Hey, Grace. Hey, what's up? Question for you. What was your best job? My best job was my college work study where I was the administrative assistant at the facilities management department. What made it a good job? It was a good job because I got to do the administrative support for the tradesmen and plumbers, and I also gave them some extra cash to help out on my education. So generally, what makes a good job? What makes a good job? I think consistent working hours, excellent health care, and the ability to you guys.


How do you get your very own YouTube custom URL? I'm going to get one for my YouTube channel. Here it is right here. This is my Tightwad Dad vlog channel. Can you see down here? I have romped over 100 subscribers. If you have over 100 subscribers, you can do this too right now. Now just to recap, I'm sure you already know this. Your YouTube channel has a permanent URL address that looks a bit like this one. But obviously it's much easier for me to say you can visit my channel at youtube.com slash Neil Mossy. Hello, my name is Neil by the way. I'll introduce myself properly in a minute. But I can put that custom YouTube address into my descriptions for the subscription link. I could write it on a business card and hand it out at swanky parties. I don't know what a swanky party is. I've not been out for a year. Basically I can use it to impress the people that I want to impress. Custom URL is a flex. It's bragging rights. It's putting your name onto your YouTube channel.  I'm not sure that metaphor works, but thanks for your help Casper. Yeah, I don't think he's gonna stop. So I have this channel. That is so gonna get me demonetized. I have this channel, this channel here that I want a custom URL for. It's my tightwad dad vlog and that channel is doing so much better than this channel that you're watching right now. Hello, by the way, my name is Neil Mossy. I'm a development producer, helping high achieving creators and performers just like you, high five. To get more videos out here onto YouTube to make the world happier. Here's some actual footage of me at work. No, that really is the right clip. But let's you and me right now make a custom URL. And I'm going to go into studio.youtube.com. This is the place where you upload your videos. If we open up the menu on the left hand side, I'm going to go down to customization. This is how we can change the look of our channel. You can see there are three tabs along the top here. Layouts, branding, we want to click on basic info. And right here, third option down, channel URL. But stick around because I'm going to show you some hacks so that you can get exactly the custom URL that you want for your channel. So if we click on set a custom URL, it gives me two options. The first option is youtube.com slash tightwaddadvlog because that's the name of the channel. It basically offers you only the name of your channel. There's a second option if I click the checkbox here where you can add letters or numbers to the end of the address. But what you can't do is change this word after youtube.com. But what if you wanted a URL that's a bit easier to remember, a bit punchier, especially if your channel name is a bit long or maybe you want a custom URL which is completely different from your channel name. It's really easy to do this. There is a workaround. So I'm going to change the name of my youtube channel to daddelivers and I'm going to hit publish. So if I go to the channel now and hit refresh, there already that looks so much more positive. What do you think? Let me know in the comments below. But for the custom URL, if I hit set a custom URL for your channel, you can see I'm now offered daddelivers. So if you want a different custom URL, change the channel name to the URL that you want and then we'll hit publish and then I'll hit confirm. And now anything I change my channel name to is fine because I will still have youtube.com slash daddelivers. Let's check now that this actually works. So what we'll type in is youtube.com slash daddelivers and it's taken me there. You can see it looks really tidy at the top, youtube.com slash daddelivers. And now I can change my youtube channel name to anything else. I think you can only change it a maximum of three times every 90 days, but this is looking pretty good. Let me know in the comments below if you manage to change your own custom youtube URL. And right here is something else that I do with my youtube channel. Can you please help my daddy get 10,000 subscribers? Just click on his face. Thanks, bye. All right, this is gonna be the proper one, mate.


Hi. And he gets it as well. I like all Swiss cheese. Christopher Turdel, the next man. Oh! So clean there. Unbelievable. Oh, it's over so quick. What do we do now? I've been competing on the free ride world tour for five years now. And there's only one thing missing. Winning in Verbier. And this season, I'm going all in. This is my road to Verbier. Hi. We're on our way up to the start gate of the Fieberbrunn Free Ride World Tour. Christopher Turdel, he has a 19th and a second. One of the most exciting riders to watch on the tour.  Reyna, how long do you think we'll take us to get to the finish area? I'm aiming for 58 seconds today. 58 seconds is good because then you can fit it in an Instagram post. Be a boy. Down to speak today, get a second result and go to a second. He needs to go to Verbier, but seem to get straight-lining it and stopping it. And he gaps it as well. Christopher Turdel, so fast down there. I'm about 40, claiming it. Leading a result to go with a second to get him to Verbier. And I'm pretty sure that's going to be it. 87 points, Christopher Turdel sitting and third right now. Christopher Turdel. Just putting it all together, look at him, look at his face. He's buzzing right now. I was unbelievable fast. Actually really happy to land it on McBeach. Just stoked on that run. So am I. Christopher Turdel, way to throw your car to the table. Welcome, ladies and gentlemen, to the grand finale. To the extreme, Verbier, the fourth and final stop of the three-round world tour 2021. What would you think when you'd be at the start game?  Is it this deep? Athletes, it's this combination of excitement and terror. Insulted the raclette chefs with mentioning the wrong region of cheese. This one is the local one from Bagné's. Very good, though. I like all Swiss cheese.  It's actually the best powder day of the season, but we feel like we have to do a quick, quick face check and then go ski more powder. Yeah, so what you want to do on face check, you want to see the face in a lot of different angles. So you kind of get a perspective of how steep landings are, how long you have to jump over cliffs and rocks and stuff. So in most places, I think it's filled in with a meter of powder. But the back is so steep, so it continuously sloughs down. So some places you can even see those old Sahara sand layers, which are pretty firm. So much snow that Milan doesn't look so cool anymore, and I need to find completely new things. It's just too much snow. And now let's ski some powder. If that powder on top holds, if the wind in the next few days doesn't screw it, it's going to be all-time condition. In Herbie here on the back, Mother Nature calls the shots. The wind has absolutely hammered the upper part of the face. The comp is supposed to be tomorrow, and they decided to move the start down to Petitbeck, which none of us has scooped, I guess. It's a lot shorter. If you go too fast in the start, it's going to be over in maybe 20 seconds. Especially if the snow is as tricky as the mountain guys and the foreigners says, it's going to be really hard to take your speed down. So I think you have to have that in mind, building up a line. I'm stressed, actually. I haven't looked at anything at this side of the face. And the comp is tomorrow, and it rocks everywhere. It's worth seeing another nation. Same thing we've been doing for six days now. Face checking. Comp is tomorrow. So everyone is a little bit stressed out to find a new line in pretty difficult snow. Yeah, but I think it's definitely going to be hard to back up. Yep, so changing line only a couple of hours to find new lines. And I got some IDs, but I'm trying to link some of the features together to a full run. Maybe not be there tonight, but hopefully tomorrow morning. I've been lying in bed for two more hours. I'm nervous. Your mouth is getting dry. I can't talk anymore.  Yeah, sure. I'm not sure if you can see them. It can't be that they stick around. It's a fur turdell, the next man in the gate. He's won the tour, but he has not won in verbia. I've definitely got potential to take him. It's a good look, Christopher. Let's see what he's got. Just littered with rocks and boulders. So clean, so smooth. It's turdell's trademark. He's got that kind of almost floating on the snow kind of look to him, hasn't he? Almost kind of light feet. I haven't seen anybody in there. Christopher Turdell crossed the line. So clean, so smooth, so clean. Extra credit wind lamp. Let's see what he can throw down. That should be. This is so exciting. Oh, he's there, though. Christopher taking first place, 90.67. It was enough. I think the judges must have just loved that line. It had a bit of everything. And the backflip is a good measure at the bottom. Congratulations, Christopher. But don't get too comfortable. Yeah, there's only Ross Tester left. He's got it in him. It is to win and to lose. Ross Tester. Massive backflip. That's huge. Oh, huge. He needed to finish on the podium to secure the title. OK. Christopher needed to win and have Ross off the podium to secure the title. I don't know if that was enough. My head is spinning right now. The judges have the whole season in their hands. Fourth place, Ross. Wow, OK. 85.67, which means Christopher Turdell is your extreme furby A champion 2021.  Were you nervous?  Unbelievable. Oh, he's over so quick. What do we do now? His first extreme furby. I won't give it up for Christopher Turdell. Season doing some episodes about trying to qualify to furby, which didn't start very well, crashing my first comp in Andorra. I definitely had some pressure to just be on the start line here in furby. And then coming in here, it was all or nothing. I just wanted to win so much to have it all on the line and win here and the Fred Walter. It's unbelievable. I have a happy dog. There's so much champagne in my goggles.


