I have read in a book that those who are sitting with you will give liberation or good life. I see that it kills self-straving, it creates dependency. Why you should decide about me or anything? I should decide everything about me. So I read in a book that... So it means if I'm sitting with you, means I have to follow you? No? I said only if you sit with me. So it creates dependency, it is... I'm dependent, I'm not striving. You'll pay for it. If you're not striving, you'll pay for it. There's a fee. If you don't strive, one will pay, isn't it? In anything, in any aspect. Whether you're studying for an examination or you're striving to improve your career or you're doing business or you're pursuing spiritual process, if there is no striving, there is a pay for... there is a fee for it, isn't it? No? Is there or is there not? There is always. Even if you get married, you have to strive every day to make it work. Otherwise it won't work. I'm saying it doesn't matter which aspect of life, because there is no striving, you pay. I understand what you're trying to ask, but that's a very simplistic process. I'm saying if you really sit with me... I didn't mean if you sit on the grass out there, this will happen. I said when you really sit with me. The very fact that you're asking the question, obviously you're not sitting with me, you're sitting by yourself. Sitting with me is a different aspect. If you really sit with me, yes. After that, no striving. But you will not become lethargic for sure. It will just become a natural process for you to be like that. There are many people here for whom getting up in the morning and doing morning five thirty sadhana is not a striving, there are some who are struggling and striving. For others it's just like that, like all the birds wake up. In the morning they also wake up and do what they have to do. They're just here living, breathing, eating and doing whatever they can. There is no striving, okay? That is only when you don't really want to go somewhere. You want to go but you want to go somewhere else also, then there is striving. And this is the only place you want to go. There is no striving, simply you go, you know. There's no struggle and striving in that. That's why I said it's up to you whether you want to go to your destination joyfully or kicking and crying, it's up to you. You can decide.   But that's if you really sit with me, not if you sit on the grasshopper there.


Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to InDesert Education. Previous lecture was dedicated to spherical caps, and I was discussing the volume. Now, one of the very rare occasions when I can say that certain mathematical properties can have a direct implication onto reality is that the surface, the top surface of the spherical cap, which I call a dome, is something which people do see in architecture, in cathedrals, for instance. And obvious question is what's the error?  So, to satisfy these practical implementation, I would like to discuss today a surface of the dome of the spherical cap. However, before doing that, I would like to introduce spherical sector first and its volume, and then I will show how easily I can get the surface of the dome from volume of a spherical sector. In some way, it will be very much like getting a surface of a sphere from its volume. If you remember, I was using certain technique which I will use exactly the same thing today. Okay, so what is a spherical volume, a spherical sector? Sorry. Well, if you have a sphere, my artistic abilities will definitely be challenged here. Now, if this is a cap, a spherical cap, which is the result of cutting the plane, then this is a spherical sector. It contains the cap from the top and the cone on the bottom. So, when the cone actually meets the cap, you have this circle which is an intersection between the plane and the sphere. Now, this is a very small addition to our spherical cap. So, all I have to add, if I want to calculate the volume, I have to add the cone. Now, I know that this cone is a right circular cone. The radius of the cone, let's call it L, L squared is equal to Pythagorean theorem. This is R, so it's R squared minus, and this piece is the radius minus the height of the cap, right? So, I know that. Now, the altitude of this cone is basically R minus H, right? So, the volume of the cone is equal to 1 third pi L squared. That gives me the area of the base of the cone times its altitude, which is this. And if I will substitute L squared here, I will get the volume of the cone is equal to 1 third pi. If I will open the parentheses, it will be 2RH minus H squared, right? Because R squared and R squared will cancel out each other. So, it's minus 2RH, so it's plus because there is a minus and then plus H squared, which is minus because... So, instead of L squared, I will substitute this 2RH minus H squared times R minus H, and I can open parentheses and see what happens. By the way, H can go outside. The volume of the cone is equal to 1 third pi H... Excuse me. Okay, I will have 2R minus H times R minus H, okay? And that would be equal to 1 third pi H 2R squared minus HR minus 2HR plus H squared, right? Which is 1 third pi H 2R squared minus 3HR plus H squared. Okay, that's my formula for the volume of the cone. Now, if I want the volume of a sector, I have to add the cap, right? Now, the volume of the cap from the previous lecture was, I have it written somewhere, 1 third pi H squared 3R minus H. Yeah, that was a previous lecture. Now, the volume of sector is equal to some of these, right? So, 1 third pi H 2R squared minus 3HR plus H squared. Now, I have only 1H outside of the parentheses, which should be plus 3HR and minus H squared. Which is what? 3HR, 3HR, H squared, H squared. And the final volume is very simple formula. 2 third pi R squared H. See, after all these very unpleasant kind of formulas, the result of the sector is really very nice and short formula, which shows that the sector is, well, I would say, well, you know, there is a, I think Einstein was one of the people who had beauty as a criteria for truth of the hypothesis or something like this or theory. Well, so the nice formula actually signifies that this is a very natural kind of geometric figure. All right. Now, what we have to do now is I promised you to calculate the area of the dome, this area. Now, if you remember the way how I did it with volume of the sphere and the surface area of the sphere, I have suggested to cover the dome with polygons, very small polygons, which are approximating, they are like inscribed into this dome. So let's say I have chosen a certain number of points here and connected those points with segments. Like every three points, I connect with a really small triangle, right? So every three neighboring points are connected with a triangle and then every point I connect to a center. So a triangle and a center give me the triangular pyramid. Now, if I will increase the number of points, my triangles will be smaller and smaller and they will approximate the area of the dome tighter and tighter. Now, if I want to calculate the volume of all the triangular pyramids, I have to do what? I have to summarize one third area of the pyramid's base times its height. Now, the height will be closer and closer to R, right? So that's like a constant and some of all these areas of the pyramids will go to the area of the dome, right? So the volume of the sector is equal to one third area of the dome times radius. So that's the formula which I have not proved, but from the intuitive considerations which I have just explained, this is the right formula, okay? Now, from this formula and knowing what is the volume of the sector, which is two third by R squared H, I can derive that the area of the dome of the sector or a spherical cap, whatever you want to say, is equal to F to divide by R, one third here and here disappears. So it's two pi R H. So, if you are a Michelangelo or whoever else was building cathedrals some time ago, that's your formula for calculating the area of a dome if you know the radius and the height of this cap on the top. Well, I do suggest you to repeat all these calculations yourself independently. I mean, you can look at the notes to lecture. And it's a good exercise. And again, considering you have such concise formulas, it just signifies that everything is right according to this theory of beauty. So thanks very much for your attention and good luck.


For the green screen editing class, we're going to go into curl photo paint and you can find that in your start menu under the graphics and drawing section. The icon looks like a white circle with a red camera on the front of it. And when opening the software, if you get to a registration page, you can always say skip you don't have to register the software every time for this maker space. Now, once you're into curl photo paint, it will look very similar to your curl draw software. You've got your drop down menu at the top and your standard toolbar right under it. And then we've got our rotating toolbar at the bottom of that. On the left hand side, we've got our design tools, our art space in the middle and our object manager on the right side. So we are going to go to file, open, and we're going to open a photo of someone on our green screen background. The very first thing we're going to do is come over to our object manager and right click our background tab and make a duplicate of that background so that we can work on an object layer and not our background. I'm actually going to right click on my background layer and lock it so that I can't work on it at all. Then I'm going to click on my object layer so that it is highlighted in blue. And I know that is the layer that I am currently editing. Now we're going to go over to our design tools and select the rectangle mask tool. I'm going to click on the carrot in the corner so I can see the fly out menu of all the tools nested under that mask tool. And the one I'm going to start with is our magic wand mask. That magic wand mask has changed our cursor now to a nice little magic wand. And what this tool does is it selects all the pixels that are of a similar color. Now, when I click on the green, it's going to select a big section of that green. But every time I click, it's going to make a new selection and delete my old selection. So I want to make sure I come up to my rotating toolbar and right here at the very left side of it, I've got my mode. Right now I'm in normal mode, but I want to be in additive mode. That green plus sign so that every time I click, I add to my selection instead of deleting my old one. So now I'm just going to continue clicking in my green. And anywhere I see these little marquee dots in my green background, I'm going to keep clicking on them to try to add them to my selection. My goal is to get this marquee line around my subjects body as closely as possible without any gap. So like I said, anywhere I see these marquee lines or unselected green space, I'm going to keep clicking on background and try to add that in.  If you have glasses, sometimes it can be hidden in the little glare of your glasses or in your hoop earrings. Don't forget to use your zoom tools to really get in close to see those pixels and all that little green space. Now I think I've gotten it as good as I can get it with my magic wand tool. So I'm going to go over to my mask tools in my design toolbar and hit my carrot again to see my fly out and I'm going to choose the freehand mask. With that freehand mask tool, I can click and drag a lasso selection around multiple areas like these little dots in the middle here and I can double click to select them all at once. For spaces away from my person, I can do that for the ceiling by clicking and dragging a lasso around big areas. And selecting it all at once to add to my background selection. Because I want to select everything except for my subject. I'm going to do the same thing for the floor. I'm going to zoom in close so that I don't accidentally get his feet. Now the freehand mask is also good for places like shadows under your feet. Where I've got this little area I want to add in to my background, so I'm going to draw along my subject and select that area and add it to my selection. Do the same thing on his toes and just get those little shadows. Now for instance I had accidentally selected a piece of my subject.  Once I have my selection as good as I think I want it and my marquee line is going just around the edge of my subject and the outside of my picture.  So I'm going to swap it from the background selection to selecting just my person. And once I do that I always see things I missed like this little piece of the floor. Now I want to make sure this time when I go back to clean up my selection that I'm in the subtractive mode because I'm getting rid of my selection, not adding to it. There are a couple pieces I missed between his feet and along the edges anywhere you have shadows in your background you're probably going to find pieces of selection that didn't get added in for some reason. So go in and clean that up. I like doing the invert option so that I can always see those pieces I missed and I make sure my selection is as good as possible. That looks good to me. So once we're at this point, all we need to do is right click on our subject and copy. And then I'm going to right click again and paste as a new object. And now I can see over in my object manager that I have my object to my new layer, and I can tell I have no background. But I'm just going to close the eye on my object one and background layers so I can really see what my cutout selection looks like. At this point I can go up to my mask drop down and I can remove that selection marquee. So I just see my person.


