From Sunny Honolulu, this is Howard Wigg, Cold Green, Think Tech, Hawaii. Welcome one and all. We know that Hawaii is the most beautiful climate in the world. However, we do have a situation when that beautiful sun hits walls or buildings or homes. The sun's radiant heat tends to penetrate through the wall and into the living space and we've got to get rid of that heat somehow. Why not just decrease, by a large margin, the amount of heat going through that wall? That is exactly what our guest, Gene Rooney, president of Hawaii Architectural Sales, he's a president and owner and we're going to be talking about vertical exterior walls and I will let Gene describe that and I would say that, oh, I have to say this is a private enterprise coming on to a government site. We are not endorsing green genes products and this is here for strictly educational purposes only. I need to say that. On that, Cherino, please take it away, Gene. Good morning, Howard. Thank you for having me. We are here to talk about ventilated cavity rain screen systems. A ventilated cavity rain screen system is where you have a airspace between the cladding portion of your walls and your structural part of your walls. Maybe we can bring up the first slide here and talk about, let's start by talking about the two portions of a wall. So every wall generally has a structural component to it. That could be steel gauge framing, it could be concrete, it could be hollow tile and then on top of that in front of that you have another portion which is typically used in most places. Sometimes we don't know who uses it here but it's a cladding. So basically, it could be E-fist or it could be a hardy plank or it's something in front of the wall that's non-structural. It usually serves a couple of purposes. One is decorative, makes the building look nicer. And the second wall is a pretext or structural wall from the elements. So we can go to the next slide. So either that cladding can be applied directly to the wall in the case maybe with like a hardy plank or an E-fist or that cladding can be offset from the wall by a little bit and we can create an airspace behind that cladding and that airspace serves two purposes. So the first purpose was, or the first way this cladding was first designed was called pressure equalization and the purpose of introducing that airspace was to reduce, was to create a cavity, a small cavity that reduced that equalized the pressure between the interior and the exterior of the building. And the goal here was to stop water and air infiltration into the building because if you've got your internal pressure and your external pressure are the same, your water is not going to penetrate into your building and run down and run down the side of the building. So that was where the idea of rain screen cladding came from. So rather than having your cladding be directly applied to the building, we're going to move the cladding a little bit off the building, create an air pocket that equalizes the pressure. So if you go to the next slide, you can see some of the different types of material that are used for cladding. It can be really any material, metal panels are common, fiber cement panels, concrete panels, a technology that I like that will cover a little bit more here is a porcelain panels, but can also be any other type of ceramic panels. Terracotta is a very popular material used in Europe quite a bit. So the cladding is different from the structural wall. Okay, so if we go down to the next slide, you just basically just talked about the cladding is non-structural, it's just aesthetic, it's in front of the wall, it's not carrying the loads of the building, all that is done by your structural wall behind it. Okay, so these rain screen systems decrease the amount of, sorry, decrease the pressure and the amount of air and water that go through, and they do decrease the sun by a little bit. So go down a couple more slides. So go down to slide number six when we talk about a ventilated wall system. So the difference between a standard pressure equalize system and a ventilated system is we greatly increase the space okay between the cladding and the wall. So now we have a ventilated cavity that's also open at the top. So basically this your cladding now is acting as basically a sunscreen as well as an aesthetic feature because the heat that reaches that cladding is far enough away from the wall that while it may heat up the air in the cavity that air is quickly then it hot air rises. So cool air is brought in from the bottom, the hot air quickly rises to the top and now we are equalizing the temperature okay so that all that solar radiation that you mentioned is now it's heating up the cladding portion of the building but it's not heating up the structural wall. So in the diagram here you can see a structural wall here and you know one of the elements here you see is this exterior insulation on the wall. That's actually something new for us here in Hawaii. It's typically we had insulation maybe if we had studs we had insulation between the studs or we had a concrete wall or hollow metal wall that was considered enough insulation. Only recently in the building codes have we required this this exterior insulation on the outside. So if you look on the on the right side you can see how the sun hits the exterior of the building and during the course of the day it greatly heats up okay. So while our ambient air temperature as we were talking about before we started our ambient air temperature here in Hawaii is almost perfect year-round. I mean 75 in the winter 85 in the summer might get to 90 degrees a couple days of the year but there's very little temperature difference between what we would like the temperature to be inside and what the outdoor temperature is. I mean it's why most of the year everyone's happy sitting on their lanai as long as you're in the shade right. It's very comfortable here in Hawaii as long as you're in the shade and the second you get out of the shade things change right. It's even though the air temperature may be 79 degrees once that solar radiation starts hitting your skin you start to burn and things go up. It's exactly the same thing with a wall system so once that solar radiation starts hitting the wall it's going to go up into the hundreds of degrees and that heat's going to start transmitting through the wall eventually it's going to start heating up the interior air space of your building and you're going to have to turn that air conditioning on or you're going to have to go sit outside the lanai if you don't have air conditioning. So by moving this cladding outside the wall it's basically a sunscreen system for your house for your building basically that cladding is now either reflecting it's reflecting a good portion of the heat if depending upon you know the color whatnot but even if it's not reflecting that heat it's really only heating up the the air in the cavity okay between the wall and the cladding and that hot air is going to rise up and out the top before it has a chance to increase significantly in temperature and then translate and then transfer that heat into the building. So that's the the basic concept of a ventilated cavity system and you can see here if you go to slide up go to slide up 10 so you can see this you can see this in action here basically the sun is hitting that rain screen system and some of it's reflecting off but some of it is transmitting through it but it just goes up and out. Gene is that what they call the venturi effect where the hot air automatically rises and it gives you space? Yeah essentially yeah yeah so that's that's that's basically you know how how raising cladding assistance work we call it the on slide 12 we call the chimney effect uh venturi effect a little more technical name for it but yeah it's basically hot air rising so um and we can use different materials for this and use metal panels um on 13 we show a honeycomb panel which also this is called a double ventilated system because the panel itself has basically got perforations it's basically got um holes in it that allow the heat to to again to dissipate so the more ventilation the better on slide 14 you can kind of see what it looks like installed you can put this material you can put a cladding material um on top of any other uh wall system regardless of how the you know whether it be a a stud wall or a concrete wall uh basically attached with clips um get attached to the material and then get attached to the building um you know here it shows insulation which is which is common uh and you definitely want to use that insulation in a cold climate uh you know the interesting thing about these systems is is they're mostly studied on their effect in cold climates because that's obviously where most of the the energy is spent in the united states it's it's on it's on buildings in northern climates um and they're mostly focused on reducing heating costs as opposed to you know we're in a completely different situation here we're reducing cooling costs um so there's not a lot of study in terms of how it affects that so having the panels here in a way obviates the need for that insulation because if you're now if you're at that insulation that wall is not getting hit by any solar radiation that insulation is really not doing too much that insulation there is designed to slow the transmission of that uh temperature from the exterior to the interior but now you know we've kept that we've kept the exterior we've stopped that exterior wall that insulation from heating up and now we've got an exterior temperature that's maybe 10 degrees you know 10 degrees different from what we want our interior uh temperature to be um and with such a low you know difference you're just not going to get a lot of transmission to it so it's basically it's like putting a you know just like the energy code currently allows for uh reduction in solar heat gain on windows when it has a sun shade or some sort of projection above it maybe a balcony or something like that you know we recognize the fact that reducing the direct radiation on the glazing um you know obviates the need for some um some of its energy performance this is a similar way this is like a sun shade for the whole building basically you're you're you're you're putting a sun shade in front of the building to stop the building from heating up to begin with so instead of instead of focusing