Hello everyone, I am your teacher Robin Shaw and welcome to today's live stream today is another Question and answer so if you have any questions, I will answer them They can be about English or anything whatever you want to talk about today. Let's get started here. Just adjust the camera There that's a little bit better My hair is turning to get long again Maybe I should grow it out like I did last year. What do you think? All right, let's check the comments See who is here all the good students If you are here and watching now, you are a good student Layla's here Palavi. Hello Doing well sleep Walker. Okay, the regulars are here Miss M Shah M Shah. Hey, how's it going? Hey for Anna. Hey, hey for Anna. Hello. See Ed Falak. How are you doing? I'm okay. See me. Hello All right, we got some students here Layla comes in with the first question How is the weather in Korea these days? Well? Starting to get cold It's about zero degrees Celsius So it's right at the freezing point I Have to wear a winter jacket. So yeah, it's getting cold here. How's the weather in your country? Layla and other people. Is it cold yet? Prashant. Hello Malki. Hello I think I got everyone You know, sometimes I miss names and People get sad. I don't want anybody to be sad. I want to make sure everyone's happy. All right. So if you got a question Bring it ask me the question. It can be about English. It can be about life whatever Layla says no problem. Try to grow your beard. Well, I shaved today But yeah, I can grow a big beard Maybe I'll grow a big beard. I don't know problem with the beard is my passport is like this clean face So if I grow a beard, I can't travel because it doesn't match my passport One time I Had a beard and I was traveling in India. I think I was at the Mumbai Airport. Mumbai Airport is beautiful and They looked at my passport. They looked at me my passport clean face. I Had the beard and then security took me to the back room and they wanted to talk to me because They were worried That something strange was happening. So they talked to me for about 20 minutes. Who are you? What are you doing? Why do you look different than your passport? So I don't want to go through that experience again. All right side Like it's cold in our state. How cold is cold? You can practice typing temperature Hey, friend of me. I ask a silly question. There are no silly questions. There can be silly answers But no silly questions. Do does beard warms you during? Chilly days and we're gonna go to the board because I'm gonna make a lesson out of this. Let's go to the board here and Your question is important. So let's paste it All right, there's no silly questions. Let's get rid of that. Let's fix up your question though Let's make a little bit bigger for you guys on phones Does beard warms you during chilly days now? Problems does we got to say do and If we want to speak general we got a we got to use beards plural on beards for general and Then warm This would be a better question. Do beards warn you during chilly big days or? If you want to be specific to me just me this is general to kind of everyone but for me does your Beard Warm you during chilly days. All right, so this is the two possible ways you can ask this question do beards Kind of like for everyone And does your beard just my experience and I like your use of chilly days. That's good using the word chilly good word to use and the answer to that I would say is Yes and No, I think it helps if it's windy my beard might block the wind But if it's just cold, you know doesn't really help And my arm my arm here doesn't really help I think Maybe a little bit with the wind But I didn't see a noticeable difference keeping me warm It's not that thick All right, let's see Oh here the weather is still cool and some days we have warm weather. Okay. I want winter Laila And let's check out Laila's question here Do you have any plans to travel to somewhere usually we just take out the two do Do you have any plans to travel somewhere in the coming days? I have no plan Laila it's very still very very difficult to travel I Don't like traveling in Korea because I've seen most parts of Korea already But Traveling to another country I can't I'm not even thinking about that yet. That's still very very difficult right now Justina. Hello, Manic. Hello, and Pallavi comes in with a question. Let's put that question up here on the board and take a look sir You're too polite. Just call me Robin. What to do to memorize new words of English And let's change this not as a what question. I think this would be better as a how question how Do I Memorize new words in English and Let's use English as How do I memorize new English words? This is the best question to ask How do I ma'am? How do I memorize new English words? Your question was what to do that? That's possible. What to do, but it's a little bit awkward. How do I memorize new English words? Well, I Never I mean I don't like lists. I don't like it when students Try to memorize lists To me. This is not a good Not a good way And I like reading Because you don't really want to memorize what you want to do is learn or acquire You know, there there are times to memorize lists. I would agree when I studied I studied Chinese before in Japanese and Korean and you know in the beginning You need to learn the basic words. So a list is very useful. But when you start getting higher Don't don't do lists You don't want to memorize what you want to do is a lot of reading the more reading you do the more you will acquire and learn these words So I always recommend reading not lists Okay What's leila asking here? What happens when do you use this expression? And is there any formal uses for this situation? What happens when? Is the expression what happens What happens? Uh I'm trying to think of a situation. It would have been nice if you gave me a situation So what uh, here's a question. What happens when you mix Baking soda and vinegar. So you take baking soda and vinegar you mix them. What happens What occurs? I'm not sure the question leila. I can't really help you unless you give me more Information what happens just just what happens? I don't know the situation So I had six degrees Six degrees. Oh good six degrees is not bad CB What's cb asking If you wake up tomorrow morning and find out that you became a millionaire overnight What is the first thing you would do? Well cb a millionaire is probably not going to change my life very much.  I'm still Doing the same things. I'm still teaching. I'm still coming here to talk to you guys Uh, so for me Not much Money doesn't really affect my life too much Leila today the temperature is 25 degrees Uh, okay.  I wish I wish it was 25 I know in Saudi Arabia where you are 25 degrees is nice Uh, but the summers of 40 45 degrees I don't know if I can survive this All right, who's asked sleepwalker asks This skirt and blouse match Okay These shoes don't fit me. Okay This dress suits you perfectly Please check my sentences. This skirt and mouse blouse match Looks good These shoes don't fit me looks good. This dress suits you perfectly. Look looks good. All all of these, uh sentences Uh, look fine No problem Nirmala, Jennifer. Hello CB What is the most profitable type of business to open in your country? I don't know. I'm not a businessman So I don't know about profitable business. Uh, I don't know I'm not a businessman CB Manic asks serve Will and shall what difference what is the difference and let's put a question mark. Don't forget the question marks for questions Uh I will check your homework I shall check your homework In this case, there's other cases, but I'll just talk about this now Shall is Kind of older English We still use shall In some situations, but this is kind of older English Uh, slowly disappearing not so popular anymore But in this case, I will check your English. I shall check I will check your homework I shall check your homework shall is more polite, but actually we wouldn't use this statement With shall we usually use it in a question form. Shall I check your homework? As more of a polite question shall I so I will you're talking about future what you're going to do and shall used in a question Asking politely if I can do something. So this is usually how We use shall these days Hope that helps. Let's move on They were given a handout on job hunting. I don't know that sentence. Let's see. I'll hand out the exam paper. Okay Uh, I'll hand out the exam paper could hand out and hand out have the same meaning. Well, no You're talking about right here. This is going to be a noun And right here is going to be verb So they don't have the same meaning because there are different parts of speech right there Are they similar? Well depends on the context In this case I'm not sure on job hunting. I'm not sure the expression but a handout is usually given something for free This is a verb. So, uh, yeah, they're not the same Not the same meaning is the answer. These are very different hand out and a handout Uh It's a little bit different CB what does it mean lists? Oh go to the dictionary CB I am not the dictionary Thanks, robin. When we were a pair of new when we wear a pair of new shoes sometimes out our Feet get hurt Let's fix this up. Thanks robin got that When we wear a pair of new shoes sometimes our feet get hurt What should we call that situation when blisters Formed because of it. Do we call it as a sickness? Uh My well my feet Have blisters You might say that Do we call it as a sickness? I I don't know if I feed my feet I don't know We just say I have blisters on my feet I I got blisters. We that's usually how we express that we don't call it a specific Sickness just I got blisters on my feet Um So you you might just say my feet hurt I got blisters blisters On my feet That is the only way I know To express it My my feet hurt. I got blisters on my feet. My feet have blisters something like that It's the best I can do with that one Hi, sir. This is from satec chadre Hi, sir. I want to practice my american accent. How can I do it? Uh, are you in america because if you are not in america you do not need American accent So if you are in america, whatever region you are in america because america has so many different accents. There is not one american accent So wherever you are in america, you should be able to pick up that accent If you're not in america and you want to learn american accent, I don't teach that I don't I don't follow that thinking that you need to learn american accent or british accent English is an international language american accent is never the the standard accent Unless you live there Justina, what is your definition of success? I think you asked that before justina. Uh, I said, uh, My definition of success is you you make a plan To accomplish something So you you plan something you work hard And then you accomplish That plan So if you go through this To me that is success Plan work hard accomplish it. You are successful. So Big or small doesn't matter. That's success Oh, okay, leila gave some extra information All right, so this case uh continuing with the what happened, uh person a says I cut my hand And person b says what happened? So the uh, it's very common to say what happened. So yeah, what happened what occurred What is the reason For your cut hand tell me the story So what happened and then a would continue, uh, I was Cutting onions and cut my hand with the knife All right, I cut my hand. What happened and then What's how what's the reason what occurred for this to happen? What happened? What happens, uh If we use what happens, what can I say? Put your card in Put your card in the machine And then person me then what Happens what Will occur so happened past tense happens. What happens now? What's going to happen? Uh A machine will give you money. I don't know put your Put your card in the machine Then what happens? So what occurs? The machine will give you money Shall is used when you're supposed to do something. Yeah, I shall do it Not necessary. It's just a very polite way to say I'll do something Layla's in here. I speak English great. I draw pictures great. Could I say great instead of well? um You can But that's very awkward. I don't I don't think native speakers Express themselves that way. I speak English great, you know When you have questions like that, you can go to uglish That's great Let's see if anyone said that There we go. Well, that's not that's not the same so no From this native speakers don't express themselves that way.  