In this lecture we will discuss on the topic of principles of similarity and dimensional analysis. Let us first get a background or motivation of studying this topic. Let us say that we are trying to have an idea of the how to design an aircraft and we know that if you want to design an aircraft you want to have a clear idea of the lift and the drag forces as some of the fundamental entities to design it for the real system. At the same time we know that it is somewhat prohibitive to have many experiments on aircrafts of real sizes. So if you have an aircraft of real size and if you want to test it it is not only very expensive but also there are many other drawbacks associated with such experiments. So one might be interested to have a reduced model that is a model of aircraft of maybe a reduced size and then test it in a wind tunnel. So in a wind tunnel say keep the aircraft model and have a controlled flow of air relative velocity between the aircraft and the air and then from that if you measure the pressure distribution you may also measure other parameters say velocity distribution and so on and you will get a clear picture of what is the flow around the aircraft. The question is can you extrapolate this to the behaviour of the real aircraft that is a very big question. So the first question that we would like to answer is that given a study on the basis of a model of a different size how or whether you can extrapolate the results of those experiments to predict what is going to happen in reality in the real situation. So in the real situation whatever is the entity that is being used that is considered to be a prototype and the model is a version of a prototype a scaled version of the prototype. In this example the model is smaller than the prototype it is obvious because if you have a real aircraft that is quite large you want to reduce its size. It is not always true that models have to be smaller than the prototype. Sometimes the prototype itself may be inconveniently small and you might want to have a model a bit larger than that. Then will be that whether that scaling will affect your results or not that is one of the important things that you want to answer and if the scaling does not affect your prediction then the next question comes that how can you utilize the results from the experiments with the model to predict what is going to be for the prototype that is the first question. The second question is let us say that you are doing experiments with a model you may have many parameters which are influencing the results of your analysis or the results of your experiment. Now how could you reduce the number of parameters to a fewer but more effective ones may be more effective non-dimensional parameters. Why non-dimensional parameters are important because sometimes you may parameterize the result as a sole function of certain non-dimensional parameters. So as an example if you have say flow through a pipe you may have many experiments with different lengths different diameters or may be different densities of fluid different viscosities of fluid. But if you parameterize the result in terms of Reynolds number then if you keep the combinations of these such that the Reynolds number is unaltered the physical behavior is unaltered. That means we in some in such a case may reduce the parameters from say 4 parameters to an equivalent single non-dimensional parameter. So the big exercise or the big understanding is how can we make the parameterization of the experiments in terms of the reduced number of parameters using certain non-dimensional parameters. So these are the important questions that we would like to answer through the study of principles of similarity and dimensional analysis. Now when we say similarity what kind of similarity we look for the most intuitive form of term of similarity that appeals to us is a geometric similarity. So whenever we first studied about similarity in high school we only studied about geometric similarity. So if you have a figure and another figure which is geometrically similar you have basically ratios of the equivalent sides as identical or equivalent lengths as identical. So basically then you have a similarity in the length scales that is what we essentially found for geometric similarity. So geometric similarity is something which is intuitive that is if you want to study the flow past an aircraft you may make it small but geometrically you would always like to make it similar in terms of the actual big aircraft. So when we talk about similarity and the nature of similarities the first similarity that would come to our mind is geometric similarity okay and geometric similarity is the similarity in the geometry as obvious as that there is nothing more involved. The next type of similarity that we look for is known as kinematic similarity. So kinematic similarity again from the name it is clear it is similarity of motion. So maybe what it means is that if you have say 2 points p1 and p2 and say the velocity here say is u1 and the velocity here is u2 in a model in a prototype say you have a model like this where the equivalent point for p1 is p1 prime. Equivalent point for p2 is p2 prime then and say the velocities are u1 prime and u2 prime then u1 by u2 will be identical to u1 prime by u2 prime. So you will be basically having a sort of similar scale as the velocity. Now if you do not want to consider the velocity as such but just have a more qualitative picture more qualitative picture but a more physical picture may be obtained from the concept of stream lines. So if you have kinematic similarity, similarity in motion means the stream lines which are there should also be geometrically similar because similarity of stream lines is an indicator of the similarity in the kinematics because stream lines relate to a visualization of the kinematics of the motion or the velocity vector. Now remember that when you have stream lines the contour of a body is also a stream line as we have discussed because through the contour of the body you do not have any penetrating flow. So it is also a stream line that means that if you want to have similarities in stream lines you must also have similarities in the contours of the bodies. That means for kinematic similarity, geometric similarity is a must. So that means whenever we say that there is a kinematic similarity that is prevailing implicitly we must understand that they are also geometrically similar. Stimultural restriction need not be imposed, kinematic similarity automatically ensures that just because the body of the surface, the contour of the body is itself a stream line. The third important concept regard to the similarity is the dynamic similarity. Dynamic similarity is the similarity in forces that means if there are 2 types of dominating forces which have certain ratio in the model the same ratio should be preserved in the prototype. That means let us say that you have inertia force and viscous force. So if you have these 2 as the important forces and competing forces then you must have the ratio of the inertia force and viscous force in the model same as the ratio of the inertia force by viscous force in the prototype or equivalently in this case that means Reynolds number in the model same as Reynolds number in the prototype okay. So again it may be inferred that dynamic similarity should imply kinematic similarity because if you do not have kinematic similarity then how can you have a dynamic similarity if you just think about inertia forces. So obviously it follows that dynamic similarity should have kinematic similarity and kinematic similarity in turn should have geometric similarity therefore it is as good as considering just the aspect of dynamic similarity. It will automatically ensure kinematic and geometric similarity. It is very easy to talk about this in theory but when you go to experiments it may be difficult to achieve these types of similarities as we are theoretically intending. We will look into certain examples to illustrate that but before that we have to discuss about one important thing which we did not explicitly mention when we talked about these similarities. So this discussion may give an indication that if you somehow have geometric kinematic and obvious dynamic similarity that means then you have essentially all types of similarities between the model and the prototype. So whatever experiment you do in the model you can extrapolate that to the behavior of the prototype that in a sense true but incomplete because the first and foremost requirement of a similarity is that the physics of the problem must be identical for model and the prototype. So let us say let us take an example say you have a pipe of diameter 10 meter. Now somebody says that I will have an experiment where I will have a geometrically similar thing with a diameter of 10 micron okay all other. So it is just as if a geometrically similar thing. Let us say by some way the Reynolds numbers are maintained to be the same. So velocities are adjusted in such a way that the Reynolds numbers are the same. So dynamic similarity is preserved and from the dynamic similarity it is possible to get a picture of the behavior in these 2 cases. So if one does an experiment with this maybe one is intending to extrapolate it for this case. It will be totally wrong because the physics of the problem has got changed. It has got changed in many ways. One of the most common way without looking into anything else is as you reduce the size surface tension effects become more and more important. So capillary effects will have a strong role to play in terms of dictating the dynamical behavior in this system where for this such a large pipe the capillary effects will not be that important. So physics of the problem has changed altogether whatever were the important physical aspects which were not important for which were not important for the larger diameter pipe for the much smaller size capillary it has become important. So no matter whether you maintain the Reynolds number to be the same you will come up with a wrong conclusion because in the small scale the Reynolds number is not maybe the dictating factor because inertia force is not important. So instead of going through the ratios of these certain forces or the non-dimensional numbers you have to first be ascertain whether this non-dimensional number is physically relevant for the physics which is occurring over that scale or not. So that is very very important. So you should not change from a scale to another scale for predicting the relative behavior between the model and the prototype in such a way that the physics of the problem changes altogether and that is one of the very important tasks for an experimental designer that one should not design an experiment which changes the physics altogether from what happens for the prototype. Now when you have these forces the ratio of these forces let us just look into certain examples where we consider the ratios of different forces and those will give certain non-dimensional numbers. Reynolds number is one which we have already learnt and referred to many times. Let us look into some other ones. Let us say that we want to find out a non-dimensional number. So some examples of non-dimensional numbers. These non-dimensional numbers are important because in terms of these you may reduce the number of parameters with respect to which you parameterize the results of your experiments. So let us say that we consider the ratio of the pressure force by inertia force as an example. Pressure force we will try to see what are the scales just in the same way as we did when we came up with an expression for the Reynolds number. So pressure force will be some pressure difference times an area right. So this times L square inertia force is first the mass that is rho into L cubed into acceleration. So acceleration is like u du dx so u square by L. So the ratio of these 2 becomes delta p by rho u square. Sometimes this is known as Euler number. Let us say we want to find out the ratio of inertia force by surface tension force. So inertia force by surface tension force so inertia force we have already seen. Surface tension force if sigma is the surface tension coefficient sigma into L. So this becomes rho u square L by sigma. This is known as Weber number. Let us say we want to find out inertia force by gravity force. So inertia force by gravity force will be rho L cube u square by L divided by gravity force is mg. So rho L cube g so that is