The Nigerian Senate has passed the Electoral Act amendment bill, but that was after a heated debate as lawmakers disagreed over a section of the bill, which deals with electronic transmission of election results. The story of course comes in the next report, we'll bring it to you in subsequent bulletins. There was also opera in the House of Representatives as the members went against the leadership's ruling. The controversy came about after the ruling by the Deputy Speaker Idris Wase, as it wasn't clear whether he ruled for or against the use of electronic voting. Those who voted for and those that voted against all claimed they carried the day. The House then adjourned till 10am today to continue deliberations. In the next introduction of modern technologies entered the electoral process, particularly the accreditation of voters, electronic voting and electronic transmission of results from polling units. This development has got Nik Agouli and Chibuzo Voti talking, especially on their Spora voting and electronic collation of results. Two things we should have achieved a long time ago, but it's never too late to do the right thing. So the point that is starting now is to introduce them and we hope that they will succeed in doing so. We've been on this road for quite a long time, more than 10 years ago we've been lobbying for this, asking to make sure that we have the right to vote and that electronic voting should be the way to go in the future. If we can move our money securely, electronically, from person to person, then there is no fear that we can transmit our votes electronically as well, from polling unit to a central collation and everything is fine. So long as the people who are placed in charge, which in this case is INEC, is able to take the necessary precautions to ensure that that transmission process is safe. Voti comes with its own challenges, but Chibuzo Voti says risk management factors can be devised by INEC. The percentage of error will never influence the elections, so the electoral voting is definite that we are going to get some risk factors here and there, but in the totality of it, the right thing will be done and it's the best way forward. Voti and Agule both support the electronic transmission of results and want voting rights for the diaspora community. With technology, a lot of things happen in the world. We have the blockchain things coming up, there are ways that we can transmit things instantly. So within 24 hours of voting, we are sure to have the results. So the third party that comes in between to fight and seize ballot boxes, that will not happen again. Meanwhile, the President of the Senate, Ahmed Lawan, maintains that this is the first time the report on the Electoral Act Amendment bill will be laid before Senators Jacinta Obuco for PLOS TV Africa.


I think it's time to get started. Welcome everyone. Thanks for joining us today. I'm Cliff Lynch, the director of the Coalition for Networked Information, and you've joined one of the project briefing sessions at the CNI Spring 2020 virtual meeting, which will run through the end of this month. I note, by the way, that we have just announced a couple of additional sessions for the spring meeting, and that announcement went out earlier today to everybody who's registered, so please join us for those. Today we have a really interesting presentation, which I'll introduce in just a second. After the presentation, we will take questions, and Diane Goldenberghardt from CNI will moderate those questions. There is a Q&A tool at the bottom of your screen, and you can use that at any point during the presentation to put in questions as they occur to you, and we'll deal with them all at the end of the presentation, but certainly don't hesitate to pose them as they arise. So our talk today is about crowdsourced unlatching of curricular books. Our speaker is Mark Bilby, who is from Cal State Fullerton, and I'm really interested to hear this presentation because while I've watched the work of Knowledge Unlatched for some years, and it's a wonderful thing, I've also worried that it's not at enough scale to really move the needle. The project here, at least as I understand it, couples the strategy of knowledge unlatched with a strategic approach to identify materials of high impact and advance a number of worthy objectives at once, so I'm really delighted that Mark has agreed to share this work with us, and without further ado, over to you, Mark. Thank you very much, Cliff. I appreciate that, and thank you, Diane, for all your work in organizing these sessions and keeping them running smoothly. Can everybody see my screen all right? I just want to make sure that that's visible to everyone. Yep, we can see it. Perfect. Thank you, Diane. All right. All right, well, I'll get started. The page for this project on the CNI website has the full abstract. It has a link to this presentation outline via its DOI. It's been archived on Zenodo for everybody to be able to access. So this is just typically how I present. I like working with one-page handouts that are kind of information dense, and then unpacking them. So start out with just an environmental scan or analysis about what's going on in the publishing world, especially in regard to textbooks. You know, long gone are the days it feels like when librarians were concerned about putting copyright violation warning signs on copy machines in libraries for fear that students would scan books and share them out. Now everybody's got a high-powered, high-volume, high-resolution scanner in their pocket and a variety of apps available to them that can compile those scans very quickly into usable PDFs and share them out with their fellow students. So, you know, we obviously live in a culture where there's an expectation of instant access where people are comfortable, students are comfortable requesting and sharing materials with each other, even on Twitter with the ICANN has PDF hashtag. There's an expectation of on-demand use. And then there's also, I think, a culture, increasingly culture of course shuffling, you might say, at the start of the semester where students, because of bottlenecks with registration or just kind of almost sampling courses before they commit, there's a lot of turnover and transitions in those first few weeks of a course. So, all that adds to, is part of the environment in which we should consider what's going on and the importance of reliable open textbook delivery. In terms of broad economic trends, people who, you know, looked at this and studied this, especially in the open educational resources community over the last 30 years have noted that textbook inflation is really egregious that it far surpasses even health care inflation. Five to seven percent inflation rates are pretty typical year over year. And then the really negative part of that as well, you know, in the United States, bankruptcy can be a way of alleviating health care costs and debts and so on with student loan debts. Those are not something that can be forgiven. So, students are racking up textbook bills, $10,000, you know, potentially in a given program, and then aren't able to ever get out from under that. So, it's also part of this broader culture of debt and exploitation of students. What's going on? In terms of content models, textbooks are becoming increasingly interactive, immersive and value added. We're seeing more curricular support, you know, development of lesson plans, the availability of grading services, lectures delivered with the book, you know, whether, you know, it used to be through CDs, but now through online platforms, which often cost more money for students to access and use. So, we're getting beyond just the print textbook to old bevy of services. And this is also filtering into pricing models. So, vendors are more and more now lending materials and asking for subscriptions, not just from libraries, but from individuals. So, now students are being inundated, you know, when they go to Amazon, for instance, with lending options to just check out, not really even check out, but, you know, borrow a textbook, you might say, for just a few months, a month for the duration of the semester or a year, only to return it. So, licenses are becoming many ways more restrictive in terms of the rights that they give to students. Textbooks are being re-envisioned as a service, almost like softwares service, now it's books as a service. And that model is really encroaching on the traditional models of purchasing textbooks or even open access subsidizing textbooks through book processing charges. You know, it's almost as if, you know, libraries, which were the lenders before, now are being replaced in some ways by Amazon and other companies that are getting into the book borrowing business. Analytics, there's certainly a ton of information out there and universities and the University Consortia and booksellers and vendors are aggregating information all the time, but this isn't, at least from most universities, it's not being done openly or effectively. The open syllabus project is one of the exceptions to that by gathering hundreds of thousands of syllabi and that's scraping the data to see what textbooks are being offered. Purchasers are really being divided and conquered by textbook publishers. So students and parents and universities and funders really aren't talking to each other, they aren't coordinating with each other in order to bargain collectively or strategically. So and with the virtual monopoly that exists in the textbook industry, you know, the consumer is really at a severe disadvantage unless we all work together, you know, for the common good. There are more and more, as we know, born open textbooks or open textbooks from the start, not a whole bunch. Most open books are in the monograph space, the research monograph space, not necessarily in textbook space, but of course there are organizations like OpenStacks and Open Textbook Network that do focus sometimes on textbooks or often on textbooks in the case of OpenStacks, but as people who work in open educational resources space know getting faculty to adopt them is pretty difficult even when there's formal training or incentives put in place. So the idea here is it's kind of like what Cliff was saying about knowledge and latched having this model that had been worked out of flipping a textbook or unlatching or unlocking it, basically re-licensing a book that has already been done and knowledge and latched has been doing that for many years now, but thinking about that at scale, not just for research monographs or other kinds of scholarly publications, but thinking about it for materials that would be especially valuable to students in their courses, required textbooks and so on. So, you know, we can call this any number of things on lashing a book, but I also like the idea of sort of adopting a book or rescuing a book or liberating a book, a textbook, and I really just like to propose this as a model, as a new way of thinking about, you know, publishing instead of creating new content or just being subject to publisher terms about content, redefining what this content could be through negotiation and then re-licensing with the Creative Commons license. So we tried to think about how a pilot could work and these are conversations that I had with Sven Fund from Knowledge and Latched CEO, as well as Chris Friedland, the director of the Open Library at the Internet Archive and Matt also from the Open Library. And so as we thought together about what a pilot might look like, we tried to focus on books where there's low revenue potential for publishers, publishers, books on which publishers were not making money, on which authors were not making money, so no minimal royalty impacts, these sorts of things. We also wanted to look at books that were limited in their availability, so rare out of print or unlikely to get a new print run, so just kind of sitting there in the back lists for publishers. Also books that