It is the afternoon of the 18th of May 1927 and Bathcharta Township, Michigan, United States is reeling from a terrible tragedy. Several buildings have been destroyed, one of which is a school. The destruction has been caused by several explosions and horrifyingly still it was a deliberate act. As the community mourns the losses of the day it becomes apparent that the perpetrator had committed the act due to a lost election and an increase in taxes. This reason is clearly insane and it would be no consolation for the community. However it would highlight the risks of an individual who feels they have been slighted. My name is John and today we're looking at the Bath School Massacre. Welcome to Plainly Difficult, A Frugal Man. Our story starts and ultimately ends with one man. Andrew Philip Keough. Now I won't give you a full biography and I'll try to keep it to the relevant information. But Keough was a farmer born in Tecumseh, Michigan on the 1st of February 1872. He was known to be a clever child taking a keen interest in electricity, making experiments with machinery from the family farm. As such after completing school he attended Michigan State College. As it was known at the time he studied electrical engineering. During this time he met a woman who would later become his wife, Ellen Nellie Price. After graduating he worked as an electrician for several years. He even worked down in Missouri and in 1911 he received a head injury resulting from a fall which put him into a coma for two weeks. Presumably as a result of the injury he moved back to Michigan to live with his father, now widower and remarried. His new stepmother wasn't Keough's most favorite person in the world and disputes between the two were a very common sight. In September 1911 a suspicious event would unfold between Keough and his stepmom, Francis. She was trying to light an all-burning stove. All of a sudden it erupted into an explosion covering the poor women in flames. Keough in an apparent attempt to save his stepmother threw water all over her and the oil fire. This unsurprisingly spread the fire and Francis would die on the 18th of September. All of this talk of people's wives rather neatly leads us back to Nellie. Keough's return to Michigan had rekindled his relationship with Ellen Price. They would marry in 1912 and move around the area until purchasing a 185-acre farm in Bath Township. It was originally owned by Keough's wife's aunt and ran the couple a cost of $12,000. The property would be purchased half in cash and half with a mortgage. Keough was known to help neighbors and was also known to be dependable. He was intelligent, neat and a clean man, albeit impatient and easily angered. It would seem Keough was not particularly interested in farming. He beat his animals and reportedly beat one of his horses to death. What he did do on the farm was mechanical experiments, making various attachments to his tractor. Keough would get a reputation in the township for being rather frugal, even stopping attending the local church after being asked to pay a parish assessment. Bath Township residents voted in and approved the creation of a consolidated school district in 1922. This would localize schooling from smaller community schools to a more centralized system. This is all well and good, but how is it to be paid for? Well, much to Keough's dismay, it would be done through landowner's tax. This would hit Keough's pocket hard, because the tax was worked out on the value of each property of Bath Township per $1,000. The initial cost in 1922 was around $120, but it would rise over subsequent years. Keough had quite an interest in the taxes and ran for election for the School Board of Trustees, who was elected in 1924 for three years and at the same time appointed the treasurer for one year. Keough was motivated by one goal and one goal only, to reduce the property tax. As such, he constantly protested any spending by the Board and fought tooth and nail over even spending on a central school equipment. In 1925, Keough was then made the temporary town clerk. He would be required to run for election in April the next year, but this is where he would see defeat. He wasn't re-elected and no doubt it hit his ego hard.  Nelly by now was severely ill with tuberculosis, adding extra cost to the household. Keough stopped working on his farm and the property began to fall into disrepair. Nelly's uncle held the mortgage for the property and began foreclosure proceedings due to Keough's stopping payments. His life was falling apart, and with revenge on the mind, he began purchasing dynamite from nearby Lansing. Being a farmer, this didn't arouse too much suspicion. He also spread out his purchases to different times and different shops. Also around the same time, he procured over a ton of piratel, a World War I surplus explosive, popular for hedge and tree stump clearing. His revenge would be taken out on the township and upon everyone who had wronged him, and financially crippled him, which the one big one was the school itself. It is thought that he began planning a school bombing around August 1926. Over the coming months, he cut all of his farm's fences, debarks the trees on the property to kill them, and gathered lumber around his house. He filled his truck with scrap metal and replaced its tires for brand new ones, and he began making journeys to the school. Due to his role in the school board, Keough had access to the Bath Consolidated School over the summer holidays. During May 1927, he began placing explosives in the school and around his farm. Neighbours noticed activity at the farm in the night. Something was happening. Nelly was in hospital during his preparations, but she would be discharged on the 16th of May. After returning home, at some point over the next two days, Keough would kill his wife, and place her body in a shed on the property. What we do know, is she was dead by the 18th of May 1927, when things would take an explosive turn. The explosions. At 8.45 in the morning of the 18th of May, a number of fire bombs went off on the Keough farm. Debris rained out onto other properties. Local residents upon seeing the fire rushed in to assist in extinguishing it. One of the neighbours broke into the building to try and find any survivors. Upon realising no one was inside, they started trying to salvage any furniture from the flames. They found some explosives inside the house and handed them off to another person fighting the fire. Shortly after the explosion erupted from the farm, another larger explosion shot out from the Bath Schools north wing. Keough had set up a timer for the explosives inside the school to go off at around 8.45, 15 minutes after the school day had started, presumably in an attempt to catch as many children as possible. The north wing of the school collapsed, burying many children underneath it. Back at the farm, Keough fled the scene of the fire in his pickup truck. That by now was also loaded up with explosives, and he started driving towards the school. He arrived outside the Bath District School roughly around half an hour after the initial explosion. He summoned over some people to his car, in which a scuffle broke out with members of the public trying to get a gun from Keough's hands. By now, many locals were surrounding the school in an attempt to try and rescue any survivors. During the scuffle for the gun, Keough set off the bomb in his pickup truck. The explosion killed Keough, Emery Hayek, Nelson McFarren, a retired farmer, and Cleo Clayton, an eight-year-old school grader. The Lansing Fire Department sent several firefighters and hospital workers came in from all around the region. A doctor and his wife opened up their drug stores and makeshift triage for the wounded, and the whole community came to help. Local building contractors assisted in removing rubble, and even the Michigan Governor came to help organize relief efforts. During the search and rescue, another bomb was discovered under the south wing. It had an alarm clock attached, set to detonate at 8.45. It was disarmed, and local police believed that the first explosion had caused the device to short-circuit. Upon searching, Keough's farm investigators found a wooden sign wide to the farm's fence, with Keough's last message stenciled on it. Criminals are made, not born. Over the coming weeks, thousands of people came to the township to help, and donate money. Enough to rebuild the school, Keough's body was buried in a pauper's grave, and his wife's was claimed by her family and buried under her maiden name. The Keough farm was completely plowed and searched to ensure that no explosives were hidden in the ground, and were sold off at auction to pay off the mortgage. A coroner's inquiry would find that Keough had worked alone, and had murdered his wife, and that the school board was not guilty of any negligence. The school's north wing would be rebuilt, and on three different occasions dynamite would be found within. In total, 45 innocent people, mostly children, had been killed directly because of the bombing. The total number of dead, including Keough, was 46. Another 58 were injured with varying levels of severity, with another dying a few months later of myocarditis. The event marks the country's first school bombing, and one of the earliest recorded school spree killings. It shows how dangerous just one person can be if they have perceived the world they live in to be against them. This is a plain difficult production. All videos on the channel are creative comms attribution and share alike licensed. Plain difficult videos are produced by me, John, in the currently quite nice and warm southern corner of London, UK. I have Instagram and a second YouTube channel, as well as Twitter, so fancy checking them out. I'd also like to thank my Patreons and YouTube members for your financial support, as well as the rest of you who tune in every week. And all that's left to say is thank you for watching, and Mr Music, play us out please.


