from the University of Düsseldorf is going to talk to us about ranges of functions and elementary classes via topos theory. All right, then thanks for inviting me to speak here. I'm happy about this whole conference, it's always good to see topos theory in action. And here's my little contribution to the conference. So I'm going to talk about ranges of functions and geometry classes via topos theory, that's what I announced, that's what is the content. And I'll just dive in and tell you what's the rough kind of problem here that I want to address. So suppose you're given two first order theories, S and T, and a functor between the categories of models, and then many classical questions are of the following form. So you could ask, okay, is this functor essentially subjective, is every b of the form f of a for something in the category a? Or you could ask the logical version of this, is every b elementarily equivalent to some f of a? Or then there's a more general one, a more complicated question maybe. So what is the elementary class generated by the essential image of f? So do I mean by this? I mean, okay, I take all the things appearing in the image of f, each of them satisfies some sentences in my language. So here I'm in the category of models of s, so it should take the signature of s. And then I just take all the sentences satisfied by things in the image, and I look at the category of models of those. So sometimes that's the thing you want to ask. And there's really many classical questions of this kind. So yeah, rephrasing of three, as I wrote it here, you could ask, is there some first order statement that is true for everything in the image, but not necessarily for all the b? Something that would help me to separate a general model of s from the models that come from a. Okay, that's very theoretical, so let's dive in with a pretty relevant example here. Famous example from lattice theory was this year, Dilworth's congruent lattice problem. It was asked in the 40s by Dilworth, consider the functor from lattices to algebraic distributive lattices. So lattices are an algebraic theory. So you can make sense of the notion of congruence there, the thing that by which you can quotient there. And the congruences of a lattice form a lattice themselves, and it's an algebraic distributive lattice. So finally, locally presentable category, which is opposite. And the question was, is every algebraic distributive lattice of this form? It's a typical representation problem. Can every such lattice be represented as congruences on something, some other lattice? So this was a long open question and it was a driving force of much of lattice theory, while lattice theory was still on vogue. The solution relied on a slight formulation here. So you have to ask, is every distributive semi-lattice the form compact congruences on some lattice? It's equivalent. You can go from one thing to the other, but this latter formulation, I can say a few things about the eventual solution here now. So Dilworth himself proved that every finite distributive semi-lattice is of this form. That's how he got to the question. And here are some results then, Hoon in 1985 proved that actually every distributive semi-lattice of cardinality at most, RLF1, is of this form. So presentability solved that far and it looked good. The conjecture remained open many years longer until Wehrung in 2007 showed, OK, but it's in general not true. There are distributive semi-lattices, cardinality, well, for Wehrung it was cardinality bigger than RLF omega, and then Ruzhichka a year later showed, OK, RLF2 is actually enough in our count examples here. Right. So long story. It's an interesting story, extremely interesting. But here's what this tells us about our kind of problem from the last slide. So we can conclude from this that there is no first order sentence that holds for all compact congruence semi-lattices, but not for general distributive semi-lattices, because if there was such a thing, then if we had a model, so then we would have a model of its negation, distributive semi-lattice that does not satisfy it, it's not in the image here, but then this model would also admit a countable sub-model. So there would be some by Leupham-Skolem, download Leupham-Skolem, some countable model of this, but that countable model being countable is in the image by whom. So that cannot happen. And so this kind of thing tells us, yeah, sometimes we cannot distinguish the image of such a functor by first order sentences. And that's one, it's a very, very nice example, but there's many such questions and, well, possibly many such phenomena that counter-examples kick in at late cardinalities. All right, of course, I'm going to address this kind of thing through Topos theory. So let's, I had my own motivating examples how I got to this problem of quadratic form theory, but let's skip that. So yeah, I'll gather some notions. And I said loosely just that I would be talking about first order theories. So here's the more precise formula here. I'm talking about certain infinitary first order theories, namely kappa geometric theories. So these are fragments of L infinity kappa, if you know, two inter-languages, here's the definition. So a kappa geometric formula is a formula built from atomic formulas top and bottom, allowing arbitrary disjunctions, well, set size disjunctions, and conjunctions of cardinalities smaller than kappa. So if you know geometric formulas, then kappa is all of zero. It's finite conjunctions. And yeah, of the same size, I allow also existential quantification. So what's the kappa geometric theory? It's one that's axiomatized by formulas of this form. Well, it comes from kappa geometric sequence, right? So it's implications, maybe with a for all in front of it, between kappa geometric formulas. I'll also be using, so yeah, I'll be using, so given some class of sigma structures of some first order signature, the theory of the members of this class, it's just the dissection of all the theories of the members there. So all sequence valid in every member of C. And I'll be using this negative kappa geometric theory of C. So that's just the set of negations of kappa geometric formulas. So it's those sequence where I have a bottom instead in the place of psi here. All right. So it's this kind of first order theory that I can treat. And that's, of course, because I want to use Topos theory. Here's another piece of ingredient. So accessible categories for a regular cardinal kappa.  So it's a category kappa accessible. If there are kappa directed co-limits, and there is a set of kappa presentable objects, such that every object in this category is a kappa directed co-limit of these. So examples, of course, well, for example, an algebra and a variety is even, finally, locally presentable. So all of zero accessible in particular. Fields are all of zero accessible without being locally presentable because they're not complete. Models of geometric theories, as you know them, are accessible. And actually, so kappa accessible categories are exactly those of the form mod t for a kappa geometric theory t.  I can talk about kappa accessible categories with this and then just assume they come from a kappa geometric theory. All right. So let me state the theorem. And it will take a while maybe. So it has three parts. And don't be put off by the slightly convoluted statements here. I think the proof will make everything clear. Proof is nicer than the statements. So suppose, as in the beginning, that we have two such kappa accessible categories, a and b, and a functor between them, preserving kappa filtered co-limits, and preserving kappa presentable objects. So that's what I, the notation I use for these subcategories here, a kappa, b kappa of the subcategories of kappa presentable objects. Well, then a bunch of things are true. So I was asking whether I can distinguish the image of f by some kappa geometric formulas. Well, if f is essentially subjective, if this restricted f kappa is essentially subjective, then I cannot. So this is sort of really a negative result about my question. If I find formulas distinguishing the two things, no, the theories are the same. Let's look at this example from the beginning, what it says here. So there was functor here from lattices to distributive semilattices is such a functor. It preserves lambda one filtered co-limits, lambda one presentable objects, alif, sorry. And well, we know by whom that it is essentially subjective, right? On this subcategory of alif one presentable objects. Well, corollary, there is no alif one geometric sequence that holds for all the things in the image, but not for general distributive semilattices. So we knew that there was no first order formula, finitary first formula by Louis-Vlemskoulem. But now from this, you can also say, okay, there's no alif one geometric sequence. And that's just a different class of statements where things could work or not. The very last slide, we will see an example where the things work out in geometric sequence, but not in classical. Okay, so I don't want to go too deeply into this here, but the theorem, as I warned you, is slightly convoluted. So I have more general statements than I'm giving you because they get hard and hard to process. So here, for example, would be a more general statement. If I have two functors from other accessible categories to the same B, then I can ask, okay, how do the theories, the couple geometric theories of their images compare? Both are extensions of the Bayes theory, S here, whose models are B. Well, they're equal if and only if these images of the sub-categories of copper presentable objects have equivalent idempotent completions. And that's still not the most general thing. That's already hard as process. Yeah, as I said, I can hardly remember these statements myself. I just remember the proof, and then that's what I apply usually in practice. Okay, so let's go to two more parts here. So, yeah, we can ask whether there are these distinguishing sentences or whether there are not such sentences. So here's, you can also ask whether the image of F is actually axiomatizable, whether we can really capture precisely what's in there or not by couple geometric formulas. And here's a result in that direction. So, if my functor restricted to copper presentable objects is fully faithful, yeah, then yes, I can precisely capture this by some extension of my target theory. Yeah, so this B is mod S. I can just add some accents and say, okay, that's everything that arrives here is can completely be captured by geometric sequence. And finally, so here's another maybe not so easy to process statement. If one has that every B and B in the target category, but I only have to look at copper presentable once here again, I admit some morphism to something in the image here. Again, the image of the copper presentable parts, then the negative copper geometric theories coincide. So, well, it's a bunch of criteria of sorting out the theories of the image in comparison to the theory of the ambient category in terms of the functor here, restrict to the copper presentable objects. Let me give you, well, let me jump over that toy problem. Let me give you one of my motivating examples here. So, there is a functor to what is called special groups, not the most fortunate name. You take a field and you send it to its square class group. Yeah, take the units module of the squares. You have the, so this is a quotient of monoids. So, we have induced one at multiplication and you have the graph of addition. Just a relation now, it's no longer an operation there, but okay. And this captures quadratic form theory on our field. It's a thing people consider. And it's a long open question since the 70s, whether these special groups really, so you write down some axioms for this kind of structure here. And it's a long open question whether you could write some more axioms. If you really captured everything you could by geometric axioms describing this thing here, we know also since the 70s, it's parallel to the Billworth problem that every finite special groups as a morphic of the special group are fields. And we know that's more from the 90s here, late 90s, that every special group can be embedded into the special group of a limit of fields, at least. So, what can we conclude then knowing these things from the theorem? So, at first, we have to look. So, this function preserves actually all of zero directed co-limits and all of one directed. Therefore, both categories are all of