Long ago, in the before times of 1990, a small town systems analyst living in Washington was struck with the inspiration to do what no living human had ever thought to do. Make a role-playing game. Unfortunately, this was the 90s, and D&D had already exploded in popularity in 1974, so while he was 16 years too late to be the first on the market, his devotion to this cause would lead him to grab a friend and set out on what would become one of the most profitable tabletop game-related business ventures of all time. His name was Peter Adkison. This is the story of a game he did not create, Magic the Gathering. Wizards of the Coast started out as a tabletop role-playing game company founded in 1990 by both Peter Adkison and Ken McLaughlin, with the intention of making something capable of surviving in a world populated with huge blockbuster tabletop games like Dungeons & Dragons and Warhammer 40k. In fact, Peter was such a nerd that the name Wizards of the Coast came from a homebrew game of D&D that he was in. With the Coastly Wizards themselves being mages from a cabal that one of his party members was a part of. Their first attempt at a hit was with a brainchild of Peters called The Primal Order, a religion-based expansion for no game in particular. Instead, The Primal Order acted as a lore book with guidelines on how divine beings could operate in your own campaigns, regardless of what the actual game you happen to be playing was. It even came with rules about how to implement its contents within dozens of other people's games, such as Gerps, Warhammer Fantasy, D&D, and Palladium. As you might expect, this is not an entirely legal concept, and the owner of Palladium sued them shortly afterwards to get the game out of this weird fanfiction, not wanting the lawsuit to destroy his company before it could begin. Peter went out looking for another game to make money for the Coast, and he eventually landed on a man named Richard Garfield. Dick the Cat had been in the tabletop scene for a while, and when Pete approached him, Rich already had a project in mind that he knew would make a lot of money. The game was called Robo Rally, and it was a board game centered around getting a bunch of manic robots with no self-preservation instinct from one end of the board to the other without letting them destroy themselves. As an idea, it was solid. The only problem was that it was a board game, which required manufacturing and actual board and game, but Wizards of the Coast were in the market of role-playing games, which could effectively be played with dice and hallucinogens. Pete took a look at all the pewter and cardboard necessary to produce an entire board game and thought, Oh no no no, this won't do. And so he asked what else Richard had. Richard fumbled around through his pockets until he pulled out an old baseball card, and the universe finally aligned. But first, a little bit about our hero Richard Garfield. In West Philadelphia, born and raised, Richie spent most of his days being flown around the world with his father, who was an architect. Since he was the one American in a lot of places that didn't speak English, he instead engaged with the children by challenging them to honor duels in the form of card games. Hugh Garfield eventually got bored with the same old games and started experimenting with his own, and by the time that he was back in the States, he caught wind of a little-known game called Dungeons & Dragons. Unfortunately, neither Richard nor his friends had Dungeons & Dragons. So in an absolute Chad move, he decided to make his own D&D by taking an old clue board and just making up what he thought Dungeons & Dragons probably was like. He eventually did get his hands on an actual copy, and to his surprise, it was nothing like the random game that he assembled with loose Pluto pieces. He actually appreciated the open-endedness of it, but decided after one page thumbing that it was, and I quote, dreadfully written. Which considering this was the time of AD&D 2nd Edition, yeah. But returning to the present day of 1993, Richard had a backlog of ideas for games that he had gotten halfway through but never finished, just like the rest of us. And he eventually settled on a card game that took inspiration from a previous card game idea of his called Five Magics. Five Magics was a competitive deck game where each deck revolved around one of the five elements, and each element was represented by geographically diverse locations, as inspired by his own childhood travels. Richard took these core concepts, as well as an impactful favorite of his called Cosmic Encounters, and developed them into a game called Magic, wherein one player would assemble their own deck filled with creatures and spells that they buy out of a pack of random cards sorted via five different colors, each color representing both an element and a style of gameplay that every player could connect to.  Originally, the game was supposed to just be called Magic, but since that's not a word that you can really trademark, Richard switched it to mana clash. However, all of his playtesters refused to stop calling it Magic, so he just slapped a White Wolf brand moniker at the end and called it a day. The game was set in the magical realm of Dominia, a universe of infinite potential that could set players up for endless stories, as well as set wizards of the coast up for endless expansions. In the beginning, there were only 150 cards, 30 for each color, and each and every one of them needed their own fancy art piece to go with it, so Peter Adskisen went out into a field and pulled up some Cornish artists for help. But, not having the funds to pay them for their time, he instead offered up actual shares in his wizardly company, which would go on to make some Corns very buttery. Still, Peter was hopeful, and as he looked upon his initial playtesting, he could see instantly how this game was going to be a hit, and he told Richard that, if executed properly, it would make us millions. He was wrong. It would make them more. In an effort to shield their golden goose from the looming lawsuit that was currently being had with Palladium, Richard started up his own shell company called Garfield Games, which was totally an original and separate game-developing company, and not just wizards of the coast with a fake mustache. Without the funds necessary to properly produce magic, the totally legitimate Garfield Games sent Peter out to their local game fair with nothing but a box of magic cards and a dream, but when Peter returned, he returned a conqueror. As a larger company called Wargames West was dazzled by the magic and decided to invest $40,000 into this little card game. Due to their investment, Magic the Gathering was released in August of 1993 and became the bane of bad business owners by immediately turning into a huge success almost overnight. Peter had been drumming up support for the game by taking his wife on a road trip to GenCon and stopping at every hobby store they could find on the way.  This isn't baseball? And told them to leave, but all those hobby store owners started talking to each other, the wave of interest washed right past PD so that by the time that they arrived at their beloved board game convention, an excited crowd was already there to meet them. Peter, in all his showmanship, pulled back on the velvet curtain to treat all his newfound fans to... an empty parking lot, since the shipping truck was running late. Richard Garfield showed up at about this time wondering what the heck happened, and the two spent an entire day anxiously awaiting the arrival of a game that they could only hope will sell well. Luckily for them, the shipment finally arrived, and cards poured out the back of the truck onto a voracious fanbase to beat. In the span of a four-day convention, despite losing one entire day to the whims of a truck driver with Wanderlust, by the end of GenCon, all 2.5 million cards had been sold, and within the next two months, Richard and PD had completely sold out their entire stock of 10 million cards. To say that MTG was a hit was the understatement of the age. Wizards was having such a hard time holding on to their stock that they were legitimately refusing to advertise their own game out of fear that the demand would completely overtake their supply and crush them in the resultant black hole of capitalism. Right away, the company got to work on making more cards, and in December of 1993, MTG came out with their first official expansion, Arabian Knights, which brought the Infantysmal 150 cards up to 242. Initially, Richard didn't really comprehend the enormity of what he was tasked to create with Arabian Knights, since at the time, MTG was just a really popular game, and making an expansion was seen the same way as making an expansion for any other game. He was just making optional rules that you could ignore if you didn't want them. With that mindset, he planned to create purple and black covers to differentiate the cards and make it easier for people to get into the game without having to buy everything. But instead, fan outcry was immediate and decisive. Expansions would become a part of the core game, and that was that. Instead, to mark the cards as a different expansion, Richard put a tiny little scimitar on the side of the Arabian Knights' cards, thus creating the very first set symbol of Magic the Gathering. In addition to adding more cards to the pool for players to grab at, Richard decided that it would be