The academic paradigm in regards to the chronological history of man, the claimed, continued, warts and all documented, completely linear journey to the modern day, from a claimed birthplace upon the continent of Africa to the caves of Europe and Asia, becoming post-Ice Age Neoliths, all somehow mysteriously capable of incredible feats, all mysteriously deciding to build similar structures in similar ways of similar size, with no explanation even attempted. All this, claimed as having happened and fully known of without a single gap, an institutional castle built from nothing but sand. The Bering Strait is home to a theory of the same name, crucial to this evolutionary tale of human development, yet what resulted from research done by a handful of highly capable individuals of integrity. It is a site which proves beyond doubt that the Bering Strait theory is nothing but a lie. One which those who profit from this current paradigm, due to steel, have been revealed spending great efforts in protecting it from the truth, a truth mutated into a perceived conspiracy. The Bering Strait was a frozen landmass, connecting continents, crucial in explaining primitive man's travel across them. A modern historical paradigm, not only explaining the migration of man to the rest of the world, but it must have been at a particular specific time in history to fit currently funded scarly accepted opinion on the development of man. Virginia Steen McIntyre, however, found fossils, stone tools, and strata, dating back 200,000 years earlier than academically accepted. She was told to either repeat the excavation and provide fitting dates, or her findings would be thrown out. She stood by her research and eventually lost her funding. However, it seems that Virginia had a knack for studying areas which are clearly, if historical teachings be inaccurate, highly controversial areas of archaeological interest, for she was seemingly a thorn in their sides with her other previous research and subsequent discoveries too, specifically those made at other sites such as Puyatlaco, an archaeological site in the Valsequillo Basin near the city of Puebla, Mexico. After excavations in the 1960s, the site became notorious due to geocrinologist analysis from the research done in conjunction with steel and others, also indeed indicated that human habitation at Puyatlaco dated to as far back as 250,000 years ago. Wikipedia states regarding these finds, quote, these controversial findings are orders of magnitude older than the scientific consensus for habitation of the New World, which generally traces widespread human migration to the New World to a maximum of 13,000 to 16,000 years ago, end quote. Although these two sites are a considerable distance from one another, they are crucial for the chronological storyline of modern claims regarding timelines of human migration slash habitation dates, which they want to be perceived as far back within antiquity as being 13,000 years ago. However, this evidence proves that humans had already established these landmasses more than a quarter of a million years ago. Although Wikipedia predictably attempts retorts to these claims, to their credit they have listed a vast array of incredibly talented, highly qualified specialists, along with their own testimonies and personal investigative conclusions supporting the work of Virginia Steel McIntyre. It's also to its credit that they note the harassment received by these pioneers who literally threw the rules out of the window in pursuit of the truth, quote, and Steel McIntyre claims that some of the original research team were harassed, viewed as incompetent, or saw their careers hampered due to their involvement in such a controversial and anomalous investigations, end quote. She would eventually lose access to funding lambasted for her fines and claims never ceasing. Regardless of these attacks, we find Virginia and the many other courageous individuals commendable in their search for the truth. And they are undoubtedly areas which they have debunked with artifacts and dates. Evidence so passionately argued as lies, it is almost complimentary to her ability. This controversy is, to us, undoubtedly highly compelling. The crystal skulls, a set of the world's most alluring artifacts, possessing the power to create religions, snaring many a Hollywood figure with their mysticism and rumored possible alien origins. Firstly, how does one tell a real crystal skull from a fake? There are always artists capable of making and selling things that seem old, says anthropologist Jane McLaren Walsh of the Smithsonian Museum. And she should know, Walsh has seen her share of fakes. In fact, she's probably seen more crystal skulls than anyone else alive, subsequently becoming the leading academic on the subject. A stern skeptic with a ruthless ethic, only the most puzzling will convince Jane. Another major player in the skull game, according to Walsh, was Frederick Arthur Mitchell Hedges, an English stockbroker turned adventurer, who in 1943 began displaying a skull at dinner parties which he called the Skull of Doom. His daughter Anna later claimed that he had found the skull in a ruined temple in Belize during the early 1920s. However, this was later found to have been a lie. Investigations by the Linnean Society of London, a research institute specializing in taxonomy and natural history, revealed that Mitchell Hedges actually purchased his skull at auction at Sotheby's in London in 1943. How it came to be at the auction house, however, was never established. Which is unfortunate, because the Mitchell Hedges' skull, according to Walsh's scrupulous examination, is the only one she has ever had to reluctantly confirm as an authentic crystal skull. What's more, it is the only academically accepted original known within the public archives. Smaller than other examples, which under microscope analysis were seen to have been made using rotary drills, the Mitchell Hedges' skull is a more finely crafted, yet more crudely designed example that under the atomic microscope has shown signs of having indeed been an ancient pre-Columbian artifact, which sure enough was constructed using quote, unknown technology. There are, of course, many examples of crystal skulls around the world and many more stories surrounding their mysterious construction. Elongated examples, stories of groups of these skulls initiating some form of energy field. Ancient laser cutting technology has also been claimed time and time again. However, we felt we would approach them from another angle to experience the rare occasion when modern, specifically funded academic institutes buckle to overwhelming evidence, proofs given by the defeated skeptic to those who pursue nothing but the perplexing truth and a direction for study. Made from a single piece of quartz crystal, Mitchell's skull of doom is unquestionably an exquisite example of an unknown history here upon our planet. Regardless of beliefs or indeed the superstitions which now surround them, there are a rare few which support the theory of lost civilization and ancient visitation. This skull is much smaller than many and crudely carved, leading museum scholars here to believe that in a world of fakes, this one is the real thing. The Great Pyramids, although undoubtedly one of the greatest ancient sites upon Earth. Many feel that when these enigmatic structures are one day inevitably deciphered and their subsequent significance realized, this importance to the development of man will utterly eclipse that which has already been unraveled here upon our planet. It is a site that we predict will encounter numerous astonishing discoveries that will undoubtedly be played down or discredited by mainstream academia and media alike. Interestingly, however, regardless of our suspicions, an international research group's finds have seemingly been shared worldwide by the same organizations we so often find ourselves here upon our channel accusing of conspiracy. This research team apparently applied methods of theoretical physics to the site in an effort to investigate the electromagnetic response of the Great Pyramids to radio waves. In an exercise reminiscent of those which unraveled astonishing characteristics of the Bosnian pyramids has produced results that, predictably, since their discovery, scientists have stated were supposedly predicted under certain resonance conditions. They now state that the pyramid was predicted to concentrate electromagnetic energy in its internal chambers and under the base. This supposed initial prediction was made regardless of the fact that not a single claim to these events had ever been made within a single thesis funded by academia. Conveniently, this research group plans to use the theoretical results to design nanoparticles capable of reproducing similar effects in the optical range. Such nanoparticles may be used to develop sensors and highly efficient solar cells. The study was published in the Journal of Applied Physics. It seems to us that those in control of the production lines of mankind are seemingly aware of the technological prowess of the Great Pyramids, yet appear to be suppressing such discoveries in favor of financial control. In other words, the people who have permitted the release of these finds are the same people controlling the flow of information and technological development of our species. Quote, The Egyptian pyramids have always attracted great attention. We as scientists were interested in them as well, so we decided to look at the Great Pyramid as a particle dissipator of radio waves resonantly. Due to the lack of information about the physical properties of the pyramid, we had to use some assumptions. For example, we assume that there are no unknown cavities inside and the building material had the properties of an ordinary limestone, evenly distributed in and out of the pyramid. With these assumptions made, we obtained interesting results that can find important practical applications, says Dr. S. C. Andrei Evluchin, scientific supervisor and coordinator of the research. We feel the research is dubious, not only due to the fact that it has been shared within the same mainstream media who we feel have for a long time been funded to tell an entirely different story, but also due to the attempted conviction that there are no chambers left to be uncovered within the pyramid. Is there something within the pyramid that, no matter how hard certain powers try, they cannot seem to hide? Is this the reason for this conclusion and subsequent research being so widely covered? We find the discovery and subsequent coverage to be highly suspicious.