u square by gl. So this is a non-dimensional number. Classically the square root of this one is considered to be one of the important non-dimensional numbers called as Froude number. That is just u by square root of gl okay. Then some more examples let us go through. Let us say we consider inertia force by elastic force. So rho L cube u square by L by elastic force. If you have modulus of elasticity as E then E into area E into L square right. So that is equal to what? U square divided by E by rho. What is E by rho? I mean what physical thing does it represent? It represents square root of E by rho represents what? The sonic velocity through the medium. So that is A that means this is nothing but u square by A square where A is the sonic velocity or sonic speed through the medium. And we know that sometimes the square root of this one which is the Mach number which is a very commonly used. The Mach number is the square root of this one that is u by A. Maybe another example let us say viscous force by surface tension force. So viscous force is what? If you just want to write it for a Newtonian fluid, mu into the velocity gradient is the shear stress. So mu u by L times L square, shear stress in the area and surface tension force is sigma into L right. So that is mu u by sigma. This is sometimes known as capillary number. So in this way many such non-dimensional numbers are possible. In fact hundreds of hundreds or hundreds of non-dimensional numbers are there depending on the ratios of different forces. But we have just introduced some of the more common ones which are which may be pertinent to an introductory level course. Now when we talk about similarity, we have to understand one thing that whether this similarity is going to be maintained for all cases and that means that can you predict the real behavior? So two questions we want to answer. Can you predict the real behavior without satisfying the similarity in certain cases? The inverse that is if we do not satisfy the similarity then what would be the consequence or is it possible that in all cases we satisfy the true similarity? And these types of interrelated questions we would try to answer through some examples or problems. Let us look into that. Let us say that we have one wind tunnel experiment, wind tunnel for drag force determination. The scale is 1 fourth scale and it is a test on an automobile with the length of the model as 1 meter, the density of the model and the density of the prototype they are. So this is when we say density of the model and prototype, these are not densities of the solids actually, these are densities of the fluids flowing around. So in a loose sense we lie density of model and prototype, does not mean the car density of the car. It is basically the density of the fluid that we are talking about the air. Then similarly the viscosities of the air conditions 2 into 10 to the power – 5 Pascal's second and the velocity of the prototype is 25 meter per second. The first part of the problem is calculate the velocity of the model. Second part is the drag force on the model is measured to be 600 Newton. Calculate the drag force on the prototype. Then the third part that experiments indicate that the range in which we are operating the drag coefficient is independent of Reynolds number and it is equal to CD for the model is 0.5 with a reference area as 0.19 meter square. Calculate the drag force on the prototype and then from that you find that why it is different from what is predicted in part b. The fourth part you find out what is the power required to overcome the drag force in the prototype. So these are the parts of the question. So we look into it one by one. So the physical scenario just try to get a picture of this that you have a you want to design a car and you want to have the car designed for a speed of 25 meter per second and then for that you are having model experiment where you are having the size of the model car 1 fourth of that of the prototype 1 and the wind conditions etc. at the same the length scale of the model is 1 meter. So what is the velocity of the model? So here inertia forces and viscous forces are important because this is like Reynolds number is strongly dictating it. So for the dynamic similarity you must have Reynolds number of the model same as Reynolds number of the prototype. So that means you have rho model u model we are calling v. So v model l model by mu model is equal to rho prototype v prototype l prototype by mu prototype. So the densities are the same the viscousities are the same. So vm is equal to vp into lp by lm. That is lp by lm 4. So this is 4 into 25 that is 100 meter per second. Next the drag force on the prototype see what is the important coefficient that what is the important relationship that should dictate the equivalence of the drag force it is the drag coefficient should be same as in the model and the prototype. So you must have cd of the model same as cd of the prototype. So you have the cd is what the drag force divided by half rho v square into the area that is l square is equal to fd of the prototype by half rho p vp square into lp square. So you have fd of the prototype what is the drag force on the prototype that is the drag force on the model into vp by vm square into lp by lm square densities get cancelled out. So what is vp by vm that is one-fourth right. So 1 by 16 and lp by lm is 4. So it will be what what it will be the what would be the drag force on the prototype. So these two get cancelled out. So this is the drag force on the model which is 600 Newton okay then let us consider the third part. Experiments indicate that for the range of Reynolds number in which one is operating for this case cd is independent of Reynolds number. We have seen that such ranges are there we have discussed about the physical situation under which it is like that. So then cd of the model is 0.5 area of the area of reference for that corresponding cd is 0.19 meter square. So you can calculate that what is the corresponding drag force on the model and corresponding drag force on the prototype. So if you calculate that let me just tell that what you get. So the drag force on the prototype that you get as of course cd of the prototype into half rho v prototype square into area of the prototype and you have the test on the area of the model. So you can write this as area of the model into what 16 right l. So area of the prototype by area of the model is l prototype square by l model square right. So it will be area of the model into lp by lm square right. Velocity of the prototype you are already given the drag force of the prototype is same as drag force of the sorry the drag coefficient of the prototype is same as drag coefficient of the model and that is obtained experimentally as 0.5. So from this if you calculate the drag force on the prototype this comes out to be 522.5 newton okay. Now interesting is not what is the exact calculation but why these 2 predictions are different. So the drag force prediction from part b is 600 newton from this one it is 522.5 newton. This is experimentally obtained so this has more authenticity because the drag coefficient for model and prototype same that you have used this velocity is known and this is just from the model area with the scale ratio. Now why you feel that this may be different. See the key is just try to use a common understanding that cd is independent of Reynolds number. That means you may have cd of the model equal to cd of the prototype without satisfying Reynolds number of the model same as Reynolds number of prototype right. So when you are assuring this and when you have in the range cd independent of Reynolds number maybe you could have achieved it with a different Reynolds number but still your prediction goes well because cd becomes independent of Reynolds number. So this is a case where without satisfying the so called dynamical similarity you are able to come up with a prediction by exploiting the physical behavior over that regime that cd is independent of Reynolds number okay. So these are critical tidbits of similarity not always like you blindly look into the similarity but also look into the context in which it is being applied. Then the fourth part of course that is very very obvious power required to overcome what is the power required to overcome the drag force? It is the drag force times the velocity. So that is 13062.5 watt that is the answer. Now let us try to work out another problem. There is a ship which is 100 meter long and it is expected to sail at 10 meter per second and its submerged area is 300 meter square. So this is the prototype. The model is 1 by 25 scale 1 is to 25. Find number 1 the model speed neglecting frictional effects. Second part is the drag force measured on the model is 60 Newton when tested in a towering tank. So towering tank is just like equivalent to a wind tunnel for a ship experiment. So there is some artificial tank which as it simulates the sea or something like that and there the model is tested that is the towering tank at model speed. So from that estimate the total drag force on the prototype considering frictional effects also. There are some other data given for the problem but we will come into that one by one. First let us broadly look into the at least the first part of the problem. Second part there is some extra data that is given. Now before going into the problem let us try to have an understanding of the problem. So when there is a ship now what are the important resistance effects which are there? So one of the important resistance is of course the frictional resistance is there the viscous effect. The other important resistance is called as wave making resistance. So because of formation of the water waves and there it is a sort of a gravity dependent phenomena. So that wave making experiment resistance and there may be a third resistance which is because of formation of local eddies and so on but that is usually much much negligible as compared to the other 2. So here you have 2 types of important resistances. One is the resistance because of the wave or the wave making resistance and the other is the frictional resistance. So when you consider let us say that when you consider the wave making resistance. So if you consider the wave making resistance then what are the important forces which will be important inertia force and gravity force. So then the similarity will be determined by the Froude number ratio of the inertia force and gravity force. So if you consider that similarity then you have V model by square root of gl model is equal to V prototype by square root of gl prototype. This is for that is considering the wave making resistance. So Froude number of the model same as Froude number of the prototype. Also if you consider the viscous resistances then Reynolds number of the model and Reynolds number of the prototype they should be identical. So V model into L model by the kinematic viscosity of the model is equal to V prototype L prototype by kinematic viscosity of the prototype. So from here what you get V model by V prototype is equal to square root of L model by L prototype G is not changing. So then and from here what you get V model by V prototype is equal to L model by L prototype. Still you are having the same water with same kinematic viscosity. Now can you do an experiment where you satisfy both. That means if you want to satisfy this you must satisfy Lm by Lp is equal to square root of Lm by L right. But they are not one. One is to one model is no model right. One is to one then model is a prototype right. So this you cannot satisfy. These are very interesting situations that you come up with the important non-dimensional numbers you see and you cannot satisfy. So you have to come to a compromise that which one will you satisfy. Let us say that you satisfy this because I mean you may satisfy only one of these for your similarity. So let us say you give it a priority and that is what is considered in the first part. That is you find out a model velocity neglecting the frictional effects. So if you neglect the frictional effect then this is the solely dominating factor for the similarity because then Reynolds number is not important if the frictional effects are not important. So if you consider that then the velocity of the model it comes out to be 2 meter per second okay. Now that second part of the problem and for that some extra information is given from experimental data and let us just note down those that extra