Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education, I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Assistant Kanna Girls 2D College, University of Alhava. Nowadays, we are discussing and trying to complete the concept of educational statistics and the concepts over and under. So at this time, I am going to discuss with you Cartosis and Skewness earlier. I have already discussed the concept of NPC that is Normal Probability Curve and the concept of Cartosis and Skewness comes under NPC. In earlier lecture 2, I have discussed a brief about Cartosis and Skewness, but it is a different concept and questions have been asked from this very concept, so I have discussed it here also. Okay, so the lecture will be in bilingual mode and it must be useful for all of these students. NPC. You listen to the old lecture, what is the normal probability curve of NPC and your whole statistics is based on the normal probability curve, every time we say that if we follow the normal distribution, then it is like this, it is like this, what is the mean median mode, when is the mean median mode equal, so when you have to listen to the old lecture, if you have forgotten, then the symmetrical NPC, when it is completely symmetrical, that is, if you take it from the middle, then it is mirror image of the other, so Skewness and Cartosis are not there, when they are unsurmountable, when they are disturbed, then the concept of Skewness and Cartosis is added, its Hindi, then it is the same as Tirchha Paan and so on, so you read it with Skewness and Cartosis , there is no problem, so what are you saying, what is the meaning of Skewness and Cartosis, what is the meaning of Skewness and Cartosis, what is the meaning of Skewness and Cartosis, and in the last lecture, I covered the Skewness and Cartosis, but I was thinking a little more detail on the MAMD level, so I am covering it again, so what is Skewness, Skewness means lack of symmetry, as soon as your NPC's curve becomes unsurmountable, Skewness will be created, Tirchha Paan will come, it will be different from one side, in statistics, a distribution is called symmetric, if me, median and mode coincide, it is said that in the statistics, statistics are established, so in the statistics, there is only one dimension, when the medium, the middle and the middle are all in one place, coincide, otherwise the distribution becomes asymmetric, and as soon as they change their mind, your dimension becomes unsurmountable, so how is the name given on it, what is the meaning of it, there is a name given, when it will be negatively skewed, when it will be positively skewed, you will have to give your name, then you go inside it, so it is said that if the right tail is longer, look, we are taking this from here, so this is right,and this is left, everyone knows, so if the right tail is longer, look at this, if the middle is this, then this is in his right, and if he is in the middle portion, he is in his left, so he is saying that when the right tail is longer, this tail is small, and this tail is long, so if If the right tail is longer, we get a positively skewed distribution. It is said that when its right tail becomes long, then you call it positively skewed. Similarly, when the left tail becomes long, then you call it negatively skewed. So, this is only its name, you have to remember and understand. So, this also can be asked, what does it say when the right tail is longer? Positively skewed, there is no symmetry or negatively skewed. It is very simple, but it can be asked. So, you should know. Then, when there is a positively skewed distribution, then there is a bigger median and a bigger mean for it. Similarly, when the left tail is longer, then it is upside down. There is a bigger median and a bigger mode for it. You can see it. So, this also can be asked, when there is a bigger median and a bigger mean for it, then what is it? Is it positively skewed or negatively skewed? So, you should know. Because as soon as it becomes your sum-mit curve, the mean, median and mode will be the same. In all three NPCs, the mean is equal to median is equal to mode. But normally, we do not get the sum-mit curve of the NPC. You will get some skewness or cuts in it. Then, the example of the symmetrical curve, positive skewed curve, negative skewed curve are given as follows. Symmetry. See, you can see it. I forgot to tell you. See, it is sum-mit. This is the mean, this is the median and this is the mode. This is sum-mit. As soon as it becomes your sum-mit curve, if its right tail will be long, then you will say that it is sum-mit curve. If its left tail will be long, then you will say that it is sum-mit curve. What is sum-mit curve in sum-mit curve? That the mean is bigger than the median and the mean is bigger than the median. What is negatively skewed? The mean is bigger than the median and the mean is bigger than the median. Okay. Now, there are ways to get rid of it. Carl Pearson has a lot of statistics. And he has explained his formula very easily. Carl Pearson's coefficient of skewness. If we can get rid of it, then how much is the value of the skewness? He said that if you know the mean, median and the standard deviation from the three modes, then you can get the skewness. How can you get it? He said that the formula for skewness is mean minus mode upon standard deviation. Remove the mode from the mean and run away from the standard deviation. The value of this coefficient would be zero in a symmetrical distribution. If we are getting the skewness, then as soon as we get the sum-mit curve, then what will be the skewness? So, he said that the value of the skewness is zero in a symmetrical distribution. If the mean is greater than the mode, the coefficient of skewness would be positive otherwise negative. We have studied positive or negative. And Carl Pearson's skewness can be plus or minus one. As if all the skewness can be plus or minus one. Their value cannot be greater than that. And if the mode is not well defined, we use the formula. He said that if the mode is known, then we can run away from the mean and run away from the standard deviation. But if the mode is unknown, then what will the median run away from? If the skewness is equal to the median is equal to three times and then run away from the standard deviation, then this is it. So, these are the easy formulas. You can ask these formulas. You can ask the formula-based numerical and competitive examinations. You can ask the MCQ-based questions. Because it is small. Then Kelly also said that when can you get the coefficient of skewness? If you have given the percentile or the decile number, then how will we get the skewness? We have read all the percentile deciles. If you write it properly, then it should come down from P to 90. But it takes a lot of time. So, you should understand that this is the percentile. So, the coefficient of skewness proposed by Kelly is based on percentile and decile. He said that if you know P90, P50, P10, that is, 90th percentile, 50th percentile, and 10th percentile, then you can get the skewness. You can ask the formula- S is equal to 90th percentile, 50th percentile, and the formula will be P90 minus 2 into P50 plus P into 10 upon P90 minus P10. You won't be asked this much, but you should know that the two most popular formulas to get skewness are Carl Pearson's, which is based on the mean, median, modal, standard deviation, and Kelly's, which is based on percentile or decile. That's it. Then comes the concept of cartosis. If we have the knowledge of the results of central tendency, which we have, in addition to these measures, we need to know another measure to get the complete idea about the shape of the distribution which can be studied with the help of cartosis. They are saying that if you know the measure of central tendency, skewness, then you can't know the whole way about the pattern, whereas if you don't know the shape of it, then we know the shape of cartosis. And what did Professor Carl Pearson say? Convexity of a curve. What is the value of a curve? What is the value of a curve? So, we are getting to know about the oil. How much time is there? How much is the lift? How much is the height? What is the shape of the bell? We are getting to know about the cartosis. The measure of flatness. How flat is the distribution? So, the degree of cartosis of the distribution is measured relative to the rate of a normal curve. The curves with greater peakedness than the normal curve is called leptocurtic. The curves which are more flat are called platicurtic. And the normal curve is called mesocurtic. As it was, it is not skewed. It is positively skewed and negatively skewed.  But if it is more flat, as you can understand from the diagram, then it is called platicurtic. And if its peak is higher, i.e. its base is less, then it is called leptocurtic. This is your curve. This is your normal curve. So, this is mesocurtic. This is platicurtic. It is a little flat. That is why it is called platicurtic. Because the height is less. So, this is platicurtic. And this is leptocurtic. That is why it is called leptocurtic. This is the concept of cartosis. What is all this? Kaal Pearson's measure of cartosis. When you make it, it doesn't show. This is what it shows. Kaal Pearson also told us how to remove cartosis. So, he said, if you see now all these questions won't go to you. But at least you have to know the formula. There is no problem. So, he is saying beta 2. For beta cartosis, we will remove mu 4 upon mu 2 whole square.  So, this can be asked like this. Who was the leptocurtic? whose curve was higher. So, he is saying, if curves which are very high repeat have the value of beta 2 greater than 3. So, if you are given the value of beta 2 that is more than 3. And if you ask how will the curve be. Will it be mesocurtic or leptocurtic or platicurtic. You should know that when the value of beta 2 is more than 3. Similarly, mesocurtic when the value of beta 2 is equal to 3 then mesocurtic. And when the value of beta 2 is less than 3 then platicurtic. You can ask only conceptual questions. So that you know what is the concept of leptocurtic and platicurtic. If the value of beta 2 is equal to 3 then mesocurtic. If the value of beta 2 is greater than 3 then leptocurtic. If the value of beta 2 is greater than 3 then the purposa is nothing but nothing. The characteristic of a frequency distribution that a certain symmetry about the mean is called skewness. When we tell about the suckers of meaning if you do, then we tell about skewness. When purposa tells about the relative pointedness of the standard bell curve. The bell is pointedness. If it is more than pointedness then leptocurtic. If it is less than pointedness then platicurtic. It is defined by the frequency distribution. Skewness is an indicator of lack of symmetry i.e. skewness sammiti ki baat karega ki dono tarab jo daya aur baya issa hai, wo unequal hai central point ke isaap se, jabki kurtosis ke baata hai ki peak humari jada uchi hai ya flat hai with respect to the probability distribution. To ek sammiti ki baat kara aur ek shikhar ki baat kara hai. Skewness shows how much and in which direction the values deviate from the mean. In contrast, kurtosis explains how tall and sharp the central peak is. Skewness batata hai ki mean se dono dishaun mein jo data hai wo kitna vichlan kar raha hai, ke right mein vichlan kar raha hai, left mein vichlan kar raha hai. Jabki kurtosis ke baata hai ki, humari jo central peak hai, wo kitni tall hai, kitni sharp hai. To ye aapta kurtosis aur skewness mein difference ho kya agar push leh jaya, ye aapta push leh ye right short notes about how do you define, kya, how will you differentiate between kurtosis and skewness. So, thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore Education. I have done it from my side.