Welcome to Church of the Chair, where hard case crime will publish anything you write as long as your name rhymes with heathen ring. I'm your host E and today we ain't about that limp luggage larceny life. If you're new around here I need to give you a warning. If you have not read all of Stephen King's works I'm going to be spoiling them in this series. So if you haven't read all of them I suggest you click away now. You've been warned. Today we're talking about the Colorado Kid, Joyland and later. So how does the Colorado Kid, Joyland and later tie into the Stephen King universe in the Dark Tower series? Let's get into that. And yes in the original theory video I had a video for each and every one of these, but let me explain why I chose to do it this way instead of the way I did it originally. That's because in those original videos I did many reviews at the beginning of the video and sometimes in the middle and the end. I talked about my feelings about the books. Instead of doing that this time I am only talking about the connections. If you remove all of my reviews from the videos for the Colorado Kid and Joyland those videos would probably be about a minute apiece. So let's go ahead and get into the connections for all three of these books. The later section which will be at the end anyways. The section for later is going to be much longer than the first two parts. But starting with the Colorado Kid the connection is very easy as I have already tied in the Tommy Knockers to the Dark Tower universe and the Colorado Kid happens in Haven. It occurs in Haven, but I do have a new theory for you which I'll talk about in just a second. Before we continue on with the new theory I need to talk about Haven the TV show. I still have not watched it. My wife is a huge fan but from what she says the series while having its own plot that is completely different than the Colorado Kid the book that Haven series is based on it is one big Stephen King Easter egg hunt. Now let's talk about my new theory. The dead man or the Colorado Kid from the Colorado Kid his name is James Cogan. C-O-G-A-N. His body is found in Haven 2000 miles away from Colorado where he lived. Why this is interesting to me now and it wasn't interesting to me back then or maybe I knew about it and I didn't put it together. But he only there was only five hours between the last time Cogan was seen in Colorado and the time that his body was found in Haven main which makes me wonder did Cogan travel through the same thinny door well portal as the ship from Tommy knockers does that thinny or that opening still exist and that's how he was able to go such a long distance and such a short amount of time or did he just charter a private jet like they suppose in the book. I would love to hear your guys' thoughts on that one down there in the comments. Now moving on to Joyland which is by far the hardest one to connect out of any of Stephen King's books up until the release of Revival and the reason why I say that is because Joyland has been mentioned in multiple Stephen King books after its publication so we can then go back and tie it into the Dark Tower series and the Stephen King universe using books like Revival that mention Joyland and Revival itself ties back into the Dark Tower. Now on to the meat of this video which is going to be the discussion of how later ties into the Stephen King universe and the Dark Tower series which there are multiple connections and I have a few theories of my own to share with you too. The combination on the panic room in the book is 73613 and if you add all those numbers together you end up getting you guessed it the number 19 which is very important in the Dark Tower series but also as this user mentioned and I forgot to mention in the original video Liz's phone the combination to unlock it is 2665. Once again if you add 2665 together you get the number 19. Next up we have Shawshank Penitentiary is mentioned in this book as are I don't want to say the deadlights because the way they are talked about in the book is singular and not plural as this commenter pointed out so I'm wondering if that has any basis in connecting it to Pennywise's deadlights or if they were trying to say that these entities the outsiders which will get two more in a second how these outsiders might not be as powerful as Pennywise although they do have some of the same powers I'm wondering if he's saying that it's just the singular light and maybe there's something there I don't know let's talk about it down there in the comments now in my original video I brought up the question is Terrio or whoever is after either the possession or the replacement there's a character named Terrio who has a lot of similarities to the character of Pennywise but even more similarities to the creature in the outsider my new theory the question that I asked was do you think it's Pennywise or do you think it's another species or whatever that's similar to Pennywise nowadays I am fully on board the train that says this is yet another egg that Ben and the Losers Club failed to destroy at the end of it much like I said about the outsider from of course the outsider and then you have the fact that the ritual of chud from it the way the Losers Club beat Pennywise in that book the ritual of chud or chud I'm not sure how it's pronounced is used again to defeat Terrio or whatever has possessed him or replaced him in this one now I keep saying replaced or possessed but I firmly believe this is a replacement scenario like with the outsider but that is the number one difference between Pennywise and the creatures known as the outsider in Stephen King's lore is that the outsiders use the DNA of their victims to change how they look and they become that person whereas Pennywise dealt with the mind he used someone's own fears to then scare them and feed off of the fear but we also have another type of outsider that also well the outsider fear feeds off sorrow the outsider in if it bleeds feeds off of sorrow also but more like a drama scenario given that you know if it bleeds it leads which is the old saying in journalism and I'm everything that I have been looking at throughout this series everything comes back to consumption whether it be the actual consumption of a human body or whether it be consumption of those fears we even have the psychic vampires and the blood sucking vampires all of that comes back to consumption and with my friend Jake Brandon's help I'm going to be doing a much longer video on every time consumption pops up in as a theme in a Stephen King novel but that's video is a ways away because I got a lot of research to do on that one and one final connection to the Stephen King universe in general in this book is that Stephen King quotes himself in the book he writes in the book he uses the quote books are a unique are an uniquely portable magic was which is a direct quote from him placing this in the same universe as the dark tower because Stephen King is a character in the sixth dark tower book song of Susanna but that's all the time I have for you today did I miss anything do you have any corrections of anything I said in this video or do you have theories yourself on how any of these books especially joyland especially joyland connects back to the Stephen King universe and the dark tower series if you do let me know down there in the comments but until next time did you get it it limp luggage larceny hard case okay I'll I'll I'll go now thanks bye I'll hail the chair


Mae'n gofyn, so ti'n gweithio. Rwy'n fawr i'n iddo i'r dyfodol i'r cyflawni. Felly, dyma'r Filipp, gyda Octovin Digital. Mae'r cwysig yng Nghymru i'i gynhyrchu'r cysig. Felly, mae'r cwysig o'r pwysig, mae'r ffrogexau. Mae'r ffrogexau gwneud, mae'r ffrogexau gwneud. Ond, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gwybod, mae'r bwysig o ddweudio'r bwysig, But if you want me to expand anything else after the call of the call after the ting, just come and specifically speak to me and then we can share code, do all sorts of things. We're really open about sharing all sorts of things, just there is so much to go through if I start talking about the things and we won't get anywhere. Before we start, I am originally from the Czech Republic, so it's really nice to be here in Prague I've not seen much sort of Czech stuff going on, so I thought we'd start with a little exercise. So here we go. Here's the Czech alphabet everyone. So the Czech language is one of those languages that's known as a phonetic language, so it means that all the letters are always pronounced exactly the same way. So remember if you learnt how to speak when you first learned how to read or speak, you went ah, b, s, d, er, f, g, h, etc. So it's just like that. Now what they did a few hundred years ago is they brought in a few extra characters to make things shorter, so they put these little accents on top of the letters, then of course computers and keyboards came in which ruined everything, but they've got a s with a, a c with an accent is a c, an s with an accent is a c, and a z with an accent is a z. So we've got, and also we've got long lines above things which make them longer, so we've got an i which becomes an e, so it becomes e, a becomes a. So that's it. That's the Czech language. There are some really difficult ones with like r with accents, but this is a beginner's talk, so I thought as I'm billed as a beginner, then maybe, maybe we'll leave those out. So does anyone know what this is? Not quite. Anyone, anyone else who's not my team? It's an angel shark. So angel sharks are about two metres in size, 1.5 metres in size, and they're critically endangered.  They don't have to move to keep breathing. They're amazing animals. We've done, we're going to talk about a project in a second, but most importantly the reason we're all here is this is shark in check. So I'm going to, now I've said z is a z, so I'm going to count to three.  So one, two, three. Sherlock. Sherlock, you can speak Czech, this is great. Anyone can tell me what this is. Elephant, yeah? So this is a forest elephant. So I don't know if anyone has been involved in discussions about hot dogs, where it's like is it a sandwich? Is it not a sandwich? And forest elephants are this weird thing where they're not sure whether there's two types of elephant or three, so people argue about this a lot. So a forest elephant is one of these cases. We'll come across this sort of thing a bit later on as well, but most importantly, so I'm going to count to three. This one's really easy. One, two, three. Slon. Okay, that's elephant. Next. Okay, anyone tell me what this is? Turtle. Okay, it's a turtle. So turtles do this, have this unusual thing that happens, which is when it gets hot, turtles are more likely to, or pretty likely to give birth to female turtle eggs rather than male ones. So as we're screwing up the planet, it's getting hotter. There's a lot of female turtles being born, and if you're like a tech conference, more women, really good idea. If you're turtles, not so good. So especially if people are already like stealing your eggs and you're endangered in other ways. So it's not very good for that. We work on a turtle tracking project. That might come up a bit later, but the reason we're here is here. So a z with an accent to the z. So one, two, three. Gelba. Great, you can speak Czech. This is great. Okay, we've got this, which is a stalk. It's a white stalk. They come in flocks of about 10,000 stalks, and they travel about 12,000 kilometres. They're incredible animals. We worked on a bird migration system using Drupal about education about bird migration and tags and that sort of thing, or not tags, reporting where you see birds. But here we go. So we've got a z with an accent, which is a ch, a, which is a r. Now a little side note, if you're preparing a presentation, don't pick a font that doesn't have these characters because then you'll end up looking typography awfulness like this, but I tried. So one, two, three. Chop. Okay, and anyone know what this is? It's a sunburst diving beetle. So we don't have any projects on these folks because no one likes invertebrates. But when I used to work at London Zoo, which I did before I started this company, I used to come and visit these folks all the time. I absolutely loved them. If they were the size of cows, then everyone would be terrified of them. No, everyone would think they're amazing, but they're like that small so no one cares, and everyone just walks straight past, but they're amazing, graceful animals. So, in