Excellencies, dear colleagues, from all around the world, ladies and gentlemen, it is really a great pleasure, but also a privilege to wish you all a warm welcome to this UNU-Wider Development Conference. The topic with us we see it not be more timely. Inequality has once again moved center stage in our profession and has, during the past year, captured attention big time. In relation to many developing countries, a concern is that while growth has been achieved in the last 15 to 20 years, it has often been associated with increased inequality. This implies, some would say, that millions of people have not been getting their fair share of the benefits of growth. At the same time, global interpersonal inequality appears to have been going down, and contentious analytical challenges and policy issues are looming. Few places are better suited to discussing and deliberating on these issues than UNU-Wider. Indeed, Wider's mandate is to provide a forum for professional interaction and the advocacy of policies leading to robust, equitable and environmental sustainable growth. UNU-Wider has a long tradition and a solid track record in investing in research and data gathering on inequality right from its earliest years, almost three decades ago. We have over the years tried hard to live up to our mandate and keep the wider perspective live and kicking. Now, why is inequality such a crucial topic? Well, first of all, why does mandate dictate that we should carry out research on the conditions which affect the world's poorest people? Clearly, what happens to the poorest of the poor depends not only on the aggregate rate of growth. It also depends on how income is distributed. Growth is more pro-poor if inequality is lower, as Francois Bourguignon keeps reminding us. Second, as economists, we rightly worry about trade-offs. Some would say this is in our genes. But it's not at all clear, especially in the developing country context, that achieving more equality or carrying out smart, redistributive policies lead to less growth. As for example, Andy Berg has pointed out. In fact, there are good reasons to believe that policies such as providing healthcare and education and even direct income support for the poor provide low-income individuals with the means and capabilities to fully participate in society. This helps boost, rather than slow down, economic progress in addition to being valuable in their own right. I for one believe it is important to look out for trade-offs, but synergies also play a critical role in development. And I hope this conference can help identify where they are important. On a personal note, I can't help add that I did my thesis in 1977-78 on growth and income distribution in developing countries, and these challenging issues have been with me ever since. We're fortunate that Nobel laureate Amataya Sen, who is also the author of the very first wider working paper some 30 years ago, agreed to be interviewed in preparation of the 2013 wider annual lecture given last year by President Artisari in this room. Here is what Amataya had to say about the theme of this conference on that occasion. You see, I think there was a kind of contrast, which had been present in the development literature for a very long time. There's one side which is saying, well, development is mainly getting the investment climate right and so forth. And the other is the development is mainly concerned with making human beings both more equipped, more free, more really free, not just freedom as permission but freedom as real ability to do things that they have reason to value both individually as well as social beings in terms of their contribution to the society. And that includes also participation, public discussion, public reasoning, sharing values, sharing concerns, sharing doubts, sharing results and determination. Now, I think in this approach it is interesting that the question of Kerala came up. It was an interesting thing that Kerala, to some extent, reason to history originally being not a part of the British Empire, being a native empire, Native Kingdom, the Travancore and Cochin. These were, they could carry some of the different policies in British India and for education very early. But even though, even with that, even though the average for Indian education was about, I think, 13% literacy when the British left. But the Kerala figure was in the 40s higher but not dramatically higher. But then with independence came very big burst in education first but then on the basis of a nearly universally educated literate population there was strong pressure for better public health care. And then the health care also became one of the four pieces of Kerala. At that time when I was defending it and so many of the people involved and some of them actually in wider, defending it, the critique used to be that, well, can a poor country, poor state in this case afford it. The argument was that yes it could because even though education and health care may look expensive but they're primarily labor intensive work and therefore in a poorer country labor is also cheaper so that even though even you may need more action it costs much less in a poorer country than in a richer country. And through this process economic growth itself would be stimulated. Now the reason why it's worth seeing today is decades have gone by and Kerala instead of being one of the poorest countries, poorest states in India, has become one of the richest states. This is of course exactly what was anticipated by those who were pushing for that line. It's not that you continue to deny economic growth but understand that economic growth also depends on the quality of you and being that are being cultivated through a deliberate public policy and social commitment. So now actually sometimes people who look at it say well Kerala can afford these things because it is a richer state but that wasn't where the dialogue was earlier when the dialogue was about Kerala not being able to afford it because it's a poor country. But I'm delighted that we've come to a stage now when Kerala can be one of the richest states can more easily afford it and this has happened to some extent in Tamil Nadu, in Himachal Pradesh and to varying extent in different parts of India. And similarly if you look at many other countries Sri Lanka has been an old example across Sri Lanka many other countries across the world but there in a very big way in the under the period of the presidency of Cardozo and later under Lula converted what was a kind of unnamed growth into a participatory growth and the Brazilian economy with universal healthcare close to universal literacy has turned the page in a way the rest of the world many parts of the rest of the world have not. I think one of the really exciting engagement is how intellectual discussions could make a real difference to the practical world in which we live and the contrast between practicality and theory that's one of the I think terrible contrast is I think I never lose my enthusiasm for arguing against that because ultimately there's nothing as important as what we think in determining what we do what we act and what kind of lives we end up leading Now these words help set the scene for this conference and they do stress the socioeconomic analysis and policymaking also when it's hard-nosed can go hand in hand in the search for a better world Turning to the program you will have seen that it is big and ambitious this is as it should be this is a wider development conference and we're grateful that a large sample of the words leading specialists have accepted to come together here in Helsinki including both an excellent set of invited speakers and authors of submitted papers which were selected in a very competitive process no less than 85% of submissions had to be turned down we simply don't have space for 600 plus people I wish to highlight among the topics to be discussed across country databases on inequality wider has been at the forefront of such databases because of the WID, the World Income in Equality Database and I'm happy that both professors Andrea Cornier and Tony Shorrocks, my two predecessors who established and developed the WID are with us on this occasion we all build on the hard work of those who came before us the WID is freely available and we have yesterday uploaded the updated 3.0B version which includes almost 2000 new observations and data up until 2012 I invite you to take a look I invite you to use the database and as an aside the number of downloads of the WID is one of the criteria our donors monitor when you go to the wider website you will find a wealth of information and use this includes links to our monthly newsletter the wider angle it also includes the news that the UN on 2 September selected wider development on the climate change project as one among seven projects in the world to watch this followed a global competition with submissions from more than 40 countries let me highlight that this conference there will be a special panel session devoted to the assessment of course current data sets of inequality such as the WID we are grateful to the Society for the Study of Economic Inequality and the Journal of Economic Inequality for organizing this panel at our conference thank you Nora Lustig for taking the lead and thank you Andrea Brandolini, Francois Bourguignon, Stephen Jenkins and Marco Gianti for contributing another special topic we will address is the experiences from two of the Brits the first one and the last one, Brazil and South Africa both have experienced some of the world's most challenging conditions of inequality in South Africa progress on combating inequality is yet to materialize in a significant way we have two special sessions devoted to the South African case organized with the help of Professor Murray Labrant from the University of Cape Town in contrast Brazil has been able to reduce inequality substantially in recent years we are therefore grateful that the opening keynote will be given by Minister Marcelo Cortes-Neri from Brazil may also draw attention to a new OUP book in the series of wider studies in development economics it is entitled Falling Inequality in Latin America Policy Changes and Lessons it was edited on behalf of wider by Professor Andrea Cornier finally our closing panel will include Tariah Hallen and President of Finland from 2000-2012 Joel Netschitänze, a member of the ANC National Executive Committee from South Africa Dr. Annika Sundein from Sweden new Chief Economist of CEDA and Professor James Foster one of the worst leading inequality researchers in addition to being an incredibly nice guy before I proceed to introduce Marcelo let me mention that I will come back after the keynote and our discussion with some housekeeping matters that I just have to give you once again a warm welcome to you all and now to today's keynote Excellency Marcelo Cortes-Neri it is a great pleasure to welcome you as our opening keynote speaker Marcelo Neri holds a PhD in economics from Princeton University and he's also the founder of the Center for Social Policies at the Gehulia Vargas Foundation which promotes policy oriented applied research in the fields of macroeconomics and social development Minister Neri works actively with public policies and has created a system of state minimum wages and conditional cash transfer programs in Brazil he previously had the position of Secretary General of the Council of Economic and Social Development and was the President of the Institute of Applied Economic Research Minister Neri, the floor is yours and we welcome you


