The following is a presentation of TFNN The TFNN Bull Bear trading hour every trading day live at 10 a.m. Eastern Call now toll free at<PHONE_NUMBER> or internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER> The TFNN Bull Bear trading hour Now Tom and Tommy O'Brien Welcome folks appreciate your garal and a problem with us out here We have that our industry is up 45 Nasdaq up 77 S&P's up 13 gold gold contract up $7 and 60 cents trading at 1422 an ounce yet silver up 7 cents 16 dollars 49 cents an ounce light sweet crude 56 dollars 18 cents a barrel Notes and bonds you get the 10 year down three ticks 12706 30 year up three at 154 13 and King dollar King dollar up 148 ticks trading 97700 it's already tested the high once out here from May 977 15 is the number Euro Euro is at 111 you get the yen at 108.67 the pound is at 124 to 1 US dollar our phone number is 877 92766 48 Well, what's your what one you want to go to Amazon or Google sure and we got GDP after that I thought you're gonna say yeah, let's go to Amazon, okay? So let's take a look at Amazon what the good news or the bad news first There you go for the bad news Amazon down 41 bucks, which is nothing really I mean, it's it's you know, it's intriguing in the aspect of it. We know what what it's actually done but bottom line is that they What ends up happening with Amazon too, which is a trip is that they can basically make that earnings per share number anything they want Because it just depends on how much Bezos is gonna spend going into the future and you know, I think many would agree that Bezos is Not concerned to a certain degree with the earnings per share right He is concerned with a revenue number and I was kind of surprised to see How they were getting hit because they beat on revenue. I think I might have it up over here if There it is right here So earnings per share they miss 522 versus 557 they beat on revenue by $900 million in 90 days right 63.4 versus 62.5 Yeah, AWS though a little bit of a miss 8.38 versus 8.5 I had seen some analysis on the AWS I believe they were looking if they had hit 8.5 that would have been about 40% growth, right? They came in at like 37% growth and the fact that that is like something That's just everywhere.  They beat by $900 million in 90 days. That's an extra $10 million every single day above what they were expected So their revenue jumped 20% from a year ago. I mean 20% from a year on billions. Yeah, right pretty wide Yeah, amazing. So Google let's go over to Google take a look at Google. Okay. This is a big number. No doubt Google $170 1249 yes, no doubt right look at this my god you talk about going into the gap The top of that gap is 1266. It was game the whole thing's game now quite a turnaround. That's that's probably last earnings Yeah, yes, they really they really and it must have had a meeting after those last earnings. Yeah Let's see if Yeah, $25 billion share by back right that was one of that was one of the headlines for sure I had seen okay, the market likes that. Yeah Okay, these are what all the analysts are saying getting a lot of upgrades, of course With what they put out. Let me see if not like getting an upgrade in the stocks already at $116 Yeah, right Let's see what we got here second quarter sales Excluding payments to partners coming in at 31 point seven billion analysts are only looking for 30 point eight So they beat by 900 million to run on half the number So it's pretty much quite you know double the impact. Yeah, 25 billion share by back big numbers there, of course Advertising sales growing 16% overall. It's huge So let's see slower than many recent periods but a welcome release from the first quarter where they missed That number and saw their shares sink Yeah They're still finding places to put ads around the web. How are they doing that? Where are they going? They didn't know of these places last year and they found them this year seriously Starbucks now check this out. Yeah, this is a big number, you know, that's up six bucks right now This is at all-time highs. I mean look at the surge man. Yeah, like growth everywhere, right? China everything Pretty amazing. It is, you know and then Intel this is Yeah, they've paired some of it one checkout. All right, where yeah, they're barely up. Yeah, they're up 53 now They're at the 52. I think they might have been higher pre-market, too We'll pull up the chart and yeah, this one's a little dangerous because right at the gap Yeah, so that number there is a 5309. Oh boy. Yeah, let's just pull up to see where it was after ours Let's see and we can talk about McDonald's, too They had some news. Yeah, so check that out right 5633. Yeah, and we're back in 52 Right, that was short-lived and then Big Mac Big Mac's got action out here. No doubt Some big growth numbers there as well but pulling back pretty quickly so like biggest growth since Some of you right since something they're they're growing man 5.3 billion with that that's look at the five billion the first quarter five point three to second. Yeah, pretty good But well, that's interesting, too. We could go if you go back 15 it's a 2015. I look at that at 6.5 This is it this is intriguing like we look at the fundamentals on this folks because you go back to 2015 And you have six billion but yet to the bottom line They were only doing a buck and about 26 now they're doing 5.3 billion to bring a $2 the bottom. They were they parent Were they parent some of their weaker brands are selling off? I know I think that's exactly something they they they got Obviously selling off the underperformer whatever they did they got together Maybe that was just closing the score stores that were underperforming. I think when that new CEO He's not that new anymore. Yeah But yeah, so inside the NDX now This is where this gets really wild because you get two sets of Googles you get Google and then you got Google okay, and Google like preferred right exactly and guess what they're both in the NDX Okay, so this is why the the NDX 100 is no longer the NDX 100. It hasn't been for a while I think it's the NDX 102. Yeah, they still combine to be an according percentage though It's not like they get two entries Yeah, it's a large percentage, right, but it's it's an appropriate percentage, right? You get Pfizer. This is up a 7.7 percent. This is the credit card deal Not bad 40 billion dollar company. Look at this Financial services. Yeah e-commerce. Yeah, good good space to be in especially today for this company Now the What did they do well the guy the thing is amazing here the guy that started this okay right here Let's move is he retired. Okay, but let's move as a C is CBS, right? Oh, no, no That's Mooma. Sorry. That's Mooma. That's his that's his name. He lives he lives in Bel Air It's he he started this sold it Maybe he retired about 15 years ago and then he is involved What's the other one he's involved in another one right now? They can't you can't get out of that credit card business once you're in it. Sure. I mean credit cards payments cash. Why not? It's it's it's insane. Yeah, so inside the NDX a Starbucks, you know is up there, too Taking away from it now is charter communications. That's a hit. Look at that. So charter Maybe they have running it's down 4% They did 7 a.m. This morning, okay Come on, baby Saying not now They must have a lot of action going on for their earnings Yeah S&P so let's go take a look at the S&P so the the S&P folks is still in this ABC structure up It's been like churning like come on wants to get higher goes lower. It goes higher right now We're three thousand eighteen and hit three thousand twenty the numbers three thousand fifty-five Expect we're gonna get there. We'll see how it's gonna get there stay right there folks Tommy and I come right back I phone numbers eight seven seven nine two seven six six right back If you're not currently using the Taz profile scanner when looking at setting up your trading opportunities Then your arsenal is short a mighty weapon The Taz profile scanner is a standalone piece of software that instantly filters over 2,500 global financial markets such as stocks ETFs commodity futures and forex Headed by Steve doll Taz understands that in today's technological world the use of top-flight software applications and technical analysis Expertise is essential to successful trading in today's market You also gain access to the webinar that Steve doll and Tom O'Brien just hosted the best way to use the Taz profile scanner to profit This webinar archive is available for all subscribers immediately upon signing up all new subscriptions also come with a 30-day money back Guarantee so you have nothing to risk start your subscription by visiting the front page of tfnn.com today And you'll find the Taz profile scanner under the services tab sign up today Are you in the market for buying or selling real estate in the Bay Area including the surrounding st. Petersburg Tampa and Clearwater markets Tiger real estate LLC is a firm that has extensive experience in the Tampa Bay area Whether you're looking to sell your current property for maximum value or you're in the market for a second home or investment property Tiger Realty has the experience across all areas of real estate in the Tampa Bay area to help buyers and sellers make the most informed Decisions across all price levels from the price You should be paying per square foot in certain up-and-coming areas to the type of cash flow investment properties are capable of creating Tiger real estate can help you make the best decision when it comes to all areas of the market before you make one of The biggest decisions of your financial future call Tiger real estate LLC today at<PHONE_NUMBER> Or email us at tiger at tfnn.com that's<PHONE_NUMBER> call us today Many of our new listeners have heard about the Tigers dead The Tigers dead is a lively community where professional traders and investors can meet exchange ideas and information in a comfortable moderated atmosphere Hear all of the tfnn shows plus see all the charts as they happen live and have access to archives of all those charts You can test drive the Tigers then absolutely free for 30 days and greatly enrich your knowledge of these markets And how to make your money work for you details on the Tigers then on the front page of tfnn.com Tfnn has launched our brand new website. You can still visit us at the same tfnn.com URL But when you do you'll see a new and improved homepage with a much simpler navigation Whether you're watching Tiger TV live in high definition or just accessing your newsletter subscriptions We even have new pricing in six months and yearly options Check out the new tfnn.com now and experience all the upgrades tfnn.com educating investors Call now toll-free at 1-877-927-6648 Internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER> Matt folks down down right now of 26 you get the nasa cup 74 S&P's up 13 so let's go over to the composite because it looks to me that the composite is you know They're not only gonna close at an all-time high, but it's getting away from that the top of this range here Yeah, it sure is okay, so the top of the range if I bring this back to what is that? August of last year. Oh my god. That's 81 33 Almost 200 points, you know That's the first week of August then we got back up in May 81-76 and you're at 83 12. Yeah, you know and pretty remarkable that we start the year off at 6190 isn't it? Yeah, 2,200 points right 2,200 on 61. You're talking about what 35 percent 36 percent Monster mode and so if we go into the NDX and we take a look at the NDX now the danger pod here It's gonna be that you know Yeah, you're getting away from it if you get back underneath it then it's like okay You're gonna get a failure, but look at this the the NDX is way away from it. Well Yes, 77 92 or 8,008. Yeah Yeah, so and