Hey there Chameleons! It's Chamele and today I have a special guest, my sister. What's your name? Olivia. So today we are going to be taking all of this and shaving it off because why? It's really hard to take care of and it just takes a lot of time and it breaks and I think that well my hair used to be a lot fuller and easier to take care of so um I kind of like tied my worth to my hair and like as it got worse I like started feeling worse about myself so I don't I don't want to do that plus it's just like it just needs to go. So you're just really ready to get rid of this and she's been talking about doing this for a long time and it's just one of those things that you think about forever and then like it's just a lot but we are finally doing it um Olivia texted me when she was at school like two days ago and she's like I'm gonna shave my head I just bought a clipper and I was like come to New York and I'll shave it and we can build it so she got a bus ticket and we are ready to do this thing how do you feel right now? I feel ready to be honest I'm not really that nervous. You were nervous like earlier today. Well I was nervous but it's like I'm ready like I want to see what it looks like so bad I know I do too I've been looking at your head yeah I've tried to go like this and like see yeah but like I feel like it will look good I just have never had such short hair let's see how long is this pull it pull it to the longest okay wow that's like a foot-ish I'm gonna get the comb all right so you're starting with a rattail comb and we're going to be sectioning your hair into quadrants just get it just a little pump let's say do you know that song do you see how difficult it is you're just so done with it at this point you're just like I hate everything about it your hair is beautiful but thanks because I've seen your head shape growing up with people you just you notice those things about them well what if I just like cut paths through it because it's not like you need it it's like you shaved I know or like when you section it and then you're trying to pull it apart I just use scissors to just snip through it can I do that so we're making cinnamon rolls right now Olivia is the baker of the family I'm gonna part this one in half from your ear this way those look really good they look so much better than when we put them in there yeah this is what they look like right now they're still rising oh they're slipping out of the pan but they look really good so apparently Camille said um she's going to shave her head right after me uh when did I say that? which Camille are you talking about? I'll shave my head one day but one day is not today or tomorrow wait we should just keep it like this for the rest of my life just yeah but lean your head down so they can see the tongue yeah so we should keep it like this give us a thumbs up if you want it to stay like this it'll be too late by then but I like I like the pompoms what we are starting with are some scissors just some regular hair scissors this is the pair that I used to cut my own hair and we're just gonna cut these ponytails off is that right? yes ready here we go this is actually coming off of your head right now oh my gosh you're gonna have there's no going backwards the front chuck is gone almost there this is a lot this feels so weird you have a lot of hair even though you don't think so yeah yo this looks like a field of grass oh gosh there we go gosh this feels so weird it is going to make it possible for us to see front on what you look like what is your hair made out of it's like steel use one of your knives sure to use the machete maybe I should try sharpening these they'll usually take people this long to yeah okay you've watched all the videos you're the expert I hope we could sharpen the scissors for you so yeah can you do it after this puff here we go it's coming and that's what you look like you look like like um you know people have like the mullets and the short front part of the six that's a good way is that the good you can start you're gonna start making them now these are so well let's turn you around and get the back side oh wow this is so much sharper this is working way better thanks Kai I'm so scared that I'm gonna cut your head off but I'm like really not even close no don't worry this side is so hard though what do you do to this side of here you want to do it all right be careful I'll hold it out I think I know where it is look at that take the power right into your own hands Olivia brush I know a terrible makeup brush whoa you are a fuzzy head you're a chee pet right now let's give them a quick spin this is what she looks like right now oh my gosh this looks crazy that's so scary to me can I do it you want to do it oh my god oh my god wow is anything happening um yeah but it's still like really high so not that much is coming off you should put it to 10 charge it charge your look right now you got like the balding person look I want to do like the side okay yeah you finish the side so while we're waiting for the buzzer to charge again these are the cinnabuns that we are eating um they turned out really well and everyone likes them even though they're going in for you so that's always a good smile I'm so tired of these razors that are these buzzer stuff you just gotta go fast a lot to charge it overnight and finish right in the morning oh my gosh we're going to the women's march tomorrow NYC so I'm really excited for a lady to go all bald and empowered that's it I think I'm just gonna cut the mullet so then it'll be easier when we actually get a working buzzer that looks so crazy right now everything is such a different length this is the patchy heavy going to bed with but we'll be finishing in the morning so it is day two we just woke up it's so early can't find my other glasses but we have to finish this before the women's march so did a great job the thing finally it charged overnight so we're good hopefully I feel like I could have just kept shaving forever because there's always like one little patch you're like oh okay let me do that and then yeah yeah yeah it looks so good and like smooth dang your head's gonna be cold all right so this is finished look how do you feel about your new baldish fuzzy head I am excited I'm glad I did it you're gonna want to shock everyone at school yeah everyone's gonna be like I know especially mom my mom's not gonna be happy but it's your hair so your decision I just want to have a second to appreciate her head shape this is how amazing her head looks shaved it's ridiculous like I don't I feel like my head would never do that your head probably my head's I think it's longer maybe not I don't know like your head let's find out all right so I hope you guys enjoyed this video thank you Olivia for being such a great special guest if you want to check her socials out her instagram is linked down below and that's all that you really use socialized right I'm gonna use snapchat but no I was happy I came it's kind of spur of the moment thing but yeah that was really cool yeah I'm glad you decided to take a bus from school yeah freshman so I just called like Wednesday and today's Friday so or today's morning so I'm just really glad it happened I hope you guys enjoyed this video thank you so much for watching if you did like it don't forget to subscribe and I will see you chameleons in the next video kisses that was funny


