All right, so good afternoon, everyone. My name is Sandro Scandolo. I'm representing the director of the ICTP, Artista Balcaro, who is not in town today. So welcome, everybody, to this ceremony for the 2020 ICO ICTP Galliano-Denardo Award, which takes place, of course, during the traditional winter college on optics. It's really a pleasure to see so many known faces and also unknown faces. This is one of the flagship events of the year, the Winter College on Optics. It's been taking place for many, many years. We try to remember for how many years with Joe the other day, but it's difficult to count them, actually, because it took different names throughout the history of the ICP. It's definitely many, many, many years. Now, I just wanted to remind particularly the younger members of the audience who Galliano-Denardo was. He's been a colleague of mine for just a few years, because I arrived here in 2002, and he passed away unfortunately in 2007, but Galliano was associated with ICTP, essentially, from the beginning. He was a professor at the university, and his specialty was relativity. But he immediately realized that optics could be the tool to somehow train researchers in developing countries in a field that could have also applications to real problems as opposed to relativity, perhaps one should say. He was, of course, instrumental in a number of programs and activities here at the ICTP. He was even appointed Acting Administrative Director for a year. He was running the optics and lasers activities, the lab, the award. Of course, he was in charge of the STEP program, and he received an SPI Educator Award while he was here at the ICTP for his efforts in promoting optics in developing countries. So a few years ago, I think after he passed away, the decision was taken to name the ICO-ICTP prize after Galliano, and I'm really honoured. We're really honoured about this. I'm not going to, I'm not sure I'm supposed to disclose the name of the winner, even though, I guess, you saw the posters everywhere. So this doesn't want to be to spoil you. But I would like instead to invite Joe here on the podium because there are a number of things that are going to happen before we move on with the actual ceremony of the ICO-ICTP award. So thank you. There it goes. All right. So before we get to that, Mr. Lim, Dr. Lim, before we get to that, we're going to do some internal awards for the activity, the one you guys are attending. And so we have poster prizes, and we have talk prizes. I can say every time I do this, it's always the same story. There's too many good posters, too many good talks. It really is a, it's really difficult for us. And you know that because you were also doing this. So I'm going to ask, we're going to go posters first, and then talks second. We'll do it that order. And so the posters are sponsored, poster prizes are sponsored by SPIE, the International Society for Optics and Photonics. And we have a number of representatives here, including, let's see, I'm going to give you the last. Maria Ozel, Kent Rockford is somewhere back in the back. That's the CEO of SPIE, go ahead and go talk to him. Maria Ozel, past president, and Christinda. And then finally, but not because it's least, because she is going to present these awards to the poster prize. So Katarina Svomberg, past president, SPIE. So let me invite Katarina to come up. Thank you so much. It's really an honor to be standing here. And I have done this a few times, many times I would say, and every year I realize how fortunate you all are who are here. You have been chosen for this winter college and you have learned a lot. You have, I hope, made a lot of networking, that may play a role, a very important role in your future progress as scientists or whatever you end up with as your future goal. You have also all presented very nice posters. And I have been given some nice certificates here. I also have some more substantial benefits here for you. And of course, everyone should have a prize, but that's not how the world works. Prices are given to certain people, means that you have fulfilled some of the prerequisites. I would say that most of you, of course, of all of you have presented very interesting results. And we are very happy for that. As we heard, I am representative of SPI, the International Society for Optics and Photonics. And SPI is one of the supporting organizations or learned societies for this winter college. Okay, so we move to the poster award ceremony now and usually we start from the third place. There are three places and two at each one. So I have six awards to give out here.  Okay, so we start with the third place award to Sylvia Fernanda Cardenas Lopez. And the title of your poster is Collective Effects in the Interaction of Rydberg Atoms Willi. Rydberg was a professor at my university and my husband has the same share after him, but there were some persons in between. Okay, so this is Sylvia's certificate here. So take that with honor. No, no, you stay here. Okay, I also would like to give you the more substantial part of it. But then, you keep up this one, same guy, the photo of the, okay, get it, get it, get it. While you're, you can stay for it. And the second, third place winner is Serhi, Derenko, and he has a very complicated title of his poster. It goes along the lines of photo conductivity, of stained something. Thin films on a GESI 001 substrate. Was that correct? Okay, thank you. They can leave? Okay. So we move to the second place and we start with Andrea Restori. And the title is Automation of a Pump Probe Experiment. So, no. Your name is? Andrea Restori. Your name is Andrea Restori. So this