three two you just lost the game of league you got this you got this go great encouragement from snuffie very good snuffie knew exactly how to get emi going very good


Hello, and welcome to Lamont Public Media 101 class series. I'm Sergio Angelos, Executive Director for Lamont Public Media. Today, we're just gonna do a quick little class slash tutorial on the GBM Studio LED light kit that you can use here at LPM Studios or to rent and take elsewhere. So GBM is great video maker. This is the kit that you can use here in the studio. So yeah, let's get to it. So first thing you'll notice when you open it up is that it will come with two stands as it does come with two lights. These are kind of pretty simple to set up. You just kind of expand them down here at the bottom. Like so. I'm just gonna do one just so you can look at it. So it does come with two since it does come with two lights. And then it also does come with two charging cables power adapters. This is so that if you don't wanna use batteries, which I have some right next to me to power these lights, you can also plug them into a power source. So those are it. And then at the bottom of the flap, you have the lights. What the lights look like. They come with a protective covering like this. And this is it. So on the front, you've got kind of the reflectors.  So yeah, I'll kind of show you how to do it. So assuming that you want to use batteries, so you'll grab two of these GVN batteries that we also have here in the studio for you to use. And you just slide them on in like so. And then you'll notice that on the back of it, there's the power with both a zero, which is for off or O for off, and then a one and a two. The one is if you're using the power adapters and the power adapters go in here. And if you're not, then you wanna use the number two and that's for battery. So the first thing you'll wanna do is just kind of open these up. And again, you can configure these to wherever you want the light pointed and all that. And then what you'll do is you literally turn it on. So you move the power thing over to number two. And then we'll take a second to turn on and you'll see that light is coming out. So there's a couple of settings for you to just kind of know about behind the scenes and kind of what you can change. So the first is this BRR here on the back and I'll start slowly turning it. And as you can see, that one controls how bright it is and whether you want it fully on or higher intensity like this. This is at 100, this is at 50, and this is at zero. You can see it just turns off completely. So that's the BRR dial on the back and you just kind of turn it until you get to the setting. Next is U, SAT and CCT settings. So first is CCT. So this is set to 3,200K. So as you rotate it, you can see that right now the light is getting brighter and this is set at 5,600K. And you can see how it changes the warmth of that light. If you actually click and kind of press down on that button or the dial, you'll change the setting. And as you can see, I now changed it over to Hue. So you can rotate it and as you do that, you can see that these are in fact multi-colored LED lights that you can control the color. And again, you just kind of rotate it depending on the type of color that you want. So it goes up to 360, which is red. And then you can see that it just cover a wider range of colors that you can use, which is pretty cool. To get past that, you just hit it again and now you're at SAT. So you can see that as I'm lowering it, it's changing the saturation of that color. And now it's at 100%. Let me show you a different color so you can look at it fully. So now we're in red and if I go back to SAT, you can see that it's basically changing the saturation of that color, so it's not as intense. And again, you just turn the dial for that. And you just keep clicking it depending on what setting you want. So either CCT, again, for warmness, you can do hue for the type of color that you want. I like this as red, which is pretty cool. Or you can do it again for saturation. And again, you can also change the intensity of that on the left side, which is that BRR dial. And that's just a quick little tutorial slash class on how to use these studio lights. So I hope you've enjoyed this 101 class. And if you have any questions or want to come in and use these lights for yourself, just come on by to alarm on public media and be sure to check us out or just rent our equipment online. Hope to see you next time. Thanks.


Good morning. How is everybody doing? Good. Great. My name is Sarah Ladislaw. I direct the Energy and National Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. We're very pleased to have all of you here today. I told Melanie it's not a small feat to get 100-plus people in a room in the middle of July for any good reason. So there's clearly interest in her talk today about energy security as it relates to the Quadronial Energy Review. We were lucky enough to have Melanie come by in May of 2014 and talk about this wonderful new process that they had launched called the Quadronial Energy Review, which was really meant to be sort of a synthesis analysis of the U.S. energy system and looking at in its first installment infrastructure issues and transmission issues in the U.S. And to be quite honest with you, when we heard sort of the scope of the plan that they had laid out for achieving the Quadronial Energy Review, we sort of all snickered a little bit because it was in a year actually taking on a fairly comprehensive review of what just seems like, oh, just the midstream. But it's actually a hugely important aspect of understanding how our energy system works or doesn't work, the efficiencies, the reliability issues. And as Melanie will talk a little bit about today, some of the energy security issues. And lo and behold, as of April of this year, they have accomplished the first part of the Quadronial Energy Review. For those of you who haven't read the document or have used the document, I certainly commend it to you. And in our work at CSIS, I know I have personally, I have a hard copy, so I pick it up occasionally and I read it, use it as a reference document, look at some of the issues and policy recommendations that are in it. And so within just a short couple of months, it's become sort of a go-to reference document for folks who are thinking about the U.S. energy sector in some serious and in-depth ways. So we're very pleased to have Melanie back today to talk about sort of the energy security aspects of what's in the Quadronial Energy Review and hear a little bit about how the implementation is going and what there are plans for next installments of the QER process. So we're having a little bit of technical difficulty with our microphone up here, but Mariah, maybe if we could get a temporary mic for a minute just so she's able to give... I can do it from here. You can do it from here? If I have something to move the slides. Okay, we can... I'll give you this. Thank you for being so flexible. Okay, you just sort of... I'm at the same time. Okay. So you're just putting it down here. Oh. Thank you all very much for coming today. I feel very at home at CSIS, as Sara said, I've been here before. Secretary's been here several times, and I appreciate the opportunity to talk to you today and to not answer questions on today's announcement between the P5-plus-1 in Iran. I have not read the details, and I watched the news like you all did this morning. The Secretary has been there for 18 days today. I've been working for Secretary Moniz for 18 years, and I realize this is the longest I've gone without talking to him in 18 years. And so it's been, I think, that his effort and input will be worth it. And we look forward to his return for many, many reasons. It's been tough. We have a very able Deputy Secretary who has kept us in line while he's away, but we're looking forward to his return. I would like to, I'm happy to answer questions and discuss two key and related areas of focus that we've been working on at the Department of Energy. As Sara said, energy security and the quadrennial energy review. And I'm going to describe the QER very briefly first. As you all know in this room, you're all experts here. Our energy landscape has changed dramatically in the last decade. I see a few people here I've been working with for a couple of decades, and I dare say several people are shocked at the changes that we've seen from gas imports to gas exports. I actually wasn't shocked about that. Major increases in oil production, dramatic reductions in the costs of renewables, and increases in their deployment, reduced demand for oil. 11% of our gasoline supply is from ethanol now. These are all positive changes, but these changes have come with a new set of challenges and a new set of vulnerabilities. That's why the President launched the QER, directed us to do it, put out a presidential memorandum in January of 2014. As Sara said, the final QER product, the first installment of the QER, we redefined quadrennial. We're doing four installments. The Secretary was pretty firm that these comprehensive energy plans are too broad and don't have actionable, aren't as actionable as they might be, so we are happy to break this up into more discrete chunks. Here we focused on TSND infrastructure, and that's TSND writ large. Pipes, wires, and a little bit to our surprise, we ended up spending a lot of time on railroads, inland waterways, and ports as well. Not something I would have thought I would have been doing when I was at the Department 15 years ago. It is an integrated system analysis, and in the end, we didn't start out this way, but we ended up with four major focus areas, increasing infrastructure resilience, reliability, and security. Those are the little petals on the inside there. Using the electric grid, that was our one concession to an actual physical infrastructure. We don't have a chapter on gas pipes, for example, but we did electric grid because all other infrastructures depend on electricity. Enhancing energy security, and that's both our physical infrastructures for that, as well as our diplomatic infrastructures, I'll say more about that in a minute, and improving shared transport infrastructures. That gets into the ports, waterways, barges, et cetera, et cetera. We also looked at North American integration. There were