Welcome to Encompass Live. Encompass Live is the Commission's weekly free online event. It covers library commission activities and other Nebraska library-related topics presented by either NLC staff or guest hosts. The one-hour sessions are free and are offered every Wednesday at 10 a.m. Central Time, and they include a mixture of presentations, interviews, book reviews, web tours, mini-training sessions, and Q&A sessions. Okay, I see that Jan has typed in that Dina Cruz is also listening, so I will go ahead and make sure that Dina's name is recorded. Okay, today's session is entitled, Cataloging on a Shoe String, Sources of Free Mark Records. I am Emily Nimsikant, the cataloging librarian here at the commission, and I'll be your host and presenter today. Just as a quick introduction, I just briefly want to cover what mark format is. Mark stands for Machine Readable Cataloging, and basically what that means is that it makes bibliographic information available so that computers can read it. For example, here is a bibliographic record information about a book, and here is how it appears in raw mark formats. This is what the computer understands. Why is mark important? Well, basically because it allows for exchange of information. Records that are created by one library are created in a uniform format so that it can be used by other libraries. Why would you want to use records created by other libraries? Well, basically it saves you time and resources. If you had to create a new record for everything you cataloged, your staff would be swamped. So it is advantageous to be able to use other libraries' records. However, there can also be an expense associated with this. Services like OCLC's Connection and Cat Express, they do cost money, and so it can be kind of a stretch for small libraries to use these records. But there are free resources that we're going to talk about today. Basically, the main resource for free records is the Library of Congress. All of their records that they create are in the public domain because they're created by a government agency, so they are free for use. And they do make them available online through their catalog. And that is the website address there, catalog.loc.gov. And I will see if the website is working. It has been having some issues this morning, which actually causes me to jump ahead to one of the disadvantages of using the Library of Congress website, and that is that due to the high traffic of libraries and people using it, it sometimes is unavailable. So we'll go ahead and cross our fingers and see if this works. If not, I do have a screenshot so we can still talk about it, but I was hoping to do a live demonstration. And it looks like it's still being a little slow, so we'll go ahead with my screenshots for now. We can eventually get that to work for us. Okay, I just lost my place. Okay, this is the home screen. When you go to catalog.loc.gov, this is what it looks like. You can see there are a couple different options for searching. There's the basic search and the guided search. Basic search allows you to search a few different types of fields. Keyword, title keyword, you can see at the top, all the keyword options are listed. And then there are also browsing options down at the bottom of the screen. The guided search gives you a little more detail. You can construct searches using Boolean operators. You can search more than one field at once. There's also, let's see if you saw on the previous screen, there was a button that said, set search limits.  You can limit by languages, type of materials, place of publications, things like that. So you can get a fairly specific search. We'll go back to the guided search screen and say we were searching for the book Twilight by Stephanie Meyer. We'll go ahead and do a guided search which is highlighted in the title field and Meyer for personal name for the author. And when you do this search, you'll get a search screen that has a list of results. We can see that number three, it looks like the one that we want. If you click on the title, they'll be taken through to a screen that has the record. The first screen that will come up is the brief record. You can see the tab is highlighted there at the top. You can also click on the tab that says full record. And you'll be taken to a screen with a little bit more detail. And then on the far right, you'll also see a tab that says mark tags. And if you click on that, you'll be taken to a screen that shows the mark record with all the fields. And if you'll, on any of these screens, if you scroll down all the way to the bottom, you'll see the option for save, print or email records. And this is what you need to do in order to download the records and make them available through your own catalog. You'll see that box that has the select download format and then the press to save or print button after it. And you want to choose mark format, and then click that press to save or print button. And you'll get a screen with the raw mark code. It will look like nothing you can understand, but it's what the computer understands. And what you'll want to do is use the buttons on your browser. This is how it looks in the version of Internet Explorer that we're using here at the commission. And we want to choose save as. As you can see, for us, it'll be here on the menu. It might look a little bit different depending on what version or what browser you're using, but basically you want to save the file. And you want to remember to save it as a text file. A box will pop up and I think it will default to an HTML file. That's not what you want. You want to be able to save it as a text file. And then this text file, you'll be able to export into your catalog. I'll just show you. This will look different for everybody's system, but I'll show you how it works with our Mandarin system here at the commission really quick. For us, we choose import. And you'll have to remember what name you saved under and where you saved it to navigate to that location. And now it's in our catalog. There are some disadvantages to the Library of Congress website. As I mentioned before, one of them is that it is very high traffic. A lot of people are trying to get these records. And so you may not always be able to access it, as we are obviously currently experiencing here. Another disadvantage is that you won't be able to find all of the records that you were looking for. There are basically only records for print items in the Library of Congress catalog. They don't have audio-visual items. So you won't be able to find records for DVDs, for example, if you're cataloging DVDs. Let's see. I'm seeing a couple questions come through the question box. So I'll hang on a second. I see that Laura, let us know she's here, and Carol is here with her. I'll mark that down. And Jan, let's know if I can go through the steps again. Certainly. Scroll all the way back to the beginning of the search.   I don't have the book with me right now, so I'm not doing that. That's also an option. I just did title and author.  