Again, thanks everyone for joining us today. We're here to talk about Giving Day Strategy for One Island Giving Day. My name is Bethany. I work here with Mighty Cause, the technology platform partner that is working alongside your local contacts to provide the technology for this Giving Day. Just to give a brief overview of what we're going to cover in this training here, we're going to start with some key Giving Day basics. For those that might have missed our initial training or need just a quick refresher, we'll start with some basics, spend the majority of our time talking about campaign strategy, and then close it out covering some of the really exciting incentives that are as a part of the day. Leaderboard prizes as well as other hourly prizes that'll be given out throughout the day on the Giving Day. So make sure to pay attention all the way to the end for information about ways that your nonprofit can win extra prize funds and walk away with even more than you're able to raise with your really effective, successful campaign. Finally, we'll leave some time at the end for Q&A in case it pops up throughout. Again, feel free to type into the GoToWebinar control panel on the right-hand side of your screen if you do have questions throughout the presentation. So to start, let's cover some key basics here. Now, we'll cover these very quickly and briefly in this training. If you're looking for a deeper dive on these basics, how to manage your page, key things about getting yourself up and running for One Island Giving Day, make sure to visit the One Island Giving website and access that first training that we did, which really was a focus on these basics. And all the initial information you needed to know to get your page up and running, your campaign up and running for the event. So the very first step to participating is to register your nonprofit. This is true whether you participated in last year's event or if you're brand new this year. Every nonprofit that wants to participate in this campaign must register, fill out a registration form, and receive an approval email in order to be eligible for those exciting prizes we're going to talk about at the end. So it's a very short form available right from One Island Giving.org. Click that big button that says Register. You will get access to your organization's page. And then you'll be able to add or remove any additional people from your staff that should also have access to the page. And keep in mind that deadline for registration is coming up very quickly here on October 1. So if you're not registered, make that the first step you take after today's training to visit One Island Giving.org and complete that registration form. So once you have access to your page, you'll come to the platform and navigate your dashboard to update and manage all the key things related to your organization for this campaign. So we'll do, again, just a brief overview here of the key items that you'll see on that dashboard. And then, again, please feel free to access that first training for more detailed information. You'll start with your home screen right at the very top of that dashboard. That's going to get you up to date on your key metrics, as well as a to-do list that you can follow that will make sure that you have checked off all the most important items to getting your nonprofit page set up ahead of the event. The next item down is your profile. And we'll talk more about this on the next slide. But this is really the key page that you will customize and update and share with your supporters to accept donations for this event. Next item down on your dashboard will be the Donations tab. This is where you can access your donation data, including donation reports that will update in real time in advance of and during the event. You can access any disbursement information once you receive disbursement from One Island Giving Day. If you need to reconcile that, you can access those reports right there, as well as the ability to customize the donation experience. And we'll talk more about that in just a moment. Campaigns is the next screen down on your dashboard that you will see if you have any fundraisers started for your organization, whether your organization has started any of these campaigns or whether any individuals have started these campaigns for your organization as peer-to-peer fundraisers. If you have any of those campaigns available, you'll see this icon on your dashboard with the ability to easily navigate, manage, and see all of the different fundraising efforts happening for your organization. And finally, the last thing you'll see on that dashboard is, of course, your settings. This is where you can control some of the overall settings through your page. As I mentioned earlier, you'll have the ability to add or remove administrators. You can do that through your settings page. You can also sign up for electronic funds transfer direct deposit through this settings page. So just a brief overview of what you have access to and where on that dashboard that will be available on the left-hand side of your screen when you are logged in as an administrator. So the profile, again, as I mentioned, is really the key page that you will want to update and customize to tell your story. This is the link that you will be sharing with your supporters for the Giving Day. This is a link that will go in your email in social media. So you really want to use this page to tell a powerful story. You've got lots of options on the page to customize the look and feel from updating background image to really help donors feel the context of your work, putting your logo front and center on the page, choosing a theme color that will carry throughout the page that really ties back into your logo. Lots of other things that you can do, including adding videos, links, photos, and text to really get donors excited to make their gift to your organization. I mentioned briefly before the ability to customize the donation experience. This is available through that Donations tab on your dashboard. The real power of this tool here is that you can both customize the experience and then preview the experience. So that ahead of the event, you know exactly what it's going to look like when a donor comes to your page to make a donation. So first, you have the option to choose what donor day that you collect, whether you need address or phone number, or if that's not critical for your organization, you can leave those off so that you can streamline the process for donors. That's up to you to choose what of that demographic data is really important to collect from donors. You can also add in custom donation suggestions. So explaining to donors what a $25 gift will do for your organization or the impact that their $50 gift can have. Adding that further information so that when a donor comes to make their donation and they're trying to choose a dollar amount, your suggestions and your explanations of the impact with those suggestions can help them inform that decision and really connect them to the message they've already seen on your email, on your donation page, about what you're raising funds for or what the impact is that your organization really has. Finally, you have the option to customize the thank you experience. So you can build out a thank you page that donors will see as soon as they complete their donation. You have lots of flexibility here to add photos, videos, your own button with the call to action link that you want to take those donors to. And you also have the opportunity to customize the thank you receipt that will be sent to donors. So you'll have a section that you can add your own custom message that will get added into that receipt that is automatically sent to donors. So lots of opportunities all the way through the donation experience to really customize that and personalize for your donors. And once you've done all that to customize it, you have the opportunity to view the checkout right in this tab so that you can preview the experience, see how many steps you're asking donors to take. You can also preview that thank you experience. Get a sample receipt sent to you so that you can see what that receipt looks like for donors. Preview that thank you page to make sure it's really telling a powerful story of thank you as soon as the donor has made their gift. So lots of opportunities there really encourage everyone to make sure that they take time to both customize and preview that experience ahead of the event. Another really important basic to keep in mind for this Giving Day is use the resources that are available to you. So oneislandgiving.org has a nonprofit toolkit available with lots of helpful resources, tips and tricks to help you be successful with this event. So you'll find the first training that I've already mentioned available, the recording available on that page. After today's training, this recording will be available on that page as well, along