We're going to be talking about Aristotle, a classic age philosopher, but who sets a lot of the agenda in a way for Hellenistic ethics. And we will very frequently be defining and describing positions of the Stoics, Epicureans, and skeptics in relation to Aristotle's view. One thing about Aristotle is he's known as the common sense philosopher. He sort of philosophizes and actually reasons out what everybody seems to think anyway. And so he presents a common sense picture that is easy to understand. But also when you start philosophically taking it apart, you realize that common sense has got a lot of problems and a lot of internal inconsistencies. And that motivates the revisionist and radical philosophies of the Hellenistic age. But I want to start off our discussion by doing a thought experiment. And so don't worry about the reading right now. Just think about this idea. So suppose that you won one of these mega lotteries that gives you $250 million or something like that. So this just happened to a college student from Florida now has a quarter of a billion dollars or something. And so imagine that happened to you. And my question for you, I want to get a couple of answers on board, is what you would then do with the rest of your life? If you suddenly found yourself fabulously wealthy like that, what kinds of things would you do with that money and do with the rest of your life? And this isn't a deep philosophical question. So if you would go to an island to drink datum and some Mai Thais or something like I would do, then that's perfectly fine. Just tell us what kinds of things you would like to do. Chemistry research and making sure that family is taken care of. OK, taking care of your family. What does that mean exactly? Make sure they don't have to worry about money anymore. OK. And chemistry research, what would that involve? I just love it. No, but how would you pursue it if you had all this money? I'd find someone to hire me. OK. Aren't you doing, you're a chemistry major, right? So you're already doing that. You don't need $250 million. I keep doing it because this is what I'm doing. OK, you keep on doing it because it's what you love. OK, very good. Others, yeah? Just build up a foundation like bonds. So I don't have to worry about money. So I do investment first. And then just do whatever I do right now to figure out what I want to do later and how you use this money. Well, that's the question, though. So I mean, I'm saying what would you do when you say I'd figure out what I'm going to do? Just try to do what people do in a movie or in a theater. Don't they fly to other planets and double get to work? That's what you would do? I guess. Well, explain. I don't understand. Ah, OK, so this is sort of like doing chemistry research. You would fund space exploration and try to search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Let me figure out if this world is real or not. Well, again, I don't know if you need $250 million to do that. You could do that right here, right now, actually. Oh, then not even enough? Yeah. What do you think? So we really wouldn't change things for you. You'd keep doing exactly what you're not doing. Try to do research to find out if the world is real. OK, so you would fund research to find out if the world is real. I can probably cut that short for you, yeah, actually. That doesn't really tell us how it is, but something's real. OK, other people, yeah. Scientific research, like I want to do it too, but I feel like if I have that much money, I would fund my own research because there are a lot of research questions that are so out there that they're hard to get funding for. So people tend to do research on topics that are easy to get funding, but are not that. Right, so you would fund things that are more difficult and less popular and so that there could maybe be a greater breakthrough and more interesting results, that sort of thing. OK, very good. Now, I'm just not buying it that everybody in here would spend all of their money doing scientific research. Can we have some honest people answer this question? I would drop everything in this travel. All right, travel, like where? OK, and why would you do that? Because I'd like to learn about like experience, different things, experience, like different parts of the world. OK, and so that's sort of like research, in a way. Or is it more that you enjoy traveling and experiencing these things? It's pleasurable to do so. OK, very good. That's a nice, honest answer. Yeah, invest in a sports franchise. OK, why? That's something I'm passionate about. OK, and why is that? Just growing up, my whole life playing baseball and sports. So you enjoy it. So and you would like to take it further and actually manage the teams and put it together so you can defeat other people and things like that. OK, good answer. OK, way back. This would be the last one. Yeah, so I think I would just put myself to law school. But at the same time, I feel like stress would be my job. Then stop right there. Then you don't want to go to law school. I want to live a stress free life that should never be with, therefore, I would go to law school. The most stressed out people you've ever beat. Just right now, I'm working at a school, so I might need to maybe at least go on my own. OK, very good. Yes, you could relieve yourself of this burden of working which students didn't used to have when tuition and everything was free. And now that we've got this new regime, people have to work in order to go to school. And so that would be a way to reduce the stress of studying law. And why study law? Because I find it interesting, I enjoy it. Just to know about the law. Just to know about the law, yeah. Not to try to prevent injustices or get falsely accused people for even things like that? Yeah, also that. You'd also want to do that. Yeah, like I feel that now it's interesting to do that. OK, good. So the reason I went through that is to demonstrate a point about an assertion that Aristotle makes in chapter five of this. Chapters four and five, he's discussing commonly held views about what constitutes happiness. And in chapter five, he says, there are basically three prominent ways of life. The one that's devoted to enjoyment or pleasure, the one that's devoted to political activities or noble pursuits, and then third, the life of the mind or the contemplative life. And the answers that have been given fall into this. So the people that would spend the money, like me, spending on an island, having drinks or something, and the people who would travel because they enjoy it and they enjoy experiencing new things and new places and new people and that sort of thing, their concept of happiness is that it has to do with enjoyment or pleasure.  And then the people that would do things like helping their family and funding political campaigns to improve things or undertaking legal work on a pro-bono basis in order to help innocent people that have been wrongly charged and so forth, that's like people who are devoted to a political way of life and the virtues and nobility. And then the answer that so many of you are giving that you would fund scientific research and you would devote yourself to your own studies just because you're interested in it and so forth, that's like the contemplative life and the life of the mind. Now Aristotle also mentions a fourth one that here was partially mentioned, an idea of a life that would be devoted to money making. So there always seems to be a student that says, well, if I had $250 million, what I would do is keep trying to earn more money. I would keep investing that and keep trying to expand and get more and more money. Aristotle dismisses that as a way of life. He says, we don't undertake a life of money making voluntarily, we only do it if it's necessary to get these other things that we want in life, like pleasure and enjoyment or political motives and nobility or the life of the mind and contemplation. And that's because the life of money making isn't an end in and of itself. Having money itself is not enjoyable. Spending money because you have a lot of it on things that are enjoyable or are noble or stimulate your mind, that makes sense. But those three ways of life are the sort of overall kinds of ends that one might have. And of course, as the answers bring out, you might have some combination of those ends. So not everybody is a pure hedonist like me and would just do everything to pleasure. Some people would also help out their family and support political causes and continue to study or fund scientific research and things like that and some combination of them. But one thing this shows is that nothing has changed in 2,500 years. There are no new fundamentally different approaches to how to live life or what we think is important to life. We can easily take the motives that we have for life and recognize them in these ancient designations. So if you say you want to suffer, does that mean suffer? Does that mean suffer? Well, nobody said that. Nobody said that they would spend their money making themselves suffer. And it doesn't make any sense and I would worry about them and take them over to student health if they said that. But it just doesn't make any sense and nobody says that. And nobody ever says that. Yeah, so you mean a masochist? Somebody who's into state of masochistic dominatrix is not sort of saying that. Those people are devoted to pleasure. They enjoy doing that. It's a form of pleasure. Doesn't mean suffer to them any more. No, suffering is the wrong word. It's pain or something, but they enjoy that in some way. I mean, it does create some complications for a theory of pleasure as we will get into. But it's clear that if somebody was spending all their money buying whips and chains and leather and funding dominatrixes and SNM-oriented pornography and so forth, we would say they basically have a concept of the end of life as being about pleasure. I was curious where the artistic life would fall in with these. You mean what do you mean by the artistic life? I guess people who pursue art and creativity kind of for its own sake, it definitely isn't a pleasure or even an honor thing. Intellect might be closest, but even then, I'm not sure that art is just going to be incredible. So Aristotle would put that into this life of the mind contemplative way of life. Creative pursuits like creating poetry, creating drama, these sorts of things are intellectual pursuits. Even if they're oriented around music or visual painting or something, it is an activity of the mind and requires things like geometric knowledge and arithmetical knowledge and so forth to work in painting and music and so forth. And the stimulation we get from it, you're quite right. It isn't a crude kind of pleasure that we get from drinking and it isn't certainly a noble thing. Even if we're doing political art or something, it's more