is not correct. Okay. That's okay, the names are right. The names are right, and the money is right. So. Okay, we can change that. Okay, you can stay up. And the next second place is to Nara Rubiano De Silva. Do I dare to read the theme? It is for the poster, we hope, and title, Investigation Thermodynamics of Entangled Photons Under Turbulence. Okay, correct. And last, but not least, the first place. And I read the first name here, Canine Angus Scunziri. And the name of the poster, I hope you recognize this, Random Number Generation from Quantum Tunnelling Diodes. Okay, wonderful. The last one I have here is for Pega Darheve, Darveche. And we read here, Polarization Effects in the Electric Optical Fibers Vector Mode Matching. Correct. Okay, thank you. Coming up next, also to read the, so we have the oral presentations, which everybody was a great support to do this because just for the people that weren't here, anybody presenting a poster and also some extra participants who did not have a poster had the opportunity to give a three-minute presentation up here to promote their work. No slides were allowed, so they just have to use their arms, hands, gestures, and try not to pace. All right, and you did a great job. So this prize, these prizes will be, are sponsored by the Optical Society. And we have two representatives. We have from OSA Europe, we have Klaus Roll, somewhere right there, Klaus. And from the US, the past president of OSA. And a long time friend of ICTP, we have Anthony Johnson, and Anthony Johnson will present the awards, and hopefully the right titles. Well, good afternoon, everyone. It gives me great pleasure to be here once again. I have a really long association with ICTP. My first time here was in 1988, believe it or not. And I've been involved in the winter schools in since the early 90s. And so it's quite a pleasure to come here, and also to see how this room has progressed over the decades as well. So I'm here to present five awards for the award presentations. And I have two third place winners, two second place winners, and one first place winner. And let me start with the third place award to Cispedes Paola, on the description of composite bosons in the street toy models. Let's see, later. With the other third place winner. The second third place winner is Da Silva Haitor. For the talk entitled Graded Index Optical Fiber, emulator of an interacting three-atom system, illumination control of particle statistics, and classical non-separability. Congratulations. For second place, the first award is to Akinpilu Akinwumi. Hope I'm pronouncing that right. And the title is an iron beam surface sputtering approach to the quest for lead-free perovskite for solar cells. The next prize goes to Wu Kianjian. All of the talk, non-equilibrium thermodynamics with TQD protocol, the role of initial state preparation. Congratulations again. And the first place winner goes to Kaur Ravnit. Ravnit, and the title of her talk, Stimulated Raman Scattering of a Gaussian Laser Beam in Preformed Plasma Channel. Congratulations, Sarah. We wanted to give everybody a prize. We really did, I'm serious. Okay, now I'm gonna hand over the floor to two people. You know Sandro Scandolo, so he's gonna come back up representing ICDP and Roberto Ramponi, president of the International Commission for Optics. And they're going to discuss the prize and do the prize ceremony. Okay, all right, so we are getting to the second part of the ceremony, which is about the ICO, ICTP Gallino de Nardo Award. Let me just remind you that the award honors young researchers in optics and photonics. And it's a collaboration between the ICO, the International Commission for Optics, in fact represented here by Roberto and the ICTP. And we established the prize together in 2000. As I said before, in 2007, we was agreed to dedicate the award to the memory and legacy of the late Professor de Nardo, who greatly contributed to the development of optics research within ICTP and in developing countries. The prize has recognized many researchers under 40 from developing countries doing distinguished and important work in optics and photonics. Before I leave the floor to Roberta for the announcement of the winner, I would like to also welcome all those who are actually following the ceremony through the online streaming. The ceremony is actually live stream on YouTube and Facebook. So you're all, there's much more audience than you see here in the room. So now I kindly ask Roberta to proceed with the announcement of the winner. So the winner of the ICO ICTP Gallino de Nardo Prize for 2020 is Cok Tsing Lim. And he got the prize, the award from, he's actually working at the Photonics Research Center University of Malaya in Malaysia. And the award is given for his achievements in the field of optical fiber sensing and optical communications. And his substantial contributions to sustainable development in Malaysia through promoting the use of optics-based technologies in the industrial sector. So I would also like to thank the prize committee that is chaired by Murad Skal and we have Eyalor the rest of the committee, Anna Concertini, Amadouwag, and Milch Danilova and Joni Mela. And they did really a very good work. The candidates this year were very, very good. But Kim was by far the best of all, by Cok was by far the best of all and we are very, very happy to welcome him for his lecture. That will be a few mode fiber components for mode conversion in special division multiplexing. Before the talk, congratulations. Before the talk, we would like to present you the certificate and the prize and of course have the pictures. The stage is yours. Testing? Yeah, all right. Yeah, evening everyone. Yeah, it's a great privilege to be here. So this is my first time here in ICTP. Most of my colleagues has been here before. In fact, some of them, I wrote them the recommendations to be here. So I always tried to look for the opportunity to come here, told me a few years until of NIMELA sent me an email about my award. I'm very grateful. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to ICO and also ICTP, the selections committee for the award. So it's a great privilege and a recognition for my work. And also I would like to thank my nominator, Prof Imranah, to be frank, I wasn't sure. I'm supposed to disclose that, but anyway, I'll go ahead and do it. Thank you very much. I cannot thank you enough. And yeah, so I'm gonna talk about my topic before I start. I would like to just briefly introduce about where I'm from. Yeah, Photonic Research Center. So it's actually one of the higher Institute Center of Excellence in Malaysia. So it's partially funded by Ministry of Education, Malaysia, based in the University of Malaysia, Malaysia. So I also attached a map, just in case you're wondering where Malaysia is. All right, so it's actually located in one of the country in Southeast Asia, next to Thailand and also Singapore, and also one of the longest street in the world, Malacca Street. And it is also a country where I was born and bred, just in case you're wondering about that too. All right, and yeah. And this is my lab. So I started working in this lab in 2015 as a senior lecturer. So I took over the lab for my colleague, who was actually too busy to handle several labs at our center. So essentially it was a fiberbrack rating lab. And over the years, I managed to secure some funding and also support for my directors to upgrade. And so we managed to procure some other equipment so that we no longer just work on fiberbrack ratings, but also some other systems, for example, the optical fiber interferometer, which is actually meant for optical sensing, optical instrument, measurement instruments, signal processing, both for optical spectrum and also digital signal processing, optical components for communication system, which is actually one of our niche focus area of our research center. All right. I wasn't sure what's the right topic to talk about today, but considering the title of the Windows College, which is quantum information and communication, so that's the keyword communication.  So this is the outline space division multiplexing followed by the mood conversions. Apparently there are many mood converters available in the market now, and both commercially available and also lab prototypes. I'll be focusing on few mood FBG fiberbrack ratings and then the summary and my other research interests. So this is the trend of the development in the capacity of fiber over the years since 1980s. The very first optical telecommunication system was installed in Chicago, 1977. So it was a 1.5 miles optical fiber system, fiber pair that can accommodate 672 voice channel. So it is not written in the literature, but very likely it's actually based on time division multiplexing. So time division multiplexing has limitations, limited by the EOM, the modulator itself. The maximum you can go at a time probably is just 10 gigabit per second, the maximum. Of course now we have 40 gigabit per second. So what happens later on, they realize that it is not efficient, optical fiber can offer more. So that's when the build DM comes in, wavelength division multiplexing. So the first version of it is actually two channel based on 1310 and also 1550 nanometer. So that gives us the up link and upstream and downstream communication which we no longer realize on fiber pair, but just a single fiber that can accommodate a lot more communications. And two channels seems to be under use. So the industry managed to make a lot more development in that. So 40 channels. And of course, flowing that is the oops. Okay, following that will be the optical application and also digital coherent. So if you are familiar with face shift keying, DBS care, QPS care and so on. So those are the technology based on digital signal processing. So great development happened during that time that actually propel the capacity of the fiber further and further. And today we have DWDM, dense wavelength division multiplexing that can accommodate 160 wavelength. So that is a lot. So can we go further? So apparently not. When it comes to this line, which is 100 terabit per second, we are approaching the physical limit of single mode fiber. So we can no longer push more data into it. So that's where space division multiplexing comes in. How does it solve the problem? We have to use new fiber. We can no longer just rely on single mode fiber that has a very, very small core, about 10 micron. So on the left hand side, we are looking at field mode fiber. So that is not very different from the single mode fiber that has a core at the center, but field mode fiber has a slightly larger core that can accommodate more than one mode. So I'm sure in your earlier lectures, you have learned about some of the vectors mode. So in optical fiber, which is a weekly guided wave guide, where normally we use a linearly polarized mode, LP mode. So these are some of the modes. And in the market, there are several field mode fibers available, including two mode fiber, four mode fiber, six mode fiber, and so on. So on the right hand side is another type of fiber, which is a little bit more complex and difficult to handle. That is one fiber, it has multiple single mode core, which is a lot difficult in terms of splicing