information. So what are the extra things? The Reynolds number of the model is 8 into 10 to the power 6. The Reynolds number for the prototype is 10 to the power 9 and you can clearly see that these two Reynolds numbers are different because you cannot simultaneously satisfy these two that is what we have seen. And from the experimental data of CD versus Reynolds number from this the CD is CD for the model is 0.003 this is the experimental data. So what we are writing is whatever has been obtained from experiments considering these calculations have been made with a consideration of the density as 1000 kg per meter cube for water. So now the question is what is the frictional drag force on the model? See when you consider this CD, this CD is a representative of what? This CD is a representative of the frictional drag right. It is not a representative of the wave drag. There are 2 drags. So out of the total drag force you can isolate the frictional drag. So how you isolate the frictional drag? So frictional drag is the CD frictional times 1.5 rho V square times the area right. So if you substitute these values, so let us see that what is the frictional drag force on the model? CD for the model rho m Vm square m. So if you substitute all the values, all these values are given actually. You will get 2.88 Newton okay. So with this one, so if you so you know the length scale so from the area of the prototype you can calculate the area of the model. By the square of the length they will vary. These are already known, density known CD also, this CD important is this frictional CD that has been calculated. That is what you have to keep in mind. So this is the frictional drag force. So what is the wave making drag force on the model? The total is 60 Newton, so 60-2.88 that is the wave making drag force. So that is 57.12 Newton. What is the wave making drag force on the prototype? If you have the wave making drag force on the model, how do you calculate it? Yes, for the wave making drag force you must have CD of the wave making drag for the model and prototype to be same. So that means the wave making drag for the model by half rho V model square into L model square is equal to the wave making drag for the prototype by half rho V prototype square into L prototype square right. So from here you can get that the wave making drag on the prototype, if you calculate it comes out to be 8.92 into 10 to the power 5 Newton. I am just giving these numbers because you can calculate this at your laser time and see. So now what is the frictional drag on the prototype? What is the frictional drag on the prototype? See your objective is to estimate the drag force considering frictional effects as well. So this is the wave making resistance only. So what is the frictional drag on the prototype? So CD of the prototype into half rho V prototype square into the area of the prototype right. So this CD, this is the frictional CD that means which one, this one. So if you substitute that that will come out to be 0.225 into 10 to the power 5 Newton. Some of these calculations may be bit erroneous but just I am outlining the procedure. So just concentrate more on the procedure. So then so this is frictional CD that we have to keep in mind and then the total drag force on the prototype is the sum of the wave making plus the frictional one okay. So what you see here is that you get a velocity by neglecting frictional effects using that you use the similarity in terms of the drag coefficient where you consider the wave effects because this velocity was calculated by considering the wave effects. On the top of that from the experimental data whatever you get you utilize that for calculating the frictional coefficient, the frictional resistance and then add those together to get the total resistance that is the whole idea okay. Now we will come to the other important part of this discussion of the dimensional analysis that we have seen certain non-dimensional numbers but these non-dimensional numbers how will we know that what are the important non-dimensional numbers for a particular problem. If you have a particular number of variables and that is given by something known as Buckingham pi theorem. So let us try to look into that. So what we are looking for that if you have many variables for a system how you reduce those dimensional variables into some equivalent functional relationship between non-dimensional numbers that this theorem tries to highlight how to do that. So it says that if there are m physical parameters and n fundamental dimensions then the functional relationship between all these may be written in terms of m-n number of non-dimensional parameters or these are sometimes known as pi terms that was the terminology used by Buckingham when he introduced it. So this is as good as having a functional relationship between some non-dimensional numbers pi 1, pi 2 up to pi m-n that is equal to 0. So you are reducing m number of physical parameters to m-n number of dimensionless parameters. How you do that the best way in which we will understand is through an example. So let us take an example to understand that how we reduce this example. Let us say that you want to estimate the pressure drop in a pipe of a given length l. What is important for us is the pressure drop divided by the length because we know that dp dx is physically what is the important parameter. It is a dependent parameter, it is a function of which variables. So if you have a pipe of say diameter d in which a fluid is flowing then what are the parameters on which this should depend? The diameter of the pipe that is 1 then what fluid properties? Viscosity, density, average velocity, the surface roughness, average surface roughness. So this, so first of all you must have a physical idea of the problem. You cannot do a mathematical exercise without having a physical idea of what are the important parameters. So we have identified the physical parameters. So this is the sort of a dependent variable and these are the independent variables. Now we want to see that what type of functional relationship should hold true for that. So for that we will write the dimensions of these parameters. So what is the dimension of this one? l. What is the dimension of viscosity? m l to the power – 1, t to the power – 1, viscosity, sorry density, m l to the power – 3, velocity, l t to the power – 1, epsilon, l. What is the dimension of delta p by l? So delta p is what? Delta p is Newton per meter square. Newton is mass into acceleration. So m l t to the power – 2 that is the, so that divided by this one that is the pressure and then divided by l, right. So this is m l to the power – 2, t to the power – 2, right. So now let us see that how many number of fundamental dimensions are there. So number of fundamental dimensions, what, 3, m, l and t and how many, so that is equal to n for the Buckingham pi theorem and how many number of variables are there, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. So number of pi terms or dimensionless terms is 6-3 that is 3. So we will just show that how to find out these pi terms. So first to find out the pi terms, you have to select some variables known as repeating variables. What are the repeating variables? You must have certain variables. So number of repeating variables is same as the number of fundamental dimensions. That means here you have 3 number of repeating variables. How to choose the repeating variables? There are certain important things. First of all, out of the 3 repeating variables you choose, none of those should be the dependent variable that is the first thing. None of those should be dimensionless and none of those should be having same dimension and maybe the most important thing is collectively they should contain all the dimensions. That is your objective is to select 3 variables out of these in such a way that none of these are dimensionless, none of these are of the same dimension and when they are considered collectively they will contain all the dimensions. So you have a choice say let us consider rho, v and d as an example. So if you consider rho, v and d, so rho contains m, l, v contains l and t. So it is good enough to consider rho, v and d they together contain m, l, t all and none of these are of same dimension and none of these are dimensionless. Now in this way you could have many such possible combinations out of these ones and that you are free to choose. So if you choose this, then what we do? The first pi term is written as say rho to the power x into v to the power y into d to the power z into one of the variables say delta p by l. Similarly, pi to you will have rho to the power x, v to the power y say let us call this x1, y1, z1 say x2, y2, z2 into the other remaining variables. Mu and pi3 as rho to the power x3, v to the power y3, d to the power z3 into epsilon. Then how would you calculate pi1, pi2 and pi3? So you have to keep in mind that this is dimensionless. So that means let us take an example. Let us calculate the pi2 just to show you as an example. So rho to the power x2 is what? m to the power x2 into l to the power –3 x2, then v to the power –y2. So v to the power –y2 is l to the power –y2 into t to the power –y2. This is not minus, I have confused it, this was the over bar, right, sorry. So this was as the bar, v bar, right. So m to the power x2 into l to the power –3 x2, then l to the power y2 into t to the power –y2 that is for the d to the power y2 and then d to the power z2, so that is l to the power z2 into mu. What is mu? Mu is m l to the power –1, t to the power –1. So this should be dimensionless. That means from this what you get? x2 plus 1 is equal to 0 for m for l –3 x2 plus y2 –1 equal to 0 for t –y2 –1 equal to 0, right, which, oh, plus g2, oh sorry, sorry, in the second term you have the g2, right. This is plus g2, second term because of that l, okay. So from this you can calculate x2 equal to –1, y2 equal to –1 and what is g2? g2 is also –1. So what you get as pi1, sorry, pi2 rho v bar mu by rho v bar d, right. You can easily recognize that it is 1 by the Reynolds number. See when you get a dimensionless number, now what dimensionless number you will use in practice it depends on the convention. So you may use 1 by pi2 also and that is what we actually use. So in this way you can calculate pi1, pi3, what will be pi3? Can you tell? Like this is just by common sense you can say, epsilon by d, other terms will go away. So pi3 will be epsilon by d and pi1, so if you write say delta p by l, so pi1, can you calculate it? It will be, of course, there will be some v square by 2g type of thing that will come there because delta p is there. So you will have a v square by 2g which has a unit of what, unit of length and there is also a d. So it may be non-dimensionalized by d, so this will be an important non-dimensional parameter but then you have to see that you also have a delta p by l. So how that delta p by l combines with that, I am leaving it on you as an exercise, we do not have much time left for this lecture but the exercise that I leave on you is, at the end you have to show that this boils down to that hf which is expressed as delta p by l is nothing but hf rho g by l, from that hf will be a function of what, Reynolds number and epsilon by d or rather you may better way in which you write that delta p by l or even hf form is fine. This small f is a non-dimensional number, this into l by d into v square by 2g that form. So it is a non-dimensional function of Reynolds number and epsilon by d times this one. So from here you can get actually what is pi1 that is hf is delta p by rho g and delta p by rho g into d by l into 2g by v square or its inverse that you will get or basically you may get the inverse of this one. So this is a form which is the Darcy-Weisbach equation. See that you get this equation not in the exact value type, in the form of an exact value but you get the functional dependence. It reduces your number of experiments and makes you to come up with a dimensionless parameter and the choice of the dimensionless parameter is it depends on the physical situation. If pi2 is a dimensionless parameter and pi3 may be pi2 into pi3 is a dimensionless parameter, pi2 to the power half is a dimensionless parameter. So important is you have 3 independent dimensional parameters, you may make many other dimensionless parameters using this one. So the dimensionless parameters that you make it depends on your physical situation. Let us stop this lecture here. Thank you.