How to effectively manage change in a business? This is a real simple question with a real hard answer. Change management is never easy. One of the main reasons is because human beings, in general, do not like change and they tend to resist it at every turn, even if it's in their best interest or it's something they've even asked for in the past. So if you're trying to implement a change in your business, ring about a new initiative, change the culture in your business, this is especially important and prevalent when you're talking about mergers and acquisitions of big companies. Think back over the last 20 years, there's a couple of mergers and acquisitions that went really well. There's a lot more that didn't go well and there's a lot written about those. I won't go into the details or name any names, but mergers and acquisitions can be really tough because that's a really big change management problem.


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Hey everyone, we're excited that you're with us. It's theCUBE, the leader in live tech coverage, Lisa Martin and Dave Vellante here, covering day one of Snook Lake Summit 2023 from Las Vegas. Dave, one of my favorite things to do is with our vendors talk to their customers and really hear how the technology is driving significant business outcomes. We've got Instacart here next. I've been a user for a long time. Do you use it? I do. It's one of the favorite parts of this show is that you're able to talk to customers. A lot of events, you know, it's a lot of tech. That's cool. I love tech. I think the real customer input is always the best. It is. That's that validation that you just can't buy. We've got two guests here with us. Arton Avanes, director of product management at Snook Lake joins us. Mahadev Konar is here as well, senior director of engineering at Instacart. Guys, it's great to have you on theCUBE. Thank you for joining us. Thank you for having us. Thank you for having us. So, Arton, you were saying before we went live, you are eight plus years with Snook Lake. You've seen a tremendous amount of change and news and announcements. Lots unveiled yesterday evening and today regarding the platform, making it easier for organizations to really get so much more value out of their data. Give the audience just a little bit of an overview, if you will, of all the news that has come out in the last 12 hours. Yeah, it's crazy to see. I think when we started, I think I never dreamed of being where we are today. I think it comes back to really the architecture and the engine of Snook Lake that allows you to do so much more. And I think if you look at the announcements, whether it's now the announcement around the large language models that we are collaborating with a number of our partners, the architecture allows you to bring these new capabilities to the data. And we are in a very unique position to leverage the vast amount of data that our customers like Instacart are bringing to the platform. There are other announcements like our ability now to process fully unstructured data and making sense out of documents and PDF files, which is again a testament to our platform and our approach to a single engine and a single product that allows you to do so. So I think I feel sometimes as an observer that I mean, I know there's always that these shows a lot of excitement, a lot of selling, a lot of hype, but I feel like in some ways you undersell what you have. So I want to test this. I know it's a very friendly question, but you have this unified data management platform. And I write down here, a lot of different ways to query. I can store and manage a lot of different data types. I can query those different data types. I can pull together and get an answer that is from those as opposed to some, I won't even mention them. I'll say it, Amazon. I get 12 different databases, okay? And I can't integrate them in a way. I don't think it, unless I'm missing it, that's what you do. This is a very valid observation. I think it's a key differentiation for the years to come. As it relates to building an integrative experience, it is very, very hard to build. If you think about the various ways, as you called out, how you can access data. We started with SQL as the language of databases and data access, and as you heard, our investment around Snowpark and opening up the platform for other languages that you can now use and build on top of Snowflake. Building that in a fairly integrated fashion is very, very hard. And there are a number of examples, whether it's around data governance, security. If you think about our collaboration and data sharing use cases, where now you can share not just data, but applications of any kind that you have built with your favorite language, it is a hard problem. So yes, it is our key differentiation, but it's hard to implement. So the reason I love talking to customers is because I got data frame, I got search, you know, you have a Neva, you got SQL, I got document database, I got graph database, vector database. So my question is, does that matter to you? Or are you trying to solve a more narrow problem? So for us, for that at Instagard, it does matter because all of it is important in the journey to get the answers we want. Like we are interested in vector databases, we are interested in the snowflake data cloud and whatever these guys can help us with, because all these new technologies like vector databases and all, they help us do a lot of more machine learning kind of workload that we want to do. So as and when they come up with new solutions, we are very interested in trying it out. So are you, hey, tongue in cheek, were you working on machine learning before OpenAI invented it last November? Yes, yes, if you look at Instagard, there's a lot of machine learning that goes into the Instagard app, like all the ads that you see, all the recommendations that you see, buy it again that you see, you might like this product or that product and those kind of things. And we are also now getting into very personalized experiences for our customers. So all of that is machine learning based and all of that requires quite a bit of machine learning that we want to do and now with new technologies coming up, we want to do a lot more. That personalized experience is no longer a nice to have. It's essential. It is, exactly. We all expect to be able to go, I want to know if I'm doing grocery shopping, I'm on Instacard or whatever I need, they're going to be able to tell me what I bought last time I can buy it again with a click, with one click, or make suggestions of things that are relevant. So having that personalized experience is table stakes these days. Exactly, it is. We are seeing it from our customers. They really like the personalized. When we're taking that journey, so when we see that things launching, we see that people are excited, the customers are excited about it. And the retailers must be as well to really help them get the picture of what's going on in the store shelves, what's inventory like, how do we deliver that personalized experience as a retailer? Exactly, the retailers are very excited about it. Like they really want to work with us because of this, because of the data that we collect, because of the experiences we can provide, and they want to really see what's working, what's not working, what are the customers interested in, what are they looking at the stores, what are they buying, what are they not buying, those kind of things, they are very interested in knowing. So seeing document integrated, the app, when you acquired Applika, it was like, hmm, okay, how is this going to all come together? And yet again, that theme of a unified platform. So how does Instacard, do you use that capability, that document understanding, or do you plan on using it? So we haven't used that capability yet, document understanding, we don't deal with that much of documents as you would expect, like most of the insurance companies might be using more documents and all. So the document usage on our side is low. We do a lot of image processing and all, but document usage is not that much. So maybe the back office might be. Maybe the back office. So how does this affect, how do you think this affects like the RPA movement? I mean, you can, I would think capture a lot of those use cases that are actually a part of that unified platform. Is that a fair way to think about it, or not necessarily, is it more complimentary? No, I think not every customer will use every feature that we will offer, right? So I think to your point, some customers might not deal with PDFs or don't have PDFs, but we have a number of customers who do. And I mean, I personally have a lot of PDF and I have the search challenge myself, right? So I think if you look at that, not every customer will use every feature, but it will make it very easy. And you have also to think about the future. Maybe today it's not top of mind for certain customers, but it might become a topic. So having a unified approach will at least give you the peace of mind to not think about, okay, I need to purchase yet another tool or another way to process data. How would you describe your data strategy? So our data strategy in the sense that we, first of all, Instagram is extremely data focused. So every decision we make, everything we do is like an A-B test experiment. So everything we do is A-B testing. So our data strategy, all of our data is stored in the Snowflake data cloud and including all the catalog that we get from the retailers, like all the things that are in the stores that are available. Then we have all the data that we, all the data that we collect from the app, all the events we collect from the app. And then we have all the data that we want to provide as a solution to our retailers to see, look at the visibility of what's happening in the stores. So all of this data is provided, we collect in Snowflake and that's our data cloud where we put all the data and we run on top of that. We run all the experiments, everything on top of Snowflake data cloud. How much history do you keep? Is it like a power law where the most recent data is the most valuable? So there's compliance that's required. So we have some compliance restrictions in place. Obviously everybody has that and you guys are very well aware. So we do have data, but as much as we can keep, we do keep that. And then we have to remove the data that certainly is old. Oh, you're required to remove it as opposed to you want to remove it. Yeah, so we don't want to remove it because we can do a lot more with the data that we have, right? So. Talk a little bit about the use case. Instacart is part of the Powered by Snowflake program. Talk maybe both of your perspectives on that program. How has it helped Instacart really build on that data cloud? Oh yeah, so we have a lot of collaboration with Snowflake. So we have been able to figure out how to optimize our data cloud. How to use, we use Snowpipe, sorry. Snowpipe, yes, sorry. Ingestion, yeah. Yeah, the ingestion layers, those kind of things. So just having those experts working with us to be able to know how to use it and where to optimize. As an example, we had a fairly extensive collaboration with Snowflake to reduce our costs. We were spending a lot on Snowflake and these guys knew that we were actually, during COVID we were just looking to expand, just taking the workload in. And then later we realized we didn't take care of the costs. And then they've partnered with us and they've been great partners and we've been able to reduce our costs and through that program with these guys. And it's been great. The Snowflake performance index, we heard today there's been eight months, you've reduced query times by, I think, 15%. 