of a contemplative thing. Now, I like the suggestion. I mean, maybe we could say that Aristotle isn't giving due credit to that kind of life. And maybe there are really, we could discern another form of life that he doesn't pay much attention to. It's still an ancient ideal of life, but whether Aristotle gives its due or not is another question. Something else that just popped into my head is people who devote themselves to spirituality. I guess that would also be life of the mind, but like a monk or something. Yes, so that, in a way, ends up being Aristotle's ultimate concept of what happiness is, is a life totally devoted to contemplation. And so I'll say a bit more of that later when we get into the substance of his views. Yeah, I think there's something non-trivial about the question about suffering, because a lot of the things that are proposed are, bear with them, like a lot of late nights and lack of sleep and pain, studying law school or speech or burning yourself with dangerous chemicals because you don't observe lab safety or whatever. You still religious or, you know, give it the example of your veteran student who had to suffer a great deal of bodily harm in the name of something else. So there is something, I think, to be said for maybe as a piece of a slightly stoic position of, in order to seek certain pleasures, which are not physical pleasures, there is a degree of acceptance and even willingness to struggle. Certainly there is, but the point is that it's not an end. Nobody chooses a way of life oriented towards making them suffer. What happens is people choose things that make them suffer in pursuit of one of these other ways of life. So since they're devoted to a noble political cause, they're willing to suffer being attacked by police while they're protesting. Or if they're devoted to the life of the mind, then they will expose themselves to dangerous radiation trying to find out about atomic science or something like that. But nobody is choosing a way of life so that they'll suffer so that they would do these other things, spend money, pursue scientific research in order to find greater and greater ways that they could make themselves suffer or something. That isn't coherent. So there is no way of life oriented towards suffering, but there is willingness to undergo suffering for one of these other ways of life, including the life of pleasure. So if you go to the dentist and are willing to sit there and have your teeth pulled, you might do that as a heatness, because if you don't, you're going to have much greater pain and much less pleasure in the future when you have an abscess tooth or have a good canal or something like that. But we shouldn't think, god, those people who are going under the doctor's knife and going in for surgery or radiation treatment or going to the dentist, they're devoted to suffering, I guess. I guess their main motive in life is being tortured by people. That's not what's happening. What's happening is they're pursuing pleasure or bodily health or fitness or something like that and willing, instrumentally, to undergo suffering in order to bring that end back. OK, yeah. Does Aristotle make a difference between honor and virtue? Well, there is a difference, but he groups those two as far as a description of a way of life. People who are devoted to an ideal of honor are the same kind of people who work hard to cultivate virtues like courage and justice and support. Because the way he describes it, he seems like honor is more of an internal thing. Like, it's important to be honored, but virtue is more of an external thing. Like, you want to do virtue to other people. It's exactly the opposite. Honor is the external thing. You want to be honored, as you said, by other people, whereas virtue is a matter of your own internal condition. Like, your ability to control fear is what courage is about, whereas honor is being recognized for some accomplishment that you've had. But that is to agree that there's a difference. One is externally related. The other is internally related. But we don't need to get into the details of that. Is this a clarification question? No. OK, go ahead, though. You can comment on that.  Did they just say that they've decided the good is? Well, it depends on why they're doing it. If they're doing it for a politically noble cause, then we might say that they were devoted to nobility. If they were doing it to end suffering because they had iconic disease, we might say that the goal was pleasure. It depends. But the point is that human nature hasn't changed since antiquity. We haven't discovered new overall ways of life. And the basic things that we might orient ourselves to remain the same. Now, these things, these ways of life that one might devote themselves to, or devote themselves to some combination of them, Aristotle describes as being final ends. That is, things that we choose other things for the sake of, but we don't choose those things for the sake of something else. The equation comes to an end there. So that's the sense in which we call them final. And the things that we choose for their sake in order to bring them about are merely instrumental goods. So this is a crucial distinction between final goods and instrumental goods. To give you, go back to the example I gave about pleasure, I don't choose to have, suppose my end is pleasure, then I might choose going to the dentist and having a tooth pulled for the sake of avoiding pain in the future, or I might choose having a frozen drink for the sake of pleasure. And you might ask me, why are you going to the doctor and willing to sit there and undergo this pain, or why are you ordering that drink? And my answer has something to do with, well, I really enjoy frozen drinks, or I really want to avoid this pain happening to me in the future. But then when I give that explanation, I've given a kind of final end explanation that I'm doing it for enjoyment or pleasure or avoiding pain, as it were. It's not then apt to ask a further question, well, why would you want to do that? Why would you want to avoid pleasure? Why would you want to enjoy something? That I don't need a reason at that point, because I've got what is, as it were, an intrinsic end. It's not an instrument for something else. The other things are instrumental towards bringing it about. Again, if I'm pursuing political nobility, I might engage in long and painful campaigns and going door-to-door and developing political positions and that sort of thing. Oh, what's your name? You might pursue all of those things, electioneering and that sort of thing. And one might ask you why you're doing that. Eventually, you give a reason, well, I'm trying to promote, I'm trying to improve the political situation. OK, why are you doing that? Well, because I think it's good to help my fellow man and so forth, at that point you reach an intrinsic good, one that we don't need to keep asking, why in the world would anyone want to make the world a better place or why would somebody want to become more just? The question answers itself, because it's more just, because it makes the world a better place or something. Again, with studies, why are you studying this particular subject or why are you at university at all? Those are good questions you might ask, but if somebody says, well, I just enjoy the life of the mind or contemplation to me is the greatest activity I can engage in, then I don't keep asking, well, why would you want to engage in the activity that you think is the greatest or that's the most worthwhile? It's because those things are final ends. So if we can reasonably keep asking questions about why would you do that, why are you undertaking to do that thing, then we are dealing with instrumental goods. If we have reached a point where it doesn't make sense to keep asking that, but we understand why all these other things were chosen, then we've got what we call a final good. And in a way, we can use a generic term to designate this final good that everybody is pursuing. And the Greek term that's used for this is eudaimonia. And this gets translated a number of different ways into English, happiness, prosperity, success, flourishing, whatever. I prefer the term success because it's the most generic one. So if you ask me, why are you investing this money? Why are you studying to attain this degree and so forth? And we go down a long chain of reasoning and I say, well, because I want to be successful, then it doesn't make sense to say, well, why would you want to be successful? Why does somebody want to be successful? Or if you think of this in terms of happiness, well, I'm doing that. I'm helping my family. Or I'm traveling and experiencing these things because it makes me happy. I don't then say, but why in the world would anyone want to be happy? What's the point of wanting to be happy? So we can come up with a generic name for whatever it is that the ultimate ends that we're all pursuing are. We're all trying to become happy or we're trying to become successful. The problem, as Aristotle points it out, is that that's just a platitude to say everyone wants to be happy or everybody wants to be successful doesn't give us a lot of information. It just gives us a name of something we can use to designate a final and as opposed to an instrumental. And the question really is, what is eudaimonia? What actually constitutes success or happiness? And here is where we have big philosophical differences. Some people think that success or happiness is about having pleasure.  