Oh, I'm Country Traveling Martin, Southeastern Manitoba, Canada, and you're about to watch the best, greatest YouTuber on the internet, Trucker Josh. Enjoy the show, give it a thumbs up, and don't forget to subscribe now. Back in the old Volvo, and we got a special guest with us, Chevy! While Diesel's paw heals from whatever's making it all infected, hopefully it's just a little infection, we've got them on antibiotics and the feds got them on all this other stuff, so hopefully that'll heal it up. Because if that doesn't heal it up, there's a chance that it might be skin cancer, melanoma, and then we have to amputate his toes. So let's hope and pray that it's not that. So we'll see what it looks like when we get back from this trip. We'll be, before New Year's right now, when I'm filming this, we've got to deliver the first part of this load into Saskatoon tomorrow, which is the 30th, and then we've got to go in the afternoon to Atchison Albert on the west side of Edmonton, try to get there in the afternoon, deliver that on the 30th, and then the 31st and 30th, we head down to Cam Loops where I'm going to be spending New Year's. I've got a motel there lined up, so I don't deliver this freight and Langley until the second. So New Year's Eve and New Year's Day, I'll be in Cam Loops. Hopefully I can find some fireworks or something to go and see here, but I've got a pet friendly room reserved for me and Chevy. And we'll just relax, watch some TV, watch the countdown on TV if we have to, and ring in the New Year in Pacific Time. And then early in the morning on the second, we'll make the trip down the Okanagan, or not the Okanagan, what's it called again? What can't I think of it right now? The Pappapa, the highway between Cam Loops and the Lower Main Land, the one that goes way through the mountains and always has lots of snow. Something pass. I can't think of it right now. Oh, I'm having a brain fart. You know what I'm talking about though. It's the one that's on highway through hell, that show. Yeah, we're going through the highway through frozen hell. Early in the morning on the second. If it's going to be bad weather, I'll probably just leave on the New Year's Day in the afternoon or evening or something to get a little head start. But it's about a three hour drive if the conditions are good. And then we unload from the second. Hopefully we'll get a reload back home. And then Britain and I have a fertility appointment. We're going in for the IUI procedure early in January. So that's where they take my guys and drop off at the finish line. It's very likely that she'd be pregnant after that. But let's hope and pray we've been having fertility issues for a long time now. So let's hope that that solves all our problems and we can get a healthy little baby boy or girl. Either one doesn't matter as long as they're healthy. Let's get going. Let's get on the road. We got our trailer behind us. We're hooked up. It's rock and roll. We've been sitting for too long. Well, we're making our way around Winnipeg. You can tell because there's traffic lights. So you know I'm not lying to you. Look, this guy on the left is super raced car 300. Isn't that supposed to be a family sedan? Looks pretty nice actually.  My truck would have eaten you for breakfast. Not quite the new year yet, but it's sort of like the new, the first trip of the new year for me. Because we're going to be arriving back in the new year. I'm rarely home for new years because I take off so much time for Christmas.  So I pick and choose and Christmas is more important to me than New Year's Day and New Year's Celebrations. So I mean last year I think I was home for new years or the time before. I'm home every now and then if it works out, but I never make it a priority because Christmas is a priority. And now that that's gone for 2019, we look forward to Christmas 2020. It's about 360 days to go. Something like that. Got to figure out how we're going to make next Christmas bigger and better. Probably going to have a little baby by then. So got to make the first Christmas mind-blasting. U.S. right now in North Dakota all the way down to Kansas right down the Midwest or the winds. There's a strong North wind coming up out of the Gulf of Mexico. Top of Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia is pushing north and there's this strong wind up here. Headed south to meet it. So you get this ice cold Arctic air coming down to meet the nice Gulf air and they're meeting right above Nebraska, approximately. And it's creating this swirl, this massive swirl over the entire Midwest of cold air and hot air and it's turning it into just a huge blanket of snow down there. So we're above the snow, you know the Gulf is below it, but man are they getting some of the shut down I-94 from what I heard just like south of here. Good thing we're headed west in Canada and we don't got to worry about that. But sorry guys, we're sharing our Arctic air with you and we heard you guys were a little bit warm over