At this point, some congratulations are in order. You have passed through a review of how people got things done, including even the basics of the science of performance. This included the major challenges raised by the industrial revolution and reactions of leadership to the associated difficulties. It also included a more challenging subject to labor union reaction to the path pursued by privileged leadership and the uncomfortable balance that exists between the two general approaches. As a final shot, you have come to see the costs associated with the direction taken by our leaders and the performance challenge that threatens to disrupt privilege in business leadership. Still more important for this work? You have come to recognize yourself as the owner of both the government and the economy. It is you who can choose to do something different than what leaders have chosen to do on their own. You have the authority of ownership. Our task in this lesson is sharpening your understanding through this story of organizational engineering, another foray into performance. It began in 1983. I was working for the Army in their supply system and found out that their purchase and property management system cost was about $15 for each trackable item purchased and tracked as property. They spent over $50 if something was purchased by small contract. The immediate challenge was expending that $15 to buy a $3 wrench or $6 stapler. I suggested a simplified and far less expensive tracking system for less costly items. After cutting through the bureaucratic nonsense, I received an apologetic response. Those who evaluated it could see the benefit, but could not implement it because all those interested parties involved in finance and tracking could not come together to do it without being directed by much higher authority. I became a management researcher and discovered first that this was not an isolated problem. The inability to make even minor changes in Army administrative systems was difficult at best, and also that this was not a unique problem in Army management. It seemed general throughout industry. By 1990, I had a different, less expensive way to address the structure and operation of management systems, and it would increase their effectiveness. It used the same sort of changes that performance management had accomplished in the production environment. By 1993, I had a training system ready and formed OE Incorporated as a means to harvest the benefit of being presented. The answer was silence. There was no response, no expression of interest. There would be no presentation because, well, there was no response. The material was good engineering. I started publishing articles in professional industrial engineering journals starting in 1995, but there was no traction there either. They accepted the articles and they were published as good engineering. It was just that nothing seemed to be happening. In 2005, I had gathered sufficient material for OE Incorporated to self-publish a textbook, Techniques of Management Engineering with offer to schools that graduated industrial engineering and MBAs. No response there either. I really should have expected that if business leaders weren't interested in hiring people with knowledge and skills in this area. It made little sense to present it to students. I continued publishing application articles in those journals and eventually ended up speaking in a national convention of performance professionals, but there was no acceptance. Then in 2009, I applied what I developed to an unstructured group. The medical industry is an operating entity. The clouds parted so I could finally see the light. It showed that I had been addressing the wrong audience entirely. Business leadership had no real incentive to improve their systems. It could interfere with their running things. Of course, they didn't respond to my development efforts. As you can see, we are coming up to modern times to the environment in which this course of study was prepared. I needed to serve people like you and me, the ones who owned and were the customers of our economy and government. We are that party and interest who has authority to implement changes that benefit us. Our engineering technique is called a transform. If you have a problem, you cannot seem to resolve by the techniques available. You look for where a light problem has been solved, usually by another approach, and address similarities and differences to the solution that has already been found. The challenge I had been running into, not just the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization's management system, was that I could not resolve it by what we were doing. It was my failure to even address the real party and interest, the owners and customers of organizations. The transform was there. The problem to solve was that the real party and interest, then the source of all authority, were not in a position to see to their own needs and wants through the government and economy they owned. If I could solve that problem, it also presents a direction to resolve the management challenge. The need was for redefining, as bringing people together to be effective owner. Those things that serve common needs and wants are the drivers for coming to agreement. It is human values that provide the basis for trust relations that can bring people together in effective unity. When we are addressing human relations, especially those that do something, we find value in the engineering black box. We have looked at two aspects of this potent tool, analysis and communication, approach it in light of scientific management. As Frank Gilbreth provided the working mason with a platform of position as materials to build a wall, I provide the black box as a working tool to cut through the confusion and chaos that is part of our modern culture. It is a tool that allows each of us to keep focus on what we are doing. We have opportunity for a new understanding. It is that this black box tool also addresses relationships, potential areas for agreement in terms of how much people value their interactions with business entities. Where we have consistencies in value, we have potentials for agreement on what the business activities are to deliver to us. The time has come to address a third aspect of the black box, the nature of the performance relationship. Performance is not what our economy does, it is how it provides to us those goods and services that we the people value. The performance cycle is external to the operation of the business. The performance cycle is interrelation with those who are outside the business. Our new vision is an extension of what Taylor did a hundred years ago. He concentrated on what would work in practice. He concentrated on doing what would be so good at accomplishing a valued result that even those resisting that change would accept the cost and make the investment. We have already addressed this in the negative. We have stated the challenge of modern administrative management when it comes to performance. The customers are the ones that make ultimate decisions and they remain unconcerned with most of the decisions made by business leaders. Their focus is on whether the offered products are going to meet their wants and satisfy their needs. The basis for customer action is also known. It is the personal value that the potential customer expects to receive from purchasing what the producer is offering. If expectation is low, so is the likelihood of purchasing that product. If expectation is high, so is the likelihood of the sale. For personal empowerment, our focus has to be on the expectations of people, on the value they are likely to receive. If it is a general human value as an increased freedom, prosperity, or a general increase in trust-based interrelation with others, we have a potential for that sort of agreement that can support owner-directed actions. This is what we can build on. It is the purpose for that historical foundation we have so carefully drawn together in earlier lessons. Our U.S. government was intentionally created to serve we the people of the United States. We are the customer. We are the only party in interest when it comes to what our government is to be doing. Much of our potency is in being the ones who own our economy. We own its corporate entities. They are not separate people in the sense that they are to be served. We are the only party in interest in both government and economy. We are the ones who give it purpose. And we are the ones who value what it delivers to those outside itself. While the process of change still needs presentation, we at least have an identified purpose. And we are that purpose. Our purpose is not going to be determined by leadership, even as it is not set by leadership in the past. We have good witness of leaders being able to affect our purposes and to bring them to focus through their administrations and advertisements. But this only seems to work when it was within the basic envelope of humanity. We even have sporadic attempts by leaders to change the nature of humanity. The eugenics movement was a serious example where the aim was to improve on the humanity by speeding up the process of natural selection. On even the most primitive application of the black box logic, we see this in a different perspective. It was privileged leadership trying to change the customers to accept the value that leadership