over 60 actionable recommendations in the QER. I'll talk about a few of those, but I really am not here. You can look at the recommendations, and I can highlight a couple. But I'd like to weave more of a story together here about energy security, and this, let me switch to the Russian aggression in Ukraine. And after that, the G7 energy ministers met in Rome in May of 2014, not long after we launched the QER. And from that meeting, we derived and released a set of energy security principles that we believe are modern energy security principles, not the oil focus that we have had over the last several decades. And I've highlighted the words here, flexible, transparent, and competitive energy markets, including gas markets, diversification of energy fuel sources and routes, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, major threat multiplier that we see in climate change, enhancing efficiency, promoting clean and sustainable energy technologies, improving energy system resilience, and emergency response systems. That goes more to oil, but some to gas these days. And I'll say a few words about that. I'm going to focus first on the first two principles here. You can see them. I'm tracking them in shorthand across the top. And when we went, we did follow up the G7 leaders in 2014. This was in that these principles were in their communique. They reinforced theirs in their communique in 2015. And we went to Hamburg in 2015 to meet again with the G7 energy ministers. And our deliverable at the G7 energy ministers was the QER. And so at that point in time, I crosswalked these principles to the QER recommendations and findings. And that's what I'm going to show you here. This will be familiar to many of you, but this is the importance of gas transmission infrastructure. This is in the QER. Those wide, that wide basis differences there in 2007, you see a huge disparity in the various price points across the US. And then over here in 2014, you see them narrow down at the bottom there. The only real, the place where they don't narrow is in the Northeast in New England. You see up there on the upper right where their prices are much higher. That is because of infrastructure constraints. You see a little blip there in Chicago, Illinois, that gold line down there in 2014. That was a temporary aberration. But the Northeast in New England, that persists because of infrastructure constraints. We also think that the narrowing is in part due to infrastructure, but also in part that shale gas resources are more widely distributed across the country. These are what competitive energy markets do, and low cost gas does for the United States. You can't read this. But these are new industrial natural gas related projects announced or being completed between 2015 and 2020. Those are chemicals, metals, petroleum, and other industrial. There are a total of 405 projects where you are on-shoring energy-intensive and gas-intensive industries back to the US. That represents an additional 4.7 BCF a day of gas demand, and we think that that's easily achievable. This, you don't have to read any of this other than, this is diversification of our liquid fuels infrastructure in the US. Our infrastructures have had to do a lot of catch-up because this is oil, liquid infrastructure, because we are producing oil in places where we have not traditionally produced oil before. And all you need to see there are the red lines. Those are reversals or expansions of pipelines. And that's a lot of activity that you're seeing in order to accommodate this new production. As you can see, much of that is moving to the Gulf of Mexico. I'll say a little bit about that in a minute. This is a pretty startling, a sequence of slides. This is crude by rail movements starting in 2010. What you see is a lot of the start of crude moving by rail down to the Gulf of Mexico. This is 2011. You also see the Eagleford starting to move into the Gulf of Mexico there. But you're starting to see rail moving from the Bakken to the East and West Coast. 2012, huge amounts of oil starting to move to the Gulf Coast, both from the Eagleford and from the Bakken. And then 2013, look at what's happening on the East Coast in particular. And then this is 2014. And so crude by rail is important for many, many reasons. It has been the alternative to pipelines. We can't get them sited that fast. It has kept this movement to the East Coast refineries is by and large, not by and large, but in part due to the basis differential, the discount of Bakken crude to Brent. And the East Coast refineries are taking advantage of it. So it illustrates many things. But I think that that's pretty amazing how much is moving to the East Coast by rail. These are, as I said, we had to look at ports and waterways. And I would start by noting that these are, the ports and inland waterways are, by and large, federal responsibilities. A lot of what we looked at and recommendations are for private industry, where much of our infrastructure is owned by private industry. But here, the ports and waterways are federal responsibilities. This is a cartoon of the Lake Kaukeshu Ship Channel. And the left cartoon, you know it's a cartoon because they're not passing each other. They're going in the same direction. But that is what the design specs are for that channel. And on the right is a cartoon of what that channel looks like at points in time along the channel. The ship channel operators call itself dredging. We're not, yes. And we didn't put that in the QER. They came in and they met with us. But I would note that Lake Kaukeshu is where your first LNG exports are going to be moving. And a lot of exports we contemplate moving through that ship channel. This is a problem with funding, federal funding, for this kind of operations and maintenance responsibility here of the Corps of Engineers. They have put some more money into O&M for the Kaukeshu Ship Channel. But it's an ongoing problem. The ports in the Gulf of Mexico silt up more quickly than ports elsewhere. And so it is an issue. I checked the numbers right before I came. We have given final approvals to 9.9 BCF a day of exports. That is approaching, if all of that gets built, that is I think a gutter is 10 or 11. And it's the largest LNG exporter in the world. So we are getting into that range. Much of that is going to be moving through ship channels like this. And you all can look in the QER itself. But we also looked down, this graph you can't read or a table you can't read in the lower left-hand corner. Those are top 10 port systems by energy commodity shipments. That includes crude oil and petroleum right now. It doesn't include gas and it includes coal. Some of them were surprising to me. Lake Charles is not surprising, but Huntington Tri-State in West Virginia. Virginia Beach Port of, let's see, look at Delaware River. Some that you would not necessarily think are large energy ports. Those are going to be competing for funds with the Panamax ships and the container ports as we widen the Panama Canal. We also looked, as I said, at North America, North American Energy Integration. We have signed an MOU with Canada and Mexico to expedite this and our cooperation on climate issues. And that was at the CEM in Mexico a couple months ago. This just shows you the enormous energy trade. The dark purple there, that is crude oil movements and the size of the arrows are significant. Gold is refined product. Green is natural gas and the thin black strings, you probably can't see them well. That's electricity. Very important for the U.S. and for clean energy. Canada exports about 10% of its electricity to the United States. That's all hydro. So we are getting CO2 benefits from their hydro exports to the U.S. And four out of seven NERC regions, I believe, are completely integrated with Canada. So we will be looking at electricity in QER too. And so this kind of integration, electricity integration is important. Let me turn to Europe for a switch back and forth a little bit to our G7 energy principles. And I met yesterday with the foreign minister of Bulgaria, Daniel Mitoff. He's gonna be speaking here later. We talked about many issues. Southern Corridor and interconnections in Europe is one of them. Obviously we are all, this is the Southern Corridor and the various pipelines. We are all concerned about diversification of supplies and routes. That's an energy principle from the G7. Also something that we looked at in the QER. And you can see how important this is from Chardonnay's, the Trans-Anatolian Pipeline Trans-Adriatic and how, and actually, Italy has approved the TAP entry point there and how you can move gas from Azerbaijan elsewhere, non-Russian gas into Europe. And very important for energy security, diversity of supplies and routes. I would say that as recently as March of 2015, President Erdogan in Turkey acknowledged a couple of things and Turkey's desire to be an energy distribution hub.  And at the Trans-Anatolian Pipeline has special importance because of its route and its goal. It is not an alternative project to others. There is no alternative to it. This is an important message from the President in the context of Turkey's stream. And we're looking forward to working through the Southern Corridor issues with Turkey and all the countries involved. In that regard, and I use this slide in Turkey, I wanted to describe for them precisely what you needed to have an extremely robust gas hub. The U.S. has obviously the most robust in the world, but this is what Henry Hub is. Henry Hub is nine interstate pipelines for interstate pipelines to compressors and the capacity to transport 1.8 BCF a day of natural gas. That is an incredibly robust hub. Turkey, if it wants to be an energy hub, gas hub as President Erdogan says, needs multiple pipelines and multiple sources of supply. Eastern Europe, I mean Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa, Russia, et cetera, et cetera. And so that's important for Turkey's aspirations to be a hub. Also important is the understanding of market power. And I thought it would be important to understand the definition, not understand it, just repeat it. You all understand it. It's the ability to engage in unilateral anti-competitive behavior. Turkey wants to be a hub. Europe wants the Southern Corridor. We need diverse routes and diverse sources of supply. That's problematic right now with the Russian monopolies in many areas. Turn to three principles in the G7 principles on clean energy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting clean and sustainable energy technologies. And I'm gonna crosswalk these to what we have in the QER. This is hard to read, but the map on the left, upper left, that is Indianapolis. The map on the right is Boston. The yellow dots are methane leaks from the local distribution system. And Indianapolis looks great in this depiction here. What I would say, however, is that Indianapolis had a gas leak and explosion in the 1980s. And so it launched a pipeline