We're going to be looking today at Romans chapter 5. I'll read verses 12 through 14. Get into some background information, develop it, and move on in. And we'll be looking at chapter 5 verses 12 to the end of chapter verse 21. So beginning at verse 12, reading to verse 14, Romans chapter 5, Paul writes, therefore, just as through one man sin entered the world and death through sin. And thus, death spread to all men because all sinned. For until the law, sin was in the world, but sin is not imputed when there's no law. Nevertheless, death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over those who had not sinned, according to the likeness of the transgression of Adam, who is the type of him who was to come. And so what we're looking at, and let me lay a foundation for you, is that Paul has been teaching on a doctrine. I've mentioned the doctrine many times. I'll use the name again. It's called the doctrine of justification, the doctrine of justification by faith. And he's already pointed out that justification is how God removes the penalty of sin. It's how God declares the sinner to be not guilty, to be totally forgiven. And we've seen how Paul outlined the fact that God does this by grace. He does it this way because no one deserves to be forgiven. According to Romans three, we saw this at verse 24. He has said, being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus. And so God has justified the believer by his grace why we don't deserve it. Now he's already said, and I'll lay this as a foundation, that all humanity is guilty of sin, both Jew and Gentile. In chapter three, he had said at verse 10, there's none righteous, no, not one. In chapter three, verse 23, he said, I'll have sin fall short of the glory of God. In the Old Testament, in First Kings, chapter eight, verse 46, it says, there is no man who does not sin. In Ecclesiastes, chapter seven, verse 20, there is not a righteous man on earth who continually does good and never sins. In Galatians 3.22, Paul says, the scripture has shut up everyone under sin so that the promise by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believe. And so Paul has made it very clear. Everyone is guilty of sin. But now he begins to speak concerning how sin came into the world. Notice in verse 12 how he says it. In verse 12, he says, therefore just as through one man sin entered the world and death through sin and thus death spread to all men because all sinned. Now notice, I want you to see this. He begins to speak very clearly concerning this and he says through one man sin entered the world and death through sin. So what he's referring to is the Genesis account of the fall. And he's saying through one man sin entered the world. Now I want you to see this. He doesn't say sin originated with man. He said that sin entered through man. Well, if sin didn't originate with man then where did it originate? The answer is it originated with Satan. In 1 John 3 verse 8 it says the devil has sinned from the beginning, from his rebellion. Satan has been the originator as well as the initiator of sin. And so through pride the Bible teaches us Satan fell from his position. He was at one time referred to as the covering cherub.  There's a variety of rankings if you will. And he was what is called the covering cherub. He was responsible, Satan was responsible for the protection if you will, of the glory of God. And he was also referred to in scripture as being the worship leader. He led the angels in songs of praise to God. But according to Ezekiel 28, 17, speaking to the enemy he said, your heart became proud.  So I threw you to the earth. I made a spectacle of you before kings. And so the sin that got Satan kicked out of heaven is a sin of pride. And so after his fall he actually influenced fellow angels to follow him in his rebellion. We see in the book of Revelation 12 verse nine he's referred to in various ways in scripture. He's called the great dragon. And there it says the great dragon was cast out that serpent of old called the devil and Satan who deceives the whole world. He was cast to the earth. His angels were cast out with him. Nobody knows exactly how many angels fell but it's presented as a third of the stars of heaven. So it's a tremendous multitude. Now after his fall he entered into the garden of Eden. And there he tempted Eve. Now he had fallen by pride. And so he tempted Eve through pride to disobey God. In Genesis three, four through six it says that the serpent said to the woman you will not surely die.  So when the woman saw that the tree was good for food that it was pleasant to the eyes a tree desirable to make one wise she took of its fruit and ate. She also gave to her husband with her and he ate. So she gave it to her husband in the Spanish translation he's referred to as menso. So anyway, so anyway, just to see if you're here. That's that word was my nickname given to me by my mom and others. So anyway, Adam knowingly disobeyed but Eve was deceived. The Bible says in second Corinthians 11.3 the serpent deceived Eve by his craftiness. In first Timothy two, verses 13 and 14 Adam was formed first then Eve and Adam was not deceived but the woman being deceived fell into transgression. And so Eve ate of the forbidden fruit but the sin is charged against Adam. Why is that? Well, because Adam had been given a direct order a direct command by God. In Genesis two 16 and 17 it says the Lord God commanded the man saying of every tree of the garden you may freely eat but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat for in the day that you eat thereof you shall surely die. God had spoken directly to Adam gave him direct orders. Adam knew that it was wrong. Eve was deceived by the cunning and craftiness of Satan and therefore the sin was charged against Adam because he willfully did so. And so through his disobedience sin enters into the beautiful and the perfect earth and Adam sinned and his once sinless nature is now fallen. So notice how it says sin entered the world not sins plural not particular sinful actions sin itself the nature it speaks of his nature in inherent propensity to unrighteousness. Adam now has a sin nature and it's that nature that his children inherit.  The nature is transferred through the father and so we have received Adam's name it's called in theology is referred to as the Adamic nature. He is what is called the federal head of humanity. He represents us all and so Adam has a sin nature it's that nature that we have inherited. So it says in verse 12 thus death spread to all men. Why? Because all sinned. So his descendants receive his fallen sinful nature. That's why Paul when he was writing to the Ephesians in chapter two verse three said that we were by nature children of wrath. The psalmist in Psalm 51 verse five said look I was guilty of sin from birth a sinner the moment my mother conceived me. In Psalm 58 three the wicked are estranged from the womb they go astray as soon as they are born speaking lies. We are not sinners because we sin we sin because we by nature are sinners. We are doing that which is natural for us to do. We have the Adamic fallen nature.  Spiritually he immediately was cut off from God but ultimately and these are amongst the saddest words in scripture ultimately he physically died. In Genesis chapter five verse five it says all the days that Adam lived were 930 years and he died. Those words and he died were never supposed to be part of his story. He wasn't supposed to but he chose to. He chose to take of that forbidden fruit. He knew it was wrong and he did it anyway. There's a lot of speculation as to why he did that. Many say that he would prefer being cut off from God than to be cut off from Eve. I don't know. All I know is he made a choice and all I know is that we suffered as a result of that. I remember when I was about eight years old or so first hearing about how Adam fell and passed on his nature to us and I have to tell you the truth. I was, I hated Adam. I did because even at that young age I saw that the world was a mess and that was a long time ago. How much more so now than then? And so as just a little guy then I thought and I really did. When the catechism teachers taught us about the edemic nature and taught us how that Adam had taken of the fruit and had fallen and my sinfulness is now as a result of him and the corruption in the world, the decay, sorrow, the killings and all the disease, all of those things I really did of a real problem with him for doing that. But that actually informs us as to why death, sickness and evil do exist. You know, that's one of the questions people ask if God is good, how come there is evil? Well, it exists because choices were made to disobey God and there will always be a consequence. There'll always be a result. And so because the choice was made to disobey evil and the things that pertain to it are the result. Evil's the consequence of man's decisions. It's not the design of God. He didn't create Adam to fall. Well, it says in verse 13, for until the law sin was in the world but sin is not imputed when there is no law. So obviously sin was in the world even though Moses' law, that's what's being spoken of the law of Moses, had yet to be given. You know, that's the reason people were dying is because of sin. You see if there was no law forbidding sin, somebody would say, well, how could they be judged? There's no law that says they shouldn't sin but guilt and sin didn't begin with the law. Guilt and sin actually predated the law of Moses. The fact that they died revealed that sin existed and the penalty, the wages of sin is death, the penalty was experienced. And though there was no law of Moses yet, there was a conscience and the conscience condemned them as violators. They didn't do the things that they desired to do and thus they violated their own conscience demonstrating they weren't perfect and that made men accountable for their actions. In verse 14 going on, he says, nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses even over those who had not sinned according to the likeness of the transgression of Adam who is a type of him who was to come. Adam and Eve took up the forbidden fruit. They were evicted from the garden. Access as we know to the tree was blocked so it's impossible to sin exactly as they had but due to sinful human nature, we all die. Now notice in verse 14, Adam who is a likeness, he speaks of him in that way, who is a likeness of him who was to come. That word likeness can be translated a type. Adam is a type of Christ. How's that?  