Christmas and that you know you were thinking the world was coming to an end. So we said no, no, no, not so fast. Here's some Arctic air for you. It'll cool yourself down a little bit. There you go. It's still pretty cold. We'll share some with you just to prove it. I'm around Portage Le Prairie already on my way west in Manitoba. Can you guys see there? Oh it's so windy I can't even get my windshield clear. My windshield washer fluid just blows right off the side of the truck. Coming up to Brandon I believe. I want to get all the way to Saskatoon tonight yet so I mean the days are slowly getting longer again but as soon as the sun goes down to you, nature takes over and you want to go to bed. Clean off this windshield so you can. We are in Balgoni, Baloni, Balgoni in Saskatchewan. This is pretty much just outside of Regina. We're going to head up north here towards Saskatoon. We'll be there in three hours or so but first we're stopping at the Flying J. 200 meters. Turn right on Highway 364 and then No Karen. Right in 100 meters. In 200 meters we've got to go around one of these goofy roundabouts. Oh wait no there's this bypass. I don't even have to go around the sweet turn right and then turn right in 100 meters. No we get a bypass around about I'm going to turn left now. See what she says. She's gonna be so mad. We're going to the Flying J. You know what I'm getting there. I haven't had their their freshly fresh ground bean coffee for 22 kilometers. Hush. I haven't had their what do you call that like a fresh ground coffee since before Christmas. So we're going in and it is going to be fantastic. I have been craving it all day. I was going to stop at the Flying J and heading west to Winnipeg but I had already grabbed a coffee before I started going so I didn't that would have been like one hour apart. I'll still buzzing off the last coffee. I didn't need another one then. These bad boys. So we pull in here. Oh Mr. Penner wants to come on. For six kilometers. No I'm going to turn into Flying J Karen. You just hear me talking about the coffee. All right Penner. Come on Penner boy. Penner, Penner, Penner. Joyce you are in the driveway. So this is uh one of my favorite stops. I don't like staying here for night though. I'm just giving you guys a heads up. My fuel has been stolen or I've had fuel stolen out of my tanks twice. The last two times I've stayed here. Both times someone stole fuel out of my tanks. So just a heads up if you want to stay here. I'm sure it doesn't happen that often but I'm the unlucky one who it's happened to more often than not. So we don't stay the night here anymore. If we don't have to and if we do we try to stay. This is empty. There's not a lot of trucks on the road because it's still the holiday season. It's like between Christmas and New Year's right now. So most people are at home. Even the yard where I picked up my trailer almost every truck was in the yard. It was packed and they actually offered they when they lined up this load for me they made it so that I could be home for New Year's as well. I had to tell them no no no I'll work over New Year's because I want to get back home for Britt's cycle. We got to go for our IUI. We got to go put a get a baby growing inside of her. All right so I needed to get home sooner. So I could have stayed home for New Year's as well. I could have been home right now but here we are living the dream. Wait I don't need to park in the pumps. I'm not getting fuel here. Come on second. I don't need to block a pump. That's rude. Have I learnt nothing from my own blogs? You don't block the pumps. Silly. Never park in the pumps and go inside if you don't have to. All right coffee time. Well she's still there. Still there. So what we're dropping off tomorrow is from these yellow things back. These yellow things are going to Alberta. Everything back here is all going to Saskatoon tomorrow morning. Let's go get our coffee. It's weird that my mouth is watering. I hope they have it. Sometimes these smaller ones don't have it. Oh they have it. They have it. It's right here. These are what I'm always talking about. And I always take the organic Columbian. Get the big one.  It's the New Year's. Okay put a little bit in there. You want that organic Columbian large. Organic Columbian. Let's say no room for cream because you'll see. See it takes the beans out of there and squirts it into there.  