with other social media tips, communications templates, a logo that you can use when you're building out your own communications. So definitely make time to view that nonprofit toolkit and take advantage of any resources there to help you save time and energy when putting your campaign together. All right, so we've covered again some of the key basics that everyone needs to know to be up to speed and ready for the event. Feel free to access that first training for more detail. And now we're going to really focus on the heart of today's training, which is Giving Day strategy. So the first and perhaps obvious piece of strategy here is secure early donations. Oneisland Giving Day is a 24-hour event, but you don't have to wait until that day to accept donations. Of course, a lot of what makes the stay fun and exciting for the community is that 24 hours of giving that sense of urgency. So you want to keep that in mind, but it's a great idea to start reaching out to some key contacts, some close supporters ahead of the event, ask for some early donations to help seed your campaign so that you build momentum and make sure that when the event starts, you already have some early gifts showing on your page. This is a great way to kick off your efforts, and it will also help boost you when it comes to those prize incentives that we'll talk about a little later on. Any donation that you receive in advance of the campaign starting back from August 15th will count for your leaderboard totals. And there are extra prizes available just for this early giving period. So definitely make sure to keep those in mind when you build out your own strategy of starting to communicate and reach out to some key donors ahead of time, whether they're just a close supporter and you want to get them involved early on, or you know they might not be available on the day of giving itself, ask for their gift and secure their gift in advance. The next key piece of strategy that we'll cover here is the concept of matching grants. And most nonprofits know the value of a matching grant. They know the potential of a matching grant. And really, when it comes down to it, the excitement of the match is very similar to the excitement of the giving day itself. Giving day adds a sense of urgency. It creates this excitement around a 24-hour day to encourage donors to give in that day. And like One Island Giving Day, there are lots of prize incentives that give your donors the chance to increase their impact because their gift at a certain time of day or their gift along with all the other gifts that you receive make you eligible for these prize incentives. And both of those key things are the same things that make a matching grant exciting for you as a nonprofit to offer on your own for this giving day. Add extra urgency and really give donors the chance to double or more their impact for the day. Really proven strategy here. And it may seem daunting to try and put together your One Island Giving Campaign and get a matching grant on top of it. But we're here to break down just some of the key things that you can do to add this matching grant to your campaign to really help improve the overall success of your effort. So three key steps to keep in mind when securing a matching grant. Your first step is, of course, to prospect. How can you identify potential leads that will give this matching grant to your organization? There's a lot of different people and groups of people that you can prospect for your matching gift. And each organization will have a little bit of a different audience here. One key group that every single nonprofit should have access to is board members. Board members are a key part of your organization and specifically the fundraising efforts of your organization. So it is well within the scope of their responsibility to consider providing a match. You can ask each board member to give a smaller gift and join them all together for one larger match that's being offered by the board as a whole. You could reach out to a single board member that hasn't met their giving goals for the year and provide an opportunity for them to make their final gift as a part of this campaign, but do it in the form of a match so that you can leverage that for further support. So again, every group should have board members that they can consider as one potential audience here. Most nonprofits will also have at least a smaller segment of major donors that make larger gifts at some point throughout the year. We're of course getting close to the year end giving season and you may have one or two or even a small group of donors that always give a large gift right in line with that end of year giving season the most generous time of the year. Why not plan ahead, reach out to one of these donors that you know will be making their gift later this year and ask them to make it early and by doing that, you can share with them the opportunity to not just make their gift like they do every other year but you can make their gift go even further this year by offering it as a match.  A match gives you a little bit of more opportunity to promote their support and market their contribution. So lots of different types of groups that you can engage for this. And once you've identified these people, obviously cultivation is a key step and this is true with every donor relationship that you have, but especially for a matching grant. Take time to connect with these potential prospects, communicate with them, learn about their key interests and that's really gonna drive your final step which is of course the ask because each of those different key groups that I mentioned would likely need a little bit of a different ask. What's important to a corporate partner may not be important to a major gift donor to your organization or to a board member for your organization. So make sure that the ask that you have really appeals to what you have taken the time to learn about the key interests of that individual or that group. If your corporate sponsors are really interested in getting their name out, getting the word out about their company, you'll wanna use the ask to talk to them about all the ways that you can promote their match on your page, in your emails, on social media. But again, that's likely gonna be a different kind of ask, a different kind of experience for an individual donor who might be much more interested in the impact that your organization can have. So take the time to think about these potential prospects and really craft an ask that you know is going to appeal to what they're looking for. You've got lots of options when it comes to actually promoting that match on your donation page. So you can let the donor decide. If they wanna give you $5,000 and it's a one-to-one match, as you raise funds throughout the day, that's a great opportunity. You can also use it as a two-to-one match, a three-to-one match. You can limit so that only the first $20 of each donation is matched. Lots of different options there. So again, let that conversation with your donor decide. How you should offer this match based on their interests and how you feel you can best use the incentive to encourage more giving. Of course, once you have secured that match, a key piece of your Giving Day strategy will be adding that match to your donation page and promoting that match as a part of the campaign. So the first step would be posting the match in your page. When you do that, you don't have to have the matching donor make their gift through the platform. It's really just a display feature that allows you to recognize the donor and that extra sense of urgency and excitement to your campaign because people can see that there's a match live. That urgency of the countdown feel both in the actual time left on the match opportunity as well as the dollar value left to meet the match. That's gonna appeal to that same sense of urgency that the overall Giving Day has. And it'll allow you to count any of this match in your totals right there on your organization page. It's a really great way to make sure that you are having a successful campaign and sharing all of that success with your supporters. Once you've posted it on your page, make sure that you communicate it in all of your other channels as well. Promote the match in any of your email campaigns. Make sure donors understand that they have a chance to double their impact or increase their impact because of the matching incentive that you have available. Put that in the email too. Give that extra encouragement for them to click that donate button in the first place. Share progress throughout the day on social media as you get closer to meeting that match or after you've met that match. Really will give you a lot of opportunity to keep the day fun and engaging and hopefully drive larger and more donations from your supporters. So the next key strategy that we'll talk about here is ambassadors. And there are lots of different