In 1 Corinthians 15, 21 and 22, it says, since death came through a man, the resurrection of the dead comes also through a man. For as in Adam all die, so in Christ all will be made alive. So in Adam all are sinners, he's saying by natural birth but in Christ all are made righteous by faith in him. So 1 Corinthians 15, 45, it is written, the first man, Adam became a living being. The last Adam, a life-giving spirit. Jesus is called the life-giving spirit in that he imparts spiritual life to believers. Adam imparted sinful nature. Jesus imparts to us a new nature. Somebody said the first Adam became by his disobedience a mere living soul. And from him, we inherit that nature. The second Adam by his obedience, that's Jesus, became a life-giving spirit. And from him, we inherit the spiritual nature in us. Jesus in John 5 said to us at verse 21, just as a father raises the dead and gives them life, so also the son gives life to whom he wishes. So we receive life through Jesus Christ. So Adam passed on his sinful nature that results in death. Jesus gave us a new nature and we have life because of him. So in verse 15, he said, the free gift is not like the offense. For by one man's offense many died, much more the grace of God and the gift of the grace of the one man Jesus Christ abounded to many. God's grace abounds through Jesus. It's a free gift. And notice the free gift is not like the offense. Why? Because Adam's sin ruined mankind. Sin destroys. Every evil we see today entered the world because of sin. Look around the world today. You know when we were in Israel and I was giving a study in what is called the Antonio Fortress and I was sharing a little bit in that this number of years ago, and I was sharing in that particular site how that Pontius Pilate, when Jesus was standing before him and Jesus said that he was the one who spoke of the truth and that his followers would follow him because they too were followers of truth. That's obviously a paraphrase. But Pilate said at that point, what is truth? And I was sharing there and I was sharing how that, and I don't know how I rolled over to this area, but I did, so I might as well do it tonight too. I said, you know, there are people who say how come the United States is not seen in scripture? And it's not. The greatest nation on the face of planet earth, the United States is not found in scripture. How come? And so seeing I don't know, let's just keep going. No, why would that be?  One of the reasons is that because when the rapture occurs, there are so many believers who are taken up that it reduces the moral might of the United States. And people think that the church is worthless, but it's not. The church is used by God as salt and light. We are what is used to keep the corruption from spreading and the darkness from taking over. That's what the church does. That's why we speak the truth. That's why we do that. That's a fact. That's why we do that. You see, so we have a purpose.  That's what he says in Matthew 5. And that's a fact. That's what we are. That's why we're here. And also I was sharing, I said, you know, so there are those who say or believe that perhaps what'll happen is because there is a great revival and many come to faith in Christ that when that restraining that we are to the evil taken over, when that restraint is taken, that that leaves the enemy freedom to destroy and corrupt the way that he wants to. And that's one position people have. The other is that the corruption and evil take over the United States is such a degree despite the church's presence that ultimately we find ourselves reduced to a different status than we've held for the last many, many years. Now I said that 20 some years ago easily. I never thought that I'd actually see the potential of that being more true because we are living in a crazy time where dark is light and light is dark, where sweet is sour and sour is sweet, where evil is good and good is evil. We're living in that day right now. When you cannot, and I want to be careful how I say this, because it doesn't come from an evil and loving heart, it's just true. When you don't have the capacity to tell another person what a woman is, there's something very, very wrong. You know, I saw a debate, some of you perhaps saw it, a portion of a debate between, well, Q and A really were an individual who refers to him himself as a woman, a transgender apparently, and was arguing that there are many, many, many genders that the spectrum is wider than male and female, et cetera. You know the argument, you've heard it. But this guy who was saying that he's got his hair like a woman, dressed like a woman, tries to look like a woman and all of that. But the person he was speaking to said to him, so if you've heard this, he said you're a paramedic and the guy's a paramedic, and he said, because this guy is saying that a man can be a woman, he says you're on call, somebody has abdominal pains, it's a man, he's a physical man, and he says I think I'm having a miscarriage. He said, would you treat him as if he was having a miscarriage? Would you? And the guy had no answer for it. Why? Because of course he wouldn't. Which kind of causes the argument to explode in your face. If you know I heard a man and forgive me if it sounds, of course they don't intend it to, but I heard a man say that when he has this period, it really is difficult and I'm looking at him and I'm saying my goodness. So this is where we've gotten. And so when you have a Supreme Court Justice who cannot tell you what a woman is, when you have people in the highest echelons of American government, when you have commercials that are intended to encourage young men and young women to join the armed forces, and they're making more of a concern about their personal pronouns than being the finest fighting force in the face of the world, they're more concerned with having electric powered tanks which makes absolute, absolutely no sense at all. And yet you have people promoting that and arguing, I hate to say it, but what I was saying 20 some years ago seems to be more true now than ever before. Where I used to tease and say, you know I can stand up here and say I'm a six foot five blue-eyed swede and you guys would see me as being kind of like, okay. But that's not true. Anymore, because you don't have the right to tell me that I can't believe myself to be that anymore. Now what kind of world is that? We're living in a world where wrong is right and right is wrong. It's what Isaiah prophesied, it's what Isaiah spoke about. And so that's why the gospel is so important guys. Don't give in, don't give in to the course of this age. Don't go in, don't go with the flow. Any dead fish can float downstream. It takes a living one to go against it. And because the Holy Spirit has given to us the truth, speak the truth, speak it in love and do not be surprised when people get offended. They don't want to hear it, but it's still the truth. So getting back to what I should be teaching, we're talking about the gift of God. The free gift, verse 15 is not like the offense because Adam's sin ruined mankind. And so in verse 15, much more the grace of God and the gift of grace came through that one man. So God's grace abounds through Jesus Christ who overcame death and gave life to us. You see, God gives us what is called the gift, the gift of eternal life. Romans 6-23, the wages of the sin is death. The gift of God is eternal life. And so this gift through grace comes to us, this gift of life. In verse 16 he says, the gift is not like that which came through the one who sinned. For the judgment which came from one offense resulted in condemnation, but the free gift which came from many offenses resulted in justification. So he's contrasting and continuing to contrast Jesus and Adam. He speaks of the gift of life and he speaks of the offense that resulted in death. So judgment he's saying came through Adam and the result was condemnation but the free gift which came from many offenses actually resulted in justification. So through Christ's atoning death, people are justified. We cannot justify ourselves. We need someone who is greater than ourselves to be able to do that. We sin, he never did. So we look to the one who never sinned and he's the one who's able to justify us and we