zero accessible. As far as I know, I actually wait a moment for the second one, I'm not so sure. But it definitely doesn't preserve all of zero presentable objects. I want to make a point here about how we can fall into the scope of the theorem. So, we want this accessible functor here between accessible categories, and we want it to preserve kappa presentable objects. So, this is often not true for too low kappa, but we can raise the kappa always and always achieve it. That's a theorem. So, this is a point about the scope of the theorem here. So, look at this here. A finitely presentable field tends to have a large square class group. So, an algebraically closed field, that's not finitely presentable, because I have to add infinitely many roots there to get to the algebraic closure. But it will have, of course, every element there is a square root of something. So, this will be trivial. So, but the smaller my field, the bigger this special group here gets. So, the finitely presentable special groups are the finite ones. And so, this completely inverts the presentability relation here. On the other hand, if I'm talking just about all of one presentable objects, well, that means I have a countable presentation of my field. Well, that definitely goes to countably presented special groups as well. So, and that's a standard phenomenon. If you raise the kappa, then the particularities of this construction get blurred, and everything happens below some big enough cardinal. So, you pretty often get into this framework here. So, consequences, well, you can conclude from Part C of the theorem that general special groups satisfy the same negations of kappa genetic formulas as those coming from fields. So, there's no negation, but that's pretty cheap and pretty easy to see by hand as well. And we can conclude from Part A that, yeah, if we look for, yeah, so how the two questions fit together somehow. So, there are the two questions. Can we distinguish general special groups from those fields by some geometric formula, and are there actually special groups up to isomorphism even that are different from those of fields? So, these two things are linked as we can now conclude from Part A. So, if there is a formula distinguishing these two, then there will also be some counter example special group, and we even know the cardinality I'll have one. So, that's sort of a, I don't know, a hint where to look at least. I didn't solve the problem, but at least that. Okay, time is flying. Let's look into the proof, and the proof uses toposes. Yeah, so everybody knows here that toposes can arise from geometric theories and from topological spaces. From geometric theories, they arise by taking the classifying toposes. From topological spaces, they arise by taking the topos of sheaves on that space. So, the map from spaces to toposes is actually very good and preserves a lot about the spaces. So, solar spaces can be reconstructed, for example. And you can also, you know, transform continuous maps into geometric morphisms. And you can actually, for good enough spaces, so it depends a bit on which property you're looking at, what good enough means, but really many. You can recognize what kind of map your geometric morphism came from. For example, sojective means if upper stars faithful, if ever there's an embedding, that means inclusion with a subspace topology, then if lower stars fully faithful, you can see denseness here, and you can see when something is a closed inclusion, by certain properties of these functors, really. And that's the definition of the corresponding notions for geometric morphisms in general. So, that's how you define surjective, geometric morphisms, inclusions, dominant morphisms, and closed inclusions. Now, in topological spaces, there is a factorization of any continuous map. You can just map it first, subjectively, to the image, f of big X. Then you can have a dense inclusion into the closure of that image, and you can have a closed inclusion into the target space. That's completely trivial. And the same happens for topos, less trivial. Now, every topos is a classifying topos of some geometric theory, and so we can ask what are the theories here in the middle? And the thing is, all the inclusions here correspond to axiomatic extensions of the target theory over the same signature. And you can say more, and you can find this in Olivier's book. So, these axiomatic extensions can be described a bit better. So, the S prime, the first one occurring here, is the theory of consisting of all geometric syphilis satisfied by the generic model transported to this topos here. And there's this S double prime, well, that's obtained from S, from the target theory by adding the negations of geometric formulas that are satisfied by that model. So, that's how you see some elements of the theorem popping up here. All right, so that's a classical piece of topos theory. Now, we use this for kappa geometric morphisms and kappa topos. That's maybe not the standard law. So, what's a kappa topos? Well, it's a localization of a pre-shave category. Such that the reflection functor, so the reflective subcategories, such that the reflection functor preserves kappa limits. So, limits of diagrams of cardinality smaller than kappa for some regular cardinal, again. And kappa geometric morphism, again, it's the obvious generalization of geometric morphisms. You have to demand that the f-upper star preserves kappa small limits now. Well, what's the role of this in logic? As in the usual geometric logic, the role of the preservation of small limits is the preservation of conjunctions, really, a final conjunctions in the usual case and now of conjunctions of size kappa in this kappa geometric case. So, and with this, kappa geometric morphism preserves all kappa geometric sequence. Now, this is not my invention. This has been elaborated by Christian Spindler. And I have to thank Olivia at this point for setting up all of these topos meetings here because I learned about this at the toposis in Como and I'm not sure I would have learned about it otherwise. So, it was great to see Christian talk about this the last event. So, he developed this theory and found lots of great generalizations of results and of model theory or geometric logic. Okay, but I want to use this now for this factorization here. I want to look at kappa geometric morphisms between kappa toposes. And well, kappa toposes are just also toposes. And we can use the usual factorization that we know from topos theory. So, actually, how, for example, does it work here? You take that geometric morphism, it's an adjunction. So, it uses a co-monad on the domain here. And the category of co-algebras, that's the first thing popping up here, for example. You can just do the same thing and the outcome, well, the factorization will go through kappa geometric morphisms again. That's a little thing to check, which I did, it's not hard. But co-algebras are something pretty abstract. So, how do you compute the factorization? Well, it's easy under the assumptions of the theorem because we can restrict to essential morphisms between pre-chief toposes here. So, for pre-chief toposes and essential morphisms, factorization actually yields, again, in the middle, a bunch of pre-chief toposes. So, that's really nice. And it's not a priori clear, really. It's also not hard to see. And so, all of these intermediate morphisms as well are essential. So, they are induced by a functor between the little index categories C to D. And, namely, it's the following, it's completely explicit, and that's what makes everything applicable in practice. So, if I have such an essential functor coming from a functor little f from C to D, well, I have factorization system on categories. Any functor factorizes as a functor that's subjective on objects, followed by a fully faithful functor. I just add the arrows here that are missing. And I can still have an intermediate factorization here through this full subcategory of things that admit a map to something in the image here. So, here you see some more elements from the theorem. And that's what induces the factorization here that we needed. Okay, so what's how to get the theorem from that? Well, we are talking about kappa-accessible categories. And kappa-accessible category always is the category of models of some kappa-geometric theory. And it can be taken to be a pre-chief category. Just it's a complete triviality, or a long known at least, that the models of this theory here, well, it's a pre-chief theory. That's the thing that wouldn't happen so easily for usual toposus. So, the extra flexibility of having this kappa here lets us fall into the setting of pre-chief categories. And that's really nice because then computations get very easy. And well, then the hypothesis of the theorem ensured that our given factor here from A to B really is induced by a map of classifying toposus by morphisms there. And it's an essential morphism. And so we can compute the factorization of this whole thing as we wanted to. So, these are the kappa-classifying toposus of our kappa-geometric theory. And well, now the conditions in this case A of the theorem ensure that the second maps here are equivalences so that the whole thing was subjective. So, they can't distinguish the geometric theories of things in the image with the other one. And well, that's how I roughly go there. Let me finish with an example. I know I'm over time, but this would be a nice one here. And this is really an example about not of anything that I wanted to formulate so strictly because it would just be off-putting. It's an example of this whole line of reasoning by factorizing the geometric morphism here. So, let's take the theory of groups for our target thing. And let's take the theory of the free group of n-generators as the thing that we include. So, really we include actually a very tiny thing. Now it was a question by Tarski asked in the 50s, I think, and long, long open where the first order logic was able to distinguish the theories of free groups on different numbers of generators, finite numbers. And it was finally, with a gigantic effort, resolved in 2006, independently by Chalapovich-Miasnikov and Zeller, that this is not possible. The first order theories, now first order really classical, finitary, full first order logic, of all finitely generated free groups coincide. You cannot distinguish the number of generators. Now, this is not true in finitary logic. There's a clear sentence here that tells you how to distinguish the number of generators, just this one. There are x1 to xn such that every other element y is one of the possible words. I need a countable junction here. It's one of the possible words that you can build from the x1 to xn. Now, that's not a geometric formula here because we have this existence before the fall. And there's no obvious equivalent geometric formula here. But now with the theorem, or with the setup here of this proof style with geometric opposites, we can say something about it here. So that there is actually a geometric formula, now a usual geometric formula, that allows to distinguish these different numbers of generators. And I haven't been able to find it explicitly and I have also asked a bunch of people who everybody is shrugging and they don't know. But the theorem spits this out. Why? Well, what we have to include here is just the free group on n generators into the finitely presentable group. So that's two sides here. This one is one defining side for the category of the theory of the free group on n generators, the geometric theory now. Okay, but the question is now whether this induces an equivalence of classifying opposites of kappa, well in this case, reducible classifying opposites. Well, it doesn't because this is the case if and only if the idopotant completions become equivalent here. But they don't because the idopotant completion of this one object category here, that's just consists of the three groups of it most n generators. Because it consists of subgroups, of course, that idopotant completion gives us subgroups and subgroups of free groups are free again. That's all we can get here. And this gives us different categories even for different numbers of generators. So we can distinguish them. That's a non-constructive proof. I don't know a formula doing this, but so that's one of the nice applications here. All right, I think I have to stop. There's stuff to think about further stuff, but don't let me bother you with this. Thanks. Thank you very much.