And you click on any one of those. When you find the title that you want, or one that you think is the title that you want, you can click through on the title link. And it'll take you to the record. And when you make sure that's the one that you want, you scroll down to the bottom of the page. There'll be a box that says save print or email records. And you choose mark format. And click that button that says press to save or print. And you'll get this screen that has the mark record in the machine readable format. And you want to save it on however that works best in your browser. And I don't have a screenshot of the box that will pop up, but you do want to make sure you save it as a text file. And from that point on, you remember the location where you saved it, or what you called it, and then you can import it into your catalog. And that'll vary depending on your own local system. Does that answer your question, Jan? Okay, so now that was covering bibliographic records, records for the actual books that you're wanting to catalog. The Library of Congress also makes available authority records. Authority records are records that show the authorized terms used for names and subjects in your bibliographic records. If you do authority control in your catalog, then you'll be able to link all the items that are by the same author, all the items that have the same subject headings, things like that. So I'm going to go ahead and try this website. It was working a little bit better this morning, so we'll see. This is the Library of Congress Authorities website, and the address is authorities.loc.gov. And all of these links are available on the commission's delicious page, and I'll give you a link to that at the end. So if you miss one of these links, you can definitely go back and find them after the presentation. So to get started here, you click on the search authorities link, and there are a couple different options, name authorities, subject authorities, title authorities, based on what you're searching for. You'll choose different ones. For example, if we had cataloged the Twilight Book, like I was talking about before, and we wanted to find a name authority for the author, you can see you'll get a pretty similar result screen to what you saw in the catalog. One thing to notice is these red buttons next to the names. For ones that say authorized heading, this means this is the correct form that you should be using in your catalog. This is the record that you want. I'm seeing another question coming in, so let me check this really quick. Cindy and Susan from the Historical Society asked if a record is an OCLC, and we use those via Cat Express. Are all LC records in OCLC? Yes, the Library of Congress records are available through OCLC. So if you do have Cat Express, then these will not be different records than the ones you can access through Cat Express. Okay, so going back to the authority search, when you click through on the link from the original result screen, you'll get a link to view the authority record, and you'll see it originally shows up in mark format. If you prefer to look at it in a label display, you can do that, too. But this is the information about the record for Stephanie Meyer. You can see that we can verify down where it says found in that Twilight. This is the author we're looking for because she's the author of Twilight. And the downloading process is very similar. You want to select mark, and press to save or print. And since I didn't have a screenshot of that last time, I'll go through the process of saving it, and you want to make sure it's a text file, and you can name it whatever you want, something that you'll recognize when you're done. And so that's how you go through the process of saving it, and then you would import it to your catalog, similar to how I showed you with the bibliographic records. One thing to know about the authority records is you'll remember in the results list there was a red button next to Stephanie Meyer's name that said authorized heading, but that's not always the case. You might be searching on a version that's not the correct heading, and so the button will look different. I'll show you a search with that. For example, say that you were cataloging in the number one ladies detective agency by Alexander McCall Smith, and you thought you knew the authorized form for his name. If you do that search, you will see that the first one that comes up, the red button says references. This means that this is not the authorized form, but the references can tell you what is the authorized form that you should be using. So you want to make sure when you're doing a search in the authority file that you pay attention to those buttons and whether or not you're actually finding an authorized heading or not. In this case, it tells you that you need to see McCall Smith from Alexander and his birth dates. So then when you click through to that, you do get the authorized heading, and then it's the same process. You have the actual record, and you would download it to your catalog, export it, and then import it the same way we've been doing. You can also do a subject search. Author's names are not the only type of headings that need to be authorized. There are also subject headings that you need an authorized form for. So for example, if you were still working on the number one ladies detective agency, one of the subject headings is women private investigators, you can search like that. In the same thing, these buttons will tell you, this one is an authorized heading, but it also has references. There are other subject headings that are related to this one, and this one, for example, it has an error return. But if you click through, you get to the authority record, and then you can download it in the same way that you would do the other ones. Okay, and so that is the basics of the authority's website. Anybody doesn't have any questions about that, we will move on to the next subject. Let's see, and we can skip past all my screenshots since we actually were able to do a live demo of that one. Okay, as I mentioned, there were some disadvantages to getting bibliographic records from the Library of Congress website itself. Number one, it's not available all the time, and number two, or actually one I didn't mention was that you can really only export one record at a time. There's no way to save records in a marked search or anything like that and come back and then export a whole batch of them. So it's a little bit time-consuming to go through and look for records one by one. It can be done, but it's not the most convenient thing in the world. There is a new arrival on the cataloging scene called Biblios.net, and basically it's a web-based cataloging utility, and when they created the database, they did import records from the Library of Congress, so it is possible to find Library of Congress records in the Biblios.net database as well. I'll go ahead and get this website pulled up. Okay, to use Biblios, you are required, it's completely free, but you are required to set up a profile. I've already set up a profile, so I'm just going to go ahead and log in. And once you're in it, you can launch the application, and it does run right within your web browser. There's a plugin that needs to be installed called Google Gears, and it will prompt you to download that if you haven't done that before, other than that, there's no software that needs to be installed. I should mention, I don't think I did, this is a web-based utility, it's created by LibLime, the company behind the open source library system, COHA, so they're kind of a recognized name in open source library software. And basically it accesses a database of bibliographic records uploaded by members and the developers, and as I mentioned, the developers did populate the database with Library of Congress records when they started, so it is a good place to go for Library of Congress records. And you do your search in the search menu up here. I'm going to look for our Twilight Book again, and it will bring up a list of records. If you wanted to over here, you could limit searches by authors, publication dates. They do have some faceted searching over here. Close, that's Christian. There is a preview pane down at the bottom, as you're scrolling through, you can see what you're looking at. And so we can see with this one that this is a Library of Congress record, we can tell by the DLC symbol in this field. Once that you have determined which one it is that you want to work on, you can click the box next to it and press the edit button, and it will bring up the