ways that an individual or a group of individuals can serve as an ambassador for your cause. Really, it's just a way for you to think about who do you have in your network that can help you spread the word, raise awareness and raise more funds on this giving day. So there's lots of different people that you have in your network that you can turn to for this kind of support. And as well, there's lots of different ways that you can use these people. So you might ask some supporters to help you spread the word by sharing your message on social media. Anytime you post on Facebook, ask them to share your post. There might be some people that you ask to send an email to their list of contacts to share your donation page. There might even be some that you ask to help you host an event or attend an event that you're hosting as a part of the day. There's lots of different ways that individuals can be involved. But one of the key ways that we'll talk about here as a part of this strategy is encouraging individuals to start peer-to-peer fundraisers for your nonprofit. This is a really helpful strategy for a number of key reasons. When you empower an individual to tell their story about your organization and the impact that you've had on them personally, you'll have all kinds of exciting effects. One, you're sharing new personal impact stories. People, donors and supporters are used to hearing, likely your communications message, but they're maybe not used to hearing from an individual who has been through your program or an individual whose friend or family member was helped by your services directly. So that's a really important way to continue the narrative and make it personal for people. These people, when they reach out to their friends and family, you get direct contact with all these people that you might not have already had in your network. So it'll allow you to acquire brand new donors and it'll help you raise more funds because these new donors are making a donation to your campaign and any funds that are raised by a peer-to-peer fundraiser for your organization will roll up into the totals that your organization is raising for the day. So that's gonna be a really great way to help you climb up the leaderboard even faster during the day if you've got one, two, even just a few individuals that have started campaigns on behalf of your organization that they're engaging their friends and family to make donations to. So it doesn't have to be an intimidating ask to get an individual to start a peer-to-peer fundraiser for your organization. So first, just like we talked about with ambassadors and with that matching grant, think about who might be a good fit to start a peer-to-peer fundraiser. Not every supporter that you have will be a good candidate for this but you may have some really great supporters, especially maybe younger supporters that might not have as much to give directly themselves but are very committed and passionate to your organization. They might be a great fit to start this campaign. So reach out to these individuals. We always recommend doing personal outreach to these individuals to ask them to start a campaign. They are not a professional fundraiser like you might be. They don't spend a lot of their time doing it, most likely. So they might need a little extra hand-holding to get started to make sure that you can really help them understand what's required and what isn't required, help demystify it for them and really boil down and simplify to ask, to just asking them to tell their story about why they support your work. It's always helpful to provide resources to these individuals to make it even easier for them, whether that's photos and a text copy that they can use on their page or sample email templates or social media posts that they can copy and paste to focus on spreading the word. And one other option to consider here is if you have multiple individuals that you think might really be a good fit for this, you have the opportunity to create what we call a team fundraiser on the platform and encourage multiple people to start these peer-to-peer fundraisers for your organization. And you can kind of create this fun, friendly competition between those participants. Again, pulling on that same key reason that the Giving Day is exciting, bringing together all local nonprofits and this friendly competition about giving back, you can kind of recreate that same concept within your own group of supporters. Team fundraising, it's often used for a 5K, marathon, walk-a-thons when you're trying to encourage a bunch of individuals to start pages on your behalf, but a Giving Day is another great opportunity to take advantage of this type of campaign to engage individuals. So now we'll focus just a little bit on a couple of key communication strategies to keep in mind for the event. At the core of what you're doing here, you'll need and want to find a great way to spread the word to your message, to your audience, excuse me, to get them to visit your donation page, make a donation, spread the word. So when it comes to email strategy, just a few things to keep in mind. First, it's always important to read and reread and craft your message, each of your emails to have a short and sweet and simple message. I can't tell you how many email newsletters I've read from nonprofits that go on and on with tons of content, tons of information, and it's all really important, helpful, relevant information from the organization standpoint. But for a donor that receives tons of emails every single day, is taking a quick minute to check their inbox in the middle of the workday, you've got to keep it simple for them. Break it down for them, what is the key reason they should make their gift to support your campaign? Or what is the key, ask, $10 will buy X, $25 will feed five families, whatever it might be, really boil that message down, make it simple, because those donors don't spend all day every day in your organization, they're not in the weeds about what you do and how you communicate about what you do and the key details, so keep it simple, but appeal to them with an important hook. What's gonna make them open that email in the first place? A great subject line, really helpful imagery right at the top of your email. So all important just kind of in the overall development of your messages. Whenever you have the opportunity, segment your audiences, so rather than sending one email to everyone who is in your donor database, break down that list into just a few key groups, people that have made a donation so far this year versus people that haven't yet made their donation this year, or people that are volunteers and monthly donors versus people that have attended events, but maybe never made their first gift to your organization. Those are all different groups of people that you might wanna speak to in a little bit of a different way to really meet them where they are. Segmentation is really one of the best ways to increase your return and engagement on your email communications. Always take the time to make sure your email communications are mobile friendly. Across the One Island Giving Day platform, your donation page, the donation experience for donors is mobile friendly, but chances are they're gonna start their process to get to that donation page from your email. And so your email has to be just as mobile friendly, really easy for them to click on a clear big button right on the email that asks them to donate with a link to the page. So really make sure that you've tested and viewed that mobile experience, and then test even more. Depending on the email program that you have, you might have the opportunity to A-B test and see what subject line leads to higher open rates with your donors, or what image placed in the email itself is more compelling to get donors to actually click on the donate button. There's all different kinds of things you can test with relative ease in certain email programs. So it's great to take the time to really test those out and optimize so that you make sure the most powerful and impactful version of your email is getting to your supporters. Beyond email, of course, with a Giving Day, social media is one of the key ways that you can drive conversation during the event. So there's a ton of networks out there, a ton of different social channels, but you don't have to appeal and have content for every single channel. It's really important to focus on where your donors are, where your audience is. So if you have a huge audience on Facebook, that's where your supporters typically engage, spend your time there. If instead, Twitter or Instagram really seems to be the channel that you get engagement with your followers, focus on those. Use your time wisely and develop a strategy and pay attention to the places where your audience is really gonna find you. Schedule posts ahead of time for the Giving Day itself, and that will allow you or whoever on your staff or whatever