replacement program in the 80s. Massachusetts has launched a pipeline replacement program. I think it was 2009. They have reduced their methane emissions substantially. This just shows you how important those pipeline replacement programs are. It's important from a safety perspective. It's important from a greenhouse gas emissions perspective. One of the recommendations in the QER is to accelerate the replacement of this aging infrastructure. The graph down in the lower left that you can't read, that shows the timelines for various pipeline replacement programs of utilities across the country. The top one is 80 years. And so we would like to accelerate those replacement programs. There's incentive structure in the QER. And when I started working on this, I assumed that those needs for pipeline replacement would be in old cities in the Northeast and upper Midwest. That's not the case. These are the top 10 states for cast and wrought iron on the left and bare steel on the right. Bare steel, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Texas, Kansas, California, West Virginia, Oklahoma, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. So these are very widely distributed across the country and it's an important thing to do. Very briefly, this is just a pie chart. It's a survey of the range of entities involved in transmission and not surprisingly, and these are transmission investment drivers for them. The highest is not surprisingly reliability, 48% mentioned reliability is our number one concern. Surprising to me was number two, which is renewables integration. So they are very much focused on integrating renewables into the transmission grid. This is, I think the last slide that you won't be able to read, but this is, we spent a fair amount of time in QER1 looking at valuing a range of services and technologies that are very difficult or unevenly valued across the different states. And these are, it's micro grids, ancillary services, CHP, distributed generation, storage efficiency, and so we would like to, in QER2, focus a great deal on frameworks for consistent valuation of all of these services. And that's important because of this slide. The maps, look at the maps on the right. The middle map is the electric grid, the infrastructure, transmission infrastructure. The top and bottom maps are the different jurisdictions. The top one is the NERC regions. The bottom is the RTOs. And what you see there is there is no relationship between how the electrons are flowing in the country and how our jurisdictions are structured. You have 50 states on top of this. And we did not recommend that we get rid of these regulatory and reliability structures. We did recommend that we convene. We DOE work with other agencies and states to develop these and frameworks for valuing all these services because without that, we can't take full advantage of the technologies and services that exist. And then finally, oops, let's go, oops, this one. I love this picture. This is the largest wind turbine blade in the world. It's 80 meters long. In the 80s, wind turbine blades in the US were five to 15 meters long. They average about 60 meters long. This is in Europe, it's for an offshore wind farm. It just shows you the enormous logistical issues associated with moving these blades around the country. 40% of the value of wind turbines, we import most of them, 40% of the value of those imports moves through Houston. They have a lot of wind generation in Texas, but they are moving elsewhere as well. This puts enormous strain on our roads. A lot of these are moving on rural roads and on the services, police, et cetera, et cetera, for moving these around. Wind turbine blades right now have to be moved in one piece in order to withstand the force. It's getting difficult to find cranes to move these off of docks, et cetera, et cetera. And so we're gonna look at, do a transportation corridor study for this and are looking at R&D to figure out if we can break these into pieces. You have similar issues associated with moving around very large transformers. Another issue that we looked at. This, going back to Europe again, this is lowering energy intensity efficiency and it can enhance energy security. This is energy, the intensity is tons of energy per thousand US dollars here. What you see here, the OECD Europe is 0.09 and you look over at Ukraine, it is 0.8. Bulgaria, 0.4. Enormous differences in energy intensity, particularly in Eastern European countries. We should have a major focus and do or working with the Ukrainians on reducing their energy intensity. Very important in, particularly in Eastern Europe. Improving energy systems resilience. This is another principle promoting infrastructure modernization and to withstand systemic shocks. This is a billion dollar disaster event types by year, 1980 to 2014. These are all weather events and we saw, clearly you get over there, 2010, 2011, you see a dramatic increase, it has been declining and the thing that jumps out at me here and we've seen it in this area, the yellow on those bars which remains very high and increasing, those are severe storms. And so you might see a decline in some of the others but severe storms, you still see, it's a huge chunk of the billion dollar weather events and it's increasing, we saw that in Hurricane Sandy, we saw it in the derecho here, I had to move out of my house, I don't know about you and we had a storm the other night, that was where we had 74 mile per hour winds, the most severe storm since the derecho, that's very, very costly. This is a weird slide and I'll tell you what it is in a minute, that little dot in the middle, that's Cushing, Oklahoma. Those lines are recorded tornado tracks and I went through and the question is not whether but when Cushing, where we store an enormous amount of our oil, when it gets hit by a tornado, I looked at many, many large tornadoes very nearby as you can see from the tracks and this illustrates a problem with severe storms and our energy security and resilience. That just came up, we call that our pestilence slide. The orange is wildfires, green is earthquakes, gold is tornadoes, purple is hurricane, all of those have different impacts on energy infrastructure. We looked at the variations in the QER and say earthquakes for example, particularly problematic for pipelines, wildfires, you had a fire 150 miles away from San Francisco and they declared an emergency in San Francisco because it was that wildfire was threatening the transmission lines, hurricanes, we know what happened in Sandy and tornadoes we just discussed. We also did regional fuel resiliency studies and we are now doing cost benefit analyses on some of these, the Southeast, this is for liquid fuels, particularly vulnerable because it's only served by a couple of product pipelines and is not enormously served by imports. So you get a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico and we did have a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico, cut off supplies to product supplies to the Southeast, major price spikes when that occurred. The upper Rocky Mountains, I was surprised by this, many of the cities in the upper Rocky Mountains are served by only one pipeline. We think they could recover very relatively quickly but that's something we would like to keep an eye on. And then the far west, we are actually in the middle of a cost benefit analysis on a regional product reserve for the far west. It's obviously isolated both geographically and infrastructure wise and so, and it's very earthquake prone areas so we're looking at that as well. These are, this is sea level rise and inundation Gulf of Mexico. This is hard to read but what you see there, those yellow dots are 20, 30 vulnerabilities. The green dots are existing baseline vulnerabilities and those are electricity substations. And so we're very concerned about sea level rise and this is another, we have recommendations for infrastructure hardening. The industry has done a fair amount at this point in time but we see continuing vulnerabilities with sea level rise. I then went back last night and looked to see what the Europeans are doing on climate and resiliency. I looked at their spending adaptation which is what we have recommendations on in the QER for things like hardening. They're only spending about 400 million euros. That's over there. Second to write, putting a lot of money in sustainable transportation, renewable energy and research and development and adaptation comes up short. Our recommendation in the QER, however, is very similar, $350 million a year for 10 years for hardening infrastructure in ways that would take care of some of the substation issues I just showed you. And finally, putting in place emergency response systems. This is including reserves and fuel substitution. This is another amazing slide. This is from the Keystone EIS. The upper left-hand corner is 2010 and those are the number of crude oil rail loading stations. There were six of them. 2013, three years later. Those are your crude oil rail loading stations and you can barely see them but the little green triangles, those are barged and crude loading stations as well. And I didn't show you this to talk about rail. I showed you this to talk about changes in our energy flows. This is important for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. All of this, and you saw going from the Eagleford as well, going from north to south as opposed to our south to north historical patterns moving into the Gulf of Mexico, Eagleford moving into the Gulf of Mexico. So you have congestion of commercial facilities in the Gulf of Mexico and the SPR is sharing those commercial facilities. And so what we were concerned with and there are recommendations in the QER on modernizing the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, its infrastructure. Right now, it has a drawdown capacity, design capacity of 4.4 million barrels a day. We think that its distribution capacity is far less than that. And it's very important in a modern global oil market, the laws, triggers, et cetera, designed for the SPR were written in 1975. When we did not have, we were not participating in a global oil market. We are now doing that to prevent economic harm to the US economy, which is the test in the statute. You really need to get oil on the water. And to get oil on the water, you need dedicated to ensure that you can get incremental SPR oil onto the water. You need dedicated docs. And so we recommend funding for dedicated docs. There, when we did the test sale for the SPR, we found that pipelines that serve the SPR distribution system had been reversed. And so there are both modernization issues and ongoing maintenance issues and life extension issues for the SPR. We need to be very mindful of the SPR is 40 years old. And so major recommendations on moving incremental barrels of oil into the market. One thing we also found is that the distribution capacity of the SPR now because we have