a good idea if those cards did new things as well, and so he threw every new idea that he could think of into the expansion, from cards that let you steal your opponent's cards, to abilities that could be activated by either you or your opponent, to powers that rely on coin flips, to creatures that heal you when they deal damage? Truly, this was the Wild West of MTG. And to keep up with the popularity after one expansion came another, and then another, each one adding hundreds of new cards with new rules, and even coming with a storyline for fans to follow, explaining why the focus was shifted to a specific plane of existence and that plane's heroes. In an effort to organize the chaos of having multiple new sets of cards released per year, specific sets were released in blocks of three, all designed to take place in the same plane with fewer new cards released at a time, just so that they could manage the immense popularity of their new game. For half a decade, Magic the Gathering was the ziggurat of wealth within the TTRPG space, with tournaments being set up throughout every tabletop convention under the sun. It was commanding respect from games like Warhammer 40k, even the game that inspired it all, Dungeons and Dragons. In fact, in 1997, TSR, the company that made D&D, tried to fight back against MTG's popularity with their own collectibles game called Dragon Dice. We all know how that story goes, and Wizards of the Coast acquired TSR soon after, when the company crash-landed into financial disaster. And speaking of financial disaster, you can't have such immense success without finding yourself surrounded by copycats, and Magic the Gathering was soon accompanied by dozens of other collectible card games, all trying to collect their own slice of the pie. A lot of them fell into obscurity, but one of the big competitors, a TCG for some dumb new show called Pokemon, was created by a Japanese company called Media Factory in 1996. And while they initially had Wizards of the Coast selling the game in the U.S. for them, Nintendo chose to cut ties in 2003 once their foot was in the door, since Wizards was, you know, their main competitor. Three years later, another weird anime show spawned its own card game called Yu-Gi-Oh in 1999. And while Magic was able to keep its hold on the states, Yu-Gi-Oh grew to eventually conquer the entire eastern seaboard, becoming the most popular card game outside of North America. Despite the increased competition, Magic wasn't showing any signs of slowing down, and at the turn of the millennium, their power over the free market drew the attention of an ancient beast, the soulless one. In 1999, Peter Adkison sold Wizards of the Coast to the soulless one, and Richard Garfield absconded soon after. Since then, Magic the Gathering has been on a steady path of success, releasing block after block, and eventually putting out not one, but two web services to play MTG Online. One of which you may catch me play every so often at twitch.tv. Now, this is where the official history portion of the video ends. Since their acquisition by the soulless one, nothing monumental has happened to match the Gathering as a product, which is, I guess what happens when competent people are running a company, things get boring. And since the soulless one has been careful not to rock the boat on its flagship product, picking apart tiny moments in the 20-year timeline would kinda be tedious. But, luckily for you, I feel like the story of Magic's development cycle is more suited to when I eventually cover the in and out-of-game lore of the individual blocks of Magic themselves. So, stay tuned for a whole slew of MTG lore videos that can give you the insight you need to keep up with those random netbeards who won't shut up about wanting to tap Liliana. Until then, that'll about do it. Thank you all so much for watching, let me know about the next history video that you'd like me to cover in the comments, and maybe support me on Patreon so that I can keep acting as a glorified text-to-speech device. But yeah, dabby out.


From San Francisco, extracting the signal from the noise. It's theCUBE, covering VMworld 2015. Brought to you by VMworld and its ecosystem sponsors. Now your host, Stu Miniman and Brian Gracely. Welcome back to VMworld 2015. I'm Stu Miniman and joined with me as my co-host on the director set here for theCUBE is Brian Gracely. It's day three is where we say that these events, they're marathons, throat are a little bit raw. Be getting our steps in with the Fitbit and the head's starting to say, brain's full, can I go home now? But there's no keynote this morning because it's a little more time to dig into it. Brian, we haven't had a ton of time yet to talk about the developer community, what's going on. Really some of the shifts that are happening in the industry and what does that mean to the people?  You and I, both infrastructure guys, both been around the virtualization community a while and a Vexpert, I started, when you pivoted your podcast to talk a lot about the developers and everything, it was one that I listened to a lot. So can you give us a little insight as to your take, what did you do and what should the typical virtualization person be thinking about in this space? So for me personally, the virtualization revolution was right in the middle of it, but to me what was always interesting was these sort of new modern applications, you'll call them cloud native and other things these days and how that impacted the business. So the infrastructure piece always impacts the bottom line in terms of cost, this was going to impact the business. So for me it personally was very interesting. My biggest takeaway and what I'm seeing is, the industry gets excited about things. They get excited about buzzwords like DevOps and microservices and cloud native applications, but it's becoming very clear. There's a camp of the technology and people working on it that it's very technology-centric. The companies are very technology-centric. They're making technology-centric products. So we're out here in the Bay Area, lots of companies out here, but when you take it back to mainstream, that DevOps kind of gets teased apart and really what it becomes is, ops needs to be better in general. They need to automate more. We've talked about automation for a long time. They need to look to automate more. They need to make more consistent environments and they need to prepare for that new applications need different stuff. So that might mean object storage instead of block storage. It might mean SDN. We had a great talk yesterday with Armor about SDN and why you need dynamic infrastructure. And then I spent some time this week. We've had DevOps at VMworld. We've had sort of Developer Day at VMworld. Really what I think is coming out of that is a very kind of clear message to this audience, which is all the things we've kind of been talking about in terms of automating, you have to do, but before it was like, I'll save money or do it. Now there's a business imperative and that's becoming clear and clear to me. Yeah, so Brian, walking around the show, I've talked to a number of people that they're starting to use the terminology that you've put out there, structured and unstructured when we talk about these cloud native platforms. We're going to have a panel later today, digging into some of that. At least I know one of the people's, one of the main keynotes at the developer event here at VMworld, walk us through a little bit that kind of structured, unstructured and give our audience a peek of, into the research that you're going to be publishing. Right, so the simplest way to think about it is there are a lot of platforms, sort of platforms for modern applications. So some of them that people know because they're big brand names, so Cloud Foundry, Pivotal Cloud Foundry, HP has a Cloud Foundry variation, IBM, Red Hat has something called OpenShift, that's their Paz platform. And then there's a number of smaller companies, you know, AppSera who, you know, was founded by Derek Collison who started Cloud Foundry. And then there's a number of technologies that are coming together. So we had CoreOS on yesterday, HashiCorp's a company that's going to be on today, makes it vagrant that a lot of people know. The simplest way that I've found it to think about it is your application platform in a lot of cases is going to match kind of how your organizational structure is. So the more structured your organization is, so if your business is probably larger, multi-business group, compliance is a big part of what you do, you're probably going to look at these more structured application platforms because they've got compliance built in, they've got granular policy. If you are more sort of native DevOps, Greenfield, technology centric, the unstructured ones are a little better fit, they give you a little more flexibility, they'll let you kind of pick and choose what you want to do. And to me it's becoming clearer that they both have a place in the world this isn't a win or take all. And at the end of the day, they're both there to help people build newer applications and get them deployed quickly. Yeah, so one of the things I look at in this space, Brian, is when we talk about PaaS or we talk about containers and Docker, I should be able to just deal with my applications and help that really tough migration to a new, more modern, that cloud mobile type of application. But there's still some ties underneath. At