మరిలిలాడిల౗ంవారియా మివాడిడిలాక౿ మాడ్పిగెతియ మపినిలిక౿ మినౕనినౕడలికి. మరిహాలిల౾పిలాన౟ాక. నెత్పిమరికితి. నికువిపూవయియా what are your thoughts on business? let me start with Utti Utti are you there? yes yes we can hear you okay so how is this affecting Nigeria? yes I bet we've all seen it the Vox Pop is pretty much the sentiment on the streets people are suffering the man who spoke in Europe I think that's just the sentiment out there there's nothing worse than it's a different thing to not have your money there's a different thing to have money you can't access it you can't spend it to the available channels that you should be able to spend it on your card I mean it's just and it doesn't appear I think the most concerning thing for me is that I don't see that there's an end in sight because the president spoke about reintroducing the old 200 Naira into circulation like I said yesterday I don't know from my sort of many research the volumes of those 200 Naira do not sound like they are the quantities that will alleviate the challenges of the average Nigerian man and nothing has been said about the capacity to produce and meet the need for the quantities that are required of the new notes to drive this so there's also a lack of information when there's a void of information when people don't have anything to hold on to there's no end in sight so it only amplifies the production in an exponential manner they know that this is going to end in two days then I can convince myself that you know what it's only two days and I'll hold on nobody that I've spoken to at least seems to know when this is going to end do we have some sort of communication of a rollout plan to say more one is going to come into the system tomorrow more one is going to come into the system by Monday nobody seems to know and everybody is just waiting this is I mean this is how the first scarcity ended up largely spoke to it nobody said what was happening nobody addressed it and eventually the market found itself the lines fell where they made and we can't do that in this situation because people are literally everything is grinding towards people are being paralysed I remember when it was announced that CBN would start collecting the Naira my first thought was why do people still have the old notes but then I realized are you going to let go of the old holding you might be able to spend it because everybody should have paid in their money but the fact is that the gap that exists with the new notes requires that the old notes remain in circulation it's almost like I have to prove that I have money like an old old old one Naira note to say you know what I had been no real answer and I think that was what was missing for me in the address from the president where we gave a solution but it was a half measure there was no end in sight it was literally like here you have a massive surgical wound and then I give you a little plaster to hold it together and then I say sorry just hold on well Damla what do you think well about this whole Naira scarcity thing I as much as it makes sense it doesn't make sense that's the funny thing it makes sense but it doesn't make sense and I'm not surprised at the outcome that we're experiencing currently I mean the riots because really what were we expecting people are literally suffering okay today while we're on the streets you know some people I mean maybe we're just being people really but in the true sense of it some people were literally just asking for cash and I had to tell them that you see me that I'm doing this interview for you I also don't have cash so we are in it together it's not just a you problem don't think because I'm wearing makeup and I look all fine and stuff then everything I have everything all sorted out no we are in the everybody they collect let's put it that way we are in it together even it doesn't and at this rate that we are going and like Uti rightly said nobody is coming out to tell us okay this is when this whole problem is going to end you know what we're just used to in Nigeria we're just used to there's a problem and then we'll just keep going with it whenever it ends is when it really ends and I don't even think that's the best way to live life because with the way this thing is going on there's going to be a very high increase in crime rates somebody was one of the guys that we were interviewing to do well he was off mic but we're having a conversation and then he goes ah I'm a lot that's we're going to go and scatter everywhere I mean and really I could see the pain where it was coming I mean that's not the best way to go about it but really that's what he just that's that's the level at which he could think and he's like I'm a lot and there was there was really nothing there was there was really nothing I could say to really passifying because we are the person I'm also suffering for instance yesterday at the office I wanted to drink water as in just one bottle of water we send the office assistant to get cash for us and then she didn't even know that they would not collect the old 1000 naira note and 500 naira note and then she got she had already collected the cash and the POS match and gave her old notes so she got to where she wanted to buy something and those ones didn't collect the money okay fine return the money back to where you collected it and then take your money back in transfer they said they are not going to send money to how and up until right now there's a lot of POS matches that actually have old notes with them and they are willingly going to give it to you they won't even but if you return it to them they are not going to collect it so the old naira the old naira I mean okay fine but we came and said okay we can use 200 naira notes for the next 60 as up until April 10 but is the 200 naira note is it really going to be in circulation is it really going to be available people are stranded you know I was talking to my cousin Sinyani she has 9k cash that she cannot use because it's old note that she has not been able to go to work what do we do people also start snatching bad news it has affected me and she said we are at a point of uncertainty my endurance so it's like should I use my money should I not use my money my own money I don't know what to do because on one hand you have supreme court pass given its judgment you have CBN who should we obey so even the whole system is so confused that even lawyers will come out and say no how would CBN you know overall what the supreme court some people say no CBN has the power to so at the end of the day Nigerians are confused so we are the ones feeling the heat and this is so honestly I did not so I saw this coming if it prolonged for too long where we are now because there are already signs of it so I had someone was it yesterday also saying that in the morning when they made the ruling when CBN came out and said he's not going to change its stand on the deadline he said from that morning he was trying to take public transport so they were no longer taking the old notes so he had to beg so at the point he went to the bank tried to withdraw money, stayed there for hours and he was able to get 2000 in the evening in the new notes so they are now saying they are taking old notes so everyone is are we taking old notes so Nigerians were and also insecurity were just at that point where they've had it it's too much where do we go from here and also just like Ute Raitu said there's also the timeline when is this going to end and also Nigerians are also at that point where they are just trying to figure out what this is all about is it what's this story about is it really for the Nigerians or not is it a favor of how am I going to put it an ordinary man or is it a political move because it all started like it's economical it's this and that but now it's very glaring that this is very political I mean you find governors coming out to make statements it's everything it's just a confusion state that's where we are right now I'm actually confused right and I don't know what the future holds right now like I said at the beginning of the show we've thrown into a state of chaos and confusion and as we've all said there's now an increase in crime rate because the truth is that that's how the people know how to express themselves so they're going to start burning places they're going to start attacking people because that's how they know how to express the anger that they have inside of them they don't know to do better but then at the same time is that the right switch they understand peace they are men of war they have 19 men do you have to protest in Nigeria for our own currency well that's the point that we've gotten to now in our dear country and it just seems like the fact that we don't even know when this thing is going to end to say okay maybe after the election I mean we have just how many days about 8 days before the election so are we saying that okay after the elections this whole thing is going to die down are we saying that okay maybe there will be money in circulation what exactly so I think I'm actually urging the government let us know what we're even working with let us know what it is that we can look forward to let us know what to expect now there are panic messages going around saying stock up your house for the next two weeks in fact sometimes they stock up your house for a month some people are saying because we don't know what's going to happen and there is nothing in this world that is as terrible as living in uncertainty not knowing what to expect because we know what's going to happen the next minute so I mean this is really this is affecting there's nobody like you said you don't touch everybody there's nobody that this has not told nobody that this has not affected in one way or the other if you say you have money to okay you are doing the cashless even before because some people are saying that even before now we're already doing the cashless what about the insecurity currently so it is degenerated to insecurity are you now safe with your cashless you've been doing what about your security the truth is Nigeria can not even go completely cashless unless we want to lie to each other okay I want to go and buy biscuits now I'm going to tell Yari Singh that is selling petty things she will just look at me like this guy talking about and it's even the fact that banks are not also helping so you expect that in such a situation charge it expecting banks to reduce charges so banks are charging and the amount of transfers of triple because people are not trying to need more online transactions so I expect the bank to respond to this by reducing charges and also even we Nigerians we have to be fair to ourselves POS operators we have to be and I know like because this goes it's a circle it goes but without paying money to get the money that's what I'm saying it's a circle but it's ridiculous sometimes the rate is very ridiculous sorry to cut you short women say that to collect 50K you have to pay 10,000 naira why? it doesn't make any sense I mean I can understand that they also get the money because I asked one of the POS merchants that I spoke with today I asked him I said okay how do you get money and then he's like they buy from those that have it and I'm like okay that's why people also sell at a high rate they say of course that it depends on how much they buy it that also determines how much they are going to sell it but some people are still being very greedy you know Nigerians an average black man is greedy but you see Nigerians our own is very different our own is really very different because we just want to take and take and take we don't even care if it's going to affect the next person we really don't care about that we just want to take and take we just keep complaining about the government oh the government is this oh the government is that they should have put a lot more time but we ourselves we are not even making the work so easy we get a good government now Nigerians will still frustrate the government I like what you said there that we are not also helping ourselves we are not being fair on ourselves but then at the same time let us also consider this do you want the conductor in the bus to collect transfers from passengers see my sister we've gotten to that point there's no cash now what do you want to do what do you want to do are we transfer 100 Naira if you would take me to but then that would also increase should I say internet fraud Nigerians are not truthful people and I think that is my own problem Nigerians are if we were truthful