are print-only format, so what books that are being assigned in courses that are only available in print that aren't yet available digitally, not yet digitized, or if they are digitized, maybe it's only in the Open Library. And then we wanted to find books that would have a broad impact that were being used across multiple courses or multiple sections of a course and preferentially across multiple universities at the same time. And as we looked at this model, there's going to be winners and losers, but overall it seems like more winners than losers. The library we feel like would benefit from this as an expense where not only could we say we were serving our own students well and saving the money, but saving students globally by re-licensing a book. We're not only benefiting our university 40,000 students, we're benefiting 7 billion students potentially globally. So the scale of that, the scale of the benefit is astronomically higher. Happy students, students would be very happy with the results of this. Publishers should be pretty happy with this, especially these are backlisted titles where publishers are not making any money because it gives them a new revenue source. And it would be quick and easy, just writing a check basically for a few thousand dollars. It could be more for a given book, but probably wouldn't be a one-at-a-time thing. And we'll get into that as we try to work out the details of the pilot. The only people I think that would really be at a disadvantage in this, if this model really got going, would be the reselling market, folks who buy up textbooks at the end of semesters and resell them to students and are making margins on that. So that sort of, it's not recycling really, but that reselling industry might be negatively impacted by this. But overall I think society would win and most of the people that whose interests we should be protecting would be winning in this scenario. So the pilot, and really this was just an idea, this was a proposal. So I'll review more of that later, but with this pilot proposal, what we decided to put together was first coming out of the Cal State system. So the Cal State University system has had for many years a very robust program going on in affordable learning solutions and open educational resources, pretty well known for the Merlot platform of hosting open educational resources. There's also significant grant funds that come out of our chancellor's office given to all 23 campuses to encourage faculty to adopt open educational materials. There's been a lot of legislation in the state of California that has really moved the ball on this where courses, for instance, are marked with a little asterisk in the catalog or in the registration system. If those courses have free zero cost materials, we've had whole programs move over to zero cost. Our instructional design program, for instance, if Fullerton has done that and other Cal State's whole degree programs have moved over to zero cost where they've made that commitment together. But still the scalability of this is pretty difficult. So we tried to leverage the power of the system across these 23 universities, representing 50,000 faculty, half million students, and see if we can find some good candidates among these. So fortunately, we have system-wide efforts already in this space. And George Wren in our system, I think he's at Humboldt, had already compiled a list of 18,000 ISBNs. And so George was kind to provide that to me to be able to share out with other people. So we basically provided this list of ISBNs to Knowledge and Latched. They did a thorough evaluation of the list. And the list wasn't just pure ISBNs, it was also which campus those books were being used on which courses, how many sections were represented, all of this sort of thing. So it was kind of a deeper picture of how these textbooks are being used. So Knowledge and Latched then evaluated the list to try to find that sweet spot of books that probably wouldn't be too high in price, but would be advantageous for multiple campuses. And they also wanted to take a bulk relicensing approach to the negotiations. This is from Spenfoom to Knowledge and Latched. He was noting that publishers typically don't want to negotiate one book at a time. It's just a waste of their time. It's too small. So really, we needed a kind of a book package to look at, preferably in the tens or dozens, if not the hundreds. At this point in our pilot, we really were starting to find about 30 to 50 books to propose as part of the package, and then identify which publishers would be good candidates for negotiating. We also decided that Knowledge and Latched would be the organization that did the fundraising, that accepted the funds for this, and that they or the library, depending on the arrangement, would create mark records out of these books. Open Syllabus Project wasn't a formal partner, but Spenfoom with Knowledge and Latched did reach out to them and basically used their information to evaluate what books were being used at other campuses, pulling information from their database of syllabi that had been scraped for ISBNs. So Spen had a broader sense of which books would make for good alliances among different universities to do fundraising around. So that was really helpful, even though Open Syllabus Project wasn't a formal partner in the arrangement. And then Internet Archive was also a key partner in this because we wanted to have an awareness, a platform to raise awareness about these books. And so with Internet Archive with Chris and Mech there, we decided on the wisdom of putting together a central list of these books that could be rescued or flipped to open access, but also to have notices on individual pages. So the idea would be almost like an Amazon preview page to be able to go to Open Library, look at the book, maybe check out the book, and then sponsor it if you wanted to flip it to open access. Internet Archive would also be advantageous as a way to gauge user interest, right? How many times are people accessing that page? How long is the queue, the line to access that book? You know, prior to the National Emergency Library, it could be a three week waiting period for just that second person in line to be able to check out a book from the Open Library using its CDL, it's controlled digital lending model. But we like the idea of having a base platform, a base availability platform with a high quality digital version of the book, with clean metadata, and so on. So Internet Archive would be not raising funds itself, but would be an awareness campaign or platform to help knowledge and match race funds for these books. So that was the basic idea of the partnership. As we put together a proposal, so Sven Fund was especially instrumental in this, I want to shout out to him, good thanks to him for that. And it's not something that we want to share more broadly, it's a confidential document, but some of the most salient points from that proposal that we put together was that we would start at about $2,750 per book to negotiate with publishers with an understanding of their peace and flexibility, and that the funder, that is in this case the California State University would get the final decision. I'm on a committee with the Cal State System called Electronic Access to Resources, so we make, we do evaluations of content centrally for the system, and then bring that to our Council of Library Deans. So this was a proposal I brought to that committee. We called it the Year Committee in the Cal State System. Part of the proposal as well was that we would buy out all back editions. We didn't want to re-license just the third edition of a book, but not have any ramifications for the first edition, second edition, or fourth and fifth edition. We want to buy out the entire series of editions of a given title to know that the money was being invested well to accommodate any kind of usage scenario or situation, because it might be the second edition that one professor is using while three other professors are using the third edition, and then the publisher might be planning a fourth edition to come out in two years. We just wanted to make sure that the whole life of that book was funded and re-licensed for up to three years in advance. And then we also wanted to ensure accessibility. So we wrote in our WCAG requirements as part of the... Whoops. You froze for a little bit, Mark. All right. So, yeah, we wanted the files to be accessible, multiple formats, and then available on multiple platforms. So COVID came along. So I pitched this proposal to our Electronic Access to Resources Committee. We looked at it, but we had many, many competing proposals, right? We have 23 universities. There's a lot of stakeholders, a lot of constituents, a lot of different needs on different campuses. So this time around, it didn't work out. And at least one of the possible reasons was COVID-19 happening. So certainly when that new started to break, we started to get concerned in February and certainly in March and started to enter more into a crisis mode, where we weren't going probably to fund new proposals. The focus became much more on wise allocation of funds to prepay things that we weren't sure we would be able to pay for later on. So our council of library deans really didn't entertain new proposals at all. And this was one of those new proposals that just didn't get time. But I'm still cautiously optimistic that maybe in a year or two years that the Cal State system will be able to allocate some significant funds for this. And I'll continue to advocate as best I can for that. The Internet Archive National Emergency Library is also part of this now, because previously when we were forming this proposal, that didn't exist. There were limits on controlled digital lending, only partner libraries. Maybe they would have one partner library or five or 10, or maybe they would have five or 10 simultaneous copies of the book. But with the National Emergency Library leveraging the inaccessibility of these books where you have dozens, if not hundreds of books now that are inaccessible to users, based on that controlled digital lending has a good case to make that comparable access means removing at least some of those limits to books. So that's part of the silver lining of this is actually Internet Archive is now being used much more by faculty and by universities and by librarians as a textbook delivery solution. Because universities feel at least for the short term, at least while the COVID crisis is happening, that we can count on access to those books. So there's more awareness of the Internet Archive. There's much more usage around it. There's much better analytics. So all of this should be advantageous if we decide to rework the proposal and ramp up a new pilot. So that's really what I'd like to see, spend food and email me this morning and say, what are next steps? And this last section is kind of what I envision to be next step. So I think we really kind of need to go back to the drawing board, what you can call it a failed pilot, or we can call it failure to launch or what have you. But maybe it's just more of a situation where we needed to wait another season for this fruit to fully ripen in order to really enjoy. So I would like to see if we do a new round and we put together a new proposal that we involved the open syllabus project much more intently, intensively to pull this off. There we go. You froze a little bit again. Okay. All right. Thank you. So yeah, if we re-envisioned the project as the proposal, I really think we should involve the open syllabus project and invite them in a much more deliberate way. Reach out to other university consortia or major universities, maybe in Georgia, Georgia State does amazing work in the open educational space, maybe Orbis Cascade or SUNY or Cooney. If we could get multiple universities all pooling our funds together on this, we would be, you know, a juggernaut to be able to really forge a new way of doing