Welcome to today's lecture of NPTEL video course on this Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. In our previous lecture, we had completed our module number 8, which is site response analysis. So, a quick recap what we have learnt in our previous lecture. We had discussed about one example, which is a case study on the seismic ground response analysis for Mumbai city of India. And for that, I have referred to this journal paper by V. S. Funnikanth, the Pankar Chaudhary and G. R. Reddy, published in 2011 in this journal Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Springer Publication. This is the part of PHD thesis work by Dr. V. S. Funnikanth under my supervision at IIT Bombay. We had seen that equivalent linear ground response analysis and later on non-linear ground response analysis for typical soil sites of Mumbai was carried out. So, for that the first step is to collect the geotechnical properties from the borehole data. So, various site borehole locations are mentioned over here, which are collected. This is one typical borehole data with the layer thickness type of soil, the depth and recorded value of SPT, what usually at site will be available from the field data. Next step was to identify for which acceleration time history we want to carry out the ground response analysis. So, we had carried out for these four selected acceleration time history, the ground response analysis. One is for Bhuj motion of 2001, another is this is Kobe motion of 1995, this is Loma Priyata 1989 and Loma Ghilori 1989. With those input motion after carrying out the equivalent linear ground response analysis, the output what was obtained is for each borehole location for a particular input earthquake motion, we can get the output at different levels of soil layer. So, this is at ground level or ground surface, this is the output that is how the acceleration time response will be when a Bhuj motion is given as input bedrock motion. And to do that deep soil software was used, this is another output in this form, we obtain the spectral acceleration versus period variation at a particular borehole at Mangalvari site in Mumbai with consideration of 5 percent damping as we considered the single degree of freedom system mass spring dashpot system to obtain the spectral acceleration for 4 different input motion Bhuj motion, Kobe motion, Loma Priyata and Loma Ghilori. So, you can see that the peak value of this spectral acceleration where it is occurring at which period that determines that which type of structure will be vulnerable when that type of a particular type of earthquake motion is occurring at that site of MBH at Mumbai. So, it automatically shows for Kobe motion, the tall buildings will be more vulnerable because here the time period is relatively higher compared to what you can see for Bhuj motion where time period is relatively lower than that what we obtain for Kobe motion for this particular site. So, this will vary with respect to site to site as well as we can see it varies with respect to input earthquake motion that is for which earthquake motion you are analyzing that is also very important. Then we have also seen how much amplification of the bedrock motion will occur when it passes through various layers of the soil. So, at different soil layers you can compute obviously what is the value of Mx by Mh at bedrock level and these n values shows the at the ground level what is the soil amplification. So, you can see it ranges between about 1.2 to 3.5 depending on what is your input motion and also for which borehole this data or this analysis was carried out. So, we had seen that for different earthquake motions this different response acceleration spectra which we can obtain not only that layer wise variation of this spectral acceleration also we can get. So, what way it will help us for the design further suppose if we want to construct a foundation at a particular layer or a particular soil level below the ground surface looking at this spectral acceleration peak values we need to decide at which depth we need to found the foundation based on the soil property. Not only that if we are fine if we are putting the foundation at a particular layer we have to design for that particular period and spectral acceleration corresponding to different layer with respect to different input earthquake motion. So, which is very important for a detailed study at a particular site which will not be available in any code because this is a site specific ground response analysis. We had also seen in our previous lecture that the frequency computed using this formula which is a thumb rule as I have already mentioned for a typical homogeneous soil layer that is the fundamental natural period how to estimate from the V s value compared to thickness of a soil layer and what is the frequency obtained using this deep soil software using either equivalent ground response analysis and non-equivalent or non-linear ground response analysis for Booge 2001 motion you can see the person difference between the theoretical value and the obtained value through this deep soil software is within the range of about 18 percent for the case of equivalent linear for non-linear it is within about 12 percent or 12.5 percent. Now coming to the development of seismic code of India let me emphasize on this that is the Indian seismic code which is BIS or IS 1893 that code has obviously revised through several years whenever there is some major earthquake and the researchers and the research community and practicing community on earthquake engineering in India felt that there is a need to change the seismic zonation of entire India it has been changed. So, the latest change was done in the year 2002 as we already have discussed that is the latest version of IS 1893 part one only where the seismic zonation map is given for entire India why it has occurred or it has been given in 2002 because after the 2001 Booge earthquake the researchers and practitioners in earthquake engineering felt that it needs to be updated. So, you can see from this slide the first figure figure A this shows the seismic zonation map of entire India which was in the year 1962 I am talking about same IS code 1893 part 1. So, that is the code number and these are the years of their changes. So, 1962 if you look at this zonation map very carefully you can see earlier entire India was subdivided into 6 seismic zone starting from zone 1 to zone 6. So, 1 2 3 4 5 6. So, zone 6 was the most vulnerable one and zone 1 was the least vulnerable one then that code was revised in the year 1966. So, figure B shows the IS code 1893 part 1 where the seismic zonation map has been changed in the year 1966. Again the same zone 1 to 6 were considered for entire India but you can see some of the zone in this western part like in Rajasthan etcetera which were earlier in zone 1 now they have changed to zone 2 can you see. So, there are several other changes as well like here the zone 5 and zone 6 their zonation demarcation has been changed also in the central area of India there have been introduced this zone 2 region at this portion can you see over here again in the southern part also here zone 2 has been introduced which were not there initially here it was zone 1 and extent of zone 1 also has been changed. So, like that there are several changes between the code of 1962 to 1966 and this has happened because of the experience people felt between this 1960 to 1966 whatever earthquake occurred in India taking care of all these effects they have changed this seismic zonation map. Now, the 1970 version of the IS code 1893 part 1 where the seismic zonation map you can look here what are the changes from the previous version of 1966 from 66 to 1970 the number of zone has been reduced by 1 earlier it was zone number 1 to 6 now it has been given zone number 1 to 5 can you see over here. So, 5 is the most vulnerable zone and zone 1 is the least hazardous zone. So, like that the entire India and the regions also have been changed at different locations as you can see even zone 3 has been introduced over here at the southern part zone 3 has been introduced over here in the western part etcetera and entire this north east has been kept under zone 5 which is most hazardous one or most vulnerable one even this Himalayan belt or Nepal India border close to that there are some regions which has been changed to zone 4 and zone 5 the combinations as you can see. Next the IS code 1893 part 1 was revised in the year 1984. So, this colored picture shows the version which is the fourth revision of 1984 version of Indian code IS 1893 part 1 you can see here also it has been subdivided into 5 zone zone 1 to 5 1 is least hazardous zone and zone 5 is maximum or most hazardous zone. So, this red color zones are most hazardous one whereas, this white color zone are least hazardous one, but if you can look at this picture there were zone 2 over here and zone 3 over here. Amdabad was coming earlier in zone 3 like this and their values were given after Bhujarth quake people felt that this region mapping is not proper and also between 1984 to 2002 the latest version where it is available there were several other earthquakes in India like Chamoli earthquake was there, Jabalpur earthquake was there, there were many other earthquakes. So, central part of India also required after the Jabalpur earthquake etcetera change of this zonation map that is why in 2002 this seismic zonation map has been proposed in Indian seismic code IS 1893 part 1 this is the latest version as on today 2002. So, obviously you can expect this version also probably will get updated whenever there are more number of earthquakes and more number of experiences which we incur at India and then accordingly the changes of this seismic zone may occur in future also. And for that to come up with this seismic zonation map major criteria are to identify the effect of earthquake also how to determine this values peak spectral acceleration etcetera depending on the soil type those what I have discussed in the site specific ground response analysis. So, obviously it the code cannot give individual site specific values, but it will have to give a broad value which will overall match a kind of design suggestion for regular buildings and considering the importance factor etcetera for important structure it can be considered. So, now in this latest version of IS code 1893 part 1 the seismic zonations are divided in 4 zones only starting with zone 2 which is least hazardous with maximum 1 is zone 5 which is maximum hazardous. So, you can see here this zone 4 has been introduced extent of zone 5 has been increased the central region of Jabalpur etcetera the seismic zonation has been changed. So, like that there were several changes from 1970 version to 1984 