volunteers helping out with social media on the Giving Day. It will allow them to focus their efforts just on interacting, responding to comments, retweeting great things that your donors share when they've made their gift. Allow that space for interaction and conversation that's really the beauty of social media. A Giving Day is a great time to try boosted posts. So for a relatively limited budget, you can try to boost some of your posts in the lead up and on the Giving Day itself to increase that reach of individuals that'll be seeing your posts. And you can do that organically by making sure that you have creative and engaging content in the posts as well. So rather than just including text and information about your campaign, always include a photo or videos whenever you have it. Include those personal stories, include content that individuals are gonna want to pay attention to, they're gonna want to share, and that's really gonna help drive the engagement and the reach behind your social activity for the day. And again, always make sure that you have a really clear call to action and a link to your donation page in every post. Donate now, give now, share this page, whatever it might be, make sure that you have a clear ask and always have your link in every post that you can. Of course, Instagram, you can put your link in your bio, really important to make sure that you're giving donors the option to take action with your posts. One of the key things that any returning organizations who participated in last year's Giving Day can do this year to amplify their efforts, step up their efforts, is to take the time to focus on donor retention. So through the One Island Giving platform, you have access to download a list of anybody who donated to your campaign last year. Get that list and make a special plan for those individuals, work with them directly to increase their gift from last year. Either increase the size of their gift, ask them to turn their gift into a matching gift. Maybe they're a good candidate for a peer-to-peer fundraiser because they're already aware of the campaign and they've given lots of options there to really focus on this group and then pay attention during the day itself, halfway through the day, some point late afternoon, check in with this list again and see how many of those donors that gave last year that still haven't come back to make their gift and do targeted follow-up with those people in particular. They've already made the effort to give to your organization for One Island Giving Day. So you know they know your organization, you know they know the event, they should be a much easier ask, they should be a much easier donor to get to convert than a brand new donor that you're trying to convert through any of the other strategies that you are using throughout the day. We all know that the campaign does not end at the end of One Island Giving Day. So it's important to take time now to plan what that follow-up looks like for your organization. How are you gonna find opportunities for prompt and personal thank yous for those key donors, paying special attention of course to new donors, first-time donors to your organization. What are you gonna do, what kind of strategies do you have in place to really cultivate those donors in a different way than a returning donor to make sure they feel fully welcomed and on boarded as a part of your organization and you turn them from a one-time donor to an ongoing supporter for your cause. It's always helpful to find a way to close the loop on the Giving Day and the impact that you were able to have. So if you're raising $10,000 for a new truck, for example, take the time to follow up once you've purchased that truck, share photos or stories about what that's gonna enable you to do, one, two, three months down the line, whenever you're able to really see that impact happen, that's a great way to reiterate to donors, reassure donors that you have used their funds wisely and remind them of the impact that they have helped you have. And that's just really all a part of the whole year-round stewardship and communication process. Of course, Giving Days are once throughout the year, but the real value in them is the opportunity to find new donors and engage donors.  And now some key information on the exciting prize opportunities that are available. So throughout the day on One Island Giving Day, there will be leaderboards on the event site tracking the success of participating organizations. So organizations will be broken down into different categories based on the size of their organization. This is chosen, this is categorized based on the budget size that each organization selects in their registration form. But there will be a small, medium, large and extra large nonprofits, leaderboards available throughout the day. And the top three organizations in each of those categories will have the opportunity to win these prizes that you see here. So the first prize organization for each of those four leaderboards has a chance to walk away with an additional $7,500 in funds as a part of the campaign. That could make a huge difference for an organization in terms of really amplifying the effect of your One Island Giving Day campaign. These leaderboards will rank throughout the day based on the number of dollars that are being received by an organization. So the way to move up that leaderboard is to encourage more gifts, more dollars from your supporters. There will also be one prize given away at the end of the 24 hours for the organization across all categories that has the most unique donors that give to their campaign throughout the campaign. Aside from those leaderboards, which we'll start counting as I mentioned earlier from early giving all the way through the end of the giving day, there are a handful of hours throughout the day that will have extra opportunities for nonprofits to walk away with key funds. So we call these power hours from 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. in the morning. The organization that has the most unique donors give to their campaign will receive a $1,000 prize. From noon to 1 p.m., the organization that has the most dollars given to their campaign will win a $1,000 prize. And then finally, from 5 to 6 p.m., that half-hour timeframe, the organization that has the most unique donors that gives to their campaign will win a $1,000 prize. So think about those hours and how you might be able to adjust your strategy to really take advantage of those hours. You've got early morning, lunchtime, and happy hour. Maybe you consider a happy hour event that brings supporters together between that five to six timeframe to really capitalize on encouraging those gifts. Maybe you plan your first email in the morning and a follow-up email right around lunchtime. Consider what's the right way to best engage your donors and be making yourself eligible for these key hours where you have the chance to win some extra funds. As I mentioned earlier, you don't have to wait until the giving day itself to start winning prizes. There are a handful of prizes that are available ahead of the event. So the most exciting ones are the opportunity to win first and second prize, again broken down by size. So small nonprofits compete against small nonprofits, medium nonprofits compete against medium nonprofits, and the organization, the top two organizations that have the most unique donors that give to their campaign from early giving, which started all the way back on August 15th through 11.59 the day before the giving day. The organizations with the most unique donors will win first and second prize, an additional either $1,000 or $500 to help really kick off your giving day campaign. Aside from that, there's also a social media prize. So the organization that has the most new likes or followers to their Instagram or Facebook page as a part of this campaign will also have the opportunity to win $1,000 prize. So with that, hopefully we have shared enough strategy for everyone to get started on their campaign and enough excitement and incentive for everyone to get started right away so that you can be eligible for all those great prize opportunities to really walk away from this campaign with the most funds that you can for your organization, carrying out the important mission that you do. So with that, I'll see if we have any questions that have come in. I'll take this time to mention that if you have questions throughout the campaign as you're working on your page, have questions about how to upload a video, how to access your donations report, you can of course visit the nonprofit toolkit to watch that initial training or feel free to contact our customer support team at supportatmightycause.com. And it looks like we don't have any questions live on the webinar today. So we'll go ahead and let everyone get back to their day. Again, thanks for your time and good luck with your One Island giving campaign.