business in the space. And then major funders, you know, as I've talked with open stacks before and there are times when open stacks will, you know, get grant funds from, for instance, from the Gates Foundation, they might be half a million dollars just for a single textbook, like a biology textbook, which again is wonderful because once that's produced, it's available for the whole world. It's really high quality. But, you know, would it be possible to just take a very popular book and negotiate with publishers, you know, if it's a half million dollars or a hundred thousand dollars and flip it, you know, that would save a lot of time and effort. And so, you know, just making this process more transparent and more collaborative is going to be to our advantage. I was just running rough numbers and, you know, for that half million dollars Gates Foundation grant for open stacks to make one book, we could have flipped 180 books using this model. So, you know, whether that would have a comparable impact, that's, you know, that's something we would have to figure out. But it's just something to consider within this process. Expanding the book subsidizers or donors is also part of what I think we should be doing. So, you know, I think having big funds, really going big with this is the best way to go, whether it's funders or libraries, but I also think involving, you know, it's kind of social media campaigns and getting parents and students involved, you know, if they could give money to a book package, maybe individual titles, you know, that might not make as much sense. That's kind of what I had originally envisioned is, you know, raise funds around an individual book. And there are operations like that out there on the internet, but they don't really change things at scale, like what Cliff was saying. So, maybe there could be individual social media awareness campaigns, crowdfunding kinds of campaigns, but they should probably be channeled into the larger book packages that we're trying to put together to negotiate with publishers. I think we should, another next step is to create a global open textbook database, you know, just to have a central place where all ISBNs are listed for all university-assigned textbooks across all universities, but also get data on, you know, what courses are being assigned for, as well as estimated enrollments for those courses. Just to give us some realistic numbers about what the market is. I imagine publishers have, you know, a pretty good sense of some of this data, but it's not open, it's not out there, it's not transparent, and libraries aren't, and universities aren't aggravating this effectively. And then we wouldn't have to, you know, keep our own price or availability information, we can just pull that from other sources. And another idea might be if we had something like that to actually advance it through legislation, state, or national, or through university policies, you know, what if it was state law that we all had to make our ISBNs publicly transparent and available for all of our courses and enrollments. Again, that information's out there, you just have to know where to look, but to do it in an open way, that could be the basis of some new legislation and new policy work. Another idea that I've pitched that could be kind of related to this is a zero course, zero cost stipend for faculty, where you just directly pay faculty if they make their courses free for students. It wouldn't have to be a lot, it could be based on credit hour, but if that were done by governments, that could really ramp up faculty interest and commitment to making their materials open.  And then I think also a platform like that, a global open textbook database could also suggest OER alternatives, right? If there's a given textbook and we're just locked in negotiations with publishers and we can't get them to budge, maybe we, you know, promote a few alternative ideas in open stacks textbook or something like that. Just, you know, again, the more transparent the whole process is, the more leverage and power we have in our negotiations with publishers. So that's a lot of information. I hope that made some sense. I don't know exactly where this is all going to go, but I really would like to continue the conversation and certainly I'm open to new collaborators, new partners, you know, in this effort. So that's it. Thanks, Mark. That was a really interesting overview. A lot of moving parts, obviously. Um, just, I just like to say I love your concept of liberating some of these materials. That's a wonderful way to think about it and look at it. I'm Diane Goldenberg Hart with the Coalition for Network Information, and I just want to welcome all of our attendees and thank you for joining this session. And again, thanks to Mark for agreeing to come and present virtually as part of this meeting. I want to invite folks now to please type your questions into the Q&A box or into the chat box, and I will be moderating. I will read them aloud to Mark, who will be answering your questions live here now. Excuse me. So I see that we do already have a question and I'll go ahead and share that. That comes from Boaz. Hi, Boaz. Who asks, first off, he wants to comment, this is an interesting project and he'd like to know how would or did the fundraising platform work via the Internet Archive? What happens if your funding exceeds the needs? Right. Yeah, those are good questions. We actually did it. This was just a proposal, so we didn't actually get into implementation stage. It was a proposal we brought to our system-wide committee and we looked at it. It was considered, we went through a voting process, and it wasn't one of the proposals that was brought forward to our council of library deans. So the Internet Archive was prepared to move forward with implementation prior to COVID. That ended up not happening. So this was, you might say, a failed proposal or it was a proposal that just didn't work this time around. And that's fine. That's having ideas and retooling them, scrapping them, recycling them maybe another time. That's just fine. So some of those details I think would need to be worked out in a new proposal. I think those are great questions. If we raise more funds than what we need, would they be allocated to a different book or a different book, series of books in negotiations with publishers? Those are all really good questions. Maybe they would go into an extra slush fund or something like that that could be used for the next project down the road. You wouldn't want to just stop the fundraising. That wouldn't make sense. So yeah, those questions actually are really important and we need to be more thoroughly addressed. Good for a follow-up. And thanks for that reply, Mark. And Boaz also has another couple of questions here. What is the vision around the API pricing that I think he means APC pricing? Will it show also how close to the target the fundraising is? Yeah, well, I brought up the API price in that last, and that was just to say polling data about price and availability from other sources, from Amazon or what have you in terms of a technological integration. So the pricing really, it's going to be per book or probably for a big number of books, 40 or 50 books maybe with a given publisher. So it would be all pre-negotiated kind of as a flat fee, you might say, to free all of these books, to relicense all of these books. In terms of fundraising and showing how close to the target, I think having something like that would be great where there's a little crowd funding thermometer or something like that that says we're halfway there. We've raised $25,000 for this book package. We need to raise $25,000 more. The Cal States are doing this and Georgia State just contributed $10,000. And then the fund thermometer goes up. I think that would be cool just in terms of the user experience and awareness raising. That's a great idea. Okay, thank you. And my apologies there. From Peggy, how did you come up with the $2,750 per book price point? Yeah, that was actually from Sven Fund at Knowledge and Latch, the CEO. So I honestly didn't. That was actually less than what I thought it would be. But it comes out of Knowledge and Latch's experience doing this kind of negotiation with publishers. So if memory serves, Sven told us that front listed titles, new titles, those typically are going for about $9,000 to $13,000 in their vendor negotiations. But back listed titles, they have Knowledge and Latch has liberated, unlatched fair number of back listed titles, and it's closer to this price point. So I think this is a little bit lower than what they usually do, but I think he wanted to start off a little lower to start the negotiations and then see where they go from there. Great. That's good to know. Very interesting. Thanks, Peggy. Now we have a question from Caleb Nichols, who asks, in addition to saying hello, Mark, hi, Mark. In your experience, what are some of the main reasons faculty are resistant to OER? Yeah, well, I've taught in universities for 15 years. I know all of us are very busy. We're creatures of habit. We develop a course around specific reading materials and transitioning over to something that's completely new, maybe problematic. There's also the reputation, academic reputation that conveys with publishers. A certain publisher publishes something, then it's good quality. And if it's coming from a newer publisher, open stacks, for instance, if they don't have that established reputation within academia, then there might be a reticence. But I'm all for meeting faculty where they are. So if we can get faculty to look at a new textbook, an open textbook, born open from open stacks or open textbook network, awesome. That's great. If we can get them to use resources that libraries have subscribed to, that's great. That's a good initiative too, and I've worked on that before. But I also think we should be thinking strategically about how we can transform the books that faculty are already using. So, you know, part of this on our library senate committee, member, he teaches African art history, and he mentioned there's a book that's about 30 years old. It's no longer in print. It's difficult for his students to find. And he would love it if that were re-licensed as open access. It would make his life and his teaching so much easier. So, you know, that was one person on one committee I serve. I'm guessing there are thousands or tens or hundreds of thousands of faculty with similar stories who would love to see some of those back listed titles flip to open access. So how can we advocate for them? How can we fulfill their curricular needs? That was, yeah, great question. Thank you. And really interesting issues. We do have time for a couple more questions. If there are any out there, feel free to go ahead and type those into the Q&A box. Or if you would like to speak directly with Mark or have a comment you'd like to make live, you can raise your hand, raise your virtual hand, and I can unmute you and invite you to make those comments or ask those questions live now. While we're waiting to see if we have any more questions coming in, I just want to remind you that this webinar is brought to you as part of CNI's ongoing spring 2020 virtual membership meeting, which goes on through the end of May. And I'm sharing with you there in the chat box the direct link to our meeting schedule, which will show you the offerings we have through the end of the event. And as Cliff pointed out, we have added a few new items, a few new offerings that went out to meeting attendees this morning by email. And one of them is our closing session on Friday May 29th by Cliff Lynch, a sum up of the meeting, reflections back on the virtual event and his thinking on the current situation. So please take a look for those and sign up to join us then. Thanks again to Mark for the great presentation. And thanks again to our attendees. We appreciate you joining us. Be well and we hope to see you again soon.