on increasing the insulation in the wall and increasing the u-value or the r-value I guess we were talking about I'm a fenestration guy so I've talked to u-values but maybe r-values so instead of focusing on improving the r-value of the wall it's it's a different approach to say instead of stopping the transmission of heat from the exterior to the interior let's stop the exterior wall from heating up to begin with and then we don't have to worry about the heat transmitting through it yeah gene I once measured the temperature of a dark wall where the sun's radiant heat was directly striking it yeah and I came in at 167 degrees sure and then I went just a few feet away where that same wall was totally shaded and the temperature dropped to I believe it was 93 degrees yeah like a 70 degree delta between the two exactly exactly it's you know it's a unique situation here in Hawaii it's all of our energy is problems that we have to deal with or where we have direct solar radiation which is you know extremely intense but our ambient air temperature most of the time is just fine you know it's like everyone comes home from work right and they first thing they do is get home from work and open up all the doors and windows and go sit in the garage for for an hour while the house cools down right because it's it's it's it's now 20 30 degrees hotter inside the house than it is outside you know the energy target for most people is I just want my house to be as cool inside as it is outside you know I mean it's the house would be comfortable if it was the same temperature inside as it is outside so um much different situation than even other southern climates you know we're not Las Vegas we're not phoenix we're not where we have 120 degree air temperature outside and um but here's a here's an example of a building that actually has a has a ventilated cavity range screen system and this is actually in the west bank and and Nazareth and the city hall there and you can actually see how the panels are actually offset by different depths from the building so they don't have to all be at the same projection factor off the building so it gives it an unique a unique scratcher and then there's a backlighting in there as well so this is basically a great basically a sunscreen system you know for the building um the whole side of the building so and we do this quite a bit too sometimes with the metal system sometimes you see out there with metal um vertical sunshade systems and things like that but usually it's usually it's on top of the fenestration right we're concerned about heat coming in through the fenestration so we put a sunshade um this is a similar concept but it's it can be applied to the whole building applied to the whole it can apply to the whole whole structure doesn't have to apply just a fenestration and it and it's especially valuable here because like I said this we don't once you get that stop that wall from heating up you don't have 110 degree air temperature outside that's going to continue to heat you know heat through the wall right now you've you've lowered that wall temperature to 80 degree some you know somewhere in the 80 degrees you know you know or whatever the ambient air temperature is you know outside we're actually and to your example it actually the walls would actually be cooler than your example of the 93 degree you know wall and shade because what's happening here is that we've talked about the venturi effect the chimney effect the cool air is constantly being brought in from the ground level and then being pulled out the top so your cooler air is right near your ground your ground because the cool air falls from hot air sinks so you actually have a constant breeze almost like blowing through that wall which is even better than having a static you know being you know static air yeah jim we don't normally think of air as being an insulator but i'm an energy codes guy and we reward buildings that have air instead of the direct radiant heat just passing by we count that as a form of insulation oh yeah i'm a fenestration guy so that's how you know insulated glass works we basically yeah you know we introduce an basically a half inch airspace between the the glass and has a huge impact on on on your value so yeah this is definitely you know similar to that and and that actually comes into play we were in a northern climate we were if i was giving this presentation in chicago we'd be talking more about how that airspace acts as an insulator um it plays a big part it plays a part here too but it plays a bigger role when that airspace that air insulating effect of that airspace plays a bigger role when you're in a northern climate like i said when here we it's it's uh you know if we're keeping the air temperature on both sides of that the same then as it's then the insulating for we're close to each other then the insulating effect isn't as important it's really important for us is basically that solar heat gain um you know stopping that radiant energy from hitting the wall to begin if we can stop that if we can keep that wall at the 90 degrees instead of going to 160 degrees i think you said or something like that then you don't have to be as concerned about the insulation factor of the wall and how that wall is going to stop that transmission through it so instead of throwing in instead of throwing insulation at the problem and in terms of stopping the transmission of this or slowing the transmission of the heat because the insulation doesn't stop it it just slows it right so instead of throwing insulation at the problem it's it's it's saying well let's stop it from heating up in the first place you know so yeah in the energy code we reward walls that are shaded now you might have a small shade or the best example in hawaii would be lanais where you've got at least 10 feet of roof area shading the that wall that's under the lanai and we reward the energy code we go down way way down and required insulation which which saves money and it makes sense because there's not that direct radiant heat from striking it now you are shading virtually 100 percent of the wall so yeah yeah exactly and it's going to work 100 percent of the time as opposed to you know with a with a lanai with a projection factor it's going to work you know and upon you know which way it's facing at the time of day you know some of that energy still going to still going to hit those walls so yeah I would be I would be interested in seeing how the energy code could could account for this and also you pointed out that this technology is also a a decorator very decorative factor too sure that that Jerusalem wall is just a perfect example right right it that's an architectural feature as in improving the aesthetics of the building and there's tons of different materials available for it I mean I think you know that's a porcelain system but you know typically metal panels have been the predominant material that's been used but you know GFRC is often used and I think I mentioned terracotta it's really you know up to the imagination the architect in terms of the material they want to use there's people who can use wood systems fiber you know fiber type systems yeah in the architecture field we call this passive cooling I mean just the design of the building prevents the influx of the radiant heat yeah yeah yeah and it's you know it's interesting the slide here I got is I have from that is from the middle east you know you know one of the companies I work with that makes the porcelain panels there's a tremendous amount of work in the middle east and and Africa and Spain are actually based out of Spain which also has a very hot climate so there are a lot of their work is done with passive cooling like you talk about because that's a the middle east is a large market for that sort of design there it's a they're very familiar with that concept so more so I think that in the United States or even in Europe a lot of the architecture there is built around passive cooling concepts and here in Hawaii for a very good reason PV panels or photovoltaic panels are very very very popular and one of course it makes electricity and with the battery storage electricity but a side effect is the fact that those panels are shading the roof yeah absolutely and if you notice if you look closely at the panels there are raised by at least say five if not six inches and that provides that airflow air space under the panel which is that's the horizontal equivalent of the vertical well that's critical that's critical for the efficacy of the panels they got to keep they lose their efficiency if they try to eat up too much so you got to keep your panels cool and you know and you can even incorporate you know solar into your vertical wall panels if you if you'd like to use that as a cladding user use that as a cladding material it's not out of the house yeah but it's obviously not as efficient as having a horizontal application you have to maybe on your south wall you can incorporate that you know I can use as well I mean the material you use is tremendous amount of options for the material that you can use the key thing is is the distance from the wall and all the open joints and the cavities and having an open at the top and so the air flows and definitely you can use different reflectivities on the panel I know you know the code allows for based on the reflectivity index of the cladding material you know some allowances and I think people sometimes struggle with they don't want to have a really bright building right in order to take advantage of the the code allowances for reflectivity you kind of have to have a relatively bright color right but if they want to have a darker color it doesn't really work whereas this doesn't when you're that heat isn't making it to the wall anyhow so it's not necessarily that the cladding reflects that heat because the panel can still absorb that heat it's still not going to get transferred to the structural wall whereas if that whereas if that like you said that dark if you're using like a dark fiber cement and it's right on top as your cladding and it's right on top of your structural wall you know it's going to heat up more than if you had like a white cladding right the white cladding is going to reflect a lot more on the energy um so we make allowances for that in the code but in this case because it's so far off the wall it really shouldn't matter