I Do you live in america? I talked about that. Oh, dwee has an interesting question. I need to ring up all my friends And invite them to my party. What is the meaning of ring up? Ring up would be an idiom of call. I need to call my friends Ring is the telephone ring ring. I need to call CB what was the best decision you made in the last 10 years? I guess starting My youtube channel My youtube channel started 2014 So not quite 10 years, but that allowed me to meet you cb What's the best thing you did cb? Sleepwalker robin. Have you seen some blogger did a squid game for real people? Yes one of them won about half a million dollars Yes, it's not a long video, but it was interesting to see. Yeah. I think that was mr. Beast The youtuber he created the squid game games I heard of the video. Uh, I know of the video. I didn't watch the video. Uh, that's Not really interesting to me, but uh Good fruit. I like mr. Beast. He's a really popular youtuber. I Respect him. I heard a native English speaker say I have one Aunt on my mother's side. So do you think We could do you think could we say that instead of saying I have one aunt from my mother's side? Okay Let's just get rid of this I have one aunt on my mother's side. I have one aunt from my mother's side. I think both of those are fine Both of those are fine If I had to choose probably this this one is better On my mother's side Uh But certainly I think this is common too So again, I would go to euglish Let's just pop that into euglish there So one out of 40 from my mother's side right there. You can see it's being used From my mother's side Let's check on my mother's side. So this had 40 On my mother's side 134. So Uh From euglish I learned I learned both of them are acceptable This one is a little more common, but both are fine Abdul Alamri. Hello Pallavi, how how many accent can a person speak? Well, most people speak with one accent But some people I know some people that can switch between american accent and british accent So palavi, don't worry about accent. You just keep working on pronunciation Afran, let's take a look Let's say for an a half One at a time a small progress is also a success We're experiencing learning process along our whole lifetime Lifetime should be one word Please check my sentence. I am checking your sentence How about one step at a time? One step at a time a small a small progress A small We might express some progress is also a success We're experiencing The learning process along Our whole lifetime Okay, something like that Megdalena Siotang Let's see what you got to say Sir I want to ask what is the way that can be done so that we are able to understand idioms because I think idioms are very difficult to understand well I don't I don't Teach idioms so much. There are some common idioms you need to know, but there's a lot of idioms. You don't need to know I don't think idioms are so important Uh for learning learners of english. Yes, there are some Popular and common idioms, but you will learn them quickly, but there's a lot of idioms every day You know students are asking about idioms And You know when I see or hear that idiom, I'm like, I don't even know that idiom or that idiom is very uncommon So The best way to understand idioms is read Read more I would not study books of idioms. That would be such a waste of time Uh Idioms are very difficult to understand But the more you read the more you will understand idioms Especially if you read comic books Layland is asking what's the specific term do you use to express to pay off the bill for using water as well as electricity? Well, I I need to pay the power The power bill maybe for electricity I need to pay the water bill I need to pay the utility bill Utility might mean power and water together. I'm not sure if that's What you're asking So I paid off the power bill. I paid off the water bill. I paid off the utility bill Layla, which one is correct? Do you like the way I cook rice? do you like The way I cook rice with the the first one this one Maybe there are apps to learn idioms. I wouldn't recommend an app to learn an idiom. I wouldn't You know idioms are as I said in previous videos usually idioms are used by older and older people And uh You can go you know just common idioms, but you can go through life without knowing a lot of idioms. No problem All right, Layla, I'm always I'm always used to Robin helping me when I have any English question Many students are used to Robin helping them at the university. Did I make my sentences properly? Everything is perfect. No problem Pallavi again, how many accents can a person speak? Pallavi most people speak you just have your one accent Don't worry about being having two accents just worry about one Michelle hi, I fell asleep you fell asleep during my live stream or before my live stream Michelle Questions I'm waiting I caught up on the questions very fast. Let's see Now is the best time to ask questions. Let's see if I missed the question Layla asks This will go use thing word all time when speaking or writing or not Uh informal informal writing or speaking you should not You should not use thing in formal writing or speaking If you're writing an essay or doing an interview, don't use thing So Thing, you know, what is thing if someone said go to the store and pick up things You are gonna be huh You know things is a not specific word in formal writing or speaking we should be specific Ooh a friend has something big Women's empowerment Needs so women's empowerment is it needs to be implemented in each government in this world. Yes Most of the discrimination is usually uncounts occurs Because they don't involve They don't involve in the decision. Okay. All right my sentence correct. No, uh, okay Women's empowerment needs to be implemented in each government In each In each let's say every Every government in this world Most of the discrimination Discrimination let's keep that as uncountable Occurs most of the discrimination occurs because They right here. We're gonna use use put do not but we're gonna change that to are not So they women let's just be more specific women are not involved In the decision-making process. Okay, women's Empowerment needs to be implemented in every government in this world Most of the discrimination occurs Even I would take out this most of Most discrimination occurs because women are not involved in the decision-making process. Okay, franta There's some good sentences here Robin, let's do any quiz next time. Hey Sleepwalker, um Sleepwalker, I know Uh The problem is uh, when I made learning English live And I have my other uh channel So when I made uh learning English live, I guess three or four years ago Shaw English online had about 400,000 subscribers But now char English is Uh one million I've gained a million subscribers So what I'm trying to say is sleepwalker, I had a lot of time a few years ago now not so much time This is eating up a lot of my time. So I will try to do that uh sleepwalker, but uh It's getting harder and harder every every week to create content for this channel because my other channel's so big It doesn't mean I make more money. It just means I have more work Ebche, hello Before okay, good to know michel Yeah, I know I wish I could do more for this channel That's hard Uh, so do you have any other? Word instead of thing if you want to talk about something in general. No just be specific Pick up some things. No Pick up be specific some apples and bananas This is best for writing or speaking formally Andre. Hello, Andre. Okay. Layla has an interesting question I feel there is A nuance between but I don't know what He's getting old and he's getting older. What do you think? What's the nuance he's getting old He's getting older Well This yeah, it would be more kind.  It's just older the age is above But old is about old getting old. So So this is for old people, let's say he's getting old he's 60 years old He's getting older just means maybe maturity So in this case I would in this case, I wouldn't say he's getting old Because this the age is too young, but I could say he's getting older, which means he's becoming more mature So it's not I don't think it's a nuance. I think it's a very direct difference between he's getting old. He's getting older We do we we will have plenty of time. Is it the same meaning as plenty and a lot of yeah Plenty and a lot of are the same We have a lot of time. We have plenty of time Of course, this this word plenty is better for your aisles test It's a better word than a lot of Both of them are okay, but of course this is a little bit better Vocabulary andre don't stuff stuff and things are words we can use in english But I'm talking about formal essay Definitely don't use things or stuff in an essay or an interview. Thank you Nirmala Oh, are you an introvert or an extrovert? Well Let's take a look at what oxford I'm going to the oxford dictionary right now. Let's see extrovert All right. So the oxford dictionary has extrovert A lively and confident person who enjoys being with other people Lively That maybe that means a lot of energy. I don't think I have much energy Confident maybe I'm confident I enjoy being with other people No, not I don't think these days You know because of the pandemic everyone likes to be alone Now am I introvert A quiet person who is more interested in their own thoughts and feelings and in spending time with other people Yeah, probably I'm an introvert But I'm not shy. I I'm quiet, but I'm not shy Nirmala, are you an introvert or an extrovert? Layla has a question Are you passing through the busiest time for you these days or not? Uh Passing through passing through is easy Going driving through a town or something. I might say are you going through the busiest time? So you already say you So you don't need for you again Are you going through the busiest time these days or not? Are you going through The busiest time? How about your busiest? Are you going through your busiest time these days or not? Yes, I'm going through my busiest time Sir, what is the proper use of the prepositions on? At and in now I'm I made a video about that Let's see if I can Find the video preposition. Oh, yeah, I have a prepositions practice Back when I had a beard Samos I'm gonna share that video Check out that video about prepositions. That will help you. I'm not I can't teach that right now Sometimes slangs. I think slang is uncountable can be so confusing. Yes. How to understand some slang During a conversation we are not familiar with. Well, that's not easy. It's confusing Just ask the person, you know Sometimes when I speak to people and they use slang, I don't know. I will ask them Well, what does that mean? There's no problem to ask. Hey, what does that mean? Because I don't understand all slang And sometimes you can guess from the context of the situation I have no secret answer I know some of you are looking for the magical answer. I don't have I don't have magical answers If we say a nuance kid that means a slight difference No, I don't think nuance and slight difference is the same Hey, Verana, I can't differentiate Differentuate between on the farm and in the farm. I'm happy if you could explain more about that. Thanks. All right Well, let me think on the farm Well, there are three pigs On the farm There are three pigs in the farm Now I'm going to say the first one is correct Does that mean the second one is wrong? There are three pigs in the farm Uh I'm going to say this is awkward or not correct. But again, let's go to euglish. I'm using euglish so much Let's see in the farm. Let's see what people Used it for In the how to pronounce in the farm. No Hello This is in the farm yard No Okay, so Sorry for the quiet Usually this is used as an adjective So on the farm this farm if the farm is a noun on the farm So the first sentence is correct on the farm But you're off from the euglish. I saw a farm is usually used as an adjective Which is describing, you know, something after farm so farm buildings. There are Three pigs in the farm buildings Used as an adjective But if you just wanted to express that there's something on the farm Like animals we would use on the farm.  