Conservation of momentum and conservation of energy are fundamental principles in physics and they apply relativity, quantum mechanics and everyday life. So when do you use one rather than the other? So our two conservation laws are conservation of energy and conservation of momentum. Now we're not going to prove this at the moment, but it turns out that the conservation of energy and conservation of momentum come from deeper principles. The conservation of energy actually comes from the idea that the laws of physics stay the same over time. And the conservation of momentum actually comes from the idea that laws of physics are the same in different places. So those are very deep principles that give us these conservation laws. That link we won't be able to make until university level physics, but for now let's look at just how we use these things. So conservation of energy is particularly useful to use because it's just one number. Energy is a scalar. And it has a lot of different forms, and so that means you can use it in very complicated situations sometimes. So you might have a roller coaster, and if you have someone on this roller coaster, and even though as they move along this roller coaster, they're going to have forces pointing in different directions due to the roller coaster pushing them away. They're going to have a constant force due to gravity pulling them down. That's going to turn into all sorts of complicated accelerations and so forth. But we know that we can use the conservation of energy because provided the friction between the trolley and the roller coaster is small, then that's not going to do any work. And so the energy it has at this point is going to be energy it has at any other point. And so if I want to know what speed it's going to say at some other point, I just look at the change in the potential energy and that's going to have been turned into kinetic energy. Now conservation of momentum would be a terrible thing to try and use for that problem because momentum is a vector quantity. And in this problem, the force of gravity and the force of the roller coaster pushing on it, the normal force, will be changing the momentum of this trolley all the time. And indeed it will be changing in different directions. I'm going to add up all the different changes of momentum in all those different directions as it goes along here to figure out its final velocity. So that would be an incredibly inefficient and hard way of doing this problem. But sometimes momentum is exactly the right kind of law to use. And the reason for that is that momentum only has one form. Whereby contrast, energy has lots of forms. What that means is if you have say a collision of some kind, supposing you have a road and there's a couple of cars and one car bangs into another, then the nice thing is that after the collision, no matter how mushed up these cars are, and no matter how many directions all the different pieces are going, we can still use the conservation of momentum because there's only one form of momentum. And it's always good to separate your before and after pictures very explicitly in your diagram. So I'll do that. Clarity in a diagram really stops you from getting confused and helps communicate what you're saying to other people as well. Anyway, we could have used energy or conservation of energy in this problem in some sense because we know that energy is conserved. If you have two things smashing together, energy doesn't disappear or appear. On the other hand, there's a lot of different forms of it. So there's the kinetic energy of all these pieces flying off, but there's also the potential energy required to change the shape of all those cars and rip bits off. Fundamentally, that's an electrical potential energy, but it's something we're not tracking, and so it's hard to use conservation of energy for this problem. Now in a collision like this where their total kinetic energy isn't conserved, it's called an inelastic collision. So of course everything conserves total energy, but not everything conserves kinetic energy. If a particular collision does happen to conserve kinetic energy, that's called an elastic collision. This is an elastic collision.


and also the Independent National Electoral Commission, INEC. Bernuist state has rescheduled the state House of Assembly elections for Kwan Dei local government area of the state on Tuesday 21st, March 2023. The resident Electoral Commissioner for Bernuist state, Professor Sam Egu, set the ballot paper for the constituencies which was an issue has been reprinted and ready for deployment to the affected local government area. On behalf of the Independent National Electoral Commission, INEC, I wish to announce that the rescheduled Governorship and State Assembly elections for Kwan Dei local governments earlier postponed on 15th, March 2023 has been rescheduled to hold on Tuesday 21st, March 2023. It is important to inform the public that the ballot papers for the state assembly constituencies have been reprinted and ready for deployment to Kwan Dei local government area.


dedicated to the strength of the nation proudly we hail yes proudly we hail starring Audrey Potter in the Templeton Castle the United States Army and United States Air Force presentation now here is our producer the well-known Hollywood showman CP McGregor thank you thank you and greetings from Hollywood ladies and gentlemen welcome to your theater of stars where your favorite names for motion pictures join us for your entertainment our star is the versatile actress Audrey Potter who provides dramatic portrayal in the Templeton Castle act one in just a moment here now is Wendell Niles with an important message the young man in the uniform of the United States Army or the United States Air Force has an aim in life and is demonstrating his desire to make the most of his opportunities the soldier or airman wearing that uniform has chosen his career after careful consideration he knows that the opportunities are there and that their full realization depends only on his own determination his future is bright and he has the satisfying knowledge that above everything else he is serving his country now once again our producer the curtain rises on act one of the Templeton Castle starring Audrey Potter as Anne Templeton you've seen towns like Gainesville in movies read about them in books perhaps you live in a little community which resembles Gainesville good and bad people right and wrong side of the railroad tracks and of course there's always a little gossip about everyone but in this town most of it concerns and Templeton and I don't know why you put up with it if I were you I'd put you on to me Millie which I'm sure works out to our mutual advantage well doesn't it bother you at all to have people say such things why should it you should talk my father the same way not the same things of course for the same reason they're jealous well if your father were alive I'll wager he'd fight for them just as I intend to do it isn't true might be Jeff's a nice boy but I'm sure he'd make a wonderful husband oh a very expensive husband all right I can afford him everything they've been saying is the truth you'd actually be willing to buy your marriage wouldn't you what good is money if you don't spend it especially for something you want some women like jewelry infers I happen to like Jeff is there any crime in that does he love you and I think so if not now we will eventually I can do things for him I can help him perhaps Jeff's a little wild now but he'll settle down I'll say to it I'll make him president of the factory chairman of the board he'll be the biggest man in Gainesville and the gospel stop they'll be too frightened to talk then oh the Templeton million what wonders they do a rot aren't you being a bit facetious dog I'm sorry there what about Frank what about him thought there was something between you two please he seems to think so Frank Houston is a likable but very dull young man who undoubtedly marry a likable but very dull young lady where upon they will settle down and raise scores of likable but very dull little children excuse me hello hello Frank I'm just fine what the country club dance tonight oh why yes it sounds like it might be fun eight o'clock oh no it's not too early I'll be ready bye they wrote a book about you once a long book gone with the wind I'll be running along now Scarlett I'll see you to the door well thanks for stopping by Millie I enjoyed the talk so to die it was very educational bye bye no yes oh Jeff I thought you might have died or something I haven't heard from you since Sunday tonight well I have sort of the country club dance yes I know it well I'd like to see you too all right pick me up a date bye hello hello was that you Frank well this is Anne Frank about tonight I am terribly sorry but I'm afraid I can't go well I'm not feeling very well no nothing serious just a little cold coming hand no I'll just go to bed it'll probably clear up by morning very well I'm sorry too thanks for inviting me though bye Jeff you said on the phone you had something important to tell me oh yeah so I did well I guess now is a good time as any let's go out on terrace all right oh say we haven't sampled a punch like some yes you go ahead I'll be right away all right Frank looks like you got over your cold Frank I am I know saw you and Jeff come in having a good time Frank if you're trying to be I'm not just making conversation well I can explain don't I brought Millie she's putting on a new face or something Millie's a good dancer too bad she got stuck with me you're trying to embarrass me aren't you well I'll say be the trouble I came with Jeff because I preferred to I'm very fond of him it seems that everyone in town is aware of that fact except you how about Jeff is he aware oh really Frank sorry well you needn't be now tell you something further I believe that Jeff is going to ask me to marry him tonight what do you think of that I hadn't very kind hello Jeff good thanks I better be getting back see you later sure thing bunches guaranteed I try to cut here thank you tonight beautiful and yes you know that trip I made to New York last month about a connection with a brokerage office well I got an answer today they're gonna give me a trial oh that's wonderful Jeff that isn't all you see well I figured now that I have a job something I depend on why and I want to get married Jeff you think it's the right thing I'm sure I hope you feel that way I think I'm very much in love are you Jeff of course we've only seen each other a few times her father's a member of the Stock Exchange they have a country home in Darien beautiful place ever been to Connecticut then Connecticut yes well I met around my first trip East her name's Barbara she's about your size Auburn hair she even looks a little like you Jeff will you uh will you get me another cup of punch sure what's matter and I am just thirsty please Jeff all right don't go away now I got a lot of things to tell you oh my fault can't look where I'm going so yeah I think I left my cigarette case out here oh here I am yes what's wrong nothing you talk to me friend please you're crying I said you leave me alone can't you understand and wait and don't cross the driveway look up for the car dr. Johnson how are you feeling not too badly I've looked at the x-rays and I've been a doctor here in the same town for 19 years and I always tell my patients the truth I'm gonna have to tell you the truth it's bad very bad I doubt if you'll ever walk again now there's a chance of course there's always a chance specialist series of complex operations perhaps they'll help with the odds are against it you might as well know now I'm crippled I'm to be a hopeless crippled yet that word hopeless out of your mind you'll be handicapped yes but that isn't the end of the world I'm not a psychologist and only a country doctor let me tell you though every obstacle can be conquered and I know you will conquer this you sound like the doctrine of popular novel I'm sorry you're sorry I can't walk with your sorry oh now and I want to see someone I want to see Millie find Millie for me she's outside I'll send her Mr. A come in please hello Millie and down Millie I want to talk to you I'm gonna tell you something and I don't want you to ever repeat it understand of course dear Millie I'm crippled now don't you feel sorry for me because I don't feel sorry for myself what is it the doctor said I'm going to have to learn to conquer this well that's what I intend to do but I won't be alone I don't think I could stand it alone Jeff's outside he's terribly worried about you and shall I know Jeff's the cause of this one day he'll come back to him and I pray it does that's over now I want you to call Frank Frank yes Frank he's been waiting to good tell him I'd like to see him and what are you going to do never mind just remember what I said don't you ever tell anyone I'm permanently crippled you promise well yes but call Frank and call him Millie Frank yes come in and how are you as well as could be expected I suppose thanks for stopping by Millie you've been a great comfort to me I'll call you tomorrow yes please do goodbye bye Frank you look worried I am of course and are you I'm fine Frank just fine you know I'm sorry about what I said what about my going to the dance just because I preferred him to