Hi everybody it's Sam here and I've got another what did I get video I haven't done one for quite a while actually so I've got a few things built up and I'm hoping the magazines are still in stock some of these are a little bit older. First of all I got some things from Craft Stash so I'll show you these ones I think that's it for the minute. So I just picked up some of the spray bottles. Craft Stash have their own essentials range so if you go over onto the website and you'll see when you click down I think it's either brands or along the top you'll see essentials and you'll have all of their exactly that their essentials I've got their glue eraser which is really handy they've got the little embossing buddies they've got pretty much all the the main tools that a crafter needs they have within this essentials but I was curious to see about their precision tipped craft tweezers because I've had lots of these over the years and I don't know I've just never really found a pair I've completely been happy with but these have a bit of weight to them which is a good start because a lot of them have been quite lightweight and I think you need a bit of weight for them to really grip your project so let's see just how much of a precision oh yeah it's exactly what I wanted it's it's so pointy it's actually it's like it's sharper than a pokey tool but that's what I want I wanted to be able to pick up the smallest of pieces and when I'm doing my heating bossing to be able to look you can see that really does grip the very end so that's what I want a lot of the ones I've got they don't they kind of slightly split open towards the end therefore they don't hold things you know right to the edge which is what I want but those and they're nice and long so I can how far down does it go to the so I can keep my hand quite far away when I'm doing my heating bossing love them I'm first impressions really really good and they do they grip right to the very end so I think those are gonna do very well for me so I've got a little protector there as well which is handy so I'm gonna pop that straight in there so I picked up those and then the bottles I well I did have these not these ones from craft stash but these kind of spray bottles and I filled one with my homemade kind of glitter spray or shimmer spray and all the Micah just clocked up the nozzle so lesson to me I'm not gonna do that again unless anybody out there has got any bottles that they know they've made their own kind of sprays and they've not clocked up these ones I'm not gonna do in them but I'm it's just nice to have a smaller little bottle of water that I can just keep in front of me just for when I'm you know maybe cleaning some stamps or then to have the water there is just handy I've got a bigger one but again that's kind of behind me this I just wanted on my desk and I also have one filled up with my rubbing alcohol or surgical spirit because when every now and then I like to clean my table here and also just some of my tools my rulers and things like that then the rubbing alcohol works really well so I also picked up these two so I already have the Sean the sheep Wallace grommet and the penguin but I wanted these two but they weren't on offer when I originally brought the others so someone very kindly mentioned it in one of the lives I think they were like three three pound two ninety nine something like that anyway so it just completes the collection for me and I do want to do a really fun card using these two I just love them and it's all part of that Wallace and grommet range so I grabbed those then I've got some magazines so again some of these are going to be a bit older but I'm hoping that you will still be able to get hold of them so this is issue 92 of creative stamping I don't think issue 93 is out yet but this again those of you that follow me and watch the what did I get I do a lot of design team work for creative stamping so I do get given this magazine for free however I was a big fan of creative stamping before and I did used to subscribe to the magazine so if people always ask me what magazine would I recommend this is the one I think it's brilliant and you always get a massive a4 stamp set so this is a magazine I was again later to see one of my cards made the front cover so this was one that I designed here and also there's one of mine up here which is another idea using the stamps it's all themed around sports so it's great for any of those sports fans that you have in your family they have done really well I think in incorporating you know a lot of the sports there there's not I don't think there's any water sports it's not a water sports one but all your land sports I guess are on there and they're just really nice images easy to colour and I've created some lovely cards because this is a bit older now and a lot of people have probably got this I'll give you a few examples in size I don't tend to show too much in the magazines but I will show the ones that I made because some of you will be familiar with the card styles anyway these ones are some of them are using the dyes from my own collection if I just hold that up a bit so it's not got the glare so these were my brief was to do cards for kids so you'll see I've got my six by six wiper card here and then the wiper pops up and it says if you believe it you can do it and I've used the racing car there this one here was a rocker card and I made an archery board really like that one it was fun to do this is a shaker card with the ballerina and I used some tool there to make it look like her dress so it was just like a simple shaker here is my six by six circle slider die set and that's the cover