check. One, two, three. Broke. Okay, good. Thank you. So I'm Philip. I'm from a, that was fun wasn't it? You can go now, that's it. So I'm from Octovin Digital. We are an agency, a very small agency based in London, and we specialize in wildlife conservation. We basically do lots and lots of things for the conservation sector. We've all got some sort of background in it. We're a small team. We're very, very collaborative. We talk to our clients, work with lots of scientists and such. And another huge part of what we do is we train lots of people up. We do lots of mentoring. We are really like, I'm big on sponsoring diversity in all sorts of things. So, yeah, that's a big part of what we do. So what I'm going to go through is have little slides with lessons and things to think about. So the first one is this is a really important thing. If anyone runs an agency or anything like that and tired of us being so small and doing it so much, others should do it a bit more. Invest in staff, convert people into developers. Rowan over there is a former biologist who came to work with us and now is a great front-end developer. And pay interns, don't exploit them. Yeah, be good at things. So, yay. So, what I'm going to, how am I doing? I'm doing okay. So, what I'm going to talk about is sort of how we got started with Drupal, how I got started with Drupal and then go through lots and lots of case studies. So, I started using Drupal around 2008, something like that, a very long time ago. And the reason I got started was I was running an arts magazine. So, I was starting an arts magazine and I wanted to look up how to do things. And I didn't really know how to code. I knew some angel fire, that website that Dries showed yesterday with the flashing things. I used to do that sort of stuff. But this needs to be a bit more professional. So, what I did is I got Drupal installed and I managed to do so much with no code. I just panels, views, all of this sort of stuff. So, then I got jobs, all sorts of things like that. And I worked at London Zoo. And we had a situation at London Zoo where we had a membership system that was End of Life, a CRM system. And the company that was doing it was hundreds of staff, massive company was late and couldn't get it done. So, I was there as a digital communications officer and I thought, hold on, I know Drupal. I can build a membership system. This will be fine. So, I didn't know any PHP. Now, did anyone in this room, I don't know how long Drupal developers we are. Did anyone sort of use rules to build the most complex sites? I'm not going to learn how to code, but I'm going to use rules and do these really complex nested templates. It was amazing. So, I kind of did this and we got it working. So, lesson here is why write code when you can click a thousand buttons, drop downs and check boxes instead? Which is like the unofficial slogan of Drupal, I think. So, yeah, we did this and we launched it about six months after starting building it. It was membership, donations, fellowships, all sorts of things, hundreds and thousands of people, loads of money going into the system and it was meant to be there for a few weeks. So, this one, next one's a cliche. It's a cliche, but it's definitely, definitely true, which is there's nothing more permanent than a temporary solution. So, six years later and they're still using it. The other company, CRM company didn't deliver that product. We carried on supporting it. It only got replaced because we got commissioned to do a new donation system building something else and other things. So, that's a fun lesson. So, one other project that's similar to this is around the same era. We did a really nice project here for seal tracking. So, not seal tracking, seal tagging, seal reporting. So, when you see a seal in the Thames, you report it, this is all sightings from this year.  This is all this year. So, I love this site. I keep on wanting them to get us to update it because it's got some old stuff on it. But they're not because it works and it was built in 2013. So, it's just, it's one of these things that build things to last a long time. It's a really good thing. So, what I'm going to do next. So, so, next project. This is a dribble one. So, while I was at London Zoo, my team will laugh at this one. We decided in two weeks come together and let's build a viral app of some sort, a little tiny thing where we would go, there are 300 somatron tigers in the wild. Let's see if we can map how many cats there are in London. Now, we didn't cap it to London, unfortunately, and it came out and I don't know if anyone knows cats plus internet. Somehow something happens. So, it became this hit that we just didn't understand international press. I was interviewed everywhere. We had 30,000 cats a day. It was just this ridiculous thing. So, we used dribble, used views. I didn't know what I was doing and the thing that happened was it couldn't cope. The server was just not coping. It fell apart. It was just a bit of a total mess. We had to take it down because it was just too many cats. People in Taiwan seem to love it for some reason. My favourite thing from the story of doing it was I was looking through Twitter and I found someone randomly who didn't know anything about it saying in America somewhere saying the guy in front of me in math class is looking at some map of cats and I was like I've made it. The random person is looking over someone's shoulder and seeing what we've done. So, the thing here is it kind of was a disaster because the caching, everything was really hard to do. Couldn't get the servers running. So, it was a disaster. However, lesson learnt here is releasing a total mess is the best way to learn how to code. So, while it was running I was trying to get it running before they shut it down. I learnt all about Drupal performance about caching, about how to do mapping a bit better all sorts of things like that. So, it was a really, really good thing. So, the lesson here is if you screw up yourself it's not a bad thing but also let people screw up in a team if you run a team because that's how they're going to learn and it's a really, really good opportunity. So, in contrast to this just after this project was done we spent about a year contrast to the two weeks building a game about tigers. So, this is I'm not going to play it, don't worry we'll start, let's see if it runs. So, this is one of my proudest achievements it's a really fun exercise in being a tiger does all sorts of fun things it's got a soundtrack that I composed all sorts of stuff. Now, when this launched we had Catmap and everyone was thinking oh, this is going to be another viral hit it's going to be really good everything's going to do so well and what happened was it kind of didn't get much press it was a little little thing and I got a bit disappointed and then I looked at the tracking that I put in so I put in tracking depending on what people were doing looking at how many achievements they got all sorts of things like that and I realised that even though we haven't got like thousands and thousands of people going on every second what we had was people playing it for an hour and it was when they play it for an hour they learn all about tiger conservation because if you don't learn about the tiger conservation you can't complete the game because you need to know where to go and so I thought this is amazing it's a much better project even though to the people looking at how many views that we've got how much press that we've got it wasn't that big an achievement so the lesson here is a few people loving your project feels a lot better than hundreds liking it so it's a really important lesson there I think we miss this a lot we look at analytics and we think there's not many people here we've only got a handful of customers or a handful of people looking at things but it is really important to think of what people are doing how people are engaging because those people are the people that matter and when you're doing educational games and things or edutainment the best word in the world then it's really important to see who's actually getting getting stuff out of it so while we're on games I'm just going to do a little side thing for another lesson which is we did a fishing game which was translated into Danish and and Greenlandic and it was about fishing agreement and it was again I'm going to call myself Alf and it was a lot of a lot of stuff going through and fishing for shrimp all sorts of things like this now it's quite fun but I'm going to not play it because that's there but what happened here was we went into schools and we spoke to people, spoke to kids and actually did workshops we worked very closely with the scientists to work out exactly what corals we should show how often they should appear and it was a success people still, we were doing interviews the other day and people mentioned this sort of game and some of the others it did get played by lots of people allegedly when it got released everyone in the organisation was pretending to be working while actually playing this fishing game so that was my success but the lesson here is test with your actual audience so even if it means a bunch of kids telling you you're doing it wrong and you need to change everything it is like if you don't do that then who are you building it for you might as well actually listen to the people so that involves we do a lot of stuff directly speaking to our clients and we speak to conservationists speak to scientists and suddenly go okay we have to complete these changes of structure but they're usually right they're the ones using it you should probably listen to them so that's on that side so good so what we did is when we started off when we started doing this sort of app and more javascript heavy things we got a bit distracted we did lots of front-end javascript lots of MongoDB all sorts of things and kind of forgot about Drupal for a bit and then because of the move to Drupal H from Drupal 7 I was a bit scared off because I knew Drupal 7 so well and as lots of our clients found upgrading sites was expensive so I went to the dark side and we spent a lot of years doing WordPress development so here's a little story in that WordPress is a wonderful platform and if you're building sites like this so this is for trillion trees it's got a little interactive map so really if you want to know how to do these curves or how we did these curves speak to Rowan it's the biggest nightmare in the world but we did them and it's one of those things where the client or someone gives you a design and you think yeah we can do that and then you realise it's actually really difficult to do so yeah this sort of site two or three administrators it's got a bit of a survey inside it where you can do some things to work out how your assessment is perfect for WordPress don't build this sort of site in Drupal WordPress is a lot better for it then however it starts getting a bit more complicated so you've got a site here which is about sustainable seafood and it's got a really complex interactive map which has lots and lots of different types of thing it's got members login areas all sorts of things and thinking back how we would have done this maybe Drupal would have been better sorted because WordPress is not very good at content structure in any way there's no content structure in WordPress and the APIs are just this was talking to an external Postgres server to get some data via GraphQL all sorts of the stuff that you've heard lots of talks about WordPress just is not great for that sort of stuff but it works it's there, it's okay so then we have the angel shark sightings map so this is a really nice little site where you can report sightings about they're not directly shown on the map because it's a critically endangered species so they can't show you exactly where the animals are but we've got baffymetric lines we've got all sorts of fun things here it's translated into I don't know how many languages now quite a few languages and the form the scientists start adding features and they go okay we want to add two different sightings forms and then we want to translate it into another language and again not sure Drupal might be better but it works, it's a really successful project it's fine, let's leave it as it is then we plunge even further we've got the conservation leadership program so this runs every year and it's a program where people apply for a scheme reviewers review their application people look through listings assign reviewers by profession to an