you and you don't have to talk about but I do want to talk about it I want to talk about it because well it wasn't the truth what are you trying to say it's you I'm fond of Frank it always has been I said those things do the club only to make you jealous you do forgive me don't you wait you never have to apologize to me and I love you and I love you Frank I love you enough to marry you and you want to marry me don't you wait it's all I ever thought I sound almost brazen don't I were making the proposal not a bit I've been proposing to you and since the day I met you I never said the words allowed never got up the courage but they were there they've always been there will you marry me I'll be in a wheelchair for the ceremony Frank you understand that you'll be beautiful of course it'll only be just for a few weeks just temporary I love you thank you Frank we pause briefly from our story the Templeton Castle starring Audrey Totter to bring you a brief message from our government looking for something new different and exciting in the way of a job want to combine education and travel with good pay every month of the year and here's an offer that will interest you and any young man with a wish for adventure in his blood you can combine all those items with service to your country the job is waiting for you in the occupation army in the European command any qualified young man may volunteer with the assurance that he will see Europe all the places you've only read about are seen in the movies enlist in the peacetime United States Army now for three years and you may choose duty in Europe and more with a travel and adventure this job places at your feet there's that good army pay plus 20% for overseas service there are your food clothing quarters and medical care at no cost to you and there are many opportunities for education in the army schools for a fine career for yourself while you're serving your country visit your nearest United States Army recruiting station and learn the details today curtain rises on act two of the Templeton Castle starring Audrey Totter is and Templeton the marriage of Anne to Frank Houston was one of Gainesville's most important social events and for weeks after the ceremony the townspeople continue to talk about little else speculation gossip small talk all centered around those people in the house in the hill the two who lived in the Templeton Castle. Hello darling good evening dear you're late on yes I stopped by judge Williams office putting in a good word for me at the Fraser law firm how nice I'd like to get started with the best attorneys in town I called your office at five they said you'd left surely you haven't been talking with the judge all this time no no as a matter of fact I ran into Millie downtown Rover home you seem to be running into Millie quite regularly of late well she works right across the street from me which obviously makes it very convenient very convenient for why for you to drive her home tell me how did the day go nothing spectacular just study and more study if reading law books makes you a good lawyer that'll be another Clarence Darrell Frank I'd like you at the factory I'd like you there to oversee my interests our interests and you know the factory runs itself I want to be an attorney I want to be a good attorney not only that I always would like to feel as though I'd made my own way I'm offering you something the average person would have to work a lifetime for why not be practical Frank listen and I've gone along with you on quite a few things in the short time we've been married I didn't want to live in this house your house I don't like driving a car that doesn't belong to me and the money you're even paying my office rent all of this it's contrary to what I believe what are you trying to do and buy me Frank I'm sorry I didn't mean it guess I'm just tired let's forget it Frank yes dear I've been meaning to say something to you about my getting better I that is the doctor told me some rather bad news last week Frank I'll be in this wheelchair for some time very likely for the rest of my life darling I'm sorry you're not angry angry yes of course I didn't know this at the time but you don't feel as though I tricked you into marriage I told you I loved you I wanted to marry this doesn't make any difference how could it I thank you for that darling now I suppose you better run along change for dinner yes hello hello I'd like to speak to Judge Williams please this is Anne Templeton yes hello hello Judge Williams I understand that you intend to help Frank establish himself at the Frazier law firm yes very kind of you however I should prefer that you let the matter drop I'd rather you didn't assist him in any way I'm sorry I'm unable to explain at this time I realize that judge Judge Williams you've been handling the Templeton legal affairs for some 25 years I believe perhaps I should locate another attorney I thought you'd see it my way thank you goodbye another sandwich Millie no thank you I'm glad you could come this afternoon so am I we haven't had a talk for months it's rather lonesome here in this big house especially when you're well in vacitated I think you've taken things wonderfully well Anne hasn't been easy has it oh you learn tolerance Millie you learn to accept that which cannot be changed however there are some things that can be changed and will be things that have happened behind my back oh is there something wrong and I believe you're best qualified to answer that I how long have you been in love with my husband oh and you crazy what Frank and I lunch together every afternoon he drives you home every evening yes but it seems that you're constantly together and I want to just stop oh and if this one's so preposterous I'd you'd become angry at being found out you don't dare because you pity me well I don't need your pity what I want is your word that you won't see Frank again break off this affair Millie oh there's no affair there isn't never has been how can I make you believe that don't try just stop seeing Frank why should she stop seeing Frank I heard from the hallway what's this all about you're home early answer my question all right Millie you tell me it's not important Frank you never mind Millie actually Frank we've had a bit of unpleasantness you see I found out about you and Millie found out you found out what I can appreciate your feeling tied down Frank and really I don't blame you too much you're bound to feel attracted to other women from time to time as long as I remain invalid but we live in a small town word gets around everyone knows it Millie and I afraid that's enough of that in Millie I'm sorry would you of course Frank I was just leaving don't bother to see me to the door goodbye all right let's hear it let's hear the whole thing start to finish I believe everything has been said I'm willing to let the matter drop well I'm not get this straight and I don't like unfounded accusations particularly this sort you're going to apologize to Millie further you're going to explain something to me explain why didn't you tell me you'd spoken to Judge Williams about my Fraser appointment well I asked him not to recommend me oh Frank I only did what I thought was best for you what you thought I worked eight years for a diploma two more to pass my bar exams and then with just one telephone call you managed to destroy ten years of my life you're being very dramatic Frank I'm sorry the judge told you I asked him not to oh he wouldn't have except that he plans to retire next month see he has no reason to fear you or your money any longer Frank please let's stop this supper's almost ready you'd better eat alone you'd better get in the habit of eating alone Frank where are you going Frank Frank is that you I've written a letter in as much as you're my employer I believe you're entitled to a letter of resignation you're leaving the factory I'm leaving Gainesville but I know what it is I should have known a long time ago you're sick of me I've become a burden to you you never would have married me if you'd known I was to be an invalid the rest of my life and that night I was waiting in the hospital corridor just before you called me in I spoke to the doctor he told me there was very little hope then you knew all the time you knew yes I know I know a lot of things why you wanted me at the factory being a small-town lawyer wouldn't have been good enough the husband and Templeton I wouldn't be obligated to you I wouldn't know my very existence to you oh you're talking nonsense the strange part is I can't condemn you I was the fault I accepted these things compromised but marriage isn't a compromise it's a bargain 50-50 I had to learn Frank I don't want you to go you can't leave me here in this wheelchair why not and I think you enjoy your wheelchair enjoy yes it gives you an advantage people mustn't hurt you people must consider your feelings above all else because you're crippled they mustn't say what they mean or do what they think right so long as you disagree that would be cruel inconsiderate I've never asked for pity you haven't required it because it's all self pity the doctor said there was a chance that one day you might be able to walk a slim chance but still a chance have you ever done anything about it have you ever seen the doctor again you don't want to walk in you don't want to even try Frank goodbye in Frank Frank don't go I need you Frank please Frank I'm sorry listen to me I'm sorry and you shouldn't have gotten out of the chair are you hurt I walked I did walk yes yes darling walk because I want to don't you believe me I believe you Frank I've never begged I've always been proud and resentful there's hate in this house and in me oh Frank I want to change and people change wouldn't be much of a world if they couldn't help me a change Frank I need your help why didn't you say it long ago and you walk I'm sure of it not tomorrow or maybe not a year from tomorrow but one day you will walk if I do it will be because of you thank you thank you for for what in for courage understanding for just being you my husband the curtain falls on the final act of the temple to castle our star Audrey totter will return for a curtain call after this timely message from Wendell Niles want a future unlimited want to fly with the best then find out if you can qualify for the United States Air Force aviation cadet training program find out if you can be one of the best and aviation cadet basing qualifications are these you must be between 20 and 26 and a half years of age unmarried the two years of college or the ability to pass an equivalent examination and physically fit if you fulfill those conditions you may become an aviation cadet then after a full year's training you'll receive your pilot's wings and a commission as second lieutenants in the Air Force reserve and orders to active duty with beginning pay up to three hundred and thirty six dollars per month outstanding graduates receive regular commissions in the Air Force to act now visit your nearest United States Air Force base a recruiting station at once find out if you can become one of the best and aviation cadet now once again our star Audrey totter and our producer I know that you ladies and gentlemen join me in a cordial welcome for our star Audrey totter Audrey it is good to have you back with us again we'll see be after confusing our interview with the three Roberts Taylor Montgomery and Walker's I did last time I was afraid I might not get a curtain call again oh I haven't forgotten that you came me a pretty bad time but you won't do that again will you of course not all right I guess it's safe to talk to you about your latest pictures then let's see you are under contract to MGM that's right and you made sex and charm yes but at Universal I just finished strange temptation though for Metro no Paramount now wait a minute you're not going to start that routine again besides I want to talk to you seriously for a moment about the veterans hospital tours well that's a grand thing CP yes I know I was just talking to Irving Landy at the Hollywood Coordinating Committee and he tells me that you're among the 25 stars who volunteered to devote two weeks to the tour tell us about it well the motion picture industry and the artist agree to the tour and will entertain in veteran hospitals over the nation Irving mentioned a hundred and seven hospitals which means the group of stars cover every one of them yes we all cover a different route the tours are set up by the veterans hospital camp shows in cooperation with the Coordinating Committee well all I can say Audrey this is a wonderful gesture I guess all of us can get away from commitments have volunteered you may be interested in knowing that this program besides being broadcast nationally goes into all the veterans hospital throughout the nation as well that's fine I'm doubly glad then I had this opportunity to talk about the tourist EP and now before I leave won't you tell me what you are doing here next week next week Audrey and ladies and gentlemen dang Clark comes to our theater of stars in a special Christmas story the stranger it is a vivid and dramatic portrayal of a returning soldier who finds a new life for himself at a Christmas dinner a whole that sounds wonderful I'll try to get new a radio at curtain time goodbye CP goodbye Audrey Potter and good luck on the tour you should have joined us next week ladies and gentlemen when we bring you dang Clark in the stranger until then this is CP McGregor saying thanks for listening and cheerio from Hollywood Audrey Potter affairs with the courtesy of the Hollywood Coordinating Committee with the range of the appearance of all stars in this program scripted by Lou Reed the music under the direction of Eddie Scravan the program is transcribed in Hollywood for release at this time Wendell Niles speaking