then if we go to the cash S&P we take a look at the cash Well, it's way away from it too actually. Yeah Yeah, we're in a different range, man. Yeah, you know yep. That's I agree. Yeah, I think every day marching higher Why not? Yeah, that's it's great cuts coming next week great cuts. So 25 or 50. Well, let's go I'm curious as to what happened. We're September. We're 64 percent yesterday. Oh interesting. We're at 60 percent today For a second one, you know, so hundred percent chance of a cut coming July 31st, right? But of that hundred fifteen percent are saying 50 basis. Okay By the time you get to September. Yes, it's a you know, a hundred spaced in you have 60% chance of a cut in September for a second cut Yeah, and the market's actually pricing that there's a 10% chance that somehow of the next two meetings we get 0.75 or basically three cuts But then look at that I mean there's even one out of three chance that they go one two three July September October Pretty intense. Yeah, and it looks like that chance just holds as in the one out of three It's pretty consistent right through even the beginning of 2020 But then you start getting where there's a one out of four chance here four cuts Then the next to see you know Five six plus meetings. I know it's crazy. I don't know if the odds I don't know if I would agree with those odds of you know, they man I can't imagine four to five cuts from where we are. There's no doubt What's gonna be happening in the economy if that's Yeah, and there was they had greenspan there was an interview on Bloomberg, right and The it was pretty amazing folks watching him Specifically say that hey listen, no one knows what this negative interest rate is about he they asked him the question About negative interest rate. He says listen. He says it's never this greenspan the old old fetcher. Yes, exactly He says it's never been in the book. He says I have such a hard time understanding it how people can give someone money and It costs the money to do it and so David asked them again. He says well Do you know what else is there something else here? He says no He says if someone tells you something else there, no one knows. Yeah, you know, and it was amazing just hearing that Yeah, you know It's like because it's true.  Well, let's let's go send them over to France where it's negative a 10th, right? Germany negative three tenths Netherlands Excuse me, Sweden Netherlands Switzerland Japan, right? And it's not a 10 year Right, right. I'm small 10 year all negative. I agree. It's it's a tough one to Wrap your head around. Yeah It's if you figure that one out figure everything out man because I that's that's a driver of almost everything it is Yeah, they and you know, there's there's some good papers out there Have been you know, the theories about where this is gonna go and One of them I just read in the other night and what it was is that this analyst is saying listen It's not only going there, but the more that goes there the more it's going to go there And what it is is that let's say that you bought The 10 year and it was a just negative one tenth of one percent, right? Okay Well by the time I'm getting it a negative four tenths of one percent you made money sure So he says what's happened is there's a momentum in going the other way and there's so much cash in these bigger He was talking about sovereign places that have to put their money somewhere Yeah, that they don't want to put it They can't keep it well, they can keep it in the bank But what ends up happening folks is that inside let's say that you're running some government Call or something right? Yeah You can only keep so much money in banks because if a bank does go south something, you know You might use your money versus if you put it in, you know a 10-year Japanese So any any it's supposed to say for deal, right, you know, so what's happened is that it's forcing large Folks that are in charge of just making sure that you don't lose your money. Yeah to place it Yeah, and that you can't I mean just a so you put it with Wells Fargo. Yeah. Well, your risk is that Wells Fargo defaults That's an insurance for the FDIC, but that's capped. So you're back on the government, right? Yeah, you're back on the government, which is the same as buying bonds, right? I know as in so that's why you're forced to really if you want to put a lot of money in The safest way possible you try and choose the government exactly that you're sure you're gonna get their money back, right because At least hopefully we don't default as in businesses can always Only as the FDIC which is again the government so you're back on the government. There's no doubt There's no doubt. Let's go over to the gold contract. Take a look at gold Friday's always getting trig inside the gold market Of course, especially on a GDP right now, man So you get sideways move out here today. No big action really, you know, you have four bucks 217,000 contracts now yesterday, you know Bottom line is that we didn't break a swing point, but you had an expansion of volume, you know And we basically were pushing into that bottom there, you know 489,000 now that was going into 504. I think the 481 358 didn't get that low But we'll see where the shape it stays where it is right now. It'd be beautiful You know into IGPO just to see the action this morning because I know it was pretty good So that was quite a day yesterday like you're talking about But yeah, so just to illustrate if people hadn't seen it right that 830 spike That's right all the way down to 14 12 14. I think and That can get tested You know, that's a high volume spike At 830 okay 14 12 90. Yeah, so yeah, you know boom quite a charge up to 14 I really like to see that get tested sooner rather than later. What do you say you get tested all the way to the bottom? Yeah, yeah, okay. Yeah, well actually no, you know, you're right. That's that what happens here is at the top of that's 14 18 You know, so if you get a rejection 14 18 40, that wouldn't be bad. We got down to 14 7. Yeah, that wouldn't be bad Because you you've only dug into that bar by a buck so far. That's 14 17 and the top of that bar is 14 18 40 even drill it down I want to see how long it actually sat down at there that could have been let's see You know, it'll be let's go for a minute. Yeah, that's that's just yeah, what's up? What do you finish your lot? I'm not sure well what ends up happening How long it took to claw back as and I knew it was an 830 spike on the number right, you know a 10-minute chart You can't see that's a that's a one-minute chart. Right. This is a one-minute chart, right? Yeah So it's like everybody wasn't I thought it maybe could have that bar could have been all the first minute. Yeah, yeah, yeah The now the dollar this is gonna be let's watch this because if the dollar closes over 97 715 and you're over it right now bottom on you can go to another light This has been a battle since last October. Okay. Okay, and I know the euros at 2017 yeah, which will correlate to a dollar high totally because if that if that if the euro breaks out that that low Watch out. Yeah, stay right there folks. Tommy and I come right back Hi folks Tom O'Brien here if you'd like to get my daily newsletter market insights Then now is a great time to sign up for a 30-day free trial every morning by 9 30 I send up my morning letter to subscribers with market commentary on a variety of markets currencies and commodities to keep investors up to Date on the day trading action included in market insights a specific buy-and-sell recommendations for stocks ETFs and even options Which stops and price targets included for every trade in my newsletter If you'd like to try my newsletter risk-free for 30 days Then head over to the front page of TFNN and you'll find market insights on the trading newsletters I use my years of trading experience to bisect and dissect the market every morning and give my subscribers the most important information They need to know for the day ahead. I even issue afternoon updates for my subscribers whenever warranted with important market action I'm always scouring the market for the next great trading opportunity Sign up for your 30-day free trial to my daily newsletter market insights today by visiting a front page of TFNN calm Look at him folks The path of least resistance is David White's daily trading newsletter And if you're looking for active trading ideas then now is a perfect time for a 30-day free trial to this powerful daily trading advisory service David uses his years of trading experience to offer his subscribers his trading ideas each morning in his path of least resistance newsletter Using a combination of equity trades along with options David keeps his subscribers up to date with all pertinent market information with intraday afternoon updates when warranted Don't miss out on this great chance to get a 30-day free trial to David's daily newsletter The path of least resistance with no obligation to pay anything David has been delivering solid recommendations for his subscribers recently and if you'd like to see the type of newsletter He delivers every morning then visit the front page of TFNN And you'll find the path of least resistance under trading newsletters for all the details and to start your 30-day free trial today log on to TFNN.com now TFNN is excited about our new software charting program the art of timing the trade charts in Collaboration with Tom O'Brien and using his best-selling book the art of timing the trade your ultimate trading mastery system David White has Programmed an outstanding piece of software that will complement any trader's methodology Using this first-of-its-kind program the art of timing the trade charts allows you to scan thousands of stocks for Fibonacci formation setups Including Gartley's ABC's Butterflies and much more the art of timing the trade charts is designed to help you when Scouring the markets for stocks just beginning to form the trading patterns that many investors spend days weeks or even months Searching to find and right now we're offering licenses available at only $79 a month we are so confident that you're gonna love this new charting software that will even give you a 30-day Unconditional money-back guarantee don't miss out on this incredible new piece of software get your copy of the art of timing the trade charts today by visiting TFNN.com This segment is brought to you by think or swim for more information Just click the think or swim banner on the front page of TFNN.com Welcome back folks. Let's take a break and go look at the Chatham's bar in folks. Okay, Cape Cod We're in the middle of the summer and so great. This is like pretty intense This is the headline of this is great white shock fever sweeps Cape Cod after a fatal attack now the fatal attack was last September I believe so I know The thing that if you've never been down the Cape folks, okay? Chatham's bar Chatham is beautiful Chatham's bar in is absolutely an amazing place And what has happened over the course of the years I think so they they You had to stop killing seals something like I think about 30 years ago. It took it took a long period of time And for this to happen But little by little for it great white starts showing up. Yeah in The lower end of the Cape and they said tens of thousands of gray seals leasing on the coastal surface Exactly sharks are coming for making smell in 3,000 miles away. Not bad, right?  