wanted to produce for them. We the people have examples of severe damage and waste from such efforts in the past. Using the black box, that waste comes into focus. The very concept involves us and them division of people with governing government people on the right side to overcome them on the wrong side. It is privileged deciding which peasants to support and overcoming the less desirable them. When leadership promotes dividing humanity against itself, then as in any civil war revolution, we will all be on the losing side. The potency of the tool is in being able to concentrate on both performance and on human-to-human relationships. I also need to address the rather surprising human capacity for leadership to promote actions as good for the people, even when it is so obviously not good for people as individuals. The isolation of people into supposedly independent units, concentrating on every difference between one person and another, has demonstrated a certain level of success for creating the illusion that the people or the corporate humanity are someone different than we are as individuals. And the presentation of privilege and leadership is right. They're to lead the people against each other for the good of humanity, for the good of the nation, for the good of the public, for the good of the world, or whatever seems most appropriate. We have now reached the point where we can build upon the basic black box, providing working tools that can use black box approach. These will expand what the tool can do for those who use it. One potent understanding is the pairing principle. It is that customer and product are always paired. If there is something produced that does not go to a customer who values it, it is waste. If a customer does not receive what the customer values, it is waste. We must always look for the pairing if we are to identify value relations. On a corporate level, we have the challenge of people being asked to pay for things that they do not receive and value. And it is always waste. It is valuable only when those who receive the product are the ones who value it enough to purchase it. This has been an ongoing challenge with public subsidies using non-customer dollars to pay for things the non-customers do not value. Privileged leadership sees this as a basis for their being privileged, using the resources of other people for what the leader values. It is good to be king. Delivery of output to non-customers is, in the black box vision, the definition of type 2 waste. It is a business expense that earns nothing for the business or the business owners. Performance improves by eliminating that waste. When it is eliminated, more of the value of the output will flow to those who are effective customers. And then we have the capacity to turn this around and identify the customers and products of any corporate human effort. This is generally termed customer and product analysis. This brings immediate focus on true human performance. The first application is to identify the source of corporate resources. Where do the incoming knowledge, volunteer time, or other resources come from? This is the source of the life of the corporate effort. If the effort runs out of resources, it ceases to function. You trace the incoming resources back to find the one or the group that makes a decision to provide what the corporate effort needs. This defines the customer of the corporate effort, the ones who have to decide to so value the corporate effort that they provide what it needs to continue. When we have identified the customer, you look for what the corporate effort delivers to that customer that is so valuable to the customer that he or she will provide it. This is the product that the corporate effort has to deliver if it is to continue in existence. This defines the value relation as we have named it in our performance cycle. The basic science of performance, expenditures of time, effort, and other resources upon human efforts that are not part of the cycle are, by definition, waste. That waste can be eliminated without loss to either the corporate or customer participation in the performance cycle. And there you have active tools. Tools where the black box visual can communicate the value of proposed actions. It is a civilization design tool for human beings. The use of this tool will multiply what you can accomplish because it can bring people together for the purpose of personal benefit from eliminating waste. Consider the curious example of the public school, a place where children are gathered for the purpose of education. While this may be limited by future changes to its basic operation, it now points to a potency that is truly, in your face, identification of public waste. Who are the school's customers? You follow the incoming resources back to discover them. We clearly have the public as the source of capital resources, the building and equipment. We also have the public providing its operating resources, including dollars to pay for its operation. We further have the public as families, providing children and attendants for receipt of education. We then address product, whatever the customers both receive and value, sufficient to make the purchase decision. Capital resources come from the public, a public owner who is typically a corporate town, city, or county. What is it that is produced by operation of the school that gets delivered to these public decision makers? It is then we see, and it is visualization of black box operations, that we see that there is no product delivered for those decision makers to value. They are sent a bill for maintenance of public resources with expectation that it will be paid as the right thing to do. So let us move on to the operating income. This is dollars to pay teachers time and operation of the building and equipment. It again comes from the public resources, basically from dollars that occur like that as income from the public. Again, the town, city, or county is the customer that decides the resources the operation of the school will consume. For the appropriate product, we are to identify what the decision makers who fund the school both receive and so value that they commit those public funds. It is immediately obvious that the educational process does not produce and deliver anything to them for them to value. At best they get some management information which is not a product of education. So we step back and note that the resources are actually tax dollars and that the public pays for education through decisions by representative government. Then we have to define the product that the public taxpayer receives from the operation of that school. About this point, the frustration should settle in. There is nothing that the school delivers to the public that pays for it. The modern school even resists public disclosure of its educational effort. We can try even one more time realizing that not all the taxpayers are in a position to deal with the school as customers. We assume that the taxpayers are represented by the parents of active students. These are the taxpayers who actually send their young to school to get educated. And so we address the parents of students as customers and seeing them in light of representing the larger public of tax paying citizens who own the school and resource its ongoing operation. So what do these parents receive as customer representatives? What is it that they both receive from the operation of the school and so value that they would decide to fund its operation? They receive a grade card, a token of the progress of their child in the educational process. It is a measure of progress against a public standard and a general comparison with other's children of like maturity. Step away a bit. What is the value to the parent who receives a grade card? Is this some increase in what they have, some new value that they receive as the output from the educational process? What are you going to do about this? Are you going to throw out the black box approach because it does not support what we are doing? Of course, our resistance to change is going to rise up to redirect us to something else. The most obvious is to look at what the school is doing instead of what it is to deliver to its public customers. The educational purpose is now addressed as delivering value to the children, preparing them to be more effective as people. It is providing them the benefit of education. The potency of the black box approach is not so easily set aside. It deals with performance and performance is always of value. The students are not customers. They do not go to school to receive this value. Their parents send them. They do not pay taxes to fund the school operation. Their parents do. The students are clearly to be beneficiaries of the educational process, not customers. They do not have purchased decisions. Again, it tumbles to the parents. It's the child who passes through the public education process more valuable to the parents who pay for it. There you have it, the operation of corporate education in a public school has become a source of incredible public waste. The entire school could be eliminated without loss to the public. But that is not the end of the matter. We know that there is value in education. We just need to see it clearly. We know the system is misdirected from the analysis above. We need to redo our vision based on delivery of value. So we start