global oil markets and we're exporting a lot of product out of the Gulf of Mexico is its distribution capacity is greatly affected by where a disruption occurs. We still import oil from Venezuela into the Gulf of Mexico where we refine it. We don't import a lot of oil from the Middle East into the Gulf of Mexico. So if you had a disruption in Venezuela, you would have more space to distribute SPR oil than if there was a disruption in the Middle East. And so it's now kind of a location specific as to what its distribution capacity is and we would like to increase that. Finally, this last slide, I lied and said there wouldn't be any more you couldn't read, but this is about natural gas in Europe and it's growing importance as an energy security problem. And I'm just gonna read you what it says down there. Energy markets have changed substantially since the creation of IEA. Natural gas is playing an ever-growing role in the energy balance of IEA countries making gas security a key element in energy security. Unlike the case of oil, there is no framework for taking collective action for natural gas. And this graph is import diversity of supplies and it's the HHI index as you approach one or hit one, that means there's only one supplier and you can look those little triangles there are a lot of Europe where there's only one supplier or huge, you're approaching one in many, many locations. And so we are very focused on natural gas security as well. That goes back to the Southern corridor, et cetera, et cetera. And so let me just close by saying each of these recommendations can contribute to the nation's overall security. I am quoting the secretary here.  He said it's our hope that our energy security investments and policies will be viewed in the broader sense to value and include the resiliency, reliability and modernization of key energy infrastructures, responses to climate change and the collective needs of our allies and partners. Thank you all very much and look forward to questions. Thanks very much, Melanie. That was an amazing amount of information in a short period of time. And I think perhaps the most relevant for a lot of folks in the audience here is I look out lots and lots of energy expertise, some internationally focused, some very domestically focused to see how you all are thinking about the Quadrennial Energy Review as it relates to some of the international remits and pressing issues for the administration, including European energy security vis-a-vis what's happening in Russia. I wonder, and I don't hope this isn't putting you on the spot too much, but could you talk a little bit about what is happening within that G7 process and in terms of how you've explained that the QER feeds into this broader notion of energy security that you're all trying to think about and is this an ongoing process? We've all saw what happened in the summit, but what are the next steps? Is there something further that you'll be doing to sort of develop these concepts as it relates to you? We actually, I have briefed the European Commission also participated in both G7 meetings, so they're very engaged on this as well, and they have put out their projects of common interest, very focused on the gas infrastructure issue. I actually, when we were at Atlantic Council last November, we met with Foreign Minister Mitoff, the secretary offered me up to go over and talk to them about doing their own energy plan like the QER, and so we, I did go to Bulgaria. That's why I have been working with the Bulgarians. The most horrible thing for me, however, was that I had to go to Bulgaria the week before the QER was rolled out by the vice president, and so I was trying to get the roll out of the QER done here while we were there meeting with the Bulgarians. They were very interested in doing a soup to nuts energy plan like this, taking it as we tried to do, and I think successfully did, out of the kind of political, raising it a level above the political process, they're obviously in Bulgaria, a lot of different currents on energy, and I was surprised when we went to Bulgaria how interested they were in the process, and so because, and I've heard the same thing from the European Commission and from IEA talking with Fatih Birol that this kind of process is very helpful for looking at the need for integration of these systems. Things that we didn't know, that we now know, I did not, as I said, we did not start out thinking that shared transport was going to be a focus area of this QER. I dare say when you do this kind of analysis and you do systems analysis, you're going to find things like that, so we have been working, I've been to Turkey talking about the QER there, and the Secretary at G7, and we continue to work together on a range of issues, in particular the gas infrastructure in Europe. We also continue to work with the Ukrainians, we have a team over there right now, we sent this team over there earlier, they're back again as you all know, there is yet again a dispute between Russia and Ukraine on gas, I believe they shut off, gas pumps shut off the gas last week, you're not seeing a huge impact right now because they don't need gas for heat, but we have a team over there, it's the Ukrainian's job, but we are advising them on kind of worst case scenarios, options for action, et cetera, et cetera. We sent this team before, they put together, the Ukraine government put together a plan and we're back there looking at it again in anticipation of this winter, and so we work with a lot of the countries, we talk to the EU often and have some very specific asks that we're working on as well, so. One of the other questions I had was about the context in which the study was written and its robustness to sort of some of the changes that have happened in energy markets between when you started out and today, we similarly had a midstream oil market study that we were doing here and quickly read it through once the oil price collapsed to make sure that everything was still accurate as when we wrote it. Given the fact that there's a lot of folks thinking about whether or not the US is going to be in a fundamentally different position than it's been in for the last three years with a precipitous surge in oil and gas production and the price drop that you've seen, is there anything about the next round of the QER you said you focus on electricity or this last study that you think has changed in light of that new oil and gas reality or the ways in which people are talking about it or do you think that it's robust and resilient? Actually, I think that it is pretty robust and as many people here on the room were working on gas imports in 2003, 2005, I believe Lee Raymond in 2005 said that North America was running out of natural gas and that we had to develop a global LNG import infrastructure. That's really, that's 10 years ago. Look where we are today. We have approved 10 BCF a day of LNG exports in the US. I also think something like the slide, the oil loading stations by rail in three years. You saw a huge, huge increase in shipping oil by rail. What I would say is that's a fixed system and it did have impacts on other commodities. The railroads have invested money in expansion, et cetera, as a result of the impacts on commodities and we'll continue to closely monitor that, had impacts on coal, it had impacts, I think Powder River Basin Coal goes by rail to about 34 states, has an impact on ethanol, 70% of ethanol is transported by rail, has an impact on agricultural products. Something that I found in common with that and the Bakken oil is a lot of that's in the Midwest. But I think that it has adjusted fairly well. There are issues. There are rail safety issues, there are competition with commodity issues. Four small units, coal units in 2014 had to shut down because they didn't think they could get the coal for the winter because of competition. So you have to look at those issues and reliability but I think our system has demonstrated that it is robust. Where I see the biggest concern is in areas like the things that are pure federal responsibility. You're operating under sequestration and budget caps and all of these issues have to be balanced against each other and but when you see the operations and maintenance needs on the SPR, the deferred maintenance on our ports and waterways, I think that we should be paying a lot of attention to that. It's not only important to energy, that's my focus but it's important to commerce and so that's where I think industry is pretty good about coming in. You see some dislocation and but I think that the industry has demonstrated its ability to accommodate. There are not requirements everywhere for hardening for resilience for example. So there are recommendations in the QER to incentivize that. We're never going to pay for all of it. Industry has to do that but we provided recommendations on incentives in there and are working with Congress on those and other issues they're working on energy bills now. So we've got about 10 minutes for questions. Please state your name and affiliation and your question in the form of a question. We'll start with Ben. You have done a phenomenal job as Sarah pointed out presenting an incredible amount of information in a short period of time and also the project is really impressive. I had two things that struck me. One is on Turkey back to diversification of gas supplies. We've worked with utilities as you know for many years and price is extremely important. It's the second most important thing they worry about that the supply security is the most important thing. All the way back to Boston's issues in 1971 and what happened when you actually run out of gas as a utility. So these guys understand this. People in the gas industry. Is there some way to tie to one major thing on one minor thing. The major thing is there's some way to tie more closely together European recognition of Turkey's potential role in this. You put your finger on it directly. We've spent a lot of time speaking with people in Botash and other entities in Turkey including giving class and stuff on what it takes to run a hub and the market freedom to operate is as you point out is extremely important of multiple supplies. Imagine from the Europeans. We've got to get Europeans to imagine that they had hubs on either end freely operating hubs and BP on one end Turkish hub on the other end how it would help their gas supply security. It would help gas price to that. That's why I put up the definition of market power because it would also help price. The second thing just minor point. The methane leakage certainly from safety perspective greenhouse gas perspective. This is a third perspective. The rate payer perspective. This pays to get rid of. You got a $90 billion industry. If you're losing 2% God knows where. That's a crazy waste of rate payer money and somehow maybe rate payers need to focus on it as well. Thank you so much. Thank you. On Turkey. I think that it's