Abstract face masks have been shown to be effective at slowing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, however, little is known about how masks affect social interactions. In this study, researchers examined whether masks impact facial expression communication using drift diffusion modeling, DDM. The results showed that participants were able to accurately recognize expressions of six emotions, anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, with lower face masks, but were less accurate than without masks, and took longer to do so. Additionally, the rate of evidence accumulation was reduced when participants wore masks. This suggests that time-sensitive situations may increase the risk of miscommunication when wearing masks. This article was authored by W. Craig Williams, Aisha Huck, Becky Mai, and others.


I look into the position a little bit, but notice how my core doesn't break. Look at my, my power stays the same. The foundation is down here. I'm not leaning. Foundation is solid. It can come get me at any time, too. So look, I kind of turn my head into it. I shrug my shoulders and I take it off. And my head is right where I want it. Look, here's my, look how close I am to my lunch. My favorite meal is right there. No! Look how far away it is. It's hit too long to eat. Right here.  It's right there. Keep it close to that. Don't allow it to do this. Look, none of this. It's too far away and I'm out of position. My, my, my offensive line is getting pounded by his defensive line. No shots will be there. I'm going to win the littlest things. I'm going to win the littlest things to get to the lens. Here it is. Again, look. No wasted notion. No, nothing, nothing, nothing.  There we go. Other man. One, two, three. No!


Hi, I'm George Kau and you might recognize me from being the creator of one of the most popular zoom tutorials on YouTube there I am with my video over a million views So I wanted to take a minute today to highly recommend the zoom support group by Jace HR as you can see here on the screen The leader of the group his name is captain and he has been part of many of my zoom meetings and he knows the technology as well as I do and He I've actually asked him to create the support group because I'm getting a lot of questions about how to use zoom And I I'm going to be turning people to this support group going forward including maybe you so Please do check this support group out and I recommend that you join it You'll get all your questions answered there about how to use zoom effectively If there's a question that somehow captain doesn't know he's in touch with me all the time So I'm sure I'll be able to help out as well. So anyway, I hope you join the group and enjoy


There's a surprise at the end of this video. So fast forward now if you're impatient. Sorry I'm a little under the weather, which is why I wanted to do another one of these from my bathtub But you know what? I don't feel like taking a bath. I want to lay in my couch in this blanket But I still have thoughts and they still need to just be put somewhere so instead of thoughts from a bathtub I'm gonna give you some thoughts from a couch. So here we go a Lot of people are upset about our current president elect, but repeat after me. The president is not my daddy He cannot just spank me whenever he feels like it You'll better know. I think that we need to abandon this mission to Mars business It's been a long time and it's not gonna happen. I say we start terraforming Saturn. Yeah, it's a big gaseous Frozeny planet. Okay step one. We just inject a bunch of oxygen into it So then it makes frozen water so then we blast an asteroid to make it closer to the Sun Then what would you get water world? We're already prepared for that So then we take a second asteroid and blast it even farther closer to the Sun and then we get hot water world Then we can send people to colonize it and fill it with marine life And then they live in water world and everyone's a pescatarian and when you look up in the sky you can see rings Tight if everybody donated the ends of their loaves of bread every week We could feed a lot of hungry people Especially if they're hungry for shitty sandwiches a lot of states will find you if you don't go to jury duty But if we also find people for not voting I feel like we could make enough money to build a land bridge between North America and Greenland And then we could put a bunch of tolls on that road and we could generate enough income to start terraforming Saturn If bees are endangered we should elect one person in each community to be a beekeeper Then once the bee population goes up, don't be surprised if the human population goes down from bee stings You asked for this Fake news is all over Facebook and people are concerned Maybe a simple solution is don't get your news from Facebook. This product has the wrong name It should be called a give it a rest already. They're not coming Ah Vine is dead, but it doesn't have to be here's a list of billionaires I think we should convince to keep vine alive or we should see if they'd be willing to take Tom from my space as a blood Sacrifice because I know what billionaires want and it's Tom. I think someday future humans will look back and say Why are they pooping and peeing into fresh water? I think cars should have directional horns so you could backwards beep at a car that was tailgating you or diagonal beep at a squirrel That wasn't paying attention or up beep at a tree full of birds just to scare them because why not? I think the punishment for mistreating animals should be being thrown into a pit of gorillas too soon Too late we could get rid of rush hour by making half the population nocturnal Half the people work regular hours and half the people work Batman hours If you go up to a snake and you hug it all the time it dies because you smothered it That's what you're doing to your relationship. What is armpit hair for? What is it for?  If the NSA is spying on me good Someone else will have to listen to all this relentless barking too. I had headlice six times when I was little I mean think about that. That's an impressive statistic if this hairstyle is called a bob Then why isn't this hairstyle called a Robert? Get it cuz this one's short for One time my friend skipped a rock on a lake and it hit a goose and the goose spun around upside down for a little while I mean name a more iconic duo I'll wait.  And speaking of dogs bark bark. That's a cute bonnet And speaking of bonnets. It's time for the surprise the video is over So four months ago. I released a set of pop sockets They were galaxy Kermit and marbles and the regular Kermit and marbles and they're gone now because I told you they were limited edition Do I look like similar lies cuz I wasn't lying, but the good news is I have four more new pubs There's a tie-dye Kermit and marbles in sunglasses. There's Kermit and marbles and sunglasses on a rainbow beach There's Kermit and marbles holding hands in space and last but not least my personal favorite Kermit's awkward school picture I have been dying to put this on my phone for a long time and the day is finally here So here we go So for those of you that didn't see the first round of pop sockets They go like this onto your phone you can pop them out You can put them in your hand if you have a bigger phone you can use two of them as a stand You can wrap your headphones around them There's clips that are available on the website if you like to use your phone in your car and mount it It just mounts right like that and it sticks on your dash. It's really helpful. I use mine every day I'm so sorry old Kermit and marbles like I feel bad because you can't get these anymore. I'm just Taking them off. Look at that This is four months old and this boy does not want to come off So as much as I adore these I think I'm going for tie-dye Kermit and marbles and Kermit's awkward school So this is how you do it. This is where my old pop sockets were you can stick them on your phone Or I have mine on my case Kermit is on Tie-dye Kermit and marbles is on Mean so if you're looking to buy anyone some gifts this holiday season You can buy them individually or you can buy them a set of all four of them They're all available until January 15th and they are limited edition So when they're gone on January 15th, they are gone forever So if you would like your very own Kermit and his awkward school picture and some boys on the beach and their tie-dye And their sunglasses, which I don't know so I hope you love them We were charred on them and I'm so pleased that you guys loved the last round. Everyone always asks me what they are So if you didn't know now you do know that they're called pop sockets. They're so amazing and I will never go back I literally can't hold my phone without them and not only that but you can get really cool red Kermit and marbles So I'm gonna put all the links in the description and I hope that you love them Kermit smile for your picture All right, make sure you subscribe to my channel. I put out new videos every Wednesday slash Thursday Kermit Thank you for being such an amazing dog. You really are one of a kind. All right. I'll see you guys next week Bye. You're so handsome like in real life and on these pop sockets. Thank you for existing


If you're trying to play music and sound effects into Zoom using something like the Rocaster Pro 2 and the Ecamm Live Virtual Mic, and you're finding that your guests can't actually hear it, it's likely down to your Zoom audio settings. You see, they have something in there called background noise suppression, and basically Zoom is thinking that all of that other stuff is background noise that needs to be removed. We can fix this by going into your Zoom settings. You'll see that Zoom optimized audio auto is the default. Changing this to low should allow that music to come through. However, I would recommend if you've got a good audio setup, use original sound for musicians down here. If you are using speakers to hear the audio back from the meeting, then allow echo cancellation, otherwise leave it off. One thing to note is, although you've enabled it here, you will also need to actually toggle it on each and every time you start a meeting. You can find that button in the top left of the Zoom meeting screen. For full details on the optimum Zoom audio and video settings, then you can check out this free guide that you can find linked in the description.