Oh here it comes. There she goes. That ladies and gentlemen is the best coffee you can find on the highway. You see and I put the cream in first so that it mixes itself and you don't have to stir it and if you put just a little bit in you can say on here don't leave room for cream and you'll see it'll stop before the top. If you tell to leave room for cream it leaves like an inch at the top and that's valuable coffee that you didn't get for the same price. There you go. I am way too excited for this. I know, I know. But hey like I said it's still the holidays. What? I'm hungry. I have to be quite to frost. You wouldn't hear it boys. This is a cold one. It's getting not that cold yet but you know. Got to talk about something. All the trees here have that frost on them. They call it whorefrost. The name that somebody picked for it. We don't know the story behind why but it's called whorefrost on the trees. It turns the trees a beautiful white. In the morning it's going to be so beautiful. Man you got a lot to say again. It's going to be beautiful in the morning. It's everything's just going to be crystal white all sparkly in the sunshine if the sun's out. It's going to be gorgeous but it's getting colder now. It was warmer today and now it's gotten cold pretty quick. That's what causes that. And it's minus 15 Celsius here right now which isn't that cold. You done? She's a talker. She missed me. You missed me Karen. I'm still married. I'm still off the market Karen. But yeah it's gotten because it's minus 15 so it's supposed to warm up tomorrow again. I think she just likes the sound of my voice. Yeah so we'll wake up tomorrow. We'll wake up tomorrow and Karen will be silent the whole night. She's still got more to say that's why I'm not saying another one. But it'll be warmer in the morning is what I'm saying so the whorefrost won't last long. No one cares Karen. I'm pretty sure this guy wants to be in this lane. I don't know why he's in that lane. I don't know why that car is tailgating him and not just going around in one of the two lanes on either side of him. Wow that's quite a mouthful. What was that again Karen? I didn't quite catch that idle while it's supposed to be idle while drive.  I have power steering. Flying J saskatoon. Just like at the other flying J. There's like nobody here. 100 meters make a U turn if possible and then turn right into 150 meters. That was awesome. I'm not gonna have to fight for parking this weekend because everybody's at home with the people they love celebrating New Year's. I'm out here delivering freight. All the more parking for me. Let's grab some fuel because I want to fuel tonight. I don't like going to bed with empty tanks in the winter even though it's warmed up quite a bit already since we're driving. It's only minus 10 here. Get our sails and go go jeez. Oh oh I didn't see that coming. Should have seen that coming. Let's see if the DEF pumps work here. Or if we'll have to go to Petro Pass tomorrow. Gotta fix your DEF pumps flying J. They don't work in cold weather. Look into Petro Pass in Canada. Their DEF pumps work in any weather. All the way down to minus 40 minus 50 their DEF pumps are still working. Figure out what they're doing and copy them. I won't tell anybody. I do just want to point something out. Those trucks in front of me they're parked right over there with all these empty spots here today. The parking lot's more than half empty. These guys still paid to park right up front. Now I don't want to laugh because they might need to park there because they have a disability and they can't walk as far so let's not laugh but uh let's just say if I see them walking inside without any problems I'm gonna laugh. You paid for parking when the parking lot is half empty. All right we're all fuller right up to the top. I know exactly where I want to park already and it's not here. I do not pay to park especially when there's so many free spaces. I'm not even parking in the parking lot. This guy's not even in a spot. He just wanted to be close to the doors. These last two trucks aren't even in a spot.  Sometimes I can cut you some slack but other times I just gotta call you out. You're lazy. You're lazy. Oh somebody parked where I wanted to. Oh no it's still open. It's still open. I know where I'm parking. I know where I'm parking. Shoot I gotta go around the other way. I thought I saw a better spot. Nope. Nope. We're still going with this spot over here on the road because this guarantees a nice quiet night. I'm gonna back in to the dead end there. Well everybody, me and my new jacket and Chevy. I'm gonna call it a night here. Thanks for joining us today. It's good to be back on the road again after Christmas. Tomorrow we deliver here. Rush towards Alberta once we unload in Alberta tomorrow afternoon. Hopefully we make it there on time. If not I can unload there the 31st of the morning but I don't really screw up my plans to get to my motel on time because I have a motel in Camelope so I was telling you reserved for tomorrow for the 31st. But I want to get there with enough time in the day to check in settle in, watch some TV, figure out what's going on for New Year's Eve, maybe go see some fireworks. I don't know but I don't want to get there at like two in the morning after New Year's. So we got to get everything done then we have to get done tomorrow. So we have all so we can get there. Thanks for joining me guys. Don't forget to hit the like button, subscribe to the channel. I make a new video pretty much every day. Tell your friends, give it a thumbs up or a thumbs down and I'll see you tomorrow.