uh whether the panel is absorbing or reflecting you know that energy yeah again in in the the roofing code we really really reward shading yeah in the roof and there is now the cool wall rating council I was instrumental in in founding that we're just getting our really good start and it's going to be part of code within the next year or so right and certainly we're going to have to uh include this as your technology as one of the uh the really cool wall factors yeah well I appreciate and reduce the amount of insulation required as a reward for that huge drop in in radiant heat right you know I have a I have a I have a NASA study that was done by NASA that I can send to you I don't really have it up here or I can bring it up here um but basically an independent study done and done on a a building for NASA in Houston and looking at their energy as they before and after they put the ventilated cavity on the building so that would be something pretty to take a look at as well I'd be interested in receiving that yeah yeah I mean it's just a lot of the research though like on the event like counties is more focused on the benefits for northern climates right as we we run into that a lot right there's not a lot of Hawaii specific studies or a lot of you know incentive for people to do research on our particular climate just because we're so small right so uh when they tend to do these energy studies they tend to focus on how can I reduce my heating costs in Chicago how does this affect my heating costs in Chicago not how does it affect my cooling costs in Hawaii right no that would make an excellent paper for a grad student at the UH School of Architecture oh sure yeah yeah I work closely with them I'm gonna can I pass your name on if oh sure sure yeah so what what is the uh the basis what's the bottom line of the NASA study that you mentioned uh I don't remember up top my head but it did show significant reductions in energy costs and cooling loads um specifically and it was basically a before and after energy consumption study before they they did the rain screen panels sorry before they did the the panels on it um and after yeah very significant you know reduction in cooling costs and climates like I don't know if anybody has had the the good fortune to be in the south in the middle of the summer yeah you have your combination of humidity plus right right heat yeah you know I mentioned um uh you know I mentioned you know Las Vegas and Phoenix as examples where you know they still also have the issue of its of its 110 degrees for three or four months a year so even if you can make the interior temperature the same as the exterior you're still gonna put your you still gotta run your air conditioner right because it's still 100 now you've only made it 110 degrees right yeah um and you and then you've got the issue in the south you know in Florida where okay even if I make the interior temperature the same as the exterior I still want to run my air conditioner because it's acting as a dehumidifier yeah because of the humidity so we're we're in almost a unique situation where if I can just get my interior temperature to not be hotter than it is outside then I don't need to put the AC on passive cooling yeah I'm not very very cheery note Jean we must bid you fond of your thank you Jean Ruby we're good on time for introducing us to this wonderful concept okay no I appreciate I appreciate it very much thank you for your time yeah that's our pleasure okay forward way code green think take away see you next time


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Welcome to the Titans Blitz. You're still feeling that way on the show this week. A perfect show for the week. This guy right here, he was the chief. He was a Titan. He is Dexter McCluster right here with us. What an opportunity. So great to have you here. You were so fun to watch. I caught up with you. Mr. Titan Party, a shout out to a super fan out there. Mr. Titan puts on a great YouTube show, had you to the party. And I was like Dexter McCluster in the flesh. I had a good time, man. A lot of fans like you guys. It had a great time. Spent some time together. And there was a lot of Titans colors around, so it was a good time. Look, as a Tennessee native, Nashville native, like you said something at that party that really stuck with me. And you said what? You said players when they come to play here. Right, so when I first got here, left Kansas City got picked up here. A lot of people that I met were saying, you know, a lot of players that come down here to Tennessee, they come here, have a family, and never leave. And here I am seven years later. Thanks to you guys. I'm still here. I'm loving it. That's a good place. Yes. Let's get it off on the screen real quick, because this man is staying busy. He'll keep you fit. What are you doing? Your personal training? Yes, I'm a personal trainer now. McCluster Fit, you can catch the website. Right there. There it is, right there. McClusterFit.com, go on there, check it out. For many services. I love what I do. It's a passion of mine. I'm making my stamp here in Nashville, Tennessee. Still in shape, still fast. Yes. But let's talk, let's get to some hot takes with Dexter here. Let's talk about some fast players from this game Monday night. I'm still feeling it. I know they are. It was an incredible, incredible win. The atmosphere, though, is what I want to talk about first. I mean, they talk about a Buffalo takeover and nothing. No, no, no. It was all tight in space. That's how it's supposed to be. Yeah. Go home, Buffalo. Go home, Buffalo was the champ. Highest attendance ever here at Nissan Stadium, 69,419. The capacity is like 69,100 and something. So it's like people on shoulders, I don't know. It was insane. It was like a playoff atmosphere. You know, you've played in Loud Stadium. Yes. Kansas City airhead, it's loud. Definitely rocking. Yes. What does that do for you as a player, feeling that kind of epic energy? It's energy, man. That's what you said in the perfect way, man. When you go out there, you're already pumped up, already ready to go. The week is over with preparation over it. It's time to come show what you got, right?  Man, it's showtime and it's go time.  And listen, we're on the edge of the seat. We knew who was coming in this game. We knew how good Buffalo was. And there's a lot of Buffalo fans. And early on, Buffalo was moving the ball. And our defense holds them to two field goals. And the thing that got them going back again was we take the lead with Derrick Henry, man. This guy. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. There's some more. There's some more. I was proud of him. On this right here, 76 yard run. Yes, sir. This is to me where, you know, look, it was back and forth, seven lead changes. But we really took control and put a stamp on this game from that man right there. You, you're super fast. He ran 21.8 miles per hour. That's the fastest of any player this season. That's his fastest score in that. What's it like to watch a man that size? Can you, can you imagine like, can you imagine being the defender, that safety? You got a guy that big coming at you 21 plus miles an hour. What do you do? Yeah, the correct thing and move out the way. That's exactly what happened, right? So listen, when you got a guy like that, like I said earlier, when, when we were younger, we create our players on, on the games. We make them big, huge, but he's the modern day, everything, man. Shout out to the king, man. Shout out to me. Leading the league and rushing 783 yards. Nick Chubb second at 523. It's, it's insane. So yeah, I mean, we were watching history and the making. He's running his way to Canton as they say, but one game at a time. And it's just, it's nice to be in the moment. And watching it live. And then of course the game was, it was amazing with Derek, but it wouldn't have happened without this defense that we're, we're putting on the field. Hats off to these guys. This defense, this front seven, especially is getting after it. Harold Landry had himself a game. Yes. This play right here. Kevin Byard's pick happens from Danico Autry getting pressure on, on Josh. That's what it's about. Right here. Boom, balls in the air. Kevin Byard, a defensive leader. Barhawk.  But it was the, for me, it was the, that final defensive play. Right. Yes, yes. We talked about this. Unbelievable. Jeff Simmons, man. Yes. Kevin Byard got Jeff. Yeah. Kevin Byard four. There it is, there it is. Jeffrey Simmons taking on a O-line. Listen, when he, he lined up with, he lined up with a Gretchen. He knew what he wanted to do and he made sure it happened. Yeah. No, absolutely. And of course I mentioned at the start of this, Harold Landry is, is, is having quite a season. And to me, it's complimentary. You've got Bud Dupree here on this game, who's making his presence known to Nico Autry. These, these new players, these impact players, they're coming together and it's complimentary all around. And that's why a guy like Harold Landry is coming in from the outside, from the middle. It's exciting. When you're on offense and you're watching your defense eat, does that, does that make it feel you for the next season? Yes, it takes that pressure off.  You out there, they're giving you everything that they have. You got guys getting, getting pressure on the quarterback.  It's, it's electrifying, right? And all you need is that little spark.  