Good day fellow investors.  I even put a tie for the special location. But we'll do that at the end. First with the overview what are we going to speak about today? Bitcoin and Wall Street. Wall Street is getting interested in Bitcoin. Very interesting story that will describe how the stock market and financial markets and Wall Street work. Secondly I want to discuss a little bit base metals and inventories. If you look at inventories they tell a lot of the story in comparison to the hype that's going on with supposed higher demand from electric vehicles. Then some short news from China with opening up their financial markets. Brexit and the consequences of Brexit and what's going on in Europe just a little bit and then I'll finish with the most important news, information, anything that I have shared on this channel since it started. Let's immediately start with Bitcoin. At the beginning of last week Bitcoin hit 7000 as Wall Street interests get real. Why is Wall Street interested in Bitcoin? Because Wall Street is always looking for new vehicles to make money. Wall Street lives of fees. So if they can make a product, do something, sell it to you and get a fee that's their bloodline, that's their lifeline, that's their oxygen, the fee not the value creation. And now they're even starting to create Bitcoin or cryptocurrency ETFs. Again for the fee not for the value doesn't matter. You're the one making the decision according to Wall Street. So be very careful when dealing with such things. Plus there is a link in the description below that shows Jack Poggle discussing ETFs and how ETFs are not good for investors because the market just simple plain index funds have beaten all ETFs in the last 10 years. So be very careful about that when you invest in ETFs. Further on the Bitcoin this summer I was driving through Slovenia and on a gas station they were selling Bitcoins. There were five screens selling Bitcoins. I went to their web page and you can see here how a normal gas station in Slovenia is selling Bitcoins. If we look at the trend of Bitcoin search in Google you can see how it really spiked in the last year alongside the spike in prices. But if you look at where the Bitcoin is mostly researched is Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, Slovenia and Estonia. Those countries that I mentioned are famous for their stable financial systems stable currencies and where people never never ever got involved into pyramid schemes and all other get rich quick schemes. Never happened there. So very interesting how those countries are the most interested in the Bitcoin. Further November 7 this is very funny Goldman Sachs sees Bitcoin at 8000. With this means that they have a product they want to sell it and then there is an analyst that says oh this is gonna happen the minimum target third wave five waves blah blah blah blah. 8000 is the target. What happened two days later the Bitcoin went down to below 7000. Oops Goldman. Not such a good analysis. Okay what happened I don't care but it's just so fun to see how that worked. Nevertheless Wall Street wants to make money. Looking it from a long-term perspective this is an excellent chart that shows past financial market bubbles and you can see the top market bubble is the Tulip mania in the 1600s in the Netherlands. In 1637 to 1639 two years something similar to what's going on in the Bitcoin the Netherlands became crazy for for tulip bulbs because you could buy one at a million guilders and sell it next year four of them for four million guilders and everybody was so crazy that one tulip bulb was worth as a house in Amsterdam. A year later somebody said wrote a paper people it's just tulip bulbs and you just use it for decoration in your home and then the market crashed and some people lost their houses. If we go back at the chart we can see the appreciation of the Bitcoin similar to what happened to tulips similar to the Mississippi bubble and similar to smaller bubbles like the South Sea bubble the US stock bubble great depression real estate and whatever are peanuts in comparison to what's going on with the Bitcoin. As you can see here as fast as it goes up so fast it will go down. Now the second part of the news is about base metals and nickel copper and so I have some exposure to those those stocks we have discussed those stocks so it's important to follow what's going on and if we look at the London Metal Exchange inventories we can see how copper inventories have been volatile however nickel inventories are still extremely high and this is keeping nickel prices depressed. To see real nickel prices rise we will have to see these inventories go up. In addition Indonesia has authorized more exports of nickel or Philippines starting mining in order to make more money from the craze in nickel as they expect more nickel to be demanded due to electric vehicles and more steel demand from developing Asia which is logical. Nevertheless it's very important to know that there are two types of nickel nickel used in making steel and nickel used for batteries so if you're invested look at what kind of nickel is your miner producing however until these inventories are so high expect volatility in the price don't expect a strong rise in trends. When we see demand higher than supply and this inventory level lower then it's time to really dig deeper into nickel. Just a quick note on China makes historic move to open financial markets for financial firms so China inflow of capital very good news good news for companies like UPI or bad news because they're going to see competition but somebody's going to take them over but that's just speculation nevertheless opening China trade agreements opening to the world that's always very very good news especially for the long term because these things evolve over the long term now there is a lot of talk about taxes lowering taxes in the US but the first thing I want to mention is that in economics there is no free lunch if you give more to somebody you're taking away from somebody else so the real impact of lowering taxes won't be seen that fast because somewhere that money goes there is no way that that money disappears it just depends where it goes and who gets it. If taxes on corporations get lower and the market already expects that because we have had the previous eight weeks with the market just going up as everybody expected lower taxes that will lead to higher earnings last week was a bit of turmoil because that isn't going to happen that fast and then consequently lower taxes higher margins will attract more competition so some companies will lower their prices in order to gain more market share so don't take it face value the lower taxes it will help but it will help temporarily increasing stock market prices in the long term it increases the competitivity of a country but I wonder if the US need more increases in competitivity they give a lot of infrastructure skilled workforce everything good legal system a great market so it's a great place to have a business they should charge for it so it's interesting I'm no tax specialist and I think nobody is a tax specialist because nobody knows what will be the impact of a tax move now 10 years from now that's just guessing so be careful with what's going on in taxes it's fun to watch we'll see what will be the effect that's the only thing we can know further on the brexit brexit talks resume with european union wary of political risk if we look at what's happened with the pound since the brexit discussion then the vote and now that brexit real talks started we can see how the pound crashed and this has led to some negative consequences because car sales in the uk have also fallen which means that imports are getting more expensive so we'll see how this ends up but what's very important in is to see how the european union is going to position itself towards the brexit because it's going to create a precedent towards other countries that might want that might want to leave the EU in the future the european economy is doing fine now thanks to negative interest rates if you just look at the interest rates in europe it's crazy how negative they are and also i'll show you just the italian interest rate is so low that it's incredible that italy with the depth to gdp ratio of 120 can borrow at negative interest rates so it's a clearly distorted market which leads to a distorted economy which leads to an unsustainable situation when this thinks reverts i want to see how will the politics of europe continue will it strengthen will it manage to solve its issues or or it will disintegrate therefore it's important to see what's going on with the brexit how will europe deal with it and what will be the terms because later those terms will be applied also to other countries and then we'll see who will win who will lose a lot of populism now it's not so in to be a populist but when there will be the next recession it will be very very popular so be careful about how do you position yourself in the long term again now to the most important piece of information you'll ever get i copied this from jack bogel the link is again when he where he talks about etfs in the description below but i want to stress this because it's so important according to statistics our average life if we are well educated in investing in stocks doing everything right having a job leading a healthy life we will hit approximately 100 years where i live everybody lived a good life and i see a lot of people 90 100 years my hair guy is about 82 still grinding still working so if you are 40 you still have 70 investing years if you are 20 you have 80 investing years if you are 50 you have 15 investing years that's huge amount of time imagine what the world looked like 50 80 years ago and then fast forward and you will still be alive so it's easy to get distracted by short-term moves stocks going up i want stocks to go up but but in reality we should be happy when stocks go down because over 80 years you don't care if the stock market goes up and down the only thing you care is to accumulate more and more parts of businesses rich people don't own stocks they own businesses and if stock prices are higher you're like you are accumulating smaller parts of those businesses so the best situation and now i say something that's contradictory but it's true the best situation for me and for most of my viewers because the average age is about 45 would be a stock market crash now and then a price earnings ratio of five for about 10 15 20 years and then again lower interest rates and a price earnings ratio of 15 but the 20 years of low stock prices would allow us to accumulate and reinvest the dividends and create huge amounts of wealth so really think about this the next time you want to buy a stock and it goes up one two percent or it is up 10 20 percent in the last year then you say oh i'm too late i missed the train think about it that your train your investment train is going to ride for another 50 60 70 80 years with some of you that are 20 years old or even more so really put that into the perspective of investing and too often we miss that long-term perspective when we invest and we chase short-term trends that's completely normal as humans we are wired to go for immediate gratification instead of long-term long lasting gratification because who knows what will be 10 15 years ago however those 10 15 years will come very fast so think about it extremely important it will make a huge difference over the long term if you can keep that long-term focus in whatever you do and have fun of course in the short term enjoy your life nevertheless just position yourself tweak a bit your life so that it builds up builds up over the next 80 years thank you for watching hope you like the news click like share your comments i want to see how you think i love reading them i love answering to them so have a great day and i'll see you in the next video


Good morning. My name is Fatima Denton, the Director of the United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa, which is you and you, Indra, based in Ghana, with an Africa white mandate to support the management of natural resources. In this conference, I would like to focus on a few, I think, compelling issues that are related to lands and implications for whether some of the implications of land management and how that intersects with climate change. The aspects of climate related injustices that we're seeing as a result of a model of extracting in terms of our economies and how that is also affecting our land and how it's affecting our food security and our food systems. First, I'd like to say land is a price commodity, but more than that, land is essential. It's essential for human survival. Land is about us, it's about our identity. But land is increasingly on the threat because land is degraded. That degradation is causing a lot of hardship for people across the globe, especially people who are land dependent in Africa.  That pressure is also affecting food security. It's affecting people's ability to earn a living. And it also means that developed nations and developing countries need to come together to find solutions in terms of how this is managed. The solutions are not easy. They're often very complex, very difficult because we are talking essentially about historical emissions. People in the global south are bearing the externalities of climate change and that has implications also on their economies. It has implications on the strategies they want to use to manage land. So what I think is essential in this conference is to lay out that there are historical emissions that we cannot deny. Those historical emissions have got, I'd say, they've got links to our food systems. They've got links to our strategies for adaptation and mitigation. And we have to think about all of these different links and basically see how we can make sense of them. But more than that, I think it's also important to say that it means that we have to think about ways of designing solutions out of this. The climate finance aspect is essential. Right now it's really skewed against developing countries. The management of land, the management of climate change, being adaptation and mitigation have got serious financial burdens, I'd say, on developing countries. That burden, that responsibility is not shared by all. And yet we have a global architecture that says we're all in this together. So if we're all in this together, it means that those that have done nothing to be in this scenario need to be giving some of the tools and the resources so that they can also get themselves out of it. But also begin to build a shared growth and prosperity for their people. So those are some of the issues I'd like to talk about. I know that these might have implications also for other things that we want to do related to green minerals, for instance, how that is managed because that is something that is also very important. We want to go towards renewable energy, but that might also have implications for land and land management. So how do we look forward to the future, but at the same time, address some of the more structural problems that we see that are some of them are voice that are nice, but some of them are things that we can address and we can solve. So that is the essence of what I would like to say in my conversation on this very important conference. Thank you.