why the narcissist needs you to be their enemy. When you interact with someone, you can either choose to be pleasant and agreeable, or resistant and oppositional. The narcissist needs you to be their enemy. They need you to be their adversary or opponent in a contest, conflict or dispute. They will not take an interest in your thoughts or feelings. They will not be encouraging. They will not display any curiosity or eagerness to learn about how you feel about the situation. The narcissist has a fixed way of thinking and they only care about how they feel about the situation which will cause them to become bored or lack enthusiasm whenever you try to express your views. They will dismiss your views of the situation and see it as though it is unworthy of their consideration which may then cause inconvenience to you and you will feel as though you are not being heard as though your thoughts or opinions do not matter. They will also criticise you and express adverse or disapproving comments and judgements. They will be bossy and domineering and assert their will over you in an arrogant way. They are easily annoyed and made angry and very anxious to challenge or avoid criticism in a way which can often make them appear offensively impolite or bad-mannered where they may then blame you for a fault or mistake or claim that you have done something wrong when you first meet the narcissist. They may seem very like-minded. It may seem as though they have similar tastes or opinions. It may seem as though they have qualities or interests that are similar to your own. They may be pleasant, agreeable and you may even enjoy their company but when there is a disagreement or a difference of opinion they will begin to treat you as their enemy as someone who is making their lives miserable and you may notice that they become very controlling and entitled while having a lack of empathy and consideration for you which is the basis of narcissism. Whenever you have a difference of opinion they will see it as though you are being difficult as though you are causing hardships or problems for not doing things their way or seeing things in the way that they would prefer which is always going to be unfearable to you as narcissists always have to get their way at the expense of everyone around them. You may feel as though you are walking on eggshells you may become extremely cautious about your words or actions you may be very careful not to offend them or do anything wrong because you have learned from their reactions and behaviours that any little thing could set them off you are judged for everything you say or do everything you say or do is seen as a personal attack you always walk away without a resolution realising that it is impossible to find a cause, explanation or justification for the action or event it is impossible to reason with a narcissist you may feel as though they are constantly misinterpreting you constantly misunderstanding your thoughts or feelings they have to misinterpret you to make it seem as though they are winning the argument you may feel as though you are being blamed for things that have nothing to do with you things that you are not responsible for you may notice that the narcissist is lying to you they will often tell lies however improper or morally they may be if it means that they can have an end that is more convenient, advantageous or in their own interest arguments can arise very easily with a narcissist often over things that are very little value or importance it is very easy for you to become their enemy or they then feel like they have to defeat you so that they can win they see it as a competition as an opportunity for them to establish superiority over you the narcissist needs you to be their enemy to repeat with you what was done to them throughout their lives they have experienced many relationships which involved conflict they don't know how to direct an authentic relationship one that is not influenced by past situations or events they don't know how to have a relationship where you can both be your genuine and authentic selves where you can both be open and honest without any false displays of feelings, attitudes or intentions because in their childhood they learned that there is a hierarchical system of social organization in life there is a hierarchy of dominance and authority just like with birds where there is a peck in order or a rank of individual birds within your unique flock where stronger, more dominant birds occupy higher ranks and weaker, more submissive birds are lower in the peck in order and they have to be above them they have to be superior from their childhood they have been taught that they have to be on top they have to be in the dominant position so they cannot deal with any feelings of loss or making faults or mistakes they are shame based individuals doing everything they can to avoid reflecting on their shame they don't have any interest or need to resolve their emotions they believe that people should be judged and punished they believe that acceptance should be conditional they believe that flaws are unacceptable they believe that whoever has the most toys is the winner they believe that it is better to have than not have they experience constant anger and dissatisfaction where they will often single people out for cruel and unjust treatment they have a dualistic mentality black or white thinking where something is either all good or all bad right or wrong all or nothing winners or losers that is how they learn to process life and they have to win which is why they have to see you as their enemy they have to take control of you so that they can elevate themselves at your expense the only way that they can feel significant is to elevate themselves at your expense because they lack the very essence of life they have no purpose substance or value and they have to use you to fill their empty souls If you would like to donate, my PayPal link is in the video description coaching enquiries are cleaning me at www.naxforecoaching.com Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon


All right, what's up, guys? This is Coach Ben from buildmysportsbiz.com. And in today's video, I'm going to be answering a question. I actually had a Skype call earlier this morning from a coach who lives in Australia. He's in the soccer industry. But this is going to apply to any coach, no matter what sport you're in, as far as starting your business. So his question to me, he asked me, hey Ben, right now I have nobody in my program. I haven't even set up my business yet. What is the first thing I need to do? OK, so here's my answer.  I feel like this is going to save you a lot of time and hopefully make you a lot of money. OK, so here we go. Number one, you need to figure out what is the one thing that you want to focus on at the beginning, all right? If you have all of these ideas, let's say you want to start a private tennis academy or basketball or, again, it doesn't matter what sport. If you want to do one-on-one training, group training, camps, clinics, speed and agility training, mindset training, college consulting, yada, yada, yada. There's a million ideas out there. But you need to be clear on what is the one idea that you want to execute on first, right? I never, with my business, fortunately, I never got distracted with trying to do too many things at once. I focused on, all right, I'm going to create the premier private training program for soccer. And I'm going to make that the best possible option for parents and players who live in my community. And then once I had that, I had it on autopilot. I then started to move into other areas of my business, like group training, and then camps, clinics, mentality training. And then we just went on and on and on, right? But you have to pick one thing, right? I didn't start my program and have all those options. And this is a problem I see a lot of coaches have, is they start, and there's too many ideas, so they get lost in all the ideas. And then nothing happens. And they don't build any momentum. They don't build any traction. So what you want to do is, again, have one idea and be very crystal clear on what that is, OK? So let's dig a little bit deeper into that, OK? Let's say you do want to do private training for whatever sport. Now you need to think about, OK, who do you want to train? Not, oh, I'm just going to have this program that's available for kids between the ages of six and adults, right? That's too wide open. Like, I want you to be very narrow and specific. Who do you want to train? Who do you like to train? Who do you not like to train? What do you stand for? Like, what do you stand against? You need to start thinking very clearly about who is the ideal client, OK? When you understand who that is and you know, for example, for me, I like training soccer players, obviously, OK? But I like training specifically 10 to 12-year-olds, OK? That are girls, that are beginners, that played a certain league in my city, that live in a certain part of town, they all go to the same school. Like, I am so picky with who I train. And I know, based on training hundreds of players that have gone through those stages as far as same school, same teams, same leagues, same ages. Like, I am able to dissect my market and understand exactly who I'm going to be training. Because those are the players I like to train the most. Those are the players that need the most help. Those are the players that are the most committed. Their parents are financially ready to commit to my program.  And this is what you need to do. And you need to understand who are those people. So you need to think about those things when you're setting up your business, right? So you really need to understand who you want to train, right? And from there, there's a lot of strategies as far as how to get players and families to commit to a long-term training program. You know, what is your pricing? Like, these are things that we're going to talk about in future videos, right? But if you are just starting your academy, your business, and you need some help, and you want some one-on-one help from me, we have helped hundreds of coaches already. And I would love to help you out. And all of our videos, I'm going to end with the same outro, all right, which is very simple. I would love to talk to you over the phone. And to prove it, like, every single Saturday, I'm going to be opening up time to where I will set up a 15 to 20-minute call. It could go way longer than that. It doesn't matter to me. But I would love to chat with you personally over the phone and see how I can help you out, right? We've done these calls hundreds of times, right? And all these calls have gone very well. And if it's just one little idea that I can help you with and you execute that, that can make a huge difference. Okay, so I don't want you to be shy. I want you to just go check out our site. It's simply, you'll see the domain there. You just go to the first link in the description, buildmysportsbiz.com. You click on that link. You go to the top of the page. You click on the call bin button. That just takes you to an application page. It's a free phone call. But guys, I want you to check that out. I would love to help you out personally with your sports business. And I can't wait to chat to you. So that's it. Thanks again for watching this video. If you liked it, hit the thumbs up button and share it with another coach that it might help out. All right, I'll see you later.


