cats are much more interesting than dogs. Are cats smarter than dogs? Everyone always wants to compare cats to dogs.  And I see the only thing that they really have in common is that they're the two most popular pets and they're both predators. But other than that, they have a very different evolutionary history. The reason they became pets is very different. And so I really don't like to compare them. I think cats are very smart. They have evolved to solve certain problems. The main one being how to kill mice and dogs have been very highly selected through domestication for particular behaviors, which is why you have some dogs that like to fetch and some dogs that maybe like to point and some dogs that like to sit on laps, whereas all cats have kind of just come into our lives to do one thing, which is to control pests. I do a radio show with Ralph Nader. Yes, I'm bragging. And by the way, Noam Chomsky was on with Ralph and yes, I voted for Ralph Nader twice. Just FYI.  And you know, I always try to impress Ralph Nader that I know something we're talking about cats. And I said, you know, cats have not evolved in 10,000 years. And he said, actually, that's not true. And you just kind of reiterated that I was under the impression at least for the past year that they've unraveled the kitty cat genome and they have found that despite man's effort, they could not change cats that they will not evolve.  Why am I not in the jungle? How did I get stuck living with these strange two-legged beings? Yeah, but that's not true, Ralph says, and you kind of intimated that, that the cats have evolved. Well cats have changed through domestication, you know, and you will hear this debate or cats domesticated or not. And so kind of the current scientific consensus from experts is like, they're sort of domesticated. We have made some changes to the genome, especially related to memory, fear, and also the recognizing of rewards, which suggests that cats have, our domestic cats have a slightly better ability to remember that, hey, this human is a source of food. Maybe I should like them. But we also know that cats closest wild relatives, which is the Middle Eastern wildcat, is fairly similar in behavior and also in ability to be tamed if you get them at a young age. So I wouldn't say that we haven't changed cats at all. I mean, 10,000 years is 10,000 years. And we have imposed a few things on cats. So we ask them to live near humans. And we ask them to be more flexible about living with other cats, because most people who have one cat want at least one more or maybe 10 more. So you know, I think that they do have some flexibility and some of that is imposed just by socialization and getting them when they're young. But they're not completely like bonkers off the wall wild. That said, they do have some special needs and we're not very good at meeting those needs. Right. We'll get to that in a second. I'll get to that in a second. Okay. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. So if there are some changes, maybe we'll see more as we continue to selectively breed. But the thing with dogs is that we've done a lot more selective breeding where we actually choose their mates for them, whereas most cats get to pick their own sex partners. So an analog to dogs would be the royal family. Right. And that's why most of them look like dogs. Yeah. We pick their mates. We breed them. They are cats crazy. No. Humans are. Okay. We might make cats crazy, but I don't think cats are crazy, but you know, they're responding to their environment. And if their environment is poor, then they might have behavior problems. How many cats is too many cats? So how many cats is too many cats? It really depends. I've had clients who had a three story house and two cats was too many. And I've had clients that lived in a very small space and peacefully lived with five cats. So I think it really depends on how well the cats know each other, how well they get along and how well the person can take care of their needs. And so when you have too many cats, that's when you perhaps are not meeting their needs very well. I'm all for multiple cat households. Okay. I have a friend who named her cat Simon Feinberg. Is it right to give last names to cats? Absolutely. Really?  So it's good to have a full suite of names. But I find actually most people don't even call their cats by their official names. They tend to have at least 20 nicknames for their cats that are unrelated to their actual name. But I think it's acceptable to give a cat the last name. Okay. Does a cat know it has a name? So that's a good question. I think cats will respond to a name if you teach them that, hey, when I say your name, I deliver your meals. I don't know that they recognize that I'm pinky and this is my identity. I think they know when my human says the sound in a certain tone of voice, it means something good will happen. One of my ex-wives, we by the way. You have multiple ex-wives? Well, I'm not allowed to talk about. Okay. We always had four cats that was in our house. I think the cats might have been responsible for a lot of problems in the marriage. That's not uncommon. Yeah. And four, always four, always four cats. I was married to a saint, kindest person in the world, but she gave nicknames to our cats. One of them was named Ginger, but my wife would call her Fatty in front of everybody. Do you think the cat was humiliated? Well, the cat was very heavy, so my wife would unleash invectives. She would say, there's Fatty here, and she'd call her Fatty.  