Can we say like that? Uh Robin is harry You could there's a better way to express someone is harry robin is harry Nowadays I am extremely busy with joining classes drawing I'm not sure Okay, so I don't read in english a lot, but I think in english all all the time And the course is In english Do you think i'm delinquent? Nope Haha, is it impossible to understand the slang if you do not know the specific meaning? Well, let's do a test Now i'm gonna say your Gum fee Is beautiful Your gum fee is beautiful on your finger. What is a gum fee? So we have information here A gum fee is not a real word. I just made that word up right now as a slang But we have a word nobody has heard you never heard it before comfy. What's that? But we have clues is beautiful on your finger. So maybe What do we put on our finger?  But other times we have information we can figure it out That's slang So gum you guys gum fee is not a real word. I just made that up now Do not ever say gum fee again. That is not a word. It was just this is my example Going to ballet next week and what is different? I mean if I say I'm going to ballet, could you explain me the first one is I'm using going to and second one is present Continuous. Okay. I'm going to ballet next week. Is this a trick question. It's the same thing You wrote the same sentence Okay, well, maybe you wanted to say I go to ballet next week because this is the same as this one I go to ballet next week with is the Present Present simple and I'm going to and sometimes we use present simple for future Future action. So both of these mean the same thing. What are you trying to say? I'm going to ballet. I'm going to ballet So present continuous use for future action. I'm confused. Do we can you be more specific? Sleepwalker don't use that word Jonathan hey So we always need to know The whole context to understand the slang Yeah, it's a new word It's the same problem if I hear the new word if I can't figure it out by context I have to ask and every day I ask people all around the world. What does that word mean? I don't understand that word Uh, because I talk to people in English and they use slang and I don't know I asked them. What does that mean? I never heard that before Okay, I think I'm going to finish up the Livestream now. So thank you We'll finish up in a minute. So if you guys are typing your questions get them Get them typed Frida a very high finally. I'm here. Well, we're leaving. We're we're we're finishing up All right a foranna When you're when you're losing your health that means you're losing your wealth health is wealth Everyone usually takes for granted Or takes it for granted. That's how would you express that? Have a balanced lifestyle that is that That is that can guarantee you to have a beautiful life. Okay, I fixed that out. Please check my sentences. Okay, there we go When you're losing your health, that means you're losing your wealth Health is wealth Everyone usually takes it for granted takes it for granted We don't appreciate it enough Have a balanced lifestyle that can guarantee Guarantee you to have a beautiful life. Okay All right, that's it guys Thanks again See you next week Take care and keep studying English


The Tiger. Financial News Network. News Update. Welcome folks. We have the down industrial straight and down seven. NASDAQ is down five. S&P is up three. Go contract down $9.50 straight and at $19.89 an ounce. We have silver up three cents. $25.26 an ounce. Light sweet crude off a dollar. $75.74 a barrel. Notes and bonds. Ten-year note. Down 22 ticks straight and $114.16 a 30-year full two points at $129.22 and $king dollar. $king dollar trading up 500 ticks at $102.155. The euro is at $109. The yen is at $137 and the British pound is at $124 to $1 U.S. dollar. We get over and take a look at the S&P bottom line folks. You get a sideways move out here. Today it's all about the dollar too. You know you saw that dollar. Dollar's moving topside. It wants a higher price. So we'll see where that shakes out. Right now you're at highs. You get 42 million shares traded. You're going into this 102 million shares traded. So I suspect what we have out here. The market now is waiting for Wednesday. The Fed starts meeting tomorrow. Wednesday two o'clock you can expect fireworks out here. We go to the cues. Same type of setup inside the cues. Cues had a big day. As did the spies last Friday. You did wide price spread. You had the volume in it. Today you get a flat market out here. We go to the dollar and it's all about this dollar. You know we'll see if the dollar has been trying to get off this low and I suspect we're going to get this 106. You know the last swing point there was the 106 on a counter trend bounce. We'll see where this goes. It didn't get to the low that was established out there in January. It got to where the strength was keeps messing around as little strength out here today. And if that's the case what is going to be intriguing there like is that if the dollar is going to get stronger right now the probabilities the Fed will go one more quarter point rise. So we'll see where this goes. Right now what we're talking about when you're talking about the Fed fund rate you are talking about we're at 4.75 in the lower range to five. So that would give you five to five and a quarter. Now that would get really interesting because the fact that we know that each quarter percent rise that the Fed goes the banking structure is getting smoked. Stay right there folks who come right back.


the current policies is arguing for lower taxes for the years. We founded the Berkeley Conservative Society to heighten the level of intellectual discourse on campus and increase the amount of political decency and discussion at Berkeley. Preventative care really comes down to cost. So can we reduce costs by making sure that people go to the doctor when they're just a little bit sick rather than extremely sick because treatment for minor issues is much less expensive than major interventional surgeries that are usually emergency. If we create this single-payer system, then we ensure that everybody gets equal coverage and everybody gets coverage to begin with. Not only that, but we'll also be able to cut down on drug prices because the government will essentially have all the bargaining power. They'll be able to say, we'll purchase this product from you at this price and you better sell it to us at this price because we've got 330 million people behind us. It's only in capitalistic countries and capitalistic economies where you find rags to riches stories and that's never more prevalent than in America. You don't hear about rags to riches stories in Cuba or Venezuela or communist Russia. So the idea of being poor, coming into the country poor and rising up to success through minimal government involvement and minimal regulation is really only found through the free market capitalistic system. What we see is that the government needs to step in simply because we can't always trust an individual to be doing the thing that'll be best for society. They'll do the things that are best for themselves and they have every right to do so. But the government needs to step in when we look at crises like climate change or policies such as healthcare. These are just too big for individuals to take on by themselves and corporations have not proved themselves reliable here. What makes the government so unique is that it's created by us. It gains its power from us. And so the government will naturally have this incentive and duty to make sure that we're living properly, that we're living well. So time is of the essence in regards to climate change ideology because we've already gone too far. We have already passed the point of no return for climate change. So the best thing we can do is try to remedy the world and the crisis as it is right now. So our idea is to implement carbon taxes and to force these corporations to switch over to green energy by investing more into green energy programs as a whole. No one ever comments that government bureaucracy is the most efficient mechanism to produce innovation. If anything, the more government involvement in a society, the more innovation is stifled. Henry Ford didn't create the Ford Enterprise through the help of the government. Elon Musk didn't create Tesla through a department of the government. So these people, these individuals who create and innovate do so through the free market and through minimal government regulation. This is Berkeley at its best. That's why we come to the university. These people are going to be helping to shape policy and perhaps lead the country in years to come.


story with John Wahey on tech Hawaii. We thank you to our viewers. Because of you, we are having a part two of the show we had last week, which was dealing with heroes, rescues, rascals, and dust. And here we are again. We got another interesting evening for you. And with that, the moderator for this afternoon is going to be Colin Moore again, the director, I guess, of public policy at the University of Hawaii, which is a kind of interesting title, especially relating to the University of Hawaii. But that's maybe another show. We have Richard Bereka, the dean of political commentators in the state of Hawaii. He's been around long enough to earn the title. And we have with us Chuck Treatman, who is the, I guess he's the communications, policy guru or some sort of event. So here we are for ordinary people talking about the people who made contemporary Hawaii. With that Colin, the show is yours. All right, thank you governor for this chance to have an encore performance for all of us here. We got so many responses, so many people that names that were suggested to us so we didn't have a time to get to on the last show. So we're gonna try to start at the beginning actually. We decided that's the only way we can really keep a handle on this and move forward. And with that, we're gonna start at the very beginning with William Quinn, who was the last territorial governor and the first governor of the state of Hawaii. And Richard, I know you had a story about Bill Quinn and let's just start there. What were your reactions? When did you meet him? Well, actually it was an unhappy day for him because he had just been told he was leaving as the president of Dole Company. He had had his time in the office as the first governor of Hawaii. He was Republican. And when I met him, I had to go over to the Dole Company, Dole Plant Pineapple Company office. And he was very cordial to talk about what he'd done and what had happened. And I really didn't get a chance to talk a lot about him and his history as a governor. He was the first governor, he was a Republican because before that he had been appointed by, I believe it was Eisenhower as the last appointed governor and then the first one who win in an election. He was not able to carry on for a second term. He got into a lot of fights with his lieutenant governor and it just never worked out. And it's something that happens and it's a good lesson to at least... Yeah, he was the first governor that got challenged by his lieutenant governor and it's the first governor in the state of Hawaii, Jimmy K. Aloha. Remember good old Jimmy K. Aloha, he was the mayor of the big island and it was a really interesting character because they divided the party and not only did they divide it, they made it possible that fight between the two made it possible for a bird to get elected. What I remember about Quinn was that he used to campaign. I remember I was in intermediate school and he was campaigning. I think it was what he called secondary or something. And he used to sing Danny Boy. So he was singing Danny Boy before Enoi sang Danny Boy. And he would go out there and he would sing Danny Boy and everybody used to sing in those days which means I'd never have gotten elected myself. Yeah, Danny Boy, Jimmy K. Aloha, whatever. Oh, Quinn, he lost the election, he did something. He wanted to solve the housing problem in Hawaii and he created something called the second mahele. And his idea of solving the housing crisis in Hawaii was to give a homestead out state land except calling him that program, the second mahele, upset