people well a lot of things could work we have a lot of alternatives if we are being honest because I believe that there is I always believe that there is one solution with several alternatives do you get but Nigerians are not Nigerians are not truthful people like you said now you transfer 100 Naira to the conductor what do you have seen the money what tells you he has not seen it with a lot of proof that he has not seen it do you see so I want to hear from you well I was just listening when the ladies were speaking and a couple of things first of all I don't I think greed is a very strong word I think that when you have a supply problem you have a demand problem it becomes money has now become a product it has now become something that you are selling and when you are selling you are selling with first of all I need to make a profit secondly I need to prospect as to when I sell this one how much am I going to buy the next one by that time in a scarcity you can guarantee that to replace it will also be higher so I have to speculate to say you know what I have got this 50,000 Naira today for 60,000 if I sell this at 70 or at the time I am going to buy that same 50,000 tomorrow is probably now 70 so I will sell it to hedge my bet so the reality of it is that as long as the situation the supply issue isn't addressed the demand will keep driving the prices of that's just basic economics one on one yes the solution is there and I can tell you that there isn't any bank today that isn't scrambling to improve the quality of the infrastructure so that more more transactions more cashless transactions can go through and be successful but again it's a process I like what you mentioned about float because the fact is we also have a largely I don't want to say illiterate but uneducated unenlightened population particularly in that aspect of technology where people and everybody is going to take advantage so if the scammers can get in if the fraudsters can get in they are going to do so so these are all the gaps that were identified these are all the problems that were identified even when Roy was talking about the banks reducing charges we've seen some banks do that but if you understand the ecosystem about banking transactions work it's an ecosystem the charges don't all sit with the banks so any bank today that is telling you they're not taking charges is actually paying some part of those charges on your behalf because the ecosystem still has to keep running if I decide not to charge you that means I put my hand in my pocket and pay for that service but it's great to see that some banks are doing that so they understand how it's impacting people right for me it's like I keep trying to say that what is the solution what is the way forward because this is when innovation comes into play right a lot of organizations need to really and I mean we have fintechs but this is when you then realize that all the fintechs they are all playing on the same technology so all this where fintech where fintech where fintech where the go away for me I always try to say let's learn from where these things have happened before something similar happened in India I can't remember what year it happened and the same thing happened overnight where taking out the nodes were changing and it was a mess it affected the economy adversely and they didn't actually succeed in getting rid of corruption but then we also can look at countries who have moved on to other solutions that they have now used and they are working in a kind of scenario where they are working in a kind of scenario where they are working in a kind of scenario that we are talking about like paying for transport and buses so things that can pay in Kenya the sad part of it is that we don't have the time for the innovation so whoever can get to the top of that line today and create a solution that works even when the solution works then the problem of adoption because how are you going to convince Yarisi that the 29er you want to pay for the biscuits she can get it through the system like they said that for me is what is most unsettling there doesn't seem to be a solution inside and then it doesn't seem to be information and nature avoids the vacuum so as long as we continue it just feels like you are standing further like you are trying to stand further away from a fire with a keg of petrol but then something is dragging you closer and closer to the fire that's what it feels like we are in now and what's going to be what's going to happen what's going to be the chaotic situation I don't want to think about it and I keep saying in as much as we can do in our faith is to pray for Nigeria but I don't know how we are going to do it the problem just seems so big very yes we just have to get through it everybody I've spoken to is like what shall we do those that can stay at home that have a little bit of food it just seems hopeless I think that's the thing and it's nothing more dangerous than that people just go on a rampage don't you think there's violence and there's crime I'm thinking I thought that it would lead to a reduction in crime because really and truly there's no need to steal but there's creativity in it that can steal other things and people will take the opportunity so we find ourselves in a terrible situation and we have been seeking answers and I haven't found any yet that's what's more scary about it thank you I was also going to say two things I was going to ask what are the banks doing to help to curb the situation and make it even better it now seems like we are all surviving through online transactions so if I want to pay 100 Naira 100 Naira you still charge me 26 Naira or whatever amount it is that I'm sending I think that's a bit unfair but I would say there's a process sometimes they have to take the burnt and then at the same time it won't just happen overnight that they'll just come and say we're not charging you anymore for transactions because I remember there was a time they didn't need to charge for transactions we got to this point through something as well also we've talked about solutions after all said and done we've complained we've gone through this there's been so much violence and she mentioned coming up with innovative solutions but then do you think tomorrow are we ready for that these are the things that I think about when I say so before we got to this point what would it be what were the processes putting what did they think of did they do an analysis to say if X happens we should do Y if this happens let's do this for example transportation most of the buses take physical cash we're saying let's start transferring to the conductor but then when we say if we start transferring to the conductor we don't know we don't know so going to have that problem I remember there was a time we had this conversation on the show and I said okay maybe we should now start using cards you get to the what they call it you get to the bus and then you can tap something like that I said this is not something that we can just wake up to as well so all of these things I think this just puts us in a very tight situation and you're still like you want to say something so innovation we are in in it deeply currently so it's not something that's just going to happen so but first I think there is need for clarity even in the political system first people have to even be sure what direction should we take so you have the governor in some state saying that keep using the old Naira note going against what the president is saying and what Sibian is saying what happens to the people in those state who should they obey, who should they believe who should they follow so if there is even clarity like they have one voice we know they have something they are trying to sections in their political parties but for the masses like if you have one voice to say okay we are all saying that do not use the old Naira notes at least from there we can start from there so now some people are trying are still saying let's use it we are using it so you find people fighting in the case of was it protocol I just said when they are fighting people for not taking the old note that's because they believe some other powers have said collapse this mode so if there is even clarity on what direction to take I think it is step in the right direction at this point okay so Gleve I hear you correctly you are saying that there is no oneness so this one governor is coming to say continue I saw a video of I don't remember about Gleve I think it was El Rufaia that said for the next see you guy or something they will continue to collect this note so El Rufaia comes and tells us this he says no we can continue in fact just before we came on the show I saw another CBN director that said they did not ask anybody to bring 500 Naira and 1000 Naira notes to the CBN to the CBN and I asked my own like so what take this and so I think you are right on that let's even understand what is it we are following are we really listening to PMB when he says okay 200 Naira notes to be in circulation you can still continue spending the old 200 Naira notes but then you can take your 500 Naira because I know yesterday that was what was said you can take your old 500 Naira and 1000 Naira you just need to log on to the CBN website and register then generate the reference code and then you can take your money to CBN but then this director we saw this evening a few hours ago says don't bring any there is another one that we showed me this evening that said if you have up to I think in Kogi state if you have up to 500,000 Naira that's when you can come to the bank if the money is not up to 500,000 don't so you are right I think we need that oneness that's clarity to say okay this is because that's another thing that's the confusion we are talking about there are so many different things that are being said everywhere so we don't even know even the people don't know what to believe they don't know what to do so really actually should they carry their 1000 Naira 500 Naira notes to the bank I just got an email from one of my banks now saying we are open on Saturday bringing your Naira notes and I am like okay you said you are open so that means we can actually take money to this bank but what happens I say no take it soon I don't know there is a whole lot I think that apart from disparity of voices our major problem in this country is implementation you know the people in the place of power just say okay we are going to do this they don't think about implementation in mind because it is one thing to lay down rules it is one thing to say okay let us do it this way it's another thing to actually see that that thing is actually done the way it should be done it's basic project management you need to be able to break down your project into bits know how okay we need to do this first before we comment on this this can run simultaneously but we don't implementation feels like it doesn't exist in the Nigeria sector of power we need to come outside and say okay Nigerians this is what we are going to do but then they don't even follow it they don't care if the people that are down there like the regular Nigerians how they can even be able to manage the entire situation for instance this was scarcity thing I generally don't believe that I mean the central bank governor should have just come up to say okay by so so so and so did the old Naira not being used again and it is stamped as that I feel like it is really inhuman now this is why ideally I think that the old Naira notes and the new Naira notes should still be coexisting until the old Naira notes would fade away because it's our legal tender some people apart from those who hard cash some people generally don't take their money to the bank actually those in rural parts of Nigeria they don't take their money to the bank they probably put it in Kolo something like that so what should happen to those people when you create the awareness that by so so and so time that is giving a wide gap by so so and so time this currency will no longer be acceptable anymore people will keep spending it with the hope that when they go to the POS when they go to the ATMs they will get new notes and before you know what is happening the old notes will not be in circulation anymore but actually just saying we are not going to spend this money again and that's that about it I really do not think that it's fair to come on Nigeria's honestly I just really pray that this thing doesn't get to the point where we are as bad as we are envisaging it to get to I just pray that