Others think that it is about a life of the mind. Some people think that people can have reasonable differences about this. Others have absolute views about it must be one and only one of these and everybody else is pursuing some other end is confused about it. But whenever disagreements there are about what constitutes this final ultimate end of eudaimonia, everybody or almost everybody with one exception agrees that we all do pursue that and all have some kind of final end. We disagree about what it is, but nobody's with one exception seems to think that we don't try to organize our lives to bring about some overall end like success. Aristotle's psychology that will help us think about how these different kinds of goods relate. So the word psychology comes from the Greek word psyche. The Greek word psyche means the principle that makes something living as opposed to dead. So some bodies are not alive like stones and some are alive like plants and animals and human beings and the difference between those two is that the latter have a psyche and the former don't and psychology is the study of these principles that makes things alive. And so if we take a human psyche, Aristotle says we can actually recognize several different parts of it. There's an irrational part of our psyche and there is a rational part. The irrational part actually divides into several other parts. So part of our life functions have to do with things like nutrition, vegetation, reproduction, and so forth. And these are not responsive to reason, they're just things that, and we don't need to consciously direct them, they just are functions that are carried out by the living body. Another part of the irrational soul is the part that has sensations and desires and is actually responsible for what we pursue and avoid, so how we move around in space. And Aristotle says this part of the soul is responsive to reason. So we can have desire for a chocolate cake or for sex or something, but we can also restrain ourselves. And every time we see a chocolate cake, we don't immediately try to eat it. We might check ourselves and say, no, I'm on a diet. I won't do that. And so it's sometimes responds to reason, and then other times when there is problems, it doesn't. But those two parts of the soul are contrasted with the rational part of the soul. And we can talk about excellences or goods that apply to each of these parts of the soul. So the goods or virtues or excellences of the rational part of the soul are things like knowledge, science, insight, wisdom, and so forth. At the other end of the spectrum, the excellences or good conditions of our nutritive, vegetative soul are things like having health, beauty, fitness, things like that. The sensitive and desiderative part of the soul that is responsive to reason, this is the location, Aristotle thinks, that the excellences of this part of the soul result in the moral virtues like temperance, courage, justice, prudence, and so forth. And what these moral goods are are basically ways that we use reasoning in order to control our appetites and desires in a way that is good, in a way that brings about just outcomes or in a way that makes us courageous. So we have fear of the enemy while we're on the battlefield. But if we've trained ourselves and conditioned ourselves in order to not give into that fear and not drop our weapons and run away, then we are a courageous person. And if we restrain from eating chocolate cake every time we see it and we're able to maintain a diet, because we know that would be harmful for us, then we are temperate or self-controlled and so on. And we can give an analysis of, and Aristotle does give an elaborate, detailed analysis of each one of those kind of moral virtues. But he does make an overall major distinction between moral virtues, which have to do with reason, modulating, and controlling desires and appetites, and intellectual excellences, which are not really tied up with controlling emotions and so forth. They're more just operations of our intellect. Now, apart from those goods and those excellences that apply to various aspects of our lives and our existence, there are these things that we can call external goods, like having a lot of money, having power or status, living in a good place or a good country, things like that, where these things are goods, and we can recognize them in a way as being goods. But they aren't really goods in the sense of being perfections of part of us. They're goods in terms of things that we acquire and so on. Now, which of these goods is most important for bringing about success or happiness? Well, we can have a dispute about that. So if we think of pleasure as being a bodily good, then those people whose lives are devoted to pleasure will think it's really important to bring about those kinds of goods. Those who are devoted to nobility and honor and that sort of thing will want to cultivate these moral excellences or virtues. Those who are devoted to the way of life of the mind will want to cultivate intellectual virtues and excellences. What about external goods? Well, external goods seem to be merely instrumentally necessary in order to bring about these other kinds of goods. So I need a certain amount of resources in order to stay healthy or even to be able to train myself to be courageous or to fund scientific research in order to get more scientific knowledge and insight. And I may need power and status, and I may need to live in a good country and so forth also in order to make those things happen. Now, according to the common sense Aristotelian view, in a way, we need all of these goods in order to be happy and successful. And so even somebody who managed to cultivate all of these goods of the soul and to have a healthy condition of their body and to be a temperate and courageous person and even have knowledge and insight or even wisdom and that sort of thing, if they ran into a really bad situation with external goods, like their country was torn apart and put into a tyranny, their family was captured and tortured or murdered, all of their resources were taken away and they were put into prison and tortured on a rack, then Aristotle would not be willing to say that, well, still they're happy because they have these other things. He takes a common sense view that says the person being tortured on the rack cannot for the rest of their lives is not a happy or successful or prosperous person. And that's a really disappointing fact. He bites the bullet on that, but what that means is that according to Aristotle, whether we are happy, prosperous, successful, flourishing people is not totally up to us because our external goods are not totally up to us. Our circumstances beyond our control can throw our country into chaos or deprive us of power, status, and wealth and that sort of thing. Now, other philosophical schools downplay the importance of external goods or of other kinds of psychological goods. And so according to the Epicureans, if your body is in a healthy condition and you're fairly fit and you are able to enjoy pleasures or at least eliminate pain, then you really don't even need moral goods or intellectual goods to be happy. And you don't really need very many external goods in order to be happy. According to the Stoics, who perhaps have the most radical view, all that you need are intellectual goods. And that is because if you have intellectual goods and you really have wisdom and knowledge, then you necessarily have the moral goods. You are necessarily a just, courageous, and temperate person because justice, courage, and temperance are forms of knowledge according to them. Justice is knowing which debts to repay and knowing how to give people their due and so forth. Courage is knowing when to drop your weapons on the battlefield and run. Temperance is knowing when to eat the chocolate cake or not. And so if you have intellectual goods, you necessarily have moral goods and they say that what happens to your body is totally irrelevant. In fact, and what happens with external goods is totally irrelevant. If you have those intellectual goods and thus the relevant moral goods, you cannot become unhappy. And so they take a crazy, seeming position so we'll have to see how they can argue this that even if you're a sage, if you truly are a wise person, even being tortured on the rack, you can be a happy person because these things are happening to you but your success or prosperity is totally within your control.  And that we should look at that kind of person as being successful. And we shouldn't say that somebody who's actually kind of a scoundrel but has more external goods like wealth and status, they're actually more successful and more happy than this noble person who really has these moral and intellectual virtues but due to circumstances outside of their control suffers because of it. Yeah. Well, isn't it pretty agreed upon that like only diogenes and like one other person achieved sagehood and chapter seven says that we need to have like an achievable end. So if that's not realistic for most people. Well, we'll have to read the stoic views on it. I mean, if you're looking for a short answer, yes, very few people are sages. But what's the point? The people you've named, Socrates, Diogenes and so forth, they've done it. They've been happy and successful. So there is a model of happiness and success according to the stoics. And furthermore, they were happy and successful despite downturns in the situation of their external goods. So Diogenes was became enslaved. Nevertheless, he became, he was still a happy, successful person. Socrates was arrested, tried and put to death. Nevertheless, throughout it, he was a happy, successful person. We ought to think of those actual historical people as having been great, successful, flourishing people and not think that, well, come on, and this is how Aristotle would think of it. If you ended up a slave and you didn't really have control of your own resources and so forth, that doesn't really meet my concept of success. So we can have a substantive dispute about examples like that, but there is something to be said for the view that moral saints or sages and people, people like Gandhi, for example, that undergo a lot of trials and tribulations with respect to bodily goods, external goods and so forth. They are so intellectually and morally superior as people that we must count them as being success stories in the final analysis of what we consider a eudaimum human being. Okay, so that's the last point I want to emphasize. By the way, when we're talking about happiness, we're not talking about, as people often do, some temporary state of mind. Like you were happy this morning when you were having breakfast with your friends, then you came to this boring philosophy class and now you're sad and miserable, but leaving here and you go meet up with people for lunch and drinks, then you're happy again, but then when you sit down to look at all the reading you have to do, you're sad and depressed. That's not the kind of thing we're talking about. We're talking about a description of an entire life. Like how do we evaluate, what we're wondering about is what will we be able to say that at the end of your life, we'll be able to say, was this guy successful and happy in the philosophical sense? Was that overall life, was the life of dialogueings with the life of Gandhi, would we think of that kind of life as being successful? And we're not asking were they happy at 10 o'clock in the morning or were they sad at that point in time? We're talking about the entire life. And Aristotle actually takes this crazy position that says we can't even say you were happy just looking at your whole life because things could happen after you're dead. Like you could have devoted your life to big scientific projects and helping people that then are overturned and ruined and everything that you work for is totally destroyed. And we might say of that person that, well, that didn't end up very successful or that wasn't a very happy life because everything they were devoted to wasn't achieved. And that drives down to the point that Aristotle takes this common sense but annoying position that luck can affect whether you are happy or successful or not.