Cause like, what's the point? Cause they're just going to score again. Yeah. Well, I wouldn't say that. It's, it's definitely a point. We want to go either no matter what happens, you know, right, but you know, it's, it's always good when that defense is, is carrying their own and special teams is carrying their own and the offense is carrying their own. It makes things a lot, a lot more, more different and less difficult. Listen, we got a big game coming up. We'll talk about it later in the show. Happy to have Dexter McCluskey here with us to talk about it. The game was huge. The game was huge right now. Here are some Nissan memorable moments. We'll be right back with more Titans Blitz after this, stick around. Ladies and gentlemen, 76 yards. Derek Henry, touchdown. Looking, hit as he throws ball up in the air. Intercept is fired. Allen under center. Sneaking. I don't know. He did not make that. I do not know. The Titans think they have stopped it. They did it. They did it. Come back to the Titans Blitz, Lance Smith now joined by the comedian DJ prior in the house. But man, this is great because you know, I know that you're, you're getting your first NFL stadium experience this season. Right. And we're sending you out there, but this was a Monday night game. This was different. Wasn't it? Completely different. And around Bill's fans. Yeah. Of all people. This is interesting because it started for me. I was in DC. I had an event and I ran into a whole bunch of Bill's fans in DC. Right. Right. So you, when you see this, none of this, this atmosphere was completely different. You warned me about it, but nothing could get you. That atmosphere Monday was insane. And as you can see, it paid off. It was worth it because we won. Absolutely. And all tightened up. Check this out. How did we get here? And by we, I mean us. And by us, I mean the Titans. Yeah, you see? Yeah. And then these guys. Why are they so confident? You see, this journey started a few days ago for me. In DC. All right. So I'm in Dallas airport in West DC. And I just ran into some Bill's fans. So we got a, he said they're the best in the NFL right now. That's not NFL. So Super Bowl this year. You think y'all's going to Super Bowl? I don't know, man. It's going to be tight, but I got to keep my faith. I'm scared because it's a lot of, you know, it's a lot of becoming to our house to lose. It's going to be a beautiful thing. Monday night football. I've been mourning. I've heard a lot about you, Bill. I've heard a lot about you. But I ain't scared. You know why? I couldn't tighten up. Let's go. And paying to the show. Right.  Well, I'm there. I've been warned about this game, brother. Let me ask you this. That's good though. Oh, you got autographs on it. Okay. I'm here to read and Luzia, Stevie Johnson. After y'all lose, you can part yourself with it. What is the end of the video right here? Hey, that's good. Like if I told y'all this stuff, you would never believe me. That's why the camera's got to follow me. Well, there's a lot that can't make it on TV. Right, there's a whole lot that is in it. They're Bill's fans. It's so inappropriate. They're Bill's fans. Right. I'm so excited to see you live this life. Man, it's great, man. It's great. You know, it's even funny you're watching my team experience it. Cause there's a lot of stuff we don't catch cause Mike, Mike always got to go to the bathroom. So we miss a lot of stuff. We always got to take breaks. But other than that. There's magic happening, right? It's imagining happening and it's just great, man. It's a great opportunity, man. There's a whole lot of stuff, like you said, that can't make it, but that was the atmosphere, man. You're gonna do it again this Sunday? Oh, man. Chief's game? What you said, let's go. Let's go. Let's go. Man, we'll see you again next week. We got more Titans Blitz on this side. Two little game show actions. Stick her out. Titans Blitz. The most excited fans in the NFL after they went on Monday night. Gonna take a break from the football action and play now our Titans Trivia Gauntlet. I'm excited about this one. There it is. Like that sound. This special edition of the Titans Trivia Gauntlet is brought to you by the official wine club of the Tennessee Titans. The Foolish Club. This is gonna be very cool. The Foolish Club actually though is the perfect gift for the upcoming holiday season. You can gift just the first shipment of these amazing Napa Valley wines or truly surprise that special someone or join and gain access to the special member store for the holidays. Foolish Club members receive exclusive access to amazing gifts. There is a vast selection of three bottle and single bottle wooden crate gift sets that will be sure to please any Titans fan. Go to FoolishClub.com for more info and join the club. Very cool. So the winner tonight gets a very special package from the Foolish Club and I'm here joined by Kelly, correct? Am I right here? Where you from? Clarksville, I heard. You excited for this? Yes. Yes, and you brought Katrina here. I did. Are you mad at her for throwing you in the seat? Okay, but if you win, if you win, are you gonna share? I won't win. I won't win, she says. It's multiple choice. Kelly, Katrina, good luck to you both. Let's get to it. Kelly, you won the, we don't do coin tosses, we do rock, paper, scissors and you beat this not out of her. Okay, so here we go. Kelly, you ready? First question. Let's look to the big screen here. These are all Foolish Club related questions. Foolish Club, by the way, deals with the old AFL. Here we go. How many owners made up the original Foolish Club that started the American Football League? Four, eight, 10 or 12? You seem very confident in that answer. Four. Four, the answer is eight, eight. All right, it's okay. The score is still tied. Katrina, you're in this thing. You're in this thing. Okay, Katrina, who won the very first AFL championship game in 1960? Was it the Houston Oilers, the Boston Patriots, the Dallas Texans or the LA Chargers? Katrina, who do you think won? I'm gonna say the Patriots. The Patriots, the Boston Patriots. They are not around anymore. It was the Houston Oilers. You see the theme that we have going here? They were fools for competing with the NFL. All right, here we go. Moving on. Am I being bullied pretty much? The next question. The Foolish Club had several innovations that were adopted by the NFL, which of these didn't originate in the NFL? Did not originate. Kelly, this is for you. Oh, gosh. Names on jerseys, stadium scoreboard clocks, two-point conversions or cheerleaders? Can I call in a friend? Stadium scoreboard clocks. Stadium scoreboard clocks. That's what the NFL brought. Cheerleaders was the answer. All right, the score is still tied. I told you, these were tough. It's multiple choice. Here we go. Moving on to the next question. What did Foolish Club members pay an expansion fees for their franchises in 1960? What did it cost to open up a franchise for the Foolish Club members? Was it $25,000, $100,000, $500,000, or $1 million? I'm going to say $100,000. Say $100,000? It was super cheap back in 1960. $25,000. That's a heck of a return on your investment. All right, skipping now to the final question. Only two members. Kelly, you answered first. Only two members of the Foolish Club's family continues to control the team today. Obviously, the Adams family still owns the Titans. What is the other team? Would that be the Buffalo Bells, the Kansas City Chiefs, Las Vegas Raiders, or Denver Broncos? Kelly, answer first. Raiders. Las Vegas Raiders, what say you? You're going to agree with her or are you going to try to go against her? I'm going to say Broncos, because I live in Colorado. It would be the Kansas City Chiefs as one of the original AFL teams. All right, going to the tiebreaker now. Going to the tiebreaker now.  Here we go. Where's the trivia ever? George Blanda led the Orlers to two AFL championships in 60 and 61. When he finally retired in 76, he set the record for seasons played. How many seasons did he play, Kelly? Need an answer. Just throw it up around. Six. Six? What do you got? Eight. Eight. Eight is closer to 26. It was 26 seasons. McCluster's coming back. We're going to talk about this Chiefs game. Stick around. I hope you enjoyed that last time. Learn something. FoolishClub.com. Remember, check that out for some cool wine packages. Back with Dexter McCluster. We got to talk about this game coming up. Titans ought to roll now after that money night win. But the Chiefs are coming to town. Yeah, I mean, it's going to be a great feeling, right? Because I got drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs. So I spent some time there, got used to the fans. I loved it, right? Got here. Again, like we said earlier, I'm still here in Tennessee. So I'm loving this situation right now, man. I'm pulling for both of them. But I think this game is going to be about the defense. Yeah, I think so. And right now, Titans have been playing the best defense.  The Chiefs are not, apparently. Because they're giving up a lot of yards. But they put up a lot of points. And they do it with Mahomes. Have you ever seen anything like it? No, to be honest with you, Mahomes is a different breed. We have some quarterbacks like Lamar that's out there doing similar things, right? But this guy, man, the play is never over, right? So you have to expect the unexpected, especially when you're playing that guy and when you've got those speedsterles on the outside. Yeah, and they play side line to side line on these offensive plays. It's not just, it's really crazy. There's direction everywhere. Over 1,800 passing yards and 18 touchdowns on the season so far. So high powered offense, but you said it might come down to defense. How does it, how does a defense attack a guy like that? How does our defense? To be honest, man, like you said, the defensive line for the Titans has been doing amazing, amazing job. So they have to put pressure. They have to contain them, right? They have to close it in. Maybe spy them a little bit. But again, that's a great quarterback. But again, the Titans have the momentum, have home field advantage. The fans are going crazy. So it's going to be a great thing, right? Yeah, that's right there. That's right there. Like you said, I know you pull from both teams. Yeah, yeah. But you're here in Nashville now. Yeah, most definitely. I'm loving to say that. No, the defense, they're giving up 5.2 yards to carry 8.4 yards per completion. So, you know, maybe perhaps Derek, Ryan, the whole gang has a chance to. Yeah, like we said, the defense for the Chiefs, they've been struggling. But again, this is the NFL, you know, they can come back a totally different team, you know, this coming Sunday. But with DeHenry, you better hope to slow them down because if you don't, you see what happens. Yeah, exactly. I got to say, man, it's been great having you here. We just got a few seconds left. But you were so fun to watch. We were talking off camera. You were, to me, one of the original gadget guys. I mean, wide receiver, but you rushed more. Swiss Army Knight, baby. Swiss Army Knight, yeah. Well, you need that coach? Yeah. Yeah, I got you. Yeah, let's go. Well, man, you're in great shape.  It's great to see you, man. Dexter McClust, everybody. Thank you guys for watching. Thank you all for being here. Big game Sunday. We've got to bring it, right? We've got to bring it!