Imagine we have a large mixing tank currently containing 100 gallons of water into which five pounds of sugar have been mixed. So maybe we're making like a giant, a giant bowl of Kool-Aid, although you might want more sugar than that for your Kool-Aid. Anyways, a tap will open pouring 10 gallons per minute of water into the tank at the same time sugar is being pulled and poured into the tank at a rate of one pound per minute. Let's find the concentration that is pounds per gallon of sugar in the tank after 12 minutes. Is that a greater concentration than at the beginning? So imagine, let's kind of draw a picture to illustrate what's going on here. We have this big tank of water and this tank of water, it initially had 100 gallons of water in it. So this, if we think of like some time situation here when time equals zero, we have some initial volume, we'll call it V zero, which is 100 gallons of water. And then we had some initial salt or sugar, that's what it was. So we'll call that one say why not right here. And so we started off with five pounds of sugar starting this thing off and the volume was 100 gallons. And so I want you to kind of think of this for a second, this gives us a concentration. So the concentration of our sugar at the beginning, it looks like, well, this is just going to be our initial concentration, C not here. This is supposed to be why not divided by V not, which would then give us five pounds of sugar per 100 gallons of water. And since we're dividing by zero or divided by 100, we can just move the decimal over by two places. So we have this 5% concentration basically, which really we should think of it as just units. We have 0.05 pounds per gallon. So that's not a super high concentration. This 5% concentration is going on here. So that's going to help us answer the later question just initially. But now the thing is changing. The amount of water is changing into this system here. So what we're doing is we're adding 10 gallons per minute. So you're going to add 10 gallons per minute. So with respect to time, this is changing. We're also adding sugar. So we're adding sugar so that we're increasing it by one, one pound per minute in terms of sugar. And so we want to see what happens 12 minutes later. So what I want to do is first find a model for the volume and for the sugar. Now since we're adding 10 gallons per minute, this right here describes to me a rate of change. This is a rate of change. And in fact, we have this constant rate of change, which indicates to me we have a linear function. It's linear. We have a linear function for volume. So our volume is going to look like, our volume here is going to look like some MT plus some initial value B, right, where M is the slope, the rate of change that's constant and some initial value, which we're increasing the volume by 10 gallons per minute. And we started off with 100 gallons. So our volume function will be given as 100 T plus, excuse me, 10 T plus 100. The sugar concentration will be very similar. Y equals, we're increasing it by one pound per minute. So T plus five. So we get Y equals T plus five. And so when we put this together, our concentration function, it's supposed to look like Y divided by volumes, the amount of sugar divided by volume. We see that the concentration is going to equal T plus five over 10 T plus 100. And so we see that this right here gives us a rational expression. The concentration will be a rational function going on here, which you could factor the denominator. There's a common factor of 10 there. Pull out the 10. So you get 10 times 10 plus T plus 10, which, you know, we could say something about vertical asymptotes, but that's outside the domain of this problem, right? We should mention that T has to be greater than or equal to zero before the experiment started. Nothing makes any sense. We're not going to go back in time like Marty McFly or anything like that. So what was asked though was what is the concentration after 15 minutes, after 12 minutes? What happens there? So we have this initial 5% value. We want to compare that to what's the concentration after 12 minutes. So we're going to get 12 plus five over 10 times 12 plus 10, for which we get 17 on top 10 times, we're going to get 22 right there. So we get 17 over 220. That's our concentration. This is going to be pounds per gallon, which we should simplify this thing. And we end up with, well, as a decimal, this is going to be approximately 0.077 pounds per gallon. And so that's the comparison we want to make. So when we're at zero minutes, we start off with this 5% concentration. And then at 12 minutes, we're now at a 7.7% concentration. So that's how the concentration has changed over time. It definitely is going up because we're adding sugar to the system. But what you have to be careful about that is that the reason it's going up is that the concentration that we're inserting is bigger than we started with. So one pound per 10 gallons. That's actually a 10% concentration that we're adding to a 5% concentration. So this is going to go up and up and up and up and up. And you can see this, in fact, if we think of the in behavior of this function, if we ask what happens as T goes to infinity, if we allow this process to continue for forever, looking at the leading terms there, this thing, we see that the concentration will approach 1 over 10. That is one tenth or 10%. So this is the concentration that we're inserting into the system. And if we allow the system to continue on and on and on, the concentration will tend towards 10%.


All right, in this presentation, we'll continue making this point about the importance of market prices. One of the fundamental reasons why free markets are so important for humanity is that free markets generate market prices, and market prices are essential to keep us well coordinated. All right? Now in this presentation, let's think about the consequences of price controls that is not allowing prices to go to their market level, but by some sort of legislation preventing them from going to the market level. And the ostensible purpose of such price controls often is to protect people from bad things. For example, rent controls, which limit the legal amount a landlord can charge and the tenant may pay in the rent control areas, they're meant to protect the tenants from charging what people consider unfair rents or rents that are too high for them to afford. So it's got a kindly origin perhaps in many cases, but bad unintended consequences can result from that. We'll talk about price gouging after a natural disaster, when it's hard to get goods into an area, typically the market prices for the short term market prices rise very high. And that's a hardship for people who have a hard time paying them. So there are laws against price gouging, which hold prices down below the market level after a hurricane or an earthquake or something. We'll consider the consequences of those, the benefits and some harms from those. And very much in the news these days is the minimum wage laws, which are a minimum, so that's a price floor, or sorry, minimum is a floor. So the people are not allowed to pay low skilled workers below a certain level. And the goal in the hearts and minds of many who support minimum wages is to have people without the advantages they do make more money. So the goals can be good, but the consequences are often negative. And we'll pay attention to those, and then we'll ask whether price controls are ever justified. Let's consider rent controls to begin with. And take a look, please, at the graph that you see. The difficulty with a rent control that doesn't allow prices to come up to the market level, which is $500 in our example, is that at the legal rent level of $400 per month, the quantity of apartments demanded is greater than the quantity supplied. The difference is going to be a shortage. There won't be enough apartments for people. Now it's good for those who already have the apartments that they're paying less than they otherwise would. Maybe some people don't get put out on the street when their lease expires and if they can't pay higher rents in a time of rising rents. So people who are in the apartments are protected. But what about those who are looking for an apartment in the city? They may simply not be able to find the apartment that they want because landlords don't have the incentive to offer all the apartments people need because the price isn't allowed to rise to the market clearing level. So the insight from this, and this is standard economics, is that price ceilings like a rent control virtually always cause shortages. There's simply not enough to satisfy the desires of all those who are willing and eager to pay that price. Let's think about the incentives there. In a situation with a rent control, such as is pictured there, what's the incentive problematic incentive for people who are in the apartments? What I have in mind here is that if you're in a bigger apartment that you need than you need, but you don't have to pay the market rate for it. You're getting a