application reviewers give feedback, all sorts of things and when showing this sort of project to someone I know who's also a developer he made fun of me for just turning WordPress into Drupal because the amount of hacking you need to do to get custom columns searches and filters this should be a Drupal site however it works it's really good and it's not going anywhere we built it in WordPress probably would have built it in Drupal but the lesson learned it's still okay, it still works then we get even more complicated so this is capacity for conservation another WordPress website this has assessments and people organizations fill out an assessment about people within an organization feel about their management all sorts of things anonymously there's a list of tools so if I go to resources there's a list of resources in cards with searches filters type of stuff you do in views none of this exists in WordPress so again it would be it would be nice to have thought about that but however it works it's fine so the lesson here is nobody cares what you build something with if it's good and it works so there's lots of groaning like oh no I only use Drupal or I only use WordPress or Node.js we use lots of things we're going back to Drupal using Drupal a lot a lot of these projects would have been good Drupal projects however it doesn't matter if the clients like it if it works it doesn't matter what you use so don't discount WordPress just because you're a Drupal developer for things like blogging and news stories it's superior it's much better than Drupal will ever be because that's what they do if you're doing more complex taxonomies want a database structure that makes any sense and doesn't just dump everything into a meta table then a templating system that isn't just PHP templating there is a twig library you can install called Timber that's really good so for more complex sites definitely Drupal is a good way to go however WordPress isn't bad in some ways so the greatest things about Drupal as I've said is its structure so the taxonomy system the flexibility that you can have putting all these different content types different taxonomies references to them a field system WordPress doesn't have a field system it has a plugin called advanced custom fields which tries to give WordPress a field system but Drupal is the best strength of Drupal there's so many other things that Drupal does but this is the reason you should use Drupal is the content structure it is just incredible the way we use it to map things out to do very complex taxonomies of things is really really important so what I'm going to do is I'm going to go through some examples of sites that we've built more complex sites using Drupal and point out some of the things I'm going to try not to say the content structure things so much but you'll hear it quite a lot it is the best thing about Drupal we use it so much and it's the reason we've come back to it because it's just it's world beating and no one else can catch up because there's so many years that we've spent doing it so I don't believe anyone will ever build a system that's better at it than Drupal so that is high praise so what we have next to show I'm going to close some tabs my team will laugh at me I'm a one tab person so this is my nightmare but I've set them all up so what we have here is the biggest site we've ever done it was a sort of year long two year long project it was really really hard work it's a social network basically it's a whole community site for for conservation technologists so there's a whole branch of things called conservation technology where people use technology to solve conservation issues so they build hardware, software all sorts of things we're a subset of that because we do digital things for conservation but there's a whole amazing world if you are doing tech and you want to move into conservation stuff go to this website chat to people because there's so many projects that are doing amazing things so what we've got here is a lot of different content types events, discussions people, groups all sorts of really really organisations people are part of all sorts of things going on we've got notifications on the top if I go here which lights up if people mention me if people like something that I've done if people reply to something we've got a full on discussion system going on so if I go to a discussion we've got people posting replies, doing all sorts of things notifications, subscriptions so there's a lot of content types but sometimes we've got some custom entities here as well so it's a difficult thing to work out when to do is when to do a custom content type through just managed content make a content type and when to do something that is that is just referenced as an entity created as an entity through the module system so the ones we used here I think there is some similarity between them is subscriptions so linking one thing to a piece of content likes so an emoji so we've got a nice little emoji picker so storing emojis on something and so referencing what was reacted to, who reacted what the emoji was and things like notifications so activity when something happens on the site whenever something happens on the site you have a piece of activity that's created and the activity is of various types so we've got a comment was posted, a reply was posted and it was called metadata about who was posted to who posted it, what happened that sort of thing so a reaction would have an activity associated with it and such and then people can subscribe to those and get a feed oh I've just got Chris, someone sent me a message okay so someone's just sent me a message on the messaging system to prove that we built like a slack like thing inside it as well so lovely live demo thank you so I didn't read what the message was so that is, those are really good they're really fast the entity system I would be, don't be afraid of using custom entities they are really powerful, there's no content also another decision to use them was ones where you don't want to edit them you don't want to go in and edit someone's likes or edit someone's descriptions you don't need a screen to manage them you just need a lightweight entity so we did a lot of those so other things that we did that were interesting here is we did a lot of CK editor type stuff so on the editing experience so what we've got here is when you edit an article so we there've been lots of talks in line editing that sort of thing what we did here is made it look a bit like the actual experience when something happens now this isn't using quick edit or anything funny like that it's please don't hate us for how hacky this is these are extra fields that when you type into them populate the real fields in Dribble so you've got a form and then you've got these dummy fields at the top and then you're writing to them but people love it and they can just go in and it looks the same so we've got CK editor 5 we jumped into CK editor 5 straight away like when it was really early early on when we were building this project because I saw it coming but CK editor 5 does we built mentions plugin on top of it using the mentions a nice little card hover that shows you when you hover over a card we've got the thing that they like the most if I go to Sneezing Panda my favourite YouTube video so if we go to Sneezing Panda and put it in I should just have it open in a window all the time so it just embeds it does really cool things code highlighting just anything that was CK editor is amazing there's lots of talk about it this time but CK editor 5 is just it's so far along from anyone else tiny mce all the others CK editor 4 it's a whole amazing beast the team have done such a good job and the Drupal stuff is really good for it as well what another really key part of this is search so I know there's Apache Solar for Drupal has been around for a long time it was so easy to configure and the client loved it so much if you give them spell check and just related things and you just tick buttons there's that checkbox joke about Drupal earlier there are so many checkboxes and you just read it and you do them the one that stung us so much and we couldn't work it out for hours was there's a checkbox which is a double negative it's like list all the types you want to exclude rather than include it's like why is it not working and you just need to read the page but there's Drupal loves doing that sort of stuff or hide something in an advanced setting somewhere but yeah it's all good so we've done lots of Apache Solar stuff on here it's out of the box we didn't write any special code we just installed some extra modules and it's beautiful it's really fast and the client just loves it and the community loves it so as you can probably tell there's a lot going on the site especially on the home page when we were about to launch performance was absolutely dreadful so it was really really hard to do we didn't know what to do and there was an amazing talk yesterday about performance that get the slides because the speakers are genius and it's just so much stuff that we're not even touching but one thing we did to solve this one is profiling so I installed XH Prof and I ran through the whole site and worked out what was the slow functions and within an afternoon the site was 90% quicker it was just it's a really useful tool I think there are those that is it black drop or the other thing that makes it easier to do I wish that's really good because that means less set up and more developers can get involved in this because it opened it just made you aware what was slow now a big lesson in slowness and Drupal all the bits of code that were slow and a few things that Drupal does out of the box and just hacking around things and if you do things the Drupal way then the caching kicks in it does things really nicely and it was all our weird pre-processes but we got it fast it was really nice so one final thing on this site that I want to mention is because I'm doing okay is that we did lots of JavaScript stuff so we did lots of things like the notifications that sort of thing now I'm a JavaScript developer I love my JavaScript that is like an area of expertise so I spend ages trying to get Drupal to do all sorts of JavaScript stuff I've always because of jQuery UI and all sorts of this weird thing in Drupal I've always ignored the Drupal JavaScript stuff because I just thought it was going to be terrible what happened was I was doing our Ajax notifications and sorry Ajax discussions like trying to update live update discussions to roll to the relevant bit and I was just in the office until that 2am and I just couldn't get it working and then I just gave up saw in the corner of my eye the Drupal 9 developer book and I thought let's just read the Ajax chapter two paragraphs in solved everything so please please know there are APIs available that do stuff very well so moving on to another site so this is a sourcing transparency platform it's about sustainable tuner what we've got here is databases of species we've got pages for species if I go through here we've got a nice little carousel we've got lots of maps lots of information so many different fields taxonomies all sorts of things we've got a database of fisheries we've got where the fisheries are various regions that you can do all sorts of things like that databases of tuner products in different types and I mentioned structure Drupal the best platform for this sort of stuff there are so many complex taxonomies so many things like we've got on if I go to companies we've got things like if I go to brands little distribution arrows as to where one person comes from the others they're just entity references and then we can map them using a jason feed this structure is as I'm going along you're going to see more and more complex taxonomies there are so many different types of vocabulary nested ones really complex things but the client understands it and they're managing some of this stuff it's amazing it's really good also the members log in they edit their pages this is a really good use case for the type of thing that we really use Drupal a lot with moving on to something where it's almost always the database almost entirely the database this is a very simple front end but what it is assessments on certain endangered species this is where that forest elephant issue comes in lots of weird edge cases lots of scraping of historical data going back hundreds of years 100 years and we spent three years on this project it doesn't look like