Why is your cat fat? Absolutely. I'd say the first step is helping that cat lose weight so that they're healthy because obesity in cats, I mean it might be funny and a lot of people think it's cute, but it can actually cause medical problems like diabetes, joint problems. So the nickname, is it cruel to call your cats funny names or humiliating names? I don't think it's cruel, but it might reflect some other sentiments you have towards the cat or it might even color other people's perceptions of the cat. So if you were to suggest that the cat was lazy, then other people might not try to help the cat exercise or play because they just assume because the cat is Fatty, he's lazy. So I do think that nicknames can be harmful in that they might color people's opinions about a cat. So if you have a cat who bites and you call them killer, your friends are going to come over and be like, oh, that's the aggressive cat and you've already kind of pegged that cat as difficult. We came up with a theory because I get over 30 years for cats all the time. We must have had, I don't know, 20 cats. We have a theory that black and white cats are the best. And from what I understand, there are some theories about coloration in cats and their personalities. Is that true? That is true. Actually, some colleagues and I did a study looking at people's perceptions of personality based on coat color and what we found actually is that people tended to associate positive terms with orange cats. So your kind of stereotypical Garfield appearance and we're less likely to say nice things about white cats and tortoise shell cats. There's another study out of UC Davis maybe a year or two ago asking people about their cat's personality traits and behaviors and their cat's coat color and also suggested that perhaps tortoise shell cats did present more aggressive behaviors in certain circumstances. So I think we have ideas about coat color and whether or not those cats are nice or not. Some of that, of course, is biased by our own personal experience and I did find when I worked at the animal shelter that people who had had a particular color of cat often came in wanting a cat that basically looked the same as their previous cat. So I think perhaps people put a little too much weight on the appearance just like we wouldn't want someone to maybe want to be our friend or date us just because of the color of our hair. I would say get to know the cat as an individual and don't necessarily judge them based on their coat color. Food positive. But black and white cats are adorable. Yeah, we've had the best. They're adorable. I love them. I had a black, we had Crazy Jerry. By the way, that was, you know, we gave our cats really bad names. We had Crazy Jerry and Crazy Jerry, I would roll them up into a ball. I'm not making this up and I would slide them. He would start purring the minute I rolled them up and I'd slide them across the floor and then he'd come back to me and we do not try this at home folks. I know. I know. And he would we would play fetch with him and he just and it was we would eventually he got dizzy. But my kid, my kids thought it was the funniest thing in the world. When they're purring, does that mean they're happy and they're enjoying being slid across the floor? Tortured. Do you mean? Is that torture? No.  I mean, it sounds like he enjoyed it. He might have enjoyed other types of play, too.   So yeah, not necessarily torture, but purring is usually a sign of contentment. Sometimes cats will purr when they are injured. And so it's not always positive, but I'd say most of the time it's positive. Always play rough with cats, girls don't, correct? I find that former dog owners like to play roughly with cats, and yes, some men like to play roughly with cats, whether it's, I mean, I've certainly met women that like to play rough with cats, too. I don't advocate using your hand as a toy. Again, this is a predatory animal. They have teeth that are meant to tear apart a rat. They have claws that are meant to disembowel a rabbit, you know, their weapons. And so when we direct those weapons toward us, it's kind of giving the cat mixed messages because when you want to pet the cat and have a cuddly moment, do you want them to turn on you and start biting and bunny kicking your arm? Usually not. And then the person gets mad at the cat, the cat's confused like, hey, it was fine two minutes ago, what's your problem? So I'm very much about handling cats consistently and not purposely getting them riled up because usually those things are something we want and not necessarily what the cat wants. I'm very much, you know, the humans should do the cat's bidding. Was it fair to say that men don't believe in petting cats, they believe in deep tissue massage? Isn't that? Yeah, I don't know, I've definitely, I think you might be projecting a little bit. Okay. All right. But. Food, this is one of the reasons I've called you food puzzles for cats.  Absolutely. So yeah, I think part of it is they're being fed too much and they're not being exercised enough. You could exercise cats in other ways, but the nice thing about food puzzles is that they don't require a lot of effort on the part of the owner. And what I found is the less you give the owner to do, the more likely they are to do it. So give me an example of a food puzzle for a cat. Sure. There's basically two different types. There's the kind that roll around. So there's something like a slim cat ball, which is basically a ball. It has holes in it. You put a cat's dry food inside. They roll the ball around and sporadically, food will shoot out of the puzzle and then they can eat the food, play with the ball some more, more food comes out. And then there are stationary puzzles, which are more like a base that has cups or it might have tunnels, tubes, anything like that, where you put the food inside the tunnels and the tubes and the cat has to manipulate the food more with their paws. So that's good for cats that are very