again, this time putting the confusion inside the black box where it no longer distracts us from seeing value relations. Our foundation for performance is a value cycle with customers. Who is it who values the education of young children? It is the family that values the raising of the next generation. If there is to be value, it is the value recognized in the family whose children are the beneficiaries of an educational process. It is not a public value at all but a value in the education of each student as recognized and received by the child's parents. The value delivered to customers will not be an educated public. It will be a member of the family becoming more valuable to the family. The public involvement is indeed through representation by the parents of students. Our public is a collection of past, present and future parents. While the purpose is local to each parent, it is representative of a general human purpose, a human value. With this, you have just stepped into the vision that can change things. It is a vision that what will have value is what parents of students receive as to their individual child. And it will not be some comparison to public standards or other students. It will be what they value. We may still be a long way from coming together to institute a change but we are developing vision that can bring us together as a public. It is a public that can direct our leadership to assure that we receive what we value. The vision is empowering. The ability to present challenges we face and potentials for beneficial changes is empowering. As a final perspective, one that should serve you well, it is the teachers who reach out to parents working to involve them in the education of their children. Where our current system what isolates students in the classroom, it is people working in education who have that most human understanding that the benefit is in working with parents for what is commonly valued by people. People are not the problem. People are the solution to the problem. Arlene arrived at work to see the fruit of her suggestion. She had gone home as the one in charge of an office of personnel. There was a new sign announcing her group as a division of human resources. The personnelists in her office were being re-titled as human resource specialists. Improvement? Nothing else has changed. There is the same assignments authorities and responsibilities. On the performance side, we see no changes at all. The business is not going to sell any more product nor increase the value that gets delivered to customers. There is just the relatively minor cost of the change itself. What is the value of the human resource office? What does it produce and deliver to those outside itself that they can value? The office does not provide human resources. It provides guidance and a workable process for others to use to get people they need to function. The office neither manages nor supervises anyone except those who are part of the office. Management and supervision are by those who care for the workers as resources and who direct employees to their tasks. This office just provides some set of personal support services to the workers, workers that answer to other authorities. The office does see two compensating employees for their employment, but that is also of questionable value. It is taking on a responsibility for administration of pay, not for assuring the value relation with those employees. That is determined at the level of direct supervision, direct management where the value of the employee is seen in proper relation to what each accomplishes for the business. When it comes to managing what the human resource office accomplishes, it adds a whole new perspective. What must it accomplish to be a success? How are we to measure what it does to determine whether it is operating to good effect? It is then that the lack of basic purpose starts to emerge. It is the difference between success and failure in servicing employees. It is in charge of seeing to payroll, seeing to the workers get paid. If some worker stops performance, it's the HR office to stop payment. Of course, it is a supervisor's job to take action. This office is implementer. The black box provides us that most important observation that we have great difficulty finding who is to receive the product of the HR office's performance. Who is it that gets to value what it produces? This HR office does payroll. It is an arm of the organization that fulfills the business side of the employment contract. It has no authority to direct performance. It has no performance responsibility in terms of operating the business. Its payroll effort does not get things done if we're the organization. The HR function also includes services to other working groups, providing a way of working. This is a service. We find a challenge when we describe that service as what is delivered. Because the work is still being done by those in the other groups. The personnel group requires paperwork from its customers and uses what its customers provide to advertise for employees. It filters these to a few best candidates based on criteria by the HR office. The HR office is a service that allows employees and candidates based on criteria by the gaining groups and general guidance for employment in the business to support the employment decision. There is some partnering here, but it has little to do with the needs of the one who is serviced. It is the operation of the HR function that determines the productive result that the other supervisors receive. What is the difference between success and failure in this part of the HR function? Does it fail if an unsuitable employee is hired? The most immediate observation is that the function is running the personnel system. It is performing administration. It is doing what seems most effective for supporting the leadership effort in running their organization. This is never clearer than in the split between management and labor. Workers are hired under one employment process. Management people are hired under one employment process. It is like the basis for Taylor's original direction of scientific management, like seeing two skilled workers using different processes as the best way to do the work, assigned to them. His solution was to study the work and eliminate any wasteful efforts. We are obviously not with sufficient skills to address the solution or even evaluate the various directions for action. What is important here is the historical foundation and we can identify that there is significant improvement potential. As a support office rather than one running the organization our HR black box is valuable to the organization as it delivers what its customers value in their local performance efforts. The service is well defined as employees ready and willing to work in fulfillment of the customer needs. In service to employees it is elimination of common distractions. It is not really the employees who are served but the supervisors who set those employees to work on behalf of the business. As you can note, this goes a long way to providing a definition for the successful operation of the HR function and it opens a door to valuation of its services for both cost and benefit. The immediate challenge for us is that this involves a certain level of teaming and teaming is not a value part of the administrative management. A human resource office is delegated authority over office resources and assigned responsibilities for offering operating fairly well defined support systems. Like most other such offices the assignment does work. It is unnecessarily expensive but it does function it is officially focused on its own operation even though the people who work in that office recognize the human value in partnering with supervisors to assure as far as proper operation of the office will allow that service customers get what they need. For immediate orientation it is that important observation that people are not the problem people are the solution to the problem. When it comes to administrative assignment to the office it includes maintaining and servicing that division between management and labor. It includes maintaining different services to serve different purposes. It helps the administrative leaders maintain the division between management and labor institutionalizing the us and them interaction between them. Why do we have business corporations? The first answer is that people create them. They serve someone's purpose. The first answer is that the business corporations are there as someone's way to support family. The second is that the corporation is created to operate to a productive purpose. A family owned corporation serves a family purpose and a family leader effectively owns and operates it. A productive corporation serves and it gathers and directs its resources to accomplish that productive purpose. There is no owner purpose in someone else running the larger corporate entity. There is an alarm ringing when we realize that corporate officers are deciding what owners are to receive as return on their ownership. That is very much like a government decision on what to tax people who own the nation. It is the exercise of authority over what belongs to other people. It is like hiring a driver for your car who then decides to visit his own family instead of yours but graciously offers to let you ride along. If you really own something, you can always