Good evening and thank you for joining us for another of our inaugural lecture series. I am Professor Devendra Kodwani, Executive Dean of the Faculty of Business and Law here at the Open University. I am proud and privileged to be hosting one of our inaugural lectures, which showcases our research, teaching, and knowledge exchange portfolios. Each year, the Vice Chancellor invites newly appointed and promoted professors to give an inaugural lecture. Over the course of a year, our inaugural lecture series provides an opportunity to celebrate academic excellence with each lecturer representing a significant milestone in an academic career. This evening, we will hear from Leslie Budd, Professor of Regional Economy in the Department of Public Leadership and Social Enterprise, PULSE at the Open University Business School, who will explore the recent increase in public interest in space exploration and the future of using urban and regional economics for assessing its impact. Before we begin some housekeeping, the lecture will be followed by a question in on association. Then we invite you to celebrate with us downstairs for those of those who are with us in person. For anyone in the audience using Twitter, please feel free to tweet using the hashtag displayed at the Open University, and let the world join us this evening. For members of our audience joining us via YouTube, please use the email address provided and keep your comments and questions brief so that we can address them during the Q&A. And now some background about Professor Leslie Budd. Professor Leslie Budd is a Professor of Regional Economy in the Department of Public Leadership and Social Enterprise at the Open University Business School. He is an economist who is internationally known for his work on regional and urban economics in the context of global issues, the digital economy, the socioeconomic impact of Brexit and evaluating the socioeconomic benefits of space exploration. He is currently Director of the Space Exploration and Analysis Research, SPAIR, Cluster in the Faculty of Business and Law, and a visiting professor at the Center for Brexit Studies at Birmingham City University. Leslie has undertaken economic and financial analysis for a number of regional, national and international organizations. These include Cooperation of London, the Small Business Service, the Capital Market Authority in Riyadh, and Iraq Ministry of Planning. Between 2014 and 2016, he was Special Economic Advisor to the Committee for Enterprise, Trade and Investment Committee of the Northern Ireland Assembly. In research and policy briefings, for example, the consequences of the devolved taxation and the impact of Brexit on the Northern Ireland economy. It now gives me great pleasure to introduce Professor Leslie Budd. Leslie, please come. Thank you for those kind words. Okay, this lecture focuses on the socioeconomic analysis and evaluation of the space economy, its industry, and international exploration programs. It covers research that attempts to create a critical narrative of the social societal challenges that go beyond the narrow purview of space exploration as not just as an outcome of science. Now, we all know that mathematics and science drive all knowledge, but the growth of the socioeconomic benefits generated by the space economy, its exploration in industry between the Earth and space economy, is also becoming very important. And I've never subscribed to see Pien Snow's notion of two cultures between natural sciences and humanities. He's a much better fiction writer than he is about describing that false opposition. Now, this is a learning journey which is central to the student experience of the Open University. So mine is no different in many respects. Like any journey, there's been continuities and discontinuities along the way. The picture on the right is by the Urbanites, a 1980s radical art collection that decorated the ceiling of the Scarlet Sysmar in London, which some of you here I know know well, influenced by the Sistine Chapel in Rome. And my own identity reflects my professional and personal commitment to things urban and regional. In the last, oh sorry, this slide is, so I'm trying to do two things at once. In the last 30 years, I've developed an interest and expertise in regional economics and transport, but also retained an interest in structural engineering and architecture. Also reflects my own, if you like, professional and personal journey from my father working at British Airways for 30 years as an engineer through structural engineers, economics, transport, planning, regional economics, higher education, and also my professional and personal commitment to all things urban and regional. Four years ago, along with my colleagues in the science, technology, engineering and maths faculty, Manish Patel and Vic Pearson. We were successful with our benefits of the European Exploration Roadmap in Economics, known as BEERS Project, funded by the European Space Agency. This outcome was a starting point of my interest and developing expertise in the socio-economic impacts of space. There are lots of people to thank along the way on that journey. Some of here are here tonight and online. This is an overview of the global space economy in 2021. As can be seen from that representation, there are three largest contributors, consumer services related to media and communications, navigation, positioning and timing of satellites and government space budgets. The projected growth of 1.5 trillion to 2040 shows the widening and deepening impact of space in many industries and regions across the world. The distribution of the global space economy is shown in this slide that reflects the changing trajectory of advanced economies, but also the growth of space manufacturing underpinned by the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Industry 4.0, known as IF5.0 strategies. They are becoming an important component of the Earth and space economy and its urban and regional territorial distribution. IF5.0 is closely associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, whose design principles have direct applications to space science, technology and innovation spillovers. You can see those design principles, which also correlate to regionally based industrial policy as an agency of development across the global economy, stimulating space 4.0. For example, places like Brayman, Glasgow, Shetland, Toulouse and Turin were locales for shipbuilding, aeronautics and oil and gas production, but this continuity has depended on active industrial strategies and policies ever since. The Orion European Service Module case study, which we'll come on to, also demonstrates the role of space as a propulsive industry in enabling a range of municipalities and regions to exploit IF4.0 technologies and innovation spillovers in different urban and regional contexts. So this is a statement that was made by the Ministerial Council of ESA in December 2016. I will really read it out, but because it shows the multidisciplinary nature increasingly of space exploration and its importance in addressing societal challenges. So space, that space serves societal needs, response to European and global challenges and offers opportunities notably to those related to the attainment of sustainable development goals and socioeconomic growth, mitigation of geopolitical risks, which have been harnessed much more recently, security, science, knowledge, climate change and a digital Europe. And I'm not someone who usually states publicly, I'm proud of things, but I'm proud working at the Open University because it's one of the few universities in the world where you can bring these things together. And there's people in this room who have done a lot to actually fulfill that role. So there's high level of cooperation between the EU and ESA. The EU relies heavily on ESA's technical excellence and a large part of the EU's space budget is delegated to ESA to the extent that the EU today is amongst the largest contributors to ESA programs. Article 189 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union that builds upon the Lisbon Treaty of 2009 calls for the EU to establish appropriate relations with ESA, which is a complex phenomenon itself, but at least it's a public statement of collaboration. So looking at new economic aspects between the space and Earth economy, here we see the territory mentioned to spaceports, which as we can see from their dimensions are actually very urban and very regional and connect two kinds of territory, Earth and space. The figure on the right is taken from the 2021 National Space Strategy showing the territorial distribution of the key nodes of the UK space industry. Spaceports are launch sites for satellites, they are either horizontal or vertical. The former using conventional aircraft with satellites slung under their wings, which are then launched beyond land. The latter consists of rockets launched over water carrying satellites. Presswick is an example of a horizontal spaceport and Shetland is a vertical one. They have benefits and costs including economic growth, employment, low operational costs, but environmental damage. So it's not all unalloyed joy from this kind of technology and its development. Spaceports are increasingly important in regional development around the world, especially in Europe, as well as promoting space 4.0 industrial strategies. So in developing our socio-economic analysis of the pennant assessment of spaceport Scotland, known as SEA BAS, and associated space exploration research, spare cluster activities contributes to the development of using urban and regional economics as a framework for space exploration and the role of spaceports in space-based industrial strategies. Don't blame me for the acronyms, they're the fault of my much more creative space science colleagues who are in the room, but I won't point to them. So this gives us an overview of the trajectory of the Global Exploration Roadmap, version 3 of the European Space Agency. It was adopted as said in 2007-2014, it proposed to consolidate exploration activities in a single European exploration envelope program, E3P, which integrates the three ESA exploration destinations, beyond Earth, the Moon and Mars, as part of a single exploration process. It also consists of four cornstones, humans in low Earth orbit, the International Space Station and Columbus 2030 are examples, humans beyond low Earth orbit, Heracles and in situ resource utilization, otherwise known as space mining, human lunar robotic exploration, the Moon Gateway and Orion ESM programs, and Mars robotic exploration, ExoMars and Mars sample return. These cornstones were analyzed and evaluated by the Open University Beers research team to identify the range of socio-economic benefits and their direct, indirect, upstream and downstream impacts. So direct impacts and upstream benefits as shown in this slide. And they connect the Earth and space economy, but there's a tendency to measure these types of benefits using quantitative methods to create indicators of outcomes, which policy makers and politicians love. But I always say, if you want a number I'll give you one, but things are much more complex than that, as we know. And the invasion by mathematics into economics is something that bugbear of mine for many years. And economists trying to reduce the methods of physics to that of economics to make it a science would seem laughable to many of the scientists in this audience, as well as me, but I don't claim to be a scientist. Similarly, there are set of indirect