Thank you, Mr. President, Excellencies, Honorable Ministers, Ladies and Gentlemen. I bring you warm greetings from the people of Anwatu and allow me to take this occasion to congratulate and applaud the government and the generous people of Romania for being a great host. I take this occasion to congratulate the appointment, as we know yesterday, of the Cabinet Director General and Deputy Secretary-General. Congratulations. Connect and Unite as a theme for this conference is very fitting in this time as the world rebuilds from the COVID-19 period, a period of disruption, adaptation, innovation, a period that the world can recognize the powerful role that ICT plays, and this has proven that ICTs are essential in our daily lives. It was a period that we have considered, we have demonstrated, the power values and capabilities of a connected society and that we can achieve a lot. As you know, as we all know, this very potentially conference will look into the next four years to establish the future direction of the ITU in ways that contributes to the prosperity of human humanity. I believe we all share the views on current common challenges and policy experiences, therefore strengthening mutual understanding and joint efforts to mitigate these experiences. Excellencies, these things delegate, ladies and gentlemen. Since the 20th Potential in 2018, Banuatu has made strides in the ICT sector development. Of course, many will still have fond memories of Port Vila and the ITU CSR 2019. Thank you, ITU family, for giving us the opportunity to be the host of the CSR 2019. Banuatu recognizes that ICTs through our national sustainable development plan 2030 and the economic pillar with policy objectives to increase use of and access to ICTs, including online government services. One of the core smart indicators for this policy objective is the percentage of population having access to meaningful and appropriate broadband connectivity. On average, over the four years, despite the challenges of the devastating natural events and COVID-19, Banuatu has seen a positive growth in mobile subscription, mobile data subscription, and mobile data download resulting in positive growth in mobile data revenue and total market revenue. With the well-designed and resilient infrastructure, with robust regulatory frameworks that create for an enabling environment that has seen innovative data bundles offered by the service providers with improved speed and value in terms of data allowances. We are currently in the process of negotiating a domestic subsea cable that will connect more than 10 economically active islands of Banuatu. The subsea cable will improve the distribution of the international capacity from the only international cable for rural communities, and we believe that these will enable us in delivering meaningful and affordable broadband connectivity. Thank you to the ITU through our office in Bangkok with the development of our digital government master plan and strategy. In the area of cybersecurity, we delivered on a policy objective in terms of establishing child online protection policy, Banuatu's national computer emergency response team, and in 2021 the Cyber Crime Act was passed by parliament. We are excited to be a part of the partner to connect during WTDC in Cali this year, and we are committed to our pledges. Mr Chairman, today we call on ITU members to support, we call for a process to establish a sub-principal office for the Pacific. Mr Chairman, it is incumbent upon all of us to increase and expand support to countries such as Banuatu and small Pacific Island states, seats, to increase their investment on and infrastructure, our standards, our efficiency, our human resources, as well as to continue to voice and act provision of financial and technical assistance to Banuatu and other small island-owned states. We recognize current friends and development partners in this regard, and we call to you to increase your level of support, to establish and support a special trust fund for seats within the ITU for utilization by seats. Thank you Thomas. Merci beaucoup. Now we hand back.