Yeah, and still they point out here the odds of getting killed by a shark versus getting hit by lightning But in fairness all right. I like to say like that's that's a general Statistic and we live in Tampa Bay where people just got struck by lightning and I died Okay, we're at this morning and for ready clear water beach. Oh, so sad I've hung out there many times and they did clear the beach So there was like not that there was warning right, but I don't know what happened But it was after they had already started like some things going on as in clearing the beach the lifeguard towers And they were leaving they had left so they they that's just usually got to be like the red flag went up 10 minutes prior that's a people were leaving but Unfortunately, even you know would probably do the same thing. I mean we know how do you not be happy when they close areas for lightning I know I know okay, but I've left too. Yeah, I'm kicking and screaming. I'll leave again I'll definitely leave now. Why are they closing this pool? Don't they know we're hanging out here, right? Yeah Okay, let's go back to the shocks This is this is this is wild. So they talk chatting right time of six thousand two hours south east of Boston Yeah, and Let's see. Where were you going? I didn't see the chatter men. Where are you going? Well, I happen to know the area. Do you know what I mean? That's okay. What happens Chad the chatter man is knows. It's just gorgeous It's at the very peak of where all these shocks are I mean? Yeah, exactly And so they talk about how some of the area they've capitalized on this right Yeah talking about just like in Jaws man selling selling merchandise selling Tours this gentleman who is writing this or woman they went on a $2,500 trip. Here we go So $40 shark license plates 500 sponsorship for sharp detecting buoys and even a $2,500 naming rights to the sharks at tags and Here we go. So $2,500 fee five people. That's what and so you and says 760 bucks goes to the nonprofit. I guess yeah, I mean they found quite a gem of a okay So let's say this is they says and pursuit of the sharks. He steers this 28 footer.  It's not the Jaws. We're gonna need a bigger boat Twin outboard and tight circles surprisingly given the great whites razor shop teeth the vessel has inflatable sides Which helps it side up to other boats. So it's a zodiac type of boat. Oh my god. Yeah, I definitely want a bigger boat Oh, there it is. Yeah. Yeah Higgins is here at all the Jaws jokes. You're gonna need a bigger boat He did plans quoting the famous line when captain chief Brody Roy yeah, Schneider. Yeah first Gasp the Jaws. Okay. Oh, look at this with within 10 minutes. We found our first shock a dock Outline swimming deep below the surface other sightings quickly follow a shock is one boat away our two boats away Davis radios was playing. Oh, they look from the plane. That's so yeah, what happens folks when you look down on the plane Even if you were to high rise like we can see them around here, but around here. We don't have great whites You know, you can look down. I'm sure and the water's so clear. You can you can see the shadow It's like, oh my god, especially probably if you stop right you chum So then you're just going around the area and you're seeing as they're coming in right within a mile Dozen dozen sharks they got on there and I went to the trip great white swims right up to us It's so close. I can see deep gashes on its back That's crazy and that's where the seals are fighting back as they go after the man The shock rises up nearly hits the boat as it switches directions It's tailed drenching us with water. Yeah, the great white deal is intense man Yeah, great white, you know, we have plenty of sharks in Florida and you know I'm always seeing people I know on social media that they're just at the Beach and oh yeah like four o'clock on a Tuesday, right and there's a shark that's four feet in the water So you got to be a little vigilant. Oh, yeah as I don't list that are the odds of you getting beaten by a shark Or just as much as getting hit by lightning It's like put some context into those numbers and realize if you're on Chatham or if you're on Tampa Bay for lightning Like those those odds don't apply to you. Yes, that's probably worldwide odds That's what I'm saying right right the guy in you know, Idaho in a cornfield is not gonna get eaten by a shark, okay? Right That's a fact yeah tornado maybe something that's we all have our context of what we I mean, yeah every place says there Wow Yeah, let's go to Twitter. Let's take a look Twitter come out with numbers this morning So that's up three dollars and 80 cents and let's see what they had to say so they grow grew by millions I said who same thing where I said that's five million uses who's just creating a Twitter account the last Twitter reported sales that beat Wall Street expectations Let's see second quarter revenue came in at 841 million. It's amazing how much company There's the young money that these companies can take in right? Yeah, I mean up 18% Company is well known as Twitter that the president uses it at nauseam today I did I almost feel like they should be making more money for the valuation Yeah, you know as in they can't even take in a billion dollars and all everybody who talks about is Twitter this Twitter I know yeah, but they added five million people. It's I almost don't even believe it I really don't like who didn't have a Twitter account a hundred days ago. Well, there's still it small numbers They're only at 139 million. Yeah, you know Facebook is what three billion or something Yeah, you know, there's a lot more to do on Facebook. Yeah, and that income excluding certain items was 37 million So they made money too. Yeah interesting. Yeah, the most notable blip in the report was guidance The company expects third quarter revenue to be between 815 million 875 on average analysts were looking for 872 and just to so they made 37 million But a year ago they made 58 million too Yeah, there you go. Yeah We've made a decision to shut down revenue products that weren't big enough or that might that They may make an impact near term revenue But small enough that they aren't long-term priorities the CFO was talking about seven straight quarters of profit Yeah You did that that was user. So there's yeah That's some that's some great user growth man. Yeah When you're starting at 110 million and you're at 140 And that's some 2017 not long ago 2017 to 2019. Yeah And big Mac so let's see what's happening with big Mac I'm wondering if this is a whole delivery deal on big Mac too because The you know there you go biggest game at seven they they definitely Big Mac grew at a blistering pace in the latest latest quarter or as lies restaurant and reported best global sales Since 2012 as new delivery partnerships. Yep. This delivery business for you know solid brands is just huge folks You know same-store sales climbing six point five percent. Yeah, it's amazing. Yeah 5.7 rise in critical home market. What is that the u.s. Maybe yeah New breakfast items like doughnut sticks. Oh goodness. Come on The good old doughnut stick with a lot grown at home with lots of two for five dollar honey and sugar Kevin Hinks one day. Yeah, yeah, right street sugar totally They had a two for five dollar deal. That's on the big Macs. It's a man people don't need two big Macs for lunch That's not for five dollars, man. They're selling them breakfast. That's good. Oh boy Stay right there folks. Tell me that I come right back if you're in the CD market and looking for a secure investment The Tiger first mortgage program may work for you The security for these first mortgages are building lots in the tax opportunity zone in st. Petersburg, Florida The tax act of 2018 set up tax-free zones across the country where you can build and hold for 10 years and pay no tax on the profits which makes these lots valuable the investment is anywhere from 30,000 to 75,000 the interest paid is 7% yearly paid on a monthly basis according to bank rate calm The best rate for a four-year CD in the country as of February 20th is 3.1% of $50,000 investment at a normal four-year CD rate of 3.1% would give you income of 1,550 per year or 6,200 over the four-year period that same $50,000 investment in the Tiger first mortgage program would give you 3,500 per year or 14,000 over the four years What should you prefer 6,200 or 14,000 of interest on your investment if you'd like more information about the Tiger first mortgage program You can call me at<PHONE_NUMBER>. That's<PHONE_NUMBER> If you haven't checked out the newsletters page of TFNN comm What are you waiting for all of the TFNN newsletters are informative up to date affordable and a must-have for every trader looking to gain a Competitive informational edge in today's markets TFNN newsletters cover every aspect of the markets to offer you the very latest in market news Plus new subscribers get to test drive our newsletters risk-free for 30 days From all aspects of the markets including stocks bonds metals commodities and tech There's a newsletter to fit your needs exclusively from TFNN Stay informed each day you trade and get that competitive edge that will help you stay ahead of the game Visit our newsletters page by going to TFNN comm and click the newsletters button near the top of the page TFNN comm educating investors Biotech is booming, but for how long whether you think the biotech bull has room to run or has run its course trade Labu or Labd Directions daily S&P biotech three times bull and bear ETFs Visit direction investments comm slash biotech today an investor should consider the investment objectives risks charges and expenses of the Direction shares carefully before investing the prospectus and summary prospectus contain this and other information about direction shares to obtain a Prospectus or summary prospectus, please contact direction shares at<PHONE_NUMBER> The prospectus or summary prospectus should be read carefully before investing an investment in the funds is subject to risk Including the possible loss of principal the funds are designed to be utilized only by sophisticated investors such as traders and active investors distributor four-side fund services LLC Don't forget you can listen to TFNN live on your mobile device 24 hours per day Go to TFNN comm then hit watch Tiger TV. That's TFNN comm then hit watch Tiger TV for the latest to market information Folks down down is down 12. Nasik is up 62 S&Ps are up 10 now Let's go over the well first Larry Kudlow just come out folks a few minutes ago and White House economic advisor Larry Kudlow said the administration has ruled out currency intervention and rejected the assertion that Trump wants to weaken the dollar. We have a matter of policy ruled out currency intervention Kudlow told CNBC and interview Friday the interesting thing about that is that that they actually had a Meeting about it, you know, I was gonna just joke Yeah, half-wittingly joke that doesn't that mean that usually like a story drops tomorrow that that's exactly what they're doing But well, this is so cool The next thing I was gonna bring up when you lie and get caught lying the next day continually that that's where it matters because I Don't trust the thing that he's saying about what they're doing exactly No, no totally so this is what this is without this is cool folks. So watch this we are right at the cusp and I'm gonna let the market tell me what's gonna happen here and And what it is this 97 715, you know is a big number today Okay, so the real question is gonna be when that happened. Okay, it's spiked it over it You know, you can see the spike got up and over it. No problem 97 815 now at 97 710 now We'll see how this shakes out at the end of the day because what you're gonna have here is that you got a daily and you get a weekly shot and you know, if it closes underneath it, you're gonna have a failure on the weekly also and What will be really intriguing here is, you know, what are we gonna do? So Four o'clock this afternoon, we'll find out. Okay And we'll see whether these trades gonna sell it So the correlation here, which we were just talking about a little bit early And I watch this because this is really dangerous that the euro wants to bust out its lows You know the the lows in the euro you can see this coming back there The first one is what one one point one one one two. Yep one eleven twelve Yeah, and we've hit one eleven sixteen. Yep. The second one out here is 110 no one eleven oh seven right. Yeah, okay. Yesterday. We blew by those better rejected one eleven oh two yesterday, right?  