controlled agreeable low rate for it. You have a much weaker incentive to move out and allow that space to be taken up by someone else. How about the incentives on the supply side? When rents are controlled, what can you tell me about the incentive of people who might supply new apartments? They won't build them and they won't maintain the ones that are built at a decent level. Sure. Well, there are two things there. Less incentive to build new apartments if they can't charge high rents for them. In many cases around the world where there have been rent controls, there have been these terrible long-lasting shortages. Even where governments have had crash programs to build new apartments, there's still too few as long as the rents are below that market clearing level. Thomas Sowell has a wonderful description of this in his great book, Basic Economics. Then there's also that point about not maintaining them. Why would the landlord not maintain the apartments? If you can, in a lot of cases, the rent controls only apply to the people who are already there. If you can get them to leave, it's even better because you can convert it to condominiums or something. Yeah, that's right. If the apartment gets grungy enough, the people leave, and once they leave, then you can raise the rents or convert them to condominiums. But also, does a landlord need to keep the apartment in tip-top shape in order to rent it? No. No. People are desperate for apartments, so they'll come in even to the grungy areas. And also, in many times, there have been the problem that as costs of paint and plumbing and electrical work rise, but the rents don't rise. The landlords don't take in enough income to pay for the improvements in the apartments. So there was a wonderful quip by someone to the effect that rent control, for reducing the value of real estate, rent controls are second only to aerial bombardment. For reasons we've talked about. All right, let's go then on to minimum wages. With the minimum wage, which is a species of price floor that does not allow the price to come down to the market clearing wage, in the picture, the market clearing wage would be $7 an hour, but we imagine a minimum wage loss saying the price may not go down below $8 and $8.25 an hour, then we have the problem that the quantity of labor services supplied by the low-skilled workers is greater than the quantity demanded by the firms, the Wendy's, the Safeways, the McDonald's, the grocery stores that might hire them. And that leaves us with a surplus. And what do we call the surplus of labor services? Unemployment. Unemployment. And there's very little question that higher minimum wages, minimum wages above the market clearing level, are a main cause of unemployment. Not for people with our kind of education, but for people with very poor education who don't have the skills to produce for their employers goods and services value worth more than the minimum wage. What are some of the incentives for employers who are faced with higher minimum wages? If they have to pay their workers more, what might they do instead? Well, they'll either turn to automation, or if they're just talking about human labor, they're going to pick more generally reliable employees, but that will often cut out folks who can't have a car and have reliable transport to work, who are young in favor of older workers. So you'll cut the bottom rungs off the ladder, as it were. It generally tends to affect the worse off of these minimum wage workers. That's exactly right. And I like that image of cutting off the bottom rungs of the job ladder. Most people need to get a job to learn about being responsible, learn work skills, and if they can't get on to the job ladder, it's hard to climb it. And we see today that issue you mentioned about automation, if it's very expensive for the operator of a Starbucks or a McDonald's to hire new workers, they have an incentive to look for machines like kiosks where people can order or using your cell phone to put in an order rather than giving it to a human being. And so that all those problems are unintended bad effects of price controls. Now we could say more about that, but I'd like to go on to the question now of whether or not price controls are ever justified. I don't believe they are ever justified, because the argument for the coordinating effect of market prices is so strong. But it's worth considering what seems to me the strongest case for price controls. That is price controls after a natural disaster, because there people through no fault of their own are in a situation of hardship and it just doesn't seem right somehow for them to have to pay outrageous prices for the goods and services they need. Let's take a particular case, which I know about from my colleague Russ Sobel, and I'll have a story that he tells that I'll read at the end of this little discussion, about the consequences of price controls after Hurricane Hugo that hit Charleston, South Carolina many years ago. It was a category five hurricane, I think, with a huge storm surge. Charleston is low lying. And so the storm surge pushed the seawater up into the freshwater system and into the sewer water system. And so seawater and sewer water and freshwater all were being mixed around and people couldn't trust the water in their pipes. At the same time lots of trees came down and so people were without electricity. In that circumstance, what would happen to the price of bottled water in the stores? Increase supply. It increased dramatically from, say, a dollar a gallon to ten dollars a gallon. What happened to the prices of hand-pull, electric gasoline-powered generators? Also skyrocketed, because people wanted those for generators. And apparently the prices of the generators went up from what say $750 to $10,000 for a generator. The price of bottled water went up, just temporarily went up from, say, a dollar a gallon to ten dollars a gallon. In those situations, are price controls justified? Now in order to answer that question we need to think about the consequences of those price controls. What I want to do now is contrast the who would get the water and who would get the generators in the two alternatives. When water is at the market price of ten dollars a gallon, who would get the water? Another question I want you to consider is what story is that price telling? It's useful to think about prices as having a story to tell. When they go to the market level, let's start with water. When prices go to the market level of ten dollars a gallon, what story are they telling and who's going to get the water? Then we'll turn it around and I didn't finish the story for you. People did not like this price gouging and very quickly somehow the city council of Charleston passed an emergency statute saying that until further notice no one is allowed to charge higher prices after the storm than they were charging before the storm. So there was a hard rent control in the city limits of Charleston, capping prices at what they were before the storm. So those generators still had to be sold at $750. The water had to be sold at $1 a gallon. Now take a moment please and think who would get the water at $10 a gallon and what would the price that price of $10 a gallon be saying? First of all at $10 a gallon who would get the water? First of all how do you suppose my students answer this, my micro students answer this? What's the first thing that they say? If the price goes up to $10 a gallon for gallons of water who's going to get it? The wealthy. The wealthy that's what they say right away. Plausible and probably true to some extent but let's think about it a little bit more. Who would get the water at $10 a gallon? The people who have a really exceptional use for it. People who are willing to pay $10 a gallon for it who have an exceptional use for it. Hold that thought for a second to contrast it with the other way around. At the controlled price of $1 a gallon who's going to get the water? The fastest runner. The fastest runner. The people who get there first because they'll strip the shelves. And so those perhaps from the harder hit areas who get to the stores later how much water will there be for them? None. There won't be any. The shelves will be stripped. Let's think about water on the supply side. If prices go up to $10 a gallon after the storm what would you expect to happen as a consequence tomorrow and the next day? Expect you know Joe Smith to go and buy a whole bunch of gallons of water, drive into the city and sell them to people at a big markup. That's exactly right. You might expect people who hear about this, $10 a gallon for water, you might expect college students such as yourselves to say look let's rent a U-Haul truck, we'll go over to the local Walmart and fill it up with all the water we can, we'll drive to Charleston and we'll make some money. And water flows into Charleston because what is that $10 per gallon price saying so to speak? We really need it. We really need it. Fresh water is urgently needed in Charleston. Bring water to Charleston. What does the $1 per