What's up everyone it's your girl Kenzie here from Layton Sports Guards and I'm ripping a personal for Clay F We've got a order of the 2022 Panini National Sports Convention VIP exclusive gold packs and clay these come in lots of five We've got one two three four and five. Good luck See let's see We've got rookie Christian Pasha and hyper of Emmett Smith And it's my type of there Black and yellow not a black and gold Exactly Exactly. What's up kitty? We've got Ronald Acuna Jr. And blue mojo of kasey my it's kind of a cool color match there detroit that is seven out of 15 blue camo mojo Nice I like how they like uh blue camo mojo and then they did like the pandora with the camo As well they kind of mixed a couple parallels together. I think that looks cool Brett Farr We've got snakeskin messy There you go clay that is nasty Lionel messy Wow, that is sick That's so cool. I love the animal prints on these cards.  Come on. Let's see an auto Let's see an auto No auto, but crack dice. We got kd crack dice to 99 a lamar jackson Yeah, lamb jack Big expectations for him this year 46 out of 99 Alrighty clay that will do it for your gold packs. Thanks for hopping in and we'll get these right out to you


Hello, and welcome to Galaxy Installation with Ansible. My name's Helene Rasha. I work for two institutes in the Netherlands, the Avance Post-Holtenbreide, as well as for Asma's Medical Center in Rotterdam. And I'll be guiding you through all of this today. So these are the questions we'll be answering. How does it all connect? What steps do we need to go through to get all the Galaxy setup with Ansible? We'll start by doing this slide deck. This gives us a high level of review of how all the different bits of Galaxy connect together to make up a full Galaxy server. We'll start with PostgresQL. We'll use the Postgres database and it'll be setup on the server. This is the foundation of everything. Everything will connect to Postgres. Next, we'll set up Galaxy and we'll attach storage. So Galaxy will attach to Postgres. We'll have Galaxy running for something called UWSGI, which we'll learn about more later. And we'll have storage attached to Galaxy and some compute attached to Galaxy and the storage as well. Once that's all set up, we'll attach Nginx, a web server, to talk to Galaxy and proxy all of our content for us. After that, we'll set the job handlers. The job handlers will talk to the Galaxy app. They will collect jobs that need to be executed and they will run them on the compute nodes. Once we've got all that working, we'll configure Slurm in another tutorial. This will be a more performant way to run jobs in Galaxy. After that, CVMFS. CVMFS is a distributed file system that holds a lot of reference data. And we can easily attach this to our storage and attach this to Galaxy and give Galaxy a lot of reference data knowledge that the Galaxy community has collected. After that, we'll set up a remote compute. So whenever we need to scale our Galaxy between beyond all of the infrastructure we currently have, we'll send jobs out to Pulsar. And these can be running anywhere in the world. There are some major initial decisions you will face as a Galaxy administrator though. Where to install Galaxy? Do you have virtual machines available? Do you have hardware you want to use? Where to store the Galaxy datasets? This is usually, it needs to be a large file server depending on your use case. And where to store the database? The database server needs to be very reliable and very well backed up. So where to install Galaxy? Galaxy needs to also be shared across your compute nodes. So if you're on a single node Galaxy like we'll be setting up at the start of this workshop then all of the data can just be on the Galaxy server and you don't have to worry about it. But once you start to expand to Galaxy running across multiple machines maybe with a cluster you'll start to have to worry about where all of your data is. And Galaxy, the actual code base itself will need to be available from the same location on your head node and all of your compute nodes. We'll cover this more in detail in the last session. We also need to worry about where to store the Galaxy datasets. So do you have a network attached storage available somewhere? All of these are future scalability questions you'll want to consider. How many users do you have? How much data do you expect them to generate? That sort of thing for the database location. The database server should be hosted on a very reliable fast storage. You should, it doesn't need so much disk space but do concern yourself with the future scalability of the database. There are some basic best practices as well. Running Galaxy is an unprivileged user separating the code that runs Galaxy from your datasets, from your configuration and making sure that the code and configuration cannot be overwritten or edited by the Galaxy user if something bad happens. So all of these best practices are automatically included through the tutorials we'll be doing today. But if you set up Galaxy using any other method you'll need to worry about these. So key points that you should take home from the slide deck is that everything we can do, everything we want to do, we can do with Ansible. The Ansible role will do everything for us and you can easily deploy Galaxy as we'll see by the end of this. Thank you.


If your spiritual journey seems like so many rituals and, okay, I gotta do my spiritual practice now, before I get on with my day, who wants to... How are you gonna make that your 99% practice if you don't even like it? You know, if you've got resistance to it, how are you gonna do it 99%? No, with me with movies, I could probably do it 99% of the day. Yeah, I just... because I... it's the spirit, like, using it in some higher way, so... I'm always advocating the fun way to go. And I think that it can be fun. If you think you're waking up to all that is, why shouldn't it be fun?  Of course, I had those too. And we play them out, and sometimes the things that the ego sponsors as fun aren't fun anymore after a while. You have fun for a while, and then all of a sudden you reach a boredom with it or a dullness with it. It's not fun anymore. But this stuff is intoxicating in a good way. It takes you up into the ecstasy, but it's through your willingness to go with it, you know, to dive into it. So, I actually... somebody asked me, they said, How many weeks of the year do you vacation? And I said, what do you mean? Like, vacation? Like, have fun? And I said, they said, yeah. I said, well, that's 52 weeks, that's the whole year. They said, don't you work? And I said, well, you can show your perception. I'm either working all the time, or I'm having fun all the time, because I do feel my work is fun. You know, I have a good boss, actually. A good creator. So, that's where we're coming, you know, with this. We're coming more into that alignment of, hey, why can't we have fun with spirituality? You know, I just... I really think that that is a question we really have to look at. If we're not having fun with our spirituality, then there's something to question. Maybe we've gone too serious with something. There's some kind of a tweak we need if our spirituality isn't fun. Of course there'll be pockets of resistance, but fun can overcome the resistance.