Yeah, why so let's put that on They can see a little bit clear I'm just gonna put it back in three years. All right, because that's where you get to see where we're coming back You know, they haven't been here since Two full years. Yeah, you know, you're looking at June July of 17 basically And then you can see if you if you broke this area Hey, man, there's not much in between this area and then they're down into 105. Yeah one oh five seven That's where you're going that that means our dollar You know would be dollar index This would would be tremendously higher. It would be on the rise. Yeah, for sure Now the divergence in this is that gold is not backing off, you know, so You know the battles the battle lines are laying out here Yep, as you've seen that dollar rise gold's been rising, right? Yes at least a health study where it's meant exactly Yeah, and that you know every time you see this happen folks, okay? You can have a million different theories and that's what the markets about but guess what? Gold is priced in US dollars if the dollar Where my if the dollar goes down, we're gonna see go go up exponentially because it's held so much Okay, what's so intriguing right now is that why hasn't it backed off when we're still at highs, you know And is there that much money out there? You know what I mean that people saying hey I don't care where the dollar is I'm gonna hold some gold because I think you know That there's value there and I can picture that because you know as we're talking about earlier If you give money to the bonds of the banks, it's costing one It's not costing you money to hold gold sure no sure 35 dollars for a safety deposit box You can put five million bucks worth of gold in there, you know, I mean it's like you know what happened Actually, we're gonna go to the Goldport special, but I read a pretty cool article I forget whether it was in the post the times about safety deposit boxes recently right and how little recourse anybody has and how I'm just so five million dollars, man I wouldn't trust after reading this article anything right because folks if you ever show up at the bank and your safety deposit box is empty Right. Good luck. I know that's the basic gist. That's pretty intense I know and they go over the fact that many banks are getting out of that business because it's not even worth it to them Right, the money they make to store somebody's millions and then you lose it what you're gonna be liable for getting your eight dollars a day You know, yeah to come back for a five million dollar lawsuit. No, so right banks don't have them built They're not even in new banks, right So just be careful out there and do some googling and you'll be able to find it only a few days ago I know I saw it. Did you see it was this I did yeah So maybe you buy some gold mining equities in your stock account that is secured right instead of buying a safety deposit box And throwing away all your money in your cash Gold report 900th issue was published this Monday man. Congratulations We're on to the 901 come Monday morning issue 901 It's a 900th gold report tiger dollars sale. You can get a 200 basically tiger dollar bonus right now You spend 495 you end up with 695 tiger dollars. That's more than a 40% bonus on what you spend Normally, you can't even get that bonus let alone for spending under $500 the normal lower level of tiger dollars You can even purchase this $500 so you spend 495 you end up with 695 the exact price of a year of the gold report right now So you can take those 695 tiger dollars you go right over to the newsletters you go right over to the gold report will pull it up and You click subscribe and there's your year and you'll be able to apply those 695 tiger dollars right to the gold report Or once you buy those tiger dollars you can go over here and you can gain access to anything whether it's your daily market insights Basil's opening call same exact thing you have 695 tiger dollars Let's get used before anything gets used on your credit card. So you're saving, you know Bonus right off of the top whether you're a subscriber to anything so that'll run through the end of this month Which is only Wednesday, which is only Wednesday three days coming next week So this is the last weekend for that sale check it out tiger dollar sale 900th issue issue 901 And then the gold report is going up Thursday morning. It is a lot going on so you know, but that's exactly right So that price I believe the yearly is gonna go up to 785 So yes, you could still use your 695 tiger dollars towards that price, right? But bottom line is you sign up today. You can get it for 495 get some tiger dollars You sign up come Thursday the tiger dollar sales over gold report goes up to 785 quite a difference So check it out. So one of the tigers are telling us that CNBC also reported Kayla Towshey that Trump convened a cabinet meeting to discuss ideas to weaken the US dollar. Oh, man I'm so surprised at that. Okay. That's wow.  Yeah Yeah, so that's let me do it this way. So DX one so we'll look at if it does break topside What wouldn't it be the next level? put this back 10 years Well, this would be pretty intense, you know, you can see that you know, we've been here Look at how long we've been here, man. Yeah, you know, we've been here, you know, it's last October basically Actually, you can make it even is that August? You can really August was 9668, you know, so yeah It's been inching up a little bit that whole time. It has those lows every time in our highs barely barely barely though And then yeah, it'd be intense back because then game would be 103 103 181 to and that's quite a supply line See, I mean, it's having a hard time getting through that supply line. But yeah, guess what? Let me put this back now. I know the dollar when I started the gold report the dollar was 121 And then I went down to 70 something What do you see this? There it is 121 2001 2002 121 that'll help with the right price involved down to 70 look at that I'll put some juice that cool contract. Yeah, and in the administration at that time that was uh, I Forget who the administration was but they say they love a strong dollar. I'm certain you are or strive to be one of them And everything you do in life It's the most common trait that we tigers and tigers is share if you're looking to become the best of the best when it Comes to managing your money Let me teach you to do what most wealth managers tell you can't be done Which is how to time the markets? I'm Steve Rhodes author of Mastering probability and for the last 12 months Timer digest has been tracking my newsletter signals Which have earned me the ranking as their number one market timer in the nation for the s&p 500 for the last 12 6 and 3 months timer digest also ranks me as a number one market timer for gold as well The fact is markets can be timed and I'll teach you the exact set of tools that I use that has transformed me into one Of the best at what I do sign up for Mastering probability today by clicking on the newsletter tab on the home page of tfncom and get immediate access to Workshops right take you step by step how to use an extraordinary set of tools as well as provide great market calls to sign up today Tom O'Brien published the 900th issue of his weekly newsletter the gold report on July 22nd It's amazing He started the gold report more than 17 years ago when gold was trading at only $252 to celebrate. We're having a special tiger dollar sale right now You can spend only $495 and we'll give you 200 extra tiger dollars So you'll end up with $695 tiger dollars, which is the yearly price of the gold report Tiger dollars can be used for any tfn newsletter or service and this offer is open to new and current subscribers With gold making six-year highs and gold mining equities trading higher This is a great time to sign up for the gold report at a dramatic savings for all the details Visit the front page of tfnn.com this deal ends July 31st So don't miss out get your tiger dollars and sign up today for the gold report 900th issue sale since 1984 Basil Chapman has been using the Chapman wave methodology to advise traders of his expert market opinion Well, originally hand-drawing charts from the late 1970s into the 1980s Basil noticed that prices under most circumstances virtually always had a certain number of legs to the upside before declining sharply Later Basil found that computer software which included the standard market technical indicators Enhanced the degree of accuracy and calling price turns as well as market trend calls Thus was born the Chapman wave sequence using the Chapman wave methodology along with other indicators Basil Chapman advises his subscribers of his expert market opinion each market day with his opening call newsletter Right now you can get a two-week free trial to the opening call Basil's daily trading newsletter by visiting the front page of tfnn.com Cancel at any time during that trial and pay absolutely nothing get your two-week free trial to Basil's newsletter the opening call today by visiting tfnn.com This segment is brought to you by think or swim for more information Just click the think or swim banner on the front page of tfnn.com Folks now does up 11 as except 68 s&p's up 12 and a half So the you know when we take a look at these indices The bottom line is that the Dow's having a tough time just holding price where the Nasdaq is up 8 tenths of 1% Yeah, well, yeah, yeah, so I don't think Google's in the Dow. Yeah, and it's still way over the highs though I'm just that's a big. Yeah, you have a mammoth Market cap company up 10 11 percent And what did that put just that's the juice 70 billion dollars of market cap. What's Google at 8 7 800 billion dollars You have 10 11 percent on 800 billion dollar company. What is it? Yeah, look at that. So it's 864 now I think it was under 800 so you just added 70 80 billion dollars in market cap, you know, that's the size of Two normal regular companies in the Nasdaq 100. So look at right at the very top Larry Page, right? 20 million shares not bad So let's then Sergey these are the two guys Yeah, yeah, okay Both have 20 million shares give or take somehow page has got a mouse did by 800,000 shares Which means today was that he made 80 million dollars more just on the rise of 20 million shares So every $10 is 200 million so a hundred bucks is gonna be two billion dollars each of those guys We're in the back pocket. Thank you. God. That's a good day of earnings. Let me just see this Yeah, so the last let's see 723. Oh The BMO financials not happy. They sure aren't look at this folks that that just filed they sold 752,000 shares the 23rd yep before earnings. Oh my god So 1.5 million shares call it. Oh, that's about a 15 million dollar missed opportunity On the upside that's that's intense. Yeah, stay right there folks. We got fast Mike coming up next Let me get our man. Mr. Basil Chapman Steve Rhodes Dave white. I'll be back this afternoon. Thanks, pal. Thanks, man They'll get him folks


Ron, our hearts are filled with gratitude and joy as we prepare to engrave your name alongside of America's greatest heroes. It is my honor and privilege, along with Mike and all of these incredible warriors in front of me, to present you with the Congressional Medal of Honor. This Medal of Honor is for those who didn't make it in past and present battles. Those who are still out there confronting the enemy and building partnerships.