and direct benefits, which collect the Earth and space economy. In this case, there's a tendency to measure using qualitative based methods to create more descriptive indicators. But this does represent a bigger challenge for analysis and evaluation of these types. And certainly for the beers, sea bass and spear teams and activities, we are undertaking that, but it is a challenge. And I have to say, the title is from Urbanite to Astronaut and I count myself as an apprentice, but I'm very grateful to my space science colleague because I've learned a lot and I've read space science papers, which I really don't understand, but they are intrinsically interesting. Well, it's because I don't have the training. Now, we come on to the impact evaluation framework on the benefits of the ESA exploration roadmap in social economics, beers. And I won't explain why it's called beers, but again, my creative colleague wanted the ESA ministerial council to talk about the benefits of beers and space exploration, which shows insight and humour, which we do have in abundance of the OU. So this was an ESA funded research project to evaluate E3P by the beers research team, drawn from three OU faculties. We created this evaluation impact framework based on a stage based stage approach using a multi criteria methodological framework. This was first pioneered over 10 years ago with other OU colleagues in the electronic governments for you project funded by the European Union. So the first is a critique of conventional studies, which are usually cost benefit analysis. But when it comes to qualitative based benefits, the response is usually and is too complex. And we are talking about some of the large management consultancies that can add to their list of failures, but I'll not be controversial there. Secondly, input output analysis is an economic method most closely associated with the Soviet American economist Leon Tiev frequently used in regional economics. And it provides a comprehensive treatment of the economy as a whole, accompanying all of its industrial sectors using standardized input output analysis. I'm very pleased to see some of our ex PhD students here tonight who've got great expertise on input output analysis I have and also a colleague from the Department of Economics. And again, that kind of environment in which we attract people like that from all over the world is again one of the benefits of the OU. And I'm not looking for promotion, that's me. But it is a fact. Now the capital's approach is based on Pierre Bourdieu's approach. He was the French anthropologist and sociologist. And he criticised conventional economic capital as being too focused on material exchange. He argued that people from different social positions, different from one another, with regard to their possession of three forms of capital, economic, social and cultural. There is also a relation here to the continuities and discontinuities of my own journey. I had a research succumbent to the Centre for Urban Sociology in Paris in 1985. And many of my French colleagues had actually studied for their PhDs under Bourdieu. And every Friday I'll enter his public lectures at the College de France. And that also formed the basis of my developing interest and links to the OU by becoming a part-time PhD student two years later. So there's lots of people in this room to blame, but I won't go there. And finally we have, but these forms of capital can also be classified as community capitals or resources that have increasingly been used in studies evaluating public policy programmes within a community or society. So things about two years ago, Greater Manchester Authority took on more public service roles and they undertook a capitals approach to evaluate what the benefits might be of that policy shift and what kind of public management and services that they may deliver. So in a sense, we are ahead of the game and this kind of approach is becoming increasingly important, based a lot on urban and regional economics. Fourthly, logic models are widely used in programme evaluation. These models represent the most important relationships between project activities and expected outcomes. Outputs and impacts. And finally, data visualisation methods were adapted to graphically demonstrate some of the outcomes. And in the Space 19 Plus strategy for funding ESA's programmes for the next five years, the OU beers team's work was mentioned, but they were particularly happy as policymakers and politicians are with the graphic representation of some of our results. Excuse me. So this is the adaptation of Bordeaux's capitals, otherwise known as community resources. So for the beers programme, we expanded beyond the three programmes and you can see the definitions there. And you could probably evaluate any kind of programme by the interaction of these things, because they do show the kind of socio-economic integration of social sciences with natural sciences and also humanities. But you might wonder why we didn't choose education as a capital for the beers project. We've had a lot of debates about that and we can't actually remember. But it seemed to me that we didn't include it as a discrete capital, because it related to elements in human capital, particularly skills, formation and training, as well as conforming to the OU's purpose of promoting lifelong learning. But the choice of capitals is pragmatic, like many evaluation projects, and it depends on the nature of the project and its context. I like pictures. And I like old technology, I'm a generation that actually remembers, we had a day off school when the first Russian satellite was launched long ago about the reputation of Russia. But the International Space Station is a 20-year cooperation between the European, US, Japanese and Russian space agencies. And they're their logos, fairly obvious. And I haven't deliberately put the Russian one on the bottom right. But ISS orbits the Earth every 90 minutes. A board of astronauts from various participating nations who undertake experiments that have led to a number of benefits, including technological, environmental and health ones. Many of these experiments are under microgravity conditions, which is weightlessness, leading to new scientific evidence, technologies and innovation. The ISS closely connects the Earth and space economy through environmental mapping, including weather forecasting and managing the effects of extreme climate changes, for example, tsunami. The current challenge is the continuous participation of Roskamos due to the war in Ukraine, for which the head of the Russian space agency announced Russia's intention to withdraw next year. Despite senior NASA figures seeking to continue to the collaboration. And it is quite interesting, and the dynamics of this, and I don't want to go into it, but a number of the Russian cosmonauts above the, aboard the ISS were actually wearing Ukrainian t-shirts and flags. And the colleagues at ESA we dealt with, ESTECH, always said, the thing about Russians is if you sup and drink with them, they're really good collaborators. And the ISS is important for its technology. I mean, the old so's rockets, which launched it, they're now using SpaceX, is really old kit. And ESTECH in the Netherlands, which is the technical and scientific branch of ESECH. They've got mock-ups, which I'll show you later. And you're going, you think, Blimey, this reminds me, frankly, of my childhood, flying on Dakota DC-3s at 5,000 feet without, you know, no flat beds, no business class in those days, an old kit, which I am probably, but it is remarkable. And it's remarkable, I think, that's come into the public perception of the benefits of space, particularly of ISS in the last few years, using old technology, but with new kind of adaptations and new discoveries. So ISS inputs and outputs. So we have input-output analysis to analyze the economic effects, but they are, so the input is the onboard experiments. And that on the left-hand side is the mock-up, where they undertake experiments. And when I first got involved with the beers program, they kept talking about ice cubes. And I thought, hmm, they just drink gin and tonic up there. Is it ice cubes? It's actually little mobile laboratories, and they're called ice cubes, because they're cold. But it's like, oh, well, perhaps we'll have an ISS gin. I mean, we've got Ed in the gin these days. So the image on the right-hand side is of the XMLMRI scanner, the diagnosed osteoporosis in minutes. As a result of the ISS astronauts undertaking experiments on themselves and building a prototype that's now been commercialized for international markets. Osteoporosis is a condition that ISS astronauts can suffer for at least four years after we enter the Earth. Telemedicine is also a health benefit because of the development of robotic arms for surgery. And this has led to experimental collaboration between NASA and US health companies aboard the ISS in real time. So aboard the ISS, they've been using these robotic arms. And in real time, this is projected down to hospital theaters, where surgeons are actually undertaking operations. So again, these connections, the ISS is a classic example of connection between the Earth and space economy. Now, this is a particular experiment called electromagnetic levitation, EML, aboard the ISS. Along the top we've got the E3P activities, outputs, application and technological externalities. And so it's call cop, which could be a kind of dodgy US film, magnifast and semi-therm. And this is using the Columbus laboratory on ISS. So this EML allows metal to be melted at high temperatures and then cooled under microgravity conditions, weightlessness, to create new allies for development on the Earth's economy. And there would not be possible on the Earth because its weightlessness allows various metals to be combined to create an alloy. So to actually do them on Earth, you would actually have to to build a chamber under microgravity conditions. But again, it shows these kind of insights and things that you can do on aboard space, under weightlessness and not on the Earth. So if we look at the outputs, copper and coalball, nickel, titanium, silicon, along the bottom you've got the experimental component ready to market applications, commercialization, future applications and then value edit. So those important linkages and without things like E3P programs like the ISS, these things would not be possible. But the inputs and outputs of this form of technological capital also creates environmental capitalist consequence as well as innovation spillovers. But all three experiments can be said to relate to urban and regional economic development, smart cities, of which Milton Keynes has apparently won. And lunch today some of my friends and colleagues were actually impressed, I think because the sun was out, but it is again, it's a smart city and lots of things are going on here. So architecture, engineering, building materials and intra and inter regional transport systems that generate locational advantage and agglomeration economies. So the Orion ESM network is a driver of space locals. So the European service module is the service module component of the NASA Orion spacecraft serving as primary power and propulsion component until it's discarded at the end of each mission to the moon. So funded by NASA and ESA, Orion ESM is a six phase program to service the Artemis lunar missions from 2018 with annual launches between 2021 and 27 with both robotic and human missions. During the development construction of ESM, Airbus is drawn under its experience