this election actually comes I also pray that the election is not postponed because I was having a conversation with someone earlier today and then he said to me that he thinks this is also a propaganda to actually extend the elections and he even took me back and sent me the last election directive where they I don't remember whether it was 2010 or 2015 where they actually changed the days for and it was actually what was going to happen but you know deep inside of me I don't want the elections to be postponed I have never been so eager for something to come and I think that's the exact reason why they are doing what they are doing because they know that there are so many people that actually want to vote and they want to vote right only a political move to you know just try to shake us a bit so that's why I just come back to what you said it's intentional so the timeline given the short time now that's because it's very intentional there is a plan there is a reason why this was done and that's the reason why no matter what has been done and I think even this protest springing up here and there I think it's really orchestrated someone else's plan still for the purpose of this election and that's the reason why they can't that's the reason why they can't extend it more than what because it's there is a reason for it okay I think we can take comments now glory please I think you have comments so this is from Shagun he said he says hello I am Shagun from O'worsh or Key Lagos PMB plan will work it will work very well there are results already such as reduction in crime rate tanks really? reduction in crime rates okay let's see I think you have a comment mine is from Rafa and Zarya he says when laws and policies are repugnant and there is out by the citizens then the same government takes a decision to repel such laws and policies CBN to new currency redesigned policies is a good thing but the timing and implementation exposes how ineffective policy makers are in the whole world there is no central bank that are involved in collecting deposits from individuals but only in Nigeria and the most disheartening thing is that our leaders have started to disobey the apex court announcements making the courts lose its credibility as a last thing for the common man the last broadcast by the president reminded me of the military junta of yesterday's this our democracy has no part to that's me please tell me your comment alright it's only an illiterate that don't really understand the policy but the main suffering bank on common man on the streets bankers and purest operators what's in the system the solution is if bank play just seeds with populates things will go better I agree to that as well this one says living in uncertainty is dangerous it's political because how can Bwari heads like Kaduna Kogi and Kano govnas challenging their idol Bwari including Festus Kiamo a while ago on another national TV saying that the president was ill advised agreeing that he flouted the supreme court order it's a confusion galore and the fact that there's poor communication goes to show that the leadership which is in this injury time before exiting is taking us for granted as always however I'm pleading with the populace to not play into the hands of the enemies this is my take from Austin from Delta thank you so much Austin Daniel says good evening my dear beautiful ladies of what are you saying honestly speaking this thing has entered another level and people are already reacting what kind of country is this that someone cannot access his or her own account this is very ridiculous there is serious hunger in the land and there is still no solution coming to remedy this situation trust me this violence and protest you are seeing is just child's play I pray not what will happen next will be worse than answers oh I pray not if care is not taking imagine me using money to buy my own money this is highly unacceptable nice anchoring of the show my dear beautiful lady my dear beautiful sister thank you Daniel thank you so much okay yeah so after all said and done I think we have just come to a conclusion that this is really affecting Austin this entire Naira scarcity and we have seen that it is leading to so much violence and it is also increasing crime rates something that we thought was even going to reduce crime rates instead it is doing the opposite of it and while just hoping that it doesn't get like Daniel rightly said we hope that it doesn't get to the same protest may I tell you that if people keep buying their own currency it is going to get to that point that we think it is going to get to because it doesn't make any sense that I am buying my own country's currency in my country at a very high rate so if care is not taking we are going to get it any final words ladies I am still pleading with Nigerians that just become I mean even me saying become I know it is a difficult thing to say because I mean how can you be but look at it in the long run it is going to affect you if this escalates more than it already is I mean you are still trying to look for cash to buy you cannot run out of Nigeria they who are doing calling the shots doing all of this it is easy for them to take a jet the next and leave this country and everything goes crazy so that is why you have to calm down no matter how angry you are just calm down knowing that if it goes any worse than this it is going to be you and I so just calm down and take it easy let's see any final words we wish us to wish Nigerians the best these are terrible times these are uncertain times protect our mental health as much as we can and let's keep the hope that we have that's all I can say there is nothing else to say really like I said earlier we are in very tough for precedented times in all of this please our priority should be safety and by the way who are we miss you as well but before we go do ensure you follow us on instagram you can interact with us further drop a comment and most importantly follow all our social media engagements and remember to like, share, comment and invite your friends and family to watch us and follow us if you miss today's quotes here it is again building Nigeria right now feels like the world is ending but see you on Monday at 8pm as we bring another great conversation to your screen thank you for watching


When I visited the UK over winter break, I experienced picking up a sheet of ice from a puddle. I was one of these guys. Easily the coldest weather I have ever felt, I was shaking in my boots.


But President Mohamed Buhari has transmitted an executive bill to the Senate seeking extension of the Retirement Age for Teachers from 60 to 65 years. Senate President Ahmad Lawan read the letter on the floor of the Senate at Wednesday's plenary. Lawan explained that the bill would harmonize the Retirement Age for Teachers in Nigeria. According to him, the move to increase the Retirement Age and service years for teachers is in post-rent to Section 58, Subsection 2 of the 1999 Constitution as amended. Lawan also during the plenary referred Buhari's request for confirmation of Major General Farouk Yahya as the Chief of Army staff to Senate committees on the fence and army. The Defense Committee led by Senator Ali Uwamako, APC Secretary, was mandated to lead the screening for the newly appointed Chief of Army staff. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


OK, so let's start the last session of today before the poster session. For the next speaker is Thierry Deutsch, of COA Grenoble, who is talking about adaptive and localized basis functions for linear scaling, large systems, and complex quantum mechanical system simulations. Thanks, Paolo. So I would like first to thank the organizer for this invitation. So in my case, I will talk about wavelets. So the idea is to replace the plane waves by wavelets. Because with wavelets, in fact, we don't have the problem of to treat all the systems, for instance, to calculate the kinetic term. But because wavelets have a support compact, then we can localize our whole operation in a small range of the real space. So wavelets are systematic and orthogonal, localized and adaptive. So for instance, in this case, you have two levels of wavelets. Here, you have only scaling function, so in red. And in blue, you have the details, only in a region near the nucleus. Because the support is compact, we developed different potion solvers because we can have naturally different boundary conditions, free wire surfaces. And we used for that a formulation of base on green function to solve the potion solver. And of course, we can explicitly treat the charge systems. So for a water molecule, first, we have a grid step, an extension for the finer region, where we have two levels of resolution. And then we have a second level with an extension where we have only one level of resolution. So this is a coarse region. So in the case of wavelets, we don't have a closed form. So what we have is a scaling relation. So we have a set of filters. In our case, we have roughly 15 filters. And we have a relation with the scaling function and the scaling function at an higher resolution. And what we manipulate, in fact, is the filters. So all operations for us are short convolutions. So it's quite GPU friendly. And this is why we have been developing big DFT on GPU for 10 years. So we have our two level of resolution using two kinds of wavelets. And with that, we use pseudo-potential. So because we use pseudo-potential, we need only two level of resolution. And it's like we have a cut-off energy multiplied by 4 for some region of the space. So it's enough to have two levels. And you can see that for the first three rows, we have a very good accuracy. And for delta test, we have a benchmark of one for all tests in this benchmark. Now, at the present day, we have the version 1.8. So we can do 3D periodic surface and three boundary conditions. We use HGH pseudo-potential. We have a very high precision because everything is analytic. Our filters are analytics. And we can do conchamps or ground states for metals. We have van der Waals and hybrid functionals. We develop also a potion solver for systems embedding in an electronic environment. So we can do a calculation with implicit solvent. We have also a library of structural prediction based on minimal oping as a method developed by Sufane Godeker. And we also develop the order n implementation. Now, I think this year we will have we could calculate non-orthorobic cells, P-A-W pseudo-potential, and we are developing also linear response, TD-DFT. OK, so in our code, we choose to underline our code in order to have a better maintainability. So we have different components. For instance, we have foothold, which is a low-level library. So this is used to process the output, the input files to have an idea of the timing also for the allocation of memory. And it's quite useful and decreases a lot the number of lines needed. We have also our own Gaussian integral for some part of the code based on Fiestal GW code. You have a talk from Stéphane about chess. And we have also the potion solver which is used in the other code, for instance, Habinit and CP2K, not this version, but another one. And we use our potion solver to calculate, of course, the R3 potential and the exchange part. So about the exchange part, so last year, we developed on GPU the calculation of hybrid functionals. So when you use an exchange part, you need to evaluate the potion solver N squared if N is the number of atoms. And for that, if you compare on a blue gene machine, you can see that the ratio between PB and PB is zero on the same system, atomic system, is 25. In our case, for a quite large system, more than 300 atoms. If you use piece dent on CPU and if you compare on... Sorry, gamma is the ratio between the time to calculate in PB is zero and PB is E. And if you compare between PB and PB is zero on piece dent, you have a ratio of 15. And if you port the potion solver part, you can decrease this ratio even more. If everything is done on GPU, you have only a ratio of 3.5. It means that with the GPU and GPU direct, you can decrease a lot the amount of time needed to calculate the exchange part. So here you can see that for some systems. So it was a collaboration with the Argon laboratory. So we did that for the uranium oxide systems. So you can see the number of orbitals. It's quite important in function of the number of atoms. So even for a large number of orbitals, we can do that on a piece dent. And we decrease considerably the ratio to calculate PB is zero. For