Jimmy K. Aloha in constant direction. It's been a loaded word to start talking about this is the great mahele, this is not the great mahele. Best to stay away from that. So that takes us into Burns, I guess, huh? That's right, it takes us into Burns and another Republican since we were just talking about a Republican is Hiram Fong, too. So, but let's start with Burns. Richard, Chuck? You know, he, I knew Burns as the governor. I was at the University of Hawaii going to school and I remember with the Kaleo, we interviewed him on, of what? Of course, housing, the housing, this was the student housing crisis at the time. Bachman Hall had just happened, the big invasion of Bachman Hall and then after that, they were, who was to sit in out in the lawn for a week at Bachman Hall and Burns was going to attempt to solve it. He didn't solve it, but he met with the students. But Burns was a strange politician. I don't think they make them like him anymore. I remember him sitting on the podium at a big speech at the state Capitol and not once ever saying hello to the audience or actually even greeting the audience there. So he was, he could just care about what he was going to talk about and that was it and didn't really have to make any friends to do it. What do you think allowed him to get away with that? You know, he was also called not to his face, but the great white father because he had helped organize the new democratic party. And from time during World War II and had so much, so many people had aloha for him for what he had done regarding Japanese-Americans and World War II and the problems that were ensuing there. So he was able to walk across many different lines that way. You know, you couldn't talk about Burns though without bringing up his nemesis, which was Tom Gill. Exactly, that's just where I was gonna go. Yeah, and Tom Gill was sort of, I guess he was progressive of that day, you know? And it was a strange democratic party because you had all these characters in it. And Gill was, when I was entering politics, Burns was the, I didn't know Burns, so we called him the great stone face, Richard. Those of us at the Gill side of the lecture. But, you know, the trouble, Gill was exact was very intellectual. In fact, he used to give these speeches and he was so cerebral sometimes that most people, you know, couldn't relate to him any more than they could relate to a guy who didn't go around shaking hands. That's a strange time. Well, I recall he was a head of his time.   Well, he did as well as he could. There was a cynical humor to Tom Gill's speeches. He was funny. He was very funny actually. I think that the difference between Tom Gill and Governor Burns in terms of how they were successful is that Burns had these remarkable people behind him and around him who were working for him all the time. What Tom Gill had was sort of the intelligentsia which is sporadic in how much they help you. But Burns had coalesced the American Japanese population and anybody who had a civil injustice against them, people like Mike Tokunaga came back from the war and would work from the back of the room every single day that John Burns had to do anything and then after that George Ariyoshi. And it was people like Tokunaga who really carried the ball for these leaders and spread the word and did the kind of grassroots work that liberal intellectuals could never accomplish. By the way, that split between Gill and Burns, the sort of a liberal intellectual and the more hardcore populist. It stayed in the party for decades after Burns and Gill were gone. Let me ask you. It's interesting though that, well, in addition to guys like Mike Tokunaga, you had like Dan Aoki and all these 442 guys. But, and I remember seeing, being in one of the early Democratic Party Convention that we would be there with the Gillites, with the people that are making noise and so forth and having Dan Aoki walk and we take a vote and we are the majority in the room.  I mean, it was like, whoop, whoop, whoop, you know, where's the democracy in this? But it was a very fun time. Let me ask you about another behind the scenes person who my understanding was very significant in Burns's win in that 1970 race, which is Bob Oshiro. Well, Bob Oshiro was one of the people I picked as a hero. And he was a campaign strategist for Burns and then more for Ariyoshi and then for John Wahey. They called him the Wizard of Wahiwa. He built organizations and grassroots across the state, a network that was iron willed. Oshiro had a way of being almost a self-acclaimed martyr. He would push the campaign and push the campaign but nobody was ever working harder than Bob Oshiro. When George Ariyoshi was behind in his primary election, in walked Bob and he said to the troops, he said, we have to do the big thing. We have to fill up Aloha Stadium. 50,000 people are gonna come with a few days to go before the election. And there was anti-Momi men and there was Sister Correa. And they were going, yeah, we are gonna make 50,000 bentos to do it. And I mean, that was the kind of guy he was, but he was a genius. And well, I could tell you a lot of stories about Bob Oshiro, but there were some amazing legislators during that time as well. And they saw the split and so did the party. They were always this kind of the gill burns factions in the party, but when the chips were down and it was against the Republican, people came together. But, you know, some of the interesting legislators of that time was not people like Nadal Yoshinaga. You know, I mean, Nadal probably was one of the people really responsible for much of the progressive legislation that Hawaii passed in those days. He was probably, even he was ways and means chairman in the state Senate. He's the only ways and means chairman that ever sent the budget back to the university of Hawaii and demanded that they increase the amount that they were asking. I mean, this is the kind of people that existed. And then he also in 1962, ran for Congress ostensibly. He really wasn't, but he ran as an anti-Vietnam War candidate. And so he got all these young people and then the same effort that Richard was describing when they would sit in at the university of Hawaii. He got all the young people to come and see him at the legislature and then started hiring people like David Hageno and a bunch of others that still, you know, rabble rows today.  His first committee clerk was a guy named Harold Matsumoto, which got to be infamous as his life went on. But anyway, these are, and Richard, do you know Elmut Kavadi? Nadell, he was a power in his own right and was able to do amazing things with legislation. I remember once he had the budget all wrapped up and then he also wanted to put in a tax bill. There was an increase to the excise tax bill and he refused to signed, I do not concur on the budget bill that he had drafted just so they could throw it into chaos and he would have another chance to get at it and get the jackbirds wanted excise tax increase in. It was a chaotic two days and nights at the legislature for that session, it was back in the 70s. But it was all Nadell's chess mastery that put that off. I mean, how do you have the committee chairman signing? I do not concur on the ways and means legislation, but he was able to do that. One other thing that I wanted to say about Nadell that people don't appreciate today was that he was a tremendous creator of other politicians. He sponsored so many people in the legislature or recruited people just almost from the street where he said, why don't you run? Why don't you run for office? If you run, I'll help you, you know? And he would do that. He was in a kind of class that way because they weren't people you would think that were gonna be typical. They weren't 442 members. They weren't those kind of guys or women. But he did have a great interest in building the Democratic Party that way that other parts of the party could learn from. And on the whole side, you had somebody like Elma Cavalio. You remember Elma? I mean, I'm sure Richard and Chuck. Actually, I never covered Cavalio. So that's one point you're gonna have to handle that one. Did you go Elma, Chuck? Yeah, somewhat, somewhat. And he was chair of the Democratic Party for a while too. He was crafty. I didn't really know him personally though, Governor.  Well, he was another very strong legislator and leader. But one of the more interesting things that I don't know very many people know is that when the protect Cajolavi O'Hana, we're protesting the bombing of Cajolavi. And in the early beginnings, they were looked upon as sort of a radical group out there somewhere. And all of a sudden, one of the military bombs fell on Elma Cavalio's backyard.  And Elma became a member of the protect Cajolavi O'Hana. And all of a sudden, he was gathering politicians and everything was going on. It was a really interesting time. He was mayor of Maui and somehow living in, I think it was K.H. And they made a mistake and dropped the, it didn't explode, it was a dud, but nevertheless, it fell into effect. It was some interesting time. The 70s, the 60s and 70s, real carrot. Let me ask you about another very famous case that happened at this time around Vietnam, which is the Tom Hamilton president of the University of Hawaii and the Oliver Lee tenure case. I know that had ramifications well beyond the university. Did you recall the effect, the long-term effects of that? You know, I think that Oliver Lee and the protests at the University of Hawaii were at that time, front page news for at least six months and then a year and an ongoing and ongoing and then go to court to get arrested, to come out. The university was much more lively in terms of protests and demonstrations then. And Tom Hamilton had to do a really yeoman's job trying to hold all the sides together because at the same time, the university was just starting to take off as a major academic center, not just for Hawaii, not just for the state, but for the whole Pacific basin. It's now it's an important institution across the entire Pacific. And it was just back in the late 60s and 70s that started and the Oliver Lee controversies that were about who exactly was going to control the University of Hawaii were there. And it was because of whether or not Oliver Lee, who was a, I'm not sure it was card carrying, but he was a fervent communist at the time and was preaching something that a certain amount of students cared for, but the faculty had a hard time endorsing that kind of thing. So it was a difficult time, but also very controversial. Which leads us to, if I might, the late 60s and the 70s, what was going on at the University of Hawaii and one of the real great heroes of Hawaii, I think of contemporary high of all time. And that was Richard Kosaki and his wife, Mildred, and the effort to go from just trade vocational schools to community colleges. This was a drive that Richard led later on, Joyce Sonoda, famous people in Hawaii educational circles who opened up the doors and created not just workforce training, but to look at the future and shape what kind of manpower, people power was going to be needed and addressing. And Richard and Mildred were extraordinary leaders and thinkers as the governor, why he knows they were, he was also an expert on Asian Pacific affairs and helped to found the East West center. So during that period of full man, there was this quiet guy, AJA fellow who had actually born and raised in Waikiki around the Waikiki area who took Hawaii to extraordinary places. Today there are something like 30,000 people every day that are benefiting from the community college services. Governor, he was a favorite of yours, was he not? Oh yeah, he sure he was. And yeah, and I think you went pretty clear there. The university actually spun off a lot of things because talking about, see Richard was, Kosaki was sort of the, it gave a lot of intellectual credence to some of the protests and some of the things going on as well as he was working inside. But the protests on the Oliver Lee in the war also led to protests against Kalama Valley and the developments that were happening around the state at that time. It led to the Waihone Waikani, all the land movement started in it and it led to something called our history, our way, which was, I