15%. A lot of people might say, what's the big deal, 15%, but explain how you've done that and why that's a big deal. I think it's a big deal for us because of many reasons. One is obviously we wanted for very own personal benefit, understand how much are we improving the workloads. Because if you think about it, we always say we have to earn every single workload. We are consumption based, which is a great model because we are only successful if our customers are successful. And as just mentioned, I think we want to help our customers to build even more efficient workloads on top of Snowflake. So you have to have the visibility in the first place. And what we did is we look at across the entire fleet in Snowflake and that is not an easy challenge because there's a lot of dynamics involved. Customers might change the data volumes, customer might change their application and workload. And so we started with the so-called simpler problem where we said let's look at the stable workloads, which we call the stable warehouses, and look at how much improvement across the fleet we are bringing back to our customers. So 15% might not sound like a big number at a first glance, but if you look at it across the board, it is actually a pretty impressive number, but this is not where we will stop to be very clear. So I want to follow up on this because when I think about it, I think about when I get a new iPhone and it's the same performance because I have so much more data. So you're bringing in what you call a snow pipe, you're bringing in a lot more data through a snow pipe, and yet you're still able to improve query performance by 15%. To me, that's why it's a big deal. It's actually, you're talking about wall clock time, right? Yeah, you're absolutely right. I think if you look at the data volumes that come in, if you think about the workloads that are coming in, that's definitely a consideration, right? But we started by looking at the stable workloads because that's the one that we can really quantify and is the so-called simpler challenge. And I think it's a testament that we want to give also to our customers and prove out that we will and will continue investing and making the platform more efficient and faster. Okay, so that's like your control group and then you'll extend from there. Mahadev, is Instacart using the performance index? Well, we're not really using it, but obviously we get very excited about, yeah, we are very, very excited about the improvements these guys are making and that benefits us because it reduces our costs and makes things faster for us. So we are very, very excited about that. And as part of the engagement, we work together to understand where are the opportunities for optimization, right? We work together to make sure that we give also the right guidance in terms of, maybe you don't need this particular table or this particular data set because you're not being, or you're not accessing the data as frequent as you might think of. So it's really a close collaboration with Instacart and without any other customer of ours. Transparency visibility is one of the things that's popped in my mind when you said that. That is key. When we talk about earning the trust of our customers, it starts with visibility and transparency. Coming into 2023, did the priorities, were they different than they are now? Given all the uncertainty in the economy and the Fed and recession and interest rates, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera, or was it pretty much sort of constant? There is, as I said, there is a certain degree of change in priorities. As an example, we just, before it was very evident that we'd seen in Wall Street and everywhere else that there wasn't, obviously, everybody's worried about profits, but there's not really that much of focus on, hey, growth versus profit, the pendulum was on the growth side. But now we see that the pendulum has swung on the profit side. So everybody's careful about that. Snowflake themselves would be careful about that. So we need to worry about how we are spending the money, how we are using that data so that we can do all the things we want to, but in a very optimized way. So there is certain change we've seen. And so that manifests itself in terms of your ability to dial down consumption, as an example? No, our consumption is always- Other way around, okay. Yeah, our consumption is always increasing. It's always about optimization. So what we've been working with them is that just how to optimize things. Consumption, like in this world, there is no way consumption's going to decrease. It's always going to increase. It's not about slowing down. It's about running faster, but more efficient. Exactly. And that's the theme that we have heard over all the years I have been with Snowflake. It is certainly this year a very dominant theme. But I think it doesn't change at least how we operate. We will always focus on it whether 2024 comes along and it will be hopefully a great year for everyone. We will not change focusing on making the platform more efficient. So yes and no to your question from my side. Yeah, but so doing more with what you have is really the perpetual trend. Yes, correct. Mahat, I have a last question for you. From a cultural perspective, it sounds like Instacart is really, you talked about it, it sounds like it's in the DNA to be data driven. What's next as Dave was saying as we go from 2023 to 2024? What are some of the things that you guys want to do with data to delight those customers that are on the horizon? There's obviously a lot of excitement around this year with all the LLM news that you've seen. So there's a pretty big effort at Instacart. I think you must have seen all the news with Instacart and OpenAI, Instacart plugin in OpenAI, Instacart announcement with Google. So we have a lot of effort going in to figure out what the next stage of grocery shopping or grocery industry looks like with all the LLM data that all the LLM announcements that have come up. So we're working through and figuring out what the new experience for a customer should look like in this new world. So meal planning as an example, just talking to Instacart and saying, hey, what do I do for dinner tonight? And it knows about you. It knows about your personal choices and it tells you, hey, you have a family, it doesn't tell you, but maybe you tell it about your family and then you can figure out the meal plan for you and suggest what to shop and what to get. Oh, I'm going to take that. I need that. That is fantastic. Mahadev, Arjun, thank you so much for joining us on the program, talking about really kind of breaking down the snowflake announcements and how they're really coming to fruition with a company like Instacart. We really appreciate your time. Thank you for being here. Thank you guys. Our pleasure. Thank you so much. Welcome for Dave Vellante. I am Lisa Martin. Stay here. Stay here. Up next, our next conversation. Sonny Betty is here. You're pinned to the table. Chief Information and Data Officer. He's going to be talking about Snowflake's inaugural 2023 data trends report, the transforming role of the CIO-CDO and how Snowflake's reference to itself as customer zero impacts profitability. We'll see you in a minute.


All right good morning everyone. Good morning sir. So before we go and get into today's class let's just quickly do a review of what we did. I know we missed I think what three classes 15th onwards we missed three classes but we'll try and pick up pace and see as much as we can cover today. So the last class we did chapters three onwards and we also looked at let's do a quick review of chapter four, five and six. We looked at the finished work of the cross after the cross what you and I as believers the Bible says it was imputed upon us righteousness, justification, being blessed, victorious all of this was given to us freely. Now it is our choice if we want to walk in it right. In chapter five we looked at in heavenly places in Christ Jesus. Ephesians chapter one says you and I are seated with the Lord Jesus in heavenly places right. In the natural we are sitting in Bangalore India but in the spiritual when people are looking at us or when the enemy looks at us we are seated with him in heavenly places. We have the authority that he has given us. So we're in line with him in heaven okay and then in chapter six we talked about the mystery that was revealed. Now what was the mystery? In the Old Testament the Old Covenant the people did not know who the Messiah was. So if you read through the scriptures Isaiah, Daniel, Jeremiah all these prophets talked about the Messiah right. They talked about the man of the Messiah who will come and he will save us save the people the Jews and it was a mystery in the Old Covenant but in the New Covenant the mystery has been revealed. The Lord Jesus came he fulfilled the law, he fulfilled the covenant, he fulfilled all the promises and then he took us from a place of bondage and sin to a place of freedom and a place of forgiveness, a place of knowing that we are his children right. So what was not revealed to people in the Old Testament has been revealed to us in the New Testament. So the book of Hebrews says the Old Covenant was glorious but the New Covenant is much more glorious much more greater than the Old Covenant. Can you think of this right? Imagine this Moses Elijah, Elisha all these great men and women of God and the great things that they did. It's wonderful right if we read the Old Testament but God is saying the Old Covenant was glorious but the New Covenant is even more glorious. So you and I in the New Covenant are walking more in more glory in more of the anointing than that of the Old Covenant. Now it is there but we have to tap into it right. So that's what we looked at. So today we'll start from chapter 7 and chapter 7 again in Ephesians chapter 5 sorry Ephesians chapter 1 the Apostle Paul makes this very strong claim. He says to the believers now you are seated you're blessed with every spiritual blessing in Christ Jesus and you're seated with the Lord Jesus in heavenly places.  