In this lecture 7th of the module 4 on monolayers, today we continue the discussion on damping first with clean surfaces and then later when the liquid surface is contaminated with a surface active agent. Then look at some more moduli characterizing the behavior of the interfacial layer and end up this lecture with the possibility of making fibers from the surface films. So first at clean surfaces, how does the wave damping occur? We are talking here of waves which are created through a linear source which could be like a rod which is made to oscillate at the surface of a liquid creating waves which are then tracked for their wavelength and amplitude. So starting with a scrupulously clean liquid surface by collecting data you would be able to find at different distances L measured from the line source the magnitudes of the amplitude. Amplitude being maximum at the source which is at value a naught and it turns out the amplitude goes exponentially down as you move away from the line source where the waves are created. And the damping coefficient could be theoretically deduced as we will see later to be related to the viscosity, the wavelength, the frequency and for short waves to surface tension for capillary waves. These two equations as we will see later are valid only for water and for capillary waves. Let us look at the structure of the damping coefficient here. The damping coefficient is higher if the liquid viscosity is higher you expect that. The damping coefficient will be higher when surface tension is lower. Once again you would kind of expect that because the surface tension would be lower for a good reason that would be through anything which can alter our very pure liquid system with traces of contamination which is sufficient to decrease the surface tension. Then to within that approximation that a very lightly contaminated liquid may still be treated in terms of a pure liquid system we will be able to see by lower surface tension would lead to higher damping coefficient. Obviously, the best scenario for all contaminated systems all impure liquid systems would be one wherein a monolayer is visualized and the monolayer could be either insoluble or spread film or it could be soluble or adsorb monolayer. We will discuss that separately but for the time being we just make note of the structure of this damping coefficient. Damping coefficient is given by 8 pi square eta by rho L Vg lambda square which is also equal to 16 pi square eta by 3 rho L f lambda cube and that is equal to 8 pi eta f by 3 gamma. We have made use of the relation between the group velocity and the frequency over here there is a factor 3 by 2 which is involved in that relation that is why this 8 becomes 16 and a 3 appears here and we have in place of Vg now f lambda raising the lambda power to the higher 1 3. I already explained the notations here A is the amplitude of wave at a distance L from the line source and delta C is the damping coefficient for clean system C is for clean system Vg is the group velocity of the wave train and f is the frequency eta is the liquid viscosity bulk viscosity. The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall shape of the waves amplitudes known as modulation or envelope of the wave propagates through space and you have to remember that this is different from the velocity at a local point of the wave. For example, imagine what happens if a stone is thrown into the middle of a very steel pond when the stone hits a surface circular pattern of waves will appear it would soon turn into a circular ring of waves with a quiescent center and the ever expanding ring of waves is the wave group within which one can discern individual wavelengths of different wavelengths traveling at different speeds. You know the longer wavelength waves would travel quicker those are the ones which arrive at the shore quicker the smaller ones travel slower. So for the whole group as such the longer wavelengths will be the ones which will be leading to higher velocities and they will constitute the leading edge of that circular ring and the smaller waves and the capillary waves will remain lagging behind some of them may die out. The envelope as a whole the whole ring the velocity with which it travels that is a group velocity those equations were actually true only for water and for capillary waves. Now we next come to the experimental measurements on the amplitudes I may ask you a question here if you have something like a Langmuir trough with water filled in very clean water and at one end you have a line source creating the waves, waves travel downward and you got to measure what is required in this theoretical prediction the amplitude at different lengths from the source. The question is if you have to do this experimentally what would you intend to measure how would you go about these measurements. The question is clear what we are talking of is a Langmuir trough we got a source here which is made to oscillate up and down and the water here would be having these waves travelling down. Now the question is how do we measure the amplitude for this wave at any distance say l so that we can talk about how a l would vary with distance that is our expectation at any distance l from the source the amplitude would be decaying exponentially. Question is how does one measure this may be you have to fall back on the basic physics of the problem. How would you measure that that is exactly the question I want you to think like an experiment list now how would you get an idea at any location at distance l what the amplitude is. Let us get our conditions right let us understand that everything is fixed the depth of water the purity of water the line source its amplitude a naught everything is fixed and let us say you allow any transients that might be there die out which means now you have a particular pattern for the waves decaying in amplitude as you go away to greater distances from the source. You have means of calculating or predicting from theory but if you have to measure it how would you measure it and I am willing to accept any possible approach think of anything. So, you will need a pressure transducer and then from there you will extract information about the depth of liquid above that point provided you get a transducer which can differentiate between these small differences in amplitudes that will require very high sensitivity. If you look at the ordinary pressure transducers they probably will be both limited by accuracy and sensitivity in terms of their time response because the waves are travelling right. So, at some point there is a crest next instance there is a trough. So, but it is a steady state then we will expect these patterns to be stationary in time independent of time. So, one of the nice ways of measuring these amplitudes are based on the principle of stroboscopic illumination. What you do is you shine light from top or at from bottom because clean water you could even shine light from bottom at different instances with a frequency. So, light comes on goes off and so on now if you can adjust the frequency of these on off cycles for the light source you will be able to match this frequency to the frequency with which the waves are travelling which means when it is dark you cannot see obviously when it is light you are able to see and you will see the same waves. And it will appear as if these patterns are stationary right now the same light you can use together with the reflection to find out the focal lengths especially of the troughs. You might require a translucent paper sheet which can be kept at different distances and whatever is transmitted or reflected where it becomes a focus you know what distance it is from the interface from there you get the amplitudes and you could even extract out the waves from the reflections right you can do the same thing with crest. So, that is a way to go about measuring the amplitude for the successive waves along the the trough there is some difficulties with water first how to get this grouplessly clean water free of contamination even slightest of the impurities can create major differences from the theory. One might suspect looking at the values of surface tension that surface tension has dropped very little, but that is no guarantee that they would not be significant damping of the ripples. And we saw reason taking this equation to its legitimate limits provided this level of impurities is able to alter surface tension only slightly we might still be able to visualize what happens. And we see here that because of this non-linearity over here the amplitude will decay very rapidly for even small changes in surface tension on account of slightest of impurities. You could use the same old techniques purify or clean up the surface by spreading or spraying ignited talc particles on the surface and taking off the surface layer with the help of a capillary attached to a pump. When you do that when the surface is really clean then the delta C calculated and the delta C measured for this system would agree well. We can look at the values over here for clean surfaces for water. We chosen a parameter here frequency when the frequency is varied from 50 to about 920 the observed damping question goes up from 0.055 to 1.08. Calculated values follow closely these observed values. For ethanol we have only one a single data point here for a frequency of 100 there is a reasonably good agreement between the damping question measured and calculated. We began the discussion of surface waves with that question as to how the floating objects would appear for an observer who is also floating. You see that these consequences of incompressibility water would lead to circular movement of water particles because on the whole water is incompressible and the circular motion dies out as you go away from the surface at some depth it will vanish. If you had the bottom pretty close to the surface the damping of these movements would be quicker. But this is not the damping we are talking of. This was only in passing to show you the actual movement of fluid particles, water particles when the waves are passing through as a result of incompressibility. This is the same values damping questions plotted against frequency and these are the observed values. They fit very well to a straight line that would be anticipated from the theory. Many interesting departures from this clean system behavior would be expected once you have surfactants in the system and as an example we will mostly concentrate on systems which contain a single surfactant but not limited to only single component impurities surface active impurities. We will look at some data for mixtures. Now look at the range of concentrations where you will get to see the influence on damping because of these surface impurities. Concentrations as low as 10 micromolar to about 1 millimolar level of concentration of surfactant can create significant deviations in the damping behavior. To distinguish for these impure systems the damping coefficient is given subscript I. So, delta I is the damping coefficient for contaminated systems where we have an insoluble monolayer in the limit which could completely immobilize the interface. Once you have this surface layer or insoluble monolayer or spread monolayer you might have enough damping to permit no movement within the surface phase. This could happen at quite low concentrations and the calculation will be based on relevant governing equations of