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to a new Zor education. I have decided to spend some time to introduce just another notation, which is used in physics of electromagnetic field and some other places. You see, when in the course of scientific development people came with some new notion, new approach, etc. They usually invent new symbolics. Newton, for instance, and Leibniz have invented the notation for differentiation. Now, whatever I'm going to introduce right now is just basically a continuation of that path. It's basically a differentiation on one next step. It's just a notation, but notation is very useful in a sense that it short-terms the formula. It makes it probably easier to remember if somebody remembers these formulas. Also, it will help us to express the equations of Maxwell for electromagnetic field in a concise and short form. Again, it's mostly notation. At the same time, I will use this particular notation to introduce a certain concept and you will see how useful it is in this particular case. Obviously, we can do this out. However, again, it's a convenience, and why not? Now, this lecture is part of the course called Physics for Teens, presented on Unisor.com. I do suggest you to watch this lecture from the website because this lecture is part of the course, which means there is a menu, there are some parts of the course, there are topics, there are lectures, there are exams. Every lecture has textual supplement, which basically is like a textbook. Everything is totally free. There are no advertisements. There is pure knowledge, no strings attached. You don't even have to sign in if you don't want to, basically, to take the course and even to take exams, although exams will not be remembered maybe for the next time you would like to take them if you don't sign in, obviously. In any case, let's just go in. Now, this lecture is called Gradient. Gradient is something which I will end this lecture with. So, I will start introducing certain notions, certain notation, certain symbolics, and then I will use it to introduce a concept called Gradient. Okay, so, first of all, what exactly is I'm going to introduce? Only one particular symbol. Well, it looks like Greek letter delta upside down, capital letter. So, the real capital letter is a triangle. That's a delta, capital delta in Greek, and this is just upside down. Now, usually it's called Nabla. I don't know why. I don't know who invented this particular symbol, but what it means is Nabla is basically a triplet of operators' differentiation. So, what is this? First of all, this is partial derivative by argument x. This is partial derivative by y. This is partial derivative by z. If you do not remember what partial derivative is, then you shouldn't really watch this lecture, go back to calculus. In the same website, by the way, Unisor.com has math 14 scores, and there is a very big chapter called calculus, and there are partial derivatives introduced there. So, basically it's four functions which depend on, in this particular case, three arguments. And we will actually use today only functions of three arguments. Why three arguments? Because our world is, well, in geometrical sense, three-dimensional. Let's not talk about zero relativity and time as a fourth dimension. So, our geometrical world is considered to be Euclidean and Cartesian coordinates in it and coordinates are x, y, z. So, that's why we are considering that there is some kind of a frame of reference and there is a function of three arguments. And relative to this function, we do this partial derivative. Partial derivative of this function by x, by y, and by z. So, these are three operators. It's not functions yet. It's three operators. But if we apply this to this particular function, and notation is this, then what it means actually, it means df of x, y, z, by dx partial derivative by x of this function, df of this function by y, and df of this function by z. Triplets of different functions which are three partial derivatives. That's what this actually means. Now, another important concept is a vector. Now, what do we usually consider to be a vector? Well, a triplet of numbers. Usually, for example, if you have again three-dimensional world and you can have a vector from the beginning of coordinates to a particular point p with coordinates x, y, and z, and this would be a vector. So, this vector would be actually x, y, z, right? Coordinates of this point. Now, so again, we used to think about the vector as a triplet of numbers. Well, in this particular case, it's triplet of real numbers. Coordinates are real numbers. Positive or negative, whatever. Obviously, it's a stretch, but why don't we call a set of three of anything a vector of three-dimension? In this particular case, it's three operators. In this particular case, it's three functions. For each specific x, y, and z, these three functions will be three numbers, right? But generally speaking, if I just write it like this, it's three functions. Why don't we call this a vector? It's a vector of functions. This is a vector of operators. And then there are vectors of real numbers. I mean, they're all kind of vectors. Well, not exactly, obviously, because, for example, you can add two vectors of numbers and get another vector of numbers. Can you add two vectors of functions and get a vector of function? Well, maybe if you have something like one would be f1 function, f2 function, and f3 function, it's a vector of functions. And you have another vector of functions, which is g1, g2, and g3. Maybe you can add them together and have a new vector of functions, f1 plus g1, f2 plus g2, f3 plus g3. Yeah, maybe, why not? So, I mean, can you multiply this vector of function by number, by k? Yes, you can multiply the vector of functions by k, put k in front of each one of them, and that would be a multiplication. You will have another vector of functions. And linear combinations would work, et cetera. There is nothing wrong with calling these a vector. Sometimes they're called pseudo vectors, just to emphasize that they're different from traditional vector. Or, again, vector of operators, which means a set of, in this case, three operators, vector of functions, a set of three functions. In this case, the word vector and the word set are basically equivalent. Okay, so, we have introduced a new concept called a vector of operators. These three operators of differentiation are combined together, and they're called by a new symbol. It's just a symbol, nothing else. I mean, I can use this one, but this is shorter and much nicer, obviously, and easier to remember, right? So, basically, so far, I've just introduced a new symbol. Now, what's next? Okay, next is we are going to a specific example of how this thing can be used to get some real physical sense in it. Okay, so let's consider that you have this function. Now, these x, y, and z would be three dimensions, three coordinates. So, x, y, and z define a point in space, in some coordinates, in some quotation coordinates. Okay, so we have x, y, z as a point in space. What can be a value of the function which is defined in this and many other points in space? Well, for example, air pressure. Okay, that's some number which is associated with every point. Air pressure here is one number, air pressure there is another number, and here we have a function of three arguments. Arguments are coordinates of the point, and f is a pressure at that particular point. What else? Well, level of radiation at that particular point, or electric potential in that particular point. So, you know that the space can be basically the electromagnetic field, and if you have, let's say, a charge at one particular point, then at every other point in space around it, you can introduce a concept of electric potential, which is basically a work required to bring a unit positive electric charge from infinity to that particular point, or from this particular point to infinity, depending on the sign, et cetera. So, there are different things which can be actually modeled as a function of a location, function of three arguments, and these functions are exactly what we are considering right now. Now, we also consider these functions to be smooth enough so the differentiation works. I mean, there are some functions which are not differentiable at all, but we are considering nice case when, let's say, the pressure is changing from here to there gradually. So, there is something like a speed of change along any direction. Or what's the direction of the maximum change, et cetera. Okay, so we are assuming that this is a physical function, physical characteristic of a point at space. So, let's say we have a point in space. Now, what we are interested in is, if this function represents, well, let's talk about pressure, air pressure. Now, if from this function I go to this direction, air pressure is changing, obviously somehow. If I go from here to there, it's also changing, but differently, and I go to there, it's still different. Now, my task is to find a direction of the greatest change of the pressure, because why is it important? Well, most likely, if this is a direction of the greatest change, then most likely the masses of air would be moved to this or this direction, depending on which one is greater, which one is smaller, but it's along the greatest change that's where most of the air will go. Because a change from here to here is greater than from here to there, then the air will be more likely going into the direction of the greater change, because the force will be greater. What's the pressure? The pressure is basically a force on molecules. So if the pressure is greater, then the molecules will move that way. So it's important for, let's say, weather forecasting, just an example. There are many other examples. So we are interested in the direction of the greatest change, greatest growth or greatest drop, whatever. Now, what is a change? Change is a derivative, basically, right? Okay, so let's just do it one thing at a time. So what we are talking about is, we would like to find a vector r, which is infinitesimal increments from this location to the next location. These are very small, well, infinitesimal, obviously, in a limit case. So basically what I am assuming is that from point p we go to point q with location x plus delta x, y plus delta y, z plus delta z. So I move from here to here, and I will check what's the difference of my function when I move from here to here. And then I will try to find such delta x, delta y, and delta z to maximize that difference. Generally speaking, right? That will be the direction of the greatest change, right? So I will find delta x, delta y, and delta z in such a way that to maximize the change of value of the function from p