dexterous, whereas the rolling food puzzles are definitely good for cats that maybe are not as focused on using their paws for interacting with things. And you can learn more about this by going to food puzzles for cats. Absolutely. That's a website that my colleague Ingrid Johnson and I put together. Basically to give people a resource on how to get started, what types of puzzles there are, and you know there's lots of cute videos of cats interacting with these food puzzles. And so if you want to go down a rabbit hole of watching cat videos, you can watch a lot of videos of cats playing with food puzzles and then you will think it's totally cute and you will want to do it with your own cats at home because it's really fun. I'm a vegetarian. So am I. For moral reasons. Me too. Why can't cats be vegetarians? Well cats are obligate carnivores. You will hear that a lot. And so you know again looking at what have cats been eating the whole time they have been cats, rats, birds, mice, snakes, lizards. And so it's only been the last couple hundred years that we have even had cat food. In fact I think cat food was invented in the late 1800s. So cat food is a relatively new invention and that really I think sped up this process of cats living in our homes, sleeping in our beds, cuddling on our laps. All of this has happened very recently. So what we know nutritionally is that cats are evolved to eat meat and if they don't have meat they are lacking in certain nutrients that can cause heart damage, it can cause blindness. They definitely need taurine which is only found in meat and the vegan supplements are questionable I would say I'm not a vet so I don't like to give nutritional advice but I will say your cat should be eating a meat based diet. And again you know it's like projecting what humans want, okay I'm a vegetarian, I would prefer to not feed my cats meat because I'm a vegetarian for moral reasons. But I don't want to impose my beliefs on my cat and I believe that if I gave my cat a choice between a pile of vegan food and a pile of regular cat food that they are going to want to eat one and probably not the other. Is there vegan food for cats? I think someone's marketed it but I don't even want to go there. Let me ask you some difficult questions now. Okay. Alright. Bring it on. Alright. Do you believe in evolution? Absolutely. Do you believe that there was a time when humans had to kill a living thing to survive? So I'd have to say human evolution is not my scientific area of expertise. Have we always lived around plants? I believe so. So I think that there have been periods where humans did eat a lot of meat obviously but do I think we were eating other things at the same time? Most likely we're also eating a varied diet with like roots and grasses and tubers. I think that as we've gotten smarter and we understand nutrition people like me who always choose the path of least resistance will go okay you've proven to me that it's safe to live on a vegan diet I will have a vegan diet now but if it couldn't be proven to me I probably would eat chicken and fish but it's been presented to me scientifically that I don't need that and that is a 20th, 21st century notion. I think if I lived it knowing who I am in the 19th century I would have eaten meat. So my difficult question is this. What if we start putting cats on vegan diets and keep the ones who survive? They will be blind and have heart disease so they won't be able to reproduce. You know I understand the argument you're making I don't think those are the kinds of changes that we could make in cats overnight I mean we have seen that in cats and dogs but if we did breed if we just said I'm gonna say could you breed could I go off to a farm and rescue all these cats these are difficult questions but it's gonna get harder as we go along here I go off to a farm and ethical test well I've got some tough questions to ask you now I'm gonna start a farm and I'm gonna rescue cats and I'm gonna breed vegan cats and I'm gonna have a breed of cats that survive on vegan food so in other words I'm to feed all these cats vegan meals the ones who live to a ripe old age or look healthy I will then with Dr. Mengele at my side we will pick the the ones who are thriving on a vegan diet and will create a super race of kitty cats who don't need to kill those cats are gonna be too tired to have sex seriously they're they won't reproduce seriously so you're taking I mean I think the that's animal protective services calling they were listening to the show why are you talking about so you're you know I think then do you even have a cat anymore like the essence of who a cat is is a hunter I can't accept that then perhaps we shouldn't have them as pets is it true that other than human beings what am I gonna ask you wait other than human beings so you know what I'm gonna ask you know I don't know our cats the only other animal that hunt for fun and not for food hmm no I think that any natural predator gets pleasure out of hunting and so for cats every part of the hunt is pleasurable and we know that cats will will hunt while they're eating their last kill one reason is because if you're living outside you don't know when that next mouse is going to come along so you have to just take advantage of every opportunity but we can also assume that cats brains are evolved developed to experience pleasure at the various stages of hunting that's the chasing that's the chewing the crunching on the bones I'm guessing that all of that is fun to cats and that's why when we see them quote-unquote playing with their prey it looks very cruel and yeah it's not necessarily fun to watch if you love all animals which I do but you know and and by the way my cats are indoors so they don't they don't hunt