photo and then I've done the slide and stand card here this one's probably my favourite I really liked stamping this image and then coloring all in and I made my own kind of pattern paper just stamping the footballs there all over but I tell you exactly the measurements you need and the steps to make them if you are unfamiliar but they are most of those are on my channel as well so yeah so that's issue 92 creative stamping and you'll see there this section here is from the for lover stamps and then all of this here is the creative stamping but they all work really nicely together another magazine and I can't believe I've taken so long to share it is this one here and this is featuring my very first exclusive gift so this one here is a made to surprise mini slider die set so this will make a small note card and it's about 10 by 10 centimetres but you can put it on a larger card you'll just have a bigger kind of border so here all is you can see you get these dyes this makes a really nice cupcake and I am going to do a video using this so for all the people that purchased it a video is coming I promise and then these are the dice to do it so this is your mechanism you've got your little pool tabs here but also with this one you get 90 plus digital papers and toppers and they're really nice the papers are lovely so I'll be printing them all off and I will share those when I do the video so this is issue 74 of die cutting essentials some wonderful inspiration I must confess I haven't sat down and even read through this one properly I did have a quick kind of look at my my am kind of feature because you just do naturally and I will quickly whiz to it just so you can see a better idea of how the cards Nikki's done I mean there's loads of wonderful design teams you know members in here but Nikki she's done some wonderful ones using my gift so let me just find I think I'm right at the front yes there it is so these are the ones that I made just to give you an idea of how it all comes together showed you exactly how to do it there and I do also have an exclusive tutorial and that's linked in the magazine as well unfortunately there was a little bit of a delay with this magazine that's why we've got a Valentine's feature here because it would have come out just before but it still gives you lots of inspiration and you can see all the different cards love this one here so you can see a close-up of that happy birthday making a lovely Mother's Day style and then here's the cupcake one I just love it and then you pull the tab and surprise pops up and these are all the toppers these are the downloads and the papers I've just done a simple style there just showing you how to kind of layer up the cupcake so that is issue 74 of die cutting essentials I also got this magazine here so I again was very fortunate to have been asked to do some of the inspiration for this and this is the very first Lisa Horton crafts magazine kit so this is number one and I'm actually going to be using the papers that you can get with this for this year's Easter series which will be starting next week the papers in this are just wonderful and I'm going to be recreating one of the cards I also made for this magazine it within the Easter series because I think it's something that many people are going to enjoy really lovely papers I'm just going to give you a quick look at those so you get these here it's on a matte finish paper so you can see you get all these wonderful toppers and I already have some of this from when I done the samples so I've got a bit more which is nice so I'll be able to share lots of fun projects using it the bows that you can cut out all these great toppers but look at the papers they're absolutely gorgeous I thoroughly enjoy doing the samples for this one again they just they scream spring and Easter and again and I think lots of people will enjoy this kit see more than that look about it lovely really really fun love the stripes and then you get doubles again so you get two of everything so there's plenty there and then I'll just give you a quick little glimpse and again this is very new so I don't want to be giving too much away I'll show you these makes here so this is by Natalia yeah Natalia Smith and just to give you an idea of you know how the toppers with the flowers and the papers all look together and you get dyes as well show you that in a moment so I'm really wonderful makes so just to give you an idea of the kind of styles my brief for the magazine was to do cuts for kids and again those are in there you'll see those those of you that already have it and then the gift that you also get so you get the papers in the magazine and then you get the dyes here and they create really nice flowers now they do line up with the flowers on the papers but they look great on their own you see that lovely kind of stitched detail that you get on there so you get those these lovely enamel dots some beautiful colors there you get plenty you get your stamp set you can see here so you can see these flowers here will cut with the dye but you also you know can stamp them fussy cut them if you want to get these lovely details again I've used I used pretty much everything on that stamp set across the cards that I had to make and then you get the embossing folder which is a lovely background it's like a wicker basket kind of looks again it's going to work brilliantly for some of the other Easter themed projects that I've got in mind for this year's series so keep an eye out for that hopefully this one is still available I'll link it below for anybody that's interested and sometimes they do I don't know if this is in any office I know they had