to q. So basically I have to find f of q minus f of p, and find the maximum. So this is basically f of x plus delta x, y plus delta y, z plus delta z, minus f of x, y, and z. That's my difference in the value of the function as I move from p to q. I don't need this anymore. So I have to maximize this. I have to find delta x, delta y, and delta z in such a way that this would be maximum. Assuming that they are really infinitesimal because I would like to know the direction from the point. My increment should be as small as possible. All right? Okay, fine. So let's just think about how to do it. Now this is just plain arithmetic. Now this would be equal to... Now instead of incrementing all three arguments together, I will increment them one by one. First I will increment the x. So I will put f of x plus delta x, y, z. Don't change y and z. Only the x. Minus... f of x, y, z. Plus. Now this I will increment by y. x plus delta x, y plus delta y, z. Don't touch the minus f of this. x plus delta x, y, z. Plus. Now I will increment the third component. f of x plus delta x, y plus delta y, z plus delta z. Minus f of x plus delta x, y plus delta y, z. Now you see that in this particular case this would be cancelling this, this would be cancelling with this, and I will still have all three minus initial, right? So that's equality. Fine. Why did I do that? For a very simple reason. If you remember with functions of one argument, let's say you have a function of x, okay? And it's somehow changing, okay? Now if you would like to know f of b minus f of a, if this is a and this is b, I would like to know this difference. Now remember what derivative is. Now there is a point here such that if I multiply a minus b, no b minus a, sorry, b minus a by derivative at this point c, there is a theorem about this basically in calculus. It's some kind of average growth, right? So there is some kind of a value, some kind of a point c that the value of derivative would actually deliver this. Because what is derivative? It's a tangent, right? So that's basically, and this is the difference in function. This is the difference in argument.  So if I multiply this by tangent of this angle, so my question is to find an angle. If these points b and a are very close to each other, then c would be in between, which means also very close to each other. So it's approximately b minus a times derivative at point a, let's say. So considering b and a are infinitesimally close to each other, that would be an exact equality, right? So the difference would be an infinitesimally of a greater order, something like this. So let's not go into the details of this. It's a known fact from calculus. Again, if you've talked about this, go back to the calculus lecture, which there is a lecture about this particular quality. There is a theorem about this. So I will use it, all right? And again, I will use the fact that partial derivative is a derivative by one argument only. So right now my y and z, for instance, are not changing at all. So they are constant. And this is basically a function of one argument, and the difference between two values of function are equal to the difference between their arguments, x plus delta x and x, that's the difference. And derivative by x, and this is the partial derivative, at point one or another doesn't really matter because these points are infinitesimally close to each other, by dx. That's what it is. Now what is this? Similarly, x plus delta x here and here, and z here and here, are constant. And the only difference is in argument y. So that would be my delta y. And again, partial derivative of x, y, z, y in this particular case. And the third argument. Now why are we using x instead of x plus delta x? Because they are very infinitesimally close to each other, so it doesn't really matter. As delta x would go to zero, this function of x plus delta x would be exactly the same as function of x, right? And now the same thing with the third one. Now we have only z, which is changing. And these are constant. So basically it would be change of the argument. Argument is z, not y, times partial derivative by z. And again, I'm not using this partial derivative. It's a function. So in theory, I should have taken the value of this function at point x plus delta x and y plus delta y. But again, as delta x and delta y are presumed infinitesimal variables, they are closing to x and y correspondingly. I can use x and y. Okay. Now look at this. And look at this. And look at this. Vector r is delta x, delta y, and delta z. That's a vector of increment, deviation from the initial point. So basically if my P is a vector, then P plus r is equal to Q, right? P is a vector from the origin of coordinates to point P. r is displacement, infinitesimal displacement into some direction. I don't know which direction. Depending on these deltas. And the Q would be the final point where I'm moving to. And this is the difference between value of this function f at point Q minus value at point P, right? So let me just rephrase it. I will put nabla f of x, y, z point r. Now this is a triplet of functions, right? If I put nabla f, means f is here, here and here. So it's three functions. Well, three functions is not exactly a vector in our traditional understanding. But let's just think about this as a vector. Besides, for every fixed x, y and z function has certain values, three numbers. So basically it can be considered as a vector, as a vector of numbers basically. For each x, y and z, we have this would be at three functions and value of these functions at point x, y and z. At r is also some kind of a vector here. And this is a scalar product of two vectors, that product, right? Because this is exactly a scalar product. This is first component of the first vector, times second component of the first vector, times second component of the second vector and the third component of the first vector times third component of the second vector, right? So that's a classical expression for a scalar product. And that's why it's very convenient. Now, what do we know about this? We know that this is equal to absolute value of delta f, absolute value of vector r, time cosine of angle between them. That's basically the absolute value of this scalar product. Plus or minus, I don't really care right now. We need to change, doesn't matter to change, greater or less. So this is a final expression of absolute value of the change between whenever I move my location from p to q. When is it maximum? Well, obviously when cosine is equal to zero, right? Which means vector r should be collinear with vector delta f. And that's basically the answer to our problem. Remember the problem? Where exactly is the direction I have to basically move or something where the function changes the most? Well, the answer is direction is this vector, this vector. Which is actually df by dx, df by dy, df by dz. So this is a vector, vector of three functions. But for every specific location at any specific point p where x, y and z are fixed, these three functions have certain values. So this is a vector in a real traditional sense. So for every point x, y and z, knowing these three functions, I calculate the value of these three numbers. And that's the vector of my nabla f. And that's exactly the direction I have to change my location if I want to change in a direction of the greatest change of the value of the function. Now, this vector is called gradient of f of x, y, z. So if I take from the function three derivatives, getting new three functions, then this would be, this triplet of these functions would be a gradient because it defines for each location, it defines a direction where the value of the function changes the most. So this is called gradient. There is an abbreviation, grad f of x, y, z, which is this or another f of x, y, z. Now, I would like to point that there is nothing in between. There is no dots. There will be a dot that will be another operator. That will be an extension. So this is a concept we have introduced from the formal standpoint. But now you see there is a very physical, very tangible application of this. So if f describes, let's say for example, a pressure, air pressure, then the gradient of f basically describes the direction of the most change in the pressure and most likely that would be direction of the wind, at least general direction. And at each point it can go in different direction, obviously. We are talking about at each point. The gradient is a vector which is defined for each point. It's a triplet of functions. And for each point we can calculate the value of these three functions for each x, y, z. And that gives me a real numerical vector which shows the direction of the greatest change, greatest growth or greatest drop in value or whatever. The greatest change is the greatest. Well, that's it. That's it for today. Now, let me just give you a little bit preamble for the next things. Now, the nubla is used in electromagnetic equations of Maxwell very significantly. Maxwell himself did not use it. That's the latest development. But later, not latest, later development. But it's convenient. And that's why after I have recorded the lectures about three different Maxwell equations, and that was using nubla, actually, but they didn't go into the details of what specific needs for this. So in this particular case, nubla applied to a scalar function. Now, f is a scalar function, which means for x, y, z, I have only one value, f, like pressure, for instance. But if my function is not a scalar but a vector, for example, for each x, y, z, I need a direction of the wind. That's a three-component vector, right? So that would be not a scalar, it would be a vector field. In this case, f is a scalar field. And we can apply operator nubla to a scalar field to get vector functions. Now, we can apply operator nubla differently to a, let's say, vector and get something else. That's called divergence, and that would be the next lecture. And then something else as well, there will be a curl of the vector field. And that would be also another lecture. But these lectures, I have decided to record as well and put them into the menu of the course prior to the Maxwell's equation. Because I just realized that it's important to talk about these relatively mathematical, less maybe physical concepts that do have a physical application, a real mathematical concept to support my Maxwell equations calculations, derivations, etc. Okay, that's it for today. I do recommend you to read the notes for this particular lecture. So it's physics for teens. You go to part which is called waves. Then the topic would be after that field waves. And the gradient would be one of the lectures in that particular department. That's it. Thank you very much and good luck.