If you look at the study if you look at the place of Ephesus it was a place people were living in sin and sexual immorality and there was too much of idol worship and everything was wrong living in sin. Now all of a sudden they've become believers. Paul is saying you're blessed with every blessing. You're seated with the Lord Jesus in heavenly places right. He goes on to pray for the believers and he says to them once you become believers once you are in Christ Jesus all these blessings will follow. Okay so there's a long passage. Is there a mic here? Is there a mic? Okay so Ephesians chapter 1 was 15 to 23. Let's read that and then we'll pick up points from this passage. Ephesians chapter 1 15 to 23 anybody can read. Go ahead. Ephesians chapter 1 verses 15 to 22. For this reason because I have here for your faith in the tortoises and your love toward all the saints. I do not case to thanks for you remembering you in my prayers that the Lord of our Lord Jesus Christ the Father of glory may give you a spirit of wisdom and of revelation in the knowledge of him. Okay let's stop at verse 17. Look at verse 17 okay it says Paul is saying I haven't stopped praying for you for the church and he says verse 17 for what is he praying for? Is he praying for healing for sickness for cold cough or is he praying that everything is comfortable in the church? What is he praying for? That the God of our Lord Jesus Christ the Father of glory may give you the spirit of wisdom and revelation of the knowledge of him. This is what he's praying for for the believers. That the God of our Father may give us the spirit of wisdom and revelation. Now what is wisdom? Wisdom is the right use of knowledge. Right now understand this right what is knowledge? We can learn many things acquiring you know studying reading books we can learn many things. If it is only over here it is knowledge right but wisdom is rightly using that knowledge. Right example simple example when we were small what were we thought when there is rubbish everywhere take it throat and the dust pen we have to be clean. So that's knowledge. Now if it is only over here and we keep throwing things everywhere what happens? It's that's only knowledge we're not walking in wisdom. It's only here hey we should not play litter the place but we still do it. Why? Because it's only knowledge. You get what I'm saying? It's just here. Why is it that so many people from other faiths they know many things from the Bible but they're not believers. Why? Because only knowledge it hasn't turned into wisdom. Now Paul is saying the Father of glory may give you the spirit of wisdom. Everyone say wisdom. Wisdom is important and revelation what is the meaning of revelation? Revelation means when something is hidden it is revealed. It is kept out in the open. The spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him that is in the knowledge of Jesus Christ. So number one point first point God is saying Paul is praying for the believers he's saying that our God of our Lord Jesus may give us the spirit of wisdom and revelation. So as believers you and I need the spirit of wisdom and revelation. Paul writes later on in the book of Corinthians he says the spirit of wisdom and revelation is a gift of the spirit. It's a gift of the spirit and you and I must walk in this. How many of us have made decisions and we felt oh this is a wrong decision? All of us right? I've made many decisions or sometimes I've said something oh I thought oh I shouldn't have said this. We regret it. The spirit of wisdom and revelation helps us to you know enduring those situations to understand what to speak, how to speak, when to speak, when not to speak that is wisdom. And the Bible says that Jesus grew in wisdom. We'll talk about that later as well. Some places let's look at this example. The people try to trap Jesus. What did he say? Should we give taxes to the Roman government? The Pharisees and the Sadducees, the Jewish people said should we give taxes to the Romans? Now if he says yes, it's a problem. They'll say ah you're supporting the Romans. If he says no, still it's a problem. Why? They say oh you're going against the Romans. So now they're trying to trap Jesus. What will he say? Should we give taxes? What did Jesus say? Give me a coin. Whose face do you see on the coin? It says Caesar's face. So you give to Caesar what belongs to Caesar, give to God what belongs to God. End of story. You see the wisdom in that? The answer was not yes or no. Because if it was a yes it's a problem, it's a no also it's a problem. Jesus said you give to Caesar what belongs to Caesar, give to God what belongs to God. Wisdom. Right? So there will be situations in our life. We have to make the right decision and we need the wisdom of God to make those right decisions. So Paul is praying for the believers. Give them wisdom. Give them revelation. Not just for the situations of what's happening here, but the revelation of who you are, what you did for us on the cross. Give them a revelation. Right? Now remember these are just believers. Paul has gone, he's preached the gospel, they've become believers. They don't know much. They don't know about, many of them won't know about Moses and Abraham and Isaac. They may not even know. Many of them were Gentiles. Paul is saying give them revelation that they may understand who you are and what you did for us. Right? That's his first prayer. Look at verse 18. The eyes of your understanding being enlightened that you may know what is the hope of his calling. What are the riches of his glory in his inheritance in the saints. The eyes of our understanding. Right? Now if you go down, you'll see there revelation is equal to perception and illumination. Right? Perception is simply our ability to see things. Right? You know, something is not there. Perception is able to see things in the Spirit. Right? For example, some of you want to start your own ministry. You're already seeing it in the Spirit. You can see, okay, one day I will stand. One day there will be a hall. There'll be 100 people in the church. This is how the church will look. This is how I will make the stage. This is how the speakers will be. This is how the worship will be.  Is it there? It's not there. Nothing is there. But you're seeing it already in your eyes.  Go back to your home. Go back to your room. You're there already. Come back. Right? How is that? It's because of our imagination, the perception, what we can see in our eyes. So Paul is saying to pray for the believers that God will open the eyes of their understanding. Right? Not only mind, but also eyes that we may see what God has for His people. Right? The hope of His calling and the riches of His glory. Verse 19. And what is the exceeding greatness of His power towards us according to the working of His mighty power? Verse 20, which He worked in Christ Jesus when He raised Him from the dead and seated Him on the right hand in heavenly places. Look at that. Now here He's talking about the Holy Spirit, the Holy Spirit who raised up Jesus from the dead and seated Him at the right hand of the Father. Verse 21. Far above principalities, power and might and dominion and every name, and every name that is named not only in this age, but also in that which is to come. Now, let's break down these verses. Right? Our human body, all of us have seven functions. Everyone say seven functions. Right? So it's there. Right? First one is conscience. Conscience is a basic reasoning of knowing what is right and wrong. You don't have to be believer for that. Right? Everyone know murder is wrong. Yes? You don't have to be Christian to know that. You don't have to be believer. Conscience. This is right. This is wrong. All of us have it. Two is knowing that is spiritual revelation and knowledge. Now, here comes the point where as believers we have to learn spiritual revelation. We talked about it. Right? How God when Paul is praying for the believers, he's saying, give them revelation. Reveal the things of God into their spirit. When they pray, speak to them, minister to them. Let them understand the knowledge of your will. He's praying. Three is communion, worship and fellowship with God. Four is container, which is the container of life, our nature, our grace, the power and glory of God. Fifth one is our identity, who we are in Christ, what we are learning. Sixth one is action, which is believing, serving, interceding, fighting. So for example, if we know, now picture this as a person in the army and they've said, okay, they put him at the border, right? In the border and they said, you have to be alert. You're in the army. Now imagine this person, he puts on his army dress. He's fully, you know, he has his guns. He has everything. He's ready for battle and he's seeing the enemy come, but he's hiding and he's getting scared or he's trying to run away. What happens? Say, hey, this person doesn't know his identity. If he knows his identity, he will put it into action. Being a person in the army, he should be willing to go and defend his people, willing to give his life because he signed up for it. Right? So just identity is not enough. Identity with action is important.  It's important, but it's not enough. You must put it into, right? It's like another example, right? Right? Imagine a mother. A mother has a baby, right? Baby is a small baby. The mother is telling the baby, I love this child so much. I'm willing to give my life for this child. Right? The mother is expressing the love and affection and care for the baby. And then the baby starts crying because the baby is hungry. Imagine the mother doesn't feed the baby. Say, no, no, I love you. It's okay. You stop crying. I love you.   