quite a good offer recently on magazines and that might still be running as well then a couple of adhesive bits so I picked up these well quite why now it's probably about two months ago because I've got a lot of stuff in prep for when I had my last launch and this what these ones here worked particularly well with my slider cards but I've just released and they are strips of foam now you would see me again if you're regular to the channel I show you that you can cut your own strips of foam using some wax paper and your normal foam but these ones here it was just for convenience really and because I was going on to the TV to obviously demo it was just you know a bit more neater to have these but you can see there they're strips of foam with the backing on there you can get different lengths I will pop this direct link to this length in the description box but there's all sorts you can get this they were handy from Amazon you get quite a few and there was probably about three more sheets that I'd already used and then these was here to be honest I wasn't expecting it to be this big at all but I'm really pleased with this and these are circle foam adhesive foam circles should I say and I think it was must be a thousand maybe oh no sorry two thousand four hundred and these are again there's all different widths but these ones here are they're half an inch but they always do these in mil so these are 12 mil and you can see if I bring it up can you see all the circles so they're great for when you're doing your penny slider or just if you profess it to be fair sometimes the circle foam pads are much easier to remove than the square ones so loads and it was not very expensive at all I mean they're probably gonna last me honestly if I just use them for like slider cards they'd last me probably forever it's just that many you only need one on a penny slider so I doubt I'm going to make two thousand four hundred penny sliders in my lifetime because I'll continue to use my foam squares for just normal projects there's just so many I couldn't believe it so really good I thought that was again I will share the link to that one and also I will pop all the adhesive I think some of it's already on there but I pop it all on my Amazon storefront as well which is linked below this video and it's also pinned on my Facebook page as well got lots of stuff on there I also totally forgot and I totally forgot you get this stamp also with the creative stamping magazine so not only do you get the a4 but you also get this one here you can see it's all the silhouettes which makes wonderful cards so even better I thought I had something else as well this was another thing that I picked up from cross stash and it's their pickup pencil again I've not used it because I thought I would wait so I'm gonna take this one out I'm going to sharpen it with my sharpener okay so you just just looks like a normal pencil sprinkle some sequins down you can just pick them up so it's like a I don't know what the actual medium is in there it's obviously some kind of low-tack rubber I imagine but you can see it just makes it so much easy and then when there's glue on the other side it was obviously it's enough tack to hold it but not enough to kind of keep it there when there's an adhesive on the other side so I've had the I had a wax dovecraft one which was lovely really liked it and had glitter running through it but it snapped the it was like a wax and it just kept crumbling and falling off so I got a bit frustrated with that one whereas this here is just easy so I need to make sure I don't get it mixed up with my kind of white pencils and highlighters and gels and stuff but I've also got some more of the self adhesive sticker sheets so this is just like your double-sided tape but on sheet form you get five sheets I was like it they do five in a pack some places sell one I just don't want one I want to have five but at a good price so I think this was from Amazon again so I'll share the links below but there's lots of places that sell this as well and I've bought it from you know in stores or from craft station places like that then I went to my local craft store well it's not a craft it's kind of a it's just a store that sells all sorts really it's called biology I know there's a few of them in the southwest and these were craft organza sheets and they are just strips kind like rectangles of organza but I saw them and I thought I quite like the thought of doing that on my cards and kind of like I don't know maybe scrunching up pieces or making like little fans like fan shapes and all sorts I mean they've got some flowers there I need to see if I can run them through my dye machine possibly and make organza flowers don't know if that's gonna work but I could certainly cut them out or trace them but I got these are the only ones I could see I got the blue and greens there I got kind of pinks and reds greens there and then silver black and you've got the white there as well so I don't know we'll see I mean I think more than anything I would use them to kind of have as a layer or just like her and in just like an interesting decorative piece on my cards we will see but I will definitely begin going I thought for 99p I know I can make some use of them so and I hadn't seen them before so I was more intrigued than anything and then another thing that got me intrigued was a recent visit to the pound shop and they have just started to stock De La Rowney products and they have these acrylic paint markers now I wouldn't for me be using them for painting although I have some canvases here which I'm going to show you in a moment I would like to use these some way in some