THE WISHING BRIDGE by John Greenleaf Whittier read for LibriVox.org by Bruce Gachuk Among the legends Sungor said along our rocky shore, the Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more. And a hundred years ago, so ran the old-time story, all good wishes set above its span would soon or late befall, if pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid, for him who on the deep sea sailed, for her at home who stayed. Once thither came two girls from school and wished in childish glee, and one would be a queen and rule and one the world would see. Time passed with change of hopes and fears, and in the self-same place, two women, gray with middle-years, stood wondering face to face. With vacant memories as they met, they queried what had been. A poor man's wife, am I, and yet, said one, I am a queen. My realm a little homestead is, where locking crown and throne, I rule by loving services and patient toil alone. The other said, the great world lies beyond me as it lay, or loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray. I see but common sights of home, its common sounds I hear.  I read to her some pleasant page of travel far and wide, and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wonder side by side. And when at last she falls asleep, my book becomes to me a magic glass, my watch I keep, but all the world I see. A farm-wife queen, your place, you fill, while fancy's privilege, is mine to walk the earth at will, thanks to the Wishing Bridge. Nay, leave the legend for the truth, the other cried, and say, God gives the wishes of our youth, but in his own best way. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. Among the legends sung or said along our rocky shore, the Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more. A hundred years ago, so ran the old-time story, all good wishes said above its span would soon or late befall. If pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid, for him who on the deep sea sailed, for her at home who stayed. Once another came two girls from school, wished in childish glee, and one would be a queen and rule, and one the world would see. Time passed, with change of hopes and fears, and in the self-same place, two women gray with middle-years stood wondering face to face. With wakened memories, as they met, they queried what had been. A poor man's wife and I, and yet, said one, I am a queen. My realm a little homestead is, we're lacking crown and throne. I rule by loving services and patient toil alone. The other said, the great world lies beyond me as it lay, or loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray. I see but common sights of home, its common sounds I hear. My widowed mother's sick-bed room sufficeseth for my sphere. I read to her some pleasant page of travel far and wide, and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side. And when at last she falls asleep, my book becomes to me a magic glass. My watch I keep but all the world I see. A farm-wife queen, your place you fill, while fancy's privilege is mine to walk the earth at will thanks to the wishing bridge. Nay, leave the legend for the truth, the other cried, and say God gives the wishes of our youth. But in his best-owned way. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Wishing Bridge by John Greenleaf-Whittier Read Philippe Vox.org by Craig Franklin Among the legends sung or said, along our rocky shore, The Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more. A hundred years ago, so ran the old-time story all good wishes said above its span would soon or late before. If pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid, for him who on the deep sea sailed, for her at home who stayed. One scither came two girls from school, and wishing in childish glee, and one would be a queen and rule, and one the world would see. Time passed, with change of hopes and fears, and in the self-same place, to women grey with middle-years, stood wandering face to face. With wakened memories as they met, they queried what had been, A poor man's wife am I, and yet, said one, I am a queen. My realm, a little homestead is, Weird lacking, crown and throne, I rule by loving services and patient toil alone. The other said, The great world lies beyond me as it lay, Or loves and duties, boundaries my feet may never stray. I see but common sights of home, Its common sounds I hear, My widowed mother's sick-bed room suffices for my sphere. I read to her some pleasant page, Travel far and wide, And in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side, And when at last she falls asleep, My book becomes to me a magic glass my watch I keep, But all the world I see. A farm-wife queen, your place you fill, While Fence's privilege is mine to walk the earth at will, Thanks to the Wishing Bridge. Nay, leave the legend for the truth! The other cried, And say, God gives the wishes of our youth, But in his own best way. 1882 End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more, And a hundred years ago so ran the old-time story. All good wishes said above its span would sooner date before, If pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid, For him who on the deep sea sailed, For her at home who stayed, Once that there came two girls from school, And wished in childish glee, And one would be a queen and rule, And one the world would see. Time passed with change of hopes and fears, And in the self-same place, Two women, grey with middle-years, Stood wandering face to face, With vacant memories as they met, They queried what had been. A pure man's wife, Am I, and yet said one, I am a queen. My realm a little homestead is, Where lacking crime and throne, I rule by loving services And patient toil alone. The other said, The great world lies beyond me as it lay, O'er loves and duties' boundaries My feet may never stray. I see but common sights of home, Its common sounds I hear.  I read to her some pleasant page Of travel far and wide, And in a dreamy pilgrimage, We wander side by side, And when at last she falls asleep, My book becomes to me a magic glass, My watch I keep but all the world I see. A farmwife queen, Your place you fill, While fancy's privilege Is mine to walk the earth at will, Thanks to the wishing bridge. Nay, leave the legend for the truth, The other cried, And say God gives the wishes of our youth, But in his own best way. 1882. End of poem, This recording is in the public domain. The Wishing Bridge By John Greenleaf Whithere Read for LibriVox.org By Cornel Nemes In Reno, Nevada Among the legends sung or said Along our rocky shore The Wishing Bridge Of Marblehead May well be sung once more. An hundred years ago, So run the old time story, All good wishes Said above its span would Soon or late before. If pure and earnest Never failed the prayers Of man or maid For him who on the deep sea sailed For her at home who stayed. One stither came to girls from school And wished in childish glee And one would be a queen and rule And one the world would see. Time passed With change of hopes and fears And in the self same place Two women grey with middle years Stood wandering face to face With wakened memories as they met They queried what had been A poor man's wife, am I, and yet Said one, I am a queen. My realm a little homestead is Where, lacking crown and throne I rule by loving services And patient toil alone. The other said, The great world lies beyond me As it lay, over loves and duties Boundaries my feet may never stray. I see but common sights of home Its common sounds I hear My widowed mother's sick bed room Suffice it for my sphere. I read to her some pleasant page Of travel far and wide And in a dreamy pilgrimage We wander side by side And when, at last, she falls asleep My book becomes to me a magic glass My watch I keep But all the world I see. A farm-wife queen your place you feel While Francis' privilege is mine To walk the earth at will Thanks to the wishing bridge Nay, leave the legend for the truth The other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth But in his own best way The end of poem This recording is in the public domain The Wishing Bridge by John Greenleaf Whittier readforlibrivox.org by Frank Duncan Among the legends sung are said Along our rocky shore The Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more. And a hundred years ago So ran the old-time story All good wishes said above its span Would soon or late befall. If pure and earnest never failed The prayers of man or maid For him who on the deep sea sailed For her at home who stayed. Once thither came two girls from school And wished in childish glee And one would be a queen in rule And one the world would see. Time passed with change of hopes and fears And in the self-same place Two women, gray with middle years Stood wondering face to face With wakened memories as they met They queried what had been A poor man's wife am I And yet, said one, I am a queen My realm a little homestead is Where, lacking crown and throne I rule by loving services And patient toil alone The other said, the great world lies On me as it lay, or loves and duties Boundaries my feet may never stray I see but common sights of home Its common sounds I hear My widowed mother's sick bedroom Suffice it for my sphere. I read to her some pleasant page Of travel far and wide And in a dreamy pilgrimage We wander side by side And when at last she falls asleep My book becomes to me A magic glass my watch I keep But all the world I see A farmwife queen your place you fill While fancy's privilege Is mine to walk the earth at will Thanks to the Wishing Bridge Nay, leave the legend for the truth The other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth But in his own best way 1882 End of poem This recording is in the public domain The Wishing Bridge by John Greenleaf Whittier read for LibriVox.org by Graham Scott Cheltenham, England GrahamScottAudio.com Among the legends sung or said along our rocky shore The Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more. And hundred years ago so ran the old-time story all good wishes said above its span would soon or late before. If pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid for him who on the deep sea sailed for her at home who stayed. Once thither came two girls from school and wished in childish glee that one would be a queen and rule and one the world would see. Time passed with change of hopes and fears and in the self-same place two women grey with middle-years stood wondering face to face. With wakened memories as they met they queried what had been a poor man's wife am I and yet said one I am a queen. My realm a little homestead is where lacking crown and throne I rule by loving services and patient toil alone. The other said the great world lies beyond me as it lay or loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray. I see but common sights of home its common sounds I hear my widowed mother's sick-bed room suffice earth for my sphere. I read to her some pleasant page of travel far and wide and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side and when at last she falls asleep my book becomes to me a magic glass my watch I keep but all the world I see. A farm-wife queen your place you fill while fancy is privilege is mine to walk the earth at will thanks to the Wishing Bridge. Nay, leave the legend for the truth the other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth but in his own best way. End of poem. This recording is in the public domain. The Wishing Bridge by John Greenleaf Whittier Read for LibriVox.org by Harshata Among the legends sung or said along a rocky shore the Wishing Bridge of Marble Head may well be sung once more and hundred years ago so ran the old-time story all good wishes said above its span would soon or late befall if pure and earnest never failed the pairs of man or maid for him who on the deep sea sailed for her at home who stayed once Titha came to girls from school and wished in childish glee and one would be a queen and rule and one the world would see time passed with change of hopes and fears and in the self same place two women grey with middle years stood wondering face to face with weakened memories as they met they curied what had been a poor man's wife am I and yet said one I am a queen my room a little homestead is were lacking crown and throne I rule by loving services and patient toil alone the other said the great world lies beyond me as it lay our loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray I see but common sights of home its common sounds I hear my widowed mother's sick bedroom sat for my sphere I read to her some pleasant page of travel far and wide and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side and when at last she falls asleep my book becomes to me a magic last my watch I keep but all the world I see a farm wife queen your place you fill while fancies privilege is mine to walk the earth at will thanks to the wishing bridge nay leave the legend for the truth the other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth but in his own