hydrodynamics written for the near surface behavior, near surface region and equating velocities at all points on surface is to 0 we could infer the delta I values. We will simply look at the result of this analysis delta I comes out to be equal to pi by Vg lambda which is the same group velocity as earlier eta sigma by 2 rho l to the power 1 by 2 where eta is the liquid viscosity sigma is this combination which has contributions from gravity as well as surface tension in particular it is 2 pi g by lambda plus 8 pi cube gamma by lambda cube rho l to the power 1 by 2. We could compare the damping coefficients for the two systems the one where the surface is immobilized through an insoluble monolayer and the other that we have seen formally for a clean system. So, we divide this delta I by the older delta C which was 8 pi square eta by rho l Vg lambda square which simplifies to this expression over here a factor containing a linear dependence on the wavelength and square root dependence on sigma containing gravity and surface tension contributions by the kinematic viscosity. It will take a while before you realize what range of complex behaviors could arise out of the surface active material in the surface layer. Next, the magnitude of this ratio for capillary waves with wavelength half a centimeter the ratio of delta I to delta C can be between 2 and 3. So, it is a marked dependence depending on presence of these impurities. What is the physical mechanism for immobilization? While a wave is passing through we have two factors coming into picture one the surface viscosity. I had mentioned that surface viscosity for especially the surface active material present in the surface could lead to behavior like butter or toffee. So, that in in term tells you how much will be the opposition to any movement in the surface just on account of viscosity. So, that is the first factor of course which is causing immobilization or contributing to immobilization. The second factor is the surface incompressibility. The surface incompressibility by now you would recognize would be related to the surface compressional modulus or Cs inverse which in turn is a measure of the surface incompressibility or rigidity of the surface. So, these two factors surface viscosity for the surface phase and the surface incompressibility would contribute to immobilization. And this equation over here has actually been derived as I said by equating surface velocities at all points to 0 in the surface. This is the consideration about the magnitudes. In presence of monolayers for water with spread film of a long chain acid like docosoc acid or of proteins or a shorter acid like oleic acid. The observed damping equations are in the range from 0.17 to 0.81 and they are also predictable from the theory the equations that we have just seen. The last example is again for water, but with a mixture of surfactant. Equations like Lorel sulphate and dodecanol about 100 molar Lorel sulphate and 90 micro molar dodecanol at a frequency of 150 can give you a damping cohesion about 0.67. What would be the scenario if we had to consider other kinds of monolayers? If the monolayers were made of material which would exhibit tendency to adsorb or desorb. So, we are going away from insoluble or spread films to those which are capable of adsorbing or desorbing depending on the surface pressure and availability of surfactant in the subjacent water and all this could happen during the passage of wave and why would this happen. First you have to recognize that when you have these troughs and crest then this shape has emerged from a planar interface to begin with and if you say that initially the concentration at the surface is uniform and then you have this wave passing through then we would be able to see that where the troughs are there they will be expansion with the crests are there there is a compression which will mean that these molecules which are at the surface and capable of leaving the surface for bulk would show a behavior dependent on what is the surface pressure. So, at the crest when the surface pressure gets higher by compression it is possible that some of the adsorb molecules might be ejected into the bulk. Whereas, in the troughs where the concentration drops by expansion they could be adsorption. What is happening here is a kind of short circuiting you are not permitting the surface to attain its state of compression or surface pressure history that would be present if there is no degree of freedom for either adsorption or desorption. What it means now is that while the surface wave is passing some of the molecules can actually leave the surface going to the bulk others will be leaving the bulk occupying the surface. This is not possible if you had insoluble film ok so that means you are actually short circuiting the surface stresses you do not allow the compression to raise the surface pressure to that higher value as would be possible if adsorption desorption were ruled out. In the same way at the troughs we will have corresponding deviation from the lower values of surface pressure. There is another consequence of this initially if the surface is planar surface pressure is everywhere same. As the wave passes you have the crest where the surface pressure is higher troughs where the surface pressure is lower. So, there are now these fluctuations in surface pressure created because of passage of wave. Besides the ejection from the compressed region into the bulk and adsorption in the trough region you have one more thing within a wave along the surface there is a higher pressure at the crest lower pressure at the trough that will induce movement within the surface. So you have now some energy expenditure because of the flows in the surface created by fluctuations in surface pressure ok. So apart from the compressional resistance offered by CS inverse or the surface viscosity you have these additional mechanisms for damping the waves or for dissipating the energy which is propagating in the form of waves. And therefore delta damping cohesion measured for these soluble monolayers or adsorb monolayers will be lower than the delta for insoluble monolayers otherwise the surface will may resemble the same chemistry. This brings us to the large waves on a rough sea. We had seen earlier that from Pliny's record disturb sea stormy sea was made relatively harmless by pouring oil on top of surface of such stormy sea with large waves. How is that done? We have some idea but let us look at this picture again. What would happen if we have a monolayer present in waters where we have these large waves? I will probably show you some photographs later that this is not just a theoretical argument but you can witness this in practice. The surface of a large pond of water the kind of waves you would be able to see with and without impurities will look very different when there are no impurities you see the whole surface to be relatively rough. There are lots of these short waves on top of the long waves but if you add a impurity it could be like setyl alcohol or insoluble monolayers like oils. You see that all the small scale waves get eliminated you only see a swell of large waves. The smooth surface that you have now will mean that corresponding lesser amount of energy will be transferred from action of wind to water thereby influencing both how the energy is dissipated and how the waves behave. Should we have large waves, long wavelengths for clean water you would get very rough surface because on top of these long waves will be riding the short wave. I had shown that picture in one of the diagrams earlier. If I show a large wave for a monolayer covered surface the large wave will appear quite smooth if you do not have the impurities or these monolayers but only from distance. If you were to look at it closer you would see in absence of impurities the surface to be quite rough because you have lots of these near a centimeter or sub centimeter waves on top of these. These are the ones which are causing roughness and therefore the amount of energy transferred from wind to this wave will be a lot higher. On the other hand if you have an insoluble monolayer as an extreme all these small waves are eliminated you get a smooth surface. So the amount which is actually of energy which is transferred will be lesser. If lesser amount of energy is put into these waves the tendency of these waves to break off from the crest will be lesser. This is not going to just come off from the large wave and give that energy over here. So that is the way you can actually minimize the transfer of energy from wind to the large waves and you can also minimize or reduce their tendency to break at the crest. Drag coefficient for smoother surface will be correspondingly smaller because now the ripples are either eliminated or damped out or they might even form in lesser number. Surface pressure gradient is another factor. Surface pressure gradient can be considerable and that will mean that you can have the surfaces coming to near stationary state on account of the back surface pressure stress. There could be regions where the shear stress is exactly balanced by dou pi by dou L and therefore we will not have movement within the liquid allowing transfer from the action of wind to the waves and what kind of materials could be used for this purpose. I already named sattile alcohol because that was the material we had thought of very promising compound for reducing evaporation. At a later date we will return to sattile alcohol to look at how it will reduce the transfer of oxygen from air to the water bodies. Fortunately, it turns out that the same material is able to retard evaporation very significantly but is not able to cut down the transfer of oxygen to any alarming level. So that is why this compound which spreads readily on natural bodies of water surfaces is also friendly for the aquatic fauna and flora. Other materials could be these natural materials like sail fat and blubber which is a mixture of fatty acids and triglycerides again very effective in damping the waves and compounds like kerosene, phenol and long chain acetamides are comparatively less effective. Do not be confused at what information is contained over here. In the background of how I explained the effect of back surface stress in countering the effect of wind drag, here I am stating that it is possible for slicks of hexadecannol to accelerate downstream on a lake surface. Basically if you have the action of wind then it is possible that the drag actually pushes the impurities downstream in the process it is opposed greater to a greater extent by the surface pressure gradient. But if the surface pressure gradient does not have a portion to develop to a large value its effect will not be perceived. So the drag will continue to add energy to the surface layer carrying it downstream faster and faster but it cannot be indefinite maybe this kind of behavior you would expect to see near the central part of the lake. When the region close to the shore is considered there is no opportunity for the surface active impurities to go beyond the boundary of this lake and there dou pi by dou L can increase to sufficiently large value to be equal to tau and therefore it can counter the action of wind drag completely. Once that happens then you will have immobile liquid surface unable to move. There would not be any movement of water on account of wind action underneath. Perhaps we can stop here for today.