way on my cards especially the metallic ones so I have tried them all out and they are really really nice and I'm going to show you in a moment but they also had these canvases I wouldn't mind doing some artwork for my home so I picked up the A3 which was 2 pound and then the A4 size were a pound each first time I've seen them do the stretch canvas in the pound shop and to do this up range as well so yeah more intrigue than anything but I thought for a pound you can't go wrong these are the colors I've got now when I was there they were this was actually all just being put out into the shelves so I think it's only just landed in the pound shop saying that though that probably was about a week ago now from when I'm doing this video these are the colors I managed to get but that's not to say there are more now I did pick up two of the silver and I'm glad I did because the silver I think looks really nice so I've already loaded them so you can see all the pigment is in the nib there but when you receive them that's white and you just pump it you push it down and you'll see the color kind of coming in but now it's literally just acrylic paint you can just see how dark you get a really good kind of transfer of the paint there and again the blue and it is so opaque it's brilliant we don't have to keep going over it see complete coverage there again the pink they do do some more so I'd like to get some more of these pink there the yellow and you just kind of push down the nib and it will load up if you want to get it a bit thicker if you feel it's kind of thinning out at all see the yellow and then the silver really does have a nice shine to it this is actually coming out even thicker dries pretty quick if I let that kind of just dry can you see the shine on that yeah because they're all yeah that's dry that's a little bit where he sees a little bit of it rubbed off there just a few specks the yellows again not too long I mean it is a paint and then the silver even by rubbing over that you get a nice finish but can you see the shine on it it's good it's just I thought for a pound you see all the color there on my fingers so it is a paint it's just really nice I just like them something a bit different and yeah I guess they're kind of comparable to the Posca pens so I have a couple of the Posca pens here these are lovely much more expensive but this one here what color have I got here so this is black I mean that does go down much smoother but to compare it with this one this is a little bit more of a gray black in comparison that is a lot more of a darker black probably can't really touch you much it does look a little bit more gray there but like so I'm not an expert on these kind of things they I liked them they're gonna work for how I want to use them but if anybody is more of an artist in terms of the painting and they like their acrylic paints then might be worth giving them a go I also pick these up it's actually another day but these arrived before I'd edited this video so I thought I would share these so I first of all I ordered both but these came first these are 3 mil and these are I believe yeah these are 5 mil and they are multi-coloured flat-backed pearls but without the adhesive so if I bring them up as close as I can get but can you see in each one there's two tones you've got like a darker almost like a magenta and then like a light pink key you've got like a dark navy and a more lighter you got like a green and a blue there kind of a deep orange and a yellowy orange so you can see they're all a mix and I just thought I just saw them on Amazon and I really liked the the different colours I don't have any that have this multi-colour and then I saw that they do them in different sizes so I thought it'd be quite nice to mix when I'm adding them onto my cards be nice to have like maybe one larger one and then smaller one and also for the centres of flowers I always kind of struggle to have a larger one for the larger flowers and then smaller ones so I'll bring these ones up should probably see the colours much better now do be careful when you open them they do have a piece of foam on top and I made the mistakes I didn't realise when I opened the smaller ones when I lifted off the foam the static was terrible and I had to some of them kind of contaminated each other so I had to kind of swap them out what I found someone did mention to me to use a tumble dry sheet I don't have any tumble dry sheets but I did rub my anti-static little buddy over the top of this before I opened it so if you've got a tumble dry sheet then use that but can you see I've already got one now that's gone over into that one so just move it back there it's probably a couple of others as well but just bear that in mind if you you know do get these they they may go everywhere just bring them out there you can really see so there's a colour there for pretty much every project I'd like to see if they're going to do maybe some deeper colours I think for Christmas time like reds and greens and things like that I think be quite nice there's some lovely brights here for spring and stuff so I'm really looking forward to adding them to some of my projects and you could with the larger ones you could add a glue dot on the back of them I just add a little bit of liquid glue and then stick them onto my cards and I've not had any problems because I have had these kind of non-adhesive flatback pearls before I've actually shared my mix here this is a mirror so you can see if I've got my hand you've got loads and I think these were maybe not not necessarily seconds but I think they're just like the leftovers and they all just you know bundle them together so you can see they've got a beautiful cut that one there that's there we go you can just see it look at that gorgeous but they're all random and but these are plain kind of you know solid colours so I go to them a lot but then when I saw these mixed ones I thought I'm gonna get these now plenty there I like the little boxes they come in so it's easy to store and you're ready to go so yeah I thought I'd quickly throw those into this video like I said I'll share the links in the description box below okay so that's everything as always our link as much as I can in the description box below and I'll be back very soon sharing some fun projects featuring some of this product thanks for watching bye


Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the gastrointestinal secretions. The gastrointestinal secretions include both endocrine as well as exocrine secretions. Elementary canal is generally described as the largest endocrine and exocrine gland of the body. First we shall discuss the endocrine secretions of gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract has many entero endocrine cells which are spread throughout the digestive tract for example in the stomach, in the pancreas and in the small intestine which produce various hormones. The entero endocrine cells produce gastrointestinal hormones which are liberated directly into the bloodstream. These hormones are related to the functions of gastrointestinal tract so they act on the tissues of gastrointestinal tract or gut and control various functions related to the digestion or absorption of food. The various gastrointestinal hormones include gastrine, cholecystoquinine, sacritin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP, gastric inhibitory peptide GIP, somatostatin, motiline and substance P. Apart from these, another hormone is Gryline which is a peptide hormone and is released from liver and stomach. This hormone is known as a refer to as hunger hormone. The fasting individuals have a higher quantity or level of this hormone. Now we shall discuss the exocrine secretions of the gastrointestinal tract. The exocrine tissues which produce exocrine secretions include sliver glands, many secretory cells of stomach and intestinal epithelium, the secretory cells of liver and pancreas. The human gastrointestinal tract secretes about 7 liters of exocrine fluids in a day. These exocrine secretions have varied compositions but all have some basic components that is most of them contain enzymes, all of them contain huge quantities of water, mucus, inorganic ions, or salts and various ions. Now we shall discuss the digestive enzymes which are present in the exocrine secretions. These enzymes belong to three major categories. These enzymes may be Proteases or Carbohydrates and are Lipases. These three categories correspond to the three major types of foodstuffs which require hydrolysis or breakdown. In three major categories, there are certain specialized enzymes found in some exocrine secretions. They break or digest specific components of the food. For example, enzymes for hydrolysis of nucleic acids and nucleic acid residues. These enzymes are Nucleases, Nucleotidases and Nucleosidases. The other special enzymes are Asterases which break down the esters present in ripe fruits.


Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course, Samasa in Paninian Grammar 2. As is our practice, we begin our lecture with the recitation of the Mangala Charana. Vishvesham satchidanandam vandeham yo khilan jagat. Charikarthi baribharti sanjariharthi leela ya. Vishvesham satchidanandam vandeham yo khilan jagat. Charikarthi baribharti sanjariharthi leela ya. We have said that in this particular course, we are focused on the three types of samasas, namely avyayibhava, bahuvrihi and duvandva. Before actually studying each one of them in detail with the help of the sutras and the examples, etc., we understood the theory of compounding with respect to these three compounds. We studied the samartha theory and we studied this with the help of the primary sources. We studied that the samartha theory is stated by Panini himself in his astadhyayi in the sutra samarthaha padavidhi. We also studied the Mahabhashya of Patanjali which is a commentary on this particular sutra and we focused on the chapter of samarthanika which is a commentary on this particular sutra. We noticed that Patanjali has explained samartha in four ways. Samprekshitartha, sambaddhartha, sangatartha and samsrushthartha. Patanjali also uses two key technical terms namely vyapeksha and ekarthibhava. Vyapeksha refers to the interrelated meanings of the padas and so the two meanings namely samprekshitartha and sambaddhartha of samartha explain the vyapeksha state where the meanings are interrelated. They are tied but they are independent and separate entities so are the words. Patanjali has also used another technical term called ekarthibhava which explains what happens in the samasa and he has also used the two explanations of the word samartha to explain ekarthibhava. Sangatartha and also samsrushthartha when the two meanings go together or when they are merged together that is what is samartha and that is what is ekarthibhava samarthya. So vyapeksha and ekarthibhava they are interrelated. Patanjali in fact gave an example of ghee as well as oil when it is mixed with something it becomes one with that something and therefore that is a good example where two meanings get merged together and a new meaning as well as word is generated as an output. We also stated that the samartha theory is based on the karaka theory. We studied the karaka theory in some detail. We said that for the samasa process