beneficial for the Europeans but it's also beneficial for Turkey. And I didn't put it in this slide when I spoke in Istanbul in May. I looked at their trading partners. Turkey's trading partners by far. By far the biggest trading partner they have is Europe. The EU 28 and so there is enormous relief between next between EU and then it's Russia like one eighth or whatever. And only slightly behind that the U.S. I was surprised that their trading with Russia and U.S. was roughly equivalent. But I think it has to be mutually beneficial to both the Europeans and the Turks. And when you look at it there are obvious reasons and beneficial reasons for both sides to continue to work forward, push forward the Southern quarter. The Turkish stream, the Turks might need it to satisfy their own domestic demand but that's not going to satisfy their desire to be a hub. And the problem right now developing natural gas in that region it's a little, it's not the most stable part of the world and in the Eastern Med or North Africa. So but there will be some LNG imports from the United States on the way. So anyway, I agree we need to push forward on it. I think that we have to demonstrate that it's beneficial to both Turkey and the Europeans. And I was glad to see President Erdogan on his comments Sam. And on the methane leakage, rate payer perspective is important. What we did hear from was the consumer advocates, our focus, the consumer advocates are concerned about the rate shock of accelerating these replacement programs. Nationwide we estimated it's a $270 billion price tag to replace all of these pipelines and at least local distribution systems. And that's a lot of money. And so the recommendation that we have in the QER is to buy down that rate shock for people that can't afford it under the theory that that would give the PUCs more incentive to move forward with it if they weren't, if they weren't putting rate increases on those that can least afford it. So there is a rate payer benefit that there's also a consumer, a near-term consumer cost, Sam. Got about five minutes left. So I'm gonna take the gentleman in the orange tie and this lady over here. And then you, if you can keep your questions very, very brief. Thank you, Richard Kidd, United States Army. Glad I wore my orange tie today. So Melanie, real quickly, what is your comments or impressions about the interagency collaboration and the drafting of this document? Given that there are two other quadennial reviews, one by State Department, one by the Department of Defense, all three documents mention energy security and the security threats from climate change. Do you think we as a federal government have got a whole of government effort yet on those particular topics and energy security? Thanks. Okay, and then Zhao right here. The room tickle. We, there were 22 agencies. QER was a White House-led process and there were 22 agencies engaged in the task force that the document went out for interagency review. It's a 348 page document and I have to tell you that return from Bulgaria was tough and getting all of those comments adjudicated was a major undertaking. We actually got 1,500 comments. 600 of them were from us and were largely editing and EIA doing another round of fact checking, et cetera. 300 roughly were from the agencies. I found all of the agency comments to be incredibly helpful. We did the analysis in my office and but we're not experts on what you do and so the interagency process I found to be very, very valuable. It was tedious and very hard to get done in the timeframe that we had to do it but exceedingly important to the final product. The QDR, for example, that's an internal document. It informs your budget. This is very, very different. It's an outwardly focused document. 22 agencies have equities and energy and DOE doesn't own the assets. It doesn't even own the regulatory structure by and large and so for all of those reasons it's a very different document than the QDR but I have actually sent staff over a week or so ago to talk with the Defense Department staff on energy supply chains. We're very interested in that. You all are doing a lot of work there and would love to work further. Also on energy security, I did find a couple of very good DOD documents. We're looking at energy security valuation as well in our next steps, implementation of the QER, not valuation just of oil but of other things that I mentioned there in the G7 principles and the DOD document very concerned about the energy and national security implications of a reliable electric grid, for example and the pipes that serve it and so I'm going through right now and reading numerous documents, literature, search on energy security valuation, the value of efficiency, the value of diversity of fuels, et cetera, et cetera and that's why we started working with you all supply chains are very important too, soon. Melanie, if you're able to go over by five I'll take these last questions as a group. Thank you for taking my question. I was just wanting to get more details on what the next installment of the QER will be about and the timeframe when you plan to put that out. Well, we have, it has to be done in 16 months. I can give you that for sure. We're going to focus on electricity. We are at this point in time working on a scoping document so I don't have all the details as to what would be in the final scope and my office does an enormous amount of electricity work regardless of whether it's QER related work or not and so that's all I know at this point. We should be, when the secretary gets back this evening we'll probably know more in short order. Thank you, we join you in hoping that the secretary will end his self-imposed exile. What can the department do to fix the QER which appears to have a problem? It proposes up to $7 billion in federal spending to prop up infrastructure to move coal and natural gas. This has the effect of cutting the market price of systems that use coal and natural gas and cutting that price via taxpayer subsidy nibbles away at the nuclear side which does not require any help moving its fuel so the result may end up being counterproductive. How do you fix that? I'm not sure what subsidies you're talking about that are recommended in the QER. It calls for federal spending of up to $7 billion to improve ports, canals, rail lines and pipelines. It's in the recommendations. Well, those, actually the recommendations on ports it doesn't have $7 billion of recommendations for ports and inland waterways. Two point five for one and three point five for the other. I don't think that we recommend that, okay. The ports and waterways, that's where you get into enormous benefits from shared infrastructure. It doesn't just accrue to the benefit of coal, it accrues to, as I said, the benefit of ethanol. Agricultural products, et cetera, et cetera. And we did not look at nuclear because we did not do generation. And the recommendations on ports and inland waterways were to look at innovative funding mechanisms for ports and inland waterways. The Congress, as you probably know, just passed an increase of a user fee. It's not ports, there's a trust fund for maintaining ports. So that neither of those are, one is an ad valorem tax, I believe and the other is a user fee. So those, we don't recommend increases in either of those. We recommend innovative funding mechanisms for how you might deal with it. But I would take issue with those being a direct subsidy for coal and for natural gas. It is essential to energy reliability, energy security and for a lot of, and for commerce, Sam. Well, Melanie, we know you've got a lot of demands in your time, especially with the Secretary coming back after such a period of time away. I wanna thank you for spending your time here today and I just wanna say personally that the idea that you put on the table about trying to calculate the value of some of these other characteristics of the system is something that comes up often in our seminars here and seems like a really important innovation, so. We would love to work with you all on that. Love you, absolutely. Please join me in thanking Melanie for being here.


Favorite TV commercial would probably have to be Pepsi commercials are my favorite. There's something about them, they're always incredibly well produced. The music's always bomb. I remember when they released like the Britney Spears one back in the day that was so iconic. I'll never forget it. Pepsi knows how to do it. Oh man, I'm gonna say the Cindy Crawford Pepsi commercial. That might have been like my favorite. I think I was a kid. I might have asked mom and dad to like record that one on a VHS tape just like a Washington again. Oscar Meyer because I always wanted to be, I always wanted to say, My baloney has a first name, it's O-S-C-A-R. I have a favorite ad. It was Darius Rucker doing the chicken bacon ranch for Burger King. And he sang the song, I love the bacon, Chris Chatter ran. I was always into the McDonald's ads because I always wanted to see what the new Ronald was because he was always slightly different. Jess and Alexander before Seinfeld did a very cheesy, very cheesy McDonald's commercial. I enjoyed that. That's funny. I love low penny. Say big money at my nines. My baloney has a second name, it's M-A-Y-E-R. I think I love commercials more now. I love them now. I love Flo. I like the progressive commercials. I like those progressives. There's a K-Mart commercial. And it's about their shipping. And it's called Ship My Pants. And it's genius. I've honestly never seen a funnier commercial. Ship My Pants, you're kidding. You can ship your pants right here. I used to love the Got Milk commercials. Doublemate Gum. Oh, I love to eat it every day. Ask me why and now say. It was a cell phone one and it was like the guy bought a cell phone for his girlfriend and she opens it up and he's like, I can't make it home for Christmas. She's like, oh, that's okay. And then he rings the doorbell and he's at the door. Cheers. Cheers, Jerker. There was a PSA that was about marijuana and the dad walks in on his son and he's like, where did you get this? He's like, I learned it from watching you, dad. I learned it from watching you. And I think I still say that like to this day. I really like those signa ads that come on with the doctors. Oh, you're in that one. Oh, wait, what? In that one. What are you talking about? I never made it without binding. Ask Mr. Owl. That one. Oh, yeah, yeah. How many, like, sets it takes to get to the center? Let's find out. One, two, three. Procter and Gamble did this amazing commercial about mothers and fathers that like take their kids to like hockey practice and all this other stuff. And then when that kid wins the, oh, oh God, when that kid wins, oh God, I can't. Snickers camping makes me laugh every time.  Well, I'm trying to give anybody some one of those nights. Always, always, I'm a secret lemonade drinker. P. Oscar Meyer has a way of B-O-L-O-G-N-A. My favorite commercial.