instance, here in function of the computing nodes, you can see that one self-constitution takes 10 seconds. And if we use GPU, then we can also, for not so large amount of time, we can do a hybrid function on large systems. Okay, so this was about the cubic version of big DFT. So it's like plane wave. Our quantum orbitals are totally spread in the whole system. And so we have a scaling, of course, of n cubed due to the linear algebra because we have dense matrix. And now the idea is to decrease the scaling. So to do that, the idea in fact is to localize. So with the Potion solver, we have n log n, so it's okay. The convolution is n squared. One convolution takes n operation in function of the number of atoms. But if we multiply by two, we have two times convolution to perform for orbitals. So it's n squared. And the main part is linear algebra. So the idea is to have a new approach. And the idea is to localize our orbitals. So we use how we've led to express a localized, optimized minimal basis set. So the quantum orbitals are in the whole system. And then what we decide is for each atom, we have a radius. And we optimize a minimal basis set for each atom. For example, for silicon, we can minimize four orbitals, four localized orbitals. These orbitals are expressed on wavelet. Okay. And we optimize in situ during the iterations. So in this case, density matrix is expressed in our support function, or minimal basis set. And because you don't have an overlap between the different support functions, so localized orbitals, then our matrix, so the Hamiltonian and the density matrix, becomes path. And so what we have is a set of localized, optimized minimal basis set with a very small number. For example, for silicon, we can use four, or even nine, if you like, orbitals per atoms. So we have two steps. The first is to optimize. And the second is to express the density and the matrix. And calculate the next iteration. Okay, so if we compare with the cubic version. So in the cubic version, because you have the dense matrix, you have some difficulties to do a large calculation. And contrary to the linear scaling, you can say that we can calculate for a large number of atoms. Linear, the CPU time is linear, but also the memory. So we decrease a lot the memory, because the orbitals are localized. Another point is we know the times what we can do per atom. For instance, in our case here, we do 20 minutes for 8,000 atoms, but what we can calculate, in fact, is a CPU time per atom. Roughly for these systems, so silicon, germanium, the first three rows, it takes between 5 and 10 minutes to calculate the self-consistent iteration for one atom. So you know that if you have 1,000 atoms, you will take roughly 10,000 minutes for the whole system. And if you double the size of the C10, it takes 20,000 minutes. And you divide by the number of processors, of course, to have the whole time. But this is possible to predict easily the time you need to calculate. If we compare with the cubic code, we have an absolute energy difference of the order of 10 milliv per atom, and this is constant and not depending on the position of the atoms. And the forces are almost exact in the sense that we have the same forces. Another point which is really important is for large systems, because we have few localized, adapted orbitals per atom, and we have a few number of basis functions, okay? One million, for instance, for 2,000 key atoms. And this is interesting because you can use easily, you can have small matrices, you have small matrices, and you perform larger calculations. So just some features about the localized, optimal, minimal basis sets. You saw this transparent slide this morning from Stefan Moore. So I would like to point out about the characteristics of our basis set. So we have accurate results because we have a good localization and because for each atom we have a different minimal basis set, okay? For two different silicon atoms, if you have a different environment, you have different optimized orbitals. So we have a low number of degrees of freedom. We have a low condition number in the sum that the overlap matrix is quasi-orthogonal. So here you can see that it's almost one. It means that it's quasi-orthogonal. The second point is because we use pseudo-potential and because due to our scheme to optimize our minimal orbitals, we have a small spectral width. And this is really important for the chess algorithm because due to this small spectral width, we can use very efficiently this kind of algorithms. And of course, the sparsity is between 90 and almost more than 90%. It depends on the system, of course, and the size of the systems. So Stefan Moore did a simulation of more than 200,000 atoms. We show in this article that we can do for very different systems. So DNA, water, a pair of skites, amino acid, silicon, nanowires, many things. And sometimes it's the linear scaling. The linear version is converged better than the cubic one. It depends, but sometimes this is okay. So the question, what we asked, in fact, or ourselves two years ago, is what do we need so large-scale DFT? So we can do very large calculations. Okay? And do we need to perform very large calculations? So for biology, traditionally, they use force fields, coarse-grading. For chemistry, what is really important is not the size, but the transferability and the accuracy of results. So for quantum chemistry methods, they can use few atoms. And in the case of DFT, traditionally, we use up to 1,000 atoms. And 1,000 is quite large. So we think that, effectively, it's important to have the possibility to do a full DFT calculation in order to test a different solution and in order to reduce the information. So in this article, we review the different large-scale quantum mechanical calculations. So we try to have a quite fair review with some results from one TEP, some results from CESTA and other codes, linear scaling, and not only. And what we think is linear scaling is important to bridge the gap between the different methods. In the fragment approach, you use an approximation. When you say, in fact, my basic set doesn't relax for the different fragments. For instance, if you have a solvent, you describe all molecules of the solvent in the same way. And this is quite fair if you have only some electrostatic interaction. Of course, if you have some quantum interaction, if you have some overlap between the orbital, it's not feasible. So with the linear scaling, now we are testing different approaches on models. So fragments, as I said, constrain DFT because we have a localized adaptive orbital. You can constrain the charge in a different part of the molecule or in different molecules. So you can do charge transfer. One possibility is to calculate, and we did that, for instance, with the GW CESTA code. We calculate some excitation. We do the charge transfer, and we have, using only delta ICF, we have the right energy of the excitation. So we can calculate excitation as soon as we know the charge transfer associated to that. We can also do some atomic charge analysis, and this is important if you want to go to the QMMM and if you want to compare with force field. For instance, polarizable force field uses a representation of the atomic charge on the atom and also the dipole, and it's important if you want to compare with force field, polarizable force field to know if we have the right, the same answer or not. So we do that in water, for instance, and an idea what we explore now is to use force field to do molecular dynamics. Then we extract some snapshot, and we calculate some quantum mechanics quantities, for instance, the atomic charge, the overlap of the orbitals, and then we can have a statistic on that. So combining classical and DFT is feasible. Another point is to have an idea of the impact of the electrostatic environment. So using an explicit solvent or an implicit solvent and comparing all these results. And so to that, we need first to duplicate our localized adapted orbitals. So for instance for water, you optimize the orbitals for one molecule of water and then you duplicate your basis set without optimizing. So this is an approximation. Yes, but it's quite fair if you are very far from your protein you want to calculate or if you want to have an idea of the influence of the water. So it enables manipulation of optimized basis set. And we develop an efficient and precise rototranslation of localized orbitals because behind that we have a grid and we have wavelength. So we can reformat very accurately our minimized basis set and so avoiding to optimize all the system. I would like to point out that if you avoid to optimize the basis set, we gain a factor of 10 for the calculations. So one application is to calculate the charge transport in organic lead. So from coarse graining we have some statistics. So some organic films composed to two kinds of molecules. So the host molecule and the gas molecule. Then we optimize our localized basis set for these two kinds of host molecule and gas molecule. And we calculate for each molecule the site energies and the transfer energies for an electron to go to one molecule to another one. So we have a statistic and then we use this statistic in some model based on Marcus Thelori. So because we have with linear scaling, we need to have more complex files, more complex input files because we need to express our fragment. We need to say where the solvent is explicit or whether the solvent is explicit. And we need also to process our output files. So what we want is to use an input file which is human readable. So for that we use a markup language. To have the notion to go to workflows what could be nice is to use an output file as an input file. In the sense that we can use the output files to rearrange the calculation. So we want to pass easily and process this input and output file. And for that we develop the Fortran Futai library and we have a class of objects, Python dictionaries. And with that we can build easily in the code some YAML input files. So we use YAML because YAML is a markup language which is really easy to read. It's used for all configuration files now for Unix. And you have a very efficient YAML parser in different script language. So the ID, so we developed that. So I show you an example of YAML. So you have a key and some values. And for the values you can have also another dictionary or you can have a list or another dictionary. And so you can put also some comments. And what is really interesting also if you change, for instance, your input file, you can add another line and because for the program it's a tree. The tree is not changed. You have only one leaf. So with that we develop many things using notebooks. And we use that to process our code for instance for the timing. And it's easy for us to process and to have an idea of the performance of our code. So in conclusion, I think with linear scaling DFT we open up new possibilities. So we can reduce the degrees of freedom to perform large systems even of moderate computers. We have different levels of description. I think it's important to explore all these descriptions. And the future directions are in Constraint DFT, QMMM, doing statistics. Also trying to extract atomic multiples from our QMM calculation. And we are also exploring a linear response time-dependent DFT. Thanks. Thank you. Very nice talk. I'd like to know in your fragment approach, how do you select the fragments? Is it manual operation? Yes, it's manual operations. But it's manual operation so we know the fragment. And now we are working to try to use the fragment approach for solid. And what we can do, so for instance for here, what we can calculate in fact is a kind of density matrix for these molecules. And we can say if this density matrix is highly important. So if it's almost important then you can say that the approximation is quite correct. So this is easy for this kind of systems. But if we want to do for instance for graphene, we can do also the same things. We can say okay, I select a small fragment of graphene and I do the same thing. And in this case it's more tricky. But it works. But we don't have an operator like this kind of density matrix to say yes, this approximation of fragment is correct. But for molecular system, yes, it's easy to do that. So you're also working on embedding approach in the case? Yes, so we have a potion solver using PCM. So we have also an embedding approach here. And we compare between explicit solvent and implicit solvent. Okay, we thank our speaker again. The next speaker is Jörg Hutter.