trust that he did and that's what it means that we gave our faith to him and it's a free gift. Why? Because God's grace is free and we receive life in him and we can have fellowship with God and fellowship with God is to know God. This is eternal life, to know thee, the only true God and Jesus Christ whom thou hast sent, John 17.3. So it's a relational kind of thing that we have with God through Christ. So again in verse 17 he says if by one man's offense death reigned through the one, much more those who receive abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness will reign in life through the one Jesus Christ, reign in life. And so death reigned from Adam, obviously. It's a sure thing for everyone who's been born in Genesis 3.19 it says dust you are and to dust you shall return. Hebrews 9.27 is appointed unto men to die once and after this judgment death came. It came through Adam but life came through Jesus Christ and the grace revealed by the gospel exceeds the severity of the judgment for sin and those who have trusted Jesus receive tremendous blessings in him. We've received an abundance of grace he says. We've received the gift of righteousness. We've received his holy spirit. We've received his imputed righteousness and we have eternal life. Eternal life by the way is not a length of days. Eternal life is a quality. The quality of life that we have. I mean could you imagine if you just existed forever how bored you'd get? Do you ever get bored? I get bored all the time. You know, could you imagine if eternal life was simply length of days? I get bored within, I just, I would be, yeah, if Marie's with me she'd be bummed out every day forever, you know? It's not just length of days, it's quality of days. It's a quality and I gave up a long time ago by the way trying to imagine what that would be like. I can't, I don't have the imagination. I don't have the capacity. My eye hasn't seen, it hasn't entered into my heart the things that are prepared for me. I know that they're revealed, but even so I don't have the capacity to really consider what that means. Like all I know is it's gonna be an eternal now and it's gonna be joy unspeakable forever, forever. Again, I'm trying to find words to impress you, but I can't, it's just beyond me. All I know is this, that it comes from a knowledge of God and it comes through the grace of God. All I know is that I ultimately will see the one who died for me face to face, but not only will I see him, but I will see others whom I never knew by name, but by then, at that time I will know even as I'm known. You're not gonna be wearing name badges in heaven, you know, and church affiliation, you know.  It's just a beautiful thing to know that. So we have this in him. Now the gift of righteousness he says in verse 17 is gonna reign in life. According to John 10 verse 10, that thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy. I have come that they may have life and have it to the full. So forever we will have joy in heaven. Forever we enjoyed triumph over the enemy. Revelation 3.21 says to the one who is victorious, I will give the right to sit with me on my throne just as I was victorious and sat down with my father on his throne. Revelation 5.10, it says, and has made us unto our God kings and priests and we shall reign on the earth. Revelation 20 verse six, blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection on such the second death has no power. They shall be priests of God and of Christ and shall reign with him a thousand years. Revelation 22.5, there shall be no night there. They will need no candle, neither light of the sun for the Lord God gives them light and they shall reign forever and ever. Well, in verse 18, therefore as through one man's offense, judgment came to all men, resulting in condemnation, even so through one man's righteous act, the free gift came to all men resulting in justification of life. For as by one man's disobedience, many were made sinners. So also by one man's obedience, many will be made righteous. Moreover, the law entered that the offense might abound, but where sin abounded, grace abounded much more so that as sin reigned in death, even so grace might reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ, our Lord.  But the free gift of eternal life is available to all who receive Jesus Christ, all who receive him. It's there, it's free, it's just for the taking. It's just saying, God, I genuinely sincerely repent. I know I've sinned against you and I ask for your forgiveness. I'm aware of that. I'm aware that if I stand before you right now, I'm aware that the only thing you could actually say to me would be that I am condemned forever. That's why I need you. I need you. That's why Jesus in Matthew 11, 28, that verse is so powerful to me. Come unto me, all you who labor in our heavy laden, I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn of me. I am meek and lowly, a self-description of Christ. But the invitation comes. Come unto me, are you weary? Yes, are you heavy laden? Absolutely. Then come to me. Then come to me and I'm gonna take the burden from you. And I'm gonna give you freedom. Why wouldn't I do that? What's better than that? It's a free gift. In Revelation 22, 17, it says the Spirit and the bride say, come. Let him who hears say, come. Let him who is thirsty come and whoever will let him take the water of life freely. Well, he said in verse 20 that the law entered that the offense might abound. The law revealed what conscious sin is. We determined and did. It reveals that. The sins that we perform that can be seen. And the law actually served to name and reveal acts that were condemned by God. Later on, Paul is gonna say that. He's gonna say, I didn't know this was the sin until the law named it. And when the law named it for me, then I found myself guilty of it. I didn't know what it was like to covet, but then it said, thou shalt not covet. I discovered that I'm a person filled with covetousness. Until that time, there was something wrong. I just didn't name it. I didn't know what was wrong. But when the law came, it told me what was wrong and now I'm guilty. So the things that I was doing, these are the things that I now understand to be sin. Do you remember the first sin that you ever performed? You know, some people do. I know the first sin that I ever did. I know it. I remember it. I've said it before. I stole bird seed. I was four years old, five years old. And I stole a can of bird seed. The can was green. The bird was yellow. And I wanted it. And I put it in my pocket and I took it home. I stole it. I didn't have a bird. But I liked the can and my mother found it.  And so what happened is my mom found it and marched me back to the store in Norwalk. I don't know if I have anybody who's familiar with Norwalk, but there used to be a store called Shoppers Market. And we used to have what was called Billy's Market, which was a house. They used to have houses you'd go and buy. But they built this supermarket. It was called Shoppers Market. It was so amazing. We went to it in kindergarten as a field trip. Picture that. Going to a supermarket. That's how backwards I am. What do you want to do? Let's go to the supermarket. And that's what we did when I was five. But they shouldn't have put that beautiful can where it was. And my mom marched me back. I had to hand it to the manager. And I had to say I stole this. Frankly, I didn't even know what stealing was. I got pretty good later on. Cause if you practice, you can get good. But see, I did something with no name. I didn't know what that was until they said that is called stealing. And so the law tells you what you're doing and tells you this is what it is.  And that's how it worked. And so there was sin, but yet unnamed. The law came to identify it and sin abounded. But even as sin abounded, he says in verse 20, grace overwhelmingly abounded through Christ. Sin is terrible, but God's grace is super abounding as the point he's making. The gospel triumphs over sin. Why? Because it reveals God's amazing grace. In second Timothy one nine, he saved us and called us to a holy calling, not because of our works, but by his own purpose. And by the grace he granted us in Christ Jesus before time began. You have the law and you have guilt, but you have God's grace and you have forgiveness. And so through Adam's sin entered, but through Jesus, God's grace was manifest. And he's building a case here about how powerful the grace of God is. And so yes, all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, but God through his grace has provided salvation. We're gonna look at that more as we continue on into chapter six, but we'll stop here.


What are you hoping to get for Christmas? Air forces. What color? Pink. What are you getting your mum for Christmas? Nothing. Do you think you deserve air forces? No. You got a week to go. I'll get her a Maya gift card. What do you do for a living? I'm a student. What do you study? I don't know. That's the education system in a nutshell anyway. What brings you to Perth? It's my sister's graduation. Shout out Marions. I love you so much. Congratulations. You're my favorite sister ever. Sorry Hannah. And out of the three sisters, you're the favorite of course. No, my mum hates me. Why do you like my content so much?  And what do you have to say to the people out there wanting to live their best lives? Do it. Don't look back.