Don't cry. Is there any use? The baby will keep crying until you feed the baby, express the concern and care and love. Only then is love put into action. But if the mother keeps saying, you know, good baby, you don't cry, you know, you'll be fine after some time, it's not going to help. The baby doesn't know. So if we love, if we know our identity, then we need to put it into action. Everyone with me, right? You understood this, right? And finally, growing. Growth is growing into Christ's likeness. Now, one of these seven functions is to grow in the knowledge. We were talking about knowledge, right? Spiritual knowledge is revelation. Now, for example, become believers and you start reading the Bible. Will we understand everything? We'll not understand everything. It's not easy to understand. It'll take time. So what do we do? We study. We learn. Okay, this is what the old, that's what everyone have come here for, to study and to learn. So you read the Old Testament. Oh, so this is what happened. This is what God is telling the people of Israel. Hey, you know, first time when I was reading the Old Testament, why is God so angry every time? We feel that, no? But the more you keep reading it, it's not God's anger. It's the love of God. It's God's mercy. Imagine the Israelites are saying, God has brought them out of Egypt. They're saying, no, I don't want you. God is giving them food. No, I don't want this food. I'll take you to promised land. No, I don't want the promised land. Everything there was a reason for the Israelites. But God was still merciful. God still took them to the promised land. So as we keep learning and growing, we begin to understand who God is. It's not Old Testament God is angry, New Testament God is very loving. Oh, it's the same God. It's mercy. Right? The Apostle Paul talks about growing in the knowledge of God. We know the story of Apostle Paul, right? He saw the Lord Jesus. Then what did he do? He went into Arabia for three years. He was in the desert. What was he doing? Catching snakes? What was he doing in the desert? In Arabia? He justifies in the book of Galatians. He says, I went into Arabia for three years and he was there in the desert praying and seeking God. The Lord Jesus himself ministered to him. And in the book of Galatians, he writes, No, what I received from the Lord. I'm writing those great revelations that he received. Everything was during the time in the desert. So even the Lord Jesus, he grew in the knowledge of God. Now the Lord Jesus, when he was growing up, right, doesn't mean he was, you know, he knew everything. He learned the Old Testament scriptures. He had to go. He had to study. He had to learn it. He had to read it. And then when he, as he kept reading it, he began to understand that the scriptures are talking about him. Remember, he was a baby, not like he was born and he knew everything. No. Right. Jesus himself grew in the knowledge of God. Right. So you and I must look at it this way. One example. There's a dark room. Okay. Say, for example, one person is there. His eyesight is very good. Brilliant eyesight. But he goes into this dark room and he can't see anything. Right. That's whose fault is it? It's not his fault. Right. It's because it's dark. All he needs to do is switch on the light or put on some kind of light. He can see. Now the second example would be, what if a person of a person who, you know, who cannot see well goes into a bright room full of LED lights everywhere but he cannot see properly. He's blind. Can he see anything? Yes or no? Can he see or no? No. Here you've got a person with perfect sight going into a dark room. He can't see. Here you've got a person who's blind going into a bright room. He also can't see. What does it talk about? Revelation is both perception and illumination. So if you look at the example there, you've got understanding. You've got eyesight. You need both. One is you need the understanding of God and you need to see the things of God. We cannot just have one of those two. Right. We have to grow in both. Light is needed. Eyes also is needed. Yes or no? Right. So we study God's word but we ask the Holy Spirit to bring illumination, to bring revelation. Right. Are you understanding what I'm trying to say here? Both are two sides of a coin. You have revelation, you have illumination and both should be important. So what must we do? While praying and while seeking God, while doing worship, ask God to minister to you. Ask Him to open your eyes of understanding. Ask Him to bring revelation into your spirit. He will put, He will deposit it into our spirit. Right. Let's read Colossians chapter one was 26 and 27. Go ahead. Anybody can read. Colossians chapter one, 26 and 27. The Messiah is here for us and generation but now it is revealed to His saints. To them God chose the big, nor have great amongst the gentlest are the race of the glory of these marriages, which is Christ in you, the hope of glory. Yeah. So Colossians one, 26 says, the mystery of God's will which was hidden from generation to generation from ages to ages has been revealed to us. The Bible says in during Jesus's earthly ministry Jesus says, what you have seen, your forefathers were longing to see. Jesus says that. Right. Talking about himself, he says, what you all are seeing right now, your forefathers, that is your Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, all of them were longing to see, but they could not see. But now that I'm here, still you cannot see. So what is he's trying to say? Paul is trying to say, what was hidden from them, from generations to generations has been revealed to you and me. In the Old Testament, the Holy Spirit would come, minister to them and go.  We can pray and ask God to minister to us. Right. How many times, you know, sometimes we try to pray and we try to make a lot of effort and we're not able to. Right. I remember as a young boy, I said, okay, became a believer. I said, I'm going to pray 21 days fasting and prayer. I started off after two days. I felt very hungry. I said, next 21 days, I'm going to fast and pray. Right. So one day I went, I closed the room and I said, next five hours, I'm going to pray, close the door and I began to pray, speak to me, minister to me. I want to know you. I prayed so much. I opened my eyes. It was 10 minutes. How will I manage five hours of prayer? Have you felt that? Pray, pray, pray. It's only 10 minutes. I thought one hour at least will be over. You know why? Because we're praying on our natural effort. Paul is saying here, you know, when we pray in the spirit, when we depend on the Holy Spirit, time will go. You'll not think about the time because the Holy Spirit in us is the hope of glory. So praying for hours, it's not a big deal. Right. Because sometimes what I do in the mornings is I wake up early and I begin to pray. Am I sleepy? Yes. No. It's what my face begin to pray. Ask God, God speak to me, minister to me. So I start about three AM, open my eyes at seven o'clock. How many hours? I don't know. All we're doing is it's not about me. It's not about, okay, I have this prayer points. No, it's just praying in the spirit, asking God to speak, let your revelation come into our spirit. Let your knowledge come in. Now, did it happen when we just became believers? No. But over time it will happen. We have to put in the effort. What does Paul say here? It was 27. To them, God will to make known what are the riches of His glory among the Gentiles, which is in Christ Jesus. Christ in you, the hope of glory. Christ is in you. The Holy Spirit is in you. He's in us. That's the hope that we have. If prayer is boring, then you've got to do something about it. You force yourself, you say, God, Holy Spirit, you pray for mine. You pray on my behalf. Help me to pray. The problem is when we go in our mind, in our natural thinking, and we let our weaknesses overcome, not be able to do it. It's not going to be easy. But then Christ in us, hope of glory. God has revealed this truth to us by His Spirit. Identity is an important function of the human spirit. Our human spirit carries identity in the spirit realm. Let me explain this again. Let's repeat that. Our human spirit, our spirit carries identity in the spiritual realm. So, if you are praying, you're waking up 5 a.m., is that what time is the morning press? 5 a.m., 5.30. Hopefully, you're getting up at 5.30. So, 5.30, you're getting up. You're praying. Your spirit has identity in the spirit realm. So, the Holy Spirit is praying on your behalf and things are happening in your spirit. Now, you have a choice. God is not going to wake you up, shake you and say, come on, get up and pray. It is your choice. You can sleep until 8 o'clock also.  Yes or no? It's a choice. It's a choice that we make. Here, Paul is saying, God will reveal to them who want more of him. If I want, I must spend time in his presence and he will reveal more of himself to us. If I don't want, I can do everything else other than prayer. Still be a good believer. But that's not what we want. Paul is saying, reveal to them, let them grow in the knowledge and the hope of glory that is there in Christ Jesus. Amen? So, this is what we are in Christ. You and I must remember that our identity is there. Our spirit, our spirit is in us. The Holy Spirit in us will empower us, will strengthen us. It's not going to be easy. We must take that opportunity. We must do it. I remember when I was in Bible college, I was back, about 15 years back. I was just like you sitting here. But I remember one thing. I said, God, I'm going to do all that I can to know more of you. I don't want anything to do with wasting time. My classmates hated me. They didn't like me.  Half an hour break, you'll see me writing. You'll see me in the corner sitting. Nobody would talk to me. I told all my all my classmates, don't talk to me. They will ask commission to talk to me. Paul, can we talk to you? I made it that way because I knew these two years I wanted to give it to God. And I spent all my time just reading and praying, seeking God. Because I knew that if God wants to use somebody, there has to be a sacrifice. There has to be a sacrifice.  The Bible college students will get up and they're all crying, oh, same breakfast, same lunch, same, you know, I would wake up at 3 a.m.  