I woke up at three o'clock. They were watching Bharat Jono Yatra since the day one. They will watch till Kashmir. I am not belong to any political party or any congress. And my sons are very much impressed with this Bharat Jono Yatra. Because... You want to see India united. This Yatra is the need of the world. Because everyone is fighting on the base of religion. Hate politics are going on in all over India. I told him for saying Kanya Kumari to Kashmir. It's so easy but going it's so hard. Namaskar, my name is Gargi Sapkar. I am from Maharashtra. I just met Rahul Ji in Padhyatra. And with Jawahar Baal Manch I work in Maharashtra. So he took me there to work with the kids all the best. I felt so happy in my mind. I mean I saw a broad minded person for the first time in my life. He asked me what India is. He said love has no boundaries. After that I told him that when my Muslim brothers are called bad, I feel very sad. So he asked me why I feel sad. And he explained to me that the mistake is not in them. The mistake is in trying to find it. He said practice and you can learn from it. It was a great experience of my life. And we were talking mainly about the representation of the people according to the caste census. Which community are you from? Sudras, we are. So the suppression of the listen to is anti-democracy. The truth is education and health should be given most of the budget. But don't you think education as it is designed today is anti-Sudra and anti-Priest? Yes. They don't want the education of these people. My theory is that there is no employment because OPCs are not empowered. Salah said OPCs who are the employer can create employment. Yes. 100 percent. They are not given employment. Yes. They are dividing it. Slowly they are inputting the religious things in the people of the minds of the Dalits. They are going for it. Regarding the religious and fundamentalism. This one. There can be nothing known as religious fundamentalism. Religion is never extinct. So it is fundamentalism. Yes. Sir, especially to get Telangana in power we should give the tickets to the as per the proportionate of the people for SC, SC, BC minorities. Yes. 70 percent of them are VCs. What is our job is we are preparing the leaders of that. Congress is needed to replace the present criminal rule. We are not looking at the Bharat Jodo as a political game. We expect and hope a lot from Rahul Gandhi. This is the new ray of hope in the entire darkness we are pushed into right now and this ray of hope is now becoming a sunshine. In the war of freedom, our principles and principles were needed to strengthen it more. So Gandhi Ji, Jawaharlal Nehru Ji, Sardar Patel, chose a youth named Hardikar. Hardikar Ji had a team who used to fight in the war of freedom and he got the responsibility to teach the youth. In the name of Hindustani Sevadal, Sangathan was formed in 1923. Sevadal has three main roles. For the nation, to fight for the rights of the people, to fight in the war of freedom, to fight against injustice and truth, and also to serve the people. You are seeing the dress code of Sevadal. Peace is considered. When I was talking to Rahul Ji, Rahul Ji also asked the question what is the benefit of Padyatra. So we were saying that a leader's work and the work of the people can't be much of a benefit. If you want to look at the economy, then the issue of farmers, the issue of workers, the issue of our Muslims, the issue of our youth, the issue of our youth will have to be understood. So it is not possible without Padyatra. Our journey is to identify yourself, to understand the society, to love the country and to speak the language of Jai Jagat. Their journey starts from Rajshubhad and comes and stops on its own. When Sanghi people walk, they take a stick and walk. When we walk, they take a stick and walk. If they have a stick in their hands, then we have a stick in our hands. And they will break it with a stick. We will join with the stick. I am Madhuri Wariyathu. I came from Mumbai from Maharashtra. I was a staff of the Reserve Bank. But I took an early retirement from the Reserve Bank. And now I teach the children of Islam in Mumbai. The first generation learners who don't get any help from home in studies, they can afford expensive tuition. Sometimes I translate a lot. Like Jyoti Poonwani wrote about Gujra. I translated Marathi. I had to translate Marathi because the people of Maharashtra knew what was going on. People in the media speak very differently. They spread a lot of fake news. So I tried my best to help the people of Maharashtra. And what I am doing is my hobby. I can do it in the night. So I do it for my own pleasure. In the 80s, Baba Amte traveled abroad. She wasn't there at that time. And when Rahul Gandhi started this journey, I thought at least now I can go here. And I can give my wealth here. I can experience it. I try to understand people's lives. The purpose of joining Rahul Gandhi today is what Rahul Gandhi is doing in our country. It is a very big job. Today, for our country, for our society, it is very important. B.J.P. Modi Ji, all his friends, all the people who are doing this in our country. They are doing all the dirty work. They don't fight. They are fighting against the Muslims. People like me are very sad. They shouldn't be. To support Rahul Gandhi and to see his journey with our own eyes. This is my home. My name is Vishala. I am from Bangalore. I am a development worker. I work in the agriculture space. I work mostly with small and marginal farmers and we promote sustainable agriculture. Being here today has been something like I probably will have to blog and write more in detail about those feelings sometime. There is an energy or there is a vibe, a very, very positive vibe in the Yatra. There is an honesty. There is a sincere effort to redeem something in the process. And I hope that the people and the places that the Yatra is touching on are also able to feel that positive energy because we badly need it in our country at this point in time. One of the reasons that I have come here for the Yatra, where we hope that some changes would happen which would make a sure kind of a better future for the children in that country. I didn't expect that Rahul Gandhi would find time to probably call me. And when I was introduced as a development worker working with farmers, I think Rahul Gandhi got into a conversation almost instantly.  It was a very casual conversation. We ended up actually talking about sericulture which was promoted in our place. It was a very unique experience and it was lovely having a conversation. I am retired now. After retiring, I have come to the Congress and I want to succeed in the Yatra. Our business has ended today. It's been 15 years since I last heard about it. They are making fun of me today. They are making fun of the new young people. I haven't got a single job yet. It's been 10 years. The new young people are educated. They call me a new job today. They call me a new job. They call me a new job. There is no industry outside. I am not getting a pension at the right time. I get paid for milk. How will we do that? Rahul is a good leader. He is a good family.  He is a good worker. He is not a bad person. When the Congress party comes the public is very beneficial to him. The pensioners are beneficial to him and the government is beneficial to him. Seeing good people, the heart of the people is clean. The power grows in the heart. We have seen a good person. He is a good person. I am an ordinary tractor driver. We have to follow the rules. We have to follow the rules. We have to follow the rules. We have to move forward. Sir, today look, come on look. Look, look. Now our dear viewers and friends Rahul Gandhi are electing Star ؟ On the stage of the Congress party We have started this journey from Kanyakumari to Karnataka, Karnataka, Andhra, Telangana, and Kashmir. We have started this journey from Kanyakumari to Karnataka, Karnataka, Telangana, and Kashmir. Every country is giving their love and strength to this journey. Every nation is giving their love and strength to this journey. After 6-7 hours, no one is tired. After 6-7 hours, no one is tired. Ask any traveler. They will tell you everything. It is evening and it is 20-25 km away. No one is tired. Ask any traveler. Why not? Because you have given your love and strength to this journey. Why not? Because you have given your love and strength to this journey. It has been 50 days since we started this journey. It has been 45 days since we started this journey. The hatred in the country is spreading. It is said to be against it. This journey is called Laxma. This journey is called Laxma. In the whole country, BJP and RSS have tried to spread hatred and violence. In other countries, BJP and RSS have tried to spread hatred and violence. But their true goal is to spread fear in the country. In other countries, BJP and RSS have tried to spread hatred and violence. They want the people of India to be afraid. The farmers of India should be afraid. The workers of India should be afraid. The people of India should be afraid. And then, by taking advantage of this fear, the whole country should be afraid of its chosen friends. BJP and RSS should have fear in all countries. They should have fear in the right, in the left, in the right. BJP and RSS are trying to spread fear in all countries. Today, I spoke to BHL employees. Today, I spoke to BHL employees. Today, I spoke to BHL, BEL, Bharat Dynamics Limited, Karmikal. I don't know if you know, but Bharat Dynamics makes missiles for India. I don't know if you know, but Bharat Dynamics Limited makes missiles for India. These missiles are used to protect the country. These missiles are used to protect the country. The sky is the missile, the earth is the fire. The sky, the earth, the fire and the other missiles are used to protect India. Bharat Dynamics is manufactured. Bharat Dynamics Limited makes all these missiles. All these missiles are manufactured by Bharat Dynamics. B.H.L., you all know about B.H.L., I don't need to say much, but when I spoke to their employees, their heart is filled with fear. How did they fear? How much fear did B.H.L., B.D.L. employees have? Every public sector company's employees are filled with fear. B.H.L., H.L., H.L., B.D.L., B.D.L. All of these companies are filled with fear. B.H.L., these public sector units are from India. These public sector units are from India. B.H.L. employees are from India. B.H.L. employees are from India. B.H.L. employees are from India. B.H.L. employees are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. B.H.L. employees are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. B.H.L. employees are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India. All these public sector units are from India.