direct how it is used. If you own the football and others decide not to let you play you can take your ball with you when you leave. That is the nature of ownership. Those with privilege deny this. Owners have a higher authority than they have and can make such decisions as seem right to them. It is the nature of privilege to insist that you need someone in charge, someone running things if anything good is to get done. And then there is the foreman. And he is not running things but is much better than the ones who do at getting things done. And then there are the customers and they do not answer to those privileged leaders at all. The answer is ownership. The ability of the real owners to exercise ownership. There is nothing that privilege can do about it. The only real way to avoid a catastrophic denial of leader authority is to keep the owners from ever coming together. So what is the purpose of corporate leadership? Where is the value? And there it is front and center. Salary, payment for providing oneself as an employee. It is payment for the direction of the leader's time, skill and effort to the requirements of the job. And then the anomaly. Corporate leadership does not have a job. They are the source of assignment and accept no authority in any other to assign to them. Their job seems to be doing the right things but there is no responsibility for results. It is basic feudalism with the time and effort of employees as a key resource being claimed by the rulers instead of the land of the feud. Now, if only they could get the customers to see how right this is. Reality can be a cruel master. Reality is especially hard on those who claim the benefits of rule based on exercise of privilege by the best people. There is the reality of the cost and benefit of privileged management. A small management system seems to operate well with each hour in management and administrative work supporting four to six hours of time completed, their customer cycle. The same large corporate management effort ends up supporting about half that much. Even the economy of size is overcome by having a different purpose claimed for employing workers. There is the reality of customer decisions determining the income of the business. Those customers commonly do not know or care about the management programs and policies of business leaders. They are unconcerned with whether the business leadership is or is not doing the right things. They make their decisions on the value of product to them and the price they have to pay value. The reality is that the organizations they lead have a purpose set by those who create and own each business. The reality is that leaders are hired for the same purpose as everyone else, but have chosen to serve their own purpose because they are the business leaders. The reality of performance purpose is that management is to bring the resources of the effort together to get a valued result where modern leaders want that done. They hire someone else to do it. The reality is a purpose split between management and labor that serves no purpose at all. The cost is real and there is little value that results from administrative management pursuit of alternative purposes. It provides a universal damage to the business. It reduces the value of business to owners and investors. It reduces the value of products to customers by artificially raising prices. It reduces the value of the business to employees by introducing division and conflict in place of teaming. Universal damage provides a direction for correction for people coming together based on any potential changes that will reduce the damages. Getting to the point of coming together requires something to accomplish, some value result that people can expect if they come together to make it happen. The same few tools we have addressed earlier provide us with knowledge to organize a management effort. We can address both the structure and operation in terms of teaming, of bringing the resources of the corporate business to a single performance focus. It is that same focus that brought workers together to what work groups could accomplish when they started to team under a foreman.


God is using you in mighty ways. I was touched in so many worship services and I know hundreds and thousands of persons were as well as they came to worship with you and then we'll later watch the videos that you did. I've also seen over the last few weeks how each of you have been improving in different ways and just I applaud the way that you're continuing just to find creative ways to share the gospel in this time when people are having to shelter in place and can't physically congregate. Today I wanted to share with you a little bit about how I see that we might can continue to improve ways to connect our congregants and help them live into their membership vows to support the ministries of the church with their prayers, their presence, their gifts, their service, and their witness. Now a lot of these things you're already doing and I just want you to continue to think about how might you connect your congregation more in ways that they can fulfill these vows of supporting the ministries of your church with prayers, presence, gifts, service, and witness primarily through online worship. So first in online worship with prayers encourage persons to share prayer requests. You can do this through putting a post on there through a pinned note, share your prayer request, setting a time during the worship service when you are encouraging people to share their prayer requests there. In some of the churches I was sharing a prayer request this morning I was worshiping at Farmersville and I put her prayer request to pray for the staffs of our church and a young lady was doing the prayer request and she said, Mr. Owen is asking for prayers for church staffs for ours and for all of the churches and it just formed my heart to hear my prayer request being lifted up in church and then there's others that would come back and would comment on the prayer request that I put in my Facebook note that they are praying for that. So encourage people to write down their prayer requests and then also encourage your congregants to be praying for the prayer requests that they are reading. This is helping them to be engaged, think beyond themselves, think about their congregation and their others by reading the prayer requests that are being listed during your worship time. Second, presence. How can we facilitate congregants being present for one another in this time when the church cannot physically congregate? So thanks to social media there's a very numerous ways they can do that. One is by hosting watch parties so make sure you have that feature up on your on your Facebook posts and encourage your congregants to host a watch party, reach out to their fellow Sunday School or small group members or UMW circles to watch worship together so that they are feeling connected with one another. Ask congregants to comment on the comment whether that's in YouTube or whether that's in Facebook. I would say have a time where you are sharing, are you passing the peace and within worship and people can say peace be with you, they can greet one another. Encourage that interaction so that the body of Christ can connect with each other. Now you'll need a facilitator during this and they can help that and also as well as a moderator if someone gets on your page that shouldn't be on your page and some comments are made they can quickly delete those as well and block people if needed. Third I would say on this on the presence make it easy to find your worship service. There was a number of churches that I tried to find their worship services both on their web page as well as their Facebook page. It was had a hard time finding where the services were being held whether it's on YouTube or whether it was on Facebook as well as what time it was. So make your landing page on your on your web page, edit it so when someone goes to yourchurch.org it lands right there where worship is whether it's on YouTube whether it's on Facebook so that people can do a one click and be with you. And on your Facebook page make on the description of your organization put the time of worship that you are having when you're having it so it's easy to do. The other thing you can do is do an event page and so people see the church as an event that this is going to happen there's a countdown to it there's people places where people could say that they're going or that they're interested in going and they'll get reminders about that. So do the event page in Facebook and with YouTube use the premiere that lets people know that this YouTube event this YouTube video is coming and and so people can find your worship service easy. I found it through the North Texas Conference webpage and if you're not listed there send an email to jacobanntcumc.org and he would be he'll be able to put on the NTC North Texas Conference website when your worship service is. And again connect with your congregants they are your best evangelists making memes making announcements things that they can share ways that you can start building up excitement for the events that you're having whether it's Sunday worship midweek Bible studies or other activities that you're doing. Next I'm going to speak on presence and giving right now before I get to giving. With presence and giving if you can find a way for people