They would say, go somewhere else and pray, you're making too much sound or do it. They'll be sleeping up to 7 o'clock. I felt like sleeping too. I felt tired too. But I said, God, I need the sacrifice. I want to see your Holy Spirit working in my life. The price has to be paid. Amen? I want to encourage you. Pay the price now when you're young. I pay the price now and you'll see the anointing of God following you. Right? Let's go to chapter 8. Growing in the knowledge, the Lord Jesus grew in the knowledge of God. John chapter 2 and verse 40, let's read that. It's not in your Bible, but it's thought we can read that. John chapter 2, sorry, I think it's Luke. I'm not sure, Luke or John. Yeah, it's Luke chapter 2 verse 40, sorry. Luke 2.40, anyone would like to read? 40, 40. Luke chapter 2 verse 40.  And the child grew and became strong filled with wisdom and the favor of God was upon him. Talking about Jesus and the child grew in wisdom. That means what? Jesus, as a child, it was not like he knew everything. Not at all. He grew in wisdom and knowledge and revelation. Right? Colossians chapter 3, verse 9 and 10. Let's read that. It's in your notes. Just read from your notes. Colossians 3, 9 and 10. Anyone would like to read? Can you pass the mic? I acquired the creation. Life which is continually being renewed into the likeness of the one who created you, giving you the full revelation of God. No, so this is Colossians chapter 3, verse 9 and 10. It's in your notes. Okay pastor, do not lie to one another. Since you have put off the old man with his deeds and have put on the new man who is renewed in knowledge according to the image of him who created him. Right, thank you. Right, so just as our human bodies need food, need the proteins, vitamins and everything that we need to make ourselves strong, we need to feed ourselves continually and keep growing. The same way the spirit, our spirit needs to be fed to grow and become strong. Have you ever thought of this? You had breakfast, most of you had breakfast, right? Will you say I had breakfast, I don't want, I don't need lunch and dinner? Or will you eat lunch and dinner? You'll eat lunch and dinner. Will you say tomorrow, no, yesterday I ate, no. So now I don't need. No, you'll eat again. Why? Because your body needs it. Our body needs food to strengthen us. The same way our spirit also needs to be fed, to become strong. If we are falling into temptations very easily, now whose fault is it? We can't blame the devil. We can't say devil is tempting me. Devil, that's his work. What is our work? Feed our spirit. Because the devil will come bring temptation. What do you say? I have the mind of Christ. Devil, get out of here.  What are you doing? You have fed your spirit. You made your spirit strong. If I'm not fed my spirit, my spirit is hungry. No word, no prayer, no worship, nothing is there. The devil will come, he'll easily come and sit. He'll easily fall into temptation. You get the difference here? One, just for our natural body, we need food. Our spiritual bodies, our spirit being needs the food of God. Prayer, reading of God's word, worship, meditating on God's word, growing in his knowledge, growing in the things of God. All of this is needed for us. If I don't feed my spirit, my spirit becomes weak. And if my spirit is weak, what will happen? Easily I'll fall into temptation. Very easy. Then we'll feel sad. Oh, I fell into temptation. But God is saying, hey, feel your spirit so that you can overcome the temptations. Your spirit is not strong, you fall into temptation very easily. The word here used is renewed, which is continuously changing, continuously being renewed. Renew. So Paul is saying here, being renewed in the knowledge. Everyone of us know the gospel? Yes, no. Jesus died on the cross. He rose again from the dead. If you believe in him, we have forgiveness of sins, life everlasting. We will live with him forever and ever. Amen. Gospel. But that's not what, that's not enough. Yes, that's the truth, that's the scripture, the power of the gospel. But Paul is saying, you have to be renewed.  What will happen? All these old things that was there before we were believers, old thinking, old ways of living, everything will start going away. Example, if somebody, you know, a person who was, you know, living a very sinful life, always getting angry and shouting, after becoming believer, immediately he doesn't change. His spirit is new. Oh, Lord Jesus has saved me. I believe in Jesus. But if something happens at home, he still gets angry. Why? Because it's a natural, it's a, it's a natural thing. But 10 years he's been getting angry. So still even now he gets angry. But the more he spends time in God's presence, the more he prays and says, God, remove this anger, anger is not from you. Help me to be patient, help me to be kind, help me to love one another, be patient with one another, help me to, whenever I get angry, remind me not to get angry. Help me to control me, help me to control my words, control my emotions. What's happening? You're feeding your spirit. So let's see, our time will come when you really get angry, but the Holy Spirit will say, don't say anything. I'm with you. What is that? Suddenly people will notice and say, what's the need to get angry every time? No, he doesn't get angry at all. Something has changed in him. What has changed? We've been feeding our spirit with a word of God. We've been feeding our spirit with the Holy Spirit's thoughts, Holy Spirit's actions and things of God. Always remember, one of my teachers used to say this, ego, G-I-G-O. Right? We used to wonder what is that?  You understand that? If you keep watching garbage and thinking of garbage, garbage only will come out. No good things will come out. What you feed in your mind, in your spirit is what will come out. Feed the things of God and the things of God will come out. Amen? Right? So Colossians 310, the other translation says, you have acquired new creation life which is continually being renewed into the likeness of the One who created you, giving you the full revelation of God. The One you have acquired new creation life which is continually being renewed. So none of us can say, okay, I know everything. Right? You say, I know about the gospel. You know, good, learn it again. I know about Moses, good, learn it again. I know about Apostle Paul, good, learn it again. Why? Because it is a renewing process, renewing process. You know, some of these subjects we've been teaching for 15 years, I've been teaching it. But still I go back, I still make notes. Why? Every time we do, every time we prepare, there's a renewing happening inside our spirit. Something God can speak to us. God can use anything, right, and speak to us. So never come to a place where you say, I know everything. If you come to that place, there's nothing more we can do. Should always be hungry for God's Word. Remember the Apostle Paul in his last letter to Timothy. He says, Timothy, I want to know God. I want to know his grace, to know his love. Paul, you're telling this. You already know about Jesus. You have seen him. You have written all these great revelations of God. You're saying, I want to know him. You already know him. But Paul is saying, no, I want to know more of him, more of his will, more of his understanding, more of his presence. That should be our desire. We never come to a place of dormancy, saying, I know. But you come to a place where saying, God, I want to know more, right? We have become new creations in our spirit. We have a new creation life. But our spirit must continually grow. Our spirit must continually feed on God's Word. Go in wisdom, in knowledge, in revelation, and the things of God. So we can take a simple passage from the scripture. Try this. Go back, make a decision. Say, for example, you want to read one chapter of Proverbs every day. It's a very good habit. One chapter of Proverbs every day. Read the chapter and ask God to speak to you. Say, God, speak to me. Give me something that I can hold on to. Proverbs is filled with wisdom. So, God, give me one thing that I can hold on to. Oh, it's not like heaven will open and Jesus will come and say, this is what you should do. No. What do you know in your spirit? God is ministering to me. He's telling me to live in love, live in peace with one another. So I will do my best to do that. What are we doing? We're feeding our spirit. So this is a test. This is our responsibility. If I don't do it and if you don't do it for yourself, it's like if we are neglecting our body, we must not neglect our spirit. We don't neglect our body. Same way, we must not neglect our spirit. So all of you have come here to study, to learn, just dive into God's Word, spend more time in God's presence. The goal of this study is that you and I be filled with His Spirit. I know some of you Hindi or English may be a challenge right now, but take it up as a challenge. We are not going to teach in Hindi. That's for sure. Okay, God, I'm going to learn English. Help me to grow. Help me to understand. Help me to learn what is being taught. Help me to apply it in my life. Help my spirit to grow in the things of God. Responsibility is, right? So we'll close for today. There's a question here. Gertrude is asking, is it scriptural about our identity in the spiritual realm? Yeah. So the Bible says in Ephesians chapter 1 that we are seated with Him in the spiritual realm, meaning we are blessed with every blessing. So Gertrude, our identity is, again, righteousness, justification, justified, sanctified, holy in the spiritual realm. That's what we are. So Ephesians 1, 1, 2 and 3 talks about it. So you can read the entire passage. Thank you, Pastor. Thank you. Thank you. All right. So let's just quickly say a word of prayer and we'll close. Father, we thank you for this time. We thank you for your word and thank you for ministering to us, Lord. Lord, this is our heart's desire that each one of us, Lord, that we will grow in your wisdom, your knowledge, your understanding and the will of God, pray, God, that we will feed our spirit with the things of God, that we'll be strong and we will know, Lord, that you are there with us. Thank you for this identity that you have given us, Lord. As children of God, we will walk in this identity, Lord. We thank you, Lord. We thank you for your Holy Spirit in us that is empowering us to fulfill what you want us to do, Lord. We speak of blessing over each and every student, Lord. Even as they study here, Lord, if feeding their spirit, pray, God, that you will use them greatly for your kingdom, Lord. Jesus' name we pray. Amen. Thank you, everyone. God bless. Have a wonderful day.