Welcome! The in-class meeting that introduces the topic phonetic transcription requires that students understand the main principles of articulatory phonetics and the concept of the phoneme. If students do not feel confident in any of these areas, we recommend to visit the respective e-learning units either on the virtual linguistics campus, or visit our YouTube channel and the e-lectures about phonetics and the two e-lectures about the phoneme. This background knowledge is necessary for the goals of this in-class meeting. The particular prerequisite for this in-class meeting is that students have worked through the unit phonetic transcription, including the two e-lectures, phonetic transcription 1 and 2. Before we start with the practical, as usual, about 25% of the in-class time should be reserved for questions and for a general repetition of difficult topics. In particular, I suggest to clarify the central approaches towards the phoneme. In doing this, and we will illustrate this now, I will be supported by another of my first-term students, Teresa. So, Teresa will with me illustrate what we did in this particular in-class meeting. So, Teresa, let's look at the central approaches towards the phoneme first. Now, here you see three guys. They have something to do with the phoneme. Who are they? The first one is Nicolae Troubetzkoi. Troubetzkoi, okay. Troubetzkoi, the second. The one in the middle is Daniel Jones. Yes, very good. So, I'm just writing down Jones. And the last one, relatively unknown guy. The cartonné. Yeah, the cartonné, bourgeois, the cartonné. Okay. Well, and what have they got to do with the phoneme? Troubetzkoi defined the functional view. Very good. Jones, the physical. Good. And the cartonné, the psychological view. Yes, the three views of the phoneme. So, let's illustrate these three views of the phoneme. Now, here you see the typical organization of the phoneme in terms of Daniel Jones' physical approach. What is a phoneme here? It's the abstract head term of a family. Very good. An abstract head term. So, the phoneme is abstract. Well, the members of the phoneme, what are they called? Allophones. They're called allophones. And they are related phonetically. They're related phonetically. So, allophones. So, normally we write down phonetic similarity. They also stand in complementary distribution. Okay. Complimentary distribution. So, these are concepts which should now be clear. That reminds me of an example from politics. Obama and Putin. Two politicians. They are similar. They are two presidents. But they're in complementary distribution. One is in the United States and the other one is in Russia, but never vice versa. So, this family approach is referred to as the physical view. It goes back to Daniel Jones. It was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century, but it's still the most popular one. And what's about the psychological view? Yeah, the psychological view. I wanted to ask the question now you asked me. Okay, that's fine. The psychological view. Well, it's illustrated here by this cloud. And this cloud simply says the phoneme is even more abstract. We have it in our minds and we aim at it during the process of speaking. Very speculative, isn't it? So, let's now add the functional view. It simply says that phonemes can distinguish the meaning of words, but alophons can't. Okay, very good. So, phonemes may change the meaning, change of meaning. Let's write that down. Meaning and alophons, no change of meaning. And you see the blue one is associated with Troubet's koi. The green approach is associated with the psychological view of Decortenet and the red one is Daniel Jones. So, with one picture, one image, you can define the phoneme and repeat it, repeat all these views altogether. Now, the functional view implies a very simple discovery procedure. Either an element changes the meaning or not. If yes, we have a phoneme. If no, we have alophones. Let's illustrate this with a very simple example. So, I'm writing down the word Paul here. And Paul can be phonetically represented like this. Now, all we have to do, Thérèse, is we have to think about words that have the same structure in general, but where one element is different and then we find out is the meaning different or not. So, can you write down some words perhaps? The first thing, one that I think of as maul. Maul, very good. So, let me write down, at the same time, the word in terms of phonetic symbols. Yes, maul. Then pale. Yeah, pale. Perhaps you write the next one in the middle. Pale. Oh, it's aspirated as well. Okay. And pork. Pork, okay. Very good. So, let me write down pork over here. So, pork. Now, I wrote the words down phonetically, but let's now underline the segments that differ. So, here we have the maul, which is clearly a phoneme. Paul and maul are different. Now, here we have a, Paul and pale are different. And here we have the ker, Paul and pork are different. So, we've identified four phonemes. The per, the me, the diphthong a, and the vela plosive ker. So, that's quite simple. That's a sort of discovery procedure. And we could add many, many more words that have a similar structure. So, let's now turn our attention to the central principles of transcription. A good way of approaching the topic is to produce a nonsense word in front of your students, which contains many phonetic details. Let the students write down the word phonetically and orthographically. So, Theresa, we did that in class. We have now got to simulate that. So, I'm pronouncing a word and you have to write it down. Okay? So, here is the word. Teep crawl. And again, teep crawl. Okay. Now, once your students are ready, ask your students to write down the orthographic representation of what they heard on the board. So, I said teep crawl. And now, Theresa will write down several representations, orthographic representation of what she heard. Teep crawl. So, the first one uses two E's and a word which we know from crawl. Then we have, let's see what she does. Ah, yeah. Teep with EA. Teep crawl. A. Ah, two L's. Yes, like in call. Certainly. Yes, you're right. And then, well, she uses, ah, teep, T-E-P-E. And the cur is possible. Very good. Oh, yes. Crawl. Teep crawl. Very good. So, we have three different presentations of the same word. So, now at this point, your students could already have been convinced that they need some sort of transcription, but at least they should have recognized that there's some sort of discrepancy between sound and spelling and present day English. If they're not convinced, let's use the language argument. The argument that discusses the phonetic relevance of writing systems in the languages of the world. So, Theresa, how many languages are there on our planet? About 7,000. Okay. And how many of these, as far as we know, have a writing system? Probably 15%. 15%. Okay. And do all these writing systems reflect the pronunciation of the respective language? No, not all. Some are just reflecting the meaning, not the pronunciation. And I think you all have seen such systems. For example, Chinese. In Chinese, we have a logographic writing system. This here is a meaning representation of the very big book, and this is what it sounds like. A very big book. And in a dialect? A totally different pronunciation, same spelling. So, the logographic writing system is not useful for the phonetic representation of a language. So, we are left with other writing systems, with the so-called phonographic writing systems. Well, here are some examples. Maybe you've seen them before. In Hindi, like we've spoken in India, we have a Devanagiri system. Russian Cyrillic is another system. The Georgian Kedruli system. All these are alphabetic writing systems, where one character stands for a particular sound. Teresa, do you know any other alphabet? For example, the alphabet we use? Yes, the Roman alphabet. The Roman alphabet. Okay. And one could now argue that the Roman alphabet maybe is a useful notation for the phonetic representation of a language. Do you know a language that could be an example of this? Yes, there is one language, Italian. Italian. Very good. So, let's illustrate this right now. Italian. Here you see an example from the VLC Language Index. Italian is spoken in Brescia. Now, let's try and read Italian on the basis of the orthographic representation. Which sentence or phrase do you want to read? I would like to read this one. Okay. La donna vede l'uomo. La donna vede l'uomo. Oh, almost. Sounds Italian. They would have understood you. And if I read another one, for example, La donna dormi. La donna dormi. Also, the vowel is a little bit strange, but they would have understood me. So, we can conclude that the Italian language can be represented relatively well on the basis of the orthographical system. But what about English? Now, if we move on to English, we can define a problem. Okay. So, here we have the character combination O-U-G-H. What I want you to do now and what the students have to do in class is give me words that contain this character combination and are pronounced as far as the vowel concerned in a different way. So, what can we do here? Tough. Tough is an example. Yes. So, could write down the word. Tough. And this would be the phonetic representation of O-U-G-H. Though. Though. Very good. Yes. Though. And here we have a diphthong. Through. Through. Yes. Okay. They all look almost identical, these words. And they're pronounced so differently. And the last one is plough. Plough. Yes. Very good. The agricultural tool plough. And there we are. Is that it or are there more? No, there are even more. There are more. So, we have listed them in advance. Here they are. We have words like cough, hiccup, throat and thorough. So, you see eight different representations all use the same character combinations but are pronounced differently. And the story is even more complicated if we go on with some of these words and now try to translate the vowel that is involved in each particular case. Here, the vowels into an alternative orthographical representation. So, do you know a word that uses the aff and is spelled differently? Tough. Tough. Very good. So, we have tough. And what about o? Is foe. Foe, yes. Very