a project we spent three years on but it was all CSV imports so it was all just matching ACSV to something changing the data structure data structure is essential when doing these sort of things and if you spend a lot of time on it you get it right and Drupal is perfect for prototyping this stuff so creating creating fields testing things out creating forms creating views it's wonderful so one little Drupal trick I went to the geolocation boff the other day and people were asking about how you do views and maps together we don't use any geolocation stuff in Drupal what we do is I do a views attachment which is a cheating thing which is hidden in CSS on the page and then is read by the map so that when you update the view you update the you update the feed at the same time there's probably better ways of doing it but it just passes everything to the client side keeps the filters the same and filters the map at the same time as it filters everything else we've used that on so many projects and it's getting JSON feeds syncing with the views filters is quite difficult so we just pump the JSON to the client side and read it there a very similar website is this again looks very simple this is a database of sustainable use of species so what we have here is what we have here is how species are used all sorts of things there about which species are what the use is for again this is a view very simple the database part was the hard bit so an interesting lesson here is if you go to contribute record we've got a very complex form now web form would have been brilliant for this but we wanted structured data so there's a really because Drupal is so good at structured data because we wanted to export it out we ended up having to use the entity system and the normal managed fields which is very behind what web form we're doing to do these forms and things it's just so that the naming was right everything could be exported so the structure is really the most important thing that draws us to Drupal especially working with scientists to do sites like this it's an essential thing so again importing data into both these red list applications and this one here lots of CSV importing Drupal's entity system worked wonderfully there's no need to use feeds or anything like that just go through a CSV import a symphony CSV tool or such and just go through the entity API in Drupal it's amazing, it's really good it's a database of seabird tracking at the moment so Chris, my colleague has been working on this importing loads of records or many many thousands of records from a Postgres database and it's just yeah, Drupal is amazing at this stuff so a similar project so what we've got here is another interactive map this is basically a single page app I'm going to just refresh this is about all sorts of layers about a certain region of ocean so what we have is I'm just going to add this weird thing going on there what we have is marine uses like wind farms oil wells so we've got oh look at all the oil wells isn't that great what we're doing for the environment and we've got really interesting things like over here let's see if I can find it I'm not going to be able to find it now this is no maybe not oh here we go I'll go zoom in there we go so this is chemical weapons being dumped into the sea so this is like all the little oh look they look like nice points and then you read that it was a ship that basically lost lots of its stuff and there's unknown an unknown quantity of chemical weapons just sitting in the ocean so what we've done here this is lots of map box stuff so map box is a piece of software that allows you to manage layers and mapping things we do lots with it and what we've got here again is lots and lots of taxonomies lots of subsets of things all the menus are generated generated by that so what was I going to mention I've got five minutes and we were going to do some questions but probably not what was I going to mention so we've got this is a website which is a bird migration site it's got a map of bird migrations, people, citizen science now the tricky thing here is it's translated into all these languages Drupal did it really well but it's not just translations each site has different content as well some of the content Drupal's groups module really good translations module really good but this was a difficult undertaking so I'm just going to run through that one quickly another, the final thing that I was going to mention is that we worked on some hardware things so this is a satellite connected network of camera traps and what we do is we built the tool that receives the images of dashboards, lots of filtering lots of reporting again, Drupal amazing for this sort of stuff sometimes not used to make dashboards it's brilliant for dashboards, the scientists love it they can add fields do all sorts of things there so a key part of this site this system here is the configuration that we allowed the user to do so there was lots of clicking buttons to configure things through JSON files through Drupal config we did a similar thing on a turtle tagging project where we built an open source tool this was to generate interfaces for managing any type of conservation hardware and again config type of device which form fields really good to generate things like that so we had, this is leading somewhere we had another project that we worked on which is another mapping project which has some really interesting mapping data about regions in Canada over time all sorts of things like that all of this whole interface is generated from a single YAML file that the scientists edit and they plug into their Python application so scientists love this configuration really really really powerful so which brings me on to my final point flexible configuration will make people fall in love of the sites they are looking after so those checkboxes that we talked about that feeling I had when I built the membership system using rules using all that site building stuff you can give it to clients you can do all that config and they'll love it if they have full control over a system which Drupal lets you do then it's amazing so don't hard code things just add checkboxes add config pages is an amazing module and Drupal lets you do this sort of stuff it's brilliant so final point because I am running out of time we do lots of good stuff for tech I see lots of people doing bad stuff for tech so there is no excuse at all to build evil technology or work of people who do stop it okay just don't do it because yeah you can do well with this stuff there are so many opportunities as I said the wild lab site conservation technology other tech for good stuff just don't do tech for bad it doesn't matter if it's tech for mediocre that's okay but there's so much tech for bad stuff going on just yeah I won't mention companies but there's some awful stuff going on so yeah that's me we're Octafin I've been Phillip Nest you can find me on Twitter but I just post about Taylor Swift and music stuff so there's almost no point following me there but please just email me talk to us we'll share any code anything that you want to look through and a little plug for my very good friend Anna who did all these illustrations designed our logo she's a pattern clothing designer in the Czech Republic and she's under an anemone so find her on Etsy she's amazing so inspiring talk especially about all the like performance stuff you did and saying that you should use or make custom entities and that kind of thing does that mean that you like for example because I see for the activities you use custom entities so do you use contract modules not as much there are contract modules for doing things like activity and that sort of thing we look to them and they seem to be very bloated with lots and lots of things so I would say for contract people making things make lightweight modules which then get extended with other things so that you don't have to install it and it comes with a messaging system and all this other stuff emails just keep it lightweight I think that would be we did use lots of contract modules like groups the wild lab site and the Springer live site would not be possible without the groups module lots and lots of less contract modules than I used to use because Drupal 8, 9, 10 is amazing but still still use some but the lightweight ones usually yeah okay thank you when you've got observation data do you sometimes use external databases yeah so we sometimes use so for the bird tracking information we're using at the moment we're going to possibly use a post-GIS server for that because it's just so much better at managing geolocation Drupal there was an interesting talk about the boff about geolocation Drupal only has certain field types so it's not going to do a polygon or not going to do point data in a specific way very well so that it's compatible with all the databases Drupal supports so sometimes you do need to use that is that like for the geolocation stuff is that what you're asking about well sometimes I work for scientists who already have strange databases you have to query manually I mean you have to query data to write SQL and it's really annoying and you end up not using caching so I ended up thinking that external entities is a wonderful module in that area yeah so I think we're using a second database feed could maybe work also putting it in an index server something like solar in between so that you're indexing it every now and then reading from it and then just updating it every now and then that's also possible it's a tricky thing but yeah sometimes using multiple databases just treat the other databases an API maybe that's maker we use GraphQL on one of these databases to give a feed that Drupal could read so anyone else feel free to talk to any of us we are open to any questions and such and check out some of these projects thank you


Hi, folks. It's Matt Jackson again. So we're here, and now we're talking about an application of sub-game perfect reasoning. And we're looking at what's known as ultimatum bargaining. So let's have a peek. So ultimatum bargaining is probably one of the simplest bargaining games you could imagine. It's sort of the take it or leave it offer kind of bargaining that you might have heard of about in popular folklore. So the idea here is let's say that there's 10 units to be split between two players. And in particular, we'll take these to be, say, integer units. So we have, say, $10, 10 euros, 10 whatever's to split between two players. And they have to agree in order to get anything. So player one makes an offer, says, OK, look. Here, you can have six. I'll keep the rest. And then player two can accept or reject. And based on what happens, then if player two accepts the offer, so if x is the offer that's made and player two accepts, then player two gets whatever was offered. And player one gets the remainder. If it's rejected, then everybody gets zero. So in this case, you only reach something if it's an agreement. And this is one shot bargaining in the sense that there's just one offer made and then accept or reject. They can't go back and forth, so it doesn't alternate. They don't get the chance to come back to the table and so forth. It's just here. Take it or leave it if you don't want it. Forget it. So that's the idea. OK, so let's analyze this game. Using sub game perfection, you can actually write it out the tree for this. Still manageable. So player one moves first. They could offer x equals zero, one, two, et cetera, all the way up to 10. Then player two moves second. They can accept or reject the offer. So they can reject, they can accept. And based on what the offers are, they're going to get different payoffs. So the payoffs here, if they reject, everybody gets zero in each case. If an offer is made of 10 and it's accepted, player two gets 10, player one gets zero. If an offer of six is made and it's accepted, player two gets six, player one gets four. An offer of one is made and it's accepted. Player two gets one, player one gets nine, and so forth. So that's the structure of the game, very simple. And you can solve this directly by backward induction or sub game perfection. What's true? Well, when we think about the player two, they should accept any offer which is positive. So any offer which is positive, you get a positive payoff if you accept it, zero if you don't. They should go ahead and accept any one of those authors. At zero, in that case, it looks like one where the second player is actually indifferent. So what they do is up to them