DockerCon this year, there was a lot of talk about, well, how does this impact storage? How does it impact networking? What's going on here? And even with the platform discussion, it's, will there be a predilection? Does it matter? Oh, I can put it on Amazon or Azure or vCloud Air. Will there be some affinity there? Will there be things that baked in? Even Intel gets involved in this space a lot because they're going to make enhancements. So, am I going to be able to cleave apps from infrastructure or are there still going to be that ties and what does that mean to somebody like VMware from the Hypervisor standpoint? Yeah, so a couple of points to that. So, we did a panel session yesterday, really good panel session. For the VMware crowd, the thing that everybody will tell you now, and for, initially, it was like everything will move to containers, it's that typical technology buzz, like, you know, old's dead, we're going to move everything to the new, we all know that never happens. But the thing that we're hearing over and over again is containers plus virtualization is a reality. What we saw from VMware this week with Project Bonneville, Project Photon, those vSphere integrated containers, they're adapting the virtualization technology. They're realizing it's got to get faster, it's got to be a little more nimble. And the nice thing about that for VMware infrastructure people is if that vSphere layer is there and it becomes more appropriate for containers, now I can take advantage of the other tools that I have. Maybe vSAN becomes appropriate, maybe NSX becomes appropriate. And I think the reality is now that people are starting to understand containers, which means the net cloud native apps, they're going to start to align that infrastructure underneath it and it's not going to move as fast, which is good for a lot of this crowd because they've got enough things coming at them as it is. Yeah, I guess that's a big discussion point we've all been having is Pat laid out this 30 year vision. And talking about some of the hallway discussions, some people said, oh, some of these cloud piece here, you're too far out, we're pushing too far. How do you balance that, Brian?  Typical customers three years back and when you're given the roadmap of a couple years out and we just have a language barrier between where we're going and where I am today and that's one of the toughest things for customers is to kind of mine that gap. Right, so you and I are in a unique position, so the work we do at Wikibon, some of it's obviously, we're looking from a vendor perspective, what's strategy, how do the different players are, but we get to look at a lot of customer perspectives. If you're a customer and you're saying, look, it feels like it's going too fast, I think the question you have to ask yourself is, not, can I slow everything down? Do I have to do something different inside my business? And this is where you start to get into hearing people like Gartner say, by modal IT, you're hearing other people say there's different ways. I think what we see for the successful companies, and this is at enterprise companies, not just startups, they're beginning to have to figure out how to build an innovation team that's going to go look at those things and kind of build lighthouses. And we published some research about public cloud sightings, we've talked about it a few times. VMware is a company, six, seven, eight billion dollars in revenue, but Amazon and Azure, two giant public clouds, at least that much revenue or more. So you can't necessarily look at it and say, well, it feels like VMware's going too fast and I'm going too slow, because those other companies are going twice as fast. You got to figure out that dynamic. All right, so Brian, just want to give you an opportunity to share. What other takeaways do you have? What's the same? What's different to VMworld 2015? Yeah, so you and I joked about it. VMware is getting into a place where slow and steady is very good for them, right? People want infrastructure to be steady, they want it to be highly available. So there's always a certain amount of just progress at VMworld. I'm excited about that they're branching out into DevOps and developers and stuff. Still a little underwhelmed with some of the VCloud stuff. I think I need to see a recognition that customers want to interact with more than one cloud. But overall, I think people are excited about conversion infrastructure. I think there's a lot going on there. I think obviously 23,000 people, they're still super passionate about VMware, about vSphere, about all of that. It's been a very positive week. People have been excited. The rumors haven't overtaken the thing, which has been good. They're allowed to focus on learning. We talked about the VBrown Bag guys. We're going to talk to the VMug team. People want to advance their career, and that's a good thing. People are positive about technology, and whenever they're positive about technology, it's better for the whole industry. Yeah, it's funny. You bring up some of the community stuff. I mean, if you look at the social component of what goes on, I feel we actually went through the last two or three years, we went through, what's that, the trough of disillusionment, because we used to get all the bloggers together in the bloggers' lounge. And now like, well, there are people to blog, but most of us that ended up with jobs that you write, or you do some on the side, things there, but we're kind of back more, I feel there's more of the social component, the community's kind of there. It's not, I got real worried that it was just these echo chambers of, one new startup that just bashes everybody and comes out, or the large enterprise and trying to be the loudest out there, and there's still things we need to work through, but it's just settling down. VMworld has become very much like Twitter in that the users have sort of built the new features and done it. When you come to VMworld, yes, VMware dictates a message and what goes on, but there are so many other activities that got created by end users, from Vodgeball to VBacon to VBrownbag, and that's good for the community. It means there's opportunity, they can have a say in it, and it mirrors the open source community a little bit. All right, so last question I have here, Brian.  We've been going through rapid succession of so many interviews here. I mean, I'd love to say everybody go watch the playlist. There's 51 interviews we've done in the first two days, and we're going to do a ton more today. What advice do you give as to how people should systematically go through, how do you source it, how do you leverage content from a show like this? Yeah, a couple of things. Obviously, we're a little biased. We think what we've produced here is really good. The nice thing is we put it in small snippets, so you can go get the highlights from us, from theCUBE. The other thing, the next thing for me, sort of the next tier down is go find your favorite technology blogger, the person that's in that, in some cases they may still work for a vendor, but there's lots of people that do summaries of them. That's a great next tier, and then whatever your one passion is, your one area, then go dig into that. But I think you tier that, start with theCUBE, find a good technology blogger, and then dig into what you can find off of VMworld. Yeah, interesting point. So we're going to have some of our friends doing podcasts on theCUBE today. Geek Whisperers are going to have on Scott Lowe. Scott works for Vendor, he writes great stuff. Absolutely. And I mean, Brian, you and I both changed jobs and said so many people look at the hat and the title and who they work for, whereas if you read their stuff and if you look in the community, the community helps endorse and understands, it's really the person, their knowledge. We all have our kind of technology biases and preferences, but good content, find someone who finds an audience. Yeah, we've all learned that the content's not good, nobody reads it, and you're going to stop writing it. But no, it's exciting, and you talk about Geek Whisperers, this show is as much about technology as it is careers. Folks like that are helping you figure out, how do I navigate my career? What's the next big trend and so forth? So it's exciting to be part of all that. Yeah, and the last thing I'll say is, what we do is of course, we've got so much, just raw information, metadata, and getting back from the community, I mean, this streams its way out and more video will be doing back from the studios. Plenty more events will be doing if you go check out SiliconANGLE.tv. And of course, wikibon.com is where all the research is. Brian's banging out a lot on cloud. I'll be giving all my summaries on what's happening in converge and hyperconverged. And we've got a lot more content here. So please always welcome your comments, feedback, let us know what you like. If you say, Brian's socks are a little bit better than mine, that's okay. But any closing thoughts on day three? No, I'm excited about that.  We're going to be very community oriented today and wrap it up. It's been a good week. And hopefully, like you said, people give us feedback. We want to hear what we can help you learn about. All right, yeah, always happy to give feedback to share with the community what we can. So thank you so much for watching. Got a lot more content here. SiliconANGLE.tv's wall to wall coverage of VMworld 2015. Thanks for watching.