Live from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE, covering NAB 2017, brought to you by HGST. Hi, welcome back to theCUBE. We are live in Las Vegas at the NAB Show 2017. I'm Lisa Martin, and I'm very excited to be joined by our next guest, Ted Harrington. Ted, you are the executive partner at Independent Security Evaluators. Welcome to theCUBE. Thank you for having me. Absolutely, we're excited to have you here. We're very excited also because Ted has a very cool Twitter handle at Security Ted. Super cool. So you are with Independent Security Evaluators. Tell us a little bit about what the ISC is. You were the first company to hack the iPhone and the Android. Give our viewers a little bit of a backstory on ISC. Sure. So probably the simplest way to think about it is that we're the good guy hackers. Companies hire us to help them find security flaws and remediate those flaws in their technologies. And so we do that across a number of industries including heavy, prominent presence in the media and entertainment business. We also have a pretty strong focus on security research, which is what you're referring to with the iPhone and the Android OS. We also, even the company came out of what is today known as car hacking. We found a way to build a weaponized software radio that we could start, afford, explore without the authentic key. Wow. So we're tankers and problem solvers and we like to find issues before the bad guy does. And that's a great point about being the good kind of hackers. But also being able to highlight that these security challenges are real across industries and be able to, I presume, influence or help companies whether they're in media and entertainment or other industries, start understanding what is the type of cybersecurity protocol that we should be putting in place here to prevent the bad hackers from getting in? You hit the nail on the head. The core emphasis of what a security assessment with us entails really is focusing on the technology problems, the deep technical issues. But at its core, where all of these issues come from is the presence or lack thereof of an effective mission. Many companies that think about security are thinking of it as something that would be nice to have, not as a core business requirement. And changing that attitude is something that we spend a lot of our energy trying to influence. Because the companies that see security as the business enabler that it is, those companies are doing some tremendous things across industries today and they're really being the pioneers that are leading. One of the things that I was reading recently was what happened to La La Land where screeners were leaked and fairly prolifically. And obviously that was a big massive box office hit nearly a best picture winner a few months ago. But I've also read reports where a leak like that can really negatively impact box office sales upwards to 20%. If you look at a studio for example and you were kind of saying that maybe in general, security is viewed as a nice to have. Is that a strong enough demonstration of the vulnerability of say a studio to make them go, okay, we need help here. There are vulnerabilities we might not even be aware of. Are you seeing more uptake in the media and entertainment industry or is security still a, it's a good idea. But we've got other things to focus on creating really, really cool content. The media and entertainment business, I think does a fairly good job of prioritizing security. Now, of course across the spectrum there are things that we would advocate doing better or in different ways. But the business driver that you mentioned, the idea of avoidance of box office decline. That's the core fundamental problem that we're trying to solve for the content owners and their vendors. Because that window, the theatrical release from a revenue perspective is the most important moment for especially the blockbusters. La La Land, no one necessarily knew it was going to be a blockbuster before it came out. But when you look at things like the next Star Wars, the next Avengers, the movies that are definitely going to make huge amounts of revenue, making sure that that movie makes it to theater without being released. That is the top priority for many organizations in this industry. And we see a lot of organizations doing it well. That's good because the IP in that alone for a company, the next Star Wars, the next whatever happens to be the intellectual property that that studio owns is probably nearly invaluable. So having the right strategy around that is key. Wanted to pick your brain. I know that you have started the IOT Village and as we look at this proliferation of connected devices, the audience we were chatting earlier before we went live, the audience, we're so empowered. We can make decisions, we can watch whatever we want, whenever we want, from 35,000 feet in the air, we're binge watching, we're sharing on social, we've got multiple devices. Where that's concerned, and also you mentioned content, that's also not just a way that we're consuming content, that's a way that we're creating it. How, what is the IOT Village all about and is it down to the level of helping media and entertainment companies start providing security across the connected devices that are consuming and creating the content? We