unusual but okay. Show. Show is possible, yes. No, so, um, yeah, that's it. Well, no isn't it? No go. Okay. And then through. Shoe. Shoe, yes. Good. Two. And the other two as well. Okay, great. Well, let's leave it with that. And finally, ow. It's now. Now. Or mouse. Mouse. And perhaps a few more. So, this should now be convincing enough to tell your students that we definitely need some sort of transcription that the Roman alphabet alone is not sufficient for a phonetic description of the English sound system. So, we need a special transcription system. But which one? Let us illustrate the variance of transcription using the example that I produced earlier on. Now, Teresa, honestly, you wrote down this word. Did you get this solution? Did you get it perfectly right? No, I didn't have the vowel like that. Okay. So, this vowel. All right. But if you get most, since you got most of these segments right, well done, I can only say. Here you see a narrow phonetic transcription with many details. For example, we have diacritics that represent the phonetic details of this particular word. What sort of diacritics do we have? First, there's an aspiration. Aspiration here, for example, yes. Incomplete closure. Very good. The devoicing. Devoicing down here. And, realisation. Realisation. Okay. So, we have forked diacritics. We could even say, okay, the length mark is the fifth one. But you see all the phonetic details are contained in this sort of representation. For phoneticians who want to explore an unknown language, this is certainly the right tool. But as a language teacher, we do not want to burden our students with so many details. So, let us change our solution from a narrow phonetic to a broad phonemic transcription. And here it is, the broad phonemic transcriptions. So, what is different? The brackets are gone. Yeah. First of all, we have new brackets here. The phonemic brackets, the so-called slashes. And then? All the diacritics are gone, too. Okay. The diacritics are no longer there. And anything else? The alveolar approximate is now represented as a normal r. Okay. So now, in accordance with the principles of the International Phonetic Association, we are using a standard orthographical r. So, we have as few as possible exotic symbols. We have Roman symbols by and large. And we have no diacritics anymore. Perhaps we should make it even simpler. So, this is what some people suggest. This would be a simple phonemic transcription where we now have further changes. So, how can we describe these changes? Well, we only have Roman symbols left. But this sort of system... So, it's just a sort of respelling? It's a sort of respelling. You're absolutely right. Just like we could respell our names so that native speakers of English would pronounce them correctly. So, I have a name which has to be respelled. Otherwise, people have some nasty ideas about my first name. So, this is how I would respell my name. What about yours? So, Jürgen comes out like this. And Theresa, which is the... Yes, she's using Z. Theresa, like the razor. Yes, Theresa. And so, you see now we have used some sort of respelling just like in a simplified phonemic transcription. Yep, the phonetic details are no longer represented. So, the choice is clear. For teaching purposes, we need a system that is not too exotic but represents a sufficient amount of facts. A broad phonemic transcription. So, this is the one we are going to use henceforth. Well, let's summarize. In this in-class meeting, we first deepened the students' knowledge about the phoneme, the approaches towards it, and the central discovery procedures. Then, we discussed the necessity of using a specific notation to represent the pronunciation of a language. We saw that the English orthography is not capable of doing this. Looking at the variants of phonetic notations, we found that a broad phonemic transcription is the most suitable candidate to do the job. It is simple enough. It contains a sufficient amount of phonetic details. And it adheres to most principles suggested by the International Phonetic Association. Theresa, when you started your BA program, you probably could not imagine what a phonetic transcription is. And now you have learned that a broad phonemic transcription should be used for present-day English. Could we convince you somehow? Yes, now I know that just having the Roman alphabet is not good enough for teaching the pronunciation of English. Okay, very good. And I hope you are convinced too. So that's it for now. See you again in another VLC in class suggestion. Thank you, Theresa. Thank you all for your patience. Bye-bye. Bye.


Hey, this is Brett with Summit Auto in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck and RAM headquarters today. I'm excited to show you this really good-looking 2021 RAM 2500 Crew Cab Short Box with the RAM box on it. This is a PowerWagon Level 2 Group on here. This one has a lot of nice features on it, including the PowerWagon Off-Road Group. Also, the safety group has the 12-inch UConnect radio, and also, of course, the RAM box, the bed utility group, and just a lot of really nice features to this truck, which will go over. Patriot Blue is the color, one of my favorite colors on the RAMs, and we shoot all of our videos in 1080p, 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, or smartphone device, turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the look, styling, and color of the vehicle, as well as the options before seeing the truck in person. And if you want to check out all the photos on this truck in the upper right-hand party screen, there's a link to our website. Click that and check us out there. So the PowerWagon Off-Road Group gives you these 17-inch by 8-inch beadlock-capable rims, and they are on, or they have Goodyear Wrangler Duratrak tires on them. They are LT28570R17s, and they definitely have a mud-terrain-type tread pattern to them. You get the Bilstein shocks right there, and then the off-road package also gives you these rock rails with the step-pads on them, and those are really good-looking as well. You get the blacked-out RAM and Hemi logo, as well as the 2500 logo, blacked-out headlight bezels, LED lighting, LED fog lights, front bumper parking sensors. It has the worn winch on here, and we have all the hardware that goes with that winch inside the truck. You get the tow hooks on the front as well, and the kind of rebel-looking RAM-stamped grille. This one also has the tow technology group, which gives you the 360 camera, the cargo cam, and we'll actually check out the window sticker here so you can see all the options on this particular truck. I'm not going to go through everything, but feel free to pause this at any second to see all the options on here. Patriot Blue RAM 2500 Power Wagon 64 Hemi, 8-speed automatic. You get the 410 axle ratio, the true lock front and rear axles, and the front disconnecting stabilizer bar, which is really what makes the Power Wagon a Power Wagon right there, but everything else is standard equipment for the Power Wagon. Patriot Blue is 100 bucks, tow technology group gives you the cargo view camera, the surround view camera system, and the trailer reverse guidance, which we'll check out in a little bit. 295 bucks for that group, safety group gives you the digital rear view mirror, the lane keep assist, full speed collision warning plus adaptive cruise control, and adaptive steering system also has blind spot with TIG trailer and cross pad detection. Power Wagon off-road package, which is 1995, gives you the special bead lock capable wheels and the rock rails with the step pad.  Power Wagon Level 2 Group is a $5,845 option, so that gives you the 40-20-40 split-bind seating, the ventilated seats, the heated seats, the heated steering wheel, second row in-floor storage bins, the tow mirrors, power remote tailgate release, heated second row seats, power driver seat with lumbar, the rear door accent stitching, radio driver memory, automatic high beam control, mirror mounted auxiliary reverse lamps, heated steering wheel, power pedals, remote start, and the floor mats all come with that Power Wagon Level 2 Group, so really a nice group to get on this truck. You get the electronic shift on the fly transfer case, which is 295, power sunroof is $11.95, get the Harman Kardon Premium Speakers, which is $7.95, and then the Uconnect 12-inch radio is $19.95, and that gives you the off-road pages, the Sirius XM for a year, Guardian, the 4G LTE Wi-Fi hotspot, and Sirius 360, as well as everything else that comes with that 12-inch radio including the navigation. Rambox cargo management system is $9.95, LED bed lighting is what you get with that, and then you get the dual alternators rated at 380A, which is $395. Total MSRP is $72,420, and if you want to get your summit price in the upper right-hand party screen, there's a link to our website to get all those rebates and incentives on this particular truck. Five-year 60-power train, three-year 36-bumper-to-bumper, and there are your environmental performance ratings. You can see it's a C-minus on the greenhouse gas and a B-minus on the small-graining, and your side crash test is five stars, rollovers three, but really a good-looking truck. We're going to go over everything and get the nice power wagon badge there. We'll continue around the outside of the vehicle, so I wanted to point out that it's got these power wagon decals here, so these are stickers, and they go all the way down, but it's actually blue stickers on the black down here, and then these are cut out on the blue, so like I guess if you didn't like that sticker on there, you could actually take these off and those off, and it wouldn't be too big of a deal. Back rims are pretty good-looking. Get the Bilstein shocks back here, and note that the rams come with the rear coil suspension, which gives you a lot smoother ride when you're unloaded. So the Rambox is a really neat system, get a lot of storage area in here, get lighting as well, and got some dividers that you can put in here to make it more organized, and the Rambox will lock with your key fob, so you lock the doors, it'll lock those Ramboxes as well. You get the LED tail lamps, the ram stamped grill, power wagon, decal on the back tailgate as well.  