version. Now, coming to our geotechnical aspects of our IS code what it suggest let us look at it unfortunately the geotechnical aspects of earthquake engineering is not yet well addressed in this IS code 1893 part 1 of 2002 latest version because it specifies that consider only 3 types of soil than those are mentioned as soft soil medium soil hard rock, but as a geotechnical engineer we already know that hardly these nomenclature of soil signifies anything unless they are typical engineering value or the dynamic soil properties are specifically mentioned within a given range. So, soft soil whether it is sandy or clay there will be huge difference in that also for the medium soil as well even there should be the variation of this soil strata for the classification based on the dynamic soil properties when we are talking about the earthquake engineering. However, our code specifies only the characterization of soil based on the as we can see in this slide based on SPT n value. Let us look at the slide SPT n value irrespective of the soil type, but we know that SPT n value is not the only solution or only field test because for pure clay you can hardly do the SPT test there you have to probably perform the CPT cone penetration test the standard penetration test may not be useful there. So, all these aspects need to be yet to be addressed in our IS code part 1 from the geotechnical point of view and as I said no dynamics for the soil characterization is yet involved in this codal provision. Now, let us see what are the other practices worldwide if we see the seismic design criteria of US as per the Nihar code of 2003. Nihar is the guideline for the earthquake resistant design in US they have classified their site soil site or ground classification they have subdivided into in six divisions starting from A to F and within each division also in some of the site classification they have sub classification. As you can see over here how these have been classified with respect to the site period what we have discussed in our ground response analysis we get a site period which is more important for our design rather than any other static values. Also we should know what is the shear wave velocity because shear wave velocity is one of the major important criteria which shows about the dynamic nature or characterization of the code. So, in the Nihar code they classified soil site A as the stiffest site with hard rock with site period within 0.1 second and what is the range of V s value it should be more than equals to 1500 meter per second. Second site classification is site B which is rocky type site where site period will be less than equals to 0.2 second and mostly it is unweathered rock and V s value will be greater than 760 meter per second or less than 6 meter of thickness of the soil will exist. Then within site classification C there are sub classification C 1, C 2, C 3. C 1 classifies weathered or soft rock with this site period value and V s value with the range between 362 700 meter per second. For C 2 it is soil depth should be between 6 meter to 30 meter and this is the site period where shallow stiff soil is available and C 3 is intermediate depth stiff soil where site period is this much and soil depth can be between 30 meter to 60 meter. Then site classification D again sub classified into D 1, D 2, D 3. D 1 is deep stiff hollows in soil it can be either sand or clay but their site period should be within 1.4 second and their depth can be between 60 meter to 210 meter with low fine content within 15 percent and non plastic in nature and clay has high fines content greater than 15 percent and plastic fine greater than 5 or P i value greater than 5. D 2 is the deep stiff soil sand or clay with this range and D 3 is very deep stiff soil with this value of site period with soil depth greater than 210 meter. Whereas site classification E again sub classified in E 1 and E 2 E 1 is medium depth soft clay where site period is less than equals to 0.7 second and thickness of soft clay layer will be between 3 meter to 12 meter. Whereas E 2 is deep soft clay layer where site period is this much and thickness of the soft layer can be greater than 12 meter whereas site classification F refers to special type of soil which is potentially liquefiable soil that is potentially liquefiable sand or peat. So, these are most vulnerable with respect to earthquake is concerned. Their site period about once again and hollows in loose sand with high water table then only the chances of liquefaction will be more as we know and the organic peat contents. So, the details you can obtain in this journal paper as you can see over here structural longevity this paper. Now, soil classification as per Euro code which is followed in entire Europe of 2004 version Euro code 8 you can see there also it has been sub classified into major 5 divisions A, B, C, D, E and then another 2 sub classification S 1 and S 2 and what are the parameters to identify this description of the different types of soil for this site classification of course the V S value they have mentioned another parameter which is known as V S 30. What is V S 30? Let me explain it to you V S 30 is nothing but it is the average value of the shear wave velocity V S within top 30 meter from the ground surface. So, how it is estimated this is the depth 30 meter in the numerator and denominator is the sum of all the layers there can be several numbers of layer within the 30 meter thickness of each layer in meter unit divided by individual layers V S value clear. So, that value V i when i changes from 1 to n, n numbers of layer if it is there. So, V i will be in the unit meter per second. So, you will get V S 30 also in meter per second. So, these are the ranges of V S value given and corresponding what can be the typical SPT values that also has been mentioned with respect to what can be typical values of the cohesion. You can see over here these are mostly soft clay S 1, S 2 where V S value is even less than 100 meter per second and C value between 10 to 20 kPa whereas, these are very stiff value and the first site classification A is nothing but it is a rock where V S value is greater than 800 meter per second. The other soil classification in modern seismic code worldwide you can see IBC, IBC is international building code of 2000 or UBC of 97 they also classified the soil site with respect to the V S value. So, V S is most important parameter even Greek seismic code they also classify it with respect to V S value, EC 8 already I have discussed the New Zealand code they also classify the soil with respect to V S value as well as the site period T value as you can see over here. Then Japanese code they also classify it with respect to V S value including the site period then Turkish code they also classify it with respect to V S value. So, V S is very important parameter for the site classification. Also if we look at what are the recommendations for the soil amplification factor for various control periods for different subsoil class what are the different subsoil class already we have mentioned like A, B, C, D, E these 5 are major subclass and then S 1, S 2 are the other two different subclass. So, in Euro code 8 they have mentioned that different types of earthquake they have first classified one type 1 earthquake means where the earthquake magnitude with respect to surface wave magnitude is greater than 5.5 for that they mentioned what are the values for different site condition A, B, C, D, E these are the S factors and these are various time period mean time period critical time period predominant time period all these values and these are the amplification factors which you can see for E type of soil it is mentioned that amplification factor of 1.4 should be used for design when earthquake magnitude is greater than 5.5 and for a low magnitude earthquake that is earthquake type 2 when MS value is less than 5.5 these are the recommendations where you can see the higher values of amplification factors are proposed why because we have already mentioned earlier generally the low value of earthquake tends to magnify more than the high value of earthquake. So, this is the reason and that too it depends on the soil condition whether it is a soft soil if you go from A to D, E or D that means you are going towards the soft soil condition. So, that is why these are the recommended values as per Euro code which are yet to be incorporated or yet to be considered in our Indian seismic design code considering the Indian sub soil condition and all the Indian site response analysis which we have discussed in our previous lecture thoroughly. Then in the previous lecture we also discussed about the example problem 2 which is the seismic ground response analysis for selected 4 ports in the Gujarat state of India and the publication in the natural hazard springer journal is available I have mentioned this is the detail of the journal paper and for that we first identified the 4 locations of this ports Kandla port, Mundra port, Dahej port and Hazira port in Gujarat with their fault mapping. Then we selected the uniform hazard spectra for individual port site like Kandla port and Mundra port it is mentioned over here compared to IS code also it has been mentioned corresponding to their seismic zone factor as per IS code 2002 version part 1. Then we had collected the geotechnical borehole data for each of these port site at different borehole locations and typical data is given from which we estimated the shear wave velocity profile in each of this borehole. Then for typical synthetic time history for Kandla port at different seismic level of ground motions with different return period we got the spectral acceleration versus time value and the ground response analysis was carried out to obtain the pseudo acceleration versus period considering different modulus reduction curve and the damping curve as proposed by various researchers for different types of soil using shake software. And the important observation what we found that mostly for zone 5 region where the Kandla port and Mundra port are coming actually for level 3 earthquake the Kandla port site whatever value of peak ground acceleration we estimate from the ground response analysis is much higher than the IS code recommended value. So, these automatically shows the need for doing the ground response analysis at an important site before going for a design because IS code give a generalized value which may not be correct or may not match at particular location if there is a soft soil site or some not so good soil with respect to foundation is concerned in terms of earthquake engineering. So, with that in the previous lecture itself we completed our module 8. So, in today's lecture we will start with our next module which is module 9. So, module 