started IOT Village as a security research platform, basically where we invite other smart security researchers to help us focus on the problem of security issues in these connected devices that are being deployed, everything from people's homes all the way to businesses and like you said, even to the creation of content and consumption of content. And the reason that we wanted to put some emphasis on this problem is that that's an industry that I think maybe by contrast to some of the things we've talked about with media and entertainment that still has a ways to go in terms of how it's thinking about security. Security is not a priority in the development process for the majority of organizations in that industry. Now there are definitely some that are doing it right but they're more of the minority. So what IOT Village does is helps us shine a spotlight on those issues. To connect a dot full circle to what you were talking about with media and entertainment, this is a conversation that I don't think is happening loudly enough in this industry. Connected devices are being deployed for a lot of the cases you said. Consumption of content, for creation of content. Even for things that people don't necessarily equate with the process like the TVs that are used to screen whatever version is being reviewed right now in the conference room. Those are often smart TVs with an internet connection and there's not necessarily an adequate control in place around how to think about the security implication of that. Fundamentally, connected devices expand the attack surface and that's the way that organizations need to think about it. Not to say that they should not deploy those devices but that they need to adequately consider that in the security model. Absolutely and how does an organization get control over that, over those devices? Well, like any technology that's developed by a third party, one who procures that technology can only do so much. You can't actually get into the source code or whatever unless that organization wants you to. But there definitely are things that organizations can do in a deployment model to mitigate risk. So those would be things like ensuring you have proper segmentation where the highest risk types of devices are quarantined away from areas where the biggest, most impactful compromise could potentially exist to absolutely implement a threat model which is an exercise through which an organization identifies what you're trying to protect, who you're trying to protect against and how those adversaries will deploy their campaigns. Question for you about the devices now that are popping up in our homes, right? The Google Home, the Amazon Echo, as an owner of those, there's very little control, right? That an owner or user has over those devices. Any recommendations or insight into what can be done on the vendor side to, if this device is listening all the time, right, that's their job, any insight there into recommendations that can be taken to help make those a bit more secure? So for the person who purchases and deploys that device, there are a handful of things you can do. First and foremost, change the default password. Seems like I should not have to say that. Change it from admin password. But you'd be surprised how a few people actually change the default password and a default password is effectively publicly available information. There was a very significant distributed denial of service attack that happened in October that basically took the internet offline for a few hours. And that was completely mobilizing connected devices that had not changed the default password. Attackers took them all over and then used those in the attack. So change the default password. Check for updates to what extent that you can. And really think about whether or not you might need the connectivity of a certain device. So for example, we talked about a moment ago, the smart TV. There are a lot of people out there who buy a TV, not because they need the internet connectivity to it, but because they want to consume content. If they're not going to use that connectivity, turn it off. Effectively, all that it's doing, if you're not using it, is introducing new ways to be attacked. So there's some simple remedies that either people or industries can take for their internet of things or connected devices to be a little bit more secure. Yes. However, the real crux of the solution definitely relies on those who manufacture the devices. So manufacturers of connected devices need to do things like adopt an adversarial mindset. Think about how someone will attack this system. They need to think about things like how are you going to update this system over time, especially given the fact that the average consumer of this device probably is not technical and probably will not proactively go want to be dealing with updates. They want to set it and forget it. So thinking about those things from that perspective, adhering to principles of secure design, going through security assessment, really looking at your system in terms of how it can be broken, that's how you build it to be resilient against attack. I want to ask you one final question about laws and regulations. What are your thoughts on that? Is that something that can either help a film studio protect their IP