Health is in fact at the heart of human progress and we recognize that the well-being of people around the world is not just an important end in and of itself But it is strongly linked to the security prosperity and partnership of our country with our colleagues around the world To achieve these advances the GHI will invest $63 billion to this end That's more than double the amount of money we spent on health during the preceding six years and a Significant commitment of resources during a very difficult fiscal time GHI builds on remarkable progress in public health that we've all seen Over the last decade. We've made huge strides through a variety of disease specific or intervention specific campaigns The president's emergency plan for AIDS relief is the largest single effort by any country to combat a single disease The first phase alone provided antiretroviral treatment to more than two million patients and Supported care for more than 10 million people affected by HIV worldwide By all accounts PEPFAR was a game-changer and to support its efforts the administration is increasing funding for PEPFAR Consistently and in greater ways than before Our disease-driven focus can sometimes crowd out other cost-effective life-saving interventions even in Kenya The global health initiative is therefore about the patient not just the disease The initiative will enable country-led health programs to be smarter more efficient and more effective We'll support community-based health systems that are appropriately staffed and stocked to deliver a broad range of health Services and to reach back into more formal health systems when necessary But let's not confuse ends and means The ultimate target of the GHI is not to simply build health systems for the stake sake of building systems It's to achieve more health outcomes And to sustain those gains over a long period of time We as a donor community have an obligation to keep countries off of this seesaw of donor trends And that is exactly what underpins the GHI vision and here are some of its defining features First we believe in doing more of what works a simple concept GHI will expand proven treatment and prevention strategies in TB HIV malaria and a range of neglected tropical diseases and GHI will also create an environment where it's safe to report on things that don't work Because that's ultimately the only way that we can experiment and learn Second GHI will focus on expanding existing service platforms Saving more lives means being smarter about getting the maximum impact for every dollar we spend in health and This means getting developing new insights and better methods for using our HIV TB malaria treatment platforms To provide a broader range of services By being here today each of you demonstrates your commitment to help us get this right And to help demonstrate to the world that we can save these lives in an efficient and sustained way And I want to thank you for being here I'm going to take the prerogative of the chair and start off with a few questions You talk a lot about innovation and accountability and transparency and Bringing a more entrepreneurial spirit both to the process of aid and also to the institution of USAID And I think you've even discussed or maybe you've already begun having what you've termed evidence summits But I've also heard you talk about failure summits, right? Which is an equally important concept So I'm wondering if you could say a few words about what you think the risks are You know, what are the risks for GHI as you look out over the next five years and more broadly What are the risks for global health? And what could we do wrong that could fundamentally, you know, undermine the goals we've set for ourselves beyond money We all know money is important but beyond that Well good, I'm glad you said that because that was my first my first point would have been You know, I agree with everyone in this room that we need to continue to sustain our tremendous commitment to global health It is the largest of our programs Across our sectors and we've seen a huge amount of progress over the last 10 or 15 years So now is the time to really get this pivot to sustainability and systems, right? As opposed to walking back on the huge progress we've seen with austerity measures being popular among Western nations How do you lobby to keep funding in light of America's demanding budget cuts and less government spending? Essentially, how do you sell your program to Americans who don't essentially directly benefit nor would they exactly care about the benefits? Thank you I think Americans do care and I think if we can demonstrate that we do this work efficiently That we're hyper focused on value for money that we are smart about building the systems that will sustain themselves So that we're not needed endlessly in this enterprise and that this is directly related to how the world perceives us and to our long-term safety security and ability to partner With other countries and other peoples I think the commitment to support this work will just continue to grow and we should all do our work with under that fundamental understanding that people and Americans especially do care That's why we have to make the work more efficient more transparent and invite them in to support the common enterprise and with with GHI you know


Earlier this month, a research team at the Cleveland Clinic offered a novel explanation as to why meat intake may be related to mortality. Numerous studies have suggested a decrease in atherosclerotic disease risk. Heart disease, our number one killer. In vegan and vegetarian individuals compared to omnivores, but we've just assumed that this was due to reduced intake of dietary cholesterol and saturated fat. So what these researchers found was that within 24 hours of carnitine consumption, eating a sirloin steak, taking a carnitine supplement, certain gut bacteria metabolize the carnitine to a toxic substance called trimethylamine, which then gets oxidized in our liver to TMAO, trimethylamine and oxide, which then circulates throughout our bloodstream. The way we know it's the gut bacteria that's doing it is that if you give people antibiotics to wipe out gut bacteria, you can apparently eat all the steak you want without making any TMAO. But then, if you wait a couple weeks until your gut bacteria grows back, you're back to the same problem. What's so bad about this TMAO stuff? Well, it may increase the risk of buildup of cholesterol and inflammatory cells and the atherosclerotic plaques in our arteries, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, death, and if that isn't enough, cardiac surgery as well. So how do you stay away from carnitine? Well, there's zero dietary requirement. Our body normally makes all that we need. The problem is that the bodies of other animals also makes all that they need, so when we eat them, their carnitine can end up in our gut for those bacteria to feast upon, resulting in TMAO. Some animals make more than others. Carnitine is concentrated in red meat, so then why is there also clipper of white meat, dairy, and eggs? That's what most media reports missed, even though it's the very first sentence of the paper. How do you think the researchers even thought to look into carnitine? Because gut bacteria can turn choline into TMAO, too. Given the similarity in structure between carnitine and choline, they figured that the same kind of transformation would occur into TMAO, and that's exactly what they found. Eggs, milk, liver, red meat, poultry, shellfish, and fish, all believed to be major dietary sources of choline, and hence TMAO production, so it's not just red meat. The good news is that this may mean a new approach to prevent or treat heart disease, the most obvious of which would be to limit dietary choline intake. But if that means decreasing egg meat and dairy consumption, then the new approach sounds an awful lot like the old approach. Unlike carnitine, we do need to take in some choline, so should vegans be worried about the choline they're getting from beans, veggies, grains, and fruit? And same question with carnitine. There's a small amount of carnitine found in fruits, veggies, and grains as well. Of course it's not the carnitine itself we're worried about, but the toxic TMAO, and you can feed a vegan a steak. Literally, an 8-ounce sirloin, anything in the name of science. Same whopping carnitine loan, but essentially no TMAO was produced. Apparently the vegans don't develop those TMAO-producing bacteria in their gut, and why should they? It's like the whole prebiotic story. You eat a lot of fiber, and you select for fiber-consuming bacteria. And some of the compounds they make with fiber are beneficial, like the propionate I've talked about that appears to have an anti-obesity effect. So eat fiber, select for fiber-containing, for fiber-eating bacteria. Well, if you eat a lot of animal products, we may instead be selecting for animal product-digesting bacteria, and it appears some of those waste products, like the trimethylamine, may be harmful. Even if you eat vegans though, you're not necessarily out of the woods. If you regularly drink carnitine-containing energy drinks, or take carnitine supplements, or lecithin supplements, which contain choline, presumably you'd foster and maintain those same kinds of TMAO-producing bacteria in your gut, and increase your risk of heart disease, and perhaps cancer. About 2 million men in the US are living with prostate cancer. That's better than dying from prostate cancer. Catch it when it's localized and your 5-year survival is practically guaranteed. But once it really starts spreading, your chances drop to about 1 in 3. Thus, identification of modifiable factors that affect the progression of prostate cancer is something that deserves study. So researchers at Harvard took more than a thousand men with early-stage prostate cancer, followed them for a couple years, to see if there's anything in their diet associated with a resurgence of the cancer, such as a spread to the bone. Compared to men who hardly ate any eggs, men who ate even less than a single egg a day had a significant two-fold increased risk of prostate cancer progression. And maybe it's the choline. A plausible mechanism that may explain the association between eggs and prostate cancer progression is high dietary choline. Egg consumption is a determinant of how much choline you have in your blood, and higher blood choline has been associated with greater risk of getting prostate cancer in the first place. So the choline in eggs may both increase one's risk of getting it, and then having it spread and also having it kill you. Choline intake and the risk of lethal prostate cancer. Choline consumption associated with not just getting cancer and spreading cancer, but also significantly increased risk of dying from it. Those that ate the most had a 70% increased risk of lethal prostate cancer. Another recent study found that men who consumed two and a half or more eggs per week, that's just like one egg every three days, had an 81% increase risk of lethal prostate cancer. Now it could just be the cholesterol in eggs that's increasing fatal cancer risk, but it could also be that choline. Maybe that's why meat, milk, and eggs have all been associated with advanced prostate cancer, because of the choline. In fact, choline is so concentrated in cancer cells, if you follow choline uptake in the body, you can track the spread of cancer throughout your body. But why may dietary choline increase the risk of lethal prostate cancer? It may be the TMAO, the Trimethylamine and Oxide. The Harvard researchers speculated that the TMAO from the high dietary choline intake may increase inflammation, and this may promote progression of prostate cancer to lethal disease. In fact, just yesterday in the New England Journal of Medicine, that same Cleveland Clinic research team that did the carnitine study repeated the study, but this time, instead of feeding people a steak, they fed people some hard-boiled eggs. And just as they suspected, a similar spike in that toxic TMAO, so it's not just the red meat. And the link between TMAO levels in the blood and strokes, heart attacks, and death was seen even in low-risk groups, like those with low-risk cholesterol levels. So eating eggs may increase our risk regardless what our cholesterol is, because of the choline. It's ironic that the choline content of eggs is something the egg industry actually boasts about. And the industry is aware of the cancer data. Through the Freedom of Information Act, I was able to get my hands on an email from the Executive Director of the Industry's Egg Nutrition Center to an American Egg Board Executive, talking about how choline may be a culprit in promoting cancer progression, certainly worth keeping in mind as we continue to promote choline as another good reason to consume eggs.