and coupling with other devices. But anyway, I'll be focusing on field mode fiber. Okay, so that is not the only challenge. There are a lot more challenges. A new set of optical fiber components that serve similar purposes, just like the SMF counterpart are required, such as coupler, circulator, isolator, field mode, FPG, polarization, maintain fiber, and so on, you name it. There are many of them. Why do we need them? Because to form a more complex network, we need all these components. And some of these components are lab prototypes, but they are not commercially available due to some technical problem, or maybe the price. And in addition to that, we also need additional components for multiplexing and demultiplexing, sorry. So, and in the case of SDM system, we call them fan-in and fan-out module, and also mood converter. So these are the two important things that we have to look into today. So how does multiplexing work in field mode fiber SDM system? Suppose we have four signals on four different SMF fiber, and we want to couple them, combine them, multiplex them, and launch into a single field mode fiber. How do we do it?  All right, so three mood converters are required to convert the single mode beam, which is from LP01 to LP11, LP21, and also LP02. So if you are handling more moods, definitely you need more mood converter. Before we perform the fan-in, which is the multiplexing, and couple into field mode fiber. So mood converter is definitely one of the most important part, indispensable for a larger SDM network. So it is required because it enables interconnectivity between the moods. And these are the available, some of the available mood converters in the market. And I would like to highlight a few. So for 20 London, it wasn't available at the time when I started the project about five years ago. So it is now available. I'm not sure about the price though. But binary phase plate, it has been around for quite some time. Bobby are talking about 15 years ago, or 20 years. So it is widely available. And in fact, it's actually one of the most reliable field mode converters in the market. It gives us a lot of usability and also control. Sorry. And I'll be talking about field mode FBG. So this is the focus of my today's presentations. Field mode fiber bracket rating. So just like the common standard fiber bracket rating. So the fabrication is similar. The only thing difference is just the raw fiber. So we are using field mode fiber instead. Hydrogenation to photosensitize the fiber before the grading execution using UV laser and also face mask. So ideally, LP mode in the field mode fiber, they do not couple with each other because they're auto corner. Ideally. So meaning there shouldn't be any crosstalk. But the thing is when we introduce refatting inexperienced patients, we bend the fiber, we taper it, we deform the fiber shapes, or we inscribe grading into it. FBG. So what happened is that we are actually promoting intermodal coupling. All right. So this is one of the pictures we take using microscope in my lab, grading inscribed in a field mode fiber. So these are some of the example spectrum grading inscribed in a two mode fiber and this is a four mode fiber. So the parameters that differentiate them is actually the diameter of the core. So this is 90 micron for two mode fiber and 25 micron diameter for four mode fiber. So you're looking at a bunch of reflective wavelengths. Okay. So reason being because if you're dealing with a single mode fiber, you will be seeing just one wave length. If you're dealing with two mode fiber, you'll be seeing three wave lengths. So this one and this one are self-mood coupling. And the center one is a cross-mood coupling, which is enclosed by the dotted box, red dotted box. And if you're looking at four mode fiber because it's a lot more complex, choose two out of four. Definitely you have a lot of combinations of cross-mood coupling wavelengths. So these wavelengths are the most important wavelength that we can use for mood conversions. So it's important to highlight this before I proceed further. All right. So in the previous slides, those spectrum were not excited in the professional manner. So we just do core offset, ladder offset for mood excitations. And we use phase player in this case. The red curve is the transmission spectrum under LP01 mood excitations. So instead of three wave lengths being excited, we see two only. So this is the LP01 self-mood coupling excitation wavelength and this is the cross-mood coupling wavelength. Cross-mood between LP01 and LP11 mode. And that is no self-mood coupling for LP11 because it's under LP01 excitation. So if you change the phase mass of LP11 mood excitations, you'll be seeing the other two wave lengths which is located here. So this is self-mood coupling for LP11, the cross-mood coupling, and there's no reflectivity here. So it's important to understand the notation which I provide here because things will get a little bit messy later on when we form a more complex system. So C refers to cross-mood. This is self-mood for 01 and self-mood for LP11. All right. So both wave lengths are spatial mode dependent. So what happens if you launch a laser excited under LP01 mode? And to this wavelength, basically the laser beam will just go through the FPG without interacting with anything. It will just go straight to without being reflected. Same goes to if the laser beam is being excited under LP11 mode and you launch it at this wavelength or at the fiber, it will just go straight to no interactions no reflectivity. So perhaps some demonstration will be helpful. So this is the excitations at this wavelength