9 we will discuss about seismic analysis and design of various types of geotechnical structures various types of geotechnical structures within that we will try to include retaining wall foundations waterfront retaining wall or sea wall Msw landfill pile tailing dam slope etcetera. So, now let us start with this subtopic within this module seismic design of retaining wall. When we talk about seismic design of retaining wall first let me introduce as we all know there are different types of retaining wall like gravity type piling wall cantilever type of wall anchored sheet pile wall these are different types of retaining wall. This is gravity type retaining wall these are rigid wall whereas anchored sheet pile wall these are called flexible wall. So, those we have learnt in our conventional geotechnical engineering course I will not go into detail of this different types of retaining wall we will consider now how this knowledge of seismic earth pressure that is what are the earth pressure for which we need to design this retaining wall need to be calculated. So, what are the changes in that value of earth pressure when we are considering the effect of seismicity or earthquake. So, what are the different types of earthquake as we know majorly these are three types at rest earth pressure when there is no movement of the wall then the pressure exerted on the wall is nothing, but at rest condition active state of earth pressure when wall moves away from the backfill then the pressure exerted by the soil on the wall is called active state of earth pressure and when wall moves towards the soil then soil provides the resistance which is called passive earth resistance that is the correct terminology though we also use the terminology passive earth pressure. So, these are the three different types of earth pressure as we all know from our basic knowledge of geotechnical engineering. Now failure of retaining wall there are several cases worldwide that during the earthquake retaining walls fail due to the additional destabilizing earthquake forces. So, in what way this earthquake forces induce the additional forces on this retaining wall for which probably it was not designed or analyzed that is why there were several damages as you can see from some of this pictures. So, when we are talking about seismic analysis and design of this retaining walls it mainly consist of determining the magnitude of that additional destabilizing force that act during an earthquake. So, there will be static state of earth pressure on the wall depending on the movement of the wall in addition to that there will be some extra earth pressure which is because of the earthquake which we need to estimate properly. Now determining the seismic active and seismic passive earth pressure due to destabilizing forces means we are finally going to obtain combined earth pressure which is under static condition plus under the seismic condition and the design section which needs to be selected after computing this seismic active or passive earth pressure depending on which case of movement of wall is occurring based on the above parameters by using two basic approach. There are two basic approach what are those approach one is called force based approach another is called displacement based approach. In force based approach generally we consider all the forces involved in the estimation of earth pressure that is weight of the failure zone weight of the wall reaction from the soil etcetera to obtain what is the pressure exerted on the wall that is force based approach we can either use limit equilibrium method or limit analysis or method of characteristics etcetera. Another approach is displacement based approach where we take care of how much displacement of the wall we can permit there will be a permissible amount of displacement and based on that earth pressure etcetera needs to be calculated. So, if we look at this slide for performance based design if we talk about that any wall how it performs we need to design for that then we should go for this displacement based approach where we can monitor or we can find out or we can estimate how much displacement of the wall it can be translational it can be rotational displacement how much it is occurring. Now, before we start estimating the seismic earth pressure let me tell you the basic methods which are available the very basic fundamental method is known as pseudo static method. What is this pseudo static method as the name suggests pseudo static or in other word it is called quasi static also. In this case theoretical background of the seismic coefficient lies in the application of D'Alembert's principle which we have already learned in our soil dynamics course as well as this course also in the beginning principle of mechanics. So, suppose this is a failure zone of the soil which is having a weight of w now there will be horizontal component of seismic acceleration if we take the coefficient of that seismic acceleration multiplied with that failure mass or failure weight then what we get that force will give us nothing but the inertia force this is called seismic inertia force due to the horizontal acceleration of earthquake. So, this coefficient is known as pseudo static seismic acceleration coefficient. So, what will be the seismic acceleration k times g where small g is the acceleration due to gravity that will be the acceleration value and how to select that value there are various methods like Terzaghi has proposed depending on severity of the earthquake whether one can consider this k value as half of the peak ground acceleration or two-third of the peak ground acceleration or one-third of the peak ground acceleration that depends on what type of earthquake severity you are considering for your design. So, this pseudo static method basically was initially proposed by Terzaghi in 1950. So, after that several researchers have worked on this very basic fundamental or simplified method of pseudo static method where this just and coefficient is multiplied with respect to the failure mass to get the seismic inertia force. This portion has been taken from the book by professor Ikua Tohata see Tohata 2008 this is the book reference geotechnical earthquake engineering published by Springer. You can see when static inertia force acts when there is an acceleration a there will be the inertia force that a times w divided by g this small g is nothing but acceleration due to gravity that is 9.81 meter per second square. So, this similar way a by g gives you this coefficient k as I have already mentioned. So, this is nothing but called pseudo static coefficient which you can multiply with respect to any failure zone and get your seismic analysis with respect to this pseudo static approach can be done. So, the basic concept of the pseudo static approach for the seismic design or seismic analysis of retaining wall was proposed by Mononobe and Matsuo in 1929 and Okabe in 1926 which combinedly known as Mononobe Okabe method of 1929. So, this Mononobe Okabe method is the pioneering work in this seismic design of retaining wall using this concept of pseudo static approach. So, what they had proposed suppose this is a gravity type rigid retaining wall section and if the wall tends to move in this side where you have a backfill level at this height on the left side of the wall and on the right side you have this much height of the backfill. So, if the wall tends to move in this direction obviously active state of earth pressure will be formed at this side and passive state of earth pressure will get generated on this side. So, Mononobe Okabe they considered actually they extended the conventional earth pressure theory of Coulomb's earth pressure theory. What was the Coulomb's earth pressure theory as we know planar failure surface was considered and various planar failure surface that is this angle of failure plane with respect to horizontal that has been varied in such a way that this active earth pressure which is acting on the wall is maximized because we know what should be the design value of active earth pressure that should be the maximum value of this what we should get through trial and error procedure. So, to get the trial and error procedure either mathematically in the closed form solution it can be obtained in terms of by differentiating with respect to this failure angle the total earth pressure component what method was used by Coulomb earth pressure theory just simple equilibrium method of all the forces what are the forces this is the earth pressure force this is the weight and there will be a soil reaction. So, if I show here how the Coulombic earth pressure let us say for active state of earth pressure this is the rigid retaining wall and we are mentioning that this wall is moving towards this side. So, this is an active state of earth pressure as Coulomb's theory says we take this failure plane this failure plane can be considered a different failure angle as we all know there will be forces like weight of this failure plane and this will be active earth pressure acting at an angle delta with respect to normal to this wall delta is wall friction angle P a is active state of earth pressure and on this side of the wedge there will be soil reaction R which will act at an angle phi phi is the soil friction angle this is the normal to this failure plane. That is simplified Coulomb's method of earth pressure for active state of earth pressure as we all know where these three forces must maintain the equilibrium and for a two dimensional problem because retaining wall is nothing but a plane strain problem as we know it runs for several meters or even kilometers also. So, for this plane strain problem for this two dimensional problem what we consider that these three forces must be concurrent forces that is W P a and R should pass through a single point that is what we call concurrent forces. So, by using the force polygon like this W P a and R this W is known to us for a chosen failure surface because geometry is known by knowing the unit weight of this soil we can compute W because area times unit weight multiplied with unit length on that side will give us the weight of this failure zone. So, W is known also its direction of acting is known because it acts always vertically downwards. So, this vector is completely known this force vector in terms of its direction and magnitude whereas for this R we only know the direction we do not know the value we need to obtain that for P a also we only know the direction we do not know the value which we need to obtain. So, what we can do if we know the direction with respect to W we know the line of action of this P a. So, we first draw this line and with respect to W we know the line of action this R. So, we draw that line. So, wherever they intersect