gallon price say to the rest of the world? Business as usual, everything's the way it has been. No exceptional circumstances. So both on the supply side and the demand side that $10 price is very useful. It gives those who get to the store first an incentive to leave more for others who can't get there until later and it gives an incentive for more to be brought to Charleston. Okay, let's go to the generators. At a price of $10,000 for what was a $750 generator, who's going to get the generators? Again, what do my introductory students say? The wealthy. The wealthy people, they're going to be the ones who get them. But let's think about it a little further. Who do you suppose actually, I can't say it that way, will get to who actually got the generators because the price control was in effect. But if the price control were not in effect and the generators went way up to thousands of dollars, who would get the generators and who would benefit from them? Take a moment and think. It must likely be business. Hold on, take a moment. Who would be willing to buy a generator at that? Who would buy the generators? Who would get them and who would benefit? Go ahead. If I'm a mother and my daughter has diabetes and I need to keep her insulin cold, I'd probably be willing to pay that much. If I just want to watch TV, I probably won't. You might, perhaps. Yes, that's good if you have to keep the insulin cold, yeah. That's good. Who else might be willing to pay that for a generator? Well, people who operate grocery stores would probably be willing to pay. Sure. Why? Why grocery store owners? You have to keep the food colder. It all goes bad and you have to throw it out. Suppose you have $9,000 worth of frozen food in the freezers. You're going to be willing to pay, or let's do it the other way around. If you've got $15,000 worth of frozen food in the freezers, you're certainly going to be willing to pay $10,000 for the generator. When the grocery store owner does that, who benefits? Everybody. Everybody who buys that food. Also generators were needed in Charleston because with the phone lines brought down by the falling trees, people couldn't use their credit cards and they needed cash and automated teller machines need electricity. So banks might have been willing to pay a lot for a generator to keep their ATMs going. Gasoline was needed for people's vehicles and for the chainsaws needed to clear away the limbs of the trees. But to get gasoline out of the ground requires pumps, electrical pumps at the gas stations. So gas stations might have been willing to pay that. So probably the machines would not be produced by the rich just to keep their air conditioning running. It would have been purchased by businesses who had services to provide for the rest of the community. Now with the price control in effect, who do you suppose got the generators? And I have a story that I'll read you about it here in a moment. So what do you think? Who would get the generators with the price controls in effect? Well either people get there first, people have connections. That's the way it worked. And so my colleague Russ Sobel told me this story and when I was working on my book I wrote him for it. Here's the story of actual two generators in Hugo after that awful storm. My neighbor was high school best friends years ago with the now owner of a local hardware store. So his neighbor had a friend who owned a hardware store. The store had two generators. He didn't get the store opened before the price controls took effect so he was faced with them. He kept one for his family, makes sense, and sold the other at the controlled price to my neighbor like one tenth of the free market price. Now listen, my neighbor's daughter, parentheses who was my age, the girl next door cutie, was blow drying her hair on it and my dad was going over to use his electric shaver. In the meantime the gas station, the grocery store, the bank with an ATM and the Kmart were all without power. That story of the generating that precious electricity being used for a young woman to blow dryer hair and Russ' father to use his electric shaver, that's when I urge my students to remember when they think about price controls because it's a desperate, tragic example of the misallocation of resources that occurs when prices aren't allowed to tell their story and keep us coordinated and allocate resources to where they're most believed at least to be most valuable. In conclusion then on this section of the course on prices, in closing I would say market prices are precious. They have an important story to tell and they should be allowed to tell them. So the conclusion then is for no, I don't think there's ever good reason, justification for controlling prices. The function they play of communicating information, serving us knowledge surrogates and letting us know the real condition of the availability of resources and desire for it is so important that they should always be allowed to do that. So there's a very libertarian conclusion, never under any circumstances should prices be controlled by legislation.


Next up thank you Who is going to talk about being on the front page of hacker news will take it away? Thank you very much. So my my big assumption with this was that people know what get love pages is Can I have a just a quick hands up people who know what get love pages is? Okay, so that's maybe like 52 percent, which if you're from the UK, you know, that's an overwhelming majority Then there's nothing else political in this. I swear. So We've said that we live in a git-centered world and and really everything is version controlled, you know, when I send Messages to my wife I expect her to read the git commit messages and and do a review on on what I've just told her So we live in a git-centered world and and it's because you know, absolutely Everything I do is to do with code like every single thing in my blog That isn't really just code that I'm using Because I'd much rather just write git Get committed messages to actually write a blog and what we're doing is is kind of booting up this whole sense where we are becoming collaborators through version control to do all of the different bits of software and infrastructure deployment that we want to do This is a picture of me in it in front of a monastery recently I'm these are my roles and a DevOps consultant in a heli cloud and so Largely if you could tell me what the DevOps consultant does that'd be really good I'm a docket community leader. I'm a newly Initiated git lab hero of about like two weeks. I haven't done the merge request to put myself on the page yet Sorry, I'm also co-organizer of the London git lab meetup that hasn't had a meetup yet anyone from London Thank you for volunteering. I'll be in contact with all the view Yeah, I've got 16 guitars and I started git lab in in January 2016 So the history of my site, which is really what everyone wants to know about You know, I've I've had a website for quite a long time about like 15 years something like that I had Drupal on it for since 2009 and and that has with it, you know a massive weight of God I've got to upgrade things all the time and I have security problems. So I went static site That's the only way to go all the cool kids do it that's what my friends tell me to do and I get it easier to maintain I get no security problems I get you know easy to configure things and I only need a blog if you're building a WordPress site and you only need a blog then you've got a load of no problems for you and Why are you to get like pages is because I already have a git lab account? I Nothing new for me to learn if there's only a certain amount of space for me to learn new things I don't want to have to learn new things I've you know, I've got to get her account mainly so I can push stuff to Docker hub and and some galaxy I don't really have it for another reason And you know, it is free for me to use as well Now I've recently tried to start skateboarding my six-year-old's better than me So at some point I'm gonna be like really good at skateboard and I'll give you a demo next year But the road to success is paved with failure and I am no different to anyone else with failure You know, I've failed lots and lots and lots and lots of things I'm not gonna talk about them all now because you get the wrong impression of me But you know, if you're not trying you you're not failing and one of my big ones with git lab pages it was that I unsuccessfully pitched to move hundreds of sites into git lab pages and The main reason I did that was because normal people don't write markdown So unfortunately when I asked marketing teams to write markdown, they kind of I don't understand what if that is and they're missing out definitely they're missing out You know, I write a lot of my messages in markdown So I moved my site into Hugo because you know cool kids use use go lang as a as a language You know, I want to be really cool and up with it and it's pretty simple to use and it's a small thing that I get to learn and Pretty much migrating I had a lot of copy-pasta involved