Hello everybody, Andrew Maesky here and say hi to my dog Lily. She just wanted to say hello to everybody But okay guys, so I have never used so much hand sanitizer Washed my hands so much in my in my like life It's something that I'm constantly thinking about like I did go to the grocery store today because we need food and You know, I washed my hands kind of when I got there. I had washed my hands before we were leaving I washed my hands when I got home, you know, like you get the idea, right? And I personally prefer to use soap and water because hand sanitizer There's alcohol in it, you know, if you think about it So here I'm you I'm you know using hand sanitizer too because sometimes you can't just wash your hands But I don't like doing it because of the alcohol Anyways, um, but I have found something that has made my hands feel so much better And if you guys look at them like they look healthy, right? Like you should have seen them Look at my lovely hands. I need a manicure, but that's not happening because we're all stay home But they are so much healthier because I have found something. It is actually a foot cream So don't laugh at me, but it's the best stuff ever And it does actually like stay on your hands, but doesn't make it feel like sticky and yucky and there's no scent added to it But it does have like a natural scent to it. I forget what they called it. It's some like Natural I'm just seeing if it says it here some natural all all spice Stuff added to it. Um, so it does actually it does have a nice scent to it, but it's not added It's just like natural.  I Rub it on well Obviously, I probably don't have to show you guys how to use hand cream, but it just like it just has such a nice Scent to it without being too much and my hands like just Feel so amazing and they do look pretty good, right? So I know it sounds silly, but I just kind of wanted to come on to show you guys and to talk about it because I Was thinking I'm probably not the only one who's like my hands feel horrible. My hands are awesome now So hope you guys like it I will leave the link for you guys if you would like to try it on the bottom It is worth every penny. It is amazing and like I had shown you guys just like a little bit Goes a long way. So let me know if you guys try it Let me know what you think you don't have to tell anybody that it is actually a foot cream But it is the best stuff I have ever tried and I've been in the dental profession for 15 years now So this is the best stuff ever and we have to wash our hands like crazy anyway But we're probably all doing it even more now So I hope you guys like it. Let me know what you think and I'll see you guys in the next video


Okay, so it's time. If you want, we can start. Please, please turn on with the second lecture. Okay, thanks. So yeah, good to see you all here again. This second lecture will go into some more detail about possible ways dark matter could interact in condensed matter systems. So, talk about dark matter electron interactions and dark matter phonon interactions. So to start off, let me remind everyone of this plot I showed yesterday, just as an example to illustrate why why these condensed matter systems are so interesting for dark matter detection. So, we have the sensitivity from nuclear recoils. This, these units are this is a different axis than the usual winter recoil cross section. This is dark matter electron cross section. This is actually a particular model that I'll talk about shortly, and you can compare nuclear recoils versus looking for electronic stations and phonon excitations and various solid state materials. And so that's why there's been so much interest and development in looking at different types of materials for this KV to GV dark matter mass range. So last time I promised I would say a little bit more about what kind of models were actually looking for. So do that now. And what we covered last time was already the kinematics of why these kinds of excitations would be better. And now let's let's discuss a little bit. The models that might live in this parameter space, particularly you see this blue line. That's one example of a kind of thermo relic that that is present. So the blue line is exactly where you want to live for the couplings to get the thermo relic through a dark photon mediator. And as always, feel free to interrupt with any questions, comments. All right, so let me say a little bit about this dark photon mediator scenario that gives rise to that blue line. So the place it usually comes from ultimately is some sort of kinetic mixing between dark photon. So that's the prime with hypercharge. And there might be some mass term for the dark photon a prime. And this is something that is very easily generated. So this is a epsilon parameter very easily generated if you have some heavy particles. Just call them F. And they might be charged under both the new you one and existing you one. And so through this kind of diagram then you'll typically get small numbers for this loop diagram and so you can easily get some sort of small number for this epsilon why this kinetic mixing here. And so it's very natural to think about these dark photons. And for our purposes, we're talking about sub GV dark matter. We're really focusing on low mass mediators as well. So really focusing on sub GV a primes as well. And so the thing we'll actually focus on is you can just focus on the mixing kinetic mixing with the standard model photon. For our purposes, we won't have to talk about the Z mixing part. And so to treat this there's two different bases that are often used one you can keep keep this as it is. But I'm going to go to a different basis by rotating away this kinetic mixing. So I can do that by taking standard model photon to be photon plus a small mixture of this dark photon. And the way the reason we do that is because the dark photon already has a master. So if we were to do this rotation on the dark photon, we would get mass mixing terms. Whereas we start off knowing that the thermal photon does not have a mass and so we perform this mixing that gets rid of this kinetic mixing term. And we're instead left with coupling I mentioned yesterday which is coupling of the dark photon with all the standard model stuff and electromagnetic stuff. And so that leads to the kind of interaction that I drew before which is that this provides a very good mediator for freeze out reason direct detection. So for instance, this is a process that's possible in the early universe and couplings will consider usually G chi and epsilon E. If this happens, if this process is an equilibrium that would allow for dark matter freeze out. And there's also freeze in the line I just showed which is possibility if this diagram only happens in, whoops, in one direction which is the direction of producing dark matter out of the thermal bath. So dark matter is not an equilibrium. You just have very rare interactions that are occurring in standard model thermal bath where occasionally plus minus will annihilate to the dark matter. And you can produce the right amount of dark matter in this way through some combination of couplings is about 10 minus 10 so much smaller. And this MA prime is pretty light the dark photon is pretty light. Okay, so it's possible to have both a freeze out reason scenarios and I'll show those both on on these kinds of cross section plots. And if we have this coupling then dark matter will source a potential in materials. So this is basically just a cool or you call potential if we include the mass, and I'll write it in for a space, just get a q squared plus MA squared. Normally when we're talking about scattering events were used to thinking of like, say, computing a two to two scattering process or two to two interaction process kind of like this. But when it comes to treating the dark matter and materials. The end of diagram while it's, it's useful can can lead to, it can be misleading. So another way to think of things is by writing down the potential source by the dark matter and figuring out how this potential perturbs the material. And the reason is because when we're dealing with the material. Again, we're not necessarily dealing. It's not always easy to think of the material as just a collection of individual particles that the dark matter can scatter off of one by one. We're really thinking of the material which is a has a lot of interacting components all responding at once. And so that's why I'm treating this in the language of what's the potential of the dark matter as it's passing through this material. Okay, so mainly I'll work with one of the ones I'll work with is this dark photon example. Another case that's often considered just to cover our basis is what if there's no such electron coupling and we just have a leptophobic mediator so this would be a scalar and there are merely couples to nucleons and similar we would have a potential sourced by this dark matter as well, where now I only some over the ions in the material so I meant the ions, where I'm treating that solid state material as basically ions plus electrons. One other thing to to mention about the kind of interaction will look at is that there's usually two limits taken for this potential. I don't, of course, a prior pro or you know what's the dark photon mass is different models of different masses. In case you can do a, you know, study for a particular model but usually will take two limits, the massless mediator limit. And MA prime is much less than kev doesn't have to be massless but as long as it's much less than kev then its presence in this potential can be neglected. And we'll see that's because the typical momentum transfers are either the m chi v zero alpha me both of these. Well this is going to be good in order kev. And this one, this one can actually be as well as say few EV. So really this maybe should be stronger, much less than EV. And the other limit is the massive mediator limits. And usually this might be of order is the dark matter mass. And when that happens. Typically q. Basically the massive media limit is where q is much less than my prime. So we consider those kinds of limits for scouting potential usually so basically the first one is like a cool potential from the dark matter and the second one is like a contact interaction. So I've introduced now to possible mediators and the kinds of external potentials that they introduce. And so let me sketch out now how the scattering rate is computed in the material, and I'll draw an analogy with the calculations that we looked at yesterday for dark matter nucleus scattering. So for dark matter nucleus scattering. We found that the leading operator looks for for vector interactions had this coupled basically to the one operator which means coupling to the nucleon number density. And the same is true now we're also coupling to the number density so before it was row and coming over nucleons. And now we're coupling to row E, which is the electron number density, as well as possibly row, I, which is the ion number density. And it's appropriate to use to think about these instead of nucleons are more individual particles, especially for low q. So low momentum transfer. So to give you an idea that inter particle spacing in materials is order angstrom, which corresponds to momentum transfers of order KV, and we do one over angstrom. On the other hand, when we were looking at dark matter nucleus scattering we're looking at much larger momentum transfers that was more of order MeV or even 100 MeV. And so there it's really appropriate to deal with individual nuclei and even goes far as the nucleons within the nucleus. Because once you get to pretty high momentum transfer at 100 MeV, we saw that you're not probing the whole the nucleus as a whole coherently. There was a form factor, the Helm form factor, which led to some suppression in the coupling once we get to really high momentum transfers. And you're no longer, you no longer have this being just the sum of all the nucleon squared. But you're you're probing the structure. So similarly for the solid state systems. Once we get to momentum transfers of order KV, which is definitely