this is going to be a demonstration of the interior of the ventricles. I am holding the heart in my left hand so this is the sternocostal surface of the heart which is formed mostly by the right ventricle and this is the diaphragmatic surface of the heart the inferior surface of the heart which is formed by the left ventricle. So we have made an incision along the inferior border of the heart which also is formed mostly by the right ventricle and then we have continued the incision on the left margin of the heart which is by the left ventricle and then we have made an incision on the anterior surface of the sternocostal surface of the heart and now I'm going to reflect this to show the interior of the right ventricle. So this is the interior of the right ventricle. We notice these rigid muscular part. These muscles, rich muscles are referred to as the trapecula carnea and if you trace them up we find that this where my finger has gone in this is the outflow of the pulmonary trunk. This is referred as the infundibulum or the conus arteriosus. In the region of the outflow we notice that the muscular portion disappears and it becomes smooth because whenever there is inflow or outflow of blood that portion will be smooth to prevent turbulence and the junction between the trapecula carnea and the smooth portion is marked by a circular ridge and that is known as the supraventricular crest. The next thing you notice are the leaflets of the try to speed valve and the corded tendinane and the papillary muscles because it's the right side there are three leaflets, three papillary muscles and three sets of corded tendinane. Corded tendinane are the ones which connect the leaflets to the papillary muscles. So this is the anterior leaflet which I have lifted up the anterior set of corded tendinane attaching to the anterior papillary muscle. The one behind this this is the posterior valvular leaflet posterior papillary muscles and the posterior corded tendinane and this is the interventricular septum. Corded tendinane which are attached to the interventricular septum the papillary muscles they refer to the septal leaflet of the try to speed valve. So therefore the try to speed valve has got anterior posterior and septal. The next thing I would like to draw your attention to is this muscular band extending from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle. This is referred to as a septal marginal trabecular or the moderator band. This helps to regulate the conduction fibers of the right bundle through the moderator band to the base of the anterior papillary muscle and coordinate the contraction of the anterior papillary muscle on the right side. The function of the papillary muscle is when the ventricle is contracting the papillary muscles also contract and therefore they prevent prolapse of the leaflet of the valve into the atrium. So these are the structures we notice on the right ventricle. I would like you to notice the thickness of the musculature of the walls of the right ventricle. Now let me mention a quick word about the pulmonary outflow itself. We see that the pulmonary outflow in this category is already open. These are the semilunar valves. The semilunar valves are called semilunar because they're half moon shaped. The free margin of the semilunar valves are referred to as the lunule and the central portion is slightly thick and that is referred to as the nodule. The nodule has a watertight closure. These valves they are referred to as the cusps at the base where the cusps are attached to the walls just above that there is a small dilatation. These are referred to as the sinuses. So therefore there are three pulmonary sinuses. There is one anterior sinus, one right sinus and one left sinus. So this is the pulmonary outflow. Now I'm going to turn the heart a little bit to show you the interior of the left ventricle and as I've told you we have already made the decision and I'm reflecting the walls to show the interior of the left ventricle. Straight away we notice that the wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the wall of the right ventricle. This is the wall of the right ventricle and this is the wall of the left ventricle. The left ventricle wall is three times as thick as the right ventricular wall. Again we can see the muscular portion inside which is known as the trapeculae carnea. The next thing I would like to draw your attention to are the cusps of the mitral valve. We can see only two cusps and I'm going to put my finger inside the left atrium and we can see it has come into the left ventricle. So therefore this is the anterior cusp. This is the posterior cusp and we can see that they're attached to the anterior papillary muscle by means of the caudate tendon a and we can see this is the posterior papillary muscles and these are the caudate tendon a. Again we can see the smooth outflow portion. This is the outflow portion and again I'm going to put my finger in and we can see it's coming into the aorta. That is referred to as the aortic vestibule which flows into the aortic orifice. Demarcation between the trapeculae carnea and the smooth outflow portion this is called the supraventricular crest. Now let me mention a few points about the semilunar valves of the aortic outflow or the aortic vestibule. The basic characteristics are the same. We can see the semilunar valves. These are the cusps of the valves. They are attached to the walls of the aorta and just above their attachment there is a small dilatation which is referred to as the aortic sinuses. The free margins of the valves are referred to as lunule and the central portion is referred to as the nodule. In this particular cadaver the aortic valve is already closed but we can separate them. These dilatations in the case of aorta here we have two anterior one posterior so this is the right anterior this is the left anterior aortic sinus. In the right anterior aortic sinus we have this opening where my probe has gone in and that is known as the right coronary ostium and we can see that the probe has come into the right coronary artery. Similarly in the left aortic sinus there is another ostium which opens into the left coronary artery so this is the left coronary ostium. The posterior aortic sinus is referred to as the non-coronary sinus because no coronary artery arises from that. Now I'm going to show you an important hemodynamic feature. I put one finger inside the left atrium and my finger has come into the left ventricle and I would like you to notice the direction of my index finger. I'm going to put my next finger inside the outflow and I'm going to bring it out through the aorta. We notice that the inflow to the ventricle is vertically inside and the outflow is vertically outside. So therefore the blood flows vertically into the left ventricle and flows vertically out. So as it flows out it makes a 180 degrees bend. Now let's come to the right side. Again I'm going to put my finger in the atrium and I'm going to bring it into the right ventricle and I'm going to put my other finger in the outflow of the right ventricle so we can see that my two fingers are making a 90 degrees angle so the inflow into the right ventricle from the atrium is in this axis it is horizontal. The outflow from the right ventricle is vertical so therefore the blood makes a 90 degrees bend in the right ventricle to flow out of the pulmonary trunk. The next thing I would like to draw your attention to is my right index finger is on the left ventricle it's in the interventricular septum the muscular part and my left index finger is in the right ventricle again in the muscular part of the interventricular septum so therefore my two fingers are on the interventricular septum. This can be a site of ventricular septal defect. Usually a small ventricular septal defect in the muscular part closes by itself so therefore it is not requiring any intervention. However there is a portion of the interventricular septum which is not visible here and that is known as the membranous part of the interventricular septum and there can be a defect and that is known as a ventricular septal defect which is by far the most common congenital cardiac defect and if such a defect is present then it requires surgical closure. There are many congenital anomalies pertaining to the heart but these are just a few of them which we wanted to mention. Thank you very much for watching. Dr. Sanger signing out. David O is the camera person. If you have any questions or comments please put them in the comment section below. Have a nice day.


Welcome, everyone. This is the second question and answer session for the ARDC Nectar Research Cloud Refresh RFP. I'll just very briefly. ARDC has some funding to provide a refresh to the existing Nectar Research Cloud with the idea of maintaining the capacity of what is now quite old equipment. So, at the moment, the RFP is out in a draft form for feedback and for your information. The final version of the RFP will be released on the 24th of October and then there will be a two-week period for responses. And then the decisions will be made by the end of November. So, it's a fairly short time period for responses because you will be able to have seen the RFP for several weeks beforehand to put ideas for proposals together and to discuss them with ARDC if required. So, as part of the RFP process, we've got the draft RFP out there and we wanted to have a couple of Q&A sessions where anyone can ask any questions about the RFP process. Any questions in this session will be and the answers will go into the FAQ so that anyone can have a look at the answers we've provided to those questions. So, unless Ian, is there anything else you want to say as an introduction? No. So, we'll just kick it off and get started if anyone has any questions, far away. I thought you might Steve. Yes, you can be first. So, part A, page 13 talks about co-investment in section 4.4. One of the items for co-investment is infrastructure maintenance. During sort of when you do your acquisition, typically you will acquire the equipment with the number of years maintenance sort of as part of that initial purchase. Is that maintenance component need to be separated out as co-investment or is that just part of the initial capital purchase? That's a good question. I don't think that's something we thought about. Ian, do you have any views on that? Yeah, it is a good question. I think if the co-investment is going to be regarded as if the maintenance is going to be looked at as part of our investment, it's not a piece that we would pay for out of the capital funding. So, let's have a little bit of a think about how we deal with that. It is a fairly standard thing. Not everyone tends to put things under maintenance, but I suppose most people would do. I would imagine possibly, and again I'll discuss this with Ian and we'll come up with an answer we'll put on the FAQ. I would have thought if you wanted to have it as part of what was funded that would fine, but you'd have to match it with additional co-investment. If you wanted to have it included as something you pay for that counts towards your co-investment, then that would also be fine. So, I think to some extent we might just leave it up to you as to how you would want to play that. But I'll confirm, we'll have a chat afterwards with Ian and we'll confirm that and put in the final answer in the Q&A. Okay. The FAQ, sorry. Yeah. Next question is on page 14, which is with respect to practical completion. So, you need to operate this for three years. So, is practical completion once it is commissioned or at the end of three years? Yes, it's once it's commissioned. I'll check if that's not clear in the document. But yeah, the idea is the infrastructure needs to pass some acceptance tests. We have to agree that it's ready, it's up and running, and at that point we'll sign off that you're done, essentially, because the capital funding is really just to the point where or the payment is just to the point where you have the infrastructure up and running. So, it's a final payment milestone. So, yes, that's the completion of the project, essentially, where we fund, at least in terms of the capital part. Yeah. Part B, page four. Let's get to that. So, there's a reference to an ARDC dataset and collection node. Is that just the old RDS nodes? Yes. That's the term for that. Okay. Page five, 1.3. So, organizations provided funding under this program, research cloud nodes. And in section four, it talks about the steering