at that point. So if they're offered zero, they might say yes, they might say no. They could mix, they could randomize. So we're not sure exactly what's going to happen in that part of the tree. But what is true is that since they should be accepting all of these things, we do know that a best reply for player one, given what they anticipate happening in the second thing, should never be to make an offer which involves more than one to player two, right? So they can get nine by offering this, which they know will be accepted. Whether they want to go down here depends on what their beliefs are about what player two is going to do here. But basically, once we've deduced that player two is going to accept any positive offer, then given that the player one gets a higher payoff from the lowest possible amount, they're going to offer player two at most one, right? So we get a pretty direct prediction. Player two accepts any positive thing. Player one is going to offer either zero or one, depending on two's decision at zero. But in a sub game perfect equilibrium, we have a prediction that two or more would never be offered. OK. So let's have a look. These are some data from online games played last year in the game three course. And let's have a look at what actually were played. So here are the offers. How much was offered to the second player? And in fact, you can see that five was the modal offer offered more than 2,000 times. The next highest offer of one, which is the prediction or one of the predictions of the sub game perfect equilibrium was slightly less than 1,000. And we can also look at the acceptance. So here the way this worked is players were asked, what's the minimal amount that you would be willing to accept? And the theory predicts that everybody should be saying either zero or one. They should never be rejecting offers of at least one. So the minimal amount they should be able to accept should be at least, sorry, at most one. And here we see that actually a majority of the players are in fact setting their minimal acceptance at higher. And a lot of them hold out for five, 50%. So in fact, when we look at the data here, the data are not congruent with what sub game perfection is predicting. And when you think about what the best offer is for a given player, given the strategies that are being played here, so when we look at the acceptance rate, so if I knew that this is what the population is doing, suppose I know that this is the way people are acting in terms of what they're going to accept, what should I offer? Well, there's some chance I'm going to meet somebody who's only going to accept five, at least five. I have a pretty fair chance that if I offered something above five, it would almost certainly be accepted. But whether it has to be five or whether I drop all the way down to one, that's going to depend on who I happen to meet. And if you look at my expected payoff, my expected payoff, my best payoff is actually to offer five given what the players are doing in terms of their acceptance. And so when we go back to the play here, the fact that these players are playing five is consistent with what the players are doing in the second stage. So where subgame perfection is missing things in here, so players here, a lot of them are best replying to the actual distribution that they're facing. It's really the acceptance rejection part, which is contradicting what the subgame perfect play would have. And there's different explanations for this. We could think in terms of why we're seeing this particular play, it could be that players, for instance, have strong aversions to anything that's unequal. And what that means then is that the payoff that we've written into this matrix of one, two, three, four, five, and so forth is not the actual payoff that people have. Maybe they have a disutility of getting less than another person. And that makes them feel really badly, and they want to avoid that bad feeling. And so their utility might actually represent something which includes equity concerns, for instance. That's one possibility. There's a lot of alternative explanations. It could be that they always want to have more than the other player. Or you could think of different kinds of things which would govern different kinds of play. So there's some players who just seem to be taking whatever they can, other players who seem to be pushing for an equal split, and somehow feeling that that's the minimal amount that they would be willing to accept. One other possible conjecture that people have brought up a number of times is that maybe the stakes aren't large enough. So for instance, when we played this online, the players were playing this just in terms of a question they weren't actually paid for it. Maybe if we paid them, suppose you're now splitting instead of 10 fictional units, you're splitting $10 million, or 10 million euros. Are you going to reject an offer of $4 million of that? If somebody says, OK, you can have $4 million. I'll keep $6 million. Are you going to say no? Probably not. So one possibility is to see whether the size of the pie matters. And so here are some interesting experiments to try and test that hypothesis. Maybe it's just that we're not paying people enough to see the real rational behavior. So there's a nice paper by Robert Slonim and Al Roth. And Al Roth just won a Nobel Prize this year. And what they're looking at here is learning in high stakes ultimatum games. And to make things high stakes, what they did is they went to Slovakia, the Slovak Republic. And they did three different versions of this. So one where people could split 60 Slovak crowns, one where they could split 300 Slovak crowns, and another where they could split 1,500. And the average monthly wage, so per month, you're getting 5,500. So when you're getting up to 1,500, you're talking about more than a week's wage. So you're looking at offering somebody a week's salary to be split. So now, arguably, the money at stake is reasonably large. So the high stakes version is on the order of a week's wage. OK, so what happened? So what they did here is they had 1,000 units. So instead of just splitting things 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, to 10, you could split it in units of 1,000 where the full 1,000 corresponded in the first game to the 60 crowns in the second game to 300 and so forth. So one unit in this would be 1.5 Slovak crowns in the 1,500 treatment. And so the question is, then, how much was offered to the other player on average? Well, 451 in the first game, the low stakes game, 460 in the middle, 423 in the higher stakes game. So it did go down a little bit, but certainly not down to 1, which would be the prediction of sub-game perfection. And when you look at the medians, they're very similar, 465, 480, 450. So people are shading a little bit below 50%, but they're not pushing too much further than 50%. And when we look at the rejection offer, so let's look just for instance at when people offered less than 250 out of the 1,000 to the second mover, how often was that rejected? It wasn't offered that frequently in the low stakes game. It was only offered once, and it was rejected. But in the middle stakes game, it was rejected about half the time, 10 out of 20. And in the higher stakes game, it was on the order of a third, 12 out of 32, so a little more than a third. But what we do see is subject to statistical significance here, basically, we get a comparison between these two. We are seeing as we up the stakes, people are pushing down and rejecting really lower offers less frequently, but it's not going all the way down. And still the offers that are being made on average are fairly high. So what do we learn from this? Well, sub game perfection does not always match the data. And if you go back to this game and you think about the Nash Equilibria, any one of the offers can be supported as part of a Nash Equilibrium. So it could be that I make that offer, because I think it's the only one that the other person is going to be willing to accept. And indeed, they accept it. And I never know whether they would have rejected the other one. So there's lots of Nash Equilibria to this game. And sub game perfection is picking a few of them out. And in some cases, these violate rationality, but rationality where we believe that the payoffs are just exactly the monetary amounts and not something else. So it could be that we have the payoffs written down incorrectly. People could value equity. They could be feeling emotions. So there's a whole area of game theory, which is basically expanded and more or less exploded in the last couple of decades, where people begin to analyze motivations of players, other kinds of concerns that they might have called behavioral game theory. And it moves away from the very narrow definitions of rationality, which are that we just look directly at some very specific monetary or simple payoff and are looking at either expanding the way in which payoffs are there or bringing in other kinds of biases or tendencies that people might have to understand things. And that can expand and help games. So overall, when we look at sub game perfection and what we've learned from it, the basic premise, and I think one of the important things to take away from studying sub game perfection, is that it imposes sequential rationality. So it's a certain kind of logic. And whether or not people play that way, understanding the logic helps us understand the incentives in the game better and at least gives us some feeling for the game. So they result in sub game perfection and backward induction. Generally, we'll pick out a subset of the Nash equilibria. And they're doing that by sort of imposing a credibility in circumstances that are never reached. So there's this idea of what's happening off the equilibrium path can actually be important in determining what people are doing. And you want to make sure that the prescription of what players are going to do in all these circumstances is credible. One thing that's very interesting to start thinking about when you think about sub game perfection, what about the game of chess? Chess is actually a game of complete information. So you could write down a tree for chess if you had a lot of time on your hands. The first player can make a bunch of moves. The second player can then make a bunch of moves. The third player, or sorry, the first player then again gets to make a move. And so you've got a tree, which can be written out. And it's actually a finite game, a very big but a finite game, in the sense that if the same board has ever reached three times, the game ends. So there are ending rules which make sure that the game doesn't go on infinitely. So it's actually a finite extensive form game of complete information. So at least theoretically, you could solve chess. But obviously, we haven't managed to do that. And it's just such a large game that solving the subgame perfect equilibrium that seemed to be impossible. Maybe on another planet, they've solved chess. And it could be that they think of it as like our tic-tac-toe, which is a much simpler game to solve. And after you've played it a few times, you get pretty bored by it. One other thing that's important is even with a game where it's dominant solvable and so forth, sorry, not dominant solvable, but solvable by backward induction or subgame perfection, it's not completely clear that everybody abides by the logic. And in particular, you need to believe in the rationality of others. So you need to, in order to really solve this thing backwards, you have to think about, well, I think the other player is going to do this in a certain situation, and then you back up. And the demands that are placed on players in that situation can be quite difficult to meet as the game becomes more complicated. Another thing to say about this is there is some controversy in game theory about the ideas behind things like backward induction. And part of that is that according to the theory, there are certain parts of the game that you should never see yourself in. And then you can begin to ask the question, well, let's suppose we really did end up there. What should I believe about the other player? How did we get there? So it's not so easy actually to very carefully write down a foundation in terms of logical thinking, which makes these predictions. And that's an interesting area of research. So just to wrap up, next time we'll be thinking a little bit about incomplete information and bringing that into the study of games.