that is nothing but giving us from this force polygon the value of P a this will be the value of P a value of R and their direction was already known. So, in that way we get the value of design value of active earth pressure. Now, by changing this failure angle row we will get different weight W and different values of P a and R combination. So, through that whichever gives us the maximum value of P a. So, we have to maximize this P a. So, maximum value of P a will give us the design value that we know. So, now what are the changes Mononobe Okabe did with respect to this Coulomb's earth pressure approach they mentioned now they added two more forces one is this one another is this one what are these extra forces this is k h times W and this is k v times W what are k h and k v k h times G is nothing but horizontal seismic acceleration and this k v times G is vertical seismic acceleration as we know this seismic accelerations acts in both the cycles that is it will act both vertically down as well as up also this seismic acceleration will act towards left as well as towards right. So, for the analysis we need to take all the combinations k h W acting in this direction also in this direction k v W also acting in this direction also in this direction and then considering this forces equilibrium of all this forces one need to obtain this active earth pressure again under earthquake conditions. So, in that case it will be P a. So, there will be a critical value or critical combinations of this k h and k v which will give us the value of this seismic active earth pressure. So, with this if we look at this slide over here it says k h and k v remember these are not the fixed direction it can change it is in one calculation you should take k h in this direction another calculation you should take in this direction k v in one combination in this direction another combination this direction. So, there will be four iterative methods four combinations k h k v in this form k h k v in this form k h k v in this form and k h k v in this form with that whatever optimized value or maximized value of P a you will get that will give you the seismic active earth pressure using this mononov-ovacabae pseudo static approach. Similarly, for passive earth pressure also you need to consider it is also an extension of Coulomb's earth pressure theory for passive case. For passive case again we know the changes of the Coulomb's theory like if we consider the passive state of earth pressure that means the wall tends to move towards the backfill side in that case if we select a failure zone like this at an angle say rho weight of this failure zone is w and this is normal to the wall this will be p p passive earth pressure at an angle delta friction angle wall friction angle and soil reaction will be r at an angle phi with phi is the soil friction angle. So, again these three forces should be concurrent then it will be in equilibrium. So, equilibrium has to be maintained that is Coulomb's earth pressure theory here also the additional parameters which were introduced by mononov-ovacabae like this k h times w in the horizontal seismic inertia force and the vertical k v times w vertical seismic inertia force. Now, considering these forces and maintaining equilibrium in this case we have to what we need to do we need to minimize this p p value because we know for passive earth pressure case the design value is nothing but the minimum why because it is the resistance of the soil provided. So, as it is a resistance it is. So, what we know in this case w we know the complete vector that is their magnitude and direction. Now, for line of action of r we know only the direction for line of action of p p we only know the direction. So, where they intersect that gives us the value of this r and p p. So, this value of p p what we get from the design by this equilibrium or closed force polygon that we have to minimize as I said with respect to different selection of this rho value which is known. Now, additional forces these things comes here and accordingly the analysis needs to be done or equilibrium has to be maintained. But now after talking about how to estimate this pseudo static active and passive earth pressure as proposed by mononov-ovacacabae the major questions arises here like what value of k h and k v should be used for design because in the pseudo static approach we are just considering a coefficient. But after learning the geotechnical earthquake engineering we all know this k h and k v is not at all constant over the depth of the soil layer it varies with respect to depth it varies with respect to time it is a dynamic parameter it is not a static or quashy static or pseudo static as it is assumed in this analysis. So, that is a big question always lies in the pseudo static approach which can be considered as one of the major limitation of this method itself inherent limitation. Then soil amplification we already learnt that soil gets amplified when earthquake motion travels through soft soil. So, that soil amplification we cannot consider in this pseudo static approach there is no scope to consider soil amplification in this design of pseudo static approach. Also what is the variation of this seismic acceleration with respect to depth and with respect to time is nowhere where we can consider these things. Another thing what are the effects of this dynamic soil properties whether irrespective of soil type if we select just a single value of k h say 0.2 and k v say 0.1 will the design of the wall in clay soil in sandy soil in loose sand in dense sand everything remains same as per pseudo static approach it says yes there is no other chance to take a into all these considerations of soil parameters and their effect dynamic nature etcetera in the pseudo static design. So, these are the major limitations of this conventional pseudo static approach. Now, how to overcome this pseudo static approach we will see soon. So, we will end our today's lecture here we will continue further in the next lecture.


Our technology for equal access, learning disabilities. My name is Shelby. This is my senior year at the University of Washington. I have dyslexia, dysgraphia, and I was diagnosed at the age of seven, so I've always had a challenge with it, but I've learned to overcome it, I think, every year. I think one of the main challenges is when there's a lot of reading involved right now for my econ class, I already have a pretty thick textbook along with some other side readings, so having to get through the material and say a day or two when it's more than 100 chapters is a huge challenge for me, so that's also where I would definitely use some of my text to speech capabilities. There's an accessibility software, so it allows me to highlight text and then I'll read it out loud. And then I also use another program called Natural Reader, and that also pretty much serves as the same function, but the cool thing about Natural Reader is it actually shows you, like, where it's reading. Accessibility is through technology and education. It promotes awareness and accessibility in both the classroom and the workplace. It definitely allows it to sink in. Sometimes when I'm reading it alone, I just need to, like, hear it the first time, then I can go back and then I'll actually hear, oh, this is a concept. This is something that's important. This is something that we're talking about, because when I'm just reading it myself, it takes me a lot longer. I get lost in the text. I don't have trouble, like, paying attention, so it really does help, and it makes it so that I can complete the task at hand. It makes me feel good, because at the end of the day, I'm still able to complete the task versus staying up all night. There's been nights where I've stayed up to five in the morning, just trying to grasp what the reading, so that I would be prepared to be able to talk about it, or at least say, I read this, but I didn't understand this, and then create a discussion out of it. Hello, I'm Matthew. I have ADD. I have mild ASD, and I've been diagnosed with mild Aspergers. I use co-writer. It's a word prediction program. There's six words you can choose from, but I think the number key that it's the word you select out. I would use it mostly in my closet for, like, very important papers, where I definitely would need to get the grammar correctly. Or the words correctly as well, depending because I struggle with spelling at times. I am Jada. My disability is ADD and dyslexia. So with ADD, I have a hard time sitting still for a long period of time. I use a document scanner. The scanner helps me by actually reading the content that is on a book instead of having read it by yourself. So with this scanner, you set it up, and then you launch the program that is in the computer. And then you can highlight or have it read to you. Even though I'll study them and study them and study, I tend to forget. This will help me by making it easier so that I can have the digital copy of it on the computer and have it read to me, and then I can start writing notes along with it as it's reading it to me. Just depending on your disability, it really depends how you learn. I'm still definitely trying to learn about my disability a little bit more too. My name is Damon, and I am currently a senior here at the University of Washington. I'm studying American Indian Studies and Anthropology, and I have ADD and dyslexia. For me, for example, since I have ADD and dyslexia, I need more time to either read the text that we're assigned or to take more time writing out the essays that we are given. Being able to use computers as well, having that accessibility is really helpful, whether it's in class or whether it's during a test or a quiz that we're having. Especially if the test is an essay-based test, it's really difficult to write it down and not have a spell checker. Final thoughts. My name is Cheryl Burgstahler, and I direct Accessible Technology Services at the University of Washington in Seattle. As you can see, it's really important that people with disabilities have access to the technology that they need, including assistive technology, so that they can be successful in education, in careers, and all of the activities that they wish to pursue. It's also important that IT developers, including those that create websites, documents, software, and other IT, make those products accessible to people who are using assistive technology and to everyone else. For more information about IT accessibility, consult uw.edu.accessibility. This video presentation was created with funding from National Science Foundation grant number CNS-104-2260. Copyright 2019, University of Washington. Permission is granted to copy these materials for educational, non-commercial purposes provided the source is acknowledged.