A very good evening everyone, welcome to the Hindi News Analysis brought to you by Shankar IAAS Academy for the date 12th of September 2021. So we have 8 articles chosen for discussion today. The last article however as you can see was discussed extensively yesterday so we are not going to go over it again. For any doubts you can actually go over for the yesterday's video and you can refer to that particular part of the discussion. But we will be discussing 7 other topics in detail. The first topic that we have chosen will be based on account aggregators. See this is an important topic especially for understanding because RBI has released a framework regarding that. So we will be seeing what is an account aggregator and how will it be useful for the economy. The second part of the discussion will be based on Myanmar. It is a map based discussion and this particular part of the discussion will also be useful for those aspirants who are appearing for this preliminary exam because Myanmar has consistently been in use for quite some time now and map based question from Myanmar is a potential area for the UPSC. And the next part of our discussion will be based on the modified guidelines for treating hypertension released by WHO. In that context we will be discussing how does the blood circulation in the heart actually works and what is hypertension. So this is again a static topic which is very relevant even for those students appearing for preliminary this time. And apart from that we will be seeing something called as ORCA. Alright it's a small snippet topic. So for those who are curious just stay tuned with us until we reach there and the next part of our discussion will be based on the fundamental forces. Apparently there has been a discovery of a new force which is the fifth force. We all know we have four fundamental forces which is gravitational force, we have two nuclear forces which is strong force, we have weak force and apart from that we also have electromagnetic force. And apart from that we also have the fifth force apparently which has been newly discovered. Let us see that in the course of the discussion and next part will be based on zero COVID strategy. A lot of countries especially the western countries including New Zealand, Singapore they have abandoned the zero COVID strategy rather they have switched to COVID resilient strategy thanks to the mutations that the virus is going through. So it has been proving elusive for the humans to combat it completely. So they have shifted the strategy. Let us see about this shift and the vaccinations and everything. And next we will be talking about the e-safety for the kids. UK has recently released regulations for the safe content in the cyberspace for the kids and with that we will be seeing about the e-safety for the kids from that particular article. And lastly we will be wrapping up our discussion based on four practice preliminary questions and in that segment we will also be discussing one past year preliminary question from 2013 which is relevant to today's discussion. And lastly we will see some main questions and we will wrap up our discussion. So with that let us move on to the discussion for today. Now look at this FAQ article. See recently the Reserve Bank of India has launched an account aggregator framework. This framework is aimed at making financial data more easily accessible. So let us first understand what is account aggregator framework and how this account aggregator framework is important. So here is the syllabus relevant for this discussion. So first let us start with understanding account aggregators. See account aggregators are intermediaries. So what they will do is they will collect data from one financial entity and exchange it with another. See there are financial entities like banks and then we will have insurance agencies like LIC. We may have mutual funds. So they are all financial entities. Then we may have entities like CIPB. We may have institutions like NABARD. They are all financial entities and one person A may take an insurance from LIC. And the person may invest in the mutual funds and from the bank he may actually take loans or he may deposit something and so is the case with the engagement with CIPB and NABARD. So the person A's financial transactions are widespread be it with bank, be it with LIC, be it with mutual funds or be it with CIPB, NABARD. So this account aggregators what they do is they connect the dots. They take the financial transactions from the mutual funds, from the LIC, from the CIPB, from the bank at a single point and this is the function of account aggregator. So what is the use? Say the bank is processing a loan application from a potential borrower. So the bank may want to access a variety of financial data about this particular borrower say A and this is where account aggregators come into play. See the lending bank can access details of the borrower's savings, about the loan repayments, about the mutual fund holdings, about the insurance holdings through an account aggregator and the account aggregator would have the required details whenever asked for. But it is important to note that the borrower should have given consent for sharing this data. See consent is very important especially in the data age. The data once lost is lost. Say you don't want to disclose an information or your name and somebody else takes your name and they disclose your name. So the world is not going to forget that this is your name. So the data once lost is lost. So that is exactly why consent is very important in the data age. So coming back to the article. So the borrower should give consent to the account aggregator for sharing his data with the lending bank. So this is how account aggregators work. Now coming to the news. See recently the RBA has launched a framework regarding the account aggregators and this framework will allow the financial data to be exchanged between the holders of data and its users. Now let us move on to the benefits of having an account aggregator framework. See at the moment the financial data of an individual is scattered across various databases of several financial institutions like we just saw in the beginning of the discussion. So a person's savings and loan data may be with the bank. His investment data will be with mutual funds while his insurance data will be with the LIC. So this is why RBI has introduced the account aggregator framework. Under this framework all the financial data of an individual can be collected from one particular place that is account aggregator and it can also be easily shared through the account aggregators with the consent of the individual. That is the bank who is trying to lend does not have to go to a mutual fund, does not have to go to LIC, does not go to SIDB, rather the bank can directly approach the account aggregator and get their loan processed. So the lending process will also become easier and the people who actually are good borrowers they will get a better chance of getting credit rather than those who default. So in essence this will make the financial decisions better especially regarding the loans. So now some people may have a doubt we already have mechanisms like Sible, PAN to do the same task. See Sible score is something that talks about the credit worthiness of an individual that is the individual's credit behavior that is the person repaying her loan is the person not repaying her loan will be reflected in the Sible score. So we already have that mechanism. Now why do we need an account aggregator? So the scope of the existing mechanism that is the Sible, PAN and all is very limited. Take for example Sible, so we all know Sible gives the credit worthiness of the individual. Similarly take PAN, PAN tracks the financial transactions of an individual but according to this article both their scopes are limited. PAN captures only a limited number of transactions which are of value higher than certain minimum threshold and similarly we have Sible which does not have access to all the financial data only the credit worthiness is reflected. So the scope is limited. This is why we need an account aggregator framework again. So this framework will offer a wide array of data to the financial firms and this easy access to data will allow the financial firms to serve the eligible credit worthy population of our country. That's what we saw earlier. The person who will be repaying the loan on time will have a better chance of accessing the loan because there is more transparency. The person can prove herself better through an aggregator framework. Also the account aggregators can also make life easier for credit worthy consumers while allowing them to share their financial data digitally with ease. See you don't have to really run behind the aggregator with the papers. You can just do it digitally itself. The availability of wider financial data may also help financial institutions offer better product to the customers. So there are two things. See because a credit worthy individual is getting the credit the NPA chances are getting lower. So that is one major advantage is and apart from that the bank will also lend carefully. The bank will not lend to people who are not credit worthy. The bank will not lend to person who will default on their payments because of this transparent framework. You all know the NPA problem is a plaguing problem in India. So in this scenario this particular setup is something very very beneficial. So all this is good but there is a problem. See the customers are worried about the security of the financial data with the account aggregators. See the account aggregators they are nothing but data repositories. They will store the data of the financial transactions of a lot of people at one particular point. Like I said data once lost cannot be regained. So the people are worried about the safety of the data with the account aggregator. What of the firewall gets preached and some Malaysia's element has access to the data with the account aggregators. That is the worry with many customers. So let us see what can be done for this. First we can protect the privacy of the individuals by encrypting the financial data. See the account aggregators should receive and share financial data only in an encrypted form so that the data theft does not happen during the transmission. And this will minimize the risk of data theft. In addition to that RBI should also ensure that the data ownership will reside with the individuals and this will increase the confidence of the customers. See the account aggregators can be a game changer move. But the eventual success of this framework depends on multiple factors and will major financial forms show interest in this framework will the customers be willing to share their financial data. All these only time will tell and all these factors will contribute to the success of this framework as well. So let us wait and watch. So in this discussion we saw about account aggregators. What are account aggregators? How are they beneficial for the economy and how the data with the account aggregators can be protected. We also saw that. So keep this in mind with that let's move on to the next segment of today's discussion. Now let us take up this news article for our discussion. So this particular article reports about a fighting in the Maghve region of Myanmar. See this Maghve region is central Myanmar. Now in this context let us quickly refresh our learning on the region of Myanmar. See Myanmar was initially called as Burma. This particular country is located in the western