record for editing. That is also another advantage of bibliose.net over the Library of Congress website, is that you can make changes to the records if you need to. They do even have the fixed fields up here, which in the Library of Congress records, they just appear as one long screen. You can't tell what they refer to, but it is nice to be able to pop them out and see what the different fields are. You can also add fields if you need to. If you want to do your editing here, rather than waiting when you import it into your catalog. For example, at the Commission, we add new fields for our local fields for the location and type of item. You can just add a field like that. Whenever you have done all the editing you want to do, you go to tools and click save. If you weren't quite done with it, you could save it in your graphs folder, but if you are done, save it in completed. As I mentioned, one of the nice things about bibliose is that you can save things as you go along. Even if you are just importing Library of Congress records, you can do a batch import, which you can't do from the Library of Congress website. Let me do that search again. Let's say we also wanted to download Eclipse, and we could save it in our completed file, assuming we had made all the changes we wanted. When you go to your completed file, you can click on both of these. This might do what it did to me and prompt a security warning in your browser, but you should be fine as long as you allow that. I should mention this is fairly new, and they don't quite have all the bugs worked out yet, so this may not be something you want to rely primarily on for now, but it's definitely something to keep an eye on. I think they are working to make it something pretty interesting and possibly useful, so definitely keep your eye on this. I did not help somebody do the exact same search I did before. Like I said, it does still have some bugs, and it seems like it's stuck on the search for some reason, but we'll go ahead just for the review. Let's say we'll go back to our completed folder and see if it lets me export now, and there it goes. It's creating a mark file for you, and again, you choose where you want to save it and then import it into your local catalog. I do also just want to touch on some of the other features of Biblio, so they're kind of envisioning it in addition to being a place where you can download and edit your records. It's kind of being a social networking community for catalogers. They do have forums that you can go to and ask cataloging questions. They are planning on a chat feature apparently that's not quite ready yet, but they are envisioning eventually that if multiple people were using this at once they could get on and kind of I am each other with questions about cataloging. They do have an inbox, so if you had other people you knew who were using this you could send each other messages. So that is Biblio's in a nutshell. It's just another kind of development in the cataloging community to keep your eyes on. Other than the records from the Library of Congress it's kind of hard to find absolutely free mark records. Another option you might want to pursue as far as low-cost mark records go would be getting them from the vendors where you buy your books and your other items. The NLC does have a website with vendor discounts, so that's something to pursue. So this is definitely something you should ask your vendors about. It may possibly, it may not be well advertised but they may provide you with mark records for the items that you buy from them. One other thing that I did want to touch on really quickly is the Library of Congress mark resources available on their websites. This is not a source of records but it is a source of free information about working with mark that comes in very handy when you're editing your records. And the address for that is www.loc.gov.mark. And this website is useful because it contains information and announcements relating to mark format. For example, at the top you can see right now they have an announcement about mark format changes to accommodate RDA, the new set of cataloging rules that should be coming out sometime soon. So it's important to keep an eye on this for announcements about mark. But one of the more useful aspects that I use regularly is the mark formats over here on the side. It has information about all of the data elements for the different kinds of mark formats. For example, let's look at the bibliographic data. As you will see, it has the tags grouped in tag order by hundreds, the 1XX fields together, the 5XX fields together, things like that. If you click on one of these, it will take you through to all the tags listed individually. There are both full and concise documentation for each tag. The concise ones are pretty short descriptions of what each indicator is used for and what the subfields are used for. The full ones go into a little bit more detail. They have guidelines for applying each of these. They tell you a little bit more about when you would use certain indicators or certain subfields. One thing I should mention is there are also a number of examples under each tag. Sometimes, even when you read the descriptions of how each one is used, it doesn't completely make sense. It's always a good idea to maybe scroll down and you'll see an example used in a way that you didn't think of before. These type of information are available for the tags for authority records as well. That is the Library of Congress Mark website, which is an important resource to remember when you are working with Mark Records. That is basically the resources that I've planned on covering today. All of the links that I covered are listed on the Commission's delicious website under Encompass Live. You can find them all there if you want to go back and explore these resources on your own. If you have any questions about any of these resources or any cataloging questions in general, you can definitely contact me. There's my contact information. Does anybody have any more questions about these resources? Let's see. Oh, I'm seeing some more questions coming through here. I missed before talking about Biblios. There's a question wondering if Biblios has DVD records. I believe so. I mean, they're trying to promote their database so that people can create their own original records and upload them. If there are people who have created records for DVDs and upload them, the ones that are originally uploaded to Biblios are available through a free open data license without copyright restrictions. I would say it's worthwhile to search for DVD records in Biblios. Cindy asked a related question of where does Biblios require their records? And like I said, the original dump of data was made from a lot of Library of Congress records. They took the data from the Library of Congress and they also had to promote it as people to... They want people, like I said, to upload records and create the database from Biblios users. So those are basically the two sources of records through Biblios to the database. Let's see. Laura had a question. Where do you save the records to? A file on your desktop or a flash drive? Let's see. I personally was saving them to a file on my computer. I guess it would be up to you and your local practices at your library. But I was just saving them to my Documents folder because that's where I normally save records when I export them from OCLC as well. Does that answer your question? Great. Sounds good. Any other questions? Okay. Well, thank you all for coming. Feel free to contact me at any time with questions and hopefully we'll see a lot of you back next week for the next Encompass Live.