as a prime contractor for ESA's automated transport vehicle between spacecraft and say the moon. ESA selected Airbus in Germany to lead a consortia of companies develop and construct phases one to three of ESM, all of whom had ATV experience. The network of contractors and subcontractors includes more than 18 countries in 10 different European countries as shown on the map, unfortunately excluding the UK. The experience of the members of the consortia working together over the first three missions represent the form of organisational capital with an externality consequence of social and human capital. As the network gains in efficiency lower transaction costs which is the cost of doing business result. The ESM network is also a driver of space as a propulsive industry within the agglomeration economies in the space city regions and municipalities where the network members are located. But also the one thing we overlook is the role of space science and exploration in contributing to the design economy. So the Orion capsule is a successor to the famous Apollo ones and central to plans for lunar missions of the Artemis one program which has six phases and Mars exploration programs in the future. Much of its design principles are drawn from lunar upon for lunar architecture projects particularly the use of new materials as well as in situ resource utilization again known as lunar mining. There's a lot of noise about the knowledge economy. My parents in law were in care homes where I was really impressed by that branch of the knowledge economy where the carers were highly skilled in just things like putting on their clothes when I tried to put my father-in-law's jacket on and he broke his arm. It's a knowledge economy you know there's there's nonsense talked about it and again it furiates me but in fact it's really about the design economy of which the relationship between Orion ESM lunar habitats and ISRU can set to constitute one. In its 2018 report the UK design council stated design and design skills are the heart of the fourth industrial revolution. They give us the tools to respond to these unprecedented challenges and instigate the growth innovation and jobs that will drive the UK's global future and we define this activity as the design economy. The value created by those who use design in a wide range a wide variety of industries. This includes designers in design industries other roles in design industries as well as designers in other sectors of the economy such as banks, consultancies, automotive or aerospace. Now we come on to if you like definitions of organisational capital and linkages I'm grateful to my colleague Stefania Paladini of the of Birmingham City University for bringing this to my attention. So intellectual resources and development linking to organisational capital human capital and relational factors. This form of capital is rooted in corporate strategy and accounting valuations but the later elements include human capital, relational factors, intellectual resources and development as well as organisational culture and structure, learning and international property. And again going back to the continuities and discontinuities of the journey at the Open University. One of the original authors was JC Spender a former visiting professor at the Open University Business School. Now the ESM can also be considered a learning organisation in that the process of manufacturing a series of large items creates learning effects for the internal external stakeholders through collaborative working and sharing knowledge. This form of capital also links to space 4.0 industrial strategies in countries and places participating in the ESM consortium. Again this shows the locational distribution of Orion ESM's organisational capital. It represents the proportion by funding based on a hub and spoke model with Airbus Germany and Talas Alenia in Italy as the main hubs but there's also a locational hierarchy within the network and trade and transport links amongst the participants. But most importantly is the creation of agglomeration economies in the network locations as a basis of the territorial distribution of the socio-economic benefits of Orion ESM. So it's just another example of the way in which de-industrialisation can actually take away a major propulsive industry be shipbuilding, mining etc and the knock-off impacts are in indirect employment for the indirect employment. And where I live in North London if you had a major hit economically to North London you think of all the coffee shops of the clothes which may or may not be a good thing but that's a personal choice. Let's come on to agglomeration economies. Here we have a short definitions and details of the three types of agglomeration, localisation, urbanisation and activity complex economies. So these types of economies are central to urban and regional economics as well as territorial development in which organisations and individuals co-locate for a range of activities. One aspect of agglomeration is that firms are often located near to each other leading to cost savings arising from urban agglomeration. This concept also relates to the idea of economies of scale and network effects and important links between transport improvements and agglomeration. They can be intensified without increasing the physical concentration of firms and workers but rather by improving transport connectivity. The propulsive industry in activity complex economies refers to the work of the famous Schumpeter, Joseph Schumpeter, most closely associated with the concept of creative discussions and these definitions are based on edited work of John Parr at UCL. So let's come on to loon architecture. Again new economic aspects of the lunar region because the moon can be seen to be its planet but could be described as a region. So the UK architectural practice fostering partners are promoting their lunar village whilst the large US firm Skidmore, Owens and Merrill is creating its moon village both as lunar habitats. The latter was on show at the Venice Biennale exhibition in 2021. So again this is an example of architectural firms, space science and exploration, the design economy and cultural capital. So SOM work closely with ESA on a semi-inflatable habitat design which could be part of a long-term vision for an international moon settlement insulated by regolith a locally found material. Now I'm not one of those space cadets who believes that we're all going to move to the moon like in Douglas Adams famous book and radio series but rather you will see scientists and engineers staying longer on the moon to explore and undertake research and there may be benefit for both the lunar habitats but also the earth economy. There's also strong support for the development starting with the former director of ESA Ayan Verna and now through the formal cooperation agreement between ESA and the large architectural firms for lunar and Mars habitat architecture. I won't go near Mars because that is just too challenging frankly but is also an interesting future development and again we have experts in the room can tell you more about that than I ever could in a lifetime frankly. But the proposed location of the moon village is on the most favorable part of the moon. Near the south polar region on the rim of the Shackleton crater. This self-sufficient settlement can use continuous daylight that that region receives throughout the year. But again let's go back to the design principles. Atmosphere, thermal protection, meteorites, radiation, moonquakes. Regolith consists of 45% oxygen as well as water and now Tallinn University is using this material to build solar panels for other regions of the moon and issue in other moons because you get two week days and nights and the Chinese have landed on the dark side of the moon which is interesting whether they're fans of Pink Floyd or play it continuously I don't know but is their worst album but again we can discuss that. Helium-3 is important for cold fusion a potentially safer nuclear power that can contribute to sustainable energy transition that also has implications for the earth economy as we face energy challenges at the moment as well as future developments but it's been unsuccessful to date but there are also important developments in the governance environmental sustainability of space missions is also occurring and under its space and governance work stream the OU's astrobiology research program is addressing these issues so future research this image is taken from a report by the Space Science Board of the US National Academy of Sciences published in 1965 and again reflects the continuities and discontinuities Henry Ford might have said history's bunk but history is always with us and we often as we know to our cost don't learn from it so hopefully we can learn from these earlier research for the future so particularly in relation to the earth and space economy so the role of i4.0 in stimulating space 4.0 and its developing relationship to environmental social and governance esg criteria is important this criteria is a set of stands for companies operations that socially conscious investors use to screen potential investments the environmental criteria consider how a company performs as a steward in nature the social criteria examines how it manages relationships with employees suppliers customers and the communities where it operates governance deals with a company's leadership executive pay audits internal control and shareholder rights it can be argued that much of what constitutes space science for example the moon and mars rovers is actually part of the design economy to which space exploration in general supports its growth in 2019 the design museum in london had a space exploration exhibition to further exemplify this relationship the next steps on the journey is to further progress a multi-disciplinary and cross faculty approach this can make significant contribution to addressing the societal challenges of future space exploration as well as analyzing and evaluating the social economic benefits between the earth and space economy just to thank everyone who's come and feel patients and keeping you from your refreshments are both here and online but i also want to thank the one person who's enabled so much of this journey as a global commodities analyst she has taught me so much about the mining and metals industry particularly opened my eyes to its potential in relation to the space economy so here's thanks to my wife venessa davidson thank you thank you Leslie fantastic thought provoking reflections and findings from your research thank you for sharing so it's time for us to hear from you in the audience here in the theater as well as online for a questions answer chance to discuss with Leslie some of the aspects of what he has presented and other questions you may have so please join me in the so before you ask questions i'd suggest wait for the roving mic to reach you and please tell who you are from where you are and keep your questions or comments brief so that we can have as many questions and answers as possible and those who are watching online and will have any questions for Leslie please use the email which should be somewhere here yeah comes to inaugural lecture at open dot ac dot uk and we'll try to pick up those email questions as well so thank you for your patience we are Leslie are happy to take questions now of course yeah questions we have one from online straight away Helen yeah i've got a couple that are related online so i'm going to read them both because they're they're