relevant for the for light dark matter. That's because that's comparable to the inter particle spacing, we can't really think about probing just a single electron or a single ion in the material. We have to sum up all the electrons and ions in our electron density operator and our ion density operator. And we need to compute a different kind of form factor, which will be called the dynamic structure factor. Okay, so to remind you for the Helm form factor we just computed with the nucleon number density operator. And particular we computed with the same initial and final state because we're just recoiling against the nucleus as a whole, and we're not exciting any internal states. Now for the solid state system, we compute a similar density operator expectation value, but we, we have different initial and final states corresponding to say we might start with the ground state of the system at zero temperature, and then we might create some excitations with some energy, with some difference in energy omega. So again this is just like, this is just perturbation treating treating our external potential as some perturbation to this, this whole system, and here computing some rate to produce excitations. Okay, so I'll just give you the form of the total rate and it looks very similar to when we wrote it down for dark matter nucleus scattering, the dark matter number density here. This is the target mass density. It just replaces the number of targets before so we can still talk about the exposure in mass times time. As before we have the dark matter velocity distribution in our halo, and some additional cross section. This is the reduced mass of the dark matter either with the electron or the nucleon. We always typically put our overall form factors here. And then we want to integrate over the possible phase space of the excitations. So last time I emphasize that we treat this in energy deposition omega and momentum transfer q. There's a dark matter mediator form factor here, which I'll explain in just a moment. This is the dynamic structure factor that I just introduced which is like the form factor for the material. And this is just energy conservation saying that dark matter deposits energy omega. So that's going to be the same as that relationship between omega and q that I introduced last time. So this is relatively straightforward in that, okay, we packaged all the material properties inside this one function the dynamic structure factor. And everything else here is either the astrophysics of the dark matter density and velocity distribution, or various particle physics quantities that we can compute, namely this fiducial cross section and this mediator form factor. And so let me just define those more explicitly. So let me just do the electron case. So this combination in front, the cross section over the reduced mass is just the combination of couplings, for instance, for dark photon. And I call it a fiducial cross section because it's defined at some reference momentum transfer. So this is basically just that strength of the potential. And it's defined at a reference cross section just so we can compare and the actual momentum dependence of the potential is then absorbed into this mediator form factor. Okay, so the, the mass, the dark photon mass dependence of the potential I absorb into this mediator form factor. And this part is just pulled out in order to define the cross section. So basically it looks very similar to calculating dark matter nucleus scattering just with essentially with the replacement of these form factors, the nuclear form factors with this. So in today's lecture I wanted to focus on in on giving some intuition and sense of what this form factor looks like in various materials, and how that compares with the allowed face space for light dark matter scattering. Are there any questions so far that on the dark matter model side. Okay, well we can always return to this later. So now I want to get started into thinking about dark matter electrons gathering and computing that structure factor. So, let me recap a little bit about electrons they went fast last time at the end because we were out of time. And I've introduced this band structure plots, which, if you start looking into the literature and some of this thing you might see this a lot so I want to make sure we go over a little bit more. So, as I said one of the important elementary excitations in solid state materials are electrons, and they're not exactly electron particles but they're called electron quasi particles. So there's something that's not exactly an electron but they behave a lot like an electron in that they have the same charge. They're a fermion, but they have a really funny dispersion. So we can almost think of them as having a different kind of mass, it's called a band mass. And so the toy model of where this usually starts comes from basically looking at the electron wave function in a periodic potential. So, remember there's theorem called blocks theorem, which says that you can write the solution to Schrodinger's equation in this periodic potential, most generally as some phase factor times another periodic function. And furthermore, these solutions, the set of all solutions will be equivalent. If you kind of take this label K and change it to K plus a vector G, if G a is equal to two pi. And I'm just, I'm doing it in 1D but of course this will be in 3D you have a dot product of G dot some lattice vector. So because of this equivalency, usually the spectrum of solutions of Eigen states is shown inside the first, what's called the first Ruan zone. So for instance for just a 1D periodic lattice K would be in minus pi over a to pi over a. So you would just show the spectrum of Eigen states in a particular K range. And it's a simple, it's a, the Ruan zone is simple for this 1D periodic lattice. In a crystal, we have a three dimensional structure and it becomes a little bit more complicated. And so what's shown here is basically, if you imagine this 1D thing gets replaced with a three dimensional object. And this is a path going in that three dimensional space K space. So this is effective, this is basically showing momentum on this X axis where momentum really means the label of these solutions. But you can think of it roughly as an electron crystal momentum. And these labels are just particular labels there's a convention for them for what they mean in terms of momentum. I don't even remember them. The one that's always useful to remember is gamma gamma is always K equals zero. Okay, so there's a lot of stuff going on but let's, you can simplify a little bit. And if we look near gamma equals zero what you'll see is there is actually this quadratic dispersion. Here, which is basically the beginnings of a K squared over two and dispersion, which you would expect for free electrons. And if you were to continue that you know if you didn't do this cutting off of the momentum space you would just keep going like this. But instead it's folded over and it's mapped back into these lines here through the equivalence shown here. And so then the way we read this is you can think of this boundary here as roughly where the momentum becomes pi over the lattice spacing A, which is typically going to be around KV. So you find the gamma point and kind of just imagine that this axis now is going from zero to KV in momentum. And then you can read now the energy eigenstates going up, which will be something like a free electron, which looks like down here, but then get more and more distorted, as you can see, depending on the material. And these other points are just other finite momentum points I won't really look too much at this region. The important one point point is this dashed line here. This is the Fermi, the Fermi energy for this material which is silicon. So that means all of the eigenstates are filled up to that energy. Each one, each, you can imagine this, these bands really as having a discrete number of eigenstates, so really it's like this. And as we fill it up with all of the electrons in the material, it goes all the way up to here. So everything below is going to be the occupied states and everything above are available states we could expect to. And importantly, there's a gap here, so the highest occupied one is around here, and the lowest available one is here. So this has a gap of around one EV. So when we talk about dark matter excitations in this material, then we can think about specifically removing, for instance, an electron from here and say exciting it to some available eigenstate here. Let me draw that better because so we can remove it and so the amount, the horizontal motion we make or the horizontal part will basically be the momentum transfer and the vertical part will be the energy deposition. So this is a typical example of a semiconductor with the, like I said, electron volt gaps, and that's going to allow us to probe dark matter as light as one MEV. There are two, there are some other possibilities for where this EF, this Fermi energy might be located. So if it's down here, let's say EF were down here, that would be metal, because there's basically no gap from taking an occupied state to an excited state. Another possibility is if we had an insulator. It would be pretty similar to this band structure, but the gap would basically increase to about 10 EV. So there's no exact boundary, but if you basically moved all the bands above unoccupied bands above up by like nine EV that would be like an insulator. So if you move the Fermi energy below, that's a metal with zero gap. Okay, and so that flexibility gives a lot of options when you're considering different materials for dark matter scattering. But let's focus on the silicon example. And let me show you now just some schematic of how, how the experiment might actually go so these are schematics from real experiments. As I said, what we imagined happening when dark matter comes in is we take this occupied electron and we cite it to some states, to some, the electron occupied state to some available Eigen states. And so what happens after we excite that electron. It's a complicated process because now that electron. So we have the excited electron can decay to other electrons. So it can decay to some state there. That one could decay here. And so there's a kind of cascade process where the amount of energy you deposit will lead to one electron but then that'll cascade into a few more electrons. And so roughly speaking, you'll get out a number of electrons at the end of this cascade, which is omega over about three electron volts depending on the material, maybe higher than other insulators, but for silicon it's around three EV. And so that's the number of electrons you might observe. And so if we look on the right, how would we observe that. Now we can take this number of, you know, final electrons in the cascade. And in the Dominic and sensei experiments, what we have is a silicon CCD. And that's the this blue region. Now one of these observed electrons, you'll have an electron in a hole. And if there's a bias voltage, then it'll drift the electron to one side and the whole to another side, the whole just sorry the unoccupied and unoccupied state. Okay, but more importantly, let's just say we drift the electron to we drift the electron with this bias voltage. So that's just the operation principle of a CCD. And what Dominic and sensei experiments are doing are using particularly fixed CCDs that we have enough mass and also and a bunch of basically treating them as dark matter detectors where we're taking a picture of electron ionization events that happened. So the bottom plot is showing basically a pixel. Well, it's not a pixel.  