So, the single particle motion in phase space the motion of a single particle is along curves of constant Hamiltonian. So, as we have seen the motion is along the curves of constant Hamiltonian and this curve is a ellipse, epsilon is a constant of motion and this is independent of s. Each particle in the absence of non-conservative forces has a constant invariant. So, remember all this is valid when we have conservative forces. So, only because we have derived this for conservative forces or linear forces. The shape and orientation of the ellipse is defined by the twist parameters alpha, beta and gamma. So, alpha, beta and gamma tell you about the shape and orientation of the ellipse and since these parameters are function of s, the twist parameters are functions of s, the form of the ellipse changes continuously. However, due to Liouville's theorem any particle starting on the ellipse will stay on it. So, if there is a particle on this ellipse it will remain on this ellipse only. Let us say we have another particle on another ellipse. So, it will remain on that only because you know that in phase space trajectories cannot cross. So, this will remain on this ellipse only. So, due to Liouville's theorem any particle starting on the ellipse will stay on the same ellipse. To describe the beam as a whole the beam envelope is defined. So, for so there are many particles each of them have an ellipse. If you want to define the beam as a whole you have to define a beam envelope. All particles on the beam emittance defining the ellipse follow trajectories defined by this expression where phi i is the arbitrarily phase constant for particle i. The beam envelope is determined by the beam emittance epsilon. So, beam emittance is the area of the outermost ellipse divided by phi. So, beam envelope or the beam size the maximum beam size this is determined by the beam emittance epsilon and the betatron function beta s. So, this under root epsilon into under root beta tells us about the beam envelope. The beam emittance is a constant of motion and it resembles the transverse temperature of the beam. The betatron function reflects the externally applied force from focusing magnets and depends upon the arrangement of the magnets. So, beta function or the betatron function beta it depends upon the value of k. So, it depends upon, so k depends upon the gradient or the field of the magnet. So, it is a function of the externally applied force from focusing magnets and it depends how you arrange the magnets whether it is a photo or a photo dough or some other arrangement. So, in this ellipse again this is the maximum beam size where this is the outermost ellipse and this is the maximum beam divergence again this is the outermost ellipse. So, all other particles lie on concentric ellipses inside this outermost ellipse. Now, now we had derived this expression from the Hilse expression from Hilse equation. So, we had we have beta double prime beta by 2 minus 1 by 4 beta prime square plus k beta square is equal to 1. Now let us put under root epsilon beta is equal to capital X where X is now the beam envelope or the beam size. So, we have seen that the beam envelope or the beam size is defined by both the constant of motion epsilon of the outermost ellipse and beta. So, here let us put under root epsilon beta is equal to capital X. So, we put this and if we substitute it in this expression and simplify this we get an expression in terms of capital X where capital X is the beam envelope or beam size. So, we have X double prime plus k X minus epsilon square X is equal to 0. Now, here you can see k is the force due to the quadrupole or whatever is the externally applied force and if you compare it with the equation of a single particle which is in small x. So, we see that these two expressions are similar except for an additional term in the envelope equation which is in terms of the emittance and it is defocusing ok. So, equation of motion for the beam size is similar to that of the single particle equation of motion except for the presence of additional emittance term which is defocusing. So, this is the envelope equation which describes the evolution of the beam envelope as a whole and this is the equation of the single particle under the influence of the externally applied forces due to magnets. Now, in real machines we barely have information about single particles what information we have is about the beam as a whole. So, we will have information whether what is the maximum beam size, what is the maximum divergence. So, you know that the maximum beam size is given by under root beta epsilon and you also know that the maximum. So, this is the maximum beam size and the maximum divergence is given as under root gamma epsilon. So, basically the maximum the information about the beam is contained in the twist parameter. So, if you know what is beta you know what is gamma you can also calculate alpha. So, you know how the and if you know alpha beta and gamma you know how the ellipse looks like the beam ellipse looks at at a particular location. So, let us say we have two locations 0.1 and 0.2 and this is how the beam envelope looks at beam ellipse looks at location 1 and this is how the beam ellipse looks at location 2. And in between we have some system we have some magnets we have some drift spaces. So, we have some we have a system we have some elements and the transfer total transfer matrix is given by m ok. Now, the general equation of an ellipse in xx prime trace space is given as gamma x square plus 2 alpha xx prime plus beta x prime square is equal to emittance where beta gamma minus alpha square is equal to 1 ok. So, at this location there will be some equation of the ellipse and at this location there will be some equation for the ellipse. Now, the equation of the ellipse can be expressed in matrix form as x transpose sigma inverse x is equal to epsilon where x here is the coordinate of the particle. So, x sorry this is x, x is written as xx prime. So, it is the position and the divergence of the particle x transpose can be written as xx prime it is a transpose of the matrix. Now, we define a sigma matrix which is only in terms of the twist parameters alpha beta gamma. So, we define a sigma matrix for the beam at any location as matrix beta minus alpha minus alpha gamma. So, sigma inverse inverse of this matrix can be written in this form ok. So, now let us write x transpose. So, we write x transpose here this is x transpose sigma inverse into x ok x transpose sigma inverse into x is equal to epsilon and we expand this we multiply this expression we get the equation of the ellipse. So, hence these two are identical this expression and this expression are identical. So, the equation of the ellipse can be expressed in the matrix form as this equation ok where x is the position coordinate sigma is the sigma matrix which is in terms of the alpha beta and gamma. So, it is giving you the entire information about the beam that means it is telling you about the ellipse of the beam at that location what is the shape and orientation of the ellipse. So, let us say at location 1 the beam is described by the sigma matrix sigma 1 and at location 2 it is described by the matrix sigma 2. So, this sigma matrix contains the entire information about the beam at these two locations it will tell you what is the maximum beam size at that location the maximum divergence of the beam at that location. So, beam at any location s in the lattice is determined by the twist parameters alpha beta gamma which is defined by the twist by the sigma matrix. So, this is the at location 1 this is the equation of the ellipse x 1 transpose sigma 1 inverse x 1 is equal to epsilon.  So, m is the transfer matrix of this from region 1 to from point 1 to point 2. So, we have introduced two unity matrices here and now again rearranging. So, we have x 1 transpose m transpose we take this together and we take these three elements together. So, we have m transpose inverse sigma 1 inverse and m inverse and finally, we are left with m x 1 this is equal to epsilon. Now, x 1 transpose m transpose can be written as m x 1 transpose similarly this entire thing this entire matrix here can be written as m sigma 1 m transpose the whole inverse and this is m x 1 is equal to epsilon. Now, we know that x 2 is equal to m x 1. So, instead of m x 1 we write x 2 here. So, this is x 2 transpose let us call this thing as sigma 2 sigma 2. So, here this becomes sigma 2 inverse and this is again m x 1 is equal to x 2. So now, from this we get this expression which is simply the equation of the ellipse at this equation at this location at location 2. So, we started with the equation of the ellipse at location 1 and we have arrived at the equation of the ellipse at location 2 and comparing the two equations now we can see that sigma 2 which is the sigma matrix at location 2 is equal to m sigma 1 into m transpose.  So, this will depend upon the elements from 1 to 2 if it is just say just a quadrupole then it will be this will be the transfer matrix for the quadrupole. If it is a quadrupole followed by drift space another quadrupole then it will be the total transfer matrix for that element. So, we get this expression so now if you know the sigma matrix at location 1 and you know the transfer matrix for this system you can find out the transfer matrix at location 2. In other words if you know the beam size and divergence at location 1 and you know the transfer matrix of this element you can find out the beam size and divergence at location 2. So, now you need not calculate for the single particle for each of the single particles in the beam you can calculate for the beam as a whole in terms of the sigma matrices and you can find out what is the sigma matrix at the end of the elements. So, now this sigma 2 is in terms of alpha 2 beta 2 gamma 2 and sigma 1 is in terms of alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 1 and m is taken as n 1 1 n 1 2 n 2 1 and n 2 2. So, you can simply simplify this expression and you can write a convenient expression for alpha beta and gamma at location 2 in terms of alpha beta and gamma at location 1. So, here so, these are all m. So, this gives an expression which can be carried out by doing multiplication matrix multiplication above. So, transformation of a single particle and beam envelope. So, how can you transform a single particle if at this location at location 1 you know the coordinates of the single particle and you at location 2 you know the coordinates of the single particle and you know the transfer matrix the single particle can be transformed in this manner by the transfer matrix method. Now, if you have the information of the beam as a whole at the location at the first location and you have the information about the transfer matrix then you can find out the sigma matrix of the beam at location 2 by the sigma matrix method. So, where your x is the position coordinate and sigma gives you the information about the beam. So, in this way we can find out the transformation of the ellipse as a whole along various elements. For example, let us just see in a drift space we know that in a drift space there is no external force happening on the beam. So, the only the beam size will increase the beam divergence will not increase as we have seen in the case of the single particle transformation of the beam of the single particle transformation in phase space. So, here again we are talking of phase space or trace space. So, this is the ellipse at location at the initial location