sentence happens to be an input in the sense that the interrelated pathas which are part of the sentence they are the input and the process of compounding happens and the output generated is in the form of a pratipadika or a nominal root which again becomes an input for the sentential process. We studied the concepts of nitya samasa and anitya samasa. In the process we studied the concepts of laukika vigraha and alaukika vigraha. We stated that the process of compounding begins with alaukika vigraha. Then the purvapada nirdharana happens. Then subluk. Then samasanta pratyaya is added. Then subluk happens. Then purvapada karya happens. Uttarapada karya also happens. Then sandhi happens and finally the svara karya happens and the output in the form of a pratipadika is generated. We have studied these steps, these processes with reference to avyayi bhava, bohubrihi and dvandva samasa in the previous lectures. Now is the time to conclude this general discussion and proceed towards studying each of these compounds in specific details. In this lecture we will conclude this general discussion by passing on some general remarks on compounding and historical development of Sanskrit language. In Panini's grammar different rules play different roles in the process of derivation. There are some rules which prescribe a particular operation. Such rules are called vidhi sutras. These sutras state the initial process and also the intermediate processes and also the final process. Then there are some metarules, some paribhasasutras which hold the entire system together and which apply the rules in a particular sequence. Then there are some rules which designate the technical terms. These are called the saudnya sutras. So samasa is a saudnya that is applied to a particular output. Purvapada is the saudnya, Uttarapada is also another saudnya. Similarly under the big umbrella of samasa there are four types of samasas whose saudnyas are extremely important. Then we have some rules which state the operation of substitution or atidesha. And this we have seen in the process of derivation when one step is derived with the help of a rule in the Panini grammar. It continues certain properties that it inherited from its previous stage. This is explicitly stated in the Panini grammar using a particular sutra which is called atidesha sutra. There are only about 100 basic vidhi sutras for samasa which prescribe the samasa. They are stated in 2.1 and also 2.2. Therefore the sutras which prescribe the ave bhava samasa they are very few in number. Also the sutras which prescribe the pahubrihi samasa they are also very few. And the sutra prescribing the dvandva samasa is only one. There are 92 vidhi sutras prescribing the samasanta suffixes stated in 5.4. And also the samasanta suffixes prescribing sutras for ave bhava as well as dvandva are very few. But there are a number of sutras prescribing the samasanta pratyaya with reference to the pahubrihi samasa which we shall study in detail. There are almost 200 vidhi sutras prescribing the accent of samasa. Once again the sutras prescribing the accent on ave bhava and dvandva are very few. Whereas there are quite a few sutras prescribing and prescribing the accent of pahubrihi samasa. All these sutras may be exhaustively describing the language of panini's time. But as time grew language also grew. These numbers started falling short of capturing the usage. The tradition of panini's grammar on the other hand gave authoritativeness to the system. Any speech form which is in accordance with this system was considered worth using others not. Therefore the pressure on the system increase due to the limited number of available rules and increasing and varied usage. Then the panini's grammatical tradition figured out some solutions to this particular problem. Now these solutions are primarily internal to the system in the form of reinterpretations of words in the sutras, types of sutras as well as breakup of words in the sutras. These are the strategies that were adopted. The concept of generic prescription was also adopted. The concept of open-ended word bag was adopted. Breakup of sutras is called yoga vibhaga. Then there were new statements made. New arguments were put forward in order to justify certain usages in particular manner. New concepts evolved in the course of time in order to account for certain usages. Let us look at the concept of generic prescription. So the sutra is sahasupa 214 in the ashtagdhyay. This is originally an adhikara sutra governing 2.1 and 2.2 in the ashtagdhyay where compound prescribing rules are stated. So all the rules will be constrained by the condition stated in this particular sutra where 2 padhas both ending in soaps as is shown on this slide. This padha ends in soaps and second padha also ends in soaps and then this becomes eligible if they are interrelated. These two become eligible to become pounded. But if you have soop over here but no soop over here or if you have ting over here and ting over here this sutra says that these situations are not eligible for the process of compounding. So this is what the function of the sutra sahasupa. But now in order to accommodate the newly generated varied usage the tradition reinterpreted 214 as a vidhisutra thereby making this a generic prescription. Any subanta is compounded with any other samartha subanta. Any word that ends in a soop is compounded with any other semantically interrelated word which ends in a soop. This is what is a generic prescription without making any specific condition. And meaning bound specific condition which is part of several other rules as we observe in the paninian rules. Now with this generic