to check in to worship I announced this at the beginning of worship take time during an announcements and offering time to do this as well as well as at the end of service to remind people don't forget to check in don't forget to register your attendance and don't forget to give. And so have a link pinned right at the top where people can just click and either check in or a reminder say hello and let us know that you're you're here with us. That way you can take real attendance and find the difference between those who are wanting to connect with your church and those who just happen to scroll by and that way people can also feel like they are saying I am here I am present I'm fulfilling my vow to be present at my church during worship service. And then and giving find get multiple ways for people to give. Some people are accustomed to giving online they already have automatic withdrawals. Some people are using the Venmo which is a cash app and there's other cash apps out there where people can just give cash through online they can develop an account with Venmo. Give your address encourage people to mail checks those persons who like myself still like to give with checks as well. There's ways to give through texting and if your church doesn't have any of that technology the North Texas Conference is offering to process these offerings online for you. So go to NTCUMC.org slash corona dash resources and you can find on there where your church can connect you can share the link and people can give through the North Texas Conference website just put the name of your church and we'll make sure that you get those funds. So we've covered prayers, presents, gifts and now service. I went to one website today and I was horrified it said all church activities are postponed. It broke my heart. I went to another church service Custer Rodney and I UMC and the pastor boldly said the church is not closed and that needs to be the message we need to be communicating. Church is not postponed. Church is not closed. Activities are not suspended. They've just moved. They've moved online. They moved into different ways and so when it comes to service we need to help people connect and into service. Now some churches are continuing with some of their their feeding ministries and other services and you can go to that same NTCUMC.org corona dash resources coronavirus dash resources and look where the Center for Missionary Outreach has needs that are listed. I know UMW are some of the UMWs are are making face masks so there's ways that your congregants can serve and help them find ways that they can serve even when they're sheltered at home and that brings us to the fifth valve that we make to to support the ministry to the church through our witness. This is something that everyone can do. Now is the time that we can all live into our calling to be evangelists. Sharing through social media what our church is doing when worship is inviting other people to connect. We have people that are connecting with the church that haven't connected in years that have never connected because of the ease of being able to connect online. So finding ways to make it easy for your congregants to share posts to share means to share announcements to share your worship service and to encourage them to do so will help your church reach more people than your churches ever reach before. Again I am just amazed at how the North Texas Conference churches have responded and how they have stepped up and how they are reaching out to people and how meaningful your worship services are to so many people and especially to me. I've been humbled and honored to be part of them and I am looking forward to our future worship services together. I know your congregants are looking forward to being back with you but I am blessed to be able to be worshiping with you online and I know this is something that God is going to use in the future for your to church for your church to continue to reach many many more people with the love, grace and good news of Jesus Christ. We're praying for you, we're thankful for your ministry and God bless you.


Hello there, my beautiful, lovely, talented, and delightful internet friends. Welcome back to my channel. Thank you so much for joining me here today. I'm really struggling with knowing what to say in this video. I've lost my house twice to fires. The first time was at 16. There was a gas spill in our garage. It got sparked. My house went up. The second time was in 2013 in the Black Forest Fire. It was a wildfire. It claimed many, many structures, many homes. It claimed two lives. It was a devastating time for my area and our house was a total loss. So I've gone through losing significant things to fires a couple times in my life. I hope that the third time is not the charm because twice is more than enough. But right now my state of Colorado, my home state where I'm originally from of California, a number of other states are experiencing really bad wildfires. People are losing their lives. A lot of people are losing their homes. Land, air quality. A lot of people are having a difficult time breathing. If you're interested in the logistics of how all this happened in my own life, I'll link a video up above and down below. But I wanted to take a moment today to address anyone who might be facing losing their home right now, who's evacuated, who is concerned and nervous. Maybe you have just found out that you did lose your home. That is a devastating thing to go through. Something that most people told me after I lost my house in this fire was, it's just stuff. Hey, it's just stuff. You can replace stuff. And it was something that a lot of people said to me to, I think, comfort me, to help me. And I appreciated that. But at the same time, it took a while for me to realize that it wasn't just stuff. It was my sense of safety. It was my sense of routine. It was my memories, like where I grew up, my childhood. It was irreplaceable things like my grandmother's teacups and jewelry and things like that.  It is everything that you had suddenly vanishing. And that is really difficult to go through. I think, at least for me, it was really important to recognize the mental health implications that that had, how disorienting that can be to grieve what was lost because it's really easy to just shove it on the rug and be like, you know what? It's just stuff. I'm fine. I'll buy some new clothes. We'll get a new house. It'll be fine. But going through something like this is traumatic. I think even going through the thread of it can feel traumatic anyway. It's right. You might lose everything. You might have a place to live. You might not. It's a freaky thing to go through. I also wanted to get on here to say, if anyone is facing this right now, if anyone is experiencing this, that there will come a time where you feel at home again. I think this was a subconscious fear. I didn't really know that I had after losing everything, after having the rug of my life ripped out from underneath me and my family. It takes a really long time to trust somewhere, to feel safe again, to trust somewhere, to feel like home. And that can take a minute. However, I promise you that you can find it again. If you have lost your home, if you've lost everything that you own, if you feel adrift and scared and frightened and just weird, know that a time will come when things don't feel like this. Know that a time will come where you do feel safe and at home in a place again. Like I said, it can take a little while. It can take a little work. It is a really hard thing to go through, but you're not alone going through it. You're not the only person to have to experience this. Unfortunately, there are people who do understand this and it's really important to take time to grieve this loss. It's really important to pay attention to your mental health to reach out to people, to get in touch with resources, get in touch with friends who are safe and know how to listen and be there for you, especially after all the logistical stuff is done.  But as that clears out, as the little details are taken care of, as survival mode kind of comes to an end and you're left with just life that is different now, please take time to pay attention to your mind, to pay attention to your mental health because I know it can definitely suffer with something like this and there's no shame in reaching out. It's okay if you feel like it was more than just stuff that you lost because it is more than stuff that you lose and please know a day will come where you do feel at home. I'm really sorry to anyone who's experiencing this right now, who's evacuated, who is under threat of losing everything, who has lost everything. It's a really hard thing to go through, like I said, but they're welcome a day when things are not complete chaos and do not feel so weird. I'm living proof of that. I was able to find a place that feels like home again, even though it takes a little while sometimes. So please hang in there. Please reach out for help. I'm going to end that video right here. Like I said, if you were looking for sort of the larger story of how I lost my house twice to fires and more details and some more insights and stories I have from that, I've linked the video up above and down below, but I'm going to sign off there. I really appreciate you guys listening. I love you guys. I'm thinking about you. I'll see you in the next video. Bye guys.