Tonight we're in Mark chapter 15. So if you guys turn to Mark chapter 15, we're gonna be looking at 32 verses tonight. And we're gonna do what we did before. I'm gonna kind of give you an overview of some sections here. We're not gonna go too much, the verse by verse, some sections I'm gonna clump up together and give you the meaning of what's going on in that. So, but we're gonna be looking at these 32 verses, verse one through 32. So let's go ahead and read. I'm gonna go ahead and read the whole section so we can have that in our minds and hearts. And then we'll get back into our study to do our verse by verse in some of the sections here. But chapter 15 of Mark, as Mark continues to write, he says, immediately in the morning, the chief priest held a consolation with the elders and scribes and the whole council. And they bound Jesus, let him away and delivered him to Pilate. Then Pilate asked him, are you the king of the Jews? He answered and said to him, it is as you say. And the chief priest accused him of many things, but he answered nothing. Then Pilate asked him again, saying, do you answer nothing? See how many things they testify against you. But Jesus still answered nothing so that Pilate marveled. Verse six, now at the feast he was accustomed to releasing one prisoner to them, whomever they requested. And there was one named Barabbas who was chained with his fellow rebels. They had committed murder in the rebellion. Then the multitude crying aloud again began to ask, began to ask him to do just as he had always done for them. But Pilate answered them saying, do you want me to release you the king of the Jews? For he knew the chief priest had handed him over because of envy, but the chief priest stirred up the crowd so that he should rather release Barabbas to them. Pilate answered and said to them again, what then do you want me to do with him? Whom you call the king of the Jews? So they cried out again, crucify him. Then Pilate said to them, why? What evil has he done? But they cried out all the more, crucify him. So Pilate wanting to gratify the crowd released Barabbas to them and he delivered to Jesus after he had scourged them to be crucified. Verse 16, then the soldiers led him away into the hall called Pertorium and they called together the whole garrison and they clothe them with purple and they twisted a crown of thorns and put it on his head and began to salute him. Hail king of the Jews. Then they struck him on the head with a reed and spat on him and bowing the knee, they worshiped him. And when they had mocked him, they took the purple off him, put his own clothes on him and let him out to be crucified. Then they compelled a certain man, Simon Sirenian, the father of Alexander Rufus and he was coming out to the country and passing by to bear his cross. And they brought him to the place Golgotha, which is translated place of a skull. Then they gave him wine mingled with myrrh to drink but he did not take it. And when they crucified him, they divided his garments, casting lots for them to determine whatever man should take. That was the third hour and they crucified him. And the inscription of his accusation was written above, the king of the Jews. With him, they also crucified two robbers, one on his right and the other on his left. So the scripture was fulfilled which says, and he was numbered with the transgressors.  Likewise, the chief priest also mocking among themselves with the scribe said, he saved others himself, he cannot save. But the Christ, the king of Israel, he said now from the cross that we may see and believe even those who were crucified with him reviled him. Do you guys remember when you heard the news that Saddam Hussein was captured? You know, when that happened, you know, obviously it hit the news. Every media outlet had the news, the breaking news that Saddam Hussein was captured. And when I heard about it, there are several things that went through my mind. One is it was it true? Because you know, there's a lot of hoax out there, things that happen, people that say things that it's not true and somehow it finds its way on social media and everybody's like, wow, look at this and that. And then they find out that it was just a joke, it was a hoax, it wasn't real. So one of the things I was thinking is like, well, is this for real?  He was saying he was gonna rebuild the new Babylon and all this stuff. And so when they captured him, I'm like, it was that real. So when I found out it was true, the next question I asked was, where was he? And how did they catch him? And it was interesting because as they began to kind of share how he was captured and how he was now, you know, basically in the hands of US troops and all this stuff, then all of a sudden they began to show images of him.  And then you realize that, wow, this is interesting. He was really captured. Now here is a man who was a man of power, a man of influence, a man who was evil, he was a criminal, he killed thousands of men and women, including children. And as the news was going through this whole entire trial, it kept us up to speed with the trial and what was going on until finally, he was handed over to Iraqis, to the officials there, and they ended up executing him. Now, Saddam Hussein deserved every bit of that because he was an evil man. And this was a man who did a lot of evil, a lot of wrong, a lot of harm to his own people. Now, the world is not really, it's really, the world's really used to seeing a lot of men that have risen up among us, as far as among us meaning in mankind, who have been powerful, influential, and who have done a lot of harm. Mussolini, you know, have a lot of different men that have done a lot of harm. So our world is not really, you know, I guess it's not foreign to this world to see things like this happen. Our world will eventually get these men once in a while that are powerful and influential, and most of them have been really evil. But Jesus, Jesus was a man of power and influence and the world met him, but they treated him wrong. They actually included him as, he actually, they said he was a criminal. And our world got a chance to meet one influential man who did good for people, who came to heal people, to deliver people, to really do a lot of good. And that was the salvation of our soul. And the world took him, apprehended him, beat him up and crucified him. And he was one of probably the only one that this world will ever see that came to this earth to deliver us from our sins. I mean, Jesus didn't do anything wrong. I mean, the Bible even says that you came here and I'll read this to you, John chapter one, verse 14. It says, the word became flesh dwelt among us, we beheld his glory, the glory of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth. And Jesus was full of grace and truth. Well, 2000 years ago, Jesus, as the world embraced Jesus for a moment, they actually considered him a criminal and put him on trial as an evil doer and they crucified him. This is where we're at now in chapter 15. This is a very familiar section in the gospels. As you go through the gospels in your own personal time, you always come to this type of situation. At the end of each gospel, there's the crucifixion. There's the trial of Jesus. So most of you here are familiar with this entire section. It's nothing new to you. But the thing is this is that it's good for us to be reminded of what Jesus went through. It's easy for us to become very callous to the things that are written about Jesus. I mean, we'll read about the nice things that he said, the wonderful things that he said, you know, I mean, they're good, but we sometimes quickly go through this section when it comes to the crucifixion, when it comes to the trial of Jesus, everything that went, he went through here, he went through these things for you and for me. And it's always good for us to be reminded of the trial of Christ, of the death of Christ, so that we don't become callous to those things, so that we can appreciate Jesus in our personal life, so that we don't just ignore these things because there's a lot of power when it comes to these things, when it comes to the death of Christ, because the death of Christ has impacted your life and my life. So it's really not something to take lightly. It's something to really look into and see what really went on. And the Gospel of Mark, remember, Mark is very quick in this Gospel. He wasn't interested in the things that Jesus said, he was more interested in what Jesus did, all of his works. That's what he was presenting to us from incident to incident, what Jesus was doing. So when he goes through this section, Matthew, John, Luke, they spent a lot of time on this section, Mark will kind of brush through. He does slow down a little bit here, but he actually just kind of goes through quickly. So I'm going to be bringing in other verses from the other Gospels that kind of pin a picture to show you what really went on, but Mark kind of stays a little bit on the light side when it comes to these things. So let's look at verse one. Here's Jesus, it says immediately in the morning, this was the official daylight trial before the Sanhedrin. Now, if you remember, the Sanhedrin was basically the Jewish Supreme Court. And the legal trials in the Roman forum were customarily held shortly after sunrise. Some say that this was between 5 a.m. to 6 a.m., being on Friday. This is the time that Jesus was actually put on trial. Now, after Jesus was hit in the face, after he was spat on and they took advantage of him in a private way, then they send him to Pilate. Now, why Pilate? What's up with this guy? Well, there's several reasons why they brought him to Pilate. The very first thing is that the Sanhedrin could pronounce death on a person, but they couldn't execute it. See, the Jewish people were limited in power. So they could say to people, you're gonna die, but they could not execute that death penalty. That's where the Romans come in. They had the power to put people to death. So the very first thing that we see right away, the reason why they brought him to Pilate was because Pilate had the power to put him to death. They didn't. So they bring him to Pilate so that he can basically execute judgment on him. And the other thing is that according to secular history, it reveals that Pilate was a cruel, ruthless man, insensitive to the feelings of others. So the Jewish people thought that Pilate would have probably looked at Jesus and would have said, you know what, just get him out of here.  Because he didn't care, he had no emotion. He was just a man who was kind of like a stoic kind of person. He didn't care.  