Welcome to today's webinar, which is on the topic of identifying and linking physical samples with data using IGSN, the International Geosample Number. So let's get started. My name's Natasha Simons and I work with the Australian National Data Service and I'm going to be your host for the webinar today. My colleague Susanna Sabine is in Canberra behind the scenes and co-hosting the webinar with me. So this webinar will look at how you can reference physical samples online using a world standard globally unique persistent identifier scheme, the International Geosample Number, as well as discuss the international linking environmental data and samples symposium which was held last week at the CSIRO Black Mountain Laboratories in Canberra. This webinar is the second in a series examining persistent identifiers and their use in research. The first webinar we looked at citing grey literature using DOIs and the recording of this is available on the Ann's YouTube channel. The third in the series will look at how to link publications and data through the International Scholics Initiative. So I would also like to acknowledge the Commonwealth Government for their support of Ann's under the ANCRIS program. I'd like to introduce our speakers for today, Dr Leslie Wyborn, who's an adjunct fellow with the National Computational Infrastructure Facility and Research School of Earth Sciences at the Australian National University in Canberra, and Dr Jens Klump, who's OCE Science Leader, Earth Science Informatics for the CSIRO Middle Resources and based in Perth. I'll now hand over to our first speaker, Dr Leslie Wyborn. All right. So what I'm starting out with is I'm going to do the first part, which is about identifying samples. It's something that's dear to my heart because some of you know I used to be a field geologist and I have collected thousands of samples in my career. So how are we going to organise this is introduce the IGSN, identify for samples, outlining the application availability for researchers, and then Jens will hand over to the Global Picture and give an update on the symposium that was held last week. So what we want to do is, you know, what is it and how do you use it? How do you get an IGSN? And the science use case is fairly typical. Samples are the first class output of scientific research, in my opinion. A lot of our data ties back to samples and hints so do our publications. So why do we need unique identifiers for samples part one? And you can see on this map from Kirsten Nannet is that in the EarthChem database run by the NSF, you can see all the samples that are labelled M1 from everywhere and M probably stands for me, number one. And so what we find is we start to do aggregations of samples. This is a very common problem. A second problem that emerges is, again, I used to do a lot of analytical work and it was quite common to go and get a sample and from that sample, you did sample splits. And quite often the sample splits were given different numbers or was put on a different machine. It was given a different number or the sample was given to somebody else and they went and re-labelled it according to the in-house rules and repositories. And so here is all the different names for a highly valuable sample from a cruise in the Pacific. And so as we are moving now towards data aggregations, we really need to be able to uniquely identify samples and analytical data and publications derived from these samples. And this was the driver behind Kirsten Nannet in the US and a few others getting involved in trying to set up a unique identifier system for samples. So what the IGSN does is it provides persistent identifiers that guarantee to be unique for a hierarchical system. It facilitates internet-based discovery and access to physical samples, provides web applications and programmatic access to sample metadata catalogs and it helps networks with sample repositories and data centres. It ensures preservation of and access to sample data. It aids in the identification of samples in the literature and there is one that you can actually click on if you've got the time. So what could it be used for? IGSN stands for International Geoscience for Sample Number but increasingly we are finding it being used for water, biological materials and all sorts of things. We use for collections, gripping of samples or for a sample feature such as a borehole or an outcrop. And samples can be linked to each other through the related identifier metadata element. So that green thing down the bottom is actually a rock or a mineral called olivine and above it you can see that we often take mineral separates out of those rocks or we can create solutions. And so you bring that one thing from the field which probably costs you a fortune to collect. And through IGSN we can link the parent to all derived samples that come from it. It enables you to track the sample life cycle so in sorrow it's used for taking samples and to support sample logistics. So starting out in the field and we call it IGSN is really the birth certificate. You have unabiguous identification and metadata capture with the mobile app and it's been given the IGSN in the field. Then as we take that sample into the lab we can identify all the derivative processes and analytical techniques. We apply to that sample and tie the data to it. And then finally the sample goes into the repository and we can trace it through collections and samples in storage catalog and maintain sample logistics so when a sample is sent out to another museum or another institute. It's like I say it's like when you're born you get a birth certificate now what we're enabling is samples as they are collected to be given a birth certificate that goes through them with them through life. As Jens will explain it's based on the DOI data site and so what we can do now is we've got the specimen IGSN we then link it to the spectral results and finally we link it through to the publication. And this IGSN number has attracted a fair bit of attention and it is endorsed by the Coalition for Publishing Data in the Earth and Space Sciences and in Elsevier and from Pernicus Earth Science Journals you are encouraged to put the IGSN number on samples that you cite in the literature and so again in the digital age you can get interested in a particular specimen and trace through its history and anything else that has been done on that specimen. So as a system review what you do is you register a sample with what we call an allocating agent. The allocating agent then registers the sample with IGSN EV which is the International Implementation Agent as you can see here. There are three current allocation agents in Australia CSIRO, Jusons Australia and Curtin University. So what I'll do next is take you through how these agencies are using it in different ways. So CSIRO became a member of IGSN in 2013 and I currently use it for the repository of their cross-faceted research group over in Perth and it takes mineral rocks, synthetic materials in the Capricorn Distal Project, they're using it for water, vegetation, soil, rock and regalus and CSIRO is looking now to use it for their soils collection in Pambra and their insect collection. So that's why we kind of refer to it as the IGSN now and not the International Geo sample number because it certainly is getting big news more. For go to Jusons Australia they've got the second largest collection in the world registered samples, 1.6 million samples covering mineral separate rocks. In sections that's microslope slides of rocks and fossils. Jusons Australia also is about to be if they're not already the registration agent for the geological surveys and the states and territories. Curtin University has a different use case and there they're using it more as we mentioned earlier tracking samples, samples splits through the laboratory and I'd like to acknowledge Anne's because they sponsored the development of this project in collaboration with the Curtin University Library and the CSIRO Geological Survey in Western Australia are actually working together with this. So as I said we've got the three agents. Curtin is only operating for Curtin University and we're hoping to expand that so it can become more available to the rest of the research community. And so again we were able to get some more funding from INCRESS through the research data services project and they made it possible to develop a demonstrator for a common geosample portal which you can actually see here. And so metadata from the three agents is harvested in your common metadata portal to discover samples created by any Australian IGSN member. And Australians have agreed to a common metadata schema even though you've got quite a diversity of samples and so if you are hoping that as this grows if you want to find any information about a physical sample this will be the place you go. I want to hand over to Jens who will take it into a global perspective and also discuss some of the technical issues and the results from the symposium that we held last week which was about trying to actually extend this into the environmental areas that is from its original intent within the Solid Earth Sciences. Thanks Lesley. I'd like to start with saying may all your problems be technical. Usually technical problems can be overcome. It's also a whole social network behind technical solutions and this is where the global perspective comes in. So the IGSN implementation organization is the body that we created to carry this on the global stage. It's an organization, it's a charitable organization incorporated under German law registered in Potsdam in Germany. At present it has 19 members on four continents. The governance model Lesley already mentioned is a so-called hierarchical model, hierarchical delegation. You can think of it in the way that you assign IP numbers and the internet and the network. And the IGSN identifies themselves are registered through the IGSN agents. And to make sure that there's no overlap in numbers each IGSN agent is given a so-called namespace for registrations of IGSN. As an example, all IGSN registered by Geoscience Australia start with AU. And then after that it's up to Geoscience Australia to make sure that these identifiers are unique. CSIRO starts identifiers with CS. So we delegated some of that to the Capricorn Distilled Footprints Project and gave them a namespace CS CAP. And then after that, that's their responsibility to make sure the names are unique and they don't interfere with any other projects or infrastructures in CSIRO that are using IGSNs. Technically, IGSN builds on an existing technical base and community, the data site model. So we basically grown data site to use the technical base, which is ultimately based on the handle system for persistent identifiers. But also a lot of the governance and how this is run is based on the example of data site. And we work with them very closely also to see that we align our technical architectures to make the collaboration and interlinking as easy as possible. There's two links here to our technical documentation and to our code repositories on GitHub. So the status of IGSN on the global scale is it's still work in progress. But we have active registrations, agents in Australia, CSIRO, KERF University, Geoscience Australia, but also GFZ Potsdam, the German Research Centre for Geosciences, the Data Centre for the Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, the Data Centre for Marine and Environmental Sciences at the University of Bremen. And then sometimes it's difficult for government institutions to join another foreign organization. So the German Geological Survey, BGR and the US Geological Survey have some technical or legal issues to join this organization. So they register IGSNs by proxy through other allocation agents. The interesting story we're hitting now is that we're not only identifying samples within one institution, but we are now moving samples between institutions. And this is where the real value of IGSN becomes visible. Leslie already mentioned the case of the John Delator Centre at Curtin University. And here they have adopted IGSN, so in this case, if the sample has an IGSN, it will be carried through the process and any data that come from the analytical processes are linked with this already existing identifier. If the sample is not yet identified by the IGSN, the John Delator Centre assigns it an IGSN. The other case is subsampling. Leslie mentioned that already that sometimes you take subsamples. And here it becomes a bit more complicated. It depends on where this is done by whom and where the subsample then resides. So I won't go into the details now because that is something that needs to be discussed for the particular use case. The important point here is that any subsample should be identified with it by its own IGSN to make it uniquely identifiable as well and then link it to its parent sample. So what's happening next? What we saw at the symposium last week is that we have already made good progress building a developer community around IGSN, but that needs to carry on further. We document best practices to show how it can be used and also build reference implementations of services that others can test their services against. And the next steps which we are already taking is expanding to identify and linking objects in other domains, not only in the geosciences, but ultimately