portion of the mainland Southeast Asia. And it is a very population dense country with a population of about 54 million. And note that the biggest city of Myanmar is Rangoon which is how it was formerly called. And now it is called as Yangon. And its capital is Nepita. As you can see from the picture Myanmar is the northernmost country of the Southeast Asia. And it is shaped like a kite right with a long tail that runs along the Malai Peninsula. And now I'm talking about its bordering countries. Remember that Myanmar shares border with China to the north and northeast. And we have Laos to the east. We have Thailand to the southeast. We have Andamancian Bay of Bengal here to the south and southwest. And we also have Bangladesh to the west. And we have India to the northwest. See also know about the states that border the Myanmar. See there are four states that border Myanmar. This includes first is Arunachal Pradesh. We have Nagaland. We have Mizoram and we have Manipur. Again we have Manipur here. We have Mizoram. We have Nagaland and we have Arunachal Pradesh. See this Arunachal Pradesh we have tri-junction area. See beyond this point we have China. And below that we have Myanmar. And this side is India. So remember the states that border Myanmar. And as you can see from the picture the entire Myanmar can be divided into five physiographic regions. And they are northern mountains, western range. We have a plateau in the east. And we also have coastal plains. And apart from that we have a central basin and lowlands. And see the northern mountains of Myanmar consist of a series of ranges that form a complex knot at Mount Hakkakabo. And remember this region contains the source of several of Asia's great rivers. And this region also includes the birth of Irawadi and the Salveen river. Irawadi is very important. And remember Irawadi rises and flows only within Myanmar. Whereas Salveen that also serves Myanmar rises in China. And about three-fifth of Myanmar's surface is drained by the Irawadi and its tributaries. At the apex of its delta the Irawadi breaks up into a vast network of streams and empties into the Andamanse through the multiple mountains. Here it is. See when we talk about Irawadi it is also important to talk about Irawadi dolphins. See the Irawadi dolphins are predominantly present in three rivers. One is Irawadi in itself in Myanmar and we have Mekong river and then we have the Mahakam river. And in the Indian side it is found in the Chilika lake in Odisha. We all know Chilika lake is Lagoon and it is Asia's largest and the world's second largest lagoon. And in 1981 this lake was first declared as the Ramsar convention. Remember that now coming back to the Irawadi dolphin. This Irawadi dolphin is designated as endangered in the IUCN Red List. So remember that now let us get back to Myanmar. Remember that Myanmar has got two major lakes. One is Indavgi and another one is Inle lake. Just remember the names that is more than enough. See regarding Myanmar you will have to remember the countries bordering it and the states in India that border Myanmar and the most important river in Myanmar Irawadi you will have to know. And besides that also remember a piece of information that Mekong river forms a brief border between Myanmar and Laos. So that is something very important and it also serves Myanmar very briefly. It is one of the longest river in the Southeast Asia. Just keep that in mind. See Myanmar is a friendly country of India's and a close neighbor as well. So map based question from Myanmar is a potential preliminary exam area. So keep that in mind. With that let's move on to the next segment of today's discussion. Now look at this news. The World Health Organization recently released guidelines for the treatment of hypertension and in this context let us discuss the non-communicable diseases and we will also discuss about hypertension in detail which is mentioned in this particular article. See first let us know what is a non-communicable disease. See this is all problems oriented topic. So pay attention. See as the name clearly says it is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another. For example say Parkinson's disease or we can say autoimmune diseases. The autoimmune disease is where the immune response of the self is directed against itself. So that cannot be transmitted from one person to another or consider heart diseases or strokes or for that matter cancer or diabetes. These are some of the non-communicable diseases. So a disease is communicable only when it is caused by an external pathogen and becomes non-communicable when it is caused due to the malfunctioning of the organs that is already present in our body. And see the NCDs may be chronic or acute. See a chronic disease is something that manifests over a period of time over a long time. On the contrary an acute disease means it appears suddenly and lasts for a short amount of time. So NCDs can be chronic and acute. And know that the NCDs are the leading cause of death globally. In 2012 alone non-communicable diseases were responsible for about 68% of all the deaths. And this number is approximately 38 million and also it is important to note that half of the non-communicable disease deaths were under the age of 70 and half were women. So with the new lifestyle changes and everything the number of non-communicable disease deaths are also increasing year by year. So this is about non-communicable diseases. See the article also mentions about hypertension. So in that context let us see hypertension which is relevant for our exam. So in that context see this is a science and tech topic. So first let us understand the normal functioning of the heart and then let's proceed on to know about the hypertension. See we all know heart beats right. We have like two sounds lub and dub. Let's see how they are produced in the heart. So consider this as a heart okay. So we have the right atrium, right ventricle and the left atrium and the left ventricle. So the right atrium and the left atrium they receive blood from the outside source. And the right side of the heart has blood that is carrying carbon dioxide. And the left atrium has blood that carries oxygen okay. And here we have the tricuspid valve separating the right atrium and the right ventricle. And we have the biscuspid valve separating the left atrium and the left ventricle. Now when the heart beats we have here two sounds. So when there is a contraction in the heart we call it a system. So when there is a contraction the blood from the right ventricle and the left ventricle are sent outside the heart. And when there is diastole the blood from the right atrium and the left atrium reaches the right ventricle and the left ventricle respectively. So this is how the heart functions. So just to send the blood outside through a vessel the heart contracts. And that is called system. And when the heart relaxes to send the blood from atrium to ventricle, it is called as diastole. So as you can see the systole is where the pressure is exerted. And diastole is where the heart relaxes. See when the blood is sent out we have blood vessels. So the blood goes through the blood vessels. Say in a hypertensive case what happens is before then let us understand the normal pressure. So when the blood passes through the vessels, this exerts some kind of pressure on the walls of the vessels. And when they exert some kind of pressure on the walls of vessels, we record it as the blood pressure, okay? And when this exertion of pressure over the walls of the vessel increases we call it as high blood pressure. And when it gets beyond the range we call it as hypertension. So this is how the blood pressure works. And let us see the normal ranges of the pressure. See generally we saw that systole is the pressure exertion, right? So that value will be 120 mm Hg. And diastole is the relaxed state. So that value will be slightly lesser which is 80 mm Hg. So in the normal pressure is generally expressed as 120 by 80, okay? And the pressure is qualified to be hypertension if the value exceeds 140 for systolic pressure. And if it exceeds 90 for diastolic pressure, okay? And in the revised guidelines provided by the WHO, the pressure should be targeted to be lower to 130 by 80. And for the patients with comorbid conditions, this target should be further lower in order to reduce the mortality arising out of heart diseases. So this is the latest regulation. And apart from that they have further regulations as well. We are not covering that because that is not relevant for our exam. So that brings us to the end of this part of our discussion. So in this we saw what is a non-communicable disease. We saw the normal functioning of the heart. So what is a systole? What is a diastole? How does the blood flow in the heart? And apart from that we also saw about the normal hypertensive range. So with that information in mind, let's move on to the next segment of today's discussion. Now look at this particular snippet article from the science page. See basically it's a quick takeaway article, but relevant to that we'll also be discussing few concepts which are environment related, which is important from the preliminary point of view. All right? See we all know global warming is happening. And the greenhouse gases are responsible for this particular global warming process. We all know that. So a quick recap on that. First we all emit carbon related gases or the greenhouse gases, which can be hydrofluorocarbon or chlorofluorocarbon or it can even be the basic CO2. We emit that and it gets absorbed in the atmosphere. And in the atmosphere when it is retained what happens is the amount of radiation that is being reflected from the earth has been retained resulting in the warming of the earth's temperature. So that is basically global warming. We all know that. And if you see the greenhouse gases most of them have carbon in them. See look at the figure. As you can see we have carbon dioxide and we have methane which is CH4 and we have PFC which has carbon. We have chlorofluorocarbon which has carbon. So as you can see about five out of the top seven greenhouse gases they have carbon. So as a strategy to reverse the climate change absorbing the carbon from the atmosphere is something very important. And a lot of research has also been going through in this direction. So in that context people try to capture the carbon from the atmosphere. See here you will have to know two concepts. The first one is carbon sequestration and another is carbon capture. See both these terms are interchangeably used. We can say that carbon is sequestered from the atmosphere when it is done very naturally that is through plants. See we know photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide so plants absorb the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and they make their food. So when plants they themselves absorb the carbon dioxide and when it is a natural process it is called as a carbon sequestration. See we are attempting to absorb the carbon from the atmosphere by planting trees and yes that will be a carbon sequestration process. Next is the carbon capture. See we call a particular technology as carbon capture if it is man-made. We try and attempt to capture the carbon from the atmosphere through some kind of scientific technology. So carbon capture is an artificial technology whereas sequestration is a natural process. So keep that in mind. So according to this article, carbon capture technology machine has been put into motion and this particular machine called as orca is the largest