And instead of, you know, usual CCDs taking pictures if you cover it for a long time and you wait, you get a long exposure of the CCD in the dark. And for instance, this one pixel here shows has a measure charge of exactly one electron being produced. Everything else is zero. And through this, you would say I have an event with one electron which would correspond to about one to three EV. So it can be as low as the band cap that could be as high as three. Okay, so they're these are these experiments are running and I'll show you some of their results. But already from here you can see, they have some really nice techniques to basically reduce noise and see just that spot from that single, single electron type events, very low energy events. Okay, so I think before the break, I'll say a little bit more about the dynamic structure factor in in materials, and then we'll we'll continue with the electron scattering after. Okay, yeah, I'll try to finish the electron scattering before the break then. Alright, so to make us a little bit more concrete I like to use the example of the hydrogen atom just as a case where you can compute things without having to go into all the band structure. I've been talking about. So to remind you the thing that we care about this dynamic structure factor. Let's write it again. It's just a expectation value of this density operator. And the thing that can be quite complicated is identifying what the initial and final states are in a many body system. But as a warm up we can simplify things with a hydrogen atom, and just take, for instance, I hydrogen I'm simple we just have one electron and we'll take that to be separate hydrogen atoms as our target. So I will just be the ground state of hydrogen. So it'll be proportional to either minus r over for radius. And in this example I'm just going to take the outgoing states to be free electron free outgoing electron states. So k prime is the outgoing wave as a momentum the outgoing wave. And because there's just one electron and I also just, I don't have to do any sum j is equal to one and I can compute that matrix element directly. So it's shown in the plot on the right, basically computing this matrix element and summing, and including this sum over final states with the delta function, which anyway just turns into a factor. And so this is the log of the dynamic structure factor for hydrogen. And what we see is one that scattering is going to be peeked in the zero to five kv region so around five kv or less. And so that justifies what I was saying earlier that the typical momentum transfer that we're looking at in in electrons is going to be of order one over the bore radius or alpha me or five, which is about five kv. And the typical energy is 20 Ev or below. So note that this is cut off at 13.6 Ev, which is the gap for ionizations. And then the rate is kind of peaked just just about that around 20 Ev. So this is the basically this is showing us how easy it is to excite the material in a given q and omega. And then we have to compare that now with what is the q and omega available for dark matter scattering. So at that depends on the mass. But if we take a momentum of 10 kv. So if q is 10 kv, then we expect that the corresponding omega is going to be less than q times the dark matter velocity, which is 10 going to be 10 Ev or so. Well, up to, it'll be up to 20 Ev, because then it wouldn't show in the plot. So really if we looked at dark matter scattering it would actually give us a parabola that's very low down here so probably should change the axis. The axis here, but basically you're not really scattering, you're not really able to access any of the stuff up here. For dark matter scattering remember we had a parabola and it's going to be all the way down here kind of that large momentum and low, relatively low energies down there. So this kind of gives some intuition for how you might even think about comparing different materials and looking for material that would be optimal for dark matter electron scattering. Basically you want to look at this structure factor and see, you know what kinds of materials give you plenty of signal down here. Let me show you then the result for the silicon semiconductor. So that's this plot and it actually has quite some quite a few features in common with the hydrogen atom one you can explain a lot of it similarly. One is you can see that the typical momentum transfers here, where we get the most weight is similar it's going to be order 5 KV, a little less, we get similar momentum transfers and again that's that's basically coming from the that you know when we look at the electrons and material that that's a very that sets the scale for the momentum of the electrons and their wave functions and so on. That's always going to appear as a typical scale. That's generally going to appear as a typical scale won't say it for every single material. And that's nice because the band gap, the Delta E greater than one EV. The structure factor the dynamic structure factor extends to much lower energies. So it does go all the way down to one EV. And you can see a little bit of white region here, and that's basically the part that's excluded from zero to one EV due to the band gap. It's already a lot better and if we were to draw that parabola for dark matter scattering, they would look something like this. So you're still not quite reaching the most optimal part of the structure factor, but you are doing a lot better with semiconductor down here. Okay, and there are various subtleties in calculating the structure factor so these initial and final states are not. You cannot just use the block states that I mentioned as shown in our some recent work which I've cited below. We've shown that the, these are really many body states. And if you, if you do that, it introduces some additional facts, basically screening in the material, as you're exciting the material as a whole so it's a many body effect. Any case I won't go into that other than to comment, you can't just use the block states in the initial and final states when thinking about this dynamical structure factor, you have to count for various many body things. Okay, so, given that here's a comparison of different kinds of materials you'd that have been studied in the literature so far. So basically we've been looking at different structure factors and now I'll show you how that translates into a reach in the dark matter. Electron scattering cross section plane so dark matter mass and electron cross section. So, first thing to know is the left plot is the massless mediator limit I mentioned, so that was the MA prime. That's an EV. And this is the massive mediator so MA prime is in time. So each of the plots, I, I have them that kind of thick bluish line. So those are interesting thermal relic lines so those are free that's the freeze in line and I also have freeze out over on the right side. The two different lines are for scalar versus for man. And now all the different colorful lines are projections for if you had a kilogram of material and you waited a year and you had very low background. What's the best you could do in different materials. Starting on the left, if you have an insulator which my example here, if you have an insulator like diamonds, or maybe the hydrogen atom, that would give you something like this yellow curve. So that will have the highest threshold delta E of 10 electron volts. So it will only go down to order a few MeV and dark matter mass. And these next two lines, those two are silicon and germanium silicon doctors. So that corresponds to lowering your energy threshold to about an EV. So you can basically significantly improve the region around one MeV by lowering the threshold. And then you can ask going for in the future what what if we could have even lower threshold detectors. So the, the darker lines show two proposed possibilities. One is to consider a metal, and that's this line. Now, rather than a metal, what's the original proposal was to consider the metal in the superconducting phase, which is better in terms of detecting the actual excitation that you produce. But for this discussion, this discussion is not too important. I'll just, you can just think of it basically as a metal. So when you have a metal, then the gap basically goes to zero. And the experiment might not be able to go to zero. So I've put thresholds of 10 MeV and 100 MeV. So as you lower the gap, you can keep doing better and better. Particularly for this massless mediator case because remember it's like a Coulomb potential, which is highly peaked at low momentum transfers and so it's really beneficial to keep going lower. And then this one is another example, kind of exotic, more exotic material, the Dirac material, which is something which also has a really low threshold to excitations, here's about 10 MeV. So there are a bunch of existing experiments already with these kinds of energy thresholds and then in the future, we can explore more novel materials and get to this dark matter mass range. Okay, and for the massive mediator, the advantages of going to low threshold, there aren't quite as many. So all of the lines basically are cutting off at around one MeV, it's hard to go below. But the model space is also not extending to some MeV. Okay, so one quick comment about solid state materials is also that they allow for directional detection. So in this graphic, what you see is there's a particular crystal and the structure of the crystal actually depends on which direction the dark matter is coming from and how you're exciting it. And so as the Earth rotates, this is the Earth axis of rotation, T equals zero, you'll look at the crystal in one direction. Half a day later, this will have rotated around and you're basically probing the crystal in a different direction, and you can actually get a modulation in the rate, which for some materials is quite large. So in this example, it goes from below one, all the way up to three, so it can be factor of three change in rate throughout the day. So if you were to observe any signal, then you could try to use that to distinguish a dark matter origin, which is very important because with electron recoils, we don't have a way, we don't currently have ways to distinguish whether electron recoils are coming from some background or from dark matter unless we use the spectrum and maybe this effect where it's modulating throughout the day in a particular way. Okay, so I have one slide about experiments, but I think since I am running into the hour, I'm going to stop there for this first section and we can take a break. Okay, great. So we'll zoom at four or five. There's a question though, first, would you like to answer it? Sure. Okay, the first one, it's very quick. When you say direct material, you mean something that has, you know, the comb like dispersion like graphic or something. Okay. Yeah. And the second, about the plot with the reach you showed. So this one, yeah. So you said provided there is low enough background. Does this mean that, you know, this is a plot, like one of those very optimistic plots that, you know, as a theorist you like to do, but there is not much input from experimentalists or Right, this is just a, I would call this more of a materials comparison. So it's how what's the best you could do comparing these materials. But of course, it realistically, you have to consider lots of backgrounds which might be more materials dependent. But yeah, this is more of a, you know, what's the best you could do with a material just to sort of guide your thinking about different materials. So, yeah, indeed, these are optimistic with zero background assumptions very optimistic. Okay, I see no other questions. We have a break and resume in five minutes. Shall we restart? Please. Okay, so I forgot one last thing I wanted to show about dark matter electrons gathering which are actual experimental results. And so that's summarized in this plot. It's the same dark matter electron scattering cross section. And now you see that there are actually tons of experimental results in this regime with pretty low thresholds. So there's Domic and Sensei here are the CCD experiments I mentioned with silicon CCDs. And they have fairly small exposures so far order one to 200 gram days. And they're also currently dealing with some, well, this one is actually not even that far below the surface. So there's lots of potential backgrounds. But you can see, even though the exposures are still relatively small right now it's not even that far from the interesting cosmological benchmark I mentioned so