Okay, thank you for attending this presentation. So my name is Jean-Michel Fridt, and I want to talk to you about fascinating convergence of technologies. We have reached a point now where on the one hand, we have basically infinite computational power. Everyone has a very fast and pure on his desk. On the other hand, we've got this proliferation of small unmanned aerial vehicles fitted with high quality cameras. I want to talk to you through the generation of digital elevation models, geo-reference digital elevation models using such kinds of UAV. So I want to show you a bit what software can be used, what are the flight requirements, and here's an example of two measurements that were done. So to give you an idea of the area that I'll be interested in, that's about a 40 meter scale. So we're talking about areas of like a few hundred meters side, pixel resolution sub-dissimeter, and here's an example of braiding and flow change of a small river between two weeks where you can have aerial images with short repetition time. So I want to get through this discussion about how to generate such auto photos and digital elevation models using small unmanned aerial vehicles. That's actually a sequel to the presentation I made at Force4G French last summer. Unfortunately, the tutorial I wrote at the time was in French. I had planned on translating this for Force them. I haven't got time yet to do so. So if anyone is interested in getting this tutorial in English, of course, feel free to send an email and I'll be happy to translate it for you. So why am I doing this? Basically, my basic input for geomorphological investigations or any kind of geo-reference investigation that I'm interested in is using elevation as a basic input. Whether I'm interested in measuring landslides, that's what I'm interested in, glacier mills, material transport, flooding, that kind of information. Now if you just rely on global digital elevation models, such as SRTM or GDAL, you have what I would consider low resolution from my perspective, digital elevation models which are typically free second arc over most of the world, one second arc over the US for SRTM. So we're talking about 30, 90 meter resolution, lateral resolution. And additional, usually you have one digital elevation model, so if you want to make difference of digital elevation models, you need to find some way of having repeated digital elevation models, which are usually not available. So what I'm interested in here is how can I generate local digital elevation models, which means what I mean by local is less than 10 square kilometer area. What I'm interested in is high resolution, sub-dissimator pixel size, and high update rate, let's say 1DEM every week or every month, so that I can make subtraction of digital elevation model and see material movement or changes of elevation of my area. Additionally, since this all started as a hobby and as usual, hobby gets more and more into the work, I'm interested in low cost equipment. What I mean low cost, I started this with a less than 100 euro, one of these toys that you can buy at Christmas. And slowly I'm getting into more involved equipment. Now I'm doing this with DJI drones, but I'm talking about sub kilo euro equipment. So the challenge that I will be telling to you about is that we will have to handle a huge amount of images. Typically, we're going to acquire 600,000 images per flight, so huge that might not make sense to you, but 600 to 1,000 images at high resolution images of typically 5, 6 megabyte per image. We're talking about six, seven gigabyte worth of images to process. The generated DEM, we're talking about 10 square kilometer with sub-dissimator resolution. We're going to have gigabyte sized auto photos, so I find this a bit challenging to handle. Now this means that hardly we'll be able to handle graphical user interface because such data set would be horrendously slow to render. So I will be presenting to you a tool, a common line interface that's been developed by the French National Geographic Institute, EGN, which I'm not totally unrelated to, but I fell in love with the software that they developed. Marc-Pierre Dessigny is in charge of this development in one of the labs of EGN. And I want to introduce you to the software because at first it might be a bit, you might get a bit afraid when you have a look at MiCMAC. And I want to show you step by step how powerful the approach relevant to the unique philosophy of one tool for one solution and not a fully integrated tool will allow you to on the one hand handle this huge data set and on the other hand know exactly what you're doing. For each step we have one tool for each step, which means we have an output which tells us if this step was successful, if it failed, then we have to find the reason that there is no point in continuing the processing if one step of a processing failed. This will get clear I think in the next slide. But before we start processing images, we need to acquire images. So just let me emphasize how compliance with regulation is important. If you're just doing this for fun, you might or might not comply with regulations when you get into your job, you must comply with regulations. In my case, I'm flying north of Norway. I need to get of course flight allowance or exam. I need to get flight authorization from civilian authority. This is a 30 page document that you have to fill. You have to check with the defense ministry if they agree that you take pictures. This is the meteorized zone that I'm flying, so defense ministry doesn't care. You have to check that you're not harassing wildlife. So this kind of activity you have to check to get authorization to fly. Once you get all the authorizations, you have to plan your flight. So flight planning for making digital elevation model requires that you have enough surface coverage from one picture to the other. So basically you must make sure that your pictures overlap by at least 60% typically MiGmax says you should have 80% overlap. So once you have decided what is your horizontal velocity, in my case, typically 10 meter per second, and you know your altitude over the area, then you can calculate how often you have to take an image. In my case, for example, I'm flying with a coverage of 100 meter. I'm flying at 10 meter per second. I need to acquire one pictures about every two seconds. So this is why a 20 minute flight will generate 600 to 900 images.  This is what I originally did because I wanted to track some features, I wanted to track some river, or we can automate the flight. But in all cases, you have the angular coverage of your camera, you know the altitude, so you can, by knowing the resolution of your camera, you can compute the pixel size and you see that a UAV flying at 100 meter high with a 4,000 pixel resolution will typically create a DM with pixel size four centimeters. I'm not saying that the DM will have four centimeter resolution, but at least your pixel size would be four centimeter. And of course, now we have automated software. This is ITZU, one of the free software that you can use to define the flight.  In this case, it's not landing automatically, you have to bring it back manually. So we've collected all these images. Each one of these dots is an image. How do we process this image to create a DM? First thing, either you're using a DJI or a geo-reference camera and it's easy, you have an exit tag and you've got the GPS position in your image. Alternatively, you're putting a high quality camera which does not have GPS. You've got on the other hand, a GPS recorder. What I'm doing is I'm using exit tool, the common line interface exit tool software for tagging my images so I can say, okay, if you check the header of your image, you know what the image is when you take a clock. In this case, this is a GPS discipline clock at observatory close to our place. And this gives me, I have the header of image, I have the GPS time, I can compute the difference between my camera time and my GPS time and then exit tool gives you the option minus geosync and you can give it a whole NMEA log file, a directory where your images are and exit tool will take care of geo-tagging all your images. So once we've got this set of geo-tagged images, I will need to inform my processing software, we'll see why in the next step, where each picture was taken. So this must be done in a projected referential. In my case, I'm flying from Norway, Norway is UTM 33 North. So I will convert all my positions, my WGS84 NMEA log into a projected framework and I will create a file, an ASCII file in which I have longitude, latitude, altitude and file name. You will notice that I remove a big offset, North and Norway is something like a million meter, sorry, 100,000 meter North. So I remove all this offset here, otherwise you have rounding error in the processing. So you just keep the relevant decimals of your position and file name and you convert this text file from a text file into XML. And MiCMAC is always prefixed with MM3D, so all commands are MM3D and I want to convert the orientation from a text file which is here to an XML file. And we will see that we need to select a subset of images for calibrating the lens properties. So we say we're going to use as a reference image, this particular image which meets some of requirements, namely that there is a maximum elevation variation in this image and I want to take 25 images to calibrate the lens. So this is pretty much what you will always do, you will always say MM3D, what command you want to use and the options to create whatever step you want. So the first thing I want to do is why do I need to use the GPS position of each camera? The first thing that a software, processing software will need is type points, meaning points that are matching on both images so that the software can say, okay, this same image was, this same point was taken from different points of view. Now if you just do this stupidly on a 600-picture dataset and you just say I want to correlate all possible pairs, then you find out that you need like 200,000 matching steps. And each one of these matching steps is taking something like a second. So you're going to spend a few days just finding the type points. But you have a good, very strong assumption, you know that this image will most probably not have any similar point with this one because they are so far away. So what we can tell here is you tell NICMAC, okay, just consider images that are adjacent in their GPS position. So this is why we computed this file previously. So we're going to ask NICMAC to use the Tapioca tool using the file that we just generated previously. I export the text files so that I can draw these images in QGIS and I ask it to only use the pairs of closest images. So by doing this, instead of having 200,000 points, you only have 10,000 pairs to analyze much, much faster. And here I drew the pairs that NICMAC has identified. It makes sense. So the algorithm is working pretty well. And by doing this, NICMAC is going to search for points that are matching in both pairs. So here are two adjacent images. And if you follow the arrows on your right, you see that the vector of motion between the two images is indeed properly computed. So NICMAC has selected relevant points on this image and computed where these points have moved from one image to the other. This will be the basic input that we will need. So here you see, first step, verify that indeed the type point identification has worked properly. If you have very smooth areas or features that are similar in multiple pictures, this step will not work properly. You can draw the arrows and you can check that this is working properly. Now we've got the type points. Next step, we need to model the lens. We have a UAV. I bought a cheap toy. I have no characteristics of my lenses. So the system can automatically generate model of your lens. I don't have nice illustration. So what I used is with this slide to show you how you can help yourself with NICMAC when you don't know how to do things. The tool for finding lens properties is Tapas. So we ask NICMAC to run the Tapas tool and with the help we have a list of all possible lens models. Of course, the more complex the model is, the better the modeling of the lens properties but the more difficult it is to make it to converge. So it's a trade-off between complex models where you have a lot of freedom but chances of not converging and basic models with fewer models, poor models but easier convergence. I just show you the output of Tapas here so that you can realize that all these numbers here are errors in pixel. In the very beginning, when you start the model, the lens model is very poor. So you see I have errors of three pixels, 11 pixels, that's very bad. If your model is converging properly, you will end up with less than one pixel error between your images. So at first it might be frightening to see these big numbers coming out of NICMAC but actually they are very relevant. They tell you the percentage of type points that have been used and your pixel error. So basically if your pixel error is not converging towards sub one value, well, you're in trouble and something went wrong. So at the end you see that your worst resolution is one pixel and residual is about 0.9 pixel. The lens was properly modeled. This is working fine.  