And two, he doesn't care, he's an insensitive, cruel man. So when we present Jesus to him, he's not gonna care. He's gonna say, go for it. I'll take care of it. But notice in verse two, they bring this to him. He says, Pilate asked him, are you the king of the Jews? Of course, Jesus said, it is as you say. It's an interesting accusation. King of the Jews, the original charge, if you guys remember, was blasphemy. If you guys go back to chapter 14 and look at verse 64, he says, you have heard the blasphemy. What do you think? And they all condemned him to be deserving of death. The blasphemy claiming to be God. Remember Jesus used that phrase, I am? Well, that was the actual accusation from the Jewish people.  And the reason why is because the Romans believed in a plurality of gods. You could worship any God you want as long as it didn't interfere into their basic religion. So they didn't wanna bring that accusation before Pilate to say, hey, he's claiming to be God, Pilate wouldn't care, so what? That's our society, there's a lot of gods. But when you say, it says here, the king of the Jews. You see, saying king of the Jews, saying that Jesus is a political threat becomes more of an interest to Pilate because Pilate worked for Caesar. He represented Caesar, and according to Roman law, Caesar was the only king on earth. And if you were to bring somebody that says, he's saying he's a king, Pilate had to do something about it. Because if Pilate didn't, then Pilate could have been killed, he could have been executed because he was to protect Caesar. So these Jewish guys, these religious people were very wise, very shrewd. Instead of bringing them the accusation of Jesus being the Messiah, he says, they say he's claiming to be a king. And that's where Pilate says, let me ask him this. Let's get into this a little more. Let's figure this one out. Remember that people wanted to embrace Jesus as a political leader. One of the problems that the Jewish nation had was that they were under the oppression of Rome, the Roman government, they hated it. And what they were waiting for is for one person to come on the scene to help them to get them out from under that oppression to somehow destroy the Roman government so they can have their freedom, so they can have their life instead of being under that leadership of the Roman people. So that's why when Jesus came on the scene, people said, this is it, he's the one. He's gonna help us defeat the Romans. When you remember Jesus did not allow himself to be embraced as a political leader, that's not what he came here to do. It's the same thing that's happening today. The world is looking for their king.   It's interesting because that's what we see that the people 2000 years ago, we're waiting for somebody to come in to help them to just get them out from underneath that Roman oppression. The world today is looking for some leader who's gonna bring peace, because you guys know with ISIS and all that's going on, the world's like, what is going on here?  Look at, they're showing it on video and everybody's like, who can do any, I mean, can somebody do something about it? Our president is not doing much about it but there are others that are doing things, they're going bombing them and all, but there's gotta be one person who's gonna stand up and say, enough is enough and globally speaking, it's going to bring some kind of peace, some remedy to this craziness that's going on in our world today. I mean, our world is pretty crazy, isn't it? We live in a very unstable world. Really, it baffles me to read the stories that are in the newspaper online and the news on television, you're like, man, our world is really corrupt. We're heading towards the end. And the scary part, I guess if you want to call it scary, is that the book of Revelation says that things have to get worse before they get better. See, a lot of people are looking for things to get better but see, we know as Christians in our eschatology view, the study of last things or last end times, that everything has to get worse before things get better. But by that time, hopefully Lord willing, we'll be raptured and we're out of here before things really get bad. But you see here, they're looking at Jesus as a political leader. And we see here very clearly that Jesus here, they're brought in Jesus, king of the Jews.  And now Pilate has to do something about it. So the accusation that the Jews brought to Pilate, he was accused of something Jesus refused to do. It was a lie. He did not come in to become a political leader. Remember that people wanted to embrace Jesus that way but Jesus did not allow them to do that. You know, our world still does the same thing. They accuse Jesus of things that aren't true. I mean, we're his followers. And one of the things that we're always accused of when it comes to ministering to people and whatnot is that people think that Jesus taught us to hate people when people turn the gospel down.  That's not true. And there are groups today that will believe with all their heart that Christianity is a hatred belief system. It's a system based on hatred. You know, when you talk about people who are gay, I see this all the time on Facebook and Instagram. I see the arguments that within that thread there's always a word that strikes me and it's a word, the word hatred. Christians hate people. That's not true.  We can give you the gospel. You accept it. If you don't accept it, hey, I still love you. I'm gonna pray for you.  Jesus never taught that. And the world continues to accuse Jesus of things that are not true. And we get the brunt of it because we're followers of Christ. So did Jesus teach us how to hate people? Absolutely not. Well, how do I know that? Well, turn with me to Matthew five, chapter five. I'm gonna show you this real quickly here. Matthew chapter five, verse 43. First gospel, the New Testament. Matthew chapter five, verse 43.  Some of you are like, I wish he just stopped there. But I say to you, love your enemies.   That you may be sons of your father in heaven, for he makes his son rise on the evil and on the good and sends rain on the just and on the unjust. Did you get that? Is Christianity a belief system based on hatred? Absolutely not.  I mean, were you on the way here as you were driving in the rain, did you have like sunshine over your head while the non-believers were driving in the rain? Wouldn't that be weird?  Whoa, that guy's not safe. He's got rain on his car, right?  It just shows you that God is not looking at one or the other.  He loves us because we've embraced him. But listen, he says to love your enemies. That's hard, of course. And I'm not gonna get into this. This is a totally different message. But going back to our texts here, that Jesus here is actually being accused of something that isn't true. And we are also accused of things that aren't true. They say, you Christians, hey people, no, we don't, we love people. Whether you believe in Jesus or not, we still love you.  Verse two, I love this. Jesus says, it is as you say. Jesus gave a cryptic reply. He is a king, but in a spiritual sense. In a spiritual sense. You know, the final words here of Jesus, beginning at his trial, all the way up to the cross, are very important because they have deep meaning. In fact, let me say this. Anytime Jesus speaks in the Gospels, you better be listening. Pay attention because everything he said had a very important meaning. But you know that Jesus, when he spoke, he never took things back?  I never read in the Gospels, Jesus talking to his disciples, and then all of a sudden say, well, I didn't mean to say it that way. What I meant to say was, remember when I told you a couple of weeks ago, you know what I wanted to say to you? That's us, right? We don't have 100% accuracy when we speak, right? You're like, I can't believe I said that. Wait a minute, I didn't mean to, it's too late. Our Jesus, when he spoke, man, it was 100% accurate. It went out and it stayed there. He never took it back. So anytime you see that red letters in your Bible, pay attention because Jesus is saying something very important. Now if you really want to know the heart of God, if you really want to know and study the heart of God, read John 17. John 17 is what we call the high priestly prayer. A lot of people call that the Lord's prayer, but you know what, it's the high priestly prayer. Jesus Christ prays for his disciples, for the world and for you. If you really want to know the heart of God, that's the best verse, or I'm sorry, chapter, because John gives us an entire chapter of Jesus praying. That's pretty cool. That's actually, that's very private. I mean, how would you like me to walk in your time of prayer? I just want to sit there and hear you. Yeah, excuse me, can you please leave? This is my, this is very intimate here. But we have Jesus praying in an entire chapter. That's a great chapter to really learn the heart of God. Now, we see here that as he's asking him in verse three, it says that the chief priest accused him of many things and Jesus answered nothing. Now, the many things that he was accused of, and I'm going to give you a quick little look at Luke 23, verses one and two. This is what Luke shares with us. It says that the whole multitude of them arose and led him to Pilate. They began to accuse him saying, we found this fellow perverting the nation and forbidding to pay taxes to Caesar, saying that he himself is the Christ, a king. Notice how they had that. He stirs up the people teaching throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee to this place. Man, these guys hated Jesus with a passion.  And you're like, dude, relax. I mean, there's something more behind those words.  These guys hated Jesus. They did not want Jesus to exist anymore. Their heart basically crossed over to just let's kill him. They just did not care about Jesus.  Now this is a man I read recently, a man by the name of Alex Haley. He struggled with hatred. So he's an experienced man. And he said this about his own hate when he experienced this. He said this, hate at its best will distort you.  But it will always immobilize you. Hatred. You know, when Pilate found out that Jesus was from Galilee, we see here very clearly that Pilate really sensed the hatred in these people. They wanted Jesus dead that bad. But Pilate knew there was something different about Jesus that what these guys wanted was a little skewed. So what Pilate does, he sends him over to Herod. Because we see that Herod, and Mark doesn't give us too much detail here, but under Herod's jurisdiction Pilate was obviously, or actually Galilee was under Herod's jurisdiction, Pilate sends him back to his own homeland, Galilee. Now Herod, obviously Herod didn't care about Jesus. That guy was just, he was a vile man. And all he wanted to see Jesus do was a miracle. It's like, oh, good Jesus, entertain me. He didn't care. And so when Jesus did not do what he wanted him to do, then he sends them back. So Jesus was like a ping ball machine, just a ping ball machine, going back and forth from these people that really didn't care. So the world is actually meeting Jesus for the first time.  