this will be pretty exciting to follow in the next few years. Okay, so that's it for dark matter electron scattering then and in the remaining time I was going to briefly cover dark matter phonon excitations. So lots of extra references I can share later. I'm interested. Okay, so dark matter phonon excitations are really going to be for sub MEV dark matter. And the reason for that is related to the energy scales of phonons. So let me step back for a moment and just recap what I covered last time, maybe expand on that a little bit about what phonons are. So in a, in a solid state material will have some regular arrangement of the atoms in their lowest energy state. So some equilibrium positions. And phonons are the collective displacements from the equilibrium position. So you can talk about the position of some Adam in a lattice at a particular lattice site. So there might be, there might be a crystal like this one where you have two different types of ions at a lattice site, and you would expand about those positions so this is just a factor telling you which lattice site, the equilibrium positions plus you is the displacement. So what happens next is basically just a harmonic oscillator. There's a potential energy for where you can calculate for all the positions. And so, like any equilibrium system we can expand about it to second order in the displacements that'll be the leading correction, if the ions are displaced. So that'll just be a harmonic oscillator and if you recall from a 1D harmonic oscillator you have the position being related to creation and annihilation operators in solid state material we would have the displacements. Also being a sum over creation and annihilation operators. The difference is that we have a continuum of energy modes. So we have to sum over all omegas. Okay, so we have, these are basically the phonon dispersions, and we associate these creation operators with creating phonons, single phonon. And the E's are basically some eigenvector, some overall normalization for the phonon. It's not too important. So basically it for phonons, you basically take the eigenmodes of the displacement and when quantize it, we turn it into, we write it in terms of phonon creation operators. And similar to the electron band structures, we'll have some sort of phonon band structure. And there are different types of phonons that you could have. As I mentioned, there's the acoustic phonons which have a linear dispersion, like the goldstone mode. And there's also optical phonons which are gapped, and they typically have energy of around, you can see here this one is around 35 milliv, and they can go higher up to 100 milliv. And really because of those energies that we focus on some MEV dark matter because these are pretty low energy excitations. So they're likely to be more optimal for some MEV dark matter. Also on here, this is a log log plot, but basically this is the same parabola I've been showing in the energy transfer and momentum space for dark matter scattering. And so you can see, this is dark matter scattering for a particular mass, I think it was 35 MEV. And so you can see these optical phonons live right in the middle of this base space where you want them to. And that's why phonons are also very exciting direction to go they're right in the middle here. The acoustic ones aren't quite as good because they kind of live in the corner of the available base base. Okay, so this is basically a similar plot. There's the same parabola where you have allowed scattering. And here I'm just indicating that for different types of materials you have different possible energies for those optical phonons but they'll live somewhere in here, and the acoustic ones are down here. So this red line is actually Q squared over two MN, which you see is pretty much awful in this mass range. Schematically, how would we detect one of these phonons being produced. So let's say I didn't want to excite an optical phonon, or let's say dark matter came an exciting optical phonon. So I'll come in. So I have a phonon in some material here. This is gallium arsenide. Again, we don't detect the primary excitation, it will shower and cascade so there will be lots of other phonons being produced lower energy phonons, and they might even bounce off the surface and bounce around. And the proposal is that the surface of this cube would be instrumented with these collection fins and TES's. So what does that mean? The blue region is a region where the phonons can be collected. So that means as these lower energy phonons are bouncing around inside, some of them might hit this collection fin, this blue region, and be absorbed there. And then the purple regions are basically the calorimeter part or the kilometer part where the energy of the phonons in these collection fins is measured. So the idea is if you can cover this efficiently, then you can measure most of the energy deposited from the single optical phonon, even though you're not detecting the original phonon itself. And these, of course, have to be very low threshold, very sensitive. For instance, 10 milliv threshold. So I want to say a little bit about the dynamic structure factor for phonon excitation. It's very similar to what we just talked about, but now we're considering the coupling of the dark matter with the ions in this lattice. So here's my example of a lattice again with different ions in a periodic lattice. And the dark matter will have some different effective coupling with each of them. And again, we want to sum over all of them weighted by UVIQR. So the way the phonons come into play is through this quantized displacement field. So very schematically, if we have this matrix element, we can take our initial state to be one in which the system is in its ground state and there's no excitation. So just vacuum, no phonons. And we can take our final one to be basically one phonon, could be one phonon like this. We could also even consider two phonon states. And then this matrix element is not hard to compute if you've determined these phonon dispersions and the modes, eigen modes I mentioned, because you just have to expand this. So you'll get one, which doesn't, this is basically no scattering. But you also get a contribution of Iq.u in there. And you can see that will give us a matrix element with the one phonon state. And there's also, you can also get, well, you can also get two phonon terms, which won't worry about two phonon. So this structure factor, dynamic structure factor, then we can, once we have some methods to compute this, which will come from the condensed matter side, we can directly compute one phonon form factor, two phonon, and so on. Another one interesting thing about the phonons is that which phonons get excited depends on depends on how the dark matter couples to the various ions in the material. Sorry, I didn't quite get there yet. Actually, I'm going to skip that comment. Alright, so, given this, we can, given this one phonon structure factor, we can do a similar kind of comparison materials comparison. And this is basically the previous plot I showed, but now I've added on the phonon bits. So these are different optimal reach curves for materials which have optical phonons that can be excited. So these are all with optical phonons. And what we see is that these materials with phonon excitation are particularly interesting because they're even stronger than the ones you would get from electron scattering which are the ones shown above. And I think, again, I think that can be understood by going back to this plot I've shown several times of the available phase space for dark matter scattering, and the fact that these optical phonons kind of live more optimally in the available phase space, whereas when we study the structure factor for the electron scattering we weren't really hitting the peak of the structure factor with the kinematics of dark matter scattering. So as a result we get some few orders of magnitude here. In addition, you could also look at different types of mediators and as I said, for different types of mediators you actually excite different types of phonons. That's an advantage because you can then use that complementarity to, you can use that fact to try to distinguish whether you're looking at which type of dark matter model you are looking at if you were to detect a signal. So for a scalar mediator you would actually preferentially excite acoustic phonons, which is how these curves here were obtained by computing acoustic phonon excitations. And these lines up here are actually the nuclear recoil reach with somewhat higher threshold. So this extends it down to sub-MEV with phonons. Similarly here we're focusing on sub-MEV mass range. Again, for a solid state material we can have a very anisotropic material where the energy of the phonons and the eigenmodes depends on the direction that we're looking in. So it's the same diagram and now you can compute how much does the rate change over one day for phonon excitations and you see similar, it's a bit smaller here but depending on the dark matter mass you can get sizable daily modulations, which again helps you try to figure out if some signal was coming from dark matter. So let me actually go back and write this single phonon structure factor down. So these were the phonon eigenmodes and the energies appearing here. And so this structure factor is a little harder to show because it basically is a delta function on top of wherever the phonons are so that's why I'm not showing any plots. But you'll get different weights on different phonons depending on how the eigenmodes look in a particular material. So this will be a material dependent eigenmode which just tells you how the different ions are oscillating. And that's again powerful because you can use that information along with the coupling to figure out to try to determine if your signals from dark matter or maybe combine different materials to figure out the dark matter model or to figure out the origin of the signal. And so here's a schematic from the Herald and Spice experiments showing a plan for using in particular sapphire and gallium arsenide and looking for the phonons being produced. You can ignore this photon part that's a different signal. So these are both materials with the optical phonons and you can see the collection fins and the TS is instrumented on the surfaces. Another idea that's being proposed recently is to use liquid helium, particular super fluid helium, which also has phonon modes. This is a liquid so it's a little bit different, but the basic ideas are similar in that there are something similar to acoustic phonons and you can produce them and they will bounce around and then you can try to measure the total energy being deposited. So, these are currently being developed all based on phonon detection. Okay, and there's a lot more to say about that but I'll just leave the references later if you want. Come to my last couple of slides. So to summarize, there's a lot of potential for exploration for different types of novel materials and novel material excitations in here. And one thing I hope that you come away with is that when we think about the rate in these materials, we can kind of absorb all the material dependent effects into one quantity called the dynamic structure factor. And it's the analog of the form factor when we're talking about high energy scattering for instance or higher energy or for nuclear recoils. So it's a low energy form factor in terms of momentum and energy that we can use. If we know it then we can easily figure out how the material responds to this passing dark matter and its potential. And hopefully I've given you a sense of why so many different materials are considered. There's lots of things I wasn't able to discuss but hopefully that gives you a sense of why that's a growing and important direction for these sub GB dark matter searches. And that's it. I'm well over time. I'm well under time which is good. All right, thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you. So we have time for questions. Wait, please. Hi, Tony. Thanks for lecture. So I have questions regarding the diet.