around the same team could russia's involvement in space programs aid their worldwide reintegration once the war Ukraine is over or even help contribute to potential peace by keeping conversation lines open while the war is ongoing and another one does it seem likely that the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the subsequent pulling out of collaborative projects will lead to a significant economic loss well they've already suffered an economic loss and obviously it depends on regime and political change but it's very interesting that's senior figures at nasa really do benefit from that collaboration difficult position for the astronauts and heads of roscamos beyond that i have really nothing to say because it's too complex too early and frankly too tragic i'm someone who's not usually depressed but 2022 is not turning out to be a good year just there thank you my name's melvin hurley and my question relates to funding nasa has suffered from political interference since the start of the mercury missions and when i refer to mercury i'm talking the manned missions today it's even further hit by political intervention in their funding streams to the degree that they've moved to a system whereby they tend to private companies how much of a threat do you see private companies being to the continued exploration and the economic effects of space um that's kind of hitchhiker's guide to the to the galaxy territory well space x is subsidized by nasa and it's inevitable um and the state enables so much which is misunderstood by most and the issue with funding is i mean when trump was in power he wanted a space army and there's always the issue of security and space and who owns space in those treaters i don't think there are threats but i do think they could be like you know the new robber barons of the digital companies but it's shut you know shumper to point out this you know um but if you actually think of without the public funding they won't do anything i mean i mean elon musk would not be able to take over twitter and they can do some good things like in south australia with battery technologies etc etc but again it's about regulation it's about governance and law but also the i think off the top of my head the space 19 strategy of isa for its funding for the next five years was 19 billion euros that's the equivalent of each citizen in the whole of europe not just the eu going to the cinema once a week they're big numbers but it's like when people discuss public debt we live in a 1.5 trillion economy per year so many of these sort of figures now they make a difference on the ground but if you think of their kind of benefits but it's a kind you know it's it's and again it's the way in which the UK space strategy goes on about global britain it's all about security and it's like well boys johnson dismissed the idea of european ground wars as macmillan said it's you know it's about events dear boy events and was a question no ah there in the front second row get them out thank you les thank you for fascinating talk this evening um we've just recently had a government white paper on so you are filled oh sorry phil tomlinson university of bath um thank you for fascinating talk um we've just recently had a government white paper on leveling up and trying to address or reporting to try and address regional imbalances how do you see or where do you envisage the space industry playing a role in leveling up britain well funnily enough i actually put in a paper with my colleague alessandro san chino about space place based leadership of space city regions and municipalities referring to the sm unfortunately the friends providence uh funding let us down but we'll put it in again but if you take someone like yoville so yoville poor town near where you live um center the western scout westland scandal but um in italian helicopter company and name escapes me took it over and there's space activities there again one of my colleagues works with um airbus in stevenage in the 1980s stevenage was the insurance capital of europe mergers collapsed in the market you know became a relatively poor place but you can actually see these you know these demonstration effects and again if you look at the relationship to battery metals and things like green hydrogen which is becoming important so the treatment of um batteries on the i s s bike hydrogen expands their life so there's a link there so you could see these kind of um towns with it former international heritage stoken as an example of where you come from and where ceramics is a very good insulating material for the iran space capsules but my own view even as a diagonal london uh privileging london is um is bad economics and bad politics and frankly london needs to be leveled down and i think the space industry can do something and its associations with aeronautics and aerospace sorry and automotive to level up some of those towns in a kind of distributed way and that's what we want to explore the degree to which place-based leadership in in those places in the uk and italy might achieve that thank you i think we have a question next there i'm elin cochran from social sciences um i did once have a close relationship with les is one of his phd supervisors 153 years ago um it's all his fault blame him um i just i that's fascinating uh talk i i i'm interested one of the things that came across of course is the is the direct and indirect effect of of space investment and space exploration i think that's interesting question i have is the indirect effect could there have been other investments which might have had those indirect effects or could there have been other investments which might even have better indirect effects is there something particular about space exploration which gives you this range of indirect effects which are particularly good for the economy in various ways or is that uh you know if you looked at something else i don't know if you looked at military expenditure or expenditure on universities or whatever it was would you be able to find a range of indirect effects which were not intended because they're not intended i presume now by the by the people spending the money in the first place are there is it why do you think there's something special about space work in the space exploration industry if you like that generates particularly powerful and important and worthwhile uh spin-offs um well i agree with other direct impacts in it's the it's the kind of societal and political choices about resources and i do look upon myself as a kind of apprentice ashton or you know i went from urban it's your fault um but i think what's interesting for me about space is the way in which you can bring the socio-economic impacts you can bring together socio-economic benefits location geography that interacts with thick with a number of sectors automotive but also universities and i said the OU is a classic few you know frankly at the time we were astounded we got the ease of funding for beers because we are up against the big consultants but this is one of the few universities could do that but i think a better understanding and some of the things that have come out in the last 10 years regard to environmental sustainability and in the scale of things um in the scale of things compared to military expenditure it's not that much but you know so people would say well why can't you have clean water but it well we can have clean water and we can fund it in parts of the world but also some of the scientific experiments and discoveries and exploration we're actually bringing about ways on the ground of addressing that so that would be my argument it's stage i'm not saying it's primary but um uh i mean just reading some of the my frustration with science papers is they're intrinsically interesting and for me difficult i mean i don't have the maths either am i but my response is this is really interesting and and there's not enough and that i mean so that would be but i said i've become a bit of a convert so um you know but i i actually do think it's worth investigating and i just gave an example take Glasgow uh Glasgow is now become the Glasgow sub region has become the largest manufacturer of satellites below 250 kilos with it you know it's um and if you could say that's linked to a kind of industrial archaeology archaeology the issue is of course all these commercial satellites that are thrown up in the environmental damage so there is a kind of balance to be struck but i um but what i um one of the i was in John Lewis and um Brent Cross collecting a parcel one day and it came up this is a before the lockdown one of the Mars landers and everyone just stopped and watched and i kind of enjoyed that moment because i thought well actually there's there's a lot behind this but we need to do more work in it and again my view is it should be more multidisciplinary and more cross-faculty real question here self-dive okay it's um David Bailey University of Birmingham thank you very much um sorry to raise the b word but brexit uh post-Brexit UK is out of Galileo as far as i can understand a lot of speculation about one way but whether that could be made into something but could you talk a bit about the impact of brexit and the possible cost of that are there any opportunities for global Britain in terms of going or is it just these big platforms now there is i mean the problem you know we're in this kind of interregnum in a way um i mean a brexit opportunity would actually again um put re-smog on the ISS but again that's personal prejudice um the problem is that what again in terms of one web and Galileo is that this i mean all right let me say this publicly and i'm willing to defend it this is the most stupid incompetent government of my lifetime and i've seen a few and when i was um especially i come and advise a sort of setty committee in northern island i wrote the first briefing on brexit and i gave evidence to the northern is first committee there were 23 peers and members of parliament on that committee three had a clue of what brexit actually meant particularly for northern island so similarly so if you the three in one of the slides which will be available there's a three major EU programs which the which the UK cannot bid for because it's a third member country and so if you think about sorry satellites and number of things and the argument you could make about the possibility of Scottish independence but the growing space sector in in Glasgow could bail out some of the fiscal implications but it's it's it's damaging and um the other the other thing is just things like the erasmus programs the flow of students and you know the astrobiology program here is its first successful phd's that's a really important thing but where they're going to go so we have you know the covid we haven't been hit by the consequence of brexit but each stage you're going to fight look what's happened to automotive look what's happened to air you know airbus pulls out of the UK you know which it could do building the wings etc etc at Broughton and in north Wales there's difficulties brexit's a disaster whatever way you look at it but there's no strategic thought and I had I was at lunch with you today so I didn't read the queen's speech but there's nothing about science there's nothing about to technology and I mean you know so I think global Britain in five years time will look like a fair ground merry-go-round not a very encouraging thought too but look I'm old enough and ugly enough for younger colleagues fair enough we live through these things and we come out