and as s is increasing as the beam is progressing in a drift space. So, since there is no external force the divergence remains the same. So, we can see here the divergence remains the same. However, the beam is expanding because the beam is like a ray of light and it tends to it tends to increase in size. So, we see that the beam size has increased here and here it has increased even more. So, we can see that the beam ellipse is transforming in the drift space. So, drift space is a field free region since no force is acting on the charge particle the beam divergence remains the same. For a divergent beam only the beam size increases as the beam travels through the drift space. So, this is analogous to the single particle which we have already seen in the last lecture. So, x increases while x prime remains constant. So, here again you can see here x increases x prime remains the same. Now, we can see the evolution of a beam through a photo channel. So, we have a focusing quadrupole followed by a de-focusing quadrupole again a focusing quadrupole de-focusing quadrupole in between there is the drift space. So, in the focusing quadrupole the beam gets focused. So, you will see that the so this is we have taken this at the middle of the focusing quadrupole the beam is getting focused here in the de-focusing quadrupole the beam gets de-focused. So, you can see the beam gets de-focused here. So, this is the beam envelope and this is given by under root beta epsilon. So, for a periodic lattice the ellipse repeats after one period. So, you can see here this is the beam ellipse at this location and how the ellipse is evolving as the beam moves in this focusing lattice. Now, at the end of one period we can see that the ellipse repeats itself. So, it is evolving along as s is changing, but at the end of one period the ellipse repeats itself. The location of the particle on the ellipse at the end of one period depends upon the phase advance per period. So, here this is the particle at let's say this is one particle lying on the outer most ellipse and at this location it is here as the ellipse evolves the particle moves along the ellipse. So, at the end of one period it will not come back to the same position. So, it depends upon the phase advance. So, now from at the end of one period it has moved from here to here this angle is known as the phase advance. So, the number of periods of the focusing lattice it takes for the particle to complete one full oscillation defines the phase advance. Now, in one period it has advanced the phase has advanced so much. Now, in n number of periods it will come back to the same location. So, that gives you the phase advance of the lattice.  So, the beam envelope is given by under root beta epsilon larger the value of beta larger is the beam size. Whenever beta reaches a maximum or a minimum alpha is equal to 0. So, you know that alpha is equal to minus beta prime by 2. So, wherever there is a maxima or minima of beta. So, there the alpha goes to 0 and the ellipse becomes an upright ellipse. So, there is a the beta is maxima here it is minima here. So, at this location alpha is 0. So, you can see an upright ellipse here you can see an upright ellipse here again here beta is maximum. So, alpha is 0 you can see an upright ellipse here. So, this is the in this picture you can see this is the beam envelope and the single particle trajectories are shown here. So, the single particle equation is the Hilse equation whereas, the envelope equation is being given by this expression. So, the envelope follows this expression here and the envelope has the periodicity of the lattice because beta has the periodicity of the lattice. However, the single particle does not have the periodicity of the lattice. So, for example, here this is the trajectory of one particle this is the trajectory of another particle. So, it depends the trajectory depends upon the initial position but all particles satisfy this equation this is in x and this is in y. So, you can see here if it is focusing in x here it is de-focusing in y this is for a photo channel. Now, we define phase advance as 360 degree divided by number of periods for one full oscillation of the single particle. So, in this case let us see the trajectory of the single particle now the trajectory starts for this particle starts from here and at this point it completes one full oscillation and this is in 6 periods of the lattice or the beam envelope. So, here one full oscillation of the single particle is in is in 6 photo periods. So, phase advance is defined as 360 degrees divided by 6 which is equal to 60 degrees. So, this is in x this is in y again if you see this here one full oscillation of the single particle is in 5 photo periods. So, 1 2 3 4 5. So, in 5 photo periods the particle completes one full oscillation. So, your phase advance is given by 360 degree by 5 which is equal to 72 degrees. So, the general knowledge calculate the general transfer matrix between two points in terms of the lattice functions alpha, beta and gamma at these points. So, we can write the this is the initial coordinates and this is the final coordinate. So, this is 0.0 this is 0.1. So, m s 1 s 0 is the transfer matrix from s 0 to s 1 and s this is a function of alpha, beta and gamma at s 0 and s 1. So, Hill's equation is this you can write the solution of the Hill's equation in the form of cos and sin where c 1 and c 2 are constants. Now, at point s is equal to 0 let the initial conditions be that let alpha be alpha 0 beta v beta 0 and phi is phi 0. So, you can calculate the values of the constants c 1 and c 2. So, the solution can be simply written as you put in the values of x 1 and the values of c 1 and c 2. So, the solution is simply this. Now, you can rearrange this and again you can take the derivative you can take the derivative and we see that these expressions are linear in x 0 and x 0. So, as the beam travels from s 0 to s 1 the above equations will give the value of x and x prime at s 1. So, you can write this from this expression you can write this in matrix form and you will get x at s 1 and x prime at s 1 is simply some matrix m x s 0 x prime s 0 and this matrix will come from these two expressions. So, the matrix is now given by this expression. Now, notice that this matrix depends only on the twist parameters at the two locations and the phase advance phi. So, this is the transfer matrix written here. This means that the transfer matrix between two points is purely determined by the lattice function at each point and the phase advance between the two points. So, if you have two locations and you want to find out the transfer matrix between two points you can find out it depends only on the twist parameters and the phase advance. So, this is known as the Courant-Sneider generalized matrix between two arbitrary points. Now, if you want to find out for one period now you know that the ellipse repeats after one period you have just seen that the ellipse repeats after one period. So, if you want to find out for one period now at the end of one period the twist parameters are identical. So, let us say alpha 1 is equal to alpha 0 let us call it alpha similarly beta 1 is equal to beta 0 is equal to beta and gamma 1 is equal to gamma 0 is gamma. So, substituting in the generalized matrix here. So, this matrix is simplified like this. So, the transfer matrix for one period is simply cos phi plus alpha sin phi beta sin phi minus gamma sin phi cos phi minus alpha sin phi. So, where again gamma is equal to 1 plus alpha square by beta and the phase advance for one period is given as phi 1 minus phi 0. So, this is the phase advance in one period. Now, let us consider a photo lattice again. So, the transfer matrix for one period of a photo channel can be written like this. So, let us consider half of a quadrupole followed by a drift space of length L then one full defocusing quadrupole followed by another drift space of length L and then half of another focusing quadrupole. So, we can write the transfer matrix this is the transfer and we are using here thin lens approximation. So, we can write the transfer matrix for half of a quadrupole focusing quadrupole transfer matrix for a drift space for a defocusing quadrupole again drift space and half of a focusing quadrupole. So, we multiply this and we get the total transfer matrix for this one period of the photo matrix. So, now the generalized matrix for one period is given by this we can compare the transfer matrix we can compare these two transfer matrices. So, this is from calculation and this we know is the generalized transfer matrix and from here we can find out the values of the beta function and the phase advance. So, comparing them we get cos phi is equal to 1 minus L square by 2 f square. So, you can find out the phase advance from here and the beta x and beta y can also be found out from here. So, beta x is the beta function in x and beta y is the beta function in y for this type of system. So, this is at the beginning and at the end of the this is the values of the beta function at the beginning and the end of the lattice which is the same because it is a periodic focusing here alpha is equal to 0. So, wherever we know that wherever beta is maximum alpha is 0 and so gamma will be equal to 1 by beta. So, this is the evolution of the beam along the photo channel. So, we see here that alpha is equal to 0 here and beta is maximum and at this location alpha is equal to 0 here beta is equal to minimum. So, this is the beam envelope. So, summarizing quadruples of reverse polarities are used in pairs for focusing the beam. We have seen different types of focusing lattice like 4doh, 4photodoh, solenoidal channel and others they are used for focusing the beam. For a periodic focusing system the general equation of you know the general equation in phase space is generally an ellipse. At any location s in trace space xx prime each particle will lie on an ellipse defined by the twist parameters alpha beta and gamma. The twist parameters are same for all the particles that is the ellipses for all the particles are concentric. The area of each ellipse depends on the value of the constant of motion which is its silent eye for that particle. The outermost ellipse defines the maximum beam size and the maximum divergence. And beam emittance which is a figure of merit of the beam that is defined as area of the outermost ellipse defined divided by pi. Now, single particle behavior can be studied either by solving the health equation. So, if you know the value of k you can write the equation of motion and solve it and find out the trajectory of the single particle. Alternatively, you can also do it by the transfer matrix method if the forces are linear. So, if you know the initial coordinates and you know the transfer matrix you can find out the final coordinates of the particle. The behavior of the beam envelope can be studied again by solving the envelope equation. This is the differential equation for the envelope and by using the sigma matrix method. So, if you know the beam ellipse at one location you can find out the beam ellipse at the other location if you know the sigma 1 and the transfer matrix at this location. So, in the next lecture we will see we will study about transfers dynamics with space charge. So, far we have considered only the forces due to external fields. Now, we will consider in the next lecture the forces due to the some forces in the beam itself the space charge forces. So, we will study the transfers beam dynamics with space charge.