Welcome to the Pyramid Insider. My name is Tyler Patner and today we're going to give you seven reasons why you need the Air Arms S510 XS TDR. Reason number one that you need to check out the TDR is because of what TDR stands for, takedown rifle. And as you can see, it comes in two separate pieces. So it's meant to be easily and quickly broken down. We're going to show you just how quick and easy that is here.   The great part about this is it goes together or comes apart in right about 20 or 30 seconds. So in the field, you know, it's really easy to throw these parts into a bag or carry them in this case and get it assembled right there. There's even a cutout in the case for your scope so the gun's ready to go all the time whenever you need it. Now reason number two, you're going to want to check out the S510 TDR is this Q-TEC moderator. The barrel is fully shrouded and that does help for sure. But the addition of this Q-TEC moderator on the end from Air Arms has made this gun silent. Previous versions just came shrouded. The addition of that Q-TEC is huge, guys. This gun puts out about 30 foot-pounds or so in 22. It is also available in 177, but the Q-TEC addition is a beauty if you're a backyard shooter going after pests or you just want the quietest gun possible. Really phenomenal moderator there. Now reason number three is the adjustable power of the S510 series as a whole, but in specific the TDR. You have a transfer port style power adjustment which has five positions and you get a nice positive click detent when you drop into each position. At the most you're looking at about 30 foot-pounds of energy, but when you do choke that off you're going to be able to get this gun in a 22 down into the four or five hundred foot per second range. So you can really do just about anything whether you want to go after like rats or pigeons in an enclosed space and you don't want to over penetrate or if you're looking to stretch this gun's legs and shoot long range. Now reason number four to check this out is that excess model. Now in the U.S. here those excess guns that means it's regulated. Now this is the first iteration of the TDR that has a regulator in it and let me tell you guys it's going to offer you a ton of consistency and a few more shots than TDRs of years past. Regulators really a long time coming for Air Arms. We've talked about it in past reviews of their guns, but to see it in addition to the TDR in the smaller platform is really fantastic and I think a lot of you guys were asking for it all along. Air Arms has delivered and we now have a regulated TDR. Reason number five is the side lever action. Now Air Arms was really one of the first PCP manufacturers to move everything over to a side lever and they do a fantastic job of it. It is just so smooth and easy to operate. As you can see it there it's just so easy and really a phenomenal system. One they have really stuck to and done a great job with over the years. It's so good they really haven't needed to change it and super easy to get that quick follow up and you don't even have to move your cheek weld when you're on target which is really phenomenal. They've done a great job with this system. It's going to make your shooting a little bit smoother, a little bit easier. Love the side lever. Now reason number six is the stock itself. Now this is a two-piece stock system. You do have an adjustable butt plate for elevation which is rubber at the back here. One of my favorite features of the stock is the kind of magazine holders here. You have two of them. The gun comes with two. So if you want to purchase an extra you have two mags there. One in the gun. You're ready to go. That's 30 rounds on deck at any point in time. You got a nice pistol grip which doesn't have any features to it in terms of finger grooves or stippling or anything. So you don't have to worry if you have larger hands. This is going to fit you just fine. There's not going to be anything getting in your way like those finger grooves might. You have your gauge underneath inset and then you have an on-shoot style UIT rail. Now if you want to throw a bipod on this gun it's actually really simple to do. We sell a Harris bipod adapter which is going to slide right into this rail. It gives you a swivel stud and you can go ahead and mount most of your bipods right onto that. Super simple. Not a whole lot to this stock. It's a very lightweight, very minimalist and really feels great. Now if the tactical black soft touch look is not for you the gun is also offered in a beautiful walnut as well. So that's something to check out if this black soft touch like I said isn't your cup of tea but either way tons of features built into this stock. And reason number seven in my opinion the most important is accuracy. Air Arms uses Lothar Walther barrels in all of their guns and they are fantastic. Typically with JSB16 or 18 grain pellets you are going to be able to shoot roughly half inch groups if you can do the part at 50 yards without a problem with this gun. 177 is just as good. I'm kind of preferential to 22 because it offers you a lot of kind of different things that you can do well especially once you integrate that power adjuster. But not only does this gun have a phenomenal barrel but it also has a phenomenal trigger and that's going to help you in terms of accuracy downrange. Really makes this gun a pleasure to shoot. And obviously the whole package as it comes together is just really a smooth and flawless system and works phenomenally well. The addition of that regulator is only going to help your downrange potential as well. So overall the S510 XS-TDR is just a fantastic choice. And one you should check out if you are looking for a more compact PCP to add to your arsenal. Hope you guys enjoyed the video today. We appreciate you joining us for seven reasons why you need to check out the Air Arms S510 XS-TDR next time you're on the website. Hopefully you guys enjoyed it. If you did, throw us a like down below. If you disagree or thought there was anything we left out, shoot us down in the comments below. Let us know what you thought of the video as a whole and as always don't forget to subscribe. Follow us on Facebook and Instagram for more airgun content. I'm Tyler Patner. We'll see you guys at the next one.