prescription any compound usage can be accommodated. Such a samasa is termed by the later tradition as kevala samasa or sup sup samasa. And we find several examples in the literature where samasas of this kind are stated and are explained as sup sup samasa or kevala samasa. Then there is a concept of open-ended word back also known as akriti-gana. So new compound words similar to the ones already listed are accommodated as part of the same list and such words are called saropakriti. Gana is a list of words which is appended to the grammar of panini and which are referred to by panini in the sutras prescribing various operations to respective ganas. Now there are some ganas which are akriti ganas where new compound words similar to the ones already listed are accommodated as part of the same list as a strategy to counter the problem stated earlier. These are called sarupakriti words. Then there are new words dissimilar to the ones already listed. They are also accommodated as part of the same list and they are called virupakriti words. For example, we have the sutra vahitagnyadishu 2237 which consists of the akriti-gana ahitagnyadi. If we throw a glance on the words in this particular gana we see that ahitagny and agnya hita these are the basic words and then jataputra and putra jatah these are the other words that we get. These are the sarupakriti words and then there are virupakriti words which also are made part of this particular gana, gadukandha as well as gadusiras. We also have several sutras which are considered to be the akriti-ganas as far as the samasas are concerned. So, tishthatgu prabhritinicha is a sutra which consists of a list called tishthatgu etc. This is a very peculiar list consisting of elements which are very complex. Similarly, nirudhaka-dinicha 62184 discussing the accent. Similarly, ardharchaha-pumsicha 2431 talking about the gender of the compound. One of the important techniques used by the paninyan grammatical tradition to counter the problem mentioned earlier is yoga-vibhag. Now the word sahasupa which is an adhikara sutra, so all the rules will be constrained by this sutra. And so we have sup plus sup is a yes condition for the process of compounding and where we have sup plus thing or thing plus thing, it is a no condition for compounding. But to accommodate certain other usage, this rule is broken into two parts sahasupa and supah. Now sahasupa which is 214a means a sup can be compounded with any other word. So for example, if a padha ends in sup and another padha ends in thing, now this can also be a compound according to this 214a. And the examples provided are anuvvya-chalat as well as pariyabhushayat. Anuvvya-chalat consists of anuv, v and achalat where anuv and v, these are the two subandhas and achalat is a tinganta. In pariyabhushayat, pariy is a subanta, but abhushayat is the tinganta. We also note that this yoga vibhaga is done primarily to account for a few exceptions in the Vedic data. Similarly, avpayam vibhakti etc. this is 216. This is also broken into two parts, avpayam as one and vibhakti etc. as the second in order to account for certain usages. Similarly, vibhasha apaparibahirancavapanchamyam is broken into two rules and vibhasha is stated to be one independent rule, which is also recognized as an adhikara sutra that makes the following compound prescribing sutras prescribing a vikalpika samasa and the previous sutras prescribing a nitya samasa. Similarly, the yoga vibhaga is potential in all vibhaktis. This technique is used by the later paninian grammatical tradition to account for usages in order to provide the sanctity of grammar to them. There are certain complex phenomenon which is also noted in the process of compounding in the course of time. There is a type of compound or a set of words in which they are semantically bahuvrihi but formally they are avyai bhava. And this is what we were mentioning about tisthagu etc. where we have words which are semantically bahuvrihi but formally avyai bhava. Similarly, we also have words like onmatta ganga yasmin deshe tannama. This is typically a laukika vigraha of a bahuvrihi compound. However, onmatta ganga yasmin deshe tannama is listed as an avyai bhava compound. Similarly, lohitagangam and krsnagangam also are semantically bahuvrihi but formally are avyai bhavas. And they are listed therefore as avyai bhavas in paninian drama. Some dvandva compounds take place only if samahara is intended by the speaker. So, this is a restricted kind of usage. And the sutra dvandvastha praniturya senanganam 2.4.2 on words that is a set of sutras which talk about this restricted usage. And we shall study this particular section in some detail when we deal with the dvandva samasa. So, panipadam can only be a samahara. Shirogrivam, rathikashvaroham and rathikapadatam are some examples where dvandva samasa takes place. But it is only if there is samahara that is intended by the speaker. So to summarize, compounding is a very productive process in Sanskrit. It has been there since the time of the Vedas. Panini has captured the data of his time. The tradition has considered the grammar of Panini as authoritative and the tradition has tried to explain the later data. But the later data is varied and does not fit in in the existing system. New system in consonance with the existing grammar therefore should be evolved. Now we come to the close of this general discussion about the theory of compounding. From next lecture onwards we will delve deep into the each type of samasas. We begin with the avyayibhava samasa because that is what is stated first in the sutras of Panini. Thank you. These are the texts referred to. Thank you very much.