direct air carbon capture facility. And as you can note, this is located in Iceland and you will have to remember this from the preliminary point of view. See another fact that you will have to remember relevance to this is that it captures about 4,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year. So in one year it captures 4,000 tons of carbon dioxide. So this is the amount of carbon dioxide that we as earth people release in just four seconds. So imagine the amount of carbon dioxide that we release in four seconds requires one year to be captured by the world's largest carbon capture technology. So that is the detriment that we are creating to our planet earth. So let us live responsibly and let us play responsibly. So with that, let's move on to the next segment of today's discussion. Now let us take up this snippet article. This snippet article talks about a fifth fundamental force. We already know four forces. See these four fundamental forces and also the fifth force that is recently discovered they're all important for the preliminary exams so pay attention. See there are basically four fundamental forces that is strong force, weak force, the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force. See the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force operate at atomic and the molecular scales that is they operate at a bigger scale compared to the weak and strong force. The strong and weak force they operate only at the nuclear scales that is very, very, very small level. So let us look at these things in detail. First let us talk about gravitational force. This is something very often talked about, isn't it? See this is a force of mutual attraction. See gravitational force is not something that you drop and it just goes down. No that is not gravitational force that is very layman definition of gravitational force but gravitational force is an attractive force between two objects of masses that is gravitational force only acts between particles that have a property called mass and it is a universal force that is it is present throughout the universe and also every object experiences this force due to every other object in the universe. For example, we have a water bottle and a hypermarker. These two, they also experience the gravitational force or all the objects on earth experience the force of gravity due to earth. That is exactly why when we drop something it travels towards the earth. So it is what is called as attractive force. Then why doesn't earth travel towards something else?  It has higher gravitational force compared to anything else on the earth and that is exactly why earth attracts anything that is on the surface. Also we have the moon where the gravitational force governs the motion of the moon as well and in this way gravity also governs the motion of bodies falling to the earth. Next is the electromagnetic force. It is the force between the charged particles. Here we are talking about the electric charge. See the electric charge is the basic property of matter carried by some elementary particles and this electric charge can be positive or negative. So generally when these charges are addressed the force that is acting acts in such a way that if there are like charges they are repulsive. That is say there are two positively charged particles placed close to each other. They are just static. In that case they ripple each other. And on the other hand if there are unlike charges say one is positive one is negative they tend to attract each other. And when these charges are in motion the story is entirely different because they produce magnetic effects and this creates a magnetic field and gives rise to a force on a moving charge and in such a scenario generally both electric and the magnetic effects and their forces are inseparable. And that is why this force is called electromagnetic force. And next we'll see about strong force. See this is also called as strong nuclear force. So according to this one it binds the protons and the neutrons. That is this binds protons and neutrons in a nucleus and is responsible for the stability of the nuclei. Understand this protons are positively charged particles. So keeping them together will be a challenge. And here is where the strong nuclear force comes into play and they keep the particles together. So you can imagine that this is the strongest of all the fundamental forces. And further remember it is charge independent. Understand this because it acts equally between a proton and a proton. Say a neutron and a neutron and a proton and a neutron. So irrespective of the charge the force acts to keep them together. But there is one thing. This force range is extremely small. That is only when they're kept as close as they are in nuclei. The force will act. If not the force will not act. And next comes the weak nuclear force. See this one appears only in certain nuclear processes such as beta decay of the nucleus. So what happens in a beta decay? Here the nucleus emits an electron and an uncharged particle called neutrino. And one important fact to be remembered is that the weak nuclear force is not as weak as gravitational force. But it is much weaker than the strong force and the electromagnetic force. And its range is also exceedingly small because it is a nuclear force. So the range will also be nuclear. And researchers have been searching for a fifth force for long now. And they agree that the fifth force complements the existing four fundamental forces. And now the news is that the researchers have tried to set stringent bounds on the strength of a type of fifth force. This type is being called as the Yukawa force. See you don't really have to know the details. They are very technical for us. Just remember that Yukawa force is the fifth force. That is enough for the exam. So we saw about all the four forces and then we also saw about the new discovery which is the Yukawa force. So with that, let's move on to the next segment of today's discussion. Now let us take up this news article. See this news article is a response from a renowned epidemiologist on the COVID-19 strategies. So in this context, what we'll be looking at is zero COVID strategy. And we'll also look at why the countries have given up on the zero COVID strategy. And apart from that, we shall also look into the concepts of elimination and eradication of the diseases and how vaccines are effective and how the vaccines should be administered. So this is the topics that we'll be seeing under this particular article, all right? So recently, many countries, many developed countries have given up on the zero COVID strategy. So what is the zero COVID strategy? See under the zero COVID strategy, people and the government aim at having zero COVID infection in their particular geographic area. If you remember during the first wave, the small island country adjacent to Australia, that is the New Zealand, had zero COVID cases and the achievement was lauded across the world. But that cannot be sustained, says this particular epidemiologist. Why? At some point of time, the country will have to open their borders. Some point of time, the people will move in and out of the country. So in that case, especially in this particular globalized world, a country going without exposure to COVID is almost impossible. So the people will have the circulation of the COVID virus among their population. So the countries like Singapore and all, they swiftly shifted from zero COVID strategy to COVID resilient strategy. So this COVID resilient strategy, what it aims is to achieve good amount of vaccination, good amount of zero prevalence while minimizing the intensity of the disease. That is a person or a group of people manifesting the disease will have very mild symptoms only. Like a common cold, it will not be life threatening. So people have shifted to COVID resilient strategy from zero COVID strategy. So because a country cannot eliminate or eradicate COVID, people have shifted to COVID resilient strategy. Now let us see what is eradication and elimination. See elimination means some disease has been reporting very low incidence in the population, which means it is eliminated from the particular geographic area. So in that case, the country will target eradication of the disease. Now what is eradication? Eradication means the particular infectious pathogen is not present in the face of earth at all. That is no one will be infected by that particular disease again. So we have already eradicated smallpox. That is a human achievement. And we are at the verge of eliminating a lot of other diseases as well. And coming to COVID, there is no question of eliminating. So there is no question of eradication. And so the countries have shifted to COVID resilient strategy. Now this takes us to the question of the role of vaccines in the COVID resilient strategy. See now that breakthrough infections are becoming common. That is the viruses managed to infect a person despite vaccination. So an infected person will always be able to transmit the virus. Thanks to the mutations like Delta variant and all. So there has been an increasing incidence of the breakthrough infections as well. And this is causing the spread of COVID even in the vaccinated population. So a lot of countries what they are doing is they are trying to add a booster dose despite taking two doses. So a booster dose every month, they say can minimize the incidence of the COVID. But this author says that COVID can be eliminated only when we administer the basic two doses to all the population. And the question of booster comes much later only. Therefore the country should target giving the basic two doses to the people rather than focusing on the further booster doses being administered to the people. And the author also notes that there is no scientific backing as well for the efficacies of the third or fourth or fifth booster doses given to the population. So this is about the article in essence. So we saw about the zero COVID strategy. We saw about COVID resilience strategy. We saw about eradication elimination. And we also saw about the vaccine efficacy among the population in determining the future trajectory of this infection. So with that information in mind, let's move on to the next segment of today's discussion. Now let us take up this news article for discussion now. See children have traditionally been unsafe. They were one of the vulnerable sections of the society's always. And in the new age where the cyberspace has become accessible to children, the cyberspace has also proven very unsafe for the children. So on those lines, recently the UK government has made an amendment to the Data Protection Act of their country. And through this amendment, it has brought into effect the age appropriate design code. Or in other words, it is called as the children's code. So this code ensures a safe digital space for children, especially while accessing the online services. And this particular article is written in this backdrop. It's more of an explainer of this children's code. So the syllabus covered by this FAQ is highlighted here. So first let's briefly see about the threats faced by the children online. As per the findings of a research on the threats faced by the children, children were found to be targeted with graphic content just within 24 hours of creating their social media profile. Say a child called Somu creates a profile. He's aged 13. He creates a profile online. Say in Facebook or in TikTok. He wants to make videos on TikTok, he creates a profile. And whenever you create a profile, you will also furnish your age. And for responsible digital space, the Facebook or Instagram or TikTok should not provide this particular account with some harmful content, which could be sexually explicit or which could be something which does not promote body positivity or which has a distorted image of self or some content related to suicide. So a young person as young as 13 who is entering their teenage, these kind of stuff can actually harm the mental well-being of this particular child. And Facebook or TikTok or any other social media platform for that matter, they do not take responsibility. They simply provide this particular account with the feeds that they normally provide to any other feeds. So within 24 hours, this particular child is exposed to these kind of harmful stuff. And another major issue is that despite knowing the age of the children, the site or companies enable unsolicited or voluntary contact from the adult strangers. So this is especially true in case of Facebook and all, where the page in itself has been created to socialize.  