Okay, I'm back. Now, I've had a request to do some down-and-dirty math, specifically geometry. Seems like some people are gonna be writing a test this week, and they need to know what's what. Unfortunately, this is Vancouver. Well, fortunately, this is Vancouver, but unfortunately, this is the fall in Vancouver. So it rains a lot here. I haven't had a chance to go outside and find any fresh walls to do some math on. So we're gonna use a back of a ping-pong table as a chalkboard to lay out all the work and just talk about it real quick, okay? One thing to keep in mind is mathematics is a language, but it's broken up into different segments, okay? You have algebra, you have calculus, you have statistics, and it just goes on from there. But one of the most important aspects of mathematics and one of the first areas that we started talking about was geometry. Since we live in the world, it's a three-dimensional world. One of the first things that we wanted to do was to understand how things were laid out, how to make things, and all of that goes into geometry. So a long time ago, you know, before calculus began, before God, differential equations began, before a lot of different branches of mathematics started out, mathematicians were specifically talking about geometry. Astronomy was a huge part of how geometry was developed because we're trying to understand our place in the universe, how things have, you know, rotated. At night time, people would look up in the sky and they would track stars going across, they would see the sun going across the horizon and the moon coming around. So they tried to understand how everything was laid out. And the only way they could have done that is to, you know, draw the things, draw the patterns, draw the orbit of the sun, the moon, the stars, how they rotated, and try to grasp how everything worked, okay? So geometry was one of the first branches of mathematics that we got into, to understand our place in the universe and for us to be able to make things, homes, shelters, just anything, the wheel, you know, they had to come up with the concept of wheel and actually make it round. So keep that in mind when we're going through this stuff. What we're going to start doing is start with the basics, which is basically trigonometry. Now trigonometry is a branch of geometry, but it specifically deals with objects that have three sides and basically that's triangles, trigonometry triangles. So whenever you hear the word trigonometry or triangles, keep in mind that you're thinking about or you're dealing with things that have three sides to them, okay? So what I'm going to do is I'm going to lay out right angle triangle and put in some of the functions associated with the right angle triangle and we'll talk about a little bit further. Now, we're specifically going to talk about a right angle triangle, but there are different types of triangles. There's a scaling triangle. There's a equilateral triangle and isosceles triangle. Now, scaling triangles are triangles that don't have any equal sides. Isosceles triangles are triangles that have two equal sides. Equilateral triangles are triangles that have all the sides equal, but right angle triangles is the one that we're really concerned about because right angle triangles branches off to different segments of mathematics as well, and it's the most powerful stuff. It's the one that contains everything and a lot of functions that we can deal with, okay? So I'm going to lay this stuff out and we'll talk about it as soon as it's done. Okay? We'll see where it goes.