So they send him back and notice in verse six, Pilate has him again and again, there's some gaps here in the Gospel of Mark, but notice in verse six, it says at the feast he was accustomed to releasing one prisoner to them, whomever they requested. And there was one named Barabbas, who was chained with his fellow rebels, they had committed murder in the rebellion. Then the multitude crying aloud began to ask him, began to ask him to do just as he had always done for them. But Pilate answered saying, do you want me to release to you the king of the Jews? And for he knew that the chief priest had handed him over because of envy, but the chief priests stirred up the crowd so that he should rather release Barabbas to them. This was a custom during the Passover, Pilate would do this as a sign of goodwill, hoping that the Jews will ask for Jesus to be released instead of a known criminal. And the multitude in verse eight were basically just getting really rowdy. Now it's interesting to me that these people that were there, my question is who were they? Because remember it was really early in the morning. If scholars are right that it was around five or six a.m., most of the people were sleeping. They were sleeping and maybe a few barely waking up. So who were these people? Some scholars believe that was Judas who stirred them up. And Judas stirred them up so he had his little groupies there. While the rest of the crowd, perhaps the ones who said, Hosanna, Hosanna, right? Remember that? Because where are the, where are them? Where are the people? But maybe they were still sleeping. Maybe not, we don't know, there's all speculation. But we see here that it was early in the morning and yet the people that were there perhaps were stirred by Judas himself. I mean, they did not have television like today. If this was today, I mean, this would be all over Fox, CNN, CBS, Channel 4, you name it. I mean, people were just, they would just be tuned in to their TV wondering like, whoa, what's going on? Well, we see here that Barabbas in verse seven, as he said, as it was a custom to release a criminal versus a good man, Jesus Christ. And unfortunately, they end up releasing Barabbas. Now, who is Barabbas? The Bible doesn't really say much about Barabbas. Now, the name is interesting. The name means son of a father. Bar, which is son, Abba means father. Son of the father. It's interesting that he's next to the son of the father. Well, Barabbas is a son of a father. Now, who is he? We don't know, but he was involved in some kind of revolt and he was a known killer of terrorists because he was grouped and chained to this group. Perhaps he wanted to be the political leader that the Jewish people wanted what we're looking for. Maybe he went against the Romans and tried to defeat them. And unfortunately, it didn't happen. So he was chained up. So to the Jewish people, Barabbas was a hero because he did something. He would try to do something to actually get them out of that bondage that they were under the Roman guards or Roman government. So here is Barabbas, son of a father. And you have a real political enemy of Rome and a falsely accused political enemy of Rome. And the people wanted Jesus to be crucified. Notice in verse 13, they said, crucify him. Verse 14, crucify him. And finally, verse 15, Pilate gives in. So it says that Pilate released Barabbas and delivered Jesus after he had been scourged. And it says there to be crucified. So here's Jesus being led away to go through some brutal beating. And what we see here, what we see here is basically the human heart in action. What we see here is the sinful nature in action. Our sinful nature is pretty bad, isn't it? I mean, it's ugly. I mean, honestly, thank Jesus that He came to save us from that sinful nature.  I mean, the sinful nature is just nasty. And that's exactly what you see here.  And what we see here is the human heart in action. The depravity of the heart is very, very sick. Turn with me to Romans chapter three. I want to read this with you. Romans chapter three, speaking about the sinful nature being very bad. Paul the apostle said something about that sinful nature. The unregenerate heart. In verse nine, it says this. What then, are we better than they? Not at all. For we have previously charged both Jews and Greeks that they are all under sin as it is written. And here it goes. There is none righteous, no, not one. There is none who understands. There is none who seeks after God. They have all turned aside. They have together become unprofitable. There is none who does good, no, not one. Their throat is an open tomb. With their tongues they have practiced deceit. The poison of asps is under their lips.  Their feet are swift to shed blood. Destruction and misery are in their ways. And the way of peace they have not known. There is no fear of God before their eyes. Now this list, I would think shouldn't surprise you because you're like, yep, that's me. Yep, that was me. Yep, that was me. Yep, that was me. I had no fear of God.   We see here that the sinful nature is seen in action here in this part of the gospel. But notice what they did. And I want to draw your attention to something here quickly in verse 15. That Jesus went through some scourging. Now there were three forms of flogging. And I'm gonna share these with you. Three forms of flogging that the Romans actually established. One was called the fustigatio. That's all Latin, okay? I practiced that word before. Fustigatio, it was a less severe beating. It wasn't as bad as the next one which is called the flogilatio. That was more brutal. That one really hurt more than the first. And then the third form of flogging was the verbaratio. That was the most brutal beating that most prisoners actually died in that process. They didn't make it because of the lost blood. And what they did is usually when you were given the judgment of crucifixion that third form of flogging was included. If you weren't crucified, if your judgment wasn't crucifixion, you would probably go through that fustigatio or perhaps the flogilatio, one of those two. But if you were actually crucified, if that was your sentence of judgment, then you would go through the third. This is a very barbaric way of dying. In fact, what they used, a prisoner would be tied over a post so that the skin would be stretched. They would use wooden handles, leather straps attached with bits of lead, glass, sometimes bones, chips bones, chips of bones embedded in this leather. Then the Romans actually called this the halfway death and they would actually have two guards on each side of the person that was tied up to this stake and then they would just take turns and if you guys I'm sure are seeing the movie, the passion, it was just like that. And they would rip the flesh all the way to the muscle and sometimes the organs would actually be exposed. That is why most of these prisoners wouldn't survive. Jesus did, amazingly. And we see that this is exactly what Jesus went through as he was heading to the cross. So verse 16, as we continue on, from verse 16 to 20, we see that Jesus is being mocked by the Romans. From verse 17 through 20, they made fun of Jesus in several ways. They put a purple robe on him, signifying royalty. They put a crown of thorns on him, obviously depicting king. They were palm spines that were put on him. Then they began to salute him, hail king of the Jews, which is considered false commitment. They were mocking him. They hit him on the head with a reed, showing their hatred. They spat on him, signifying rejection. They bowed their knee and worshiped, which was a false worship. All making fun of Jesus. Just making fun of him. Well, Jesus has led to be crucified in verse 21 through 32. We see here that it says that then they compelled a certain man, Simon, a Cyrenian, the father of Alexander and Rufus, as he was coming out of the country and passing by to bear his cross. Now, crucifixion by death, or death by crucifixion rather, was one of the most cruel forms of capital punishment. I kind of alluded to that earlier. And it's interesting to me that crucifixion was never invented by the Romans. Actually, the Persians invented crucifixion. The Romans perfected it. You see, the Persians believed that the earth was very sacred, holy. So they did not want to kill anybody on the earth. So what they did is they actually elevated the body. And that's how they came up with crucifixion. They actually put the person on this cross above the earth because they did not want that killer or they didn't want to kill that person on the ground. The Romans came in and they perfected it. They added a lot more to it and they made it more cruel. And we see here that the cross had two pieces. It wasn't just one cross put together. There were two pieces. The first one was the crux simplex, which was actually the center stake. And then the cross beam that weighed 75 to 100 pounds. That's the beam that Jesus carried. So as you see in movies today, you see Jesus carrying the cross across, that's not biblical. Because the crux simplex, that main beam was already at the site where he would be crucified. But the actual cross beam is what Jesus actually carried. So any movie you have at home with the beam, Jesus carrying the beam, you're biblical there, it's biblical. The other ones throw away and I'm joking now. But I'm just saying, just to give you the historical background, that's what Jesus did. He carried only the cross beam, not the entire cross. So we see here very simply that a condemned person heading to be crucified carried his cross beam that 75 to 100 pound throughout the city, through the city. And the reason why the Romans did that was to show the rest of the residents that if you mess with the Roman government, this is what's gonna happen to you. And that's exactly why they allowed Jesus to carry this cross through the city. It was a lesson to the rest of the people. You mess with us, this is what's gonna happen to you. Now according to John chapter 19 verse 17, Jesus started carrying that cross beam and because of all the beating and the flogging, Jesus couldn't carry it anymore. The lost of blood, the agony. Showing us that Jesus was 100% man. That Jesus Christ felt that, he was hurting. He was actually in the same level as you and I would be. And he's carrying this cross beam and then here comes a man in verse 21, Simon. Just out of the blue, this Simon comes in. Now what's interesting to me that Mark gives him a personal introduction, Simon Assyrian. Well, how do you know that? Well, here's where scholars come in and believe that Simon perhaps was one of the disciples of Jesus. Remember, there were more than just the 12, there were a bunch of others. When you get in the book of Acts, there were 120 that were meeting. So perhaps he was an actual disciple of Jesus or he got saved afterwards. Because by now, after the fact, Mark had the right information. Hey, that Simon was the one that knows Jesus the follower of Christ, Simon from Cyrenia. So we see here again, speculating Simon, a Jewish man, just a bystander coming in. And in verse 22, he goes to this place called Golgotha. The word Golgotha means skull. It's where we get the Latin or it's from the Latin word Calvaria, where we get the word Calvary. That's right. Our church is named Skull Church. Isn't it awesome? The Skull Church. I mean, instead of saying Calvary, I say, where you go? I go to Skull Church. What is that? Sound heavy metal there. Dude, wait, wait. Skull, you know? Skull, Golgotha. It was outside of this city. Now, this place, Golgotha, was a rounded, rocky mound. It wasn't a hill. Again, here we go again. You know, again, you see in pictures a hill with three crosses. Jesus was not crucified on a hill like that.  