remember the, you should see some of the bank vice presidents today that, well, they're retired now, who are involved with this Kokua Hawaii and ethnic history of politics. And it's funny, it's just amazing, but the University of Hawaii did all of that. And we get through the, on the political side, what's interesting is that also feeds into the political side. Now, when Ariyoshi becomes governor, the opposition to Ariyoshi within the party continues to be the Gilei. Richard Wong, Vicky Wong, Ben Kaetano, Neil Amber Kromby were all on the other side of the political spectrum. And you had been the more stable people on one side, but both political factions were very much attuned to using the intellectual power that they found at the University, whether it was Dick Kosaki, who did a lot, Yukio Naito, who essentially drafted the workers compensation type legislation. Joan Hayes, I think it was Joan Hayes. Joan Hayes was probably the mother of the right, the choice, choice bill to abortion. They're all coming out of this intellectual milieu that as we're building this great university, I mean, the seventies and the eighties really, maybe up through the nineties, but especially the seventies was a very stimulating, intellectually stimulating kind of Hawaii. I mean, we weren't, there was, I think that's the best time when we most saw what they call cloak and gown sort of pulling together. I think what we saw in the seventies was, and it was almost biblical in the fight that went on between the Gil people and the Burns people. You can almost, maybe now it's finally gone on to two different things. It may be a different, maybe a sovereignty issue, maybe as fiercely held as, but the Burns, Burns skill factions were, as you mentioned, Governor, was just something that people kept saying, yes, that's it. Well, that's a person's a Burns person, or that person's a Gil person.  But you know, Hawaii had a way of mixing things up, even back then. I mean, one of the Gil people that I knew very well was Alvin Shim. I think that we went and some of the people out there might go, Photoshop will unfortunately just pass the way of his dad. Alvin Shim was a very big labor leader in, but he was a Gil person. And the units were also sort of split between Gil and Burns and so forth. But what was interesting was that Alvin not only had as a law partner for Gil, he also had as a law partner, David McClellan, who was a very strong Burns backer. So, you know, Hawaii was a small place, but that shouldn't, I think it shouldn't lessen the fact that these people had very strong beliefs and they carried their politics off. Burns was probably closer, closer to what we used to call Bishop Street. And Gil may have been a little bit closer to the University of Hawaii. They both split the union. Well, it used to be the big divide in the unions was where the ILWU was going. That was the union of all power at the time in the 70s, probably 60s and 70s. And the ILWU made members of the legislature or would totally ignore them and that would be the end of them. But that was the major, major union at the time. One of the interesting things about the ILWU through many, many years is that they never as a union made political contribution. They never gave politicians money. What they gave politicians, which was even more frightening was manpower and they would work and they would get people elected. Now, what happened in the 70s, that kind of brought things maybe is a little bit farther down the road, was in the 19, early 1970s, Hawaii recognized public workers and started signing contracts. So the HGEA, UPW, in fact, the teachers union, the teachers union had a strike very early. And so here we are in a blue state and a union state. And I remember around 72, 73, there was a teacher strike in Hawaii. And the teachers union was, there was a fight between two different unions, the AFL, CIO union, and then the, I don't remember what it was, but it was two different unions. And all of that created another bunch of union leaders who started to rival the ILWU, which is the HGEA, UPW. And we start getting into people like David Trask, who, you know, countering his cousin, who was a public trust at ILWU. I mean, Richard, you were in the thick of it. So collective bargaining is such a taken for granted piece of political and labor history in Hawaii, but compared to so many states on the mainland, it's unheard of. So when I talked to friends on the mainland, involved in politics, and I talk about the unions in Hawaii, and the right and power of public workers in unions, a lot of people in, you know, states like Texas or Missouri or more conservative places, they don't understand it at all. It doesn't at all equate with their understanding of political power structures. So it's an interesting action that Hawaii has that's different from other places. How did folks at the federal level, do you think affected state level politics? I mean, I'll just ask you about two big figures we've never mentioned. Of course, Danny Noe, Spark Motsanaga, what role did they play in state level politics? Obviously, Danny Noe was a huge figure in all this. Spark Motsanaga was well-respected, but he wasn't politically really all that powerful. But as the Gil and Arioshi combats kind of waned, and there was a little bit of a power vacuum in step Danny Noe and full blast. And people who know how the way Noe worked, he had lots of circles of friends. He had maybe hundreds of circles of friends with the very, very closest people being in the first circle, but everybody thought they were part of the gang. And Noe had specific plans that he thought federally should be applied to each of the counties. And he moved in with the notion that powers are neutral term and it's how you use it that's good or bad and he was gonna use it for good. And he did, he didn't do so well when he got involved with local political affairs. He got his toes burned a few times on that. But he stayed big and got more and more powerful and he, I mean, and his inner circle of friends were included Walter Dodd, in particular, Jeff Watanabe, Walter of course, was the chairman and CEO of First Hawaiian, Jeff Watanabe a powerful lawyer in town. They were the guys who were in the inside circle and they could do a lot in the public and private sectors to make things happen. I don't wanna make it sound too clandestine. I think what Dan and these guys did was mostly good, but it was its own power block and it operated differently than the old Oshiro-Aryoshi Burns thing. It had to do more with the circles it created and getting things done than it did with political races. They're very different. Yeah, I think that what Danny, which I don't think maybe, you know, the historians don't appreciate as much is how proud, you know, Danny and I at various times made people in Hawaii. And as the years went on, he did get stronger, stronger. I mean, you know, he's obviously a lot more powerful in 1990 or in 2000 than he was in 1970. But in 1968, I remember being on the mainland trying to be, you know, see the crowds in Chicago at the Chicago Democratic Convention without actually getting involved. You know, it was exciting for a boy from Hawaii to just be there. And then all of a sudden, Enoi gets on the stage and he gives this fantastic, in my opinion, speech. And what I wanted to do was run all over Chicago telling everybody, that's my Senate. That's my Senate, you know. And then, you know, I mean, the only other time I started acting that crazy was when Hawaii had a basketball team called the Baptist Five. And they were starting to win foot of basketball game against top rated mainland team. And it was exciting. And then to watch Danny Noy very calmly adjudicate, beat the commission on Watergate every day.  Yeah, you know, so this is what he did. Alderman Erlichman was up there. And of course, he was giving the Nixon spoof. And Enoi pretended that he thought the mic was dead.  And he won over an entire generation of Americans who said, who is, you know, who's that guy? I want to be like that guy. None of this is to, you know, depreciate Sparky. Sparky was a very interesting character himself because what Sparky used to do was anybody from Hawaii that popped up in Washington, he would take him to lunch. And then you get to eat these navy bean soup that they were cooking in the Senate cafeteria. Three lunches a day. I understand that Sparky would hold. Yeah, and Enoi again, what do you do? Lunch would be three different lunches he would go to. It was amazing. My uncle, you know, there's guys from the ordinary people saving up to go to Washington DC on some kind of tour. And then they get invited to go have lunch with Sparky at the Capitol.  I mean, he may not have been as electric as Enoi, but believe me, he was just as popular with the local poppers. He was also, he was very, he was very good inside. Patsy Ming, who once told me of all those men out there and she was including Enoi and Burns and all of them, of all those, and she had run against Sparky and lost. Of all those men out there, the one that's a real gentleman and good heart is Sparky Matsunaga. And I think that came across with everybody who met him. He was eminently decent and very local. Yeah, and, you know, and turning back home, I don't know, talking about ladies who might be interesting, coming out of the guild faction and surviving was a young lieutenant governor named Jean King and a state and a senator, you know, and Chuck. Yeah, I was gonna say Chuck worked for her. Chuck was plucked from the bay. I won't tell my story too much, except to say that myself and a guy named Lloyd Nakova who had helped Jean run on the big on for lieutenant governor, both got phone calls, but to our surprise, I had no thought of leaving Hilo from Jean King when she got first got elected and said, I need a couple of young bright guys to come down here. And I wondered why she was calling us, especially Lloyd. But anyway, yeah, we both came down to work for Jean and did for four years. And she was a really classic lady who unfortunately just could not stand, you know, working for Governor Yoshi. That's a whole nother thing. And so she ran against him and lost. But she was- I would say that Jean King could give last lessons, college lessons on how to take the lieutenant governorship and make it into a important thing. She would take the, being LG and bring it, bring it to the dinner table almost. I mean, she was so able to forget about the intellectual side of what are you going to do with the codifying laws and stuff like that that the lieutenant governor does. She was able to make it really a living breathing office and people should study that. People who are now going to be lieutenant governor in the future should take a lesson from how Jean King did that. We ran weekly brown bag lunches where anybody could come in, sit down and talk about whatever they wanted for an hour and a half with her.  She just run the whole thing. She was both spiritually and physically a beautiful person. And well, she succeeded a senator and a judge from the big island called Nelson Doyle, who was another Gil person. You see, there's this kind of thing. Arayoshi's up there as governor and then all these lieutenant governors that Gil, some Gil people. And Nelson, we had a real, and then he just disappeared. He ran for, I think for, he ran against Frank Bosley. There, of course, we talked about Bosley, but you know, Bosley was special. Well, you remember what Nelson Doyle said about Frank, right?  Nelson was a great speaker, by the way. He was a great stump speaker. I saw him on the digon when I lived there. He was a short man, but a sturdy man. And he could get up there and belt one out, like Ethel Merman. He was a terrific speaker and a proud local opinion. You know, all of this sort of takes place all simultaneously with all the people in Hawaii meeting at the Constitutional Convention. And one of the great people at the convention, I think, was Bill Bady. And one of the more interesting things about Bill Bady was that Bill Bady was the emphasis of anything that I thought politically Democrats stand for. He was the plantation manager, he's the guy who could live at the big White House when everybody else lived at the plantation.  