So that's basically to check if NICMAC was able to position properly the path of the UAV over the surface and if your surface makes sense with respect to what you expect from your DEM. Just be careful. I was recently introduced to this paper which shows that self-calibration of the lens might create very low frequency, large-scale distortions, parabolic distortions which I have seen. So this is a caveat about self-calibration of the lens. You will create large-scale distortions. You might. And if you look closely you see here skew tracks here that helped the software match the features on this snow-coated area. Once you've done the coarse point cloud, this is the most time-consuming part. You create the fine point cloud. You create the orthophoto and you create a correlation map that tells you where you are most confident that your digital elevation model is correct. So what does the fine point cloud look like? Well, here's an example of a fine point cloud generated this way. So this is the example of your fine point cloud. You see it's about 10 million points and you can move around in your fine point cloud that you've generated this way and zoom into the area, whoops, the other way. And you can check the topography of your digital elevation model if I can zoom in, yeah. So you see that indeed you have a topography and as you have in real life you've got the hills and the valleys that you can check. So here I collected these images. I have one satellite image of the region I'm interested in. You remember that we removed an offset in my georeference images. I put the offset back. I insert this in my world file so that my data set is georeference. I correct for altitude. I get an image in pixels. I get in an XML file a resolution. So one pixel is 22 centimeters and if I overlap my DEM, you see that I have the braiding of the rivers. You have fine continuity. If you look at the hill over here, you indeed have something that is relevant with the aerial picture. So the topography is matching the features that we see on the ground. So that's an example of fusion in QGIS of your digital elevation model with the background satellite image. You cannot see it here, but this is a former satellite image with two meter resolution and I get a DEM, whoops, sorry. And I get a DEM with a sub-decent meter resolution. So when you zoom in you really see the difference between the big pixel of a satellite image and the fine pixels of a UAV. So here is an example of subtracting two DEM. These two DEM were acquired one week apart during this time interval where there was a big flood. Here is a channel where the river is flowing and if I take a subtraction, I see this deep here, which is about three meter deep and does this match reality? Well, I didn't make a practical field check but this is the kind of canyon where the river has carved its path in the moraine that I'm interested in and indeed that's pretty much three meter high. So it matches what can be expected from heavy flooding in this brittle material of the moraine where landslide has created this digital elevation model difference. Now closer to you, you might do the same thing. This is something that was done in the lab. I collected two digital elevation models of the parking lot next to our laboratory and here is an example of acquisition in the end of September, beginning of April. I did the same when returning in May and when you do this kind of processing, you get the correlation map. So the correlation map tells you that where there is grass, of course, grass has very little relevant features so that the MeekMak is unable to create a DEM but on the parking lot and on the soil covered area, the correlation is very good and when you do the digital elevation model, you have the parking lot, you have the cars over here which are parked and if I do the DEM subtraction, I see which car have moved from the parking lot from one time to the other. So basically this is working pretty well. So as a conclusion to this presentation, I wanted to show you that using aerial images with at least 60% overlap as in the pictures, you can create digital elevation models by first identifying type points, lens properties which are automatically generated from the images, even if you have a toy camera, you will be able to generate more or less good quality lens models and you need to get the camera position if you want to have a geo-reference model. If you just want to have a qualitative model without geo-referencing, you don't even need the GPS, it will handle by itself the variety of positions of the cameras. We create a course point cloud to make sure that the position of the camera was properly modeled by MeekMak and the result is auto-photo digital elevation model and the correlation maps to make sure that we can assess the quality of the result. If you want some of the examples, we distribute this through the web server of QGIS so you can connect to this website to have the open layer version of these results for the French speaking audience. A couple of articles were written on MeekMak because again, the excellent documentation is not really introductory. MeekMak has a fascinating documentation for knowledgeable users, but here what I was trying to do is to take you by the hand and help you step by step. So this was again written in French for a French audience. If anyone is interested in open source software for digital elevation modeling, this was done for auto-photo. You can also do this for oblique view, modeling of objects. I will be very happy to translate this to English if anyone wants a basic tutorial on MeekMak. And with this, I thank you for your attention. If there's any question. What kind of vertical accuracy can you get? So the question is vertical accuracy. What I did is I went on a flat area, made multiple measurements, so multiple slides separated by four or five minutes and the standard deviation on the parking lot was 11 centimeters. So let's say decimeter resolution. In the moraine here, from two measurements done from two days apart, I get about say 60 centimeters. So my current interest is whether I could measure snow cover thickness, 60 centimeter is at the threshold of what can be usable. One of the main reasons of this poor resolution in Northern Spiceberg and then what I did in the parking lot is the poor alignment of the 2DM. On the parking lot, even if you misaligned by a few tenths of centimeter, it doesn't matter. In the very rough moraine, if you misaligned by even a few centimeters, then you have very strong effect. And this is really the conclusion that I could not introduce here, but using ground control point, reference point, is mandatory if you want to have submitter resolution. If you just rely on GPS, this is L1 GPS, you will not have enough resolution. You need some point to introduce GCP to match properly and then I would expect 10, 20 centimeter virtual resolution. Very interesting. I have two questions. Altitude is calculated by the angle on which the two overlapping pictures differ. So the question is how I select my altitude? Actually, my altitude is a trade-off between the pixel resolution. Here you see that five centimeter is actually much below what I expect. The second one is regulation. I'm not allowed to fly higher than 120 meters. And to make it safe, I wanted to stay at 100 meter. To tell you the truth, I sometimes went up to 120. How does the software calculate the difference in height? It will see this in various type points. It will be able, so the SIFT algorithm has scaling invariance property. So even if you change the altitude, the software will still be able to find relevant type points and to compute what was the altitude. Yes. So the angle doesn't change. Angle is given by the length properties. This is a given. The length properties are fundamental. But what you will change is the area that is covered here. And this area will be dependent on the height. But the length must not change. This is a very strong requirement. This fixed lens camera are perfect. But if you have an automated camera, you must not change the zooming or the lens properties to get this to work.  The second question, if I'm allowed to. Did you try or maybe someone in the public can say what you can convert this model to something that can be printed on a 3D printer? So the question is whether we can 3D print this. It's going to be too long now to answer. But the short answer is yes. I printed this on a 3D printer and it works. But you have to be careful to get rid of all the outline points. So I did it manually in Beamer. And you have to clean it in blender. So the question is the effect of lightning. These DEM were acquired over half a day. I needed five flights, 20 minutes long each. I never correlate this flight with this one. But one flight is 20 minutes. Over 20 minutes, I have few enough lighting condition change that I have seen the failure. So it should affect, but I have not seen this on the short flights I'm using. It's a trouble in the mountains. So I have flown here with winds up to 25 kilometers per hour, sorry, because the UAV can fly up to 10 meters per second. So above 2 to 3 meters per second, I would not advise flying. Now I'm lucky enough to go on the field trip for three weeks at a time. And I will wait for the right conditions. Of course, if you go somewhere and you expect to fly immediately, chances of failure. So the day I flew with 25 kilometers per hour wind was we were going to a unique site. And I had to fly. I had to try it. But I wouldn't advise it. So the question is about thermal imaging. The problem is that you need high-resolution features for a correlation match. I believe that IGN, the French Geography Institute has this kind of investigation. I have not. I'm sorry. I tried. So the question is what open source tool may I have used? I have tried various SFM software that I could find. I cannot remember all the features that I used. The solution is, at the end of the day, I used the one that was. So I have Python. I have some. I tried a few open source software. And I was confident with the French, sorry, not French. The Geographic Institute was using this for production. I would be confident that it would be a serious project. Not that the others are not, but I was confident in the Geographic Institute. And I got a very good feedback from the group developing this software at IGN. So there is no rationale why I'm using this, except that I fell in love in it. I fell in love with the philosophy of a developer. And if you take a bit of time to go through the initial difficulties of getting acquired with it, it's so powerful. It meets my requirement. One tool for one step, checking each step. So I have not tried enough the other software to comment on why this one and not the others. Thank you.