best way end of poem this recording is in the public domain the wishing bridge by young Greenleaf Whittier read for LibraVox.org by Hope Force One among the legend songer said along a rocky shore the wishing bridge of marble head may well be sung once more and hundred years ago so ran the old's time story all good vicious said above its ban would soon or late befall if pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid for him who on the deep sea sailed for her at home who stayed once there came to girls from school and wished in childish glee and one would be a queen and room and one the world would see time passed with change of hopes and fears and in the self same place two women grey with middle years stood wandering face to face with waking memories as they met they queried what had been a poor man's wife am I and yet said one I am a queen my realm a little homestead is where lacking crown and throne I rule by loving services and patient toil alone the other said the great world lies beyond me as it lay over loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray I see but common sights of home its common sounds I hear my widow mother sick bed room sufficient for my spear I read to her some pleasant page travel far and wide and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side and when at last she falls asleep my book becomes to me a magic gloss my watch I keep but all the world I see a form wife queen your place you feel well fancies privilege is mine to walk the earth at will thanks to the wishing bridge leave the legend for the truth the other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth but in his own best way 1882 end of poem this recording is in the public domain The Wishing Bridge by John Greenleaf Whittier read for LibriVox.org by Kay Hand Among the legends sung or said along our rocky shore the Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more and hundred years ago so ran the old time story all good wishes said above its span would soon or late befall if pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid for him who on the deep sea sailed for her at home who stayed once thither came two girls from school and wished in childish glee and one would be a queen and rule and one the world would see time passed with change of hopes and fears and in the self same place two women gray with middle years stood wondering face to face with wakened memories as they met they queried what had been poor man's wife am I and yet said one I am a queen my realm a little homestead is where lacking crown and throne I rule by loving services and patient toil alone the other said the great world lies beyond me as it lay or loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray I see but common sights of home its common sounds I hear my widowed mother's sick bedroom sufficeth for my sphere I read to her some pleasant page of travel far and wide and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side and when at last she falls asleep my book becomes to me a magic glass my watch I keep but all the world I see a farmwife queen your place you fill while fancy's privilege is mine to walk the earth at will thanks to the wishing bridge nay leave the legend for the truth the other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth but in his own best way 1882 End of poem this recording is in the public domain The Wishing Bridge by John Greenleaf Whittier read for LibriVox.org by Kevin S along the legend sung or said along a rocky shore the Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more and a hundred years ago so ran the old time story all good wishes said above its span would sooner or late befall if pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid for him who on the deep sea sailed for her at home who stayed once thither came two girls from school and wished in childish glee and one would be a queen and rule and one the world would see time passed with change of hopes and fears and in the self same place two women grey with middle years stood wondering face to face with waking memories as they met they queried what had been a poor man's wife am I and yet said one I am a queen my realm a little homestead is breaking crown and throne I rule by loving services and patient toil alone the other said the great world lies beyond me as it lay or loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray I see but common sights of home its common sounds I hear my widowed mother's sick bed room so fight this for my sphere I read there is some pleasant page of travel far and wide and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side and when at last she falls asleep my book becomes to me a magic glass my watch I keep but all the world I see a farm wife queen your place you fill well fancy's privilege is mine to walk the earth at will thanks to the wishing bridge nay lead the legend for the truth the other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth but in his own best way 1882 end of poem this recording is in the public domain The Wishing Bridge by John Greenleaf Woodier read for LibriVox.org by Mickey Lee Rich among the legend's song are sad along our rocky shore The Wishing Bridge of Marblehead sung once more a hundred years ago so around the old-time story all good wishes set above its span would sooner late befall if pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid for him who on the deep sea sailed for her at home who stayed once the other came two girls from school and wished in childish glee and one would be a queen and rule and one the world would see time passed with change of hopes and fears and in the self-same place two women gray with middle years stood wondering face to face with wakened memories as they met they queried what had been a poor man's wife am I said one I am a queen my realm a little homestead is where lacking crown and throne I rule by loving services and patient toil alone the other said the great world lies beyond me as it lay over loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray I see but common sights of home it's common sounds I hear my widowed mother's sick bedroom suffices from my sphere I read to her some pleasant page of travel far and wide and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side and when at last she falls asleep my book becomes to me a magic glass my watch I keep but all the world I see a farm-wife queen your place you fill while fancy's purplish's mind to walk the earth at will thanks to the wishing bridge nay leave the legend for the truth the other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth but in his own best way end of poem this recording is in the public domain The Wishing Bridge by John Greenleaf-Wittier read for LibriVox.org by Rebecca Zimmerman Lancaster, Pennsylvania Among the legends sung or said along a rocky shore the Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more a hundred years ago so ran the old-time story all good wishes said above its span would soon or late befall if pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid for him who on the deep sea sailed for her at home who stayed once the other came two girls from school and wished in childish glee and one would be a queen and a rule the world would see time passed with change of hopes and fears and in the self-same place two women gray with middle-years stood wondering face to face with waken memories as they met they queried what had been a poor man's wife and yet said one I am a queen my realm a little homestead is alone and thrown I rule by loving services and patient toil alone the other said the great world lies beyond me as it lay or loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray I see but come in sights of home its common sounds I hear my widowed mother's sick bedroom suffice it for my sphere I read to her some pleasant page of travel far and wide and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side and when at last she falls asleep my book becomes to me a magic glass my watch I keep but all the world I see a farmwife queen your place you fill while fancy's privilege is mine to walk the earth at will thanks to the wishing bridge nay leave the legend for the truth the other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth but in his own best way end of poem this recording is in the public domain The Wishing Bridge by John Greenleaf Whittier read for LibriVox.org by Spectral Chicken among the legend sung or said along our rocky shore The Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more and a hundred years ago so ran the old time story all good wishes said above its span would soon or late befall if pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid for him who on the deep sea sailed for her at home who stayed once thither came two girls from school and wished in childish glee and one would be a queen and rule and one the world would see time passed with change of hopes and fears and in the self same place two women gray with middle years stood wondering face to face with wakened memories as they met they queried what had been a poor man's wife I am and yet said one I am a queen my realm a little homestead is where lacking crown and throne I rule by loving services and patient toil alone the other said the great world lies beyond me as it lay or loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray I see but common sights of home its common sounds I hear my widowed mother's sick bedroom suffices for my sphere I read to her some pleasant page of travel far and wide and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side and when at last she falls asleep my book becomes to me a magic glass my watch I keep but all the world I see a farm wife queen your place you fill while fancy is privilege is mine to walk the earth at will thanks to the wishing bridge nay leave the legend for the truth the other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth but in his own best way 1882 end of poem this recording is in the public domain the wishing bridge by John Greenleaf Whittier read for LibriVox.org by Skip among the legends sung or said along our rocky shore the wishing bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more a hundred years ago so ran the old time story all good wishes set above its span would soon or late befall if pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid for him who on the deep sea sailed for her at home who stayed once there came two girls from school and wished in childish glee and one would be a queen and rule and one the world would see time passed change of hopes and fears and in the self same place two women gray with middle years stood wondering face to face with wakened memories as they met they queried what had been a poor man's wife and I and yet said one I am a queen my realm a little homestead is or lacking crown and throne I rule by loving services and patient toil alone the other said the great world lies beyond me as it lay or loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray I see but common sights of home its common sounds I hear my widowed mother's sick bedroom suffice it before my sphere I read to her some pleasant page of travel far and wide and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side and when at last she falls asleep my book becomes to me a magic glass my watch I keep but all the world I see a farmwife queen your place you fill while fancies privilege is mine to walk the earth at will thanks to the wishing bridge nay leave the legend for the truth the other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth in his own best way 1882 end of poem this recording is in the public domain The Wishing Bridge by John Greenleaf Whittier read for LibriVox.org by Thomas Peter among the legends sung are said along our rocky shore The Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more and a hundred years ago surround the old time story all good wishes set above its span would sooner late befall if pure and earnest never failed the prayers of man or maid for him who on the deep sea sailed for her at home who stayed once thither came two girls from school and wished in childish glee and one would be a queen and rule and one the world would see time passed with change of hopes and fears and in the self same place two women grey with middle years stood wondering face to face with awakened memories as they met they queried what had been a poor man's wife am I and yet said one I am a queen my realm a little homestead is where lacking crown and throne I rule by loving services and patient toil alone the other said the great world lies beyond me as it lay or loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray I see but common sights of home its common sounds I hear my widowed mother's sick bedroom suffices for my sphere I read to her some pleasant page of travel far and wide and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side and when at last she falls asleep my book becomes to me a magic glass my watch I keep but all the world I see a farmwife queen your place you fill well fancy's privilege is mine to walk of the earth at will thanks to the wishing bridge nay leave the legend for the truth the other cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth but in his own best way 1882 end of poem this recording is in the public domain The Wishing Bridge by John Greenleaf Whittier read for LibriVox.org by Tavares among the legends sang or said along our rocky shore The Wishing Bridge of Marblehead may well be sung once more 100 years ago so ran the old time story all good wishes said above its span would soon or late before if pure and earnest never failed the prayers of men or maid for him who on the deep sea sailed for her at home who stayed once neither came to girls from school and wished in childish glee and one would be a queen and rule and one the world would see time passed with change of hopes and fears and in the self same place two women grey with middle years stood wandering face to face with wakened memories as they met they queried what had been a poor man's wife am I and yet said one I am a queen my realm a little homestead is where lacking crown and throne by loving services and patient toil alone the other said the great world lies beyond me as it lay all loves and duties boundaries my feet may never stray I see but common sights of home its common sounds I hear my widowed mother's sick bed room I sit for my sphere I read to her some pleasant page of travel far and wide and in a dreamy pilgrimage we wander side by side and when at last she falls asleep my book becomes to me a magic glass my watch I keep but all the world I see a farm wife queen your place you fill well fancies privilege is mine to walk the earth at will thanks to the wishing bridge nay leave the legend for the truth they are the cried and say God gives the wishes of our youth but in his own best way 1882 end of poem this recording is on the public domain