Personally, I loved the guy. But we started out by completely, by me opposing everything that he was doing. And that's it. How did he win you over? You know, just by being himself. And then he was president of the Con Con and obviously I was a delegate. But he also won me over by spending time letting us know that business may not be all bad. You know, you didn't always have to have a red book in your left hand and nothing in your right. You could kind of balance the whole thing. But he was a real proven hero from World War II and he was a natural gentleman. And he was just connected from the get-go. And he chaired Governor, he chaired John Y. Hayes' first campaign to run for governor. And I'll tell you a story that when the Honolulu Advertiser with about six weeks to go came out with a Jerry Keer poll that had Governor Y. Hayes 36 points behind Ceceptel and the Patsy Minky even further behind. We had to do something that day, the day that poll came out. And Bill Patey decided what we should do is hold a press conference down at the headquarters. And we would have a hibachi there and he would take the poll and roll it into little balls and say, this is what this poll is good for and light it up and start the hibachi. And I didn't know that. Oh yeah, it was on television, it was really cool.  But somehow Bill and you and others, well, Shiro were able to turn this sense of there's somebody against us into an electrifying experience for everybody. You know, there was a kind of a group of these Kamahaina type, Bill Patey, Fred Trotter, Dudley Pratt, there was a number, there was a cadre of- Henry Walker. Henry Walker in the business world. All of who were Kamahaina, in some sense, you know, the heirs of the overthrow. Why were they genial as they might have been? Why were they then able to affect legislation at the legislature but unable to then go on and talk and not be able to make the Republicans any sort of power in the state of Hawaii? Well, I think for one thing, a lot of them got rid of their Republican card. You know, especially in the 1980s and so forth. Prior to that, as you remember, Republicans for a long time, even after the Democrats got the majority at the legislature, Republicans remained politically viable. They had a good portion of the, you know, they had enough members in the House of the Senate to make a difference. I mean, that's why Dickie Wong was able, for example, to make a coalition. And essentially with five Democrats run the Senate. But after a while, they just started moving over. You know, Hiram Fong, I'm trying to think, Hiram Fong was the first, was one of our first senators. Yeah, there was another, the other senator was the guy named Orin Long, who was appointed governor. But Hiram Fong was able to become a Republican who all the unions endorse. But more importantly, I think the issues that the Republicans had, they were very local. I mean, they were Hawaii first people. So in that sense, there was a kind of a coalition building. But as the years went on, they just sort of, their bodies sort of drifted away from them. You know, one person, if we're gonna talk about Republicans who I think is one of the most underrated heroes in Hawaii, it said, is Pat Sike. You know, she never gets enough credit for this, but she was the person who actually taught George Bush into stopping the bombing of Kaho'olavi. Correct. It was after that had actually happened that the Congress passed the bill to, you know, harmonize it. But it was Pat Sike who did that. And she, you know, and then you had Republicans, well, people who played with the Republican Party, I think. Like Frank Foster, Frank Foster moved party. But nobody actually considered him anything but Frank Foster. Richard, I just want to say one thing about what happened with business and the Republicans. I think if you look at that business oligarchy that sort of existed after the big five, but was still around in the 60s and 70s, I think that oligarchy, the wheels were starting to wobble on that thing just systemically. At the same time, the Democrats were coming into power. Democrats like Burns, Ariyoshi, and why, hey, and most of these business guys, though they weren't really strong Republicans, they leaned ahead Republican inclinations, but they found that they could get some of what they wanted to get done with the local Democratic leaders, you know, sort of individually as opposed to a unit. And they fell into that. I think that they were a little bit co-opted by Democratic leadership, but also the power of business was lost somewhere around 1970, as far as there being one unit, it was becoming an international operation and you just didn't have this, except for Walter Dodds and a few others, you didn't have the real strong leadership. That's right, it seems to me that it was, the power was completely diluted, especially when all the hotels were owned by mainland or international groups. There was no real local business control of Hawaii and the Republicans locally were unable to tap any other source. It's an interesting thing, because the Republicans now what are left to keep saying that, well, you know, it's all because it's the fault of the Democrats. No, it's not, it's the fault of the Republicans. And there are gonna be some people who friends of mine who will suggest that maybe it's the other way around, maybe the Republicans left it to Democrats. But there was a time that really the new guy on the block, whether the heritage was from the big five or from the Democratic party, the new guys on the block came to an accommodation with each other and they sort of started to look at things in a kind of a Hawaii way. So you can see like, Kenny Brown, for example, he played a real strong role there. Kenny Brown, getting these guys sort of get together. I mean, where was Stuart Ho? Stuart Ho, we talked about Walter Dodds. Walter was actually kind of the younger generation coming up, but Stuart Ho, which was his father was one of the first big time Democratic developers in Hawaii, all of a sudden can get together with a Johnny Ballinger, who was up from coming, probably Republican background, but they were more interested in getting things done. So I think that what people may not have realized some day somebody might write a book about it is how close knit the establishment in Hawaii, on some respect, work. When a Tommy Trask who ran the ILW could call his cousin who ran the HGA, who could call a fellow Hawaiian, there are three of them right there called Johnny Ballinger and called Colin Cannon, called Cameron and the banks and labor unions would get together and say, you know what, I think we ought to make sure that when this 1978 Constitutional Convention comes along, we shouldn't have initially a referendum to recall. They didn't call it us.  The closest thing we have like that today might be what you see with the Hawaii Executive Council, where people started getting business, labor and everybody together. But back then it was the boys calling the boys, you know, and seeing one half. Well, initiative and referendum were, by their very definition were uncontrollable and that's why there was something that different groups of good old boys would did not want and why there were such a thing that was not going to fly at the Constitutional Convention. It was just too unpredictable. Yeah, and the convention itself also created a number of leaders that popped out of it, you know, Jeremy Harris, Jeremy Harris, yeah, you know, Carol Fultonaga, Tom O'Connor, you know, all of these people came out of the convention. But Jeremy... Oh, go ahead, gentlemen. No, I was going to say Jeremy was a special case because he was actually from Kauai and then he moved to Honolulu to work for Frank Bossy and he ended up being there here. He couldn't get elected in Kauai, but he got elected in Honolulu. We only have about six minutes left and I want to ask you about two characters that we haven't talked about who have very big personalities and politics in this state and that's Ben Cayetano and Neil Abercrombie. Where did they fit into this, you know, into the factions you were discussing earlier and how did their brands emerge because they both had very distinctive brands, I think? Well, from my point of view, I guess if you wanted to like, charge their political genealogy, they wouldn't have been on the guilt side, but I don't know if any of them actually campaigned for genealogy or did anything here, but they came in under that faction because they were with Dickey Hall and they all got together with Dickey. But Ben, you know, Ben was always Ben. I don't know him as any different. Go ahead, Rich. I was going to say that I think history is going to be very kind to Ben Cayetano because he was able to move so many different things. For instance, when the star bulletin was going to be closed, it was Ben Cayetano who was able to tell the Attorney General to sue and to keep the star bulletin around so that it could be revived and then bought by David Black in Canada, which is a major thing. It was going to be a one newspaper town with the one editorial voice and it's now a one newspaper town with a bifurcated editorial voice between the advertiser and the star bulletin groups in it. I think that Ben Cayetano is going to also did a lot in other areas including Bishop of State. It was his instrumentality that pushed forward the lawsuits in Bishop of State and that he's going to have a good biography, I think. And Neil, Neil has his own story to tell too.  But a lot of things that Danny did in Washington would not have been possible without the support that Neil provided. I mean, one of the key things, for example, when Dan Akaka who was a senator for a long time introduced the bill on native Hawaiian federal recognition, he was never able to get it out of the Senate. Neil got it out of the House three times including when there was Republican leadership. So, which is the reason why I begged him not to run for government, you know, don't want to stick around. You're going to, one of these days we're going to get the majority back again and you're going to become a very powerful chairman. And, you know, I tell you one thing Dan, Neil did when he was governor, which I think had lasting impact on Hawaii, was the people that he appointed to the Supreme Court. I think that with people, the court became the most, I don't know where we put it on the spectrum, but became the most progressive after since Richardson, since C.J. Richardson with people like Mike Wilson and other colleagues. So, I think there won't, Christian's going to be kind of- Well, and Neil, Neil, let's not forget that Neil really went totally all out on the line for a same-sex marriage. And it made, there was a special session for it. Many of us got to go to the signing, we were so proud of him. And I mean, for all you want to say about Neil, if he had a belief, he lived it. And you could always sense that around him. Oh, and since you're talking about same-sex marriage, I don't want to miss out and not mention Justice Levinson, who I appointed, who wrote the decision that changed the marriage, you know, and just so we can equalize some of this progressives. I think it's his birthday today, Steve Robinson. Who really is- Steve Robinson, yeah. Well, good. So anyway, we haven't mentioned any duds. We haven't. Well, this is our last chance. We have a minute. So, Governor, I'll turn it over to you. Are there any duds we didn't cover? Steve Cobb. Steve Cobb, in my opinion, you know, because he always associated himself with good government.  You got to rest in it. I don't. Just to chime in real quickly, it's beyond duds. It's a disaster. But the Kealohas, Catherine and Louie, and the besmirching of the public trust by them, they were both in high places. They were both in high places. They were a wonderful Hawaii Honolulu couple, and they drove it into the ground and made a mess of it all and shame on them. Well, that is our time for today on our encore performance of Heroes, Rastals and Duds. Thank you all for being here on a talk story with John Waihe. I was happy to be the guest host, and I've learned an enormous amount over the last hour. So thanks for sharing all these terrific stories. On Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn, and donate to us at thinktecawaii.com. Mahalo.