all the way down to helping those of us that have at home connected devices? Laws regulations, good, bad and different. What are your thoughts? I am very strongly not a proponent of regulation as a security measure. Laws and regulations, what winds up happening, they take too long to enact. The adversary has already evolved away from whatever the control is. They're usually very riddled with compromise based on all the stakeholders who helped develop this law. They're usually developed by people who are not technically savvy. Lawmakers are not security analysts, though they rely on security analysts. In the delivery of the execution, it doesn't really manifest itself effectively. That said, I recognize that in a lot of ways, that's just the way the world will move. And many organizations should anticipate that some sort of regulatory body at some point is going to require compliance with some sort of law. And while I don't think that it's a great solution to solve the problem, it's at least a start because it does get those who will not invest in security to at least start investing in security. So it lowers the minimum bar. It does not raise the highest bar. Very interesting insight. And one more question if I can tweak it in that is, you mentioned that media and entertainment is pretty good with respect to security. For those industries where it's still a nice to have, do you think it's going to take something like another DDoS attack or something else to something big that is quite impact, negatively impactful to get some of those industries to go, you know what, this is no longer a nice to have. This is a fundamental element that we need to culturally adopt. Do you think it's going to be something almost catastrophic that's going to drive that change? Most likely, but it won't be just the big issue. It will be whatever the big issue is combined with an individual or collection of individuals with the political capital to drive for that pioneering change. Industries don't typically change on their own. They change because people make them change. Good point. Well, Ted Harrington, thank you so much for spending time with us today. If you're not following Ted on Twitter at security Ted, follow him from independent security evaluators. Thank you so much for sharing your insights. Have a great rest of the NAB show. Thank you for having me. And with that said, you've been watching theCUBE live from NAB in Las Vegas. I'm Lisa Martin. Stick around, we'll be right back.


So, this paper is about contact, influence and change outside the Roman lemens, and we as organisers thought it would be nice to take an indigenous perspective rather than the Roman perspective. So we are focusing on archaeological sources rather than historical sources, and that is because these historical sources are part of a colonial discourse which should not always be relied upon. And we also like to, in anthropological terms, take an image rather than an attic point of view. So this session could as well have been titled Coping with a Colonial Neighbor, that sort of sums it up. Questions that will be addressed, what was the nature of the context and interactions between Romans and indigenous people? How was indigenous material culture influenced by Roman material culture or vice versa? What role did Roman-imported objects play outside the empire? And what can we learn from material culture about the processes that occurred outside the Roman Empire or in frontier contexts? We have a large range of contributors addressing these topics from different sides, also geographically as you can see. We will start after my presentation in Egypt, then go to Syria and moving up to Central Europe and Northern and Western Europe. So I will start the session with my own paper on Teresigilata in the Teresigilata region of the Northern Netherlands, Teresigilata is also called Cossamian Ware in British archaeology and the title is Luxury Table Ware and you will see what I mean by that. Just to know where it is the Northern Netherlands in this area, which has a very specific landscape as you will see. The Northern Netherlands were part of the Roman Empire for a short period between 12 B.C. and AD 47. In 12 B.C. General Drusus had several campaigns against the Fritians and the Chalke in the North and that is when the Fritians also became part of the Roman Empire. They were supposed to pay taxes in the form of animal hides, cattle hides and soldiers were recruited from them. In 1828 there was a successful revolt of the Fritians and in 1847 the area was left by drums altogether and the lemurs was established at the Rhine in the central part of the Netherlands. Then there was a long period of probably context but not on a regular basis and then from about 150 to the later Roman periods there were more regular contexts between the Roman Empire and this Northern area and we know that because there were also Fritian soldiers listed in the Roman army, for example on Hadrian's Wall in England and we have many finds from this period, Roman-imported objects in the Northern Netherlands. Now this is a very special landscape, it's a salt marsh landscape where people couldn't live just on the surface but had to raise their area so they lived on artificial dwelling mounds called turps. This area was subject to large-scale destruction of