what we want to see is that other domains start reusing the IGSN technology. So maybe not IGSN in the strict sense through the existing organization, but as we copy data site, other domains might copy IGSN as technology and governance model for persistent identifiers in their specific domain. So that's what I want to say about IGSN from my side and I want to give you a brief report back on the symposium we had last week called Linking Environmental Data and Samples. This was a cutting edge sign symposium which got its seed funding from the CSIRO Research Plus Office and the goals were to bring international researchers leaders to Australia and also to provide a forum for early career researchers to engage with others and with the international experts. So we have a web page and it's probably easiest to note the short link, the Google short link, but we also, besides the seed funding from CSIRO, received sponsorship from other organizations, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Geoscience Australia, the US National Science Foundation, the Earth Science Information Partnership in the US, NCI, and also Living Australia, OSCO and TURN, which those organizations mainly fund the travel for international experts. What we discussed at this symposium was the science drivers, why are we interested in linking anything with something through semantic web technologies and that's because we have a rich resource of samples that support scientific investigation and we wanted to discuss, and we did discuss, how we link these to the data sets that were derived from the samples and then how can we link samples and data to the literature where the samples are interpreted and put into context. And last but not least, how can we include machines as users? Why do we want to do that? Because our body of data information knowledge is growing at a much faster pace than any of our minds can comprehend and machines can be very helpful in trying to find things in these very rich holdings. To me, it was also an important point not only to discuss the theory and the future perspective of linked data but also to look at the solutions. Can we get it to work? So we discussed what is the role of infrastructure for building the linked data federation and how can we support the evolution of linked data. What we saw is that heterogeneity is inherent and we have to have mediation mechanisms. We cannot build one thing for all and this raises one question that is how precise do terms need to be because the commonly held wisdom is that computers don't understand ambiguity so you have to be 100% precise but that we cannot achieve. So we have to suffer some degree of imprecision but vocabularies that are useful will be adopted. That is something that we can already see. But to distill what is the essence is that we have a fabric of science where we ask which elements produce output. We have a process of science, how are these outputs produced and we have a language of science. How do we describe these elements? This is something that needs to be where we have to find solutions at different levels in the linked data framework. As I mentioned at the start of my part of this presentation there are social and community factors to get things like this working and Paul Box from CSIRO, Landon Water said that the greatest organization effectiveness is achieved when technology systems fit social systems. So it's not that you build it and they will come but it has to support the this processes that already exist that will make it more likely to have success. Certainly questions who bears the cost and what would be the incentive to contribute. And we've been building things in this domain for a while and so it was also very useful to discuss the fail patterns and we identified two major fail patterns. The one is the anti-life of Brian pattern that I am different. So that's why I have to do things differently that can lead to failure. And the other one is the too big to fail pattern where something should have ended long ago but we've invested too many resources and so everybody is embarrassed to pull the plug. It would have been better to allow things to fail quickly and start with a fresh view. Thanks very much Jens. Thanks Jens and Leslie just while people are thinking about questions perhaps you could give us an idea of how many IGSNs have been assigned and what types of samples those have been assigned to. So in the global total we're approaching 6 million IGSNs. Most of those are geological materials but we also have an increasing number of water, plant materials, soils and also places like a borehole is not an object. It's something else but since the material that's coming from a borehole is very tightly coupled through that feature we also identify that feature. Okay researchers are generally a bit more familiar with DOIs. Can you put forward a few arguments that you would put to research that why they would select an IGSN over a DOI? The reason there's one historical reason that when we decided to go for a global system a couple of years back that was before data site existed and TIB Hanover was running the show they pushed us back and said it is a really great idea but it's out of scope so we went our own way and in that we discovered that there are specific governance issues in how we create these identifiers and a resolving mechanism and what metadata we use that are quite specific and not well covered by the more bibliographic world of DOI but DOI data sites are changing, they're changing the business model, they're changing the way things are run so we are in the conversation and let's see how things develop in future. The systems are technically compatible so maybe we will verge one day. Okay so watch this space. There's a question from Josh Brown, other than the international legal issues what barriers are there to IGSNs being adopted? The legal issues are actually a very specific problem to government institutions that cannot easily join foreign organizations. The main problem to adoption is that it needs to be introduced into workflows and so that changes how people work and that is in my view the main barrier to adoption that yeah people have to do changes to what they do and that usually they're not, they're busy enough so they don't want any extra work so we have to make this simple or provide other good reasons to make it worthwhile. Another issue too is that if you've got an organization that's fairly well set up and has an internal system that guarantees unique identifiers then if your organization registers it is a reasonably simple process. What we have noticed is organizations that are full of M1, M2, M3, you know people using repeated numbers and they don't have an internally consistent unique identifier or number, not identify but number then they do struggle a bit to introduce this much more complex and that's why the surveys were fairly good at this because they had unique systems. So that's a very good point because in the case of Geoscience Australia we just had to put AU in front of their numbers and it was done. Okay we're coming up to time, there's one other question there, how does Curtin University Library support IGSN? Um, his name's Matias, oh I've forgotten that somebody can help me, Matias, yeah, and I would suggest you go and talk to him but the Curtin University Library has been very supportive of this whole project. Yes so Josh, sorry John Brown has made a good point that Matias is now at UWA, so maybe someone else at Curtin University that we could share perhaps when I do the follow-up email if there's some contact details perhaps for each of the allocating agencies that would be useful if I could share that in the email for people. Brett McKinnis from Curtin University would be the best then because he kind of runs the project in collaboration with Ann's and the Library. Okay and John Brown is at Curtin University, John Brown's on the call now so I think he's saying that you could talk to him if you wanted some information so I'll check in with you John after after the webinar and sorry one other question, are there competing IDs in this space or does this look like this will be the gold standard? Not in the Geoscience space but there certainly are others in the other areas and one of the while we're being sort of open about IGSN is that it has been one of the more successful ones and we often wonder why and we think it's because of one it has a very good governance structure and secondly it's compatibility with data site and DOIs. Ann's would you like to add anything to that? It was an interesting discussion during the symposium last week where we had quite a number of people from the biodiversity world who had tried to introduce a life science identifier over the past 10 years but then that system was quietly buried recently because adoption was just too hard it was technically immature and it did not have governance structure that made it easy to apply so the biodiversity world is now discussing how to proceed. And there may be more information about IGSN's published shortly too we hope Jens? Yes we're working on an overview paper to describe how the system is set up from an organizational perspective and science use and then there will be a separate paper outlining the technical implementation. A question from Will can this system be used for samples that are not able to appear I think it's supposed to be in a public catalog? Yes it can so you can think of this in the same way as DOI are being used when you resolve a DOI it doesn't always get you to the object that you are like in a paper most papers are not publicly accessible you have to have a subscription so there are good reasons why you don't want to disclose the details of a sample to the public that can be rare species or a sensitive site and so the only rule is it has to resolve something but what you want to disclose is up to your discretion. Leslie do you have anything to add to that? It's just that certainly as I said we have a lot of fossil fossils in this and I can assure you the locations of many of those fossils in certain organizations are not publicly available but you do know there so have been a fossil collected from our springs but only certain people who are qualified will get what that specific location is the system does definitely have safeguards around that okay oh the other thing I wanted to add is maybe of interest to people listening is that it's not just for land-based specimens in the US it is widely used for the ocean drilling program and for marine samples as well and once we get into marine areas because a lot of it is bio samples so it's just kind of organic the way it's starting to grow into other areas because as Jens said the life sciences identify system collapsed and people just see the need for having unique identifiers for their samples and this is what's happening. So related to that the next questions are you aware of anything similar for pathology specimens? I'm not Jens what about you? I have read about identifiers for cell cultures but I'm not aware that they have this kind of resilient resolving mechanism and that's also just to pass on that's the basis of what we were doing last week and why groups like GBIF and TADWIG are getting interested in what we've got it's that core kernel that applies to the registration of a sample with the group in Germany but that you can then go into a next layer out that with a metadata it's more in tune with a rock sample or something else or a plant sample you know the communities develop their own additional metadata but it's that core component that is the bit that can be cloned for other groups if they so want to. Okay well that brings us to the end of the questions so thanks everyone for attending today's webinar and thanks very much to Jens and Leslie for their time in sharing that there was a lot of good discussion a lot of interest around iGSNs which I think we'll have to follow up through the email after the webinar and as I mentioned earlier this is actually a series on persistent identifiers and the third one is on linking publications and data so you can find out about that the webinar series through the ANS website or subscribing to ANS news so thanks for coming everybody and bye thank you very much for having us thank you yeah


Amari Cooper being cut from the Dallas Cowboys is massive news. If you do recall when Amari Cooper went to the Dallas Cowboys, it was out of the Oakland Raiders camp. Amari Cooper goes to Dallas, becomes a superstar. He and Declan doesn't become a superstar. Continues to be a superstar. Why don't you get that magnifying glass out to look for the devil in the details of the contract. It's like all the Cowboys saved $16 million if they cut or move on from Amari Cooper and in the world that we're in with a plethora of weapons for the Dallas Cowboys. And although the Souther Cap means absolutely nothing, it felt like the writing was on the wall maybe for Amari Cooper to get released. With that being said, can't wait to see Amari Cooper as an Indianapolis coach. He's going to be great here in Indiana. I assume New England's going to take a shot at this guy. Green Bay is going to take a shot at this guy. Amari Cooper is 27 years old. He has 4,000 yard receiving years already under his belt. A lot of football in front of him. Hell of a player. Everybody likes him. Amari Cooper is going to be highly sought after.