She's a Dubliner who has lived in Paris, London, the Middle East and various places in the US. Please welcome, Eamor Martin. Thank you. Actually, I first met Michelle when we were both doing a reading with Irvin Welsh in like 99 or something. That's how old I am but we we arrived it was at the Edinburgh Castle in San Francisco and it was Michelle, T, myself and Irvin Welsh and there was a big line right around the corner and I was arriving with a friend and I said, oh, that's for me. They're all waiting for me, but they weren't but they were waiting for Michelle, right? And so thank you for having me along here and I'm going to read I'm gonna read two short pieces and this one is from my third novel or as they say in Ireland my turd novel but I've no joke about my fourth novel, so I just keep using that joke. Baby Zero, Baby Zero is a novel. I suppose it's it's about an Eastern family, Middle Eastern family who go through a revolution and through the refugee camps and arrive in Los Angeles and in a way my in-laws are Iranian and I used as I was writing it I used to think of it as my divorce novel, but then we stayed together and so but I still published it. He hasn't read it And this part is where Zolo and Leila they've left the refugee camp and they've been entrusted their parents are still There and they've been entrusted into their care of their uncle Moe who is setting up a plastic Surgery practice in Los Angeles and he's their legal guardian and he's he's a bachelor and he has absolutely No idea how to deal with the kids, so this is them arriving after the revolution in California The two children sat in the sky immaculate blameless not in control When they touched down winter just fell away They were stunned as if the world had started turning backwards Los Angeles sunshine pure golden banging off the wall sending the sky up even higher Zolo and Leila saw their uncle Moe at the airport. They ran to him and he threw his arms about them He took their one suitcase and led them to the car I'm setting up a clinic here, so I'm very busy. You two are old enough to entertain yourselves get yourselves organized What age you now Zolo 17 when I was 17? I was already putting myself through college my parents gave me nothing They were still beating me with a stick and my grandmother was beating them with the same implement They say you were gifted Zolo. You'll do medicine.  There's gonna be so much work Leila was trailing behind blinking in the sunshine very hot and all our layer of clothes Zolo stopped in irritation to wait for her Moe walked on ahead at a brisk pace Come on Zolo. He threw the suitcase into the trunk of his Lincoln. You'll go to USC University of spoiled children.  We'll find her a good husband We'll find her a doctor, but she's a bit flat-chested and they don't like that over here We can fix that so we can't we you and I Zolo Zolo frowned I'm 13 Uncle Moe Leila's 10 Moe is already in the car searching all his pockets for the key Leila and Zolo climbed in Zolo was in the front seat Moe was lost in thought then he said to himself 10. Well, my mother was married at 10. She was a mother of 13 Leila was looking down at her chest and Zolo shrugged Leila bit her lip and touched her finger to its soft moist swell the city outside was full of blank spaces and one-story buildings National Geographic had somehow given her the impression that the whole foreign world outside would be underwater She felt oddly betrayed to be driving and not looking at strange fish and coral If your father had listened to me, he wouldn't be in the mess he was in now He's ruined you all running around after queens and princes.  No doubt Rappas always had governments that went out of their way to kill their own people Uncle Moe Leila leaned in between the seats nervously When will you get mom on Baba over? She knew he heard her because he flexed his hands on the wheel in irritation Moe grabbed Zolo's nose suddenly and pulled it hard Zolo flew forward his arms flapping in his hands trying to peel His uncle's hairy fingers away. This is becoming quite a conch Zolo. I'll take the end off it next week if I've time Then he glanced at Leila.  It looked like a blue wooden shack They walked inside in a disappointed days. He had owned a mansion back home There was only one bedroom here and a living room with a kitchen counter in the middle Zolo went on to the deck and Moe with Moe to look at the Pacific Ocean The deck was bigger than the house unlike all the neighboring decks. It had no tables no chairs no plants I'm tired. Leila complained lingering at the French doors cupping her hands over eyes to see two Floating human shapes in the intense sunlight You've jet like Zolo is delighted to inform her. Will I get better?   Do you know how much this costs? Do you have any idea where you are? No, she doesn't Zolo laughed. She's just a little frog Leila slunk away from the doors and sat on the big black leather L shaped couch Moe drew his nephew into an embrace Zolo, you've great things ahead of you There are opportunities here that you never dreamed of this lousy revolution was the best thing that could happen to you mark my words The doorbell rang Moe swept into the front room opened the door suddenly a woman with blonde hair and a red leather jacket stood framed in the light The woman smiled nervously at the children Moe was opening drawers in the kitchen part of the room in a frenzy He was throwing boxes on the counter and putting on white gloves Zolo come and observe you learn a thing or two He beamed at the woman Rita. This is my young apprentice when I have my surgery up and running He'll be the heir to it all we'll work side by side as I did with his father Rita took off her jacket. She was tanned and wore a tank top. She knew where to sit and what to do Obviously she had done it many times before When she was sitting firmly on a stool by the counter Moe came with a needle and injected it straight into her forehead What is it Zolo is standing by his uncle Botox it's a form of toxin that causes botulism. Technically it's a poison Lele looked up when she realized this woman was being killed a frost formed beneath her skin It paralyzes the facial muscles. You don't use your face as a result. You don't get wrinkles You don't get old Rita managed to say Oh, you get old all right Rita Moe winked, but your forehead will stay young I wanted to ask you about alloderm Moe Moe We're not past the stage of formalities. Are we not call me doctor. Well, dr. Fatigaga Alloderm tell me about it. I can do that too, but that's permanent Look Rita all of the surgery up and running soon. These injectables are not the answer You can't beat a good facelift. Alloderm is taken from corpses. I can fold it rolled it stack it It'll fit into your face.  Don't I Rita said eagerly Rita wrote a check and Moe saw her to the car. She had a red corvette that matched her jacket Zolo whispered to Leila. He doesn't even have a clinic Moe showed Zolo how to clear the counter. Rita is addicted to this stuff I charge only three hundred dollars till I get my surgery word of mouth I do it here easy money Zolo. In fact, I might marry Rita. I need an american passport You should marry someone too. You have to find a born again christian. That's what she is.  They don't even think they use the toilet. They call it the restroom the powder room But it's best to stick to the edges of this country Deep inside this country is a place called the midwest And the real piggy americans live there. They actually have faces like pigs and their bodies are pink and hairy Moe went to the bathroom. He stayed there a long time and left the beach house in a cloud of aftershave I'm gonna skip forward just to the bit where they fall asleep and then moe has taken them out For something to eat A daybreak moe came tearing onto the deck.  You can't lie there like peasants like refugees I have a reputation in this neighborhood.  What am I going to do? This isn't going to work out Why didn't you use my bed? Zolo said well, it was a water bed. It was weird. She's hungry. He pointed disdainfully at leila Okay, moe moe zolo and leila sat on a wooden bench in a restaurant by the sea The waitress came with a tray of oysters leila wouldn't eat them. They looked like melted eyeballs Zolo wasn't too keen either, but his sister's disgust spurred him on This is grown-up food.   They're delicious I think leila should go on the next plane back to ishmael and farah to the refugee camp And you moe zolo I might return to or app Or app. Well, this is the greatest moment in history and I should be there You want to go back and fight the revolutionaries? No uncle.  Maybe it's you who'll be my surgeon.  Have they heard of it a news item before the sports section between hollywood minutes Do you think when they've 200 channels that they even watch the news when it by chance lights on our poor nation And if per chance they do dain to a light for a second on us What do they glimpse endless lines of badly dressed rumpled refugees spilling unwanted over borders because we can't keep our leaders under control People with nothing left but big plastic bags of clothes and a few momentum Mentos your beloved leader with his cataract eyes and red hat. What is he another Santa Claus of the atomic age? Beliefs what are beliefs?  These folks they want to live in huge houses big enough to be schools or hospitals or hotels back home They want to lie on beaches that are not filled with landmines They want to eat fresh food that they don't stand hours and long lines for and they want to stay young For as long as possible or at least look young. Are they better than we maybe We do want to look like them blonde and we want their noses Sure, they've their miseries their cancers their car crashes And they all end up rotted in the ground or piles of ash and their children resent them and blame them for their own petty failures But this is the fatal difference They do not get carried away by ideas That is the rub These people are animals, but they know it more than we do food shelter prestige sex like the tribe of apes We are leave ideas to the fanatics live your life here in california like the animal you are and enjoy it They left the restaurant and got into his car zolo search through all the music selection and frustration Beethoven Beethoven Beethoven mo all you have is Beethoven Well, I was told when I came to this country that Beethoven was the best. Why should I listen to anything but the best Mo rooted around in his pocket and found a card By the way, I know arabians don't have middle names, but you need one get yourself one that means something Mo gave zolo his business card with a flourish zolo and leila read it Does the mirror make you miserable time can and will be reversed Dr. Muhammad Ludwig van fatigagas Plastic surgeon. I exist to recapture splendor.  That was so good So so good


Suppose an amount is deposited for time t in an account with accumulation function a of t. If the amount at the end of the period is c, then the future amount has present value c divided by a of t. Alternatively, since the discount function is the reciprocal of the accumulation function, the present value of amount c received at time t will be c v of t. We'll use the following sign convention. Money received by the person of interest has a positive sign, while money paid out by the person of interest has a negative sign. Since there are generally two parties in any transaction, it is very important to identify the person of interest. And remember, if it's not written down, it didn't happen. However, since the signs are opposite for the opposite parties, it doesn't really matter whether we use the positive or negative as long as you're careful to interpret your final answers correctly. Because remember, no computer ever went to prison for misleading a client. So, for example, suppose we borrow $1,000 from a bank to be paid back in six months, determine the sign about, from your point of view, and from the bank's point of view. So at a 7% discount, the $1,000 would be given to you as $930 now. And since this is money to you, this would be recorded as $930 with an optional plus sign indicating positive. Meanwhile, in six months, you pay $1,000, and since this is money you're paying out, this would be recorded as a negative number minus $1,000. Now, from the bank's point of view, all of these transactions are opposite since the bank is giving out $930 and receiving $1,000. The signs from the bank's point of view would be opposite, negative $930 and positive $1,000. Now, suppose you receive payments over an extended period of time. So, we might receive amount r0 at time 0, r1 at time t1, r2 at time t2, and so on. The net present value, NPV, is the sum of all the present values. So, let's compute that. The amount that we received at time 0, r0, the present value of r0 is r0 v0. That's the amount we received times the discount function. The present value of r1 to be received at time t1 is r1 v of t1, the value times the discount function. And the present value of r2 to be received at time t2 is r2 vt2, and so on. And the net present value is the sum of all these terms, which we can write this way. Or, suppose you deposit $1,000 now and $1,000 in a year and receive $1,200 in five years and another $1,200 in the six years. Let's find the NPV assuming a compound interest rate of 5% per year and interpret our results. Note that the transactions occur at t equals 0, now, t equals 1, a year from now, t equals 5, and t equals 6. At t equals 0 and 1, you pay $1,000, so these values are negative. At t equals 5 and 6, you receive $1,200, so these values are positive. And since the interest rate is 5% per year, then our accumulation function is 1.05 to the t, and our discount function is 1 divided by 1.05 to the t. Filling in our values and computing gives us a negative NPV.  And again, one way we might interpret this is we might say that we simply made the deposits into an account earning 5%, we'd be able to get more than $1,200 in the fifth and sixth years. So if this raises the question of how much we should get out. So suppose we deposit $1,000 now and in a year into an account earning compound interest at a rate of 3% per year. Let's find a payout amount after two years that make the NPV positive. Since there are transactions made at 0, 1, and 2, we have. Now we pay out $1,000 now, so r0 is negative $1,000 and v0 is equal to 1. We also pay out $1,000 in year 1, so r1 is negative $1,000. And since the account is earning 3%, our discount function is 1 divided by 1.03 to the t, which gives the second term of the NPV equation. We don't know the payoff at t equals 2, so r2 is x, the unknown value. And at time 2, v of 2 is 1 divided by 1.03 squared, which gives us the last term of our NPV equation. Now we want our net present value to be positive, to be greater than 0, but it's hard to work with inequalities. So a useful strategy, ignore inequalities, but remember they exist. So we'll start with NPV equal to 0 and solve. And to maintain as much accuracy as possible, we'll solve without computing any of the intermediate values and write our answer as a single expression. And we note that this gives us final answer rounded 2,090.90. So note that x equals 2,090.90 makes the NPV exactly equal to 0. And since this is the final payout amount, any greater amount will make the NPV greater. And so any payout greater than 2,090.90 will result in a positive NPV.