in that as I restructured content from the last 15 years into markdown Which I really enjoyed that. Yeah, that was I think I probably enjoyed the first Like two minutes and the other I don't know two years of rewriting things into markdown was a bit of a pain So this was kind of my process. I've I've got a theme. I've put it in git lab. I'm trying to get a page And then basically done Job done and then actually I needed to spend eight months more doing things But that's definitely like finished right And then I spent another three months actually making it look like I wanted to and then it was actually done And everyone knows that once you've made a website, right? There's like a lot of other stuff that you've got to do which is like boring stuff as in actually connecting a domain to it Well, I I can do that. That was that was free. I guess and Certificate I've got another git lab pipeline that goes and generates certificates for all the sites I'm running at the moment, which is pretty nice I put some CI next to it put some Cloudflare on top because at the moment We're only going out of one region for forget our dot-com pages at least where I'm working So there's a a CI process. You can see there is some processing in here This is about linting CSS and you know, you've never lived if you've not linted see that CSS and there's actually a bit in here So if style link changes in in how it works I get a patch and it can be automatically applied to my Merge quest so I don't have to write anything to change stuff and that's pretty good This is how I test things. Does it build or does it not build builds? Then that's a good job and I can move on to deploying it. Ta-da, I've deployed it I've now got a another site running or an update to my site knowing if you kind of look at Hugo You'll see in the background it goes and builds a load of artifacts creates Static site behind the the scenes in about, you know, some in the region of three or four seconds for me I've got about 1500 artifacts. I think it makes them that so it's pretty quick And then I've also got a little performance thing on the end because I have like my own Vanities to be interested in. Oh, what did I do last year? This year must be much better than last year It's not always better But I have a little thing for running some site speed stuff so I can actually tell people about it But this is actually of great value when we think of the long term if you were doing this in a corporate environment It starts to be a value explainer to your superiors So pretty simple current pipeline, right and we've got that sorted and Apart posts and things online, you know, I tell my mom my mom loves everything. I do. Thank you, mom I put things in on Twitter and LinkedIn hack news and I do some more blog posts and I did a blog post about web browsers about how brave is brilliant as a web browser, which I still think it is and Then it was on the front page of hacking news and I was like This isn't what I intended when I had like 50 Twitter messages, and I'm like, I'm not this popular I've only got like three friends And and most of them don't read anything. I do because they think it's boring But don't read the comments. They all thought I was you know some they asked for proof for how I decided what I was doing in 2011 as if I should have like some kind of notebooks for what I what were you doing 2011? No, I don't know. I just made this stuff up That that's my year on analytics. That was a week in April that was an hourly one So I had like 600 ish users in in at five o'clock Which I thought now definitely get lab.com.  No go. Well, this guy. He's abusing that That sounds like a some kind of crazy guy putting a site out in there But fortunately they didn't and I've got with it, you know everything for free So you can see all the things I get there for free apart from domains down them Controlling me with their costs of four pounds sixty nine a year So hopefully what we've learned in this fun talk, right is that github pages is Really good for deploying static sites. You don't need anything else And if you don't have to have anything else why on earth would you get something else? The costs are pretty much non-existent and that hack and use is is challenging Certainly if you read the comments And what I'm trying to get to at the end of this is really that In a git-centered world We are the decision-makers for how the future of software and infrastructure goes forward and that's an important thing for us to try and Think on in the future as we go forward and build new tools and new systems and deploy them in new ways that Our future is dependent on how we are going to work and Hopefully you'll see that git lab is going to represent that in the future and it's gonna bring a lot of value to to everyone and That is it lots of image credits. Thank you very much for listening


iendo ENGLISH 我們呀 असीक्त हूँ delegates नौनो नुरर स्था इं salt bhuk mamni летis aismu ayadbcess Bis ur ok तनक आद आप स toner karikthha Roy raja त созд Cath 나쁘 half आप सवह सर्ज असी फैप है 49 ूरो रेकन्सर Superintendent तनक खद ज़ल ख़ू 십 hi Nare K silence तनक आप सवह सूए असीं आप सवह स वह से ध हूत असे poro daht saiya ap sab that chat me jaythalthe me Lie Chake whether the file is open successfully or not. So, for that purpose, I'm going to implement the self condition which is checking Fp, whether it is null or not. So, if Fp is continuing null, then it will be printing this message error cannot open file and exit will be terminating execution of the program. Otherwise, the statements which are available after if will be executed. this will be printing .. inter first book number.. then second time when i will be won .. so it will be printing enter 2nd book number.. and so on To clean buffer i have called flush .. i am passing STD in then scanf will be reading book number from user With the help of these 3 statements.. you might have understood .. i am going to host a Book name 16. Hehe kapnotelin 17. So the message enter first book name , enter second book name will be displayed on output screen. and entered name will be stored in bray at ieindexit automatically . This loop will be reading 5 book number and 5 book names. Now I have to write all these information into a file , for that purpose I have called Pythrom 2004 . Pythrom 2004INAUDIBLE is passing 4 arguments first is b that is the array of structure. Your appbook is denoting the size of every block available in Array. The third argument 5 is denoting how many blocks ofду or how many elements are available here. MPs are pointing to destination, the field pointer so it points to the file that is book.txt after that, I can print the messages and the data is stored आज मम बलीव सब वॆजँ crystal गया घेर폰 बलीव सब भी वागँँun तूए An  ಶವಕಿತಿಂದಶಿಟಿ ಮರಿಥತುಗಿತು ಕೊಾಕುಲುಕು ದಾಲಲ್ ಆರಲ್ನೆ ಶ್ಾಸಿಱಾಡಿರಿ ಕರಂಟ ದಿತಿкивಿ ಕೊಲಲ್ನು ರಾಮಡ ಕೊಾರಿ ಸಾಲಲ್ ಕಲಂಲುಕ ತಿರಲು ಸೂಲಿ ಹಿಕುಕಸಿ ಸಾಿಹರುಕ लिए उग़्ा हुँँँँँ नहीं वो बले पुटी चवู้ �>- ्那就 आप की ह ausge भी टेटा में सब ले पाल मनेग में देटा非常的ने। प्रअण सी थदबbalanced ते्यान्जी। अगुम और और सी इज तुन Arabia Shah how many blocks we want to read from file so it is five and file pointer is the source now which is denoting the name of file that is book.exe from where we have to read area of structure after reading area of structure we have to display the results on output screen so for that purpose i am calling printf which will display the masses book details on output screen now to print five book details i have to repeat a loop so this loop will be displaying the masses on output screen so this way i have implemented printf statements which will be displaying book number and book name on output screen and with the help of b area of structure after that i have called f close so f close will be closing the open file automatically so this way f read is reading data from file and with the help of fall loop i am going to display the data on output screen so this is the second program which i am demonstrating in front of you so this program will be reading data from file automatically and the received data will be displayed on output screen i don't have to enter anything while executing this code so now i am going to execute this code so that you can see whether it is printing correct results or not so you can see on output screen it is reading five records which were available in file successfully with the help of f read function i have not entered anything right now so i have demonstrated you two different programs first is reading data from user and writing those received data into the file the second program is reading data from file and displaying those data on output screen and i have used two functions f write and f read so i have i hope you have understood how we can write area of structure into file and how we can read area of structure from file and this is beneficial for storing bulk data into the file if you want to watch more programming related videos you can search my name sanjay gupta in youtube my channel will be available there you can watch various programming related videos there thank you for watching this video