So, I apologize not seeing you guys as much today up front here and making Malachi almost lose his voice, but what are brothers for right. I have been trying to get the team assignments kind of fixed. So there's an optional team assignment this evening. And it was not quite in the shape that we wanted it in so I've been kind of reworking that extensively. So that hopefully you will have a smooth experience going through the team assignment and the TAs will have a smooth experience helping you with that. So I have not just been slacking off but I've been working on something else course related, I promise. Okay, so we're going to just finished I guess we probably have time for maybe this lecture and that's probably going to be the end and we'll move on to actually continuing the practical alignment exercises tomorrow. We'll see how long this takes but just going to do a quick intro to some of the concepts surrounding alignment. So specifically, or actually generally alignment is really a common feature of bioinformatics and you know looks analysis. And this is like a very common workflow right where you have like phase zero generate your sequence data get raw fast cues and then the most common thing you do is some kind of alignment alignment to a genome alignment to a transcriptome. Commonly you'll do quality control and then in the green boxes are all the different paths you might go down like peak finding or quantifying transcripts like we're going to do or finding different kinds of variation and so on. And then that of course feeds into your analysis and interpretation and hopefully cool new discoveries. So this alignment work alignment is you can kind of think of it as like fitting individual pieces or reads into the correct part of the puzzle. And here the, the reference genome the human genome or whatever your reference genome is is kind of like the picture on the box that helps you figure out which piece goes where. And then there are the possibility of kind of imperfection how the pieces fit together relative to the reference or between multiple samples that can give you an idea about variation. If you don't have a reference genome then meet your workflow looks totally different. I highly recommend you get one if you can. There are big health. So are you seek alignment challenges. This is still true to some extent there that can be computationally costly. You have the extra complexity relative to DNA alignment that you may have entrants so you're right you may have spliced data, and you might have to make a choice about whether to align to the genome with like a splice aware or sort of create a splice reference of the transcript domain aligned directly to that. And you might wish that you could just align your data once and be done with it but that's generally not how it works in bioinformatics or genome analysis. Typically find yourself doing alignment over and over again with slightly different parameters or different software depending on your goals. In terms of RNA seek historically there were three major alignment strategies. So there was a de novo assembly, which is really for the case where you don't have a reference genome or maybe a transcriptome and you're trying to like infer the transcript structure directly from your data. So we have a module that we won't get to in this version of the course that we do in longer versions that actually introduces to some tools for transcript assembly. You can align to the transcriptome, or you can align to a reference genome with a splice aware aligner. So we're going to do the third approach which is probably the most common approach now. The third strategy is best. It sort of depends. So, as I mentioned, if you don't have a reference genome, you may have no choice but to do a de novo assembly approach. There also is some possibility that there's like complex variants or haplotypes that would be missed using a reference genome approach where the reference genome itself can't like fully represent that complexity, right but most non graph based reference genomes are just like one single representation of like an individual or a simulated individual. So in case of where there's like complex structure variation or a lot of like small variation packed together that might cause you problems that you could get around with using a de novo assembly approach. So in the transcriptome. If you have short reads this, this used to be the preferred path like if you had less than 50 base pairs. That is not as common now so most places are generating 100 plus reads and so this is not as common of a strategy. It also relies on knowing the sequence of transcript of having a known transcriptome. So the reference genome is kind of for all other situations and now as I said most situations. It doesn't necessarily rely on known transcripts although you can use known transcript structures to guide the process. It can still allow for discovery of new transcript structures from like a reference guided approach. There are multiple splice where aligners that allow you to do this aligning directly to the reference genome. So, there are many aligners. We're going to introduce you to one or two or maybe three in this course there's dozens of others. And this kind of like a history of various aligners. I don't think it's too small three but high set, which we're going to use is on there somewhere. So should I use a splice aware or unsplash unspliced aligner. We kind of talked about this. The fragments that were sequencing represent MRNA with the introns removed. But we're usually aligning these reads back to the reference genome. Again, unless you have short less than 50 base pair reads, you're probably going to use a splice aware aligner. Specifically in this course we're going to introduce the high set aligner. So high set is one of these splice aware aligners. It does require reference genome. It's very fast. And it's a very robust and well developed and maintained tool which is one of the reasons we chose to use it. It uses an kind of complicated indexing scheme based on the borough boroughs Wheeler transform and FM index, and it does multiple it uses multiple types of indexes for alignment. We're going to kind of walk through some examples just conceptually of how this works. There are several papers that describe the algorithm and like it's all its gory details, which encourage you to check out if you want to understand it at a deeper level. But basically, what it does is creates we're going to build these indexes, you create a genome wide index, and then a large number of smaller local indexes. And then you kind of do this iterative alignment strategy game using those two indexes. It also tries to account for or it has the option to account for known polymorphisms and known transcript structures. So you can feed it information about known X on X on junctions and and snips. So as I mentioned it uses this hierarchical indexing algorithm and then several adaptive strategies based on the position of a read with respect to splice sites. So we're going to look through some examples of what I mean by that. It has this multi step process where you first find candidate locations across the whole genome mapping part of each read using this global index. And that usually gives you one or a few candidate locations for your read as you try and figure out where it aligns to, and then you switch to a local alignment using these local indexes. So it takes the genome it makes one big global index, and then it makes 48,000 local indexes and uses them both to come to a final alignment. And then for paired reads each pair or each mate is mapped separately. And if a read fails to align then the line the alignment of its mate can be used to anchor it and sort of recover that on a line to me. So here are some examples to kind of hopefully make this a little more clear so what we're looking at here are two exons from chromosome 22. So there's an exon one there's a relatively small intron, and then there's another exon. And we're going