Another day and another Mail run mail run You're a good mail girl high-five I'm always your helper. Thank you. Thanks for helping. Yeah, you're my helper not mail girl. Yeah, that makes more sense We have the locked door came in the door Hi, Addy Feel like I'm a Like documenting The life of Sarah Q. Can we get canes today? You literally told me this morning. We have a stop. I know but I really want canes. We get canes Let's let Addy. Oh, no, no, no, she's it. No, don't tell her what she's gonna want chick-fil-a She eats canes do Addy can we get canes? I'll take that as a yes. So the weather literally says that there's gonna be a snowstorm starting today there's no snow at all and she's in a jacket and No, it's 56 degrees. What tell the people what I'm wearing right now. He is wearing gym clothes He's wearing shorts and a t-shirt Because we're in the south Missouri is the south It's like the south of the Midwest, but it's not south We're not even in like southern Missouri to me. It's the south it's 56 degrees in January of February and I'm wearing shorts and it's nice outside, so I'm in the south weird winter. I'm in the south. It's a weird winter. I will admit. I have a problem I like to eat fast food a lot and I like canes So if hello fresh if you're watching this and you want to sponsor a video We would love to work with hello fresh and cook at home. We need to we need to We're so bad at it.  Yeah, we're gonna go get chicken.  She doesn't want Cain. Wait, what are you? She's pointing it over there. Oh, you don't want Cain's chicken You're the star of this vlog Welcome to the flam You messed up one welcome to the flam vlogs and Sarah would say the flams. Bye.  Oh you have one Your deepest most darkest most inner Secret that you would never tell anybody tell the millions of followers. I really don't have any and if I did have one Why would I put it on YouTube? Flams Sarah, please tell the folks What is happening to Johnny Q here? So you were nominated for the spread the cheer USA award and so you made it to the final round Yeah, yeah So what people need to do if you see this video go to the link in his bio Doesn't matter what platform. No, no, oh a link in description on this one Yeah, link in description and click the link and go vote for him. It will only take you like a minute Can you read it? Yeah, it says you did it You've made it to the final voting round the public now gets to decide which nominees make it to the top five and now those top five They'll get tickets to go to The event where in Las Vegas, right? Yes, Las Vegas. So we might go to Las Vegas. That'd be so much fun We might go to Las Vegas. We've never been there. We should go So if you guys can go vote for Johnny Q you can vote once a day and you can use different emails So I the it starts today and it ends on the 15th. I believe so exciting go we're getting canes If you guys don't know that I love canes, I'm gonna link the video that we we drove a hundred miles to get canes But now they've built one here and it's amazing. Oh, you have to film that Sarah I'm not used to this. You didn't feel that. It's a new world to me. I don't know when to film. That was a great interaction with them And look we got canes you forgot to film the canes. I just don't want to film It's okay Usually people are like who is driving the motorcycle It's not that nice out. It's not that nice out. You're not that guy pal. You're not that guy. Oh You vlog at the wrong time I do ideally you don't vlog at the right Learn is it heavy? Yeah You can stop now. I mean we're gonna drive home. You can stop logging. I kind of like to see you ramble So, okay, so someone commented on my tiktok. I post that video Hey, you can go vote for me link in my bio and someone literally said I'm gonna click on your link and vote for someone else I'm thinking what did I do to you? I literally just I I spend paint. I don't want to be this close So we talk about this all the time that he's doing the most Unproblematic thing on YouTube and tiktok.   Do you say rain? Do you like it? Yeah, this guy is this guy blue Yeah This right here is literally the best food You'll ever have in your life the best chicken in the entire world Okay, I'm telling you right now a little hot Little hot Yeah, all right look at this ready. Oh Beautiful beautiful just beautiful Your hair got crazy in the car is that you don't need all that are you? Yeah, enjoy Sarah come back. Please come back Sarah, please Sarah literally Sarah, please say it again. What did you say? What did you I'm not gonna say it say it again, please one more time, please Cane's has better sweet teeth and chick-fil-a.  No, I like chick-fil-a Ask them Okay Put in the comments, which is better Cain's or chick-fil-a Cain's the Lord's chicken What are you doing Alan? Where's where's Ethan is Ethan at school today? Where's Bubba? He's at school today Do you like sweet tea the best sweet tea? You get cupcakes today. Oh my gosh Look at those beautiful cupcakes. Do you like the cupcakes? Here you can see yourself. Hi. Yeah, I want some meat. What? You got cupcakes. Yes. Do you like the cupcakes? Wait, I want these Then grab one. Take a big bite here. You can look at yourself.  Do you like the sprinkles? He doesn't like the sprinkles. You don't like the sprinkles Oh, as you can see here All the sprinkles Ethan Say hi YouTube About you, Addy. Do you like the sprinkles? Yeah, I think she likes the sprinkles We were gonna get doughnuts, but they didn't have any. That is a snow day Finally got some snow. Okay, look at this It's cold. Oh, sorry. Oh, it's cold. Addy get out. Get out Alright, looks like Kobe out. Look at the snow. Do you think he likes it? Look at him. I think he likes it. Oh, it's cold. I think he likes the snow Do you like the snow, Addy? Do you like the snow? Do you like the snow? Yes. Yes Do you like it, Addy? You want to race? Yes. Alright, go race. We're having some morning breakfast Got my potatoes Here we got bacon. Oh, I know we hear mom's making some pancakes This is day two of being snowed in. We just woke up so we look great And it's there's a ton of snow. Sarah doesn't want to be seen. Sarah doesn't want to be seen. Ton of snow And so hi Ethan. Hi I see your slippers You want to show us your slippers? All right. See you this beautiful breakfast. We got pancakes stag of pancakes Bacon potatoes and eggs Addy, are you excited? Ethan do you want pancakes? Yeah. Yeah No camera But you look beautiful Addy. Addy look at me She's eating a recipe. You know I got OJ my Yeti What? You know when Anna wakes up and throws them? When Anna wakes up and throws them? Yeah Addy you look like Anna from Frozen She's like, I hope you liked today's video. Thanks for watching. Make sure to drop a like and we'll catch in the next one Peace, adios


Welcome to the Anxious Morning, where each weekday morning we take a look at ideas, concepts, and lessons designed to help you understand and overcome your anxiety. For more information, visit us at theanxiousmorning.com. Do you have safe people in your life? If you're reading this as an email, use the comment feature and let me know. What is a safe person? Let's answer that with a few real-life examples of what having a safe person looks like. I can get on the highway, but only if my partner is with me. When my partner has to go out for even a little while, my anxiety goes through the roof because I'm afraid to be alone. Whenever I feel really anxious, I call my girlfriend and she talks me through it. Do any of these sound familiar to you? We designate safe people based on the false assumption that they can rescue us, shield us, protect us, or otherwise intervene to keep us safe or alive when we panic or feel anxious or afraid. We think that our safe people somehow make us safer. We see them as potential rescuers, so we attach their presence and participation as conditions for doing anything that might trigger a threat response. We expect our safe people, often those closest to us in life, to come and save us. That's what support is, right? Well, here's some bad news. Nobody is coming to save you. Before you hit the unsubscribe button, let me explain. This has nothing to do with our safe people. In most cases, they'd be happy to save us. They love us, care for us, and want to support us. If they really did have to save us, they would. But they're not coming to save us simply because we never actually need saving. We call it saving, but what our safe people are doing is soothing. Soothing and saving are not the same things. You just have them confused at the moment. When a non-anxious person is feeling badly, they also want to feel better and be supported. But they are asking to be soothed, not saved. They feel bad, but they do not act as if this is an emergency. Soothing in that case is a nice thing, dare I say, an emotional luxury of sort, but not an absolute requirement. For people like us, we want to be soothed too, but we see our state as predictive of some disaster. So we mistakenly think that being soothed gets us out of danger. Same process, totally different interpretation that leads us to demand that we be saved and to engineer our lives around that requirement in many cases, except that nobody is coming to save you because you never actually need saving. You're asking for soothing, which is nice, but also not terribly productive when we see it as a condition for being okay. And now that I think of it, this topic needs more discussion, so let's do that tomorrow. If you're enjoying the Anxious Morning and you'd like to get a copy of the podcast delivered into your email inbox every morning, visit theanxiousmorning.email and subscribe to the newsletter. If you're listening on Apple or iTunes, take a second and leave a five-star rating, maybe write a small review. It really helps me out. And finally, if you find my work useful and you'd like to help keep it free of advertising and sponsorships, you can see all the ways to support the work at theanxioustruth.com slash support. Thanks so much.


of exuberance with Michael Grady and letting out some energy right now put into words how good does this one feel kind of tired but it's worth it man it's worth it it's worth it team effort man told team effort man I've been waiting to let that out back to back ready to down and out so I'm talking about baby 21 down in the third quarter 21 down in the third what did it take resilience it took teamwork it took all the above man it took every every single ounce of energy we had tonight you know I'm saying I broke my fast before the game so I was I was trailing in but man this is a great group of guys man and we just showing each other that we could we could do it with anybody every single night you grew up watching net snicks you haven't played in this building since 2019 how good did it feel your first game in a net uniform here at the guard it felt incredible you know this is like a second home of me I've been coming from Jersey Penn Station the Penn Station you know since I was seven years old eight years old so this one feels good you know it's not just because it's against the Knicks it's just because it was total team effort tonight and we did everything possible man we did everything positive this is what it's supposed to feel like enjoy enjoy thank you