the other end yeah yeah okay so I think we need to uh wind this it's been fantastic conversation the amount of interest we have generated Leslie is there a question there let's take the one more question I just have to ask a question because the woman who's asked a question so we've got to go for it haven't we I'm just curious les you talked about space as a problem please introduce yourself sorry I'm Sheila Watson I work for something called the FIA Foundation um you mentioned space is a propulsive industry yeah and we touched a little bit on private and public but you talked a lot about initiatives I think and programs which are largely publicly funded one by another what is your take on the impact in terms of territorial claim and also local economic impact of Elon's projectile which I still think is the funniest thing in the world that is a advantage to design it to look like that and everybody else's private space missions well I think space brit I mean without the public friend funding you know it's the classic you know monopoly capitalism is underwritten by the state end of and without the state you wouldn't get it um and unfortunately we've you know uh again I had if those who are old enough to remember hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy where they pretended the earth was going to explode be hit by a big um meteorite and the hairdressers marketing PR people not communications uh advertising people were sent I'd happily sent Bezos mask and all the rest of to mars which I understand takes 16 to 24 months to get to and back again there is an issue and there's a clear issue about who owns space and so we've got colleagues in the astrobiology who've done a lot of work on space and law and one of the great things um and I missed it on the slide is the work that was done by the citizenship and governance strategic research area on that very thing there is a danger of all these private satellites going up because when I mean it's good for stoke because the ceramics built the garner iron but when they come back into earth there's a real danger so it's something again we have to really look like and it's like big tech you know the internet was going to free us all but again it's just another if you like development in monopoly capitalism so again in terms of space research and pro programs be careful which what you wish for um but at least in other european countries um there is some and particularly in Italy there's some attempt to actually look at that role um we will need a change of government here as as you well know thank you thank you have a good evening thank you


today's video I'm just gonna make a quick batch of sofrito and I made this a very very long time ago and a friend of mine gave me a recipe a while ago but I decided to make it again this year because I love sofrito also I think there is another name for this now I am not Hispanic but I love Spanish food so when I used to buy the sofrito in the store it was red and then there was another green one called racaíos something like that I believe if I am butchering the name please tell me so I believe that when you make it fresh people say sofito but however I think it is the racaíos version and I believe you cook the sofito I think that one is hot this one is cold I don't know I'm gonna figure it all out put it all in the description box but that's what I'm gonna make today I actually cleaned everything already because it was just a process this is gonna be a small batch for myself and then I'll show you guys how I store it years ago I came across the lady on I believe it was YouTube before I even had a YouTube channel like years years ago maybe seven eight years ago and she stored it inside of ice trays so I did do that before and it's better that way because you can just take a chunk pop it into wherever you need to cook and be done with it so today I have some have yellow onions I have green pepper which I believe you can use what is the name of the other pepper the Cuban L Cuban L pepper Cuban L pepper I didn't find that so I'm using green peppers my sweet peppers I'm using that because I couldn't find I think it's called chachua peppers I believe I'm gonna link it all I'm butchering these names but I'm just gonna make this because I love it and I also have some cilantro I have some cilantro and I have coolantro and then I have some garlic cloves everything is fresh so I'm just gonna get right into it this is gonna be really really quick I'm not going to be adding any type of liquid in here so if you guys do try to make this use a food processor I think it's a little bit better I think the last time I actually used my chopper but it's so small so I just decided to do this one so I'm just gonna start by adding in my cilantro first that's all cleaned up then I'm gonna add in my coolantro which is this one washed is really good guys then I'm going to be adding in my onions I'm gonna put measurements so again this is a small batch for myself and you can probably tweak it if you need to make a bigger one listen if I can make this anybody can make this okay so I'm putting on my onions like I said just yellow white onions or yellow yellow onions yellow onion and I'm using sweet pepper because I don't have the chachua pepper I swear hope I'm not butchering it so anybody who is from a Spanish speaking country or if you just may know let me know if I'm butchering these names I'm trying so I'm adding everything into here guys and one by one gonna add my garlic next this is like a cup of garlic I'm gonna put measurements because I did kind of count out what I did measure out what I did and this way you guys could actually make it and freeze it up I freeze it because I don't use it every day however I believe you could actually put up like a bowl or something in your refrigerator probably for a week I wouldn't go over a week without it being actually frozen okay so I have a regular food processor this is like a Hamilton Beach food processor I use this a lot for my my vegan dishes I actually used to use this for trying to need my my dough but then I figured your hands are so much better so I'm just gonna pop it on here and this is a quick batch you guys are gonna love this and I'm just going to stuff at the bottom like some chunks of this is good let's get it off the sides put up a little more one more time then we're done here it is guys so it has like movement I didn't put any water in here so that's just fresh vegetables and that's it and and here it go so what I'm gonna do is I'm actually going to put it actually let's take out let's pour it into this bowl here and then I'm going to scoop it into that's a blooper okay it wouldn't come out all right here I have like little chunks of like garlic and just a little bit like exactly how I made the last time so this is very strong guys so what I'm gonna do now is I'm gonna put them in some regular ice trays and wrap it up and let it freeze I may put some in a small content I don't know maybe cuz I may use them tonight and make some rice or something some wild rice so what I'm gonna do now I'm just gonna scoop it into the ice trays and freeze it freeze it and then I'll take them out tomorrow I'll take a picture of it tomorrow and then you guys can see how it looks and when I actually pack them into the Ziploc bag and that's it like I said this is a really small batch it looks like a lot I mean it's still a lot but it's still a small batch but this will last you if you use it often if you make stew if you're a vegan you can make some sort of mushroom sort of stew or something and just take a ice cube portion and drop it in there I love trying different foods from different cultures and I would never like that I think that well Spanish food I was just used to from living in New York and it's just something that I just always taken it like it so but you guys can try this out try it out try it out try it out so that's one ice tray and then I'm gonna do the second one and whatever's left I am gonna just put it inside of a bowl and use them tonight and then for the rest of the week whatever I cook for dinner if I need some flavor so this is my so frito also known as racaio racaio I think please if I'm butchering this let me know and this is so strong the good thing about it is that there's no you know preservatives or anything in this and like I said if I can make this you probably can make this and just scoop it in there and I just kind of like flatten it down when it does freeze it's easy for me to get it out I don't want to struggle to get it out add a little bit more actually I don't have a good amount I made so I have like a little bit to put in like a small pyrex and what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna get some aluminum for you because I don't have any saran wrap I'm gonna put it in one of the produce bags and then wrap it again and then stick it in my freezer so I'll be right back okay I'm back so I have a small amount left I'm actually going to grab let's see how much is in here really small amount I'm gonna use this tonight let's use this tonight I'm gonna put this to the side yeah and I actually don't have to say this and put it in anything so here are the two that I have here and I probably had to leave that to be honest so I'm thinking to add it in here first and then wrap it let's do one at a time hey sometimes you just got to get creative when you don't have saran wrap and let me grab one more bag okay here's another one okay okay so they both wrap like this and then I'm actually you know what I actually am going to just save my aluminum I guess I can you could like this so you can put it in a another I'm gonna do that because that's how I did it the last time and I didn't have any issues because this will have your refrigerator and everything smell like sofito so let's take some of those good old bags from the farmers market and let's just take them and place them in their own bag just slide them in close it up really good that's one and then let's take the other one honestly I'm gonna stick it in my freezer and I hope this helps the smell and it's not a bad smell it's just that I don't want everything in my I don't want my fruit smell like tasting like sofrito smells like sofrito even though I love it and that's it guys that's my sofrito and I'm ready to put it in the freezer for tomorrow and then I'll take it out I'll take a picture for you guys I'll add it at the end and let you guys know how it came out but thank you for tuning in and yet that's my quick sofrito Spanish seasoning that I got a recipe for years ago and I just decided to make some tonight because I felt like I wanted it and I could have it for like the next couple of weeks so thank you if you stay to the end of this video and you like videos like this please comment below Coco we see you and hit that like button and hit that subscribe button so you can be notified of when I upload new videos I actually load on Wednesdays and Sundays I'm trying to stay consistent with that because my channel is very very new but whatever works for you guys let me know but thanks again for tuning in and I see you in the next one bye


So this was like the other day. Yeah, those are all real stats. Sometimes, especially during trade deadline, free agency, draft, it's usually in the 20s just cause I've been getting two, three hours of sleep, but if I'm not sleeping, I'm on my phone constantly. A few people texted me and basically said I need to get off my phone, I need to get a life, I need to stop texting and calling so much, but unfortunately, I'm gonna keep doing what I do.