to look through examples of how this aligning strategy works for three different kinds of reads. For the read that is just entirely contained within an exon for a read that slightly spans from one exon into another, and then another that is sort of more evenly split across two exons. So for this first example this is kind of the simplest example. We align this first read. The first read is in red here. We learned the first read using this global index. And this part is kind of the time consuming part. So what we're basically trying to do is find a like kind of a sub alignment so it looks to build a match of at least 28 bases long. So once it finds a unique place in the global index where this blue 28 base pair sequence matches one or more places, it then switches to the local index. Actually first it attempts an extension. So, without even like trying to get clever just says okay I know where these I found this 28 base pair match. So the first example of the genome using the global index. The first thing I'm going to just try and do is just straight extend it like if the read belongs here, then the 29th base should be what I expect based on the reference and the 30th base and so on so it just tries this extension step. And if it matches and matches and it's like great, I figured out kind of where I thought it belonged using this 28 base segment, and I extended and it all looks good. The read must belong here. So that's kind of like the simplest possible situation. If you happen to span an intron of course it gets a little more complicated. So again you start with this for the second read. We have this problem where there's actually just like a very short segment on the other side right so that's going to be a little bit more challenging. So this 28 bases on the right end of the read map again we find this unique match to the global index. And then we again do this extension phase. So the purple. And so we're just checking to see if the read matches to that place that we've, we positioned ourselves using the global index search, and it works up until like the 93rd base or something but then you start getting mismatches it hits this intron and it's like these this is no longer the right place there there's mismatches. So at that point it switches to the local index and attempts to align the remaining eight basis so now it's looking for an eight base pair match in this local index. So if you were looking genome wide for this eight bases you would probably have like, you know, millions or I don't know 10s of thousands of matches right this eight base pairs is not that big of a sequence it's not that unique. You have no hope, but because you kind of anchored yourself using the global search and then extension to this local place you have this much smaller index so there might only be one or two eight bear eight base pair matches in that local index, which is like 150,000 of the genome, one out of 48,000. You can align with nearby match, and then complete the alignments and create this spliced alignment. It does some other checks and then if they kind of like make sense in terms of the, the orientation of the match, like if the eight base pairs was matched but it was in the wrong direction that would fail right it has to be like eight base pairs in a like consistent direction. Yeah. That's a good question yeah so it would probably favor an alignment that like matches up with the known exon but depending on which mode you run the liner in it doesn't necessarily have to, it could be in this case it matches kind of perfectly with the expectation with the exon boundary but it doesn't necessarily because we can with this a liner we can find like novel splice junctions for example or novel exon exon junctions so it's not constrained to only alignments that like are supported by known annotations. But the known annotations can be used to kind of like guide it. I think we just have one more example. Okay, so this is the example where there's kind of like more of an even split between the two. So again it does is global search, trying to find one match with at least 28 bases so this is the kind of slow process but once it finds that 28 base pair match. It attempts an extension. So in this case, it can extend for about 50 bases until it starts mismatching at the 51st base. And then switches to that local index so now again we're looking for a small hit like an eight base pair hit in the kind of local region and we do find one nearby. And with that hit there's still more read to be explained so now it switches again to an extension mode, and if it can extend that eight base pair local index hit to the full read it knows that it's mapped this full kind of 50 base pair on each end alignment. So those are kind of three scenarios of how this strategy works. So it uses kind of these logic and heuristics and knowledge of known transcript structures to come over this kind of best educated guess where each read aligns to in a splice aware manner. Yeah. Yeah, that's right. Yeah, I would find like all the eight pair eight base pair matches and if there's more than one it would then switch to look for, like, I guess larger matches. That's a good question. Oh, sorry. He asked what happens if the first 28 base pairs is split across like a boundary like if you can't make that first 28 base pairs. I forget what it does in that case so I think the global search, the default global search would fail and. Yeah, let me research that to remind myself exactly what it does I'm sure it has like a fallback strategy where it either like goes to like extends further like to shift the 28 base pair window over so that it could find maybe a 28 base pair match and also then extend backwards, or. Yeah, I forget the details but it's probably it's something like that. That's a good question though. Yeah, try from the other end of the read that seems like that would be a logical thing to try. Yeah, that could be like the another answer to his question about like what to do with the first 28 base pairs. I just forget the details of specifically what it does but it's probably something like that. Yes, does it for read one reach at least at first but then if it fails one read it uses the other read to anchor and retry the failed read. That's right. Yeah. That's a good point too. Yeah. Yeah I haven't I don't remember reading that somewhere but I guess I do imagine like at some point for very short reads it would start to struggle like 30 base pair reads or something you know like, which would be pretty antiquated now but yeah. I think these settings are like these are the, these are default behaviors. So I believe you could like, you could change secret there probably is like a certain amount of tuning you can do to like change the default way that this works for a different situation like, and usually short reads or something. You fall within the exon, not crossing the fast. Most. That's true I suppose. Yeah, that's true. Yeah. Which sort of like solves the problem in one sense like it solves this problem of like correctly placed in the read but then it hurts you when it comes to trying to actually resolve the transcript structures. Yeah. So what do you get out of high stats you get a Sam or BAM file. So BAM stands for a sequence alignment. Map format, BAM is just the binary version of a Sam file. So BAM file is basically a Sam file. The difference is just that the Sam file is like plain text so you can actually open it and read it. It's like a compressed version that it's like BAM is to Sam what the fast Q dot GZ is to fast Q, right, just like a unreadable compressed version of it where you need at that point like special software to interact with it. And it reduces the size of the files like quite substantially like I want to say it's like 110th the size of a Sam file, and really nobody does anything with Sam files. Like at this point way too big. Everything's either BAM or cram. Well, a lot of sense cram now which is like the next even more efficient compression strategy for for BAM files.