any live animals they hunt toys but when we play with them with toys like a feather wand or a you know a cat dancer we're seeing those same pleasurable pleasurable behaviors that you know the pleasure is triggered by all the different aspects of hunting so I would say it's fun and we play games where we shoot things right and we have fun doing it so maybe it's a brain chemistry and something about killing mice is really fun for cats I read and it was in the New York review of books a review of a controversial book about cats I'm gonna get to in a second that they said that cats are the only other animals besides humans who will hunt on a full stomach and just and enjoy it and leave the dead carcass the carcass there by itself and move on I I mean I don't know I would have to do a little investigating but I would say for any species that has to survive by hunting that there has to be a drive for hunting that unless you hunt something where you are just guaranteed a food source for a long period of time that you would need to be kind of keeping one eye on your next kill because again you just don't know it's not like us where we can go to the fridge or you know like our pets where we feed them three meals a day it's just a very different kind of survival mindset now a cat will bring you a mouse right yes and if you don't eat the mouse you're being rude you're not being rude you can just hide it under your napkin when they're not looking you scrape it into the trash but if you don't eat that mouse they don't eat it well they don't eat everything they kill again the instinct to kill is not necessarily entwined with hunger so so yeah the mouse may have died in vain because the cat was practicing killing all right here's where we're gonna wrap it up after this is it's gonna get hard now I'm ready bring it on well this new book that I read about that says what is this a cat wars book well it's the one that says that cats are murderers and they're destroying the planet right killing every bird on the planet but more than just birds you know rodents who we need for our ecology that they are just trained to not trained as you said they're hunters and they are causing more damage to the planet I think than cars you know running them over running animals over pesticides they're more dangerous than pesticides more dangerous than global warming that cats that do us in right well I mean but that there's a new theory or at least in this book that cats are murderers and need to be rained in where do you where do you stand on this well where I stand on it is you know some of the science behind that book has been critiqued and a lot of the reports are based on modeling so they're not always it's not like someone's going out and checking every you know rodent and bird that's been killed in a particular transact and being able to like use forensic technology to show you know that fluffy killed this bird and max killed that mouse so do cats have an impact on the environment I would say absolutely I mean just like humans do we live in a very complicated web of interactions between species and we've screwed that up a lot first of all by having pets we destroy animals habitats and then we drive certain animals into other areas because we want to build housing in them so you know we kill a lot of birds by cutting down trees deforestation so I think it's a it's a bigger and more complicated question than just saying yeah it's all cats well it's like yeah let's just blame the cats they're cute but you know ultimately yeah they're going to kill us off the reason human civilization will go down is because of cats that would actually be pretty awesome but you know I think it is it is a much more complicated picture and a lot of other scientists will argue that what cats tend to kill are animals that are already weak and probably wouldn't have survived anyway so you will get arguments on either side I think the best thing that we can do is in general I advocate that people keep their cats indoors or control their outdoor access I think that's good for the cat it's good for the environment and it's good for your neighbors as someone who has I live in a neighborhood with a lot of outdoor cats who have you know they like to use my garden as a bathroom so I don't really appreciate that so much so I think you know keeping cats indoors comes with responsibilities like keeping them entertained and that's where the food puzzles and the toys come into play but you know recognizing that the human impact on the environment is much more significant I think we can get really focused on one species but then you know the other problem is if you get rid of the cats then the rats proliferate and rats eat birds eggs they kill birds so it's not like you can't just take one piece out of the Jenga puzzle and expect it not to fall over you said the cats cats decided to hunt mice to make themselves attractive to humans well they didn't decide to but it worked out it was mutually beneficial so when humans settled we were becoming agricultural and so we had these large stores of grains that attracted rodents and that attracted the cats and so humans don't want rodents eating their grains so cats show up they kind of take care of the rodents for us and then it's like oh hey maybe I should give this cat a little shelter he's kind of cute and he's helping me out and then the cats like hey this person's you know not so bad maybe I should try to get into his house and sleep on the bed so you know that's kind of the the two second version of what occurred over 10,000 years is that we've had this mutually beneficial relationship and it's only been recently that we've brought cats indoors only you know that kitty litter was invented cat food was invented and now suddenly