You get the LED bed lighting, so it's actually the button for that is right there, and you can see that you get all those lights. Your cargo cam is up there, and then you get these tie down cleats on the bed rail storage system. This is a divider that you can put in any of those different slots, and then it also is a bed extender if you wanted to put it on the back of the bed here to give you a little bit longer bed length. So really a cool system. Just really like that Patriot blue with the black accents, really looks good. So these mirrors are really special, they're heated blind spot, you get power blind spot mirror, directional signals or running lights, and then you get the LED side lighting, you got the cameras on there for the trailer tow assistant or trailer park assist, and also the 360 camera. Inside the power wagon level two group gives you the black leather interior, it's got these like kind of rubber inserts on the bolsters there, and that's like what's on the rebels, and then you get power wagon stitched into the backrest. Really nicely done, looks really good.  So the other cool thing about these mirrors like I said is that that small mirror is power, so you just press that button for the small mirror, select which mirror you want to control, and you can move those so you can get your trailer dialed in if you got multiple trailers, get those blind spot mirrors set up correctly. Every driver seat as well will hop inside the truck here, take a look at the instrument cluster, the radio, get the power wagon animation on there, I really like the power wagon badge on top of the instrument cluster, 7 inch LCD display, digital speedometer compass, you can do outside temp, mileage, miles to empty is on the side there, then you got battery voltage and your oil temperature there as well, and you can change all those corners to whatever you'd like. Comes with the heated leather wrapped steering wheel, you get the adaptive cruise control, normal cruise control, gear selector, bluetooth and information center controls on the left and audio controls on the back of the steering wheel.  So really nicely set up, two USBs, two USB C's in an aux jack, you get the Uconnect 4C radio with the 12 inch screen, comes with the factory navigation system, you have lane departure warning, climate controls on the sides, you can also do your climate controls on the radio, you have AMFM in Sirius or on the screen I should say, you can do your climate controls there, you have your heated seats and cooled seat buttons as well as your heated steering wheel, and then you have all your different camera options here which is one of the best parts about this radio and the system, the 360, you have the 360 cam there, you have your different camera views that you can do on the right here, so if you wanted to do a wide view of the rear, a wide view of the front or a narrow view of the front you can do that, then you can check out your cargo cam, which is really neat to see what's going on in the bed, you have your tow help cam or your parking, your trailer park cam, so you can change those cameras to be left or right, so if you can imagine that you're pulling a trailer and you're backing it up that way and want to see what's behind that trailer or to the right of the trailer you can do that and just a really neat system to be able to do that, so you got all that stuff, oh and then you can also, for your backup camera you can zoom in on your receiver hitch so you get hooked up to your boat camper or trailer the first time every time, really nice system, I'd like to go use it in the real world but really a neat system I think anybody who has it would benefit from having that system, anyways we have more apps here including projection manager where you can project your cell phone to the screen using android auto or apple carplay, so if you want to project a different navigation system such as ways or google maps use that and you can use it right on the radio so it's like using your phone but on the radio and you can also play media and songs and stuff from your phone and control it all through the radio, we actually did a demo on android auto if you want to check that out it's in the upper right hand part of the screen and finally this one has the off road pages which are a pretty neat feature to have in the truck and they do take a second to load up but when they do they got some really cool animation that goes with it and you get the truck that drives over the terrain down there and so you can see you have your different vehicle settings here, you got vehicle dynamics which that's your steering angle so as I turn the steering wheel you can see that those that number changes and then you have your axle lockers so you can see if you're locked or unlocked your transfer case if you're in too high or four low or four high and then you also have your rear axle locker and your sway bar if it's connected or disconnected so you get all that information right there in case you weren't sure and then you have your different gauges right there your pitch and roll and your forward facing camera which is kind of a neat system and those grid lines are dynamic meaning that as you turn that steering wheel it kind of shows you where your tire tracks are going to be because let's be honest this truck sits up really high and I couldn't see if there was a small rock or tree in front of me I couldn't see what's going on right below the truck here so really a cool system to have especially if you're off-road or in the woods or something it's a neat system to have anyways factory brake controller downhill assist control stability control tow haul and your front of your parking sensors you also get a 115 volt 400 watt plug in your key fob here gives you remote start your power drop down tailgate and you get dual glove boxes right there you also get this power or this camera rear view mirror so that's actually the camera right now so you get an actual video of what's going on behind you and now you can adjust this so like if you wanted to do brightness or if you wanted to do how it's tilted you can adjust that too so that's a really cool system or if you want it off you just press it down and then it's a normal mirror up here is your home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lane systems map lights assist and sos buttons power sunroof power slide and rear window and then your power drop down tailgate controls speaking of that sunroof you do get one in this truck remember that's $1195 option for that sunroof so I do want to show you the lights and everything I'll just quickly touch on the back seats so these back seats are heated which old rams if you had the 4020 40 in the front you couldn't get the heated seats in the back but that has now changed because these back seats are heated and I was wondering how they were going to do it and they just put the buttons down there under the two usb's and above the 115 volt 400 watt plug-in you do get the power slide and rear window with the rear defrost you get the speakers in the ceiling up here latch child safety system you do still get the mode floor which is a really nice feature to have if you've got pets you can put both sides down they got a nice flat place of lay they're not going to wreck your seats or if you got muddy boots or tools same thing put them on there don't wreck your nice leather seats you get the worn winch kit so that's got the hook for the front as well as the controller for the winch and a little bag I'm guessing for the controller and then you get a receiver hitch reducer in here other side has the factory subwoofer and then the in-floor storage bins with removable containers for easy cleaning you can put ice and drinks in there it's like you have two mini coolers wherever you go same trim on the back doors child safety locks you can see those led side lights they are extremely bright so when it's dark out you light up the whole side of the truck which is a really nice feature and then we'll do one more final walk around here with all the lights on and like the led tail lamps and just a really good looking truck all the way around and thanks for checking out the video hope you liked it remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you may watch on our youtube channel patriot blue metallic really good looking color power wagon really nice setup and to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks scvs minivans wranglers half tons three quarter tons one tons you name it we got to go to that website right there www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summit auto.com and if you like to check out more hd videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there in fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our youtube channel in the upper left a link to more ram 2500 truck videos like this one in the upper right in the lower left a link to this vehicle on our website and in the lower right a link to our latest youtube video on youtube click those and check us out and we're super excited to be offering the 2021 ram 2500 crew cab short box power wagon level two ram box in patriot blue metallic thanks again for checking out the video