the archaeological record between 1840 and 1940. It was discovered that the turps soil was very fertile and it was commercially quarried on a large scale and shipped inland to poor areas. That also was the start of turp archaeology because many finds were uncovered during these quarium campaigns. So quarium and later excavated resulted among other objects in thousands of Teresigelate shares. They are very common in the turps, in most of the Northern elements. There are very few finds from this first period of contact but many from the second and third centuries AD. The traditional interpretation of these Teresigelate shares is that they must have belonged to luxury tableware that was imported by the elite or acquired by trade or received as political gifts from the Romans. As such they might indicate Romanization of the elite and it was compared to, for example, really Romanized areas where Roman villas were such as the villa of Aschaffenburg in Germany where a full set of Teresigelate tableware is on display. Well as you will see we have quite different finds. My own interest was triggered by this find from an excavation in 2000, a very early Teresigelate shirt from this very first period of contact. It's one of the earliest T.S. shirts in the Northern Netherlands from the late Iron Age, the Roman Iron Age in the first century AD context. And as you can see this is not just a normal shirt but it was worked into a pendant which may perhaps have been used as an amulet. Then this large amount of middle Roman period Teresigelate characteristics are that hardly any complete vessels. Most shirts are small or very small. Hardly any fitting shirts despite the fact that they are easily recognized of course. And also during this quarry and campaigns workers were paid for finding and handing it over any Teresigelate shirt. So we have quite a full set all the Teresigelate shirts were collected that were during excavations and quarry. And shirts belong to very many different pots and last but not least 70 to 80 percent of the Teresigelate shirt is used or worked in some way. What does that look like? Well just a small selection of finds. There are pendants, there are spindle walls, there are beads, there are play encounters and there are many shirts that are worked in some way or used in some way although we do not know precisely in what way but there are traces of working or use wear. The key to the interpretation of these finds for me was this book one is another man's treasure was the catalog of a museum an anthropological museum in Rotterdam in 1995. And one of the finds on display was this pendant of Delftware. It's from the 7th century and it was found in a Native American setting near what was then Amsterdam is now New York. So this was a very comparable find to the pendants of the Norderly Delft as you can see. There are many more examples of finds from first contact periods of a colonial power and an indigenous population and there's a pattern which can be summarized as that material culture is never, the material culture of the colonial power is never adopted as it is. There's always a selection and objects are not used for what they are made for but often in very different ways and that's often a symbolic rather than a practical use. There's another example, this one from Papua New Guinea. Men have large shells in their headdresses, in their ceremonial headdresses, but these can be replaced as you can see by white porcelain dishes. The reaction that you show now, laughing at it, it's funny to us because we, well, unawaresly we think it's a bit primitive and these people don't know what that was and how to use it. But actually it's, of course, this period of contact that we are on the colonial side and they are on the indigenous side and that's what makes it difficult for us to really comprehend the perspective of indigenous people. They have other values and other meanings attached to objects. So was Teresie Gelata a luxury tableware? I think no, it was rather raw material valued for its symbolic meaning and it may well have been imported as shells rather than as complete vessels. How was it imported? Maybe as pickups, maybe as diplomatic gifts or perhaps as payments in barter trade comparable to the trade beats of Europeans from the 16th to 20th centuries who paid for slaves and other colonial wares with beats of the types that you can see here. So what was the value of Teresie Gelata can also be inferred from its long-term use? It was often used into the early Middle Ages and you see worked and unworked but induced Teresie Gelata shirts often in the Roman period and early medieval context in fine assemblages that may be interpreted as ritual deposits. Now we show you one example from the excavation in the Turk of Asenger several or many Roman period houses, these are a few of them and associated with these houses buried outside the walls were two ritual deposits with Teresie Gelata. One of them was a deposit of six play encounters made of home vessel and the other one was a deposit of four different Teresie Gelata shirts of different vessels and all worked or used. So my conclusion is that looking closely at your fine material may reveal very unexpected outcomes and indigenous people did not necessarily accept or want fancy Roman culture. Thank you for your attention.