cats are you know all over the internet we're basically treating them like babies instead of like wild animals and so we've asked a lot of them in a very short period of time so would your if you're there was a thing I saw a story about a cute little girl with a bone disease and how a great dane was her walker that she would go to class leaning on this great dane which is enormous dog you know five times the size of this five-year-old girl you know your eyes well up and it occurred to me that if there were a cat the size of a great dane what are the chances it would eat that girl pretty big I think like would you let a tiger walk your child to school so is it fair to say that your favorite cats if they somehow were given a growth hormone if they got to a certain size they would treat you the you know they turn you into Roy horn we might be prey to them yeah because they're um so cats typically prefer prey that's smaller than a pigeon I think larger than that it's difficult for them to kill it do they want to kill us do they want to eat us no some of them no you think some don't you think some of them no because we are we are predators of cats they you know they we have to earn their trust because we're big and scary and so the other thing that I think we forget is because we focus so much on cats are the predators they're killers but they're also prey animals and that's why you have this kind of scaredy cat um stereotype you know cats have to be always looking for their next meal but they're also making sure that there's not a dog a coyote a hawk that's you know a human that is going to turn around and wipe them out so they kind of live in this in between space now if we were small and they were huge I think that we would probably trigger hunting behavior in them so cats always leave a little food in the bowl not mine really well some cats do I have one cat who leaves food behind but the other one would just keep going oh I all our cats left a little food in the bowl maybe you're feeding them too much can you train a cat to use the toilet um you can but why would you want to do that because it's funny um yeah why wouldn't you yeah because um you know I think if I believe that cats experience humiliation then being forced to go to the bathroom on the toilet might be that but um I really you know so again you know I really I know I'm like kind of a broken record with the cat as a predator and their natural behavior and background but you know cats scratch and cover their waste for a reason that served a function for them when they were wild animals and that was to cover their tracks and so when cats cannot go in a sandy type substrate that they can cover their scent we're creating a situation where they're like oh crap someone might find me and so that could be stress inducing um I don't think a toilet is particularly comfortable for a cat but they do there are some cats who just do that there are some cats that just do it naturally and if they do it naturally you know that's fine but to to force a cat to do that I think is asking for it that it's asking for a cat that's going to crap on your bed okay and that's my advice and do cats have IQs I mean can you can you determine whether or not one cat is smarter than the other no one has done like a standardized cognitive test in cats um there's actually a scientist who's done some of this work in dogs um there's a few scientists actually like you know dognition is very um or dog cognition is a very hot topic in science right now and so I think that cat IQ tests are probably you know five years from now there will be a cat IQ test and we'll be looking at basically problem solving differences in cats I think you know again most cats would be able to solve the one important problem to them which is killing a mouse but you know we want to know can cats count do they recognize my voice do they know when I point at something that I want them to go to it can they learn tricks so that's kind of how we judge intelligence right we kind of judge it on our own intelligence um so you're from San Francisco and Berkeley which is the home of Starbucks and Pete's coffee have you ever had Pete's coffee you know I don't drink coffee I drink tea okay why well here's one of the things I know does that have to do with cats yeah and I want to know if any of my listeners have experienced this uh always have four cats I've had cats before the advent of Starbucks and Pete's coffee that's like you know 1990 93 94 is when Americans really started drinking good coffee and one of the things I notice is that I like strong coffee and I'll put the coffee down on the kitchen table and the ones the cats who would get up on the table which they're not supposed to do would try to bury would make the motion of burying my coffee is that ever happened and I go ahead what did you put in your coffee uh poo and pee no uh no creamer no black black coffee and ever since then I you know my mind plays tricks on me I've decided that coffee has a urine smell to it it's possible I mean chemically it could have some sort of structure that is similar to urine or even food I mean cats will cover food as well if they're um you know you'll see cats scratching around the food bowl and so that the idea is that okay they don't want anyone else to find that so they're trying to hide their hide their tracks um so it is that's it's probably something along those lines I'm gonna say if you put like creamer in your coffee maybe the fat was attractive and they yeah thought but so but let me explain I wanted off my listeners have experienced this what what the cat is doing is about a hot steaming cup of black coffee it walks up to the mug and this is this is several cats have done this and it just rubs its paws against the