committee will include representation from the successful research cloud node provided. So, this was just that comment, Paul, just to confirm. So, if an existing node is unsuccessful as part of this process, are they still part of the steering committee, or is it only the successful nodes under this program? Yeah. We haven't confirmed what the new steering committee will look like, but the expectation is it would be the major stakeholders. So, I would expect it wouldn't just be the successful groups if there are existing nodes that want to continue to federate into the research cloud, then they, I expect, would be part of the steering committee as well. It's really, to a large extent, the point of that steering committee is to acknowledge that this isn't just an ARDC service, right? It's an ARDC service done in collaboration with our partners, and those partners need to have a say in how that service is run. So, that would include previous nodes if they are still part of that service, yes. Yeah. Is there any section four also talks about the Technical Advisory Committee and the Resource Allocation Committee? Is there any indication as to the makeup of those? Does each node have a member of the TAC, or is it just sort of the senior technical people? So, again, we haven't decided on the makeup of that. And to some extent, that would, I think, partly be directed by the governance sort of steering committee group. But I would expect that it would include representation from, again, the partners in delivering the cloud infrastructure and possibly some external experts as well. Part D, page nine. Good to that. So, it's around needing to fill out for the research sector needs and benefits for seven, eight and nine, given this is effectively a refresh of previous or existing infrastructure, do we need to go through the completing out target research community? We're not looking at significant, you know, we're not looking for you to have to put in a huge amount of, you know, listing all the research groups you support or whatever. It's really just as it was in the initial phase, sorry, the initial Nectar RFP, just trying to give an indication of the major research communities that you are looking to support. So we're not, you know, it's not meant to be an exhaustive list by any means. It's just trying to give an indication of, you know, some of the groups that are important, you're supporting. And so I think it is useful to put some of that in, given that, you know, this refresh is particularly focused on supporting national, nationally prioritised research and, you know, increased capabilities and so on. It's important to at least put something in there to address that issue. Yeah. And page 11, with respect to number 18 around communications and engagement, it says described the means by which customer satisfaction with the proposed projects planning, etc will be measured. I wasn't around when the initial one was produced. And like I know we run a customer satisfaction survey annually, but that's more around, you know, the outputs of and use of the infrastructure and just curious as to whether there's any advice around how you would measure customer satisfactions with project planning. Yeah, that part, again, was carried over from the original one. And I suppose the point there was just to try to ensure that the people you're, you know, the main groups I was just talking about, there's sort of main national groups that you're trying to support here are essentially part of the discussion of the sorts of equipment that you buy. We don't want to get to the point where, you know, we roll out all this equipment and the key groups we're trying to support come and say, well, that doesn't really meet our needs, right? It's the wrong, it's the wrong sort of stuff. It's not enough or whatever. So it's really just to clarify how you are, I guess, give some confirmation that you are allowing those groups to provide some input into, you know, what sort of infrastructure and what size of infrastructure is actually is going to meet their requirements in fact. Yep. Okay. So Section 2.2 talked about this acquisition was predominantly towards supporting the standard flavours. So if the research communities that we're supporting are looking for things beyond that, it's acceptable to effectively have a proposal that just supports the, say, a large memory node or large memory nodes and GPU nodes as opposed to necessarily the predominant flavours. I don't know if it would be acceptable to say it's just that and nothing else. I would have thought, I mean, it does say in the RFP, we're expecting to mostly support the standard flavours, but if you have a good reason with requirements from research groups that they want, big memory nodes or GPUs or whatever, you should certainly say that and then that's fine. As long as there's demand and that meets requirements for nationally prioritised research groups, having some of that sort of non-standard infrastructure is fine. I wouldn't have thought that would be, you know, taking to account the entirety of the groups that we want to support with national prioritised research, the only thing they would want would be GPU nodes and big memory nodes. I would have thought there would have to be at least some capacity from the standard flavours. But in terms of how much non-standard stuff you want, yeah, if you can make a case for it, then that's fine. Alright, thank you. They're my questions. Thank you. Great. Thanks. Very good questions. Thanks, Stephen. Ian, sorry, was there anything I said there that you wanted to elaborate upon? I think just touching on that last question, it's worth remembering this is a capacity maintenance. It's not this stage of the investment in the cloud is not so much around evolving it into high memory nodes or slightly different flavoured cloud. So just bear in mind those non-standard flavours, there needs to be some pretty robust discussion around that and how that might impact on the people who are relying on the more standard flavours at the moment. Thanks, Ian. Okay. Do we have any other questions? Leslie, I can't believe you're not asking a question. Okay, anyone else want to put up their hand for something? No, it could be a short session then. Is it worth pointing out, Paul, that we're going to try and actually fit in another draft and another consultation session after this. So we do have time to do that again. We're also trying to make sure that the drafts as they appear highlight the changes, so the deltas. Also, I think there's a word copy of the documents up there now, so people can start filling it out and seeing where they run into some of these questions. Yeah, so now in the documents, as well as the second version of RFP, there is a document there on the website now that specifies what the changes are from version one, which are all fairly minor and a word version, as Ian said, if you want to start filling it out. So what we're looking at is there's still a couple of things in the RFP, excuse me, that aren't quite specified yet, and that includes sort of required specifications, the details that required specifications for a node to meet to include into the Federation. So we have an early draft of that, we expect to have that finished in a couple of weeks. And we're expecting essentially to have an X version of the RFP that basically is done or pretty much has been done. So we're looking, plus a draft contract for people to look at well beforehand and flag and issues and so on. So that's we're expecting to have that out by the end of the month. So essentially, that would be a version three of the RFP and a draft contract and all the stuff that's currently, you know, a couple of things that are currently missing from the current RFP, the cloud specifications, the acceptance testing specifications. So that should all be done by the end of September. And we wouldn't expect, we'd expect very little change from the documents from then until they're released in the 24th of October. So you should be able to put your proposal together well in advance of that, using those documents. One further question, Paul. So both Dell and HP have got where we're coming up with some high density options with respect to compute nodes around the Epic Rooms. And we've seen sort of one presentation from HP expecting to see something from Dell shortly, but the pricing on those might still be a little way off before we can see those are availability for those nodes. So is that this stage, if we hit November and we still haven't seen sort of firm pricing, we're just looking at an indicative thing at this point and clarify that post the proposal? Yeah, I think so. You could put indicative pricing or you could put, I mean, standard thing that we tend to do with HPC leaf grants in the past, you put something in that's based on existing equipment and pricing for existing equipment. And then, you know, a couple months later, when it's all good to go, you might revise that based on latest pricing and whatever. So I think that the plan for the RFP is you basically put in a fairly detailed specification of and costing for what you want in the RFP. It's going to take, you know, a month for us to decide on that. It's going to take a while to contract it. And then the next phase is you would put in a essentially a quote to say this is exactly what we're going to buy and we and Iodice would approve it. So that's not going to happen before January. So I thought there's certainly scope for you to revise what you'd propose based on new pricing, etc, etc. And as long as it doesn't deviate too much from what was agreed, I would have thought we would say that's fine. Okay, thanks. Ian, does that seem reasonable? Yeah. All right. So one final chance for anyone to ask any final questions before we wrap up. No. All right, I think unless anyone Ian anyone else has any comments before we go, then I believe we're done. So as I said, the questions that were asked today will will be added to the FAQ. And this video will be put up on on YouTube for others to have a look at who weren't able to make it. Right. Thanks very much, everyone for attending and have a good morning. Thanks for


Stuart Mills has won this marathon, the beachhead marathon eight times. Where was that? Sam, you won it, Stuart? 2015. 2015. It's 2018, he's getting old and past it now. Welcome to Film My Run, my name's Stephen Cousins. This is the beachhead marathon 2018. It's not quite a marathon, 25 point something mile. It's not a marathon, it's 25 point something, that's just the way it is. It's a lovely sunny day, so let's enjoy the south downs and the beachhead marathon. Four and a half miles or so into the beachhead marathon and we're just dropping down into Jammington, beautiful village, this home of the Benofi Pie. It's the first time I've ever been held up for traffic. Wow. This is Mark, Mark's doing his, is this your 13th, did you say? 13th, yeah. And today, let's hope he's not unlucky for it. What a Mark. So, hi, I'm Mark, and I'm running this beachhead for a time and yeah, just get to have a nice day out. Cloud. It's beautiful, isn't it? We're about seven miles in to the beachhead marathon and we're just about to drop down into Alfriston now. This is not quite half way, but I always think of it as a half way checkpoint in the beachhead marathon. Thanks guys. 19 and a half kilometers on my watch and we've done that in one hour, 53 minutes. Not quite half way, but we're still on for about four hours, I'd say, if we keep it up. We're about 17 miles in now to the beachhead marathon 2018. Marathon. I can't say because it won't be out published yet. I had a period where it just felt like crying. Yeah, you'll have a few more of them, I imagine that. When you enter the beachhead marathon, this is what you're paying for. This view of the seven sisters with six miles to go home. Absolutely beautiful. Hey, station. This is the final A station. Just coming to the end of that 500 meters left. They've changed the medal this year. It's a nice decent medal. Very nice. So one of the lovely things about the beachhead marathon is you get free food at the end. And if you want to go swimming, there's a free swimming pool as well. From the beachhead marathon 2018, I finished in 405. Tom's great did in 359, which is awesome work. James, what did you do? James 407. So we've had a good day out. Beautiful sunny day. Come and run beachhead next year. You'll love it. Promise you. 18, 16. That's what it was. I just got over the line.