So this is another risk that they post. And apart from this, such platforms also recommend damaging content to the children. So when I say damaging content, it may include a lot of stuff like materials related to eating disorders or extreme diets and others. And as we know, data forms the heart of the digital services that presently exist. And this data starts to generate right from the moment we start our online activity. See the data is generated for all possible information right from where we start our choices or preferences. And when you closely analyze the set services, like that of the graphic content, voluntary contact and the other concerned area that we discussed about, we can find that these are certainly not bugs. They are not shown to them by mistake. The point is these social media platforms, they just do not care. And they really don't want to regulate what is being shown to a child and what is being shown to an adult. The responsibility that they vest on themselves to show contents to children is not realized. And even if these services were not conceived with the intent of putting children at risk, these content still end up reaching the children and thereby resulting in some irreversible damage that may actually cause to a children. And see, the harsh truth here is that these services are purposely designed to increase and multiply the followers' engagement and activity. See, as I said, the child that creates this particular account could be 13. See, 13 is such a tender stage. The person is a child and also they are entering a teenage and they are going to see the world through the digital window. And the stuff that reaches this particular child through the digital window shapes the mentality, the thought process of the child and it will define the future views of this particular child. And just because they want to market something, they use this particular vulnerability to push their activity because it gives them revenue. And the generated data is later used to manipulate or persuade children for further revenue generation. Now, coming to the children's code that was enacted in the UK, see the children's code or the age-appropriate design code, as we saw earlier, consists of 15 standards which the online services need to follow. See, this code applies to all information society services which are likely to be accessed by children. So when I say information society service, it refers to any service which is normally provided for the immunization at a distance by electronic means and at the individual request of recipient of services. And this could include all apps, programs, search engines, social media platforms or it can even include the marketplaces. Then we can see the websites and also online messaging services. And apart from that, it also includes electronically connected toys and devices. And remember that unless the service provider is able to prove that children do not access the service at all, it is required for them to consider making changes as per the demand of the code. So this is a very progressive move. And note that this code applies to all companies that use data of children in the country, including in both UK and non-UK based companies. See, this is because primarily the aim is to make the entire architecture child friendly, not just the specific region. And also if it is not based in UK also, the content can still reach the UK based children. So that is a rationale behind this. So to conclude, the need for special safeguards to children in all aspects of their life is in fact rooted in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child itself. And already tech majors like TikTok, Instagram, YouTube have tightened the safety rules for children, even though it is officially in place only in the UK. Thanks to the presidents created by the UK. And on that line, if these tech giants continue to universalize their safety architecture, then it is obvious that the children across the world would benefit from the code. So basically they can actually create a safer digital space for the children. So this is all about the code. See, you can code the age appropriate design code on your essay for that matter related to children or any question that asks you to describe about the child's safety in the digital space. So this is basically very relevant with respect to social issues topic. So with that, let's move on to the next segment of today's discussion. So as a last article for today, look at this. See this particular article is about the performance linked incentive scheme. Yesterday in Ketna Mam's lecture, she extensively covered it systematically. So we are not going to get into that all over again. If you have any doubts, you can of course go back to yesterday's video and refer that. So with that, let's wrap up our article section. Now let's start off with our practice preliminary questions session. In that, we have four questions. Let's go over it one by one. So this question asks, which of the following countries are landlocked? See Myanmar, we came across the boundaries of that one of the country that is bordering Myanmar is landlocked. And that is nothing but Laos. See Laos is landlocked. And we know our neighbors, Bhutan and Nepal are landlocked. So Bhutan is landlocked. See consider Uzbekistan now. See Uzbekistan is something very unique. It is called as double landlocked country. Why is it called double landlocked? Because the countries surrounding Uzbekistan are also landlocked. And the world has only two double landlocked countries. One is Uzbekistan and other one is Lichenstein. So all these three are landlocked. And Bolivia is one of the landlocked countries from South America. So the correct option is option D, one, two, three and four. Moving on to the next question. See in our course of the discussion, we came across Orca if you recollect. See Orca is nothing but the world's largest carbon capture technology. And we saw that it can capture about enough carbon that we produce in four seconds in one year. So this is something very significant and in fact an alarm bell in the context of climate change. So remember Orca as the carbon capture machine and which is the world's largest carbon capture machine as well and it's located in Iceland. Now the next question. This thing is about the blood pressure. See in the discussion we saw about systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure. So systolic blood pressure happens when the heart contracts. Whereas the diastolic blood pressure happens when the heart relaxes. So let's go with the statement. See diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats. See this statement is wrong because systolic blood pressure measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats. and it is the diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between the beats. So like I said, when the heart relaxes, it is diastolic blood pressure. So the right answer is option D, neither one nor two. Moving on to the next question. This question is about the fundamental forces in nature. See, we saw about four fundamental forces and one new discovery. So it's a three statement question. Let's go over it one by one. Both gravitational and electromagnetic forces can be attractive or repulsive. See, we saw in the discussion that gravitational force is always, always attractive, whereas the electromagnetic force can be attractive or repulsive. So the first statement is wrong. So we have been asked to identify the correct statement. Just by knowing this piece of information, we can eliminate option A, B and D and we can narrow down at C. But still we'll still go over the statement. The second statement states the range of gravitational electromagnetic forces is infinite while that a strong and weak nuclear forces is short. Yes, this statement is right. Both gravitational and electromagnetic forces, they act even at very, very, very long distances. There is no way to escape these forces by moving away from them. It just becomes weaker at a further distance and it is strongest when you are nearer. And in putting it mathematically, you can say these forces never become zero. On the other hand, the range of the nuclear forces that is stronger the weak force, they're extremely small at the dimension of 10 power minus 15. So the weak and strong forces effectively become zero at a long range. So this is what this statement says. The range of gravitational electromagnetic forces is infinite while that of strong and weak nuclear forces is short. Now look at the third statement. The weak nuclear force is the weakest of all force. See, this statement is wrong as well. See, the weak nuclear force is not as weak as the gravitational force, but it is much weaker than the strong force and the electromagnetic force. And we saw the strongest is the strong nuclear force, right? So by order, we can say that first comes the strong nuclear force, then we have the electromagnetic force, then we have the weak force and then we have the gravitational force. So gravitational force is the weakest of all the forces. And this tabular column also will help you understand the strength of these forces. So with that, let us also see a past year preliminary question. See, this question was asked in preliminary exam 2013. So this question goes like that. The known forces of nature can be divided into four classes. This gravity, electromagnetism, weak nuclear force and strong nuclear force. With reference to them, which one of the following statement is not correct? So we have four options. First one is that gravity is the strongest of the four. So we saw that gravity is the weakest of the four. So just by reading the first statement, we can arrive at the answer. But let us also see the other options. B says electromagnetism acts only on the particles with an electric charge. Yes, we saw that because it is about positive and negative charge. Next, we see that weak nuclear forces cause radioactivity. Yeah, it is a nuclear force, right? So that is also right. And the last statement, strong nuclear force holds protons and neutrons inside the nucleus of an atom. We saw the statement in the discussion. So the right answer is option A. Gravity is the strongest of the four. So keep this in mind. So those are the practice preliminary questions. And here are some of the main questions inspired from our discussion today. Write the answers and post it in the comments section for peer review. Like I always say. So let's wrap up our discussion for today. We are mask. Stay safe. Good day.