I once again welcome you all to MSP lecture series on interpretive spectroscopy. Today I shall start discussion on mass spectrometry. In my previous lectures, I started with NMR spectroscopy and then switched over to UV visible spectroscopy and then moved on to IR spectroscopy. So these three have some resemblance. Whereas the present one, which I'm going to discuss today, mass spectrometry is literally different from those traditional spectroscopic methods. So why we call it as spectrometry, not spectrometer and also we shall look into it. And also always you should say mass spectrometry, not spectrometer as spectroscopy. I would tell you and you should never even tell wrongly or spell out wrongly about mass as mass spectroscopy. It is not mass spectroscopy, it's mass spectrometry. Let's look into some fundamentals on mass spectrometry. Abbreviated as MS. MS spectrometry or mass spectrometry analyzes or examines ions in gas phase that are produced through hard and soft ionization methods. That means we can ionize using hard methods or we can also do soft ionization methods. Routinely mass spectrometry is to determine the molecular weight. The sole intention of subjecting a sample, unknown sample to mass spectrometry is to determine the molecular weight. However, the ion fragments that are generated can effectively use it for stack-size recidation. It gives lot of information, the ion fragments, how molecule will fragment out, how it disintegrate. That means how we can reassemble. All this vital information comes apart from giving vital information about the molecular weight. The advantage is mass spectrometry can use any state of matter and also it can be coupled with chromatographic methods to allow separation of mixtures as well. So this is the main advantage. We can use in gas phase, liquid phase, also in solid phase. But often solid phase, we can use it in case of NMR and IR. And solvent we can use. Gas means we have to have a special device, whereas here advantage is no matter in which state the matter is there, we can conveniently use mass spectrometry. And also it provides a convenient way to study gas phase reactions. So often when we do gas phase reactions, it's very difficult to monitor using other spectroscopic methods. Whereas here we can conveniently study and understand the mechanistic pathway and several other related things about kinetics using gas phase reactions. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters can also be studied using mass spectrometry. That's another advantage of mass spectrometry. Since mass spectrometry involves measurement of mass numbers, not energy absorption, it is referred to as mass spectrometry and not spectroscopy. I repeat again, since mass spectrometry involves measurement of mass numbers, not energy of absorption. So hence it is referred to as mass spectrometry and not spectroscopy. So NMR and IR involve the absorption of energy in the form of appropriate electromagnetic radiation. Just to compare, I have shown this plot here about wavelength. You can see here the length of one full circle is called wavelength. And then the number of cycles per second is referred as frequency nu. And also we know the relationship of frequency to wavelength nu equals c over lambda. And c is velocity of light, 3 into 10 to the power of 8 meters per second or 10 to the power of 10 centimeters per second in vacuum. And shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency and the more energetic the wave is. Lower wavelength is higher frequency. It involves the ionization of compounds. There what happens? The sample identity is retained while measuring and after measuring. Whereas in this case, it involves the ionization of the compound in order to understand the details about how it ionizes, how fragments are coming out and what is molecular weight. You have to destroy the sample here, the molecule. So it involves the ionization of the compounds and hence is a destructive method of analysis. And there is no scope whatsoever for the recovery of the sample. Whereas in other spectroscopic methods, from NMR you can measure, you can recover the solvent, you can recover the sample. And from IR you can recover the sample. And also from UV visible, you can always recover the sample. And also we look for such a condition so that sample should not be affected or should not be decomposed or should not be degraded. So these precautions we take in case of spectroscopic methods. Whereas in spectrometry, we intentionally destroy the molecule in order to know the information that is required from mass spectrometry. That means to get molecular weight and also ionization and fragmentation. So this is a destructive method. So important steps in structural analysis. First of all, the sole intention is to determine the molecular weight. And molecular weight can be accurately determined by mass spectrometry. That's the major advantage. And while determining the molecular formula, MS can provide the molecular formula. It can identify and provide number of atoms in the molecules. Of course, when it gives molecular formula, it also tell you the different type of atoms present in it and also in what number these atoms present. For example, if you have glucose, yes, C6H12O6. So six carbon atoms are there, four hydrogen atoms are there and six oxygen atoms are there. So we get molecular weight and also the number of atoms and their numbers. In order to publish new results, especially when you are doing PhD, when you are doing PhD or when you are doing research and when working in R&D labs, in order to publish new results, elemental analysis data of new compounds is very necessary to prove the purity. And similarly, molecular weight and mass spectral data is equally important. So this information can be obtained by obtaining percentage of constituted elements present in the research sample. So that means once we know the molecular weight, we can subject it to element analyzer and we can know the composition of that sample. This is normally obtained by inductive decoupled plasma spectroscopy. As I said, in order to determine the molecular weight, we have to ionize the sample. So then, what are the methods that we have at our disposal for ionization? We have two methods. One is called electron impact ionization called as EI, abbreviated as EI. And then the chemical ionization abbreviated as CI. The output of ionization, either from electron impact ionization or chemical ionization, is a plot of relative abundance to mass to charge ratio M by Z. So that's what we see in case of a typical mass spectrum. So this is the typical setup used in electron impact. In electron impact ionization, the chamber is maintained at a pressure of 0.005 Torr. The gaseous neutral sample molecules enter into the ion chamber through molecular inlet. So this one here it is called as molecular leak. So this is the molecular inlet through which sample is, the gaseous neutral sample is allowed to go inside. A tight helical beam of highly energetic accelerated electron beam, approximately 70 electron volt from a glowing tungsten or rhenium filament pass perpendicular to incoming gas molecule. So that means you can see, if it is entering like this here, if it is entering like this here, these are all coming in perpendicular direction. These electrons are drawn off by a positive charged slit called electron trap, which is on the opposite side of the filament. You can see it's in the opposite side of the filament. And then this electron travel across the ion chamber, ions are generated by the exchange of energy during the collision of the electron beam and sample molecules. So this happens in the ionization chamber here. As the electron beam is highly energetic with 17 electron volt, it provides sufficient energy to gas molecules to have ionization and to cause the characteristic fragmentation of sample molecules either by loss of radicals or by loss of neutral molecules. Under the influence of this high energy electron beam, what happens ionization takes place. And of course here 70 volt electron volt and it gives M plus two electrons and then M plus further. So the positive ions formed in the ion chamber are drawn out by a small electrostatic field between the larger repeller plate positively charged one and the first accelerating slit negatively charged one here. So a strong electrostatic field between first and second accelerating slits of 400 to 4000 volts accelerates the ions of various masses to their final velocities. The ions emerge from the final focusing slit, zero volts as a collimated ion beam with velocities and kinetic energies follows this one. So we represent with this expression so on and so on. So here Z is