This video is presented by EA Game Changers and a massive thanks to them for allowing me to take part in an Anthem Early Access Capture event. I appreciate it very much indeed. What is going on guys, welcome back to the channel and I appreciate you being here. Today guys I bring you max level Endgame Gear Storm gameplay. But before we get into the video guys I am giving away two full copies of Anthem to being with the chance of winning one. Simply make sure you are subscribed to this channel, drop a like on this video and leave a comment down below. More details are in the video description. If you guys have already pre-ordered the game but would still like to show you support you can by hitting that like button if you are new around here and Anthem videos are what you want to see be sure to subscribe people as I will be posting it on a daily basis for sure. Okay so today guys I have some exclusive footage of me using a top level Storm Javelin playing the disaster protocol contract. Now I have given my thoughts on the Storm Javelin suit in the past. Though not my number one pick from the four Javelins, the Storm though is already a fan favourite in my opinion. Now at this capture event I actually used this Javelin last I believe but after me using my favourite classic Interceptor Storm felt kind of closest to it. But it's missing that agility, that fun fact that the Interceptor has. Just the ability to get around so quick then flips in midair the Interceptor offers just makes it my number one pick. But the Storm although it's missing a little bit of that agility it does offer all round elemental destruction. I said this in my video discussing the best Javelin suits to use. It was quite easy to tell that the Storm is the Javelin suit by the way had spent most time on. Not saying it's OP because it truly isn't. I mean in the fact of design and how far away this stands from the other three Javelin suits. But in saying that all Javelins are unique in what they can do it's just the Storm is definitely the most unique looking and the design around this thing is absolutely incredible. That's probably why it's the number one pick for most people even though many of them haven't even played the game yet it's just the way it looks. And if you've played the demo and you've used all Javelin suits I'm pretty sure you'll understand what I mean. So let's check out the top tier gear being used within this gameplay. The blast seal being used we have the epic variant of the Flame Burst creates a series of fiery explosions on target location and you guys can see the additional perks this piece offers. The focus seal is a masterwork variant of the chaotic rhyme. Upgraded Frost Shards fires a stream of target-seeking ice shards. Masterwork edition after freezing an enemy increases left bumper slug damage by 125% for 20 seconds. Wow! Additional perks it offers are left bumper plus 25% speed, sniper plus 13% ammo. Support plus 25% speed and ice plus 30% effect. Pretty awesome for sure right here. Add to the six components being used to masterworks. The amulet of winter increase ice damage by 5% and ice effect by 5%. Applying ice effects increases weapon damage by 20% for 20 seconds. Additional perks support plus 35% lock and plus 13% thrust alive. Pretty cool. Other masterwork is the token of the master increases blast damage by 35%, hitting an enemy with a right bumper attack increases left bumper attack by 60% for 5 seconds. Extra perk support plus 40% lock and plus 13% thrust alive. Nice. Other components you can see on screen now elemental signage, armor reinforcement, ultimate inscription and shield reinforcement. Support seal we have the quickening fuel, dawn of power, bestowals, hasted effects to all inside, increasing gear recharge rate by 20%. Weapons I am using the epic variant of the vulcan machine pistol and the epic variant of the warden assault rifle. So the storm gameplay you will witness of me using this high-end gear is of the disaster protocol contract. Not really a difficult mission at all but it does showcase some of the amazing pieces of loot being wielded by this traveling right now and I will leave you guys to watch the video people. At the end you will see me creating this amazing looking storm with a new armor set so enjoy it guys but on that note we have come to the end of the video. I do hope you enjoyed this storm gameplay. If you do leave in a like it really does help out. If you guys are new around here and want to see more anthem videos be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video I upload turn notifications on by hitting that bell bottom. But guys thanks as always for stopping by and hopefully I will see you on that next one.


Hey everybody, Gio here of Wikinkidem back at it again with another First Impressions video this time on Magu Chan, God of Destruction. It's a new comedy series done by Kei Kamiki about the character Magu Menueko, this Lord of Chaos, God of Destruction that many hundreds and thousands of years ago was this giant Kaiju-like monster that terrorized the world. A lot of people in the past formed like this cult following to it. So there was this Order of Knights and they disposed of Magu by encasing him in this gem that very much looked like a seashell and was found thousands of years later by the main character of the series Ruru Miyanagi, this young girl in this beach town somewhere in Japan and she is a very wholesome girl who is very resourceful. She's living, she's mostly living by herself because her bomb is working a whole lot. She's at the beach and digging for clams when she stumbles upon the gem here and let me highlight it here with my tablet. You can see there this jewel I should say and when she splits it open or actually it was cracked and when she splits it open the character of Menueko is released and you know the seal has been broken as he states and instead of being an all-powerful monster he turns out to be this funky looking jelly monster that has a huge ego and is very hilarious in my opinion. It being a comedy series you're not supposed to take things too seriously with this. You have a character Lord of Chaos if you will, this behemoth turned into a tiny alien looking creature if you will and Ruru Ruru who is kind of oblivious to it all and yeah Maguchan can talk and informs her of what he is and all that stuff but she doesn't really care. She doesn't see it that way. She doesn't know. She just sees this jelly looking thing talking and being pretty hilarious. It brings a whole humor aspect and parody to other types of work that deal with apocalyptic events and giant monsters and all that stuff and what is adorable about the series is the dynamic between the two. It kind of reminded me as well as stuff like Invader Zim, that type of zany dynamic between characters, fun wholesome characters doing random slice of life things but with over the top tropes involved, a human and otherwise otherworldly creature. So if you like that kind of stuff I think you're going to be right at home with Maguchan. I've only read what is available as of recording this video which is the first seven chapters and for the most part everything is pretty slice of life oriented, very comedic in nature. You can compare it to Umaru-chan or stuff like the Squid Girl series like that where you can go in, read it, have a wholesome time and just be okay it doesn't try to do anything larger than that. There are other elements involved with the story. When you have Ren Fujisawa here who is Ruru's friend and he secretly has a crush on her so he's trying everything to be in her good grace but obviously falls short because she doesn't see him as a love interest and will for example he's trying to buy her a gift she gets it and in turn just ends up giving it to Maguchan because she thinks it's going to look great on him whether it's a clothing or something like that. Eventually in the series we are introduced to a second creature that has also been sealed away by humans and that is Naputaku which you can see here looking like a small oogie boogie type starfish which I thought was hilarious and obviously the dynamic of these two little creatures who were once giant and fearsome now in their puny chewy forms are at odds with each other and they're having this battle to see who is the best between the two and they're getting the human characters involved. Also part of the fun when it comes to this series of Maguchan is the dynamic of having a character from thousands of years ago trying to figure out how humans are living in the current timeline and the comedic hijinks that ensue over him not knowing what a telephone is and being annoyed by the constant ringing so he destroys it or an alarm clock and you have the character of Ruru who is finally for the most part I would like to think she's by herself a whole lot so seeing Magu sort of become her friend and later on having the character of Ren join in sort of growing that circle of friendship and that bond trust and all that stuff which I thought was pretty great and one of the my favorite aspects is of course you know how megalomaniac and egotistical Magu is and he doesn't realize how puny he really is now in the current timeline of the series it's just something really funny about it I mean when you compare here's a cool image of him when you compare his original form to what he is now it's it's pretty funny you know you can obviously shoot beams of light and all that stuff but he gets really tired after using it so he needs to replenish and eat food and all that stuff to regain his strength in terms of the art I think it's pretty nice looking nothing you know some something middle of the road the characters are obviously cute and nicely drawn especially Ruru and Magu it's a very it has a very cute appeal to it and I could see this easily becoming an anime and becoming a hit later on because it doesn't have that comedic timing between the slapstick humor of Magu trying to do things and being incapable of and the interactions between Ruru who sometimes punishes Magu for his crazy antics I think it really does have a nice comedic tone to it and yeah the backgrounds aren't too special but it's mostly about the comedic aspect and the interactions between the characters that really matters when it comes to a series like this it's a regular nameless beach town so there's nothing too huge about it but most of the time you're only going to be really paying attention to the characters and what they're doing and their facial expressions and stuff like that so yeah it's it's mostly a light hearted funny series that I do recommend if you want to read something a little bit different a little bit quirky I wholeheartedly recommend Magu Chan God of Destruction I think it's quite wholesome indeed have you read Magu Chan God of Destruction let me know in the comment section down below I'm very interested in finding out what you thought of the series as always you can follow me on social media you can like comment subscribe make sure to hit the bell icon so you know when new videos pop up here on the channel and that's about it thank you everybody for tuning in I have got to go I will catch all of you on our next review