Hi everybody, Joe for Jasmy's Case, Greggs.com, coming to you live from the National in Atlantic City. We've got someone on the main stage here yelling, yelling guys there. But big thanks everybody who filled up 2022 Tops Tier 1 Baseball, 12 box picker team number 16. Now, if you bought just any team, anyone on this list right here basically is now eligible. There's a big promo going on too. It's going to be a lot of names on this list, but grand prize four cases of 2022 Tier 1 Baseball. Four cases ship sealed. Someone's going to win it. So big thanks to this group for making this break happen. Even the cheapest team on this list could be the one that wins that big grand prize. All the details are on Jasmy's Case Breaks.com. Check it out. About 140 some odd prizes that were given away too. Alright, so there's everybody right there. This is, what number are we on? This is pick your team number 16, sweet 16. So there's the case right there. Good luck. Oh wait, yeah, you did get the White Sox. What list am I grabbing here? Sorry, yeah, I mixed that up. Eric bought the Astros Last Ball Mojo. Sorry man, this has been a long week here. I got you, I apologize. There you go. Aaron Miller with the White Sox and Eric Jay Last Ball Mojo Astros. Let me switch back here just so it's on the recording. It's been fixed right there. There you go, Aaron. And there you go, Eric. Thanks guys. I think where's our camera focus at here? Empty box. Alright, good luck boys and girls. Thank you very much as always. So we'll use that sponge right there from definitive, I think. Just slow play the hits a little bit. First one is Manny Machado 249. I'm not sure, oh is this on autofocus? What are we doing here? There we go, I think we got the focus set right here. Manny Machado 249. That is for the Padres, that'll be for Aaron Miller. There you go, Aaron. On the board with the Machado. Now the two autos. We've got TJ Friedel 248 out of 299. Cincinnati, that's going to be for Jonathan Kent with the red legs. And back here is Larry Walker, that's a nice auto. 73 out of 175, some good penmanship here from Larry Walker. Colorado, that's Martin and the Rockies, nice one Martin. Alright, next box, Tom Glavin Mets Edition. 318 out of 349, just a single color right there. That's for Joe Ivers and the Mets. We've got Justin Mourneau, Twins Edition, 168 out of 299. Minnesota, that will be for Martin as well. And back here is a Ray Shane Bos. The Bos, 42 out of 299. Rookie Auto for Dominic, there you go Dom. Alright, next box, Jeter. Nice, 2 out of 25, three color dual, we've got the Ways right there. Nice dual relic, not bad, to 25. That is Logan Smith with the Yankees. I don't know if his values are getting the last ants treatment. Now with the captain's show on ESPN. We've got another Ray, Joey Wendell, 75 out of 299. That's another Ray for Dominic. And the next one is Reed Dettmers. 117 out of 299, threw a no-hitter earlier this year. But I think it's optional, I think it's a minor thing. Alright, three boxes in. Halfway through the first half of the case. And we've got an extra relic in here. Some of these will have an extra card or two. Kevin Lau, 56 out of 299. Dominic with the Rays. Brandon Marsh, 231 out of 249 for the Halos. That's going to be for Joshua with the Angels. And we've got Kyle Lewis for the Mariners. 128 out of 199, this is the second year Kyle Lewis. Former Rookie of the Year. For Team Bunts, who are right here. Boom. And there's Bert Bleileven, Angels Edition 299. Is he having a good season this year? No, the Mariners are. Yeah. He's like a Byron Buxton. He always gets hurt, but if he's playing, he's great. Yeah. Alright, the Bleileven goes to Joshua. Alright, there's Ernie Clement. 399 for the Guardians. Cleveland, this is for you. Martin with the Guardians. Kyle Hendricks, 261 out of 399.  Jeremy and the Cubbies. Now your two autos. You got Alex Kearlock. Tier one talent to 299 for number one overall pick. Martin with Minnesota. And back here is Brian Della Cruz, Rookie Auto. Gold ink, 10 out of 25. For the fish, Martin with Miami. Alright, six box, good luck. And the next one is Paul DeYoung, 83 out of 249. Redbirds, Aaron Miller with the Cardinals. We got Joe Musgrove, 150 out of 299. Working on a big contract, $100 million deal for him. Getting close to that deal. And back here is Seth Beer. Beer, 153 out of 299. Martin with the Snakes. Alright, we're halfway through this full case break. Good luck. Javier Baez, 319 out of 399. Piece of his lumber. Going to Tyler Brenner in Detroit. And we've got Jake Myers, 85 out of 299. That's last bottom mojo. 70% of the time, hits 100% of the time. And back here is Ryan Howard. 81 out of 199. For the Phillies. Fighting Fills, that will be for Sean. Next one. Tyler Brenner, 192 out of 399. Tigers, Tyler Brenner. Javier for 160. Or 60, that is. For the Blue Jays, Otto Lopez and Otto Otto. 91 out of 299. Toronto with... Nicola Plant and the Blue Jays. Nice, Nicola Plant on the board. And we've got Frank Thomas, one of one. That is for Aaron Miller. Picked up the White Sox. Second to last team. They were there. They were there. It's cool, right? Trust me, she'll like it too. And Aaron, out of 5 and under. All aboard the Big Hit Express. Nice. Yeah, there you go. Aaron, congrats man. There's Kyle Lewis, 009 out of 249. Piece of his lumber. Going to Team Bunts here, there you go Max. Got Marcos Diplon, 7 out of 25. Gold ink autograph for Baltimore. That's going to go to Aaron Miller. And we've got Matt Chapman. Piece of his lumber and autograph. A's edition. 6 out of 99. Jonathan Kent with Oakland. We are halfway through the second half of this case. Three boxes to go. Good luck everybody. Fingers crossed. I think we might have an extra auto in this one. There's Fernando Tatis Jr. 145 out of 199 for the motorcyclist. Going to Aaron Miller. Can you imagine how pissed the San Diego Padres were? They'd never say it, but that GM was just like, MF'er, what were you doing the off season? I mean paying you all this money. And there's Josh Lowe, 154 out of 199. BTW, I was riding some motorcycles and broke my wrist a couple of times. I could have been worse actually. I mean, yeah. All this guaranteed dollars you're getting. This is the NFL. Man, you'd be done. 43 out of 149. Goldy, Paul Goldschmidt. MVP maybe? Aaron Miller, Cardinals. One more here. It's Juan Mershal, old giant. 59 out of 125 San Francisco baseball giants, Nikola Plant, the old school giant. All right. Two more to go. Here's Freddie Friedman, Braves edition. 251 out of 299. That will be for Aaron Miller. Nice, Aaron. Rock him up. We got a Nick Fortis. 176 out of 299. Fish, Martin with the fish. And back here is Donnie Baseball, Don Mattingly. 62 out of 100. For the Bronx bombers, that's going to be Logan Smith for the Yankees. Final box, guys. Final box. See what we got. All right. The relic is old Johnny Bench. Piece of his lumber. 177 out of 199. Part of the big red machine. Jonathan Kent. Reds. All right. Final two autos. Final two autos. We got a Lars Newt Bar. 250 out of 299. Cardinals, Aaron Miller. And the last one is, is Jorge Posada. 105 out of 125. Another old school Yankee. A little newer school than Donnie Baseball, but still kind of old school. Logan Smith. There you go, man. Nice Jorge Posada. And there you go, gang. I'm Joe for jasmuscasebrakes.com. That was Pick Your Team, whatever it was. We'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.


So what happens if we make a linear artificial neural network deep? We could say y in this case is a times b times c and so on up to z times x, but that's really not changing anything. Now like I can now rewrite this as v times x where v is the product of the matrices a through z. So making linear artificial neural networks deep makes no difference in a way, but in a way it does because once we make it deep we will definitely be overparameterized. We will have a lot more parameters than we will have data points and if we have an overparameterized system then the parameterization matters for the way how it converges and we'll try and understand this a little bit better today and we will look at deep linear neural networks which seems weird if you even think about it, but first let's think a little bit about abstractions. Now if we talk about linear neural networks it's we can write equations that make this be linear but ultimately it is implemented by binary numbers. Binary numbers are very much not linear. Now like if you look at how microprocessor works which I highly recommend it's great fun then it ultimately is implemented by operations like OR gates or XOR gates and things like that that are very much not linear. So with these two levels we have the level of the mathematical abstraction where we try and approximate a linear neural network and the level of the machine where we're not linear and these two are different and we design an exercise right now that gets you to see a little to which level the two of them are not the same and what's the abstractions? Now if we look at a typical number representation it might know here we have 32-bit floats it has a sign it's a it's a bit that just binaryly says is this a positive or negative number it has an exponent and then it has the number itself. What that means is that if you zoom all the way in it doesn't actually look linear and there's like a breakdown of abstractions is arguably very important it leads to a lot of failure in deep learning and it's actually very interesting. So let us all see that with our own eyes. So now what you'll do is you'll look at the behavior of linear neurons zoom all the way in to see to which level there are non-linearities involved.