The next thing we should look at is how our consonants are arranged. For the top two rows, we have P and F at the left side of our chart and G and G at the right side of our chart. They're arranged this way because if we analyze the way we speak, we're using the front of our mouth to use these sounds as in P and F. I'm using my lips and my teeth to produce those sounds. And as we move to the right on the chart, slowly but surely we're making those sounds towards the back of our mouth. We can use the examples of G. The sound G is produced further back in our mouth than P. The next thing we'll notice about our chart is that some of our symbols are shaded. Notice that none of the symbols in the vowel sections are shaded, but only a few are in the consonant section. The shaded symbols represent what are called unvoiced phonemes. An unvoiced phoneme doesn't require any vibration in our vocal cords in order to be made, whereas with most sounds, especially all of our vowel sounds, we have a voiced phoneme in which our vocal cords are vibrating in order to produce that sound. Let's look at a few phonemes which are quite similar in the other aspects of its production, but the only difference is in whether or not it's voiced or unvoiced. Take for instance the F and V sounds. They're both made in the same way as our breath is concerned, and they're made in the same way as a placement of our vocal organs are concerned. The only difference comes in the fact that our F sound is unvoiced. And that requires no vibration in our vocal cords to be made. We can articulate this onto our students by asking them to simply place two fingers over their throat and feel the difference between F and V. You can try that at home now with the S and Z sounds. Put your fingers over your throat and pronounce the S sound and then the Z sound. You can quite literally feel the difference. The top half of our chart is concerned with the vowel sounds and it's split into two parts. On the left hand side we have our 12 pure vowels. They're one individual unit of sound and which corresponds to a vowel sound, such as a as in pat, i as in pit, or a as in pot. Within the pure vowels we have what are called long vowel sounds. They tend to be said for a bit longer than the rest of the pure vowels and we can tell our long vowels by the presence of a colon to the right of each phoneme. Secondly we have what are called the diphthongs. The diphthongs combine two vowel sounds in such a way that it's impossible to split them and still pronounce the word correctly. Our diphthongs also require a movement in the mouth in order for that vowel sound to be made. To illustrate the point let's take a look at the vowel sound oi. Oi consists of two different but distinct sounds but here they cannot be divided and still pronounce the word boy correctly. We can even see the difference when we really analyze how we're making that sound. That sound again is oi, oi. It requires a movement in the mouth in order to be made as well as all diphthongs requiring that movement in the mouth because there are actually two different sounds coming together.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discussed the following question which says, a chemist has solution A containing 60% acid and a solution B containing 40% acid. How much of each should be used to make 10 liters of a 50% acid solution? So in this question we need to find the amount of solution A and solution B that need to be mixed to make 10 liters of a 50% acid solution. So let's see its solution now. First of all we assume that x liters of solution A be mixed with y liters of solution B. And so this would mean x plus y is equal to 10. That is if x liters of solution A is mixed with y liters of solution B then we get 10 liters of a solution. Let this be equation 1. Next let's find out the quantity of acid in x liters of solution A. This would be equal to 60% of x liters since we have that a solution A contains 60% acid. So this is equal to x into 60 upon 100 liters. So this is equal to 60x upon 100 liters. So quantity of acid in x liters of solution A is 60x upon 100 liters. Next we find out the quantity of acid in y liters of solution B and this would be equal to 40% of y liters since we know that solution B contains 40% acid. So the quantity of acid in y liters of solution B is equal to 40% of y liters. That is equal to y into 40 upon 100 liters or this is equal to 40y upon 100 liters is the acid in y liters of solution B. Next let's find out the quantity of acid in 10 liters of solution A and solution B and we need to make 10 liters of a 50% acid solution. So quantity of acid in 10 liters of solution A and solution B is equal to 50% of 10 liters. That is equal to 50 upon 100 into 10 liters or you can say this is equal to 5 liters. Now the equation that we get from all these results is quantity of acid in x liters of solution A that is 60x upon 100 liters, 60x upon 100 plus the quantity of acid in y liters of solution B that is 40y upon 100 is equal to quantity of acid in 10 liters of solution A and solution B is equal to 5. So this gives us 60x plus 40y is equal to 500 or you can say 6x plus 4y is equal to 50. Now taking 2 common inside the bracket we get 3x plus 2y is equal to 50. This further gives us 3x plus 2y is equal to 50 upon 2 that is 25. Let this be equation 2. So now we get 2 equations x plus y equal to 10 that is equation 1 and 3x plus 2y is equal to 25. This is equation 2. Now we solve equations 1 and 2 to get the values for x and y. So for this we multiply equation 1 by 3 so multiplying equation 1 by 3 we get 3x plus 3y is equal to 30. Let this be equation 3 and now the equation 2 is 3x plus 2y is equal to 25. Now subtracting equation 2 from equation 3 we get 3x plus 3y minus 3x plus 2y is equal to 30 minus 25. This gives us 3x plus 3y minus 3x minus 2y is equal to 5. Now 3x and minus 3x cancels 3y minus 2y is y this is equal to 5. To get the value of x we need to substitute y equal to 5 in equation 1. So substituting y equal to 5 in equation 1 we get x plus y equal to 10 that is x plus 5 equal to 10 which means we get x is equal to 10 minus 5 that is equal to 5. So x is equal to 5 and y is equal to 5. So this means 5 liters of solution A would be mixed with 5 liters of solution B to make 10 liters of a 50% acid solution. So 5 liters of solution A and 5 liters of solution B are needed. This is our final answer. So this completes the session. Hope you have understood the solution for this question.