Hi, today we'll be learning about transistors built from sand. Billions of these transistors power the computer or the mobile phone you're watching this video on. What's really cool about transistors are that they're actually semiconductors. Semiconductors are basically materials that can be both conductive or non-conductive depending on their state. Let's think of transistors as switches.  Furthermore being a digital switch allows them to emulate binary. Binary is basically zeros and ones in a computer right that's the most fundamental part about a computer zeros being off ones being on so if a transistor is on it's basically emulating a one and if it's off it's a zero so having billions of these transistors in your computer switching incredibly fast allows them to basically emulate binary. Another huge advantage of transistors is that they require very little power or very low signal to be activated. This allows them with a low signal to control high power loads such as running a big motor, driving huge speakers or even turning on very bright lights. Now let's learn about how transistors actually work. Transistors are made from silicon and silicon is made from sand. Silicon isn't conductive in its pure form but by adding a few impurities to it we can make it partially conductive. Doing so we can create negative and positive type silicon. By sandwiching three of these positive and negative silicon types we can actually create transistors. If we sandwich positive negative positive silicon types we get PNP transistors and if we sandwich negative positive negative silicon types we get NPN transistors. In an NPN transistor we have the emitter base and collector pins. By applying a small positive voltage to the base pin we can actually make the transistor conductive between the collector and the emitter pins. Some of you might be wondering if we can reverse the polarity of the collector and emitter pins that means switch them around and expect it to work. Actually we cannot just change the orientation of the pins or reverse the polarity as the transistor only works in one direction. If you look carefully at the transistor diagram you will see this arrow sort of like a diode arrow to denote the direction. So power sources negative or ground terminal will connect to the emitter pin of the transistor while your load like the device that you're driving like a motor or LED will connect to the collector pin of the transistor. This technique is called sourcing the load. PNP transistors are different than NPN transistors in the sense that they firstly require a negative current or voltage to the base to make the transistor conductive and they will connect the positive power supply terminal to your positive load rather than connecting the negative power supply terminal to the negative terminal of your load like in an NPN transistor. Next let's actually do a test circuit of an NPN transistor. We'll use it to turn on our load of an LED. I have my Raspberry Pi plugged in so I'm just going to use that but this circuit works with the Arduino as well. Using the pin out on the screen I'm going to go ahead and wire up this transistor here. So firstly we're going to connect the collector of the transistor which is this pin here to our load which is the ground cable of the LED. So I'll go ahead connect that then I'm going to connect the other side of this so the emitter of the transistor I'm going to go ahead plug it in and simply connect to the ground connection two three of the Raspberry Pi. Next what I'm going to do is I'm going to connect my power source for the LED that's a direct connection to 5 volts. Lastly I'm going to wire up this resistor to the base of my transistor so this will plug in to a 3.3 volt power rail on the Raspberry Pi and then the other side will plug in to our transistor to the base of our transistor. As soon as I plug it in you can see it's turned on the LED. If I unplug the base that means I'm no longer giving a small current to the transistor you can see it turns off. I plug in our base again turns on unplug it turns off. This short video is just to give you a gist of how transistors work and how you can use them in circuits. For a more detailed explanation of the different types of transistors and how to use them in circuits do check the description below. If you have any questions you can drop them in the comments and if you want to watch more tutorials like this coming out in the future do subscribe. Thanks!


It's the best time in our can. There's tons of stuff to do. Meeting new people. Get to meet new friends. Making new friends. There's a bunch of new people that you can meet here. A lot of cool stuff here. I've never heard of any group doing a mud pit before. Yeah, it's difficult to get across. A lot of fun, like, it's awesome. I love it. The land here is beautiful. The counselors are awesome. When you're watching. It's just a great place to be. Here in 4-H, there's kind of a different camp for whatever you're interested in. Whether it be forensics or fishing or archery or livestock. So we do a lot of hiking activities, a lot of outdoor activities to make sure that the kids are in tune with the natural environment. It has that basic summer camp foundation. You know, they get out and play in the sun, meet all kinds of friends, and then on top of that, they get so many involved learning experiences that I think we can get more out of here than at any other summer camp. She's really soft. Yeah. And she has a yellow spot on her head. An area like this, that's a rough spot. We know it's been sitting under water for a while. 4-H grows confident young people. And a camping experience plays an important role in achieving this confidence. Our camping program provides relationships with adults who work in the 4-H program as extension staff, adult volunteers, and 4-H camp staff. These adults are integrated into every camp. And their role is to support the learning that takes place at the camp. But it's also to create a positive youth development experience for the camper. Our 4-H camps also incorporate the elements of belonging, making the campers feel connected and cared about by others. They practice independent thinking to improve their confidence. And they also develop mastery by gaining knowledge through the hands-on experiences that they participate in the camp setting. And they also practice generosity through the leadership experiences that strengthens their sense of meaning and purpose. And all of these things help youth discover themselves while in a camp setting. All of our cabins have been remodeled. So it's the same structure, just remodeled. Our dining hall's been remodeled. And then we have a brand new Johns Road building and a couple new staff cabins. So the Johns Road is kind of like an all-purpose building, a big area where kids can do projects. And we hold the dance in there as well. You learn so much. You meet so many great people. Camp for me, like, it's just been a second home.


You know, this is a time right now where if you really treat people like family, they're really going to feel it. This is what I believe. I'm sharing that with you for nothing.  So Ricky, over here in New York, we just got banned from cold calling until September 7th. And the rest of the market's panicking. They don't know what to do. Does that mean we can't put personnel? Do we focus more on our scripts for a personal circle? What's your recommendation if you can't cold call if your state bans it? Well, I just made a video on it yesterday. But at the end of the day, there's so much to do. There's so much to do. Like for me, I would never ever slow down. Not for a second. I'm going to take whatever the situation is and I'm going to maximize whatever I can do. I'm not going to focus on what I can't do. I mean, like under the radar off the record here, I'm just going to throw it out there that Ricky would still be making cold calls. Okay.  So what's the difference? What are they going to do kind of deal? Like who's going to turn you in? How are they going to turn you in? What's the penalty? What are they? I mean, I don't, I don't get it. But anyway, also I was reading deeper into that article and it seems like not all New York is under this. Only certain people that are in certain organizations and da da da da da. So there's a lot of gray area going on there. So, but let's just say, let's just say you can't call. Okay. I got that out of the way. I got that out. But let's say you can't call. Immediately, I would first go through all my past clients. I would literally go through my email, however long I've been an agent. I would go through inbox and sent and every single person I could find a phone number two in their signature of the email, I would call them, right? I would call and check on them, see what I could do to help them see what they're thinking, see how they're doing with the quarantine. You know, what are they looking to do? Are they waiting to see what the market does? Just continue to build these relationships. There's so many things you can do. I would go back through all my past clients. I would call every single person in my phone. I would go through red X if you've been using red X or whatever you use. I would go through all the databases that I've already called through. If you've been cold calling, you have all these subdivisions that you've been calling. Okay. Tons and tons and tons of them. If you've had it for multiple months, you get 2000 leads every month. So you should have like 10,000 leads that you've already called through once. You go back through if you disposition them, right? And you've said not interested or never called again or, you know, you know, interested or had a good conversation or whatever. If you can go through and call, you can use the disposition filter to call those people back that you had good conversations with. It's not a cold call. Somebody already talked to, hey, remember me? Yeah, I was just calling to see how you're doing through this. How's it going? What's going on? What can I do to help you? Okay. So you could go back through all those, all those people. You could go through them again, filter by disposition, right? You can do handwritten notes, handwrite the envelope, handwrite the letter. They're going to open it. I used to do that by the truckloads when I was a new agent. That's something that you got time. You're sitting at the house, make your calls, make it a goal to do a certain number.  You know, whatever. You got to figure out what you want to time block, how you're going to do it, but stay busy. Then you can go through your entire email database. You can go through your inbox and sent folder. Go back years. Go back as far as you've ever been an agent and start emailing those people. Just email them. Hey, how are you doing? What's going on? How's it going? Checking on you? Hoping all is well. Hope you're safe. Wondered about you. Stuff like that. You know, this is a time right now where if you really treat people like family, they're really going to feel it. Okay. So there's no reason in the world why you're not busy, busy, busy for eight hours a day at your house working the same at the same rate at the same production that you would if we were not in a quarantine. I know I am. I mean, I've been at my house for two weeks now and I haven't missed a step. I haven't sold as many properties as I normally sell, but I'm just as busy. I'm just as productive. I'm talking to I'm talking to more people now than I was before because I am in the situation that I am. I've always said this guys. I've always talked about the market crashing and that that moment would give me the opportunity to get back on the phone. I've always said this in videos for years and years and years. I've been talking about this for years and years and years. The moment that we're in right now, I've been talking about this for years. What to do, how to do it, how to prepare, how to think. Closings are still happening. Pull up your MLS and see if closings aren't still continuing to happen. Are there as many know, but they're still happening every day. And as we come out of this, that's going to increase and it's just going to keep going to the moon. It's unlimited.  There's more than you can do. You can stay up 24 hours a day, seven days a week for the rest of your life and never even scratch the surface for how much work is needed to be done. I don't know what to compare it to. I really don't. Trying to drink the ocean or something like that. You cannot do all the work.  There's always a way. I haven't even talked about social media the whole time I've been talking about it. That's a whole nother. That's an entirely different world. Everything I've been talking about about this since Juan asked me the question has literally not even been anything about social media. Okay. Now let's move over to social media now. Right. You could do what I just talked about for 24 hours a day until the quarantine's over. All right. Let's move over to social media now. Let me give you guys some more stuff to do while you're sitting around wondering what to do because you can't make phone calls. How many people are on social media in your area? Millions. Right. Whatever the population is. That's how many people. So posting content every day. Continue to post content every day. Let people know that you're in the business. You're still here. You're still working. You're still. You're not going anywhere. That's what this is all about when you're reaching out to people, calling them, emailing them, texting them, messaging them. You're letting them know that this, what has happened, has not scared you out of the business or hasn't put you out of business. What it's done is it's made you lean into the business. It's made you commit more to the business. So that's what this is all about. And they're going to remember that on a big scale as this thing straightens out. Social media. Post every day. Every day. Just continue posting. Right. And messaging people. Start with your fan base. Whoever has liked your page. Go through a message each of them one by one. How are you doing? How's it going? What can I do for you? Right? Message all your Facebook friends. You know? Search your area, hashtag your area. Whatever hashtag is popular in your area. Search that hashtag. Go to the explore page. Start liking and commenting and messaging everybody that posts something interesting about your area. Get to know these people. So much. So much. And with everything I just said, that's not even the tip of the iceberg. It's ridiculous.