charge of the ion V equals voltage, small V equals velocity of various ions and M equals mass of respective ion. The sample vapor is bombarded by electrons that are perpendicular to the path of the sample that results in ionization in this case. So that means the advantage with electron impact is it gives reproducible spectra that's very, very important. No matter how many times you do it, the data set looks identical. The disadvantage is it is limited to samples that are thermally stable with molecular weight less than 1000s. For example, if you make some molecules having a molecular weight more than 1000, probably electron impact, you cannot use it. What happens in the chamber here? The initial product is a molecular radical cation. So for example, we have methanol. It will take an electron to generate CH3O plus cationic radical plus two electron comes out. These unstable ions created disintegrate into other species. What are other species? For example, this generated positive radical will disintegrate into CH2OH plus. Your mass to charge ratio is 31 plus H radical. And also this can also disintegrate into CH3 plus. Here 15 and then OH radical. And also it can disintegrate into CHO plus where MZ value is 29 plus H2 can come out. So this kind of tendency to fragment the whole molecule into small fragments is called hard ionization. So this hard ionization happens invariably in electron impact ionization method. Now let us consider two examples. One is from an aromatic and another one from non-aromatic cyclic system to understand to what extent fragmentation happens when they are subjected to electron impact ionization. For example, here in case of aromatic group, we will see only a sample is ionized in case of non-aromatic extensive fragmentation occurs here. So that means the extensive fragmentation is observed in case of non-aromatic groups whereas only aromatic group only is ionized. Both have a molecular weight of 152 and you can see here apart from 152 M plus radical we have a series of lower fragments whereas in this case very few are there it's only ionized. So this is the major difference we are seeing here between aromatic and non-aromatic compounds. The second method is called chemical ionization. It is more controllable soft ionization method. Electron impact is a hard ionization method and whereas chemical ionization is a soft controllable method. Normally gives M plus H cationic peaks that gives molecular weight produces little fragmentation. So since it is a soft ionization it produces very little fragmentation. For chemical ionization, a gas will be introduced into system which itself ionizes. For example, here we are letting methane gas while analyzing into the ionization chamber. We have CH4 fragments into CH4 plus CH3 plus and CH2 plus and CH4 plus can combine with CH4 to give CH5 plus CH3 plus and again various combinations CH4 plus can combine as well with CH3 plus to give C2H5 plus and H2. So these are all happens in chemical ionization with carrier gas. We call it as a carrier gas. So the different species generated from carrier gas such as methane reacts with molecules to be analyzed as depicted here. For example, M is the unknown sample. This CH4 plus reacts to give MH2 plus and CH4 proton transfer method process this is called. On the other hand, M can also react with C2H5 plus to generate again MH2 plus whereas here C2H4 comes this also a typical proton transfer process. M can also react with the same C2H5 cation and to generate M cation plus C2H6. So here hydride transfer. So that means these are the possible process that we come across in chemical ionization when we're using a carrier gas such as methane. So proton affinity is an enthalpy quantity that determines the binding strength of H plus to a neutral species for various proton affinity in kilocalories per mole is given in this table here. H3 plus it is 101 kilocalories per mole for CH5 plus it is 130 kilocalories per mole. And this for isopropyl plus it is 192 and for ammonium it is 204 kilocalories per mole. So reaction of cationic species with sample is exothermic in nature. We saw from these values the interaction of cationic species with a sample is always proceeds in exothermic manner. M plus RH plus gives MH plus plus R. So if you look into enthalpy of reaction this is PA proton affinity for MH plus minus proton affinity for RH plus. So this will give you typical in case of phenyl propyl ketone this comes around 208 kilocalories per mole. So this indicates this is exothermic in nature. So let us consider few examples such as ionization of phenyl propyl ketone I showed you. So a proton affinity for this is 208 kilocalories per mole that I showed in my previous slide. So how this happens let us look into this one here. When we look into this phenyl propyl ketone it interacts with C4H11 cation to generate this cation and then what we get is isopropane comes out. And in this one if we try to understand DH involved in it this is 16 kilocalories per mole here minus. So it is exothermic. And then we look into the same reaction with the CH5 plus here also same species we are getting but here what we get is CH5 should be CH4 here. So this is exothermic reaction here the value is minus 78 kilocalories per mole. So this indicates that more exothermic reaction the greater the excess of energy and hence greater fragmentation. So more exothermic the reaction greater the excess of energy and hence greater the fragmentation. So now if you look into this chloride here isopropyl chloride here delta H is minus 16 kilocalories per mole and here what we get is CH5Cl it is minus 78 kilocalories per mole. Of course here you can see here this is identified in case of both. So either one can use electron impact ionization method or chemical ionization but it also depends on what information we are looking into. So that means the utility of electron impact or CI method should be clearly spelled out by knowing what information you want to extract from mass spectral data. So to determine molecular weight chemical ionization is very ideal because it provides a strong M plus H cationic radical or strong M minus H cation. If more information is required for identification purpose EI is ideal because it will provide fingerprint so that can be used for identifying the materials. So if you want much more information other than looking into the molecular weight EI's electron impact is ideal because the fragmentation is quite rapid and also it provides fingerprint that can be used for identifying the material and also the constituent species present in that. Normally M plus dot is very small and not seen when EI is using electron impact M plus I is not is very small or sometimes it may not be seen at all. So usually chemical ionization fragmentation is difficult to predict and rationalize. So if your molecules say M e is protonated to give M x H plus then two fragments can be anticipated or can be produced E H and M plus if E is a functional group. Since E H is a neutral species it is not detected and hence it is not seen. So that means any neutral species that is formed is not seen in the spectral graph. Now let's look into the resolution of a mass spectrometer. So resolution of mass spectrometry is given by the term delta M equals M by R. So R is resolution which allows to calculate the nearest mass of the sample. That is M plus to minus delta M that can be readily distinguished from a given mass by the spectrometer. For example Z by M equals M. So you can readily calculate from the mass spectrometer. So the resolution of mass spectrometer to get more insight let's look into example here. If M equals say molecular weight is 2000 and R equals 2000 then delta M equals one. So M by Z peaks at 19999 or 2001 can be resolved. This is called unit resolution. If M is say 200 and R is 2000 then delta M equals 0.1 ratio. So now a spectrometer will distinguish masses such as 200.1 and 199.9. So using HRMS, high resolution mass spectrometry, higher resolution can also be achieved. Now let us consider a carbon monoxide and nitrogen molecules. So exact mass of CO is 27.9949 and the exact mass of N2 is 28.0062. The difference is 0.0113. So high resolution mass HRMS containing three decimal places are quite common and capable of distinguishing close masses, isoelectronic species such as C1, N2. C1, N2 are isoelectronic even those in HRMS we can distinguish. So resolution can get as low as six decimal places. So that means you can resolve with resolution having up to six decimal places. So that is a advantage of high resolution mass spectrometer. So let's discuss more information pertinent to mass spectrometry in my next lecture until then have an excellent time. Thank you.