Alex has already pegged me as somebody who's going to talk about human rights. I'm actually not going to do that, at least not as such. I was going to start off by saying that we are at a critical juncture in Afghanistan, but it does seem like we're always at a critical juncture in Afghanistan. And at least as long as I've been working on it, which goes back further than I actually care to specify. But the question I'd like to probe here is, it was one Michael raises toward the end of his talk and also in the book, which is what is the broader strategy, the broader reform strategy that any kind of successful reconciliation effort has to be a part of? And what role or what part of that really will include accountability? What place does accountability have as part of that larger reform and reconciliation effort? Right now we've got what, five, six weeks before the elections, an election that seems likely to return the Karzai administration to power and with his new alliances with a lot of the some of the people Minister Jolali mentioned as having had fairly dubious track records in the past. People who were co-opted or accommodated as part of the initial bond process. But without, I would say without any kind of built in accountability as part of the terms of that bargain. And I don't know now, I guess the question is how do we not only ensure that that is part of whatever terms we agree on for reconciliation process, but in a sense how do we retrofit that whatever process we have on the ground now to ensure we've got our track for state building and successful institutional reform in Afghanistan. Michael, you mentioned that in the sense that everyone, there's a general agreement among the different sides of the insurgents and the rest about wanting a just government, stability in Afghanistan and justice. But if we go back to, again, the bond process, I'm not sure we would say that that really was something everybody was in agreement about. In one hand, yes, we all wanted stability. But at what cost really, what does stability really entail? Was it really the co-option that took place as part of the bond process, the accommodation of many of the former Majahidean leaders, was to ensure that they were on board in bond in agreement with the general framework of the bond process. But there was very little required of them to, that they had to, the very constraints on behavior, very little required of them other than that agreement and technically agreement to disarm. But even that was very vague in the provisions of the bond document. Although the bond document does say, the bond courts do say that all weaponry, eventually they all should be part of a, I can't remember the exact wording now, but it was disarmed essentially, that wasn't the exact terminology. Disarmament became then a critical, very complicated and delayed part of the reform process immediately after bond. Michael, you mentioned the confrontation between Minister of Finance Ashraf Ghani and Defense Minister Faheem over funding for the Ministry of Defense and primarily over this continued funding of militias and the failure to disarm very many of the militia forces. And even after that somewhat successful confrontation, which did finally pave the way for DDR to get underway, we still today have an enormous problem with illegal militias and that many of them loyal to people who still manage, still hold positions of power at various levels within the administration, within the parliament or outside. And that failure to find a way to ensure that these, the accommodated leaders, those brought into the process at bond or that came on board at bond, followed through and were held to account to at least that part of the bargain to disarm, undermine much of the other efforts at institution building in Afghanistan. The Ministry of Interior still remains largely unreformed, huge problems with the police building a competent professional police force and the rest. We have enormous problems now throughout the administration with allegations of corruption at all levels. I don't know, I guess the question to me is how do we build in some kind of measure that those being brought in or given a place at the table or given a piece of the political pie as it were are held to account in this way, that they are held to some kind of terms of how, so they end up then undermining what we're trying to achieve in terms of state building in Afghanistan. Stability of to say laying down arms and agreeing not to continue fighting either the government or international forces is one thing, but stability in the broader sense of not undermining the institutions of the government is a larger part of the overall, the end result that we want to achieve. And I guess I would see that, one of the questions I guess then if we pursue that, I think I would agree when Alex mentioned the kind of three choices before us and then the more than that, but I think many of us would agree that we're going to have to come to some kind of negotiated settlement if we're ever going to achieve an end to the conflict in Afghanistan. But if reconciliation would eventually, would mean only accommodating another set of militia commanders without some kind of agreed upon set of rules or their agreement to kind of rules of the game, the rule of law, then it would not then I think contribute overall to stability in Afghanistan. But this would apply not only to these commanders being brought in, but obviously back to the initial group of commanders who were part of the post-2001 settlement. And if we don't have at this point a state that is functioning very well to ensure that there are some kind of constraints and checks on behavior, who is going to enforce this kind of these rules of the game? Who's going to ensure that those new, those brought into the process will abide not only swear allegiance to the government and agree to lay down their arms, but disband, disarm militia commanders and essentially cooperate with the institutional reform that's underway. And I'll leave it there.


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So we had the ID Tech Act show and hi, so who are you? I'm Rahim, I'm from company Elasticense. So what do you do here? Yeah, we are specialized in mechanically flexible displacement sensors. So they are basically sensors that can measure positions of a structure or a machine while it's tolerant to different kind of movements. It's based on a smart rubber technology which is essentially a rubber material which changes its parameters when it's been stretched, electrical parameters and that's basically the core component in the sensors which has been measured and as you can see here that's the sensor signal. So as I stretch you can see the signal being changed and it can change in all directions. In all directions? Yeah, I mean it's because if you can stretch it in all directions it will change its signals. Is it 360 degree sensing? Yeah, I mean it cannot dissolve all three dimensions but it could certainly measure all three dimensions depending. And you sell like a kit with different sizes? Yeah, exactly and we produce them in different sizes and we also produce data acquisition units and the softwares and as you could see here the sensors could be used in different kind of applications it could be in heavy vehicles and structural health monitoring and processing machines and so on for monitoring and control of applications. And what do you have over there? Well this is our sister company. What is this? This is our sister company that produces the core rubber material. So here is for example those strain gauges in different patterns for different applications being made. Here we have the core component, the rubber strain gauge as you can see it's being stretched and you can see the signal there in computer being changed. So that is the core component now which we saw in the other sensors now here for itself. And what is this? So this is the measurement unit. It actually take the change of electrical signal from the sensors and convert it into some kind of transmittable values, digitally or in analog. And only here you have... Here we could measure up to four sensors. In the same time, yes, so they are micro USB sensors and we have them charging in output units. And you say 6th company?  This is the original company developing the core technology and then elastic senses somehow are spent out of this company focusing only on industrial applications. And you've been doing this for a long time or? Yes, we as the founders of the company have been doing this since 2008. The company has been existing since 2013. And is this world-exclusive technology? Nobody else do this? Oh yeah, there are a couple of other companies. One in the US and one in New Zealand that produce the same kind of... or use the same kind of technology to make sensors. But you have the best? Well, that's what we think. Is this a big market? Well, as you can see, the use cases for the technology is quite large. It's not confined to a single niche or a specific market sector. It could be applied in all kind of industries, wearables, industrial structures and so on. So the market interface is quite large. It looks like something that could be in a car. It can. And we already have some cases. We are working with some tier one supplier to automotive companies to integrate the technology. And what they do in the car with this? I cannot disclose how far the wheel is from... I cannot disclose that. They are under some of the A's conditions, those applications. Nice. All right. And a lot of potential... Quite a lot of potential, yes. But it's all related to this stretchable sensor. Exactly. It's this mechanical properties of the sensors that makes it quite useful in different kind of applications. It enables quite a lot of new applications where strain gauges or sensors could not be used before. And is this very precise? Yes. Our sensors there is 0.1% of full-scale accuracy. Wow. And does this look like something that's 3D printed? Printed electronics? Yes. How do you make this? Well, I mean, we have... We get supplied some silicon sheets and then we print our own conductive layers on top of it and then we keep doing it three times. So there are three conductive layers and four non-conductive layers alternating on top of each other. And the material is... Silicons. Silicons. Yeah. All right. So it's not the same you have in rubber or is it the same? Well, rubber... Some rubbers are silicone, basically. Okay. Cool. All right. Yes. Thanks a lot. Thank you very much.