Something funny? Maybe. But not stand up? No. Oh. This is from Just Rain. Oh cool. We like him a lot. But since it's October, spooky month, he has a video that's called Desi Parents in Halloween. Interesting. Yeah, because obviously Halloween is not celebrated very much. Not celebrated in India. Yeah. I'm sure there's some that do celebrate it, but I'm guessing it's not celebrated very much. But he also didn't, I don't think, I think he grew up more in either Canada or the United States. Right. And absolutely, you know, my first inclination is Desi Parents in Halloween, I'm thinking Desi Parents in India. There's a lot of Desi Parents that don't live in India. Also, what's Desi? I know it means Indian, but does it mean a specific place in India? That's a good question. Like, I don't, I don't know. Does it mean like a Delhi Indian? Does it mean, or does it mean an Indian? I thought it was synonymous, I thought it was synonymous for an Indian parent. A Desi parent is an Indian parent, but it very much, it very well could be. No, because there's Desi boys. Not parent. No, I know. No, no, no. Desi, I thought Desi like signifies like another synonymous, but I'm not, I would never say that that's what it is, but I've just thought that's what it is. So I just know because I don't know. Here we go. You know, growing up, Halloween was one of my favorite white people holidays to celebrate. Actually, it was like the only holiday that I celebrated. No Christmas. No Easter. No Thanksgiving. No Valentine's Day. I mean, I was a chick magnet, but I wasn't a chick magnet in the traditional sense. I mean, you know when you put two magnets, opposite holders together, and they just, just, try to know me. You know, the idea of going to random people's houses and disturbing them every five seconds to get free candy was genius to me.  Free anything. Free anything as a matter of fact. Like everything else. I don't care if it's in my jeans to be in for this kind of stuff. Halloween at a brown household was a little bit different from what others may have been accustomed to. And I'm going to take you on this magical journey to experience some of the traumatic moments in my childhood when it came to Halloween. So, come along. Now, when it was October, I was extremely excited as a kid because I knew exactly what was around the corner. My parents, unfortunately, didn't share the same enthusiasm. Oh he's trying again, again this year. I was totally shocked. I want a candy. I want a chocolate. He's a kid from India. He was drinking beer. He was eating candy. He was eating candy. He was carrying candy, actually. She was carrying candy. I don't have a candy all the time! And when he came to buy candy, they buried themselves in a mound full of flyers to find out which stores had the cheapest candy for them to buy. And even when we did go out and buy candy, they would never buy the adequate amount that is equal to the amount of people that would be coming to our house that night. And you'll soon find out why. Okay, come, let's get this one box. Because we're gonna give one candy to this guy and one candy to that guy and one candy to the other guy. That's it. What if you run out? You don't worry about that. You let me worry about that. You have a fun trick and trick. Alright? Okay, bye. Now costumes, I always used to get excited about it because I used to have a million ideas of what I wanted to be that Halloween. That would be super cool and make all of my friends like super jealous. But alas, these are fantasies that I played in my head. Mom, can I get this costume? Exactly, they're gonna wear it once in your life. That is the order. So what did my mom do instead? Yeah, that's right, a shitty dollar store. Come on, come on. Come on, come on. How do you put it on?    One year my dad got me a witch mask. So everyone instantly assumed that I was a girl because which six year old boy in their right mind would wear a witch mask instead of a Power Rangers outfit.  A couple of times of them all which is kind of double confirmed the stereotypes that they already held with me. So also not very traumatic at all. And I know some of you girls you probably had way worse when it came to Halloween because we all knew what kind of costume you would be getting that year. Dad, that's a suit. No, no, no. You are Indian princess. Reduce, reduce. Parents, being even parents, they didn't have time to take us out to go trick-or-treating because they had night shifts work and food to cook. And I felt sad about that. Mom, can you come trick-or-treating with us? Mom, I am fine with you. I am fine with the cat. Trick-or-treating, trick-or-treating. Mom, we are going to do a trick-or-treating. We are going to do a trick-or-treating with Allah. Everyone here will come here to take a bite of our food and drink. So Sarah's mom, she's gonna take the trick-or-treating too. This is Sarah's mom. We are going to cut it. It's Sarah's mom. Sarah's mom. We are going to go ourselves. You know me and all these white dads give them cell phones and beavers and pagers. Alright guys, I want you to be safe howling this trip around. If anything happens, here's a cell phone for you. Here's a cell phone for you and you get my beeper. Okay, you're not old enough to get a cell phone yet.  Alright?  Now every half hour you're late, I'm gonna be deducting one whole candy from your bag. Okay?  What did you do all this time to come home? That's how white people are. Yeah.   Look at you guys.  Have yourselves a good one. Don't eat apples if they're handed out to you. Your kids look great. Alright. And then there was Argos. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Alright, yeah.  One candy you. Actually, you're the other guy, right? Yeah, I'm not giving you candy, man. You're also running on my ball and playing with this thing, and passing all my flowers that I ran to you. Yeah. You know what? I don't want to give the candy. Hey! What? Boxes. Remember those little boxes that you collected money for to donate to impoverished children all across the world? Yeah. Well, one year, my local Gurga, my temple, had this bright idea of creating their own find a box to raise money for their building fund. And, yeah, that didn't really go over too well. Trick or treat. Hi there, little partner. Here you go. I was always so wondering if you wanted to donate money to our temple building fund. Oh, no. Look at this box. Because that way we can have more space than we can bring people in and then we can teach them about our religion. Take it for people. Let's go out here. And then even, like, all of our dads, then they can have a place to do meetings because what are you guys trying to plan? And sometimes they go to each other's basements to do meetings. Oh, basements? Trying to hide or something there? Let's go to the kids. We can have money to bring the kids in and we can have cats. And then we can teach them, like, martial arts and stuff. Oh, my God. You're making a terrorist training camp. Oh, my, honey! Honey, you're making a terrorist training camp! Honey! What's the tender it is? And, you know, after hours and hours of knocking houses, collecting candy, getting excited about the amount of loot we have, it was time to go home. But I knew not to get too excited because remember the thing that I was talking about a year before about how our parents didn't buy enough candy to sustain us for the whole night. Well, here's why. Reduce, reuse, recycle at its finest once again. Anyways, that was my experience of Halloween throughout the years. If you guys have any of your own funny stories, leave it in the comments below. I would love to read them. And maybe I'll buy back the funny ones. If they're funny enough, if they're not, then just whatever.  Okay, I'm out. Bye. I was ghost trained. But seriously. Yes, he is. Was that one of your experiences? But it's actually similar to a lower middle class. Yeah. In any person in America. Yeah. Especially if they had multiple children. Yeah.  You know that experience. I grew up in a family with four boys. Yeah. And so obviously, even if, you know, my parent, my dad, stepdad was a paralegal at the time. And I think my mom also worked at a law office. And so if they didn't have kids, they probably would have done pretty well. Right. And they had four children to look at. And so they weren't about to buy $400 costumes. No. So I think multiple, like one year, my mom made me Woody from Toy Story. She got regular jeans. And then she got a yellow sweater and drew the red straps on it. I can remember three Halloween's where I got the costume I wanted only because I promised I would be that character for another Halloween. Because the line was spend that much and you're going to wear it once. And my rationale was multiple things. I said, well, I'll be it again next year. And there's other things I might do with that. Just for fun being the performer that I am. So it was a Darth Vader mask, a Yoda mask, and an ET mask. I was able to get those solely on the argument of I'll be that for multiple years. And I was. I was those characters for more than one Halloween. That's funny. And don't eat apples if they're giving you an Halloween. Don't eat anything if anything can't be true this year. Yeah. I wouldn't even go so far. I was paranoid. I don't even know if I was going to do Halloween this year. Yeah.  Well, actually LA originally canceled it. And then I think they either got sued or a bunch of parents got mad. They reversed it. But I still don't know how they're actually going to do it. Because it's very unsafe to go to each person's house and be like, here, hand me something. No. What you can do, because some people have done this anyway, is they do it on a big trust and they leave the candy out. Yeah. With a little thing that says, please take one. But then also, because also this is a thing I don't know if you all know about. Whenever, at least it used to be, whenever kids brought candy home, the parents would have to check the candy to make sure there wasn't drugs or razor blades or something that the news told them was in it. And that happens. That's why you don't do the apples. Sickos put razor blades in apples and in candies. I actually remember. I'm guessing this year they're going to sanitize all the candy. Yeah. I would open bite-sized Snickers. And if it had a hole in the side, because sometimes they do where they put the caramel in, I wouldn't eat it because I was afraid it was injected with something. So I love things like sweet tarts. You can't mess with those too bad. And if any wrapper was semi-open, forget it. Yeah, you have to throw those away. Yeah, no good. And yeah, parents would, your parents would check it. Make sure. Yep. So funny. But yes, Halloween is a big holiday here. It's huge holiday. We enjoy, most people enjoy holiday. I love holidays. Especially with kids. Yep. Because you get to see all these kids dress in a little costume. It's going to be very different this year. Halloween is the one time a year where everybody gets to be an actor or an actress. They get to just dress up and be somebody. Well, let us know more funny videos like this. And let us know the first Halloween movie we should watch down below.