And now, for your strong Europe spotlight. The closing ceremony for Noble Partner 17 began with a multi-nation live-fire exercise. Okay, what you guys got to see today was an incredible training opportunity for both the United States and for the Georgian Army. This was a Georgian company commander that had forces from his own army. He had forces from the United States. He had all the sizes of artillery in support of him. Guests to the ceremony then heard closing remarks from the Georgian president and from the U.S. Army Europe Deputy Chief of Staff. Standing within the international community. It is a real contribution to the Georgians how effective they are in running these very complex exercises. How open they are to inviting partners and allies to participate in these exercises. And it is absolutely essential to continue to build that relationship.


Uncovering the deep secrets, true origins and significance of the top five unique African dances that will blow your mind. African dances are not just mere performances, but they hold secrets, significant cultural and social meaning for the communities they originate from. Each African dance tells a story and carries the secrets, history and traditions of the tribe or people who perform it. In this exciting video, we will explore the top five unique African dances. The Adumu dance, the Inlamu dance, the Zaoli dance, the Kumpo dance and the Nosoprope dance. We will uncover the secrets and true origins of these dances, their meaning, significance, when and how they are performed, as well as the dress code of the dancers. Before we continue, we would like to welcome you to the new rock Ghana, where we now upload videos that showcase African people, African tribes, African countries and African history in a positive light. Adumu dance, performed by the Mayasai tribe of Kenya and Tanzania. The Adumu dance, also known as the jumping dance, is a traditional Mayasai dance performed by young Mayasai warriors in Kenya and Tanzania. The dance is a rite of passage for young men, marking their transition from adolescence to adulthood. It represents the strength, courage and unity of the Mayasai people. The Adumu dance is performed by a group of young men who form a circle and chant while one or two warriors jump at the center of the circle. The young men wear traditional Mayasai clothing, which consists of a bright red shuka, beaded jewelry and a headdress made from ostrich feathers. Adumu dance, performed by the Zulu tribe of South Africa. The Adumu dance is a traditional dance of the Zulu people of South Africa. It represents the strength, courage and unity of the Zulu people. The dance is performed during celebrations and festivals, with the dancers moving in unison to the beat of drums and other traditional instruments. The young men wear traditional Zulu clothing, including animal skins and headdresses. Zauli dance, performed by the Guro tribe of Cote d'Ivoire. The Zauli dance is a traditional dance of the Guro people of Cote d'Ivoire. The dancers wear brightly colored costumes made of cloth or raffia, and their masks are ornate and often feature intricate designs and patterns. The dance is used to convey messages of unity, love and harmony. It is performed during celebrations and festivals, by both men and women who wear colorful costumes and intricate masks. Kumpo dance, spinning gracefully on a stick, performed by the Mandinka tribe of West Africa. The Kumpo dance is a traditional dance of the Mandinka people of West Africa. The dance represents the community spirit and the interconnectedness of all things. It is performed during celebrations and festivals, with the dancers moving in a circle and spinning gracefully in most cases, on a stick to the beat of traditional instruments. Men typically wear loose-fitting robes, while women wear brightly colored dresses and head wraps. And soap rope dance. The Anso-P rope dance, also known as the Enzoop, is a traditional dance, primarily found in the northern region of Mozambique. It is used to celebrate life and community spirit, with female dancers dressed in Capulanas adorned with intricate necklaces and jumping ropes, with dexterity and flawless skills that will amaze you. In conclusion, these unique African dances carry secrets, rich cultural and social significance that has been passed down through generations. Each dance has its own deep secrets, unique story and meaning, and the dress code of the dancers plays an important role in conveying the spirit and energy of the dance. These unique African dances serve as a reminder of the importance of culture, tradition and community, and continue to be a source of pride and joy for the tribe or people who performed them.


The Independent National Electoral Commission, INEC, has assured that the February 25 presidential and national assembly polls will hold nationwide, despite the cash crunch and protests in some parts of the country. INEC chairman Professor Mahmood Yakubu gave the assurance during a tour of the training centre of the ad hoc staff for election duty and the media at the International Conference Centre, Abuja. The countdown is on with less than a week to go and the nation's electoral commission body is putting finishing touches to ensure a smooth electioneering process. Following the redesign of the 200, 501,000 narrow bills by the central bank of Nigeria, Nigerians have been experiencing difficulties having access to the new notes. With this development, they have been feared that the general elections might be postponed or suffer glitches. The INEC chairman, Professor Mahmood Yakubu, has allayed those fears, saying the commission is working closely with the CBN and security agencies. Basically what we have done today is to go through two activities. The first one is the training of the second batch of ad hoc staff for the election. Last week we trained the supervisory presiding officers nationwide and today we started yesterday, today and tomorrow we will finish the training of the presiding officers and assistant presiding officers 1, 2 and 3. As you know we have our own role clearly cut out and others also have their own roles clearly cut out but the most important thing is that we are working together and they have assured that the security agencies assured and reassured us that they will secure the environment for elections to hold peacefully nationwide. Meanwhile, the INEC boss alongside national commissioners and directors of the commission visits centers where ad hoc staff are being trained for the elections. Their goal is to ensure that the officers are well equipped on the use of the technology to be deployed for the polls. And then we are also going to project the results as they are being collated so that the members of the press can't see the results and all those who are here present. We are also going to have an elevated platform for members of the press who have their cameras, they will be standing up to that end. Satisfied with the outcome, they proceeded to the international conference center the venue for the presidential election results collation. The mission here is to inspect the facility and equipment to be used for the polls. The February 25th presidential and national assembly elections will be conducted in 176,000 polling units across the country. Fresh news updates.


I'm a G in my ends You are a G in the ends No I know I'm a G in the ends, just say, just say you're a G and say I'm a G in the ends


Slave of three, are you listening? In the lake, snow is listed. A beautiful sight, we're happy tonight. Walking in a winter wonderland. Hello, shipmates. It's been a challenging year, but it's been a great year. And Darlene and I want to thank you for all that you do.  You make sure we are where it matters when it matters. You're in our thoughts and in our prayers. Enjoy this wonderful season, but stay safe. This is a great season to get together with family and friends, but be safe. We want to see you after the holiday season. Merry Christmas. Merry Christmas. Later on, we'll consign her, as we dream by the fire. To face our afraid, the plans will be made. Walking in a winter wonderland.


Don't list up hard. Okay, go ahead and step forward down a little bit. Pre-grade is complete. The chamber is depressed to 5VSI. Another leak check is performed. And then the EMU is figure-free. EVI. A little bit longer. I don't see any real bad pressure points.  There you go. And we'll tie it back later. Okay, don't think we'll let you use it, but we'll give you a little practice with the upper body exerciser. Uh, I see. Let's turn the timer on to 1 for 10 seconds. No, Roger. Proving all you do there is just push it up with each light beat. Okay, we're just now starting getting the suits on. It's still been 5, 10 minutes. I've never felt that before. It's just, uh, real obviously different on this one than this one. Ah, thank you, Roger. Check, stop, pee, engage. Is it found now? Yeah, I think so. I don't have them on. Ready on this side? And see, like, what I was telling you earlier, Chris Garner? Okay. Well, let's wait till we get the LCDG pulled out. Okay. Pulled out really a lot. We pulled them out. There we go. Okay. Uh, okay, uh, move down here. Let's cover ways right. Jeff, can you give EV2 a little bit of cooling? Okay, so we're gonna put the fan on, put the helmet, and then go to... This is EV1's helmet? Uh, air pump, or EV1 and EV2, please? Okay. That's a major challenge.