Again, Carl Hoppe here at the Carrington Research Extension Center, always appreciate the opportunity to visit about cattle, anytime, if you ever call me, you realize that's always the case too. So, we've had a dry lot cow herd here at Carrington for more years than I've been here obviously, and that's been 31. I'm always intrigued. I've got my colleague here, Verna Anderson, who's been managing, who is the researcher down here with his dry lot cow herd for decades, and he should probably be giving this talk about the history of where the dry lot cow herd came from and why we're here with this. So, I'll give my version of it, and Verna can provide the opportunity to change the story as time goes on, but early in the 70s, they decided to put a cow herd down here in this irrigation station. I'm always intrigued with that comment of irrigation station in North Dakota. Since I came here a long time ago, it always rained. Lots of rain. Why do we have irrigation? It rained every week an inch. It felt like Iowa where I came from, so it was wonderful living in North Dakota. And now we've turned into what we see as a drought, and I understand why we have irrigation out here in North Dakota. So, originally, they were going to put these cows out on irrigated pasture and Gray's irrigated pasture. The story I understand is the cattle trump too much grass into the ground, so let's harvest the feed, haul it to the feedlot, and get more productivity or more grass, more forage off of the field that way if we irrigate it and harvest it. Nowadays, we'd say, well, wait a minute, we need to rethink that idea because we could add a lot of organic matter to the soil and turn it back into the soil and improve things differently, but that's the history of why we have a dry lot cow herd. This herd has been dry lot for 40 plus years. Originally, it was a Hurford herd, crossbreeding came in. If you look at the cow's ear tags, and it's a red ear tag, that means it was sired by a red Angus. If it's a green ear tag, it was sired by a Simital, red Simital, so we've got a red Angus, red Simital cross. If there's a blue ear tag that might be out of South Devon, you might see some tiger stripes in the cows. That's from years and years ago of using Territay in the cow herd, but as you can see, these are fairly decent productive cows, just like most of our cow herds out there.  Our cow herd is kind of unique. Well, we're a spring calving cow herd. So it's kind of like your own cow herd at home. They're dry lot, they're fed here in the winter time, except in the summer time, in May and June, they're not hauled to grass, they're kept here in feedlot. As you can see, we control the flies, the cattle are in good condition, the cattle look fine. There's really no difficult secret to it, other than you've got to provide a ration to the cattle that meets their nutrient needs. In other words, cows that have a lactational demand, which these are, you need a ration that's 10, 11, 12% crude protein, TDN, 67, 62, oh, I shouldn't say 67, more like a 58 to 62 TDN, depends if you want the cows to gain or not. My point here is if you ever go out in pasture and select what the cows are grazing, they're grazing a grass out there that's probably 14 to 16% protein if they have their druthers, and they'll select something soft that's probably a 62 TDN feed. So cattle select out on pasture really good feedsteed when they have the choice.  Well, that's what will happen to the feed yard here, you've got to provide the adequate amount of feed in the feedbunk, so they maintain their weight, usually a half a pound or a pound a day gain maybe, at least maintain their weight. If they lose weight, then you will run into risk of having cows not breed back. Just like out on pasture with a drought. What's going to happen this fall? We might see a lot of open cows because of the lack of feed out there at this point. We'll just wait and see what happens. But in our cow herd, when you manage the feedbunk correctly, they'll perform quite well. Now remember when you're feeding the cows, you've got to provide some feed for the calves too. So having a slick feedbunk like this is kind of where we go, but there's a creep area over in the corner where the calves can go ahead and graze or eat feed, I shouldn't say graze, but eat. You could set up a grazing area if you had to feed a lot with a pasture nearby and let the calves escape out there and enjoy a little exercise in green grass. But normally a creep area is what's needed to provide some feed. Tim, I'm going to ask Tim what he fed cattle this morning. Let's see, if I remember right, corn at five pounds? What's at six pounds? Straw at six pounds. So rather than, we don't use hay here anymore. We use straw or stover and we put up a lot of straw. It's hard to find hay. So we've always traditionally just gone with the straw. Distiller's grains, right? Modified at 13 pounds of modified, that'd be about six pounds of dry. And then 30 pounds of corn silage that we harvest in the fall and use throughout the whole year. So that's a pretty simple ration for ingredients. You've got the corn silage for the energy and the corn for energy. You've got straw for some extra fiber. And you've got the distillers grains, which we probably get out of spirit wood or castleton as a protein source, but also doubles as an energy source too. And you'll notice that there's a round bale of straw sitting out in the feeder. That's kind of the buffer out there. Cows get bored when they're in dry lot.  If you've got a round bale of something out there that's not really palatable, but definitely there for them to chew on if they really feel like it, they will and it prevents some bad habits from being developed in your cow herd. We do control the flies. Did you spray for those? Okay, periodically they're sprayed. Do you use wasps or anything like that? Not yet, probably have in the past. Okay, some places do, some places don't. Cattle look pretty happy, pretty content. So, we're basically a spring calving cow herd, your cow herd, but we had no grass to take them to. We've been doing that for years. For people that are flooded out, droughted out, or lost their pasture, whatever the case is, you don't have to sell cows if you don't have grass. You can dry lot them. A lot of different ways to feed them. We've talked to any in-extension Asian or nutritionist on how to feed them and they can certainly help you through what needs to be done. Nebraska takes a different view when it comes to dry lot cow production. Why do we calve in the spring? That's when there's mud, that's when there's cool temperatures. Why don't we calve in the summertime or maybe in the fall when it's easier? Why don't we calve in an off season so when these calves go to market, they hit a youthful age at the market high rather than a market low. So, if you're really into dry lot production, you realize that you don't have to be on a spring calving cow herd. You could switch them to fall or summer or winter, depending upon where your location is, a number of barns. That could certainly work for your dry lot too. A lot of different choices. Once the calves are weaned, they're of course putting their pens here and fed. The cows are going on a diet that's not going to make them gain weight, just maintain weight if they're in good condition. Just maintain if they're a little thin then add some extra energy to the ration. No big secret works really well. We provide a mineral mix as well for the cattle, we provide them with AD&E, depending upon if that's not in the ration. Balance for trace minerals as well. No big secret here. It works. The real problem though, and I have to give the disadvantages, bring it up trial here a few years ago, comparing to pasture and cows in the dry lot. Performance of the calves are the same. But when you start doing the math, our pasture prices have always been substantially cheaper. The one our feed prices are into a feed bunk. I didn't say the cows were unprofitable, I just said it was cheaper to feed when you have cheap grass. At that time you could afford to go up like $40, $45 an acre for grass before it became just as competitive to go into a feed bunk. Now this year, with double the feed prices, I don't even want to do the math to find out how expensive it might be to feed cows. So that's another challenge, and you can see why guys aren't feeding cattle as such and going out. I should stop here, but one more comment, and that is early weaning. We wean in about five months of age, or six months of age? Around the 20th of September. 20th of September, and it's a March calving cow herd. Usually I always figure they do calve. You know, most of us, if we wean in November, maybe December, we got a 200 day weaning date for these calves in dry lot, you can wean early because they're already trained to the feed bunk. How we usually go about six months before we wean. If you need to early wean, that's another whole story, but can easily be done in the feed yard. With that, if there's any questions, I'll take a couple or I'll give it back to Mary then. Yes, sir. Are the cows here year-round? Are the cows here year-round? Yes, they are. They might migrate from this pen to one of the pens up there during calving season, but then they come back. How do we breed the cows? We use bull. I think they have used AI over the years too. Did you bring the bull right into the pen here?  Yeah, he's back there. Yeah, he's still there. He's doing his job. He's always behind the herd, right? No, well, they're on the farm year-round, but we what, have a 45 day breeding period or up to 60? 45 day breeding period.