kitchen table as though it's bearing the coffee but there's no dirt I mean I'm a slob but it's not that bad it sounds like a youtube video waiting to happen it's like a phantom vestigial motion that accomplishes so what is it why are they doing that just it's it's an instinct it's an instinct so again they're covering something that they think is is going to give them away and it's not like they're thinking about it but their instinct you know so again evolution has supported that whatever cats cover their waste or cover their food or their traces are less likely to get eaten by a predator those cats survive so that behavior continues and so the behaviors that they perform don't always seem to have a function to us um but they may have served a function in not so distant history or they might serve a function if they were outside not sitting on your kitchen table like they weren't supposed to and that's something that I could help you with but um okay last question and then you'll come back was this okay oh yeah okay last question favorite cat how many cats have you had um in my lifetime yeah we had a you know we had a revolving door of cats when I was a child that didn't live that long because I lived in a pretty rural area cats went outside got hit by cars you know before you answer that question yeah there is a theory among people like me who have had way too many cats in their lives that you know a cat belongs outside and maybe it won't live that long but it'll be much happier what are your thoughts on that I think cats can be perfectly happy indoors um do I think that cats experience some things outside that make them happy sure um for me personally I've decided that it's not worth the risks I don't feel like I live in a neighborhood where it's safe to go outside and you know again as I said before like neighborhood cats can be a problem and so I think part of being responsible neighbor may mean keeping your cats indoors and so my focus is always like how can we make the indoors fun for our cats and so they're not just sleeping all day and like being lazy but they can look out the window and watch birds so having a bird feeder outside they have toys to play with they have to work for their food they get attention from me they have a heated bed to lay on so making sure that they have an environment inside that is enriching and stimulates all of their senses their sense of smell they can chew on cat grass or you know smell through an open window so um I don't see it as um cats can only be happy outdoors and you can learn more about that how to accomplish that for your cat by going to feline minds dot com or food puzzles for cats favorite cat is it okay to have you can't have a thing you want me to you want me to pick one of my cats as my favorite yeah that's cruel really yeah I mean all you don't have an all-time favorite cat it's hard to say I had this one cat he was really awesome he was a chronic masturbator and he um he had this really big personality he um like anytime we have a party he was you know he walked through the lasagna he sat on my roommate's birthday cake he was always just doing things to kind of get attention and it was just who he was so he was definitely a very big presence in my life and when he died I was devastated and cried every day for like two months kidoms kidoms it's interesting the the the difficult ones are our favorites aren't they yeah I mean and so I at the time I had another cat whose name was Jesus and um Jesus had kind of a mellow personality he was I don't want to call him boring he was very sweet but you know he was just kind of a little wallflower who just wanted you know a couple of cuddles and just chill on the couch but yeah the ones I think that um yeah are more interactive you named a cat Jesus I did I thought my mother thought I was god Jesus I thought it was funny at the time you know I will have met an atheist and when I was a teenager I mean so I got him when I was like 18 and I was living in this kind of punk house with a bunch of boys and we and my cats at the time went outside and so we thought it was hilarious that we were yelling out the front door for Jesus uh so we just thought our neighbors would be mortified so um I think at at the time I was I thought it was very funny you turned water into a very nasty smell it is hard to get off your couch yeah exactly how do you get rid of the the smell of urine uh enzymatic cleaners that are made for cat urine okay my favorite cat then I'll let you go my favorite cat was Sammy and when I would sneeze he'd go oh that's so cute it was bizarre Mikkel Mikkel Michael Maria Delgado is a certified cat behavior consultant and if you're having problems with your cat you should go to feline minds dot com and contact Michael Maria Delgado and you will analyze the cat for a fee okay yeah we offer consulting services mostly in the Bay Area but we do remote consult consultations as well so yeah we mostly deal with problems like litter box avoidance and difficulties introducing new cats cats you people up all night you're a cat shrink right I you know you could call it that more often than not a lot of the work is changing the humans behavior so it's there's a lot of give and take in living successfully with a cat as you probably know since you've lived with a lot of them I would send one of my cats to see you but I don't want my cat on the couch and that's so I don't want them seeing a psychiatrist because they're on the cat that's a bad joke Michael how do people contact you they can email info at feline minds dot com that's probably the best way or um through my blog cats and squirrels dot com great thank you Michael you're welcome the David Feldman radio program is made possible by listeners like you you sad pathetic humps