Robert, I'm just telling you the truth. Where Jesus was crucified was at the base of this, this rock formation that actually had the shape of a human skull. And I'm gonna give you a picture of it, what it looks like. On the far right, you see that, those two sunken eyes, you see the skull and the teeth and whatnot. If you've been to Israel, you can testify to this. Jesus Christ was actually crucified at the base of this rock formation, this skull looking thing, Golgotha. Today in Israel, there's a bus station in front of that. So it makes sense. When people were walking by, wagging their heads, spitting on him, cursing him, they couldn't be up in a hill. They were walking right along the side. It was actually an area where people traveled. So here's our Jesus on a cross and people were just walking by and they were cursing him and just really mocking him. This is where the place is at. So I just saved you $4,000. You don't have to go to Israel anymore. This is the place you want to see, right? In fact, you know, just send the money. I'm sure, okay, anyways, no, still go to Israel. Seriously, it's worth it. It's totally worth it. So we see here that Jesus is on the cross at this place, Golgotha, at the base of this rock formation and notice what happens in verse 23 that some of the women were trying to give him wine. It was according to rabbinic tradition, women provided sedative drinks for those who were being crucified to decrease the pain. Jesus did not take it because he took literally just a punishment of our sins upon him. He went through the agony and the pain for you. He didn't want to lessen it. Remember Jesus said, when he was on the ground praying, Father, if this cup can pass, remember the cup, the wrath, the judgment, Jesus took it all. He just took it all. So he did not ask for anything like this. They were trying to help them with it. And then in verse 24, we see that they divided his clothes. A victim's personal belongings became the property of the execution squad. So they would actually just divide his clothes. I mean, it would be like today with the technology that we have today, you would probably see his clothes on eBay. People would pay money for it. And we see here that little that these soldiers know that they were actually being, that they were actually fulfilling prophecy. Listen to what Psalm 22, 18 says. They divided my garments among them and for my clothing, they cast lots. So Jesus hangs on the cross in verse 25 to 32. The morning, he's there.  Usually two to three days they were dead. And basically sometimes death was hastened by breaking the legs of the victim. But again, Jesus, not one bone in his body was broken because it was predicted in the Old Testament that not one bone in his body would be broken. So when they came to Jesus, they didn't do it. The others obviously had to go through that. And the inscription that we see here, it was a Roman custom to write the name of the condemned man in a description of his crime on the board and attached to his cross. What was his crime? King of the Jews. That was his crime. Jesus paid a heavy price for your sins. Do you know that? I'm just reading through this. We're sitting down trying to absorb everything here. I'm trying to process this, but listen guys, Jesus Christ went through a lot for you and for me. Let me tell you what he went through. Let me give you eight things that Jesus went through just for us. One, he went through false accusation. He allowed himself to be falsely accused in verse four. He was rejected by his own. Verse 13, he was mocked. Verse 17, he was physically abused. Verse 19, he was verbally abused. Verse 29 to 32, he endured pain. Verse 23, he went through humiliation for you and for me. Verse 26, and lastly, he was labeled as a criminal. Verse 27, no wonder we read in Mark 14, 33, if you guys turned there with me. He took Peter, James and John with him and began to be troubled and deeply distressed. Then he said to them, my soul is exceedingly sorrowful even to death, stay here and watch. He went a little farther, fell on the ground, prayed that if it were possible that the hour might pass from him. And he said, Abba Father, all things are possible for you. Take this cup away from me. Nevertheless, not what I will, but what you will. What does this mean for us? One word, love. Love, for somebody to do, to go through what he went through. It's because he loves you. He loves you. Jesus Christ defined true love. What is true love? True love is sacrificial. And the Bible makes it clear in 1st John 316, by this we know love because he laid down his life for us. And as you read John 316, the gospel in a nutshell, for God so loved the world. The object of God's love was the world, you, you and me.  And what's even more baffling is that the love that was demonstrated on the cross, Paul says that that love has been poured out into your own hearts. Did you know that? Listen to what he says, Romans 5, 5, hope does not disappoint us because the love of God has been poured out into our hearts by the Holy Spirit, who he was given to us. So ladies and gentlemen, Christians, you have the opportunity and the ability to love sacrificially. Jesus taught you how to love. The love that we see in this world is a very selfish love, isn't it? You love me and I will love you. If you don't love me, I am not gonna love you. Jesus didn't teach that. You have the ability to love your enemy. You have the ability to love those who know you. You have the ability to love those who mock you. You have been given that love. It's in your hearts. The love of God is powerful. And we see here that that's exactly what Jesus displayed on the cross is love, sacrificial love. The cross is a powerful, powerful event for us Christians. For the rest of the world is foolishness. That's what Paul says. For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but for us who are being saved, it is the power of God. It's through the cross that you and I are saved, right? It's through the cross that you and I get to walk into heaven and hug Jesus and say thank you for saving me.  The cross is a powerful event and it has become more personal to us because we've been affected by it because we've received Christ's. We've embraced them. You see, the world will mock the cross. They're like, yeah, right, Jesus died on that cross. Wow, that's foolish. How can God send a person to die on a cross in that way for, they think it's foolish, but see for us we're being saved and for those who are saved, listen, it's the power of God for us. As the Bible says very clearly in Hebrews 4 16, that we can boldly approach the throne of grace to receive mercy and grace in time of need. Don't ever, ever reduce the cross to just a story. It's more than just a story.  Personalize it. Don't distant yourself from it. Don't detach yourself from that event because Christ had you in mind when he was hanging up on that cross, amen.


There are situations that occur in vitro that we need to bear in mind when we look at abnormalities on our automated blood cell counting reports and one important such abnormality is cold agglutinants. Cold agglutinants are antibodies that are activated by cold temperature. Cold temperature only means temperatures below 37. So many patients example with lymphomas and other auto immune phenomena may have cold agglutinants and as their specimens sit on the bench waiting to be processed. The temperatures drop to room temperatures thus activating these cold agglutinants which then end up causing red blood cells to stick to each other and thereby present the automated blood cell counter with larger molecules and you will see on the count report higher RDWs, higher MCE HCs and higher RDWs which may look bizarre to you but that would be a clue to the doctor to remember that cold agglutinants may do so. Upon warming these changes will disappear that will be the key to resolving such changes.


What's up everyone it's your girl Kenzie here from Waiting Sports Cards and I'm a bit of personal here for Landon G We've got a 2022 Leaf Metal Draft Football Jumbo Box. All righty. Good luck Landon. Here we go There's no one in queue after Landon y'all again. We're just live for another 10 minutes So I'll give it a few minutes if there's nothing in queue and a couple minutes early, but Yeah, more personals tomorrow night after group breaks with Sam Here we go. First up. We've got cracked ice of Jacarie Robertson 12 of 25 And we've got purple state pride of Adani Mitchell 14 of 25 looks like Georgia We've got purple Skymore. That is nine out of 20 Skymore now its chief I believe Got blue Kyren Williams that is 12 out of 25 It looks like out of Notre Dame Another state pride here purple of Charlie Kolar Charlie Kolar that is five of 25 Nice next one here for you Landon. How about a Malik Willis Otto on the Green Mojo? Two out of four on that one. There you go Malik Willis Then we've got pink of Jermaine Johnson the second five of 15 Looks like FSU Now we've got black Abram Smith one of 10 Spartans Michigan State Award winners purple a Desmond Ritter nice one there 2021 AAC offensive player of the year 23 of 25 And your one-of-one press proof slab is touchdown Kings orange of Devante price Nice prismatic orange one-of-one Devante price All right, that will do it for your box there Landon thanks as always for hopping back in and we'll get this right out to you