under LP01 mode excitations. So this is how it looks like. So the beam goes into the FPG it's fully reflected. So as indicated by this reflectivity here which is about 10 dB equivalent to 90%. All right. So if we change the wavelength to this as mentioned earlier there shouldn't be any interaction. So beam will go straight to and no reflectivity. So what happens if we launch the light to the cross mode coupling wavelength? The beam will be converted to LP11 mode and reflected. Okay. So what can we do with that? So such a simple system what can we do with that? All right. Before I proceed further I want to explain another thing. This is bi-directional. If we launch an LP11 mode into the fume FPG at this wavelength the beam will be converted back into LP01 and reflected. And it's very peculiar it all can be explained using face matching in the Kabul Mu theory. All right. I'm afraid I can't continue too much on that particular part. So basically this table summarizes everything. All right. Okay. So we try to form a more complex system optical delay line. So optical delay line is intended for elevating the condensation issue in the optical network system. So if the network is too busy we try not to launch the signal the pulse into the network, the mood. So what happens? We send the signal into delay line. Just keep it for a while when the network system is down then we take the signal out of the delay line and go into the system. So that's what it does. So right here we try to form a rather simple system which is based on two fume FPG FPGA and FPGB in between that is a very, very long fume fiber. So in our case we put a 500 meter long fume fiber. So in fact the entire fiber of the same type and the grading structures are also written based on the same phase mass, same wave length. Except that when we try to put them into the system we have to align align the wave length. So we try to tune one of the FPG shift the wave length in such a way that I hope you can understand all this notation is going to get a bit more complex. So A refers to these are the wave length of FPGA so these are the wave lengths of FPGB. So we try to align in such a way that lambda AC coincide with lambda B01. Well we are about to find out. So some illustrations your animations make things easier. So if you launch the light LB01 mode at this wave length into the system what's going to happen? The beam will be reflected by FPGA deny entry into the delay line. So basically there's no delay. Alright so as simple as that configuration tool. Wave length, I mean it's same light LB01 but at this wave length and of course you would also argue that there's a little bit of reflectivity here. Just bear with me that it's not important but I just want to know what happens to the remaining light that goes into the system. Yes indeed it goes into the system at least partially and it's reflected by FPGB at this wave length which is self-mode coupling LB01 self-mode coupling, fully reflected so the beam double pass the long field move fiber double pass so there is a delay induced into the pulse. So configuration 3 we shift the wave length to lambda A11 which is a self-mode coupling of LP01 for FPGA so what happens is you launch the light FPGA because that is the self-mode coupling of FPGA but it comes to this point what happens is the beam will be converted and reflected so now the beam interacts with FPGA and reflected back and being converted again and then it goes out so under this configuration the beam interacts in double pass the delay line twice so higher delay being introduced so we did not consider that but we are using we are not using very high energy I repeat the question about third order nonlinearity to be frank I did not so the question was did I consider third order nonlinearity in the system? No I did not because the fiber has a larger core so if we look at the cross-sectional area that is very big so the intensity of the light is very low so that is also one of the reason why people want to go into STM system using fume fiber because the nonlinear coefficient is lower and yeah so the whole idea is that based on configuration tree the beam will bounce between two FPGA a couple of times it will be converted into before it exit so that is how we delay we introduce the optical path distance for the beam that goes into a shorter fiber also these are the results in the experiment oops sorry so for configuration one there is no delay so these are the values configuration two slightly higher actually very high 4.8 millisecond for 500 meter long fiber so it is double when it comes to configuration three so theoretically speaking configurations two are supposed to be noisier but we did not notice we don't see any noise there is a problem with our system the reflectivity of a cross-mode coupling wavelength is not high enough to give us 99% reflectivity in the current case due to the problem of our fabrications but we managed to complete the test just to prove that there is a delay in the system so what is the implication of that we can delay the pulse it is actually a lot more than that we are trying to prove that few-mode fiber can do a lot more it can form a more complex system so imagine if you are dealing with few-mode fiber amplifier so you want the light to interact with the gain medium for a longer distance so perhaps few-mode FBG is one of the choice that you can actually form a delay line but in the case we are trying to prolong the interaction length increase the gain another more practical application will be few-mode FBG they are actually Mood dependent filter so they band pass or band stop to remove the beam or you