From Seattle, Washington extracting the signal from the noise It's the Cube on the ground at OpenStack Day Seattle 2015 Now here's your host Jeff Frick. Hi Jeff Frick here with the Cube We are on the ground in Seattle, Washington at the OpenStack Seattle Innovation Day It's kind of a super-sized meetup if you will I think it's the first kind of dedicated event to OpenStack here in Seattle We're in Vancouver for OpenStack Summit, which is the big annual conference will be at OpenStack Silicon Valley next week So it's kind of all about OpenStack right now and then there's a lot going on in Seattle with Linux con and container con and everything else So we're really excited up with our next guest Alan Clark director of industry initiatives emerging standards and open source For SUSE, but you also wear a bunch of other open source hats As the chairman of the OpenStack Foundation and then you said another one we didn't have on our notes Yeah, so I'm chairman of the board for the OpenStack Foundation I'm also on the board of directors for the Linux Foundation been doing that since the beginning of the foundation actually So you're just like Mr. Open Source.  I just do it because I have fun That's great So I think really what's unique about your position and what I want to dig down is perspective, right? Because obviously Linux is kind of the granddaddy of the mall in terms of enterprise open source really changed the game and on the Operating system side. It's been around forever. I think she's been around for 20 years or plus But you know open source projects have have a potential to kind of go off the rails a little bit You got to manage into the community as well as management of the technology and now we're seeing this huge wellspring of Open projects constantly What what what are some of the lessons learned in the management of the Linux process? And then more recently now OpenStack and as we look at Docker and and all these other things that you think are Really critical to the success of these projects. So so the thing that's been very interesting and notice from Linux Con this week announcement of a lot of new open source efforts and I think that the great thing that's happened is Not only are we seeing a lot more participation particularly corporate participation in open source, right? It's it used to be a debate of open source versus not and now We can just see a broad adoption through corporate industry But the other beauty is is these new organizations are learning from the existing organizations So the whole point of open source is sharing and collaborating and they're learning, right? We're sharing and we're learning from each other about Governance models Collaboration models and so forth. So the thing that I find exciting with these new Open-source projects that are just starting up is they're learning from us. So we so using OpenStack we learn from from the Linux kernel And we developed an organization and then along came daylight open daylight and open NFV and others And then we have a whole bunch of New ones this week that learn from them and learn from us and said oh we like what you do We can fine-tune that a little bit. That's the whole point of collaboration is to keep learning and growing and Fine-tuning right those models so that it works better Yeah, it's funny and no one ever talks about free right open source is not about free and we've been doing this It's about cloud open open transparent collaboration. Yeah, and I think even more from from where I sit It's really about the speed of innovation Which is just unprecedented in how quickly this can move and there's just there's no Question about a well-organized group Motivated group and enthusiastic group will always it seems outperform kind of a small independent You know within a company, so it's really interesting people right used to joke open open sources free like a puppy, right? It was not the old joke But now it's about innovation it is about innovation and and you can you can see the Openness of this through the the change of license models over the years right start out GPL because everybody said oh you got to incentivize people to contribute back Well, everybody's gone to these more liberal licenses right the derivations of the BSD's and so forth because they found you Don't have to force people to give back and it's because of the speed of innovation Things are happening so quickly and developing so quickly look at open stack Look at how many projects there are within open stack started out with two right five years ago, too now. We're up above 25 That is rapid change and rapid innovation if you try to go off and do that on your own you want to fork You're lost you can't keep up right each release of open stack has had 400 some odd Features right every six months try to do that on your own try to fork and do your own little community doesn't happen so that's the incentive right and So just snowballs it keeps growing bigger and bigger and bigger But what about the management of that and and the risk of it going a different direction or sometimes we hear you know People have concerns with if it's a IBM or an HP or EMC whomever pick your pick your big whale You know gets involved are they suddenly derailing kind of the pureness of the of the openness? Randy last year at open stack summit Randy bias was talking about you know some issues He had with kind of governance and direction And that could be better done talk about those kind of challenges when you've got all these people and hundreds of projects all Running, you know running as quickly as they can well That's that goes back to the governance models right and with open stack I think we picked a good one and I think it actually shows when you can have the critics speak out right and And save what their qualms are and we try to address those but one thing to look at is When you join an open-source project make sure that it's it's not controlled by any one single entity and in fact in our technical committee one of their criteria when they look at Spinning up a new effort is they want to make sure that the collaboration is is broadly right not just a single company and If you do that then it balances self out over time right so you won't see any single entity controlling it So I want to shift gears a little bit. We talk a lot on the cube about people processing tech And we talk a little techs kind of the thing that brings us all together But we all know process is difficult and people are it's probably the hardest part of any kind of innovation From your perspective having been around the block a few times in terms of people managing Open source within their own employee base I mean it's obviously a great a source of great pride when people contribute and you see it at these shows where There's rock stars and it was excited to meet the guy that wrote whatever But if you're managing that person in their next unit of work, how do you how do you continue to feed that? The the goodness of them working on an open source project versus I got I got work done that we need to do for the company as well How does that manage? What are some of the best practices you've seen out there? so so that's a very good topic because We call those the hidden influencers because in the community the those put the managers that Manage those engineers are typically hidden and so we started up an effort that's turned into our product work group To pull those people and get them involved right so we're not trying We're not there trying to coerce the engineers to go work on something that's not of interest to their company We want to make sure that those interests are aligned and so by pulling those people in and having those discussions to help build out the feature list and futures They're they've got have a just they now have a say and discussion in where we're heading in part of that roadmap so The best practice that I would say here is get them involved get them part of the discussion Right, and that keeps them interested in what the engineers are working on so everybody's happy Right, and then and then I just I'm looking at your title getting emerging standards So from the other side of the table is is the enterprise CIO that's got to decide Which of the stuff he wants to buy and implement and the speed of innovation the speed of new technologies coming out It just continues to accelerate. What's your advice? The guy that's just trying to just trying to get his job done and trying to keep up and and and and you know Deliver value for his constituents in his company yet. He's just hit with this plethora of you know spark and Hadoop and and and everything else. What do you tell that guy? How do you stay on top of it? What's the right kind of level of engagement to stay informed be able to move when you have to but not just to be Overwhelmed. Yeah, so so this again another best practice that I think That open stack has done very well as they focused on the super user So they're trying not to talk to them in terms of features and text and you know get down to the bits and bytes But to get up to the message. What's the value, right? What is the value that that this software brings to your company and speak to them in terms of business? Turn those into best practice so they understand what's it going to take for me to actually consume this technology and to implement it? That's the key. That's where they spend their time. So again, it goes back to the community because we're inviting them into the community focused with the content and Message that they need to hear in their language and So they should be able to quickly spin up on that now There's also a benefit to the vendor that we've we've learned From our from our surveys and that is that the value of having those users in our community is They're now talking straight to the engineers. They're getting the straight scoop And they're also talking to the vendors. So you get get a better relationship It's no longer just a black box that you're trying to sell to the to the user But he understands what's under the cover. He doesn't want to compile the code But he understands how it works so he can implement within his organization and get better value out of it Right, that's interesting. So then his own people can work within this thing, too No, it's not it's not this I hope it works. I'm trusting you. I'm jumping in I'm jumping in with this because now he's got access to the tons exactly so and you know We've all heard the numbers of the number of people within OpenStack, right? They're close to 28 28 thousand Not all of those guys are working code if you look at it. There's only about 2,000 that are working code So it's a it's a community not just of coders But marketers and users and vendors. It's just you're bringing the whole ecosystem together and they're talking in the open And in transparent model, right? Awesome. Well, I'm Alan Clark. Thanks for joining us. I think we just call you mr. Open Source though. Okay I'm Jeff Rick. We are in downtown Seattle at the OpenStack Seattle innovation day You're watching the Cube. Thanks for watching