try to extract some of the moods out of your system so the suppression ratio is actually more than 20 dB so it depends on how long you want to make your grading so most of the time we try to make 10 cm we can make it 30 cm or we can make it 30 mm to make the reflectivity higher alright so I would like to thank my group members so the top five they have already completed their degree postgraduate and they are one of them back to the country the rest they are in the other countries doing their postdoc and I would like to highlight one, two percent and three percent that is Yanxian Li who actually did part of the work and also Anwar Zaini who is almost finishing his thesis going to submit for examinations so he will be leaving soon and last I would like to thank my director he is a distinguished professor Professor Haritha Ma he is also the director of my center so he is one of the academic icon in Malaysia in the field of photonics and my other work so I won't be able to elaborate much but I think I am almost there so if you find some of the color very attractive, you can ask the question later alright so this is about spatial splitter and this is about phase split we tilt the phase split to make the conversion efficiency more effective alright so in this particular work we will make our phase split so although our center has a lot of facility but we have a lot of limitation including the ground so there are times that we cannot things that we cannot buy we have to make them ourselves including the phase split and yeah, this is now conversion using just a few fiber and the faster system so this is another work about this distributed temperature sensor alright and to answer some of your question about where is the sensor work so this is one of them so it is actually micro resolution so we have a chip grating and we we fire the CO2 laser on it and in between we try to put a mass to shape the beam into C so that's what we get and yeah work has been published early this year and this is my current work we haven't really published anything but it's about surface plasma resonance in tilted fiber break grating so this work I am currently working with one of the biochemists from Faculty of Medicine on disease detections I hope to report this result in the near future and yeah, I would like to end my presentation with a famous quote from a famous a great guy, a great scientist and okay the creation of physics is the share heritage of all mankind east and west, north and south have equally participated in it so there's no better occasion and place to say it in front of you because I've seen many faces definitely from all over the world and it is a quote from the founder of ICTP thank you thank you very much for excellent presentation questions I wonder how robust are these few-mode fibers because my past experience with multi-mode fiber is that even a very small perturbation immediately causes transfer of energy from one mode to the other and of course if you want to use it for telecom you want it to be very robust so you mentioned crosstalk but it's not clear for me how stable is this two perturbations the most important thing is that when you're doing a few-mode fiber you have to make sure the excitation has to be very, very good make sure it is almost 99% let's say it's LP01 mode or LP21 mode so you have to check, measure there's no other mode exists in that particular fiber when you launch the light so at the other end of the fiber you have to measure so once it's done, when you bend the fiber the excitation of other modes due to bending or twisting will be minimum and in our test of course we encountered this kind of problem this is probably one of the reasons why some engineer has some doubt on adopting this kind of technology but if you are dealing with two-mode fiber generally they are easier four modes are very difficult and they are solutions to it they have to make sure the effecting index of all the modes are larger so in that case the coupling between modes will be lower and another thing is I'm still exploring because I have no access to some of this fiber poor actually maintaining few-mode fiber so that is actually one way to prevent the intermodal coupling so most of the time we don't really care about the mode if you look at LP01 mode so there are two beams, two loops so if you are using faceplate excitation excited in such a way because it's purely mechanical but if you are excited using just a normal method, other method then you will be getting a loop like this so at the other end of the fiber while the output beam will be haywire so that's why handling it has to be very very careful and it takes a bit of experience so that is why in some of our work we try not to but sometimes we have no choice but we have to put in a few more fiber to remove some of the noise the beams in the haywire order mode to make sure that only one mode exists in the fiber so this is one way and second thing once we lay the fiber we try not to disturb it too much so to prevent the uncertainty of exciting other haywire order modes okay thank you very much for the interesting talk and congratulations for Zawod I just wonder about the insertion loss insertion loss we are waiting mode converters because it seems they are lossy and this is maybe significant for the communication network okay like I mentioned earlier one of the challenges is that there are many components they are still not available for example circulator so the setup that I showed you earlier so if you look at this setup this is actually a replica replacement for circulator alright so definitely this system is very lossy it's a free space optics it's easy to control but it's also very lossy and another reason why we are doing this because we want to put in binary faceplate which is a piece of glass to put in in between so we need to allocate an amber space for us to adjust and do the alignment so typically binary faceplate will introduce 9 to 10 dB loss 10 dB so in a very fortunate occasion maybe you can make it 9 dB yeah so that's the best we can do so most of the time you have to boost up the power to compensate the insertion loss of the system so in case but lately I've been reading a work about circulator, field mode circulator developed by my previous collaborator from ORC Southampton University they have reported a work on field mode circulator but I'm not sure whether it has been commercialized but if I were him I would definitely file a pattern and commercialize it because that would definitely solve many problems in the SDM system so what we want to do is we want to reduce the insertion loss so the current system there is no loss here very little loss here but if you look at here the loss is very high but of course most of the time we spend a lot of time optimizing the system because there are times that we can't even see the spectrum because it's too lossy and I mentioned another thing would be the photonic lantern so that is another way of achieving a coupling at a minimum loss 1 dB only so this is another thing that you can consider if you want to go into this field other questions well if not I have one myself how far do you think to be from let's say commercial exploitation of this method and well I guess the major challenge is to reduce the losses when you combine the different components I'm very surprised to find that one of the reports in 2014 or 2015 so new mode fiber 3-mode fiber has been demonstrated for live feed communications it's actually by one of the I think Huawei technology in USA so yeah so they did it 5 years ago so I think it will only take another 5 more years to complete other components I think this thing will be ready to go and because the transmission line is 20 km so if there are no more questions let's thank again the speaker and again congratulations and I will give it back to Joni Mela for final remarks oh thanks congratulations I just want to make a few final remarks for this ceremony by the way I'm very happy that you showed W. Salams saying up there because that's very important for us and we talked about that a little bit more and I'll talk to Anthony and some of our guests because for the talks it was very apparent 3 minutes after 3 minutes after 3 minutes you saw everybody coming up from all over the world and we saw how we actually made a mistake on one of the poster but you know we could have mixed up all the titles it didn't matter and so that was really demonstrating then I thought sitting out there was really evident you know really you saw the people you don't just see the people out there but you heard them talking it didn't really matter and so we really celebrate that here and so that's for that reason I want to really thank you I want to make another remark about the reception tonight and I think we're going to celebrate in your honor and there will be some there'll be food, there'll be things to drink and there'll be a live band I think Van Gogh did you make the announcement okay the entanglements have shown up so we hired them and they'll be playing tonight so that's great and we're going to celebrate but before we do I just want to say something serious and I'm going to go a little bit off script here uh oh Sandra's getting worried I'm going off script because the script is really small and I can't find my glasses um I actually it's empty so I don't know where I put them um yeah my hair I know my hair is not parted right but if I had my glasses I could see that alright so I'm not gonna I'm gonna go off script alright so thanks for telling me about my hair actually I don't have much of it left so I appreciate it you make it feel younger um so what I wanted to say uh in regards to that it's it's it's really wonderful that we're all here from all over the world uh really is as part of what ICDP is uh as you saw there's a there's also something else that we have and and and maybe that wasn't reflected in that saying but but we also have a gender a gender gap actually in science uh there's something that we really want that's very important very important for me I know it's very important for many people here and so we want to encourage more women getting into science I I think this one if you if I didn't tell you before there's 41% a female part of participation that's a very good number so what I want to just say to you is that for everything for it no matter what color we are or where we come from or what gender we are we have to be a little bit careful about sensitivities when we when we because they're things that come through our culture maybe we make mistakes everybody here most people not everybody but most of us are young except for your vangu but nobody we're all young we're all young people you're all young people young people you can always make mistakes it's it's not a matter but it's you know what we have to do is help each other right so we're all in this there's only one planet and it's actually shrinking a